Catch-up, whether in the historical sense, or through leapfrogging, requires the learning of modern technologies and accumulation of indigenous technological capabilities in innovation and technological know-how for production, as well as investment in physical assets (Odagiri et. Moreover, technological learning and innovation in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China benefited greatly from reverse engineering, which allowed the build-up of capabilities in the creation of new products, and the advent of more stringent IPR protection represents an additional barrier to this course. The recent increase in attention to technological leapfrogging has been motivated in large part by the experience of the ICT sector.