The paucity of return migration is at least partly due to the great differences between metropolitan and island states (usually the initial rationale for migration), and few economic opportunities, but also to a host of social factors (notably the education and stable upbringing of children). A recent survey in Upolu (Samoa) found returnees in only 9 out of 148 households (Shuaib et al. However, even skilled migrants do return, despite the discrepancy in wages and working conditions, often for family reasons or to establish businesses, which may have been initially funded from remittances (Brown and Connell 2004, Connell 2009a,b).