The implementation of the Forest Code may encourage landowners to set up protected areas to effectively preserve and manage the set-aside lands (Section 4). Establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated. Partly because of the approach used before 2000, about 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of their surface, include some land on which there are private property claims (Verissimo et al., The expropriation and compensation of private properties in exclusively public protected areas is expected to require considerable financial resources.