In general, neither mechanical nor chemical repellents, which could protect young seedlings, are used, as the local forestry institutions can hardly afford the cost of seedlings and planting w'orks, much less their continuous nursing. Traditional uses of natural resources (e.g. fuelwood collection, grazing, hunting, fishing, collection of wild animals for international trade, collection of wild plants for medicinal purposes, collection of wild forest fruit and berries) can easily turn into pressures on biodiversity and natural resources if not adequately regulated by the national legislation, effectively controlled and sustainably managed. This pressure results not only in ongoing and accelerating deforestation, destruction of both forest and non-forest plant communities and the loss of habitats of different wild flora and fauna species but also in intensifying soil erosion processes and desertification. Overgrazing of pastures, in particular winter ones, results in the decline of their regeneration potential, a decrease in the pastures’ earning capacity, and the consequent decrease in the profitability of animal husbandry (chapter 9).