These include long or inflexible working hours, being a sole parent, in addition to language barriers, since parents of immigrant or migrant families may not be fluent in the school’s language of instruction or have little formal education themselves (OECD, 2012). An extra effort must therefore be made, both by schools and through government reforms or programmes, to reach out and encourage increased participation by parents, particularly those of low socioeconomic backgrounds. Horizontal” accountability, which encourages them to participate in the management of schools through formal channels such as school boards, is one effective way to increase involvement.