Carbon trade - the amount of carbon emissions embodied in production of goods and services exported to and imported from foreign countries' -has grown steadily. Such relocation of carbon emissions across national borders, known as the "carbon footprint of nations",2 has become increasingly important in volume and complex in nature, as many ASEAN economies have emerged as key participants in global supply chains.3 The relocation of carbon emissions also may have been facilitated by the developed countries that have made mandatory commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Such economic dynamism also manifests itself in the region's carbon dioxide (C02) emission trends.