Decentralisation policies have "normalised" nomadic areas by ending a situation that had persisted since the colonial era, a type of administrative exception. Indirect military governance became established in nomadic areas through tribal leaders, without territorialised administration. The colonial management model was based on a surveillance system known as the "law and order" approach (Gagnol, 2009), differentiating between the administration of nomadic zones and "useful" sedentary zones (Marty, 1999).