At the same time, inadequate governance arrangements have trivialised traditional management systems and have created discontent, including non-compliance with resource protection (Cinner and others, in press). In areas where the formal integration of traditional or customary systems of governance into national environmental management policies has been possible (eg Madagascar, South Africa), it has permitted local communities to sustain their livelihoods according to a more culturally-sensitive process, which is also beneficial to the resource base (Sunde and Isaccs 2008, Westerman and Gardner 2013). The need for conservation arose after overexploitation of the fisheries due to population growth and commercialisation of traditional fisheries which led to destruction of the surrounding reefs and a decline in fish catches that people depended on. The ensuing efforts to put in place a management framework resulted in the Velondriake network, which is largely a community-based management system. '