Similarly, in France, it is estimated that only one third of e-waste generated in its territory are directed towards official EPR systems while between 45% and 75% are either handled by informal systems or exported. In Japan, approximately half of end-of-life home appliances are captured by official EPR systems while the other half is channelled through the informal sector and second-hand product markets (OECD, 2016b). Informal recycling activities, especially in the case of informal e-waste processing in developing countries, often involve toxic emissions and dumping of waste acid without any proper treatment or controls that can lead to severe environmental and health concerns (OECD, 2016b, Shinkuma and Managi, 2011). Therefore, this poses a serious question to whether an increase in waste trade would actually be good for the environment.