When market systems are functioning well, transfers are made in cash, otherwise, food is often used. Cash expenditure was ETB 5.4 billion in 2004/05 but decreased steadily (and significantly) in real terms over the subsequent decade (Figure 1.2) even though the number of PSNP clients did not follow a similar trajectory. The value of benefits is expected to decline further over the course of PSNP IV as a result of a gap between financing needs and the resources made available.