For example, in such countries as Tunisia, the implementation of these programmes, which are seen as a new form of public jobs, has created a serious burden on the budget. In addition, analysis suggests that while the mentioned reform programmes have generated “islands of excellence”, they have failed to initiate broader systemic changes.41 Systemic changes in terms of a structural transformation of Arab economies, diversification away from rents and a move into other technologically advanced sectors, have been on the Arab agenda for a while, and in some aspects the process is on an encouraging path. The share of the manufacturing sector, as well as of services such as telecommunications, trade and tourism, are increasing rapidly. Manufacturing is now the second largest sector in Egypt and Jordan.42 However, many manufacturing enterprises continue the low-skilled, low-value-added and low-productivity trend in the region, often using foreign migrant labour, thereby further emphasizing the comparatively low knowledge content of the economy.