In doing so, they bring market-determined growth processes more closely in line with environmental values (World Bank, 2012). As a recent report by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) puts it, payments for ecological services, the process relating to the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD) and incentives to produce biofuels often involve trade-offs with smallholder agriculture, biodiversity, livelihoods and food security. Moreover, market-based approaches often promote corporate interests, which in turn may constrain the scope for policy and regulatory reform that is conducive to social and sustainable development (UNRISD, 2012b).