For example, both India and China adjusted customs duty requirements to protect the development of domestic solar and wind industries (Lema and Lema, 2010). China also imposed investment requirements on FDI, including local content, joint venture, local hiring and mandatory seminar requirements, with the goal of encouraging technology transfer from foreign to domestic companies (Lewis, 2007a, 2007b). In fact, according to Gallagher and Shafaeddin (2010, p. 37): “OECD governments have begun to dub China’s policies as ‘forced transfers’ and have undertaken investigations and task forces in order to eliminate or reduce them”. Further, international intellectual property rights can limit technology transfer and the ability to engage in domestic innovation, although the extent will depend on the economic sectors involved, the economic activities and the level of development, as discussed in chapter VI.