However, in some countries, managing MPAs is changing from management development to implementation. Examples include Canada (Guenette and Alder, 2007), Scotland (Staed and McGlashan, 2006) and the Philippines (Fernandez, 2006). Currently MPAs make up about 8 per cent of the area of South-East Asian coral reefs (Burke, Selig and Spalding, 2002). However, the success rate of MPAs in South-East Asia is low: an estimated 14 per cent of the 332 MPAs in South-East Asia are effectively managed and only about 10 to 38 per cent of MPAs in the Philippines are effectively or partially effectively managed (Pomeroy and others, 2007a, Gjertsen, 2005).