Their knowledge is vital in order to develop, adopt and implement adequate local, national and international policies to arrest the current unprecedented decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. The study performed by NAPTEK, linked to this introductory scoping study for the Nordic Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, had the task of assessing how to include both indigenous and local knowledge and citizen science in the potential Nordic Assessment. The classical definition of traditional ecological knowledge by FikretBerkes (Berkes, 1993) is also a possible definition of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in a Nordic context: "a cumulative body of knowledge, practice and beliefs, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment" (Tunon etai, 2015). The California Academy of Sciences offers the following definition: "Citizen science is a global movement through which scientists and non-scientists alike make observations, collect data, and help answer some of our planet's most pressing questions."