The 25 countries with the highest forest cover have all included forest-related mitigation measures in their NAMAs and NDCs. Such measures include afforestation, reduced deforestation and degradation, enhancement of forest carbon stocks, forest conservation and agroforestry (especially where this can help reduce forest encroachment). In some parts of Asia, North America and Europe the forest area has increased since 1990, due to large-scale afforestation programmes and the natural reversion of low-productive agricultural land back to forest.