In addition to strengthening horizontal co-operation among ministries, vertical co-operation with the Lander and municipalities will be needed for NAS implementation, as the subnational authorities have legislative and administrative powers in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The involvement of the private sector, the social partners and NGOs has also to be clarified. The NAS participatory process has in this respect already provided a valuable basis. Government funding has supported this community, focusing on Austrian issues, but has also encouraged international co-operation to leverage greater resources, particularly as part of EU-funded initiatives (Table 5.2).