In May 2017 FSC and PEFC jointly stated that at the end of 2016, FSC had reported a total certified area of 196 million hectares and PEFC of 301 million hectares, giving a combined area of 497 million hectares. However, based on their joint research they had concluded that at the end of 2016 almost 69 million hectares (or 16 percent) of the global forest area was double certified.” Since companies also use zero deforestation commitments as an indication of their progress towards sustainable production and consumption, data published by Forest Trends (Donofrio, 2017) was included in Chapter 2. Data are available from published sources. Although some uncertainty remains, the literature increasingly indicates that the global increase in intense floods, storms, droughts, and heatwaves likely has a link to climate change (Thomas and Lopez, 2015).