The assessment of needs based on quality indicators and the use of expected GDP growth and elasticity of infrastructure investment to growth are problematic. The emphasis on a “top-down” approach based on the use of global models is to the detriment of a “bottom-up” assessment of needs based on country-specific circumstances and specific long-term development strategies. The lack of a network perspective fails to take full account of the interdependencies between sectors and types of infrastructure. Total infrastructure includes, in addition to “core" infrastructure, primary energy supply (coal, oil and gas) and energy efficiency.