Cloud-based computing services and tools for offline or real-time analysis may also be used. Smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world, including pollution and emissions monitoring, energy projects, such as smart grids and metering, flood management and other water-related projects, the management of public transportation system and of road use, solid waste collection, sorting and management, improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects, disaster preparedness and resiliency, and addressing crime and security (OECD, 2016b). In Indonesia, smart city activities include the smart city strategy for Bandung included in the 2013-2018 ICT Master Plan, which emphasises e-government and digital infrastructure. The city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry. Efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in Medan.