In European countries participating in the EU emission trading system (ETS), lower electricity prices will not increase total emissions (as long as the ETS cap is binding), and may actually even reduce them, for instance if households would switch from heating or cooking with fossil fuels, where emissions are uncapped to electricity, where emissions are covered by the ETS (Box 2.2). Furthermore, electricity sector liberalisation can remove implicit barriers to the expansion of renewable energy such as in e.g. Belgium, France, where the effects of widespread support for renewable energy have been constrained by the barriers to grid access (OECD, 2011d, 2012b). In a similar manner, recommendations to improve the integration of electricity markets (in Canada and among European Union countries) may facilitate the entry and improve the competitiveness of renewable energy producers (Benatia et al.,