In Chicago, the city’s Climate Action Plan recognizes the uncertain nature of the challenge and is expected to evolve as new information from assessments and changing priorities comes to light. All three initiatives exemplify clear-cut approaches to avoidance of path dependence, constant re-evaluation of information and redesign of policy interventions so as to improve outcomes. Under the programme, research was conducted and pilot projects were implemented which demonstrated the importance of learning from experiences and from stakeholder dialogue and knowledge exchange.