Extractive industries represented 65% of Kazakhstan’s exports and attracted 70% of the inflow of foreign direct investment in 2009 (OECD, 2012). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently identified indicators suggesting that the country is affected by Dutch disease (the apparent relationship between the increase in the economic development of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector or agriculture) (IMF, 2013). Despite efforts to diversify the economy around transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing, these continue to be less productive and not very competitive sectors.