The parallel applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHR law) has become in recent years part of the legal orthodoxy in international law. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has affirmed co-application in three separate instances, additionally a number of human rights courts have asserted jurisdiction over armed conflicts, and while state practice on the matter is still not uniform, co-application appears to be the dominant position in the legal literature.