Taken together, the time spent by 15-year-olds in school-based instruction and self-reported instructional time outside of school (43 hours) is slightly lower than the OECD average (44 hours). Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators. Table D 1.1, liltn://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cag-2016-cn. Men account for 18% of the lower secondary education workforce and only 3% in primary education, both of which are below the OECD and EU average.