In France, a national study was undertaken to evaluate the public subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity (Sainteny et al., Assessing the “appropriate” amount of the national budget to be allocated is based on comparing what is required to achieve the objectives specified in the NBSAP and what can reasonably be mobilised from alternative sources (e.g. from the private sector, ODA). Very few countries have been able to make such comparisons, however, due to a lack of robust, comprehensive and comparable time series data on public biodiversity expenditure across national and subnational budgets.