Targets and expectations associated with the main elements of Portugal’s energy policies are shown in Table 5.1. Portugal has taken an innovative approach to unbundling gas and electricity transport assets, with a unique entity (the National Energy Networks) in charge of grid planning, construction, operation and maintenance (IEA, 2009a). The Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications is responsible for most energy related and environmentally related transport initiatives. Municipalities play a strong role in implementing energy measures, especially those concerning energy efficiency and, more recently, micropower generation and transport (Box 5.1).