However, they often create dual systems, where the bottom is covered by social assistance and the top by contribution-based social security, private insurance, or self-insurance. In response to the missing-middle challenge, a number of instruments have been put in place. This chapter divides them into three strategies: unbundled contributory instruments with limited risk pooling, subsidised access to contributory social security systems, and universal entitlements. However, financing them can be challenging if they are to afford a reasonable level of coverage. The need for a source of finance that can ensure the long-term sustainability of funding and accommodate the counter-cyclical nature of expenditure is a particularly difficult challenge, which shifting wealth can help an increasing number of countries meet (Chapter 9). But they need to be part of a holistic agenda which should consider the mutual relationships between the functioning of labour markets and social protection: the work incentives created by social protection and how social protection can be adapted to informal workers, including those who have the capacity and willingness to pay.