She would like to thank Ivana Capozza, Brendan Gillespie, Nils-Axel Braathen, Felix Hiifner, Andreas Worgotter, Robert Ford, Andrew Dean, Karsten Neuhoff and German government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts but retains full responsibility' for any errors and omissions. The author is also thankful to Thorsten Ehinger, Elie Chachoua and Joseph Curtin for their excellent consultancy work, Margaret Morgan for research assistance and Josiane Gutierrez for technical preparation. Despite significant GDP growth since 1990, primary energy use has been reduced by 6% and energy intensity has decreased on average by 1.7% per annum (Figure 1, right panel).