In Ethiopia's PSNP, Kenya’s CT-OVC and Malawi's SCT, 73, 65 and 83 percent of recipients were femaleheaded households. Information based on PtoP data (see also Tirivayi, Knowles and Davis (2013). Men tend to have more access to productive assets than women, which probably explains why they invest more in them. Where women have limited legal rights to land and other assets, prioritizing consumption over investment may be the best option open to them (Holmes etal.,