New and emerging technologies that combine algorithms and data with the physical and biological sphere could open new opportunities for technology transfer but also unforeseen challenges. In this context, free and open-source software (FOSS) has explicit copyright and end-user licenses that permit users to copy and redistribute software without restrictions. This makes FOSS particularly easy to transfer and absorb. It requires that authors of a programme make its source code publicly available and permits “looking under the hood,” thereby supporting human capacity development in ICT and computer science. This is a particularly important issue given the challenge of improving absorptive capacity and therefore the likelihood of a successful technology transfer in many developing countries. For example, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) developed the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA), a computerized customs management system whose implementation strategy aims to ensure the full transfer of know-how on custom automation to ensure national long-term sustainability (see box 3).