Statistical evidence compiled for this report show that this is also the case across Chilean regions (Box 1.1, Figure 1.3, Panel B). Being born in a high-income family can boost wages by more than 50% relative to the average, while a penalty of around 40% is expected when coming from a disadvantaged background. This is largely due to the transmission (or lack thereof) of human and social capital across generations: on average, 80% of individuals with at least one parent having attended university also have tertiary education (Chapter 2).