Another factor is school reform in the 1990s, which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes, as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of 15-year-old students in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledge-intensive, higher value-added activities. Currently, Poland lags well behind many other OECD countries on the technology content of its exports (Figure 1.3), and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top OECD economies (Figure 1.4).