For example, in Poland, more than 60% of middle managers are women (women’s share in top management positions in the public service exceeds 47%7). In Canada, the representation of women at the middle management levels (EX minus 1 and EX minus 28) is gradually increasing, with women constituting 38.2% at the EX minus 1 and 47.2% at the EX minus 2 levels in 2011 (Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, 2011). In Australia, where seven out of ten federal and state parliamentarians are men (and this has not changed in the last ten years), the situation in the public service is improving: the proportion of women in senior- and middle-manager roles has grown from 35% in 2002 to 46% in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, January 2013).