This survey also covers Georgia but excludes Turkmenistan. To avoid the "add-women-and-stir" approach (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2003), the study is designed to consider gender not as at the category "sex" used in quantitative data but rather to interpret gender in the framework of social relations arising in connection with ideas of masculinity and femininity. To do so, both quantitative and qualitative data are used in this study.