This is particularly important for interventions which are designed to change some aspects of parenting behaviour, such as use of physical punishment. This should pay particular attention to differences arising from age, gender, ethnicity, religion or social class. Other areas of interest should include household structure and care arrangements (for example the adolescent's main carer may be a relative, like an older brother or sister). Additionally, attention should be given to community norms, particularly adolescent's transition to adulthood, and the impact migration and modernisation have on these. In light of the fact that parenting programmes involve engaging closely with parents on difficult and sensitive challenges, their role in encouraging sustained participant attendance and strengthening protective practices in the community should not be under-estimated.