Please select one response in each row. Many parents lost their jobs or had to take up poor-paying jobs, many education systems faced budgetary cuts and many welfare agencies cut down on services to at-risk groups. High rates of child poverty remain a concern in several countries as PISA has consistently shown that students’ socio-economic background is one of the factors that is most strongly associated with students’ proficiency levels. Research shows a strong link between material well-being in childhood and different dimensions of well-being in adulthood.