By contrast, the interaction term with middle-income countries is not significant, meaning that for this income group, the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact. However, the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for low-income countries than for high-income countries. Similarly, in the quintile regressions, irrespective of the set of controls included, the SIGI coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income: the richer the country, the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income.