The world increased the use of natural resources by at least 34 billion tons total domestic material consumption (DMC) between 2000 and 2017. In developing countries, 40 per cent of losses occur at post-harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized countries more than 40 per cent of losses happen at retail and consumer levels. The latest data show per capita food losses in Africa, excluding North Africa, amount to about 230 kg per person, much of which occurs in the process of production to retailing (figure 4.9).