There is a great list of abuses suffered by indigenous, mostly repression and violence, where entire communities do not have the protection of their rights guaranteed and they are denied access to their land, injuring provisions in the Federal Constitution and OIT Convention 169, devices that protect their traditional and territorial rights. These facts, plus the genocide suffered by indigenous peoples, hurt the human rights of these people, making the Inter American Commission on Human Rights to intervene in the matter. From this viewpoint and given this environmental framework is evident the importance of searching effective in protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. This paper aims to build a critical look at the interfaces between the performance and effectiveness of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights to ensure their protection and make a synthesis of the main results of the literature that refers to the indigenous category.