Each nation has distinctive R&D characteristics, which are a reflection of the heterogeneity of structures and the concentration of R&D by region, institution, sector and even project (UIS, 2010). The heterogeneity of the R&D landscape is reflected in the supporting institutional frameworks and directly influences the coastal and marine research landscape. They suggest that not only is R&D in many developing countries highly constrained by funding, but also, that resource allocation procedures are sensitive to personal or political affiliations or entitlements. This is often not balanced out by considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, utility, or excellence.