Since 1983, approximately 3.7 million ha have been allocated to households and individuals (long et al., The 5MHRP, Degraded Forest Land Allocation (FLA) scheme and National Mangrove Restoration and Development Plan for 2008-2015 have all allocated considerable areas of forest land to local households and communities, which have been reforested (Clement et al., The 5MHRP has provided local people with payments, tax incentives and favourable loans for forest protection (Binh 2003).