Most indicators included in the proposed poverty measure are already considered as "core indicators" by Germany's official reports on poverty and wealth (e.g., Bundesregierung, 2013). These indicators themselves have been selected based on scholarly advice (Arndt and Volkert, 2007). The poverty index is calculated for three points of time (spanning 2001-2012) and comprises 6 dimensions: education, health, housing, employment, material deprivation, and social participation.