Divergences between monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty indicators mean that neither is a sufficient proxy for the other, both need to be measured {see Box 3.5). Moreover, reducing non-monetary deprivations often requires different policies than reducing income poverty. A helpful survey of empirical research on commonly observed mismatches between different poverty indicators is found in Nolan and Whelan's 2011 book Poverty and Deprivation in Europe. Another literature survey is found in Chapter 4 of Alkire et al. (