These, in turn, have provided a strong incentive for girls to invest in their studies and increase their attainment level. And full-time workers with upper secondary levels of attainment earn 19% more, on average, than those who did not go that far (OECD, 2016(5]). These penalties may be reduced in absolute terms if men will continue to have better returns than women given their level of education (OECD, 2016[5]).