Evidence shows that within cities, socio-economically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions. Such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socio-economic exclusion. The epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intra-urban variations are even larger than variations between cities. For example, in the case of Malmo, Sweden, geo-mapping analysis outlines that the socio-economic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children’s level of exposure to pollution (Chaix et al., In the United States, a University of Minnesota survey based on 2000 US census data found that minorities were, on average, exposed to 38% more nitrogen pollution than Caucasians, with a significant gap when accounting for race and/or income (Clark, Millet and Marshall, 2014).