Progress was made with Complementary Law 140/2011 and Presidential Decree 8437/2015, which clarified the boundaries of federal, state and local jurisdiction over environmental issues. However, implementation and co-ordination challenges remain. Co-ordination bodies are abundant but often lack the decision-making tools, capacity and resources to get to grips with vested institutional interests. Addressing their weakness and the low capacity of most subnational authorities would help establish a nationwide level playing field in setting and enforcing environmental requirements.