Such life cycle analyses can then serve as input to combined analyses of the provisioning of ecosystem services in old forests in terms of carbon sequestration, biodiversity and various amenity values. Overall, forest biodiversity will benefit most from extensive areas of old forests under natural dynamics, with many old and large trees, a rich and varied supply of dead wood, and long stability of substrates and microclimate. In managed forests both prolonged rotation periods, continuous cover-harvesting, and retention of old trees, dead wood and buffer zones against wetlands will benefit substantial parts of native forest biodiversity.