The proportion of first-generation immigrant students who did not attain baseline academic proficiency (61 %) was greater than the proportion of second-generation immigrant students who did not (43%). This difference of almost 19 percentage-points is greater than the OECD average of 11 percentage-points. In Sweden, first-generation immigrant students were 38 percentage points more likely than native students to under-perform academically (not reach at least proficiency Level 2 in the three PISA core domains).