Astana and Almaty, and urban areas of the oil and gas industry-based oblasts of Atyrau and Mangystau, are the main destinations for internal migrants looking for jobs or better prospects. In Astana, the number of citizens increased from 289 700 to 814 400 between 1996 and 2013.22 The share of the service sector of Astana’s economy increased from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2013. Astana receives people mostly from the comparatively close regions of Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay and East Kazakhstan, while Almaty receives most of its immigrants from Almaty oblast, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, Taraz, South and East Kazakhstan.