This pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural gender-based norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities. It is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market, which confines women largely to relatively low-income activities, and by intra-household decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities. Such biases are especially evident in gender-disaggregated household-level data based on “male-headed” and “female-headed” households.