The Sami people in Scandinavia, as the Inuit in Greenland, have a long history of suffering discrimination and racism. A large proportion of Norwegian Sami peoples experience discrimination based on their background.14 There are also similar findings among the Sami youth in the Nordic countries.144 Furthermore, the results demonstrate that discrimination is associated with inferior self-perceived health and psychological distress,14' which is supported by several other studies across multiple population groups in a wide range of cultural and national contexts,146 including indigenous communities in the circumpolar north.147 These findings suggest that perceived discrimination is an important emerging risk factor leading to negative health outcomes. There is no unified system of health monitoring of indigenous peoples, although some general trends show significantly lower than average health outcomes compared the majority Russian population. According to the 2002 Census the average life expectancy of Russian indigenous peoples was 15 years below the Russian average.148 Among the Sami in Russia, smoking and alcohol use are very common.