See Mogues, ef a/., 2012. Public expenditures on agriculture, education and roads contribute strongly to agricultural growth across regions, although to different degrees, and, within agriculture, the impact of research expenditures on productivity is stronger than non-research expenditures (Fan and Saurkar, 2006). Investment in research, often associated with extension, is consistently found to be the most important source of productivity growth in agriculture (Fischer, Byerlee and Edmeades, 2009). In Rwanda, for example, 1 dollar of additional government expenditures on agricultural research increases agricultural GDP by 3 dollars, but the effects were larger for staples such as maize, cassava, pulses and poultry than for export crops (Diao eta/., 2010). In India, expenditures aimed at improving productivity in livestock had greater returns and were more effective in mitigating poverty than general public investment in agriculture (Dastagiri, 2010). Because R&D drives technical change and productivity growth in agriculture, it raises farm incomes and reduces prices for consumers.