Increased water pollution would result in increased eutrophication, biodiversity loss and disease. Amongst other things, this would have important impacts on rural and indigenous communities whose livelihoods often depend directly on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The extraction, processing and use of resources require much energy, and currently result in large volumes of C02 emissions. Land use entails emissions of non-C02 greenhouse gas emissions. Thus global climate policy objectives will not be achieved unless the challenge of resource efficiency is adequately addressed.