International law embodies the rules, principles and processes that regulate the conduct of states and international organisations (Higgins, 1994, 2–3). As discussed in Chapter 1, Chapter VII of the UN Charter empowers the Security Council to require states to restrict and interdict economic relations with target states, entities, or individuals.1 Outside the UN Charter or other applicable treaty, the customary international law of state responsibility regulates how, and the conditions under which, a state may impose economic sanctions.