The lack of adequate infrastructure, such as modal interchange platforms and integrated metropolitan mobility systems, limits possibilities for substantial modal shifts. Restructuring vehicle taxation on the basis of C02 emissions, and a ten-year vehicle scrapping programme, have created strong incentives to use more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, measures such as vehicle scrapping are expensive for the government and can encourage greater vehicle use, potentially offsetting gains in technical efficiency. Overall, rather limited efforts have been made on the demand side.