The right to import cloves has been limited since 5 July 2002 to companies approved as clove importers by the MoT. To be approved, a company can only import cloves solely for use in a production process.40 Furthermore, every shipment requires import approval from both the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry concerning the quantity, kind and timing of import. However, since September 2002 the MoT has severely limited the number of companies able to import sugar, replacing the estimated 800 private importers in operation before the decree was issued (Stapleton, 2006), and tightly controlled the import volume.42 The importation of raw sugar and industrial-grade refined sugar is restricted to those companies approved by MoT as an Import Producer of Sugar (Importir Produsen Gula, IP-Sugar). These are companies that use imported sugar as a raw material in their own facilities, e.g. sugar millers/refiners in the case of raw sugar and food/beverage manufacturers in the case of refined sugar.