In an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty, such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city’s potential for overall progress. More than 40 separate indicators across administrative, survey and census data sources span seven “domains” of deprivation: employment, income, health, crime, education, living environment and barriers to services. The IMD were initially built at the district ward level in 2000, then at the smaller scale of 32 482 “lower-layer super-output areas” of roughly 1 500 residents in 2004, 2007 and 2010. Most of the statistics used in the latest edition (2010) are from 2008, and new' indices were expected to be produced in 2015.