The first one is an outward-shift of the demand curve and the second is a price reduction. The shift of the demand curve can occur because of the broader penetration of high speed broadband. The price reduction is a result of productivity gains and competition. In the case of deployment of high-speed broadband infrastructures, competition becomes effective at the applications layer. This development is responsible for an increase in consumer surplus in future periods compared to former periods. In Figure 6 the consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the market price.