Then, Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for the background data used in the multivariate analysis. The SIGI is a composite index that measures gender-based discrimination in social institutions taking into account formal and informal laws as well as attitudes and practices that discriminate against women in five dimensions: discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, and restricted civil liberties.9 The SIGI takes into account de jure (legal) as well as de facto (actual) situations. As such, it offers several advantages over other measures of social institutions, such as Women Business and Law (World Bank, 2015) or the CIRI women's right measures (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010) that focus only on the de jure situation.