Again, the three instruments reviewed in this chapter, represent a minimal share of the water bill covered by final users. Therefore, it is very unlikely that any revision of these instruments or the introduction of an abstraction charge will trigger severe affordability issues. Should affordability issues emerge from the monitoring system, mechanisms could be implemented, e.g. a social fund dedicated to helping the poor to pay their water bills. They are usually produced at national level, but also in some cases at regional levels.