Additionally, the spill-over of using productivity-enhancing technologies for particular crops may reduce their prices globally, thereby increasing food affordability, although on a limited scale. The widespread adoption of crop varieties that are resistant to the projected new climate conditions significantly reduces projected food prices in 2050 compared to the climate change baseline. Similarly, increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems or expanding irrigation infrastructure, where appropriate, can significantly reduce water stress and make farming practices more resilient to climate change. These costs depend strongly on the projected adaptation level, and the marginal costs must always be evaluated against the marginal benefits they deliver. Due to the lack of common metrics to measure the effectiveness of adaptation, it is impossible to determine optimal adaptation strategies. Under the assumptions used in this study, the potential additional costs in R&D and in improved irrigation technologies are estimated to reach USD 16 to 20 billion per year by 2050 for OECD countries.