Subnational government spending in this field represented more than 85% of total public spending in 2013 in France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. In some sectors (e.g. waste, sewerage, parks and green spaces), this competence is almost fully devolved to local governments or dedicated functional bodies (e.g. water boards in the Netherlands). It is also often outsourced to agencies, external entities or private providers through public-private partnership contracts (e.g. in France).