The first chapter introduces the theoretical framework of the book. First there is a discussion of how different approaches in social sciences, such as instrumentalism, historical determinism, and culturalism, have explained the origin and the evolution of collective memories and their role in building national identities. Secondly, the role of collective memory is located within the theoretical corpus of international relations theory, with discussion of why looking at the formation and contestation of collective memories can bring about significant progress for the discipline. Finally, an innovative approach is taken in explaining the relationship between collective memory and foreign policy, based on the interpretive approach to foreign policy, and rooted into concepts such as beliefs, traditions, dilemmas, and narratives.