The Algerian government has had a Ministry for SMEs and Handicrafts since 1992 and the Tunisian government created a special agency to help small and medium-sized industries (in the manufacturing sector) improve their competitiveness in 1998. Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates have passed SME laws (Morocco in 2000, Algeria in 2001, Egypt in 2004, and the United Arab Emirates in 2011). Most MENA governments have some sort of SME policy or strategy (for example, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen) or have recently begun developing and/or formalising one (for example, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Authority and Syria). However, there is no formal national SME policy in Djibouti, Iraq, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Oman or Saudi Arabia.