Developing policy proposals on collective ministerial responsibility could serve the public interest, so that it is possible to work across institutional lines to develop the best possible policy. To promote sustainable and inclusive urban development, Kazakhstan needs to improve the efficiency of data collection at the city level and provide reliable quantitative analysis of urban issues. This leaves SNGs with few internal financial resources and a lack of incentives to develop their own tax base. The most important taxes go to the central government’s budget and are distributed to regional governments.