For example, it has been shown that from 9 to 20 per cent of the United Kingdom’s domestic cigarette market now consists of smuggled cigarettes. In Canada, smuggled cigarettes represent about 33 per cent of all domestic cigarette consumption, although that proportion varies from province to province. In the United States, three quarters of the cigarettes observed in a Chicago neighbourhood as part of a research study had no tax stamp, indicating that they came from black or grey market sources.