In responding to climate change, policy options are either to mitigate impacts through prior actions or to minimise impacts through adaptation. A central concept is to avoid surprise and unexpected events. This chapter discusses a range of options policy makers have to adapt to climate change, including research, stakeholder engagement, risk assessment, strategic planning, cross-sector co-ordination, market integration and regulatory control. In addition, it discusses how policy makers can implement these options through improving the information base, building literacy and capacity, reducing risk, expanding policy frameworks, increasing coordination, strengthening linkages and adopting flexible management. In general, resilience is the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem, economic system or governance system can absorb before shifting to a regime with a different structure, function and feedback mechanisms (Walker et al.,