For developed countries, stock and flow adaptation costs together are estimated to amount to USD 68 billion, of which USD 34 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation. For developing countries, adaptation costs were calculated at USD 156 billion, of which USD 68 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation in 2055. It calculates the effects of climate change on the economy by maximising the regional utility function in each period where consumption and savings/investments are endogenously chosen subject to income and the costs of climate change. Climate change costs include residual damages, mitigation and adaptation costs (de Bruin et al.,