Even though, in many cases, it will take many years to observe actual improvements in water quality because of the geological conditions. In Portland Oregon, Portland Maine and Seattle Washington, for example, it has been estimated that every USD 1 invested in watershed protection can save anywhere from USD 7.50 to nearly USD 200 in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities (Emerton and Bos, 2004). Rather than being viewed as substitutes, investments in these different aspects need to be part of an efficient package of options (Griffin, 2000).