Throughout the project, the available data proved difficult both to interpret and to analyse. While Kazakhstan continues to invest in and strengthen PHC, additional efforts must be directed toward producing better quality data, otherwise it will remain challenging both to demonstrate progress and to determine how best to drive it. Structural elements have been put in place and the configuration of primary care services is evolving towards international best practices - a specialised and multidisciplinary PHC workforce, autonomous facilities, quality assurance tools, and payment mechanisms that seek to incentivise quality in service delivery. A great deal more information and evaluation is required to understand (i) if and how the overall reforms are changing practice on the ground, (ii) if practice changes are producing the desired effects, and (iii) what drives or limits performance.