Also addressed in this report are the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions ((l)NDCs) by UNECE member States to address climate change mitigation challenges (case study 20), as well as case studies from Poland and the Ukraine on the recovery of coal seam methane (case study 21). There is evidence in the UNECE region of challenges in heating service affordability, reliability of aging systems and future resilience needs. Truly transforming the energy system will require a creative shift in policy and regulation to unleash innovation, investment, and improved energy productivity.