Course specific repetition - used in Canada, New Zealand and the USA - can also be a good tool to maintain student motivation as students are not separated from their peers and are less likely to face stigma issues and bullying (OECD, 2012c). The median age for first formal tracking in the OECD is 14 (OECD, 2013), but there is a lot of variation across countries. In Finland and Spain, students are not tracked until the end of lower secondary school.