Thus improving overall job creation is likely to reduce marginal employment among poor women. It is consistently negative across education levels in rural regions, but only begins to gain importance from primary education onwards in urban regions. However, the magnitude is higher with each additional educational level for urban regions. While in rural areas, the household head with a university degree decreases the probability of women’s participation by 5pp compared to the illiterate household head, the same factor decreases the probability by almost 13pp in urban areas.