Insufficient public transport infrastructure and rising user costs, in combination with relatively low taxation of vehicle ownership and use, have contributed to exacerbating urban car traffic. The 2011 Growth Acceleration Programme included expansion of the long-distance and urban rail networks, which is welcome. More emphasis could also be given to bus rapid transit systems, which have been successfully operating in some cities, such as Curitiba, and were launched in Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia in 2014.