A warmer climate will also expand the range of agricultural pests and enable them to survive the winter, thereby affecting spring crops. By die end of twenty-first century, rice production in Asia could decline by about 4 per cent. In North Asia, grain production could fall by 26 per cent and fodder production by 9 per cent. In South Asia, under the most conservative climate change scenario, net cereal production by the end of this century is projected to decline by between 4 and 10 per cent.