These costs will depend on the stakeholders involved in the monitoring process, the choice of indicators, the frequency of measurements and the extent to which biodiversity MRV can be coupled with carbon accounting (e.g. collecting biodiversity data from the same set of plots used to collect carbon stock data) (Gardner et al., One of the proposed approaches for biodiversity MRV is to integrate it with carbon accounting by mirroring the three-tier approach for MRV of carbon established by the IPCC. This could help reduce common barriers such as high costs and limited access to technical expertise (Gardner et al.,