It harms the US growth potential (via a lower labour input from those that are supposed to be the most productive), fuels poverty and inequality and potentially harms individual well-being. In particular, inactivity does not only mean foregone revenues but also poorer health, and lower social engagement and even reduced marriage prospects for men.2 Lower prime-age adult labour force participation also means that an increasing number of children are growing in poverty, with higher risks of developing health issues later on, higher risks of school failure and ultimately lower employment and income prospects (OECD, 2016a). Artificial intelligence, automation and the take-up of robots are expected to trigger further job dislocations (see for instance Amtz et al, (2016) for an estimate of the share of jobs threatened by automation) and may push more workers out of labour force.