Without clarifying the ODA rules for research activities, there is a risk of inflation of ODA-eligible research as development providers may use ODA funding as a means to subsidise research in their own countries. While additional funding towards research aimed to tackle challenges in developing countries is encouraged, there is a risk that spending towards research activities may result in a reallocation of resources which would otherwise be spend on projects in developing countries. For bilateral providers it is the same as bilateral ODA. They are resources that the governing boards of multilateral organisations have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation's charter.