We would also like to thank in particular Ms Gara Rojas Gonz&lez for the significant, speedy and professional assistance provided throughout the analytical stage of the project when the analysis was undertaken on the non-public version of the PIAAC data. As always, responsibility for the contents of this report remains with London Economics. In the case of literacy and numeracy proficiencies, improved literacy and numeracy skills narrow the labour market outcomes gap between individuals with different levels of formally recognised education, but do not close it completely.