In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1). In the context of cross-sectoral mainstreaming, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) Decision XIII/3 invites parties: “To enhance monitoring of the use of natural resources, such as land, soil and water in all sectors, including agriculture, forests, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism, among others, and to improve data collection, management and public access to monitoring data” (CBD, 2016c: para g). Though it is difficult to determine whether more recent biodiversity mainstreaming efforts have been effective, indicators to monitor this are beginning to emerge. This chapter therefore examines the types of indicators that could be used to track progress on biodiversity mainstreaming.