However, there are countries that have been able to reduce household poverty without significant economic growth. He demonstrated that the higher the average income and the lower its concentration, the higher the resulting elasticity. They concluded that a higher average income resulted in a higher absolute elasticity and that higher income concentration led to lower absolute elasticity. The highest income-poverty elasticity values were found in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. He found that both estimations showed very similar standard variations across the different states. They also tested for the existence of a non-linear interaction effect between growth and initial inequality, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that higher inequality was associated with a lessening of the poverty reduction efficiency of growth.