Between 2000 and 2013 the %TSE in Viet Nam fluctuated considerably due to large variations in MPS (Figure 2.16). However, since peaking in 2009 at VND 95 trillion (USD 5.3 billion), equivalent to 5% of GDP, the TSE has steadily declined to reach 1.36% in 2013. The fall in MPS, along with budgetary reductions for irrigation, are the main contributors to this decrease.