A new structure of initial teacher education was elaborated under the education act of July 2013, and has been in effect since the start of the 2013/14 school year. Within graduate schools of professorship and education (Ecoles sup6rieures du Professoral et de t'Enseignemenl, ESPE), which are integral parts of the universities, the study programmes combine academic subject studies, theoretical pedagogy and practical teaching experience to ensure a progressive start to the teaching profession. Induction programmes still exist, but they are now reduced and included in other in-service teacher training activities.