Direct taxes, at 28.5%, represent a much smaller component, although this represents a notable increase over the average for 1990-2001 (23%). Taxes levied on income, assets or transfers of capital assets (including inheritances and bequests as well as one-off real estate transactions) are valid and useful instruments for collecting more from those who have more, which results in a fairer tax system. Again, the region has moved in this direction, although its tax-based redistribution capacities are still very limited, due to the preponderance of indirect taxation (see Gomez Sabafni and Rossignolo, 2013).