In particular, experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary PHI schemes rarely provide adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often have high administrative costs (OECD, 2004, Kumar et al., Note that the few countries with a mandatory private health insurance set-up (such as the Netherlands and Switzerland) are highly regulated, with risk equalisation measures in place and limited scope to differentiate plans between individuals on the basis of their health risks. Various policy options have been discussed, with different stakeholders contributing to an intense debate around the design and establishment of National Health Insurance.