This is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies, such as skills in languages, problem-solving and coding. The returns on education - greater productivity for firms, and/or higher wages for workers - materialize only after investments are made. Reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power (known as adverse selection), the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes (moral hazard), and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower’s ability to reimburse dues.