For example, the Global Review survey is likely to have been filled in by trade officials, who may not necessarily be aware of the ‘donor-recipient’ discussion at the Ministry of Finance. Hence, lack of internal co-ordination in developing countries can also confound what is general ODA and what is AfT. These confusions can undermine the focus and momentum behind AfT and are difficult to overcome as long as strong incentives remain to over-report AfT in the reporting process. A review carried out by Cadot et al. ( This is also the case for many of the Global Review case stories: very few focus on potential other explanatory variables beyond the intervention. As a result, the Global Review is based primarily on subjective self-evaluation, the monitoring of inputs and a review of case stories subject to selection biases in order to determine whether the effectiveness of AfT is improving. Where more rigorous evaluations are conducted (such as the USAID portfolio evaluation), the rate of return is calculated based on evaluations primarily carried out by programme managers themselves and/ or frequently lacking objectively verifiable indicators.