Even among students with a similar performance in mathematics, reading and science, the likelihood of having repeated a grade is often linked to socio-economic background (OECD, 2014h). However, research has also begun to shed light on the predictive power that social and emotional skills, such as self-control and self-motivation, have on earnings, health, engagement in violence and many other life outcomes (OECD, 2015, Kautz et al., Providing opportunities for adult learning (Challenge 3) is important for retraining and upskilling. High levels of long-term unemployed is challenging for the economy as a whole, as it leads to high spending on unemployment benefits and a reduction in tax revenues (Challenge 10).