This ranges from 50% in Malaysia to 80% in Singapore, 95% in Korea and up to 100% in China (though it is notable that other security, including equity, may be required by some guarantee providers in China which will affect the effective risk/reward ratio). It is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans, when provided by commercial banks, is relatively short (commonly 1 year in China, otherwise generally 2-3 years or less), compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as MDV in Malaysia (over 5 years with up to 12 months’ repayment holiday). Measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets, though the Japan Patent Office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself, albeit provided by private sector companies.