Participatory forest management (PFM) by local communities is integrated with local administration planning processes, local government and land tenure legislation, and 7.7 million hectares are managed through PFM arrangements. Local representatives of the Tanzanian Forest Services Agency manage forests together with local governments and communities, via jointly-prepared management plans and with by-laws that define permitted and banned forest activities. These arrangements have contributed to a recovery of flora and fauna in some areas and an increase in local incomes from trees and forest-related products.