The "local Agenda 21" initiative envisaged sustainability being built from the bottom up through initiatives by local governments, community groups and women and men. It stimulated a plethora of community-based and joint state-local sustainable development projects and programmes across the world, around sustainable agriculture and land use, water, fisheries, forests, wildlife, urban environments and other issues. These initiatives embodied important recognition of local resource rights and collective action. Yet many suffered from an overly homogeneous view of "the community" that failed to account for socially-and gender-differentiated perspectives and priorities (Dressier and others, 2010, Leach, Mearns and Scoones, 1999), or involved women only in a tokenistic manner in project management committees.