Dobbie and Fryer (2009) show that after 3 years in these schools, students have nearly closed the achievement gap in maths with average white students in other New York City schools, and the size of the gains is strikingly similar to those found for the KIPP Lynn school. They also improve results in English, but much less than in maths. However, Dobbie and Fryer find no correlation between participation in social programmes outside schools and academic achievement, which suggests that proximity to the social programmes cannot alone fill the educational achievement gap.