This inequality is a further reflection of the persistence of the culture of privilege and its new norms. While in 11 of the 18 countries included in figure V12, the capital cities displayed less inequality than at the national level, in the other 7 the opposite was the case. The tendency towards declining inequality recorded in the region in the 2000 decade was also visible in the capital cities. In 10 cases, The Gini coefficient decreased by more than 1 % per year in 10 cases, and by more than 2% in 5 (La Paz, Managua, Lima, Buenos Aires and Panama City), as reported in Jordan, Riffo and Prado (2017).