For example, it can reduce upward social mobility between generations and, in turn, adversely affect the equality of opportunities and influence the allocation of resources, such as talent or human capital, to the detriment of the economic performance of a country as a whole (e.g. OECD, 2008, Stiglitz, 2012). Recent OECD research suggests that efficiency costs of inequality can indeed be quite high (OECD, 2015b). It is relatively uncontroversial that such efficiency-decreasing inequality should be countered since this can improve income distribution, contribute to social cohesion and increase the overall size of the economic pie at the same time.