As this report demonstrates, the labour market consequences of not having the skills and educational qualifications are high. However, participation rates in formal and non-formal adult education and training are generally low in many countries. In France, Italy, Poland and the Slovak Republic, for example, less than 40% participated in formal or non-formal adult education and training, according to the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013, p. 208). Participation rates of those with tertiary education are often five or ten times as high as those of the low-skilled.