Australia, Japan and New Zealand are also excluded for statistics by educational attainment. For example, the overall employment rate for the working-age population declined by 2.2 percentage points and 86% of this jobs gap took the form of higher unemployment since the fall in the labour force participation rate was just 0.3 percentage points.12 However, there are some interesting differences in how participation rates of different groups have evolved, with youth having been especially prone to withdraw from the labour market, while participation rates have risen for women and older workers. Data are not seasonally adjusted Source: OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys. Not surprisingly in view of the dynamics of unemployment, Figure 1.6 shows that long-term unemployment (UR1) was substantially slower to begin increasing during the recession than overall unemployment and the broader measures of slack, but that the rise continued through 2010Q4, even after the other measures had peaked in 2010Q1.