Paunov and Lavison (2014) provide a more extensive discussion, with further policy examples. Section 2 focuses on co-operation challenges. Section 3 reviews the different policy instruments supporting inclusive innovation initiatives. These factors may impose a “poverty penalty” (Mendoza, 2011) - i.e. a higher cost of supplying goods and services to the poor than to higher-income markets - leading to potentially higher prices for such markets, or even “missed markets" when businesses decide not to supply them at all.