This is largely due to the relatively long timeframe (e.g. 2030 and 2050) of adaptation planning and implementation, and deep uncertainties faced by decision making on adaptation-related measures (OECD, 2015c). Some adaptation components of INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions. For instance, Zambia will use the existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, since the INDC is a part of the national development and planning process for climate change issues, which has already been put in place in the country.