Combined with the provision of public services, such as in health and education, these popular programmes contributed to an overall improvement in social outcomes and reduced inequality while offering a low cost-to-benefit ratio. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia and Mexico’s Oportunidades cash transfer programmes increased both school enrolment and attendance rates while reducing child labour. An International Assessment (New York, 2010), Goran Holmqvist, "External financing of social protection: opportunities and risks" Development Policy Review, vol.