This report identifies the following forms of linkages to be of importance to policy. The first is the research-intensive public science, organized largely around those creating new knowledge through intensive R&D activities and creative design that initiate entire processes of innovation. Although it is difficult to draw the lines conclusively, basic research (and some applied) tends to be the domain of universities and highly advanced public laboratories while firms tend to focus more on applied and developmental research. This was largely led by the public sector organisations even in the industrial countries, up until recent times, because private firms tend to have little incentive to engage in socially relevant basic research.