Singapore has made the greatest improvements in this area, with publication intensity in the most recent period higher than both the United States and Japan. Malaysia has, nevertheless, consistently achieved the highest publication intensity among the ASEAN4 countries - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines - and is more publication-intensive than both China and In dia. Over the last three decades, ASEAN4 countries have regularly increased their publication intensity. However, its level is very low compared to the newly industrialised economies in Asia (0.51% of world total publications for ASEAN4 as a whole and 0.14% market share for Malaysia) (Wong and Ho, 2009).