Poverty is concentrated as Arab and ultra-Orthodox Jews families tend to have large families. Public spending on children in Arab localities is estimated to be at least one-third lower than for children in Jewish municipalities and the average number of years in education is about two years lower for Arabs than for the population as a whole. The percentage of Arab families below the poverty line is 51.4% compared to 15% among the Jewish population. The percentage of children below the poverty line is 62.5% compared to 23.8% among the non-Arab population. The average gross income of Arab households amounted to approximately NIS 7 590 which is only 57% of that in the Jewish households. A high degree of non-employment contributes to low per capita income.