Panel A uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers -housing benefits, unemployment benefits, incapacity benefit, pension benefit, a range of family benefits - plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest 10% of households. Panel B uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates, covering housing benefit, social assistance and child supplements, all measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pre-transfer child poverty rate (i.e. the pre-transfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable), to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of child poverty. Table 2 shows result based on within-country change.