In particular the Transitional Allowance (TA) is for lone parents only and it is probably this factor which explains why the estimates of APE and PPR are larger for the broader second and third definitions of SA. In sum, and taking the estimates from the studies discussed at face value, it is clear that there is genuine state dependence that exists over and above the spurious state dependence that is attributable to observed and unobserved differences across individuals. Moreover state dependence varies across groups within national populations, with a tendency for greater dependence for groups typically seen as more disadvantaged (e.g. lone mothers, immigrants, etc.) Annexes 4.A and 4.B provide a discussion of a number of issues concerning the reliability of these conclusions.