In the medium term, a full review of secondary education pathways and certification could help to create a more comprehensive education system where students have equal learning opportunities and teachers have the space to focus on assessment for learning rather than external summative examinations. Initial and continuing teacher education need to focus on developing teachers’ assessment literacy, including practising formative assessment. Changes in assessment practice will not happen without stronger pedagogical skills and teachers need to be given the room and support they need to develop their professional judgement and capacity to give feedback on student learning.