In the spirit of William G Demas, addressing this innovation deficit and developing the requisite transformability will be crucial for the future of the Caribbean. In challenging the status quo and developing the requisite transformability and flexibility to adapt and innovate, this chapter concludes by outlining innovation pathways for systemic transformation and building the resilience of small states, in which private sector leadership is essential in developing institutional innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emphasising the need to innovate systemically across the private and public sectors, in addition to elevating and engaging (regional) innovation across small states, the innovation pathways underline the importance of strengthening institutional trust and thrusts, and deepening emerging business ecosystems. Facilitating capital, connectivity and capacity - financial, social, digital, human and creative - is thus pivotal in the pathways for innovation.