There are already growing pressures on transport systems in urban centres, as well as difficulties in reaching many rural and outer island communities. In addition, climate change poses a significant risk to the sustainability of urban centres, particularly in the low-lying atoll nations (Kiribati, Tuvalu) that face an existential risk due to sea level rise (see Chapter 8). Moreover, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters, which is a major risk to the sustainability of the highly vulnerable cities and communities in the Commonwealth Pacific small states.