In New Zealand and the United Kingdom teenage pregnancy rates are above 20 births per 1 000 women aged 15-19 years (22.1 and 23.6 respectively). Rates of teenage births are lowest in the Netherlands, Slovenia, Italy, Japan and Switzerland, with rates of 5 or less per 1000 young women (UNICEF, 2007, OECD, 2013a). The lower gender wage gap at the bottom of the earnings distribution is partly explained by institutional factors, such as the influence of minimum wage and the coverage of collective bargaining (ILO, 2006).