Paid parental leave benefits are uncommon outside Asian OECD countries, and most of the early childhood education and care supports concern children aged 3 to 5 (OECD, 2014a). Exceptions are Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Singapore and Mongolia that spent considerable amounts in terms of social support for the working age population and children often in the form of income/means-tested social assistance support or child benefits as in Mongolia (Box 2.5). Furthermore, the eamings-related nature of its pension system contributes to public spending on old age and survivor spending amounting to 12% of GDP in 2013 (OECD, 2014a).