The latter figure translates into a global cost of US$1.4-2.1 trillion. A recent study estimates a cumulative output loss due to non-communicable diseases, for which overweight and obesity are key risk factors, of US$47 trillion over the next two decades, on an annual basis and assuming a 5 percent rate of inflation, this is equivalent to about US$1.4 trillion in 2010 (Bloom etal., The partial estimates reported above can be summed to provide a rough estimate of global costs. Deficiencies in micronutrients can slow intellectual and physical growth among children, reduce adult labour productivity and lead to disease, premature death and increased maternal mortality (UNICEF and The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004, Micronutrient Initiative, 2009).