During the past 50 years two sets of events have had a profound influence on the development of public policy on immigrant integration in Europe. The first is the challenge to public order posed by urban unrest in France beginning in the early 1980s and in Britain beginning in the late 1950s. In each of these countries, the public policy response to this urban crisis has involved important elements of multiculturalism, as part of a strategy to maintain public order. In each country the public policy response has also been influenced by other political considerations of domestic politics, but policies that at least implicitly recognized differentiated community (or “minority”) needs and benefits have been common to each. The second set of events is generally related to the challenge of Islamic terrorism and the recognition that some of it has domestic roots.