Gender gaps in unpaid work are narrowing in developed countries, but they remain starker than those in market-based work virtually everywhere. Stigma and even violence are often used to enforce stereotypes and social norms about 'appropriate' female and male behaviour. As girls and women have entered schools, workplaces, public transport and marketplaces in greater numbers, they are frequently subject to unwelcome scrutiny, harassment and even assault. Violence is also used as a way to punish nonconformity with dominant gender stereotypes, for example in relation to sexual orientation (see Box 1.5). However, the implementation of these legal provisions is rarely supported by adequate investments in services, in capacity building of service providers and in the public campaigns needed to effectively prevent violence against women.