These provide cash to households conditioned on their investment in their children’s education, health and nutrition. In most cases, CCTs are channelled through women heads of households, who are then responsible for compliance with the conditionalities. The conditionalities (often called ‘co-responsibilities’) refer to activities such as taking children for vaccinations and health check-ups and/or ensuring children’s attendance at school. In most cases, non-compliance with these requirements is penalized:sanctions range from warnings and temporary loss of benefits to permanent exclusion from the programme.