Both organisations have a dual mandate, including supporting business innovation and entrepreneurship (with a focus on energy efficiency of city services and “smart city” development in Astana) and assisting investors. In Almaty City, the ISC (within the JSC “Almaty Development Centre”) is the only regional ISC with a comprehensive website dedicated to foreign investors in English (http://investinalmatv.com/en). Subnational investment promotion agencies are usually small, flexible organisations w'ell-connected to both the local administration and business community. In Kazakhstan, ISCs may require additional resources (both financial and human) but also need to be incorporated into the larger set of investment promotion and facilitation activities of Kaznex Invest.