First, for exporters lacking domestic capacity to process these materials, the restrictions may provoke increased domestic incineration and landfilling (at least in the short term). Second, the trade restrictions can risk diverting waste and scrap exports to countries with relatively weak treatment standards including alternative sinks in South and South-East Asia (see Figure 3). A number of studies make theoretical investigations and indicate that there could be a structural incentive tow'ards illegal trade in hazardous waste (See Dato, 2017, Bernard, 2015, Higashida, 2012, Kellenberg, 2012, and Shinkuma and Managi, 2011, 2010).