Israel’s forests host several terrestrial endemic species, while they contain 5 million metric tonnes of carbon in living forest biomass. Available data suggest favourable or stable trends in pollution discharges to costal, inland lake and river ecosystems. This has resulted from the construction of new wastewater treatment plants, the development of effluent reservoirs, and effluent reuse in agriculture. Nonetheless, most rivers remain seriously depleted and polluted (Chapter 4).