In the case of ECOWAS, capacity-building efforts have not been very successful and donors have struggled to co-ordinate and harmonise support. For the EAC, the lack of a legal mandate to enforce the implementation of regional legislation at the national level has meant there is no operational or enforcement mechanism to ensure this takes place. In the case of COMESA, the fragmentation in decision-making between the national and regional dimension is problematic, with a widespread perceived lack of legitimacy by COMESA among member states, and national governments unwilling to delegate sovereignty to a regional authority. Incidentally, many of these problems, Makhan (2011) argues, also apply to the EU, where Member States lack a common operational framework and bilateral agendas still determine development co-operation programmes, bilateral projects often have little or no regional components. The trade performance of the USA as a donor has also been examined.