In their study on the attitudes of canoeists in North Carolina, Kline, Cardenas, Duffy and Swanson (2012) demonstrate the advantages of a combination of payment arrangements (fees for canoeing, taxes on equipment and licences to paddle). Support for the various solutions varied according to gender, income level and degree of commitment to the activity among the canoeist. Some US research has also paid attention to the financial value of recreation trails (often in terms of a willingness to pay and consumer surpluses) or the economic effects. Noting that the Virginia Creeper Rail Trail (US) functions to the benefit of locals, as well as attractions for tourists, Bowker, Bergstrom and Gill (2007) report that the economic effect from tourists visiting the trail was considerable, in addition to the total annual value reported by resident users.