Average market incomes of the bottom 20% in Portugal also nearly doubled over the period, but high-income earners there did even better. The World Value Survey is one useful source. It contains a number of questions on attitudes towards inequality, which are formulated in a consistent way across a number of countries and years (see www.worldvaluessui-vey.org). Figure 2 shows changes over time in respondents’ answers to one such question (they were asked to locate their response on a scale with the two end points “Incomes should be made more equal” and “We need larger income differences as incentives”). While this interview-based indicator is not an ideal measure of redistribution preferences, the figure suggests that only in a few countries did preferences remain relatively unchanged since the late 1980s.10 Both the direction and the extent of attitudinal changes vary markedly across countries.