Even though deposit-refund systems generate the first best solution in resource allocations they have relatively high transaction costs and is in general more costly to administrate (monitoring and verifying for charging and refunding). This implies that large waste flows or other economies of scales in waste management systems (e.g. standardised product design such as a beverage bottles) are often needed for cost-efficiency. It is therefore not surprising that deposit and refund systems are usually implemented for goods with large waste flows such as packages and specifically beverage containers. There exist also several empirical studies in the economic literature on household responses to policy instruments and how household waste generation and recycling behaviour are influenced by attitudes and socio-demographic attributes in the context of present policy instruments.