Consumption of fuels in sectors such as agriculture and industry remains largely untaxed. The economy-wide effective tax rate on CO2 emissions is, therefore, one of the lowest among OECD countries and the BRIICS group of emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa) (OECD, 2015c). The finance ministry has undertaken a comprehensive assessment of carbon pricing options, including a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system, with a view to providing policy recommendations in 2017. This is a step in the right direction and could build on previous attempts to introduce subnational GHG emission trading systems.