The only exceptions in an OECD survey on water governance in cities are Hong Kong, China, Lisbon, Portugal, and the Federal District of Mexico. Similarly, hospitals and schools tend to reduce their water consumption. While per capita water consumption initially dropped due to reduced outdoor use, indoor water use (chiefly through low-flow toilets and efficient washing machines) has also decreased. These households usually remain connected to the main infrastructure, and in some cases discharge water they have not purchased into the sewer, free-riding on the sewer service.