Summary of recommendations for increasing labour utilisation (cont.) One issue that appears to have caused the jump in labour force participation (and employment) at the time of the replacement of the October Household Survey by the Labour Force Survey is that coverage of agriculture, especially subsistence agriculture, improved. Among the many analyses of South Africa’s unemployment problem are Bhorat (2004), Kingdon and Knight (2004), and Baneijee et a I. (2007). The low unemployment rate shown in Table 3.4 for those with no education, and to a lesser extent to those with some or completed primary but no secondary education, probably reflects the greater tendency of those groups to be in subsistence activities or discouraged, and thus classified as not in the labour force.