Noting that globalization has produced both winners and losers, this chapter argues that poverty and inequality lead to social exclusion and discrimination of large numbers of people in the world, making them vulnerable to massive abuses of human rights. This has been the case particularly among rural folk, linked to unjust agrarian structures, most notably in the Third World countries. As a glaring example of the structure of injustice, the situation of Latin America’s indigenous peoples is examined. Throughout their history since the colonization of America, the indigenous have been exploited, oppressed and discriminated against. In modern times, governmental policies attempted to assimilate them into the larger society, thereby violating their cultural and collective rights. In recent decades, emerging indigenous organizations have struggled for recognition of their rights as peoples, which have been progressively accepted in national legislations and in international human rights instruments.