Most of the public provision of adult education is focused on upgrading lower skills (basic courses) and allowing the completion of upper secondary education (Box 2). For 25-30% of the adults without upper secondary education, second chance education plays an important role. Adult education is not only a way of upgrading basic skills in the short run, but also a long-term investment, particularly for young dropouts aged between 18 and 24, among whom almost half went back to higher education after participating in municipal education (Nordlund et al.,