Kjell Goldmann, in A New Handbook of Political Science, notes that from he mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, scholarship in international relations provided an “accumulation of explanations of the Cold War’s persistence. … The sum was a powerful theory of international non-change.”1 After surveying a wide variety of international relations theory and outlining with the benefit of hindsight what actually happened during and after the end of the Cold War, John Lewis Gaddis is still more scathing: “What is immediately obvious … is that very few of our theoretical approaches to the study of international relations came anywhere close to forecasting any of these developments. One might as well have relied upon star-gazers, readers of entrails, and other ‘pre-scientific’ methods for all the good our ‘scientific’ methods did. …”2