Cost effectiveness and profit-driven objectives have often underpinned successful initiatives. For instance, public-private partnerships (e.g. the Aashkar tablet in India7) were used to support outreach to poorer communities in India or South Africa. In Kenya, the success of M-PESA would not have been possible without regulations enabling this type of service development. Private companies (e.g. Nokia and Motorola) have adapted handsets for the developing world, while MFIs have received a substantial boost from participation by commercial banks.