Unlike other SDG targets which are to be achieved by the year 2030, the targets under this goal, with the exception of Target 15.3 (combating desertification) and Target 15.4 (conserving mountain ecosystems), are to be met within a much shorter time frame, that is, by 2020, underlining the urgency with which action is needed. Goal 7 of Agenda 2063 on environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities identifies the following areas for priority action by African governments, biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management, achieving water security, and climate resilience and natural disasters preparedness. Building on the Africa Sustainable Development Report 2017, this chapter assesses Africa’s progress on Goal 15 relative to other regions, by describing key baselines and trends (where data is available). International transfer of genetic resources should lead to fair reward and equity in sharing of benefits arising therefrom.