Tying the receipt of transfers to mothers' childrearing performance reinforces the idea that children's well-being is a female responsibility and does nothing to encourage men's involvement in parenting. If, in practice, conditionalities have no or little bearing on child development, government budgets might be better used to invest in more and better schools and primary health care centres. Recent experiences in Brazil and Egypt, for example, show that the active involvement of women's rights advocates can be a catalyst for transformation. In both cases, cash transfers were explicitly designed with women's rights in mind, tackling the limitations of existing schemes (see also Box 3.3). Unlike Bolsa Familia (see Table 3.1), however, it supports women's economic empowerment head-on by training them to take up non-traditional jobs in the growing construction industry in the region. Drawing on an understanding of some of shortcomings of conventional conditional cash transfer programmes, the Ain-EI-Sira pilot aimed to contest traditional gender dynamics that emphasize women's roles as mothers and ignore their productive roles and agency.