The country has also pioneered several economic instruments such as the national programme on payment for ecosystem services (PES) under ProArbol (the federal umbrella programme that promotes sustainable forestry), which covers 3.25 million ha of forests and represents one of the largest PES programmes in the world (OECD, 2013). The Environmental Compensation for Land-Use Changes in Forested Areas Programe (Programa de Compensation por Cambio de Uso de Suelo en Terrenos Forestales, CUSTF) is also a compensation scheme involving payment of in-lieu fees into a fund to finance restoration and reforestation projects. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) implements this law and determines if an EIA is required for any given development project. If an EIA is required, an environmental management plan is issued, consisting of separate mitigation, compensation and follow-up measures for development activities, and distinguishing on-site and off-site actions.