In addition, triggers to undertake EIA are provided for in environmental management frameworks (also declared in terms of the National Environmental Management Act) and through the Biodiversity Act (see Annex 1.A1) if a “threatening process” is involved and/or if activities target endangered or critically endangered ecosystems as listed in terms of that act. In addition, provision is made in the regulations for developers responsible for illegal developments to apply for “retroactive” environmental authorisations, biodiversity offsets could thus also be required retroactively. An acceptable trade-off is not always possible, however, signifying the presence of limits on the type or extent of biodiversity that may be appropriate to include in an offset scheme (BBOP, 2012, ICCM and IUCN, 2012, IFC, 2012, Kiesecker et al.,