Carefully designed policies, strategies and projects can work within existing cultural norms, through the public and private sectors, in ways that benefit both women and men (Box 9). Specific recommendations for closing the gender gap in access to land, rural labour markets, financial services, social capital and technology include the steps outlined below. Women have not always benefited from general land distribution and titling efforts, however, and in some cases have seen their customary rights eroded as formal rights have been extended to male heads of household. Many governments have attempted to strengthen women's tenure rights within marriage and as individuals, but these efforts are often frustrated by a combination of legal and cultural practices that still favour men. Many countries in the region have instituted legal reforms that have strengthened married women's land rights, but land-titling efforts have not always facilitated the practice of including both husbands' and wives' names. This section is based on FAO (201 Oh), which provides an extensive review of the relevant literature.