In comparison, Bolsa Familia has been estimated to nearly halve extreme poverty from 8.0% to 4.7% (IPEA, 2013). Many of the poorest families are unable to travel the distance and/or put together the necessary application files required, meaning they end up being excluded from the programme (INS, CRES and AfDB, 2013). In addition, the eligibility criteria lack transparency (Handoussa and Tzannatos, 2002) opening the door to clientelism.