Several municipalities described how they worked with school leaders in a collaborative manner to support their on-the-job training in areas such as budgeting, school improvement planning and the monitoring and evaluation of school improvement initiatives. Municipalities are increasingly using management by means of objectives for their school principals. Results contracts, school principal agreements and other forms of contracting serve as a means to define the objectives for the individual school (and school principal), typically for a one- or two-year period. Consequently, monitoring and performance systems are used to continuously assess if the school is performing according to the set objectives.