They also thank Marfa Cristina AlcAntara, Felipe Sterquino Itaborai and, especially, Diana Le6n for their rigorous and enthusiastic research assistance. Any error of assessment is the sole responsibility of the authors. Second, women with income of their own are overrepresented among the self-employed and in domestic work, in the latter occupation three quarters of individuals, almost all of them women, had no pension provisions in 2008 (ilo, 2011). Women in the labour market thus have less protection than their male peers —in urban areas only 36% of women have social security provision, compared with 49% of men (ilo/undp, 2009)—. Third, those who shoulder heavier care burdens have less social protection: in 12 Latin American countries, women with incomplete primary schooling have between 2 and 3.5 more children than those who have secondary schooling or more (eclac, 2011, p. 85).