In 2015, almost one in three students in Sweden according to the PISA study had an immigrant background, a share that was considerably larger than observed across the OECD area on average (of one in four students). However, this number most likely underestimates the prevalence of newly arrived immigrants in Swedish schools because the latest PISA study was conducted in 2015 and students must be settled in their host country well before the administration takes place to guarantee minimal language skills and be part of the sampling frame. National data reveal that between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 school years, the number of newly arrived students (including those with an unknown background) in compulsory school has increased from approximately 33 000 to 81 000 (Skolverket, 2018(4]). Newly arrived refers to students bom abroad with two foreign-born parents and who have arrived in Sweden in the last four years (and who have permanent permission to stay in the country). They currently constitute 8% of all students in compulsory school.