Moreover, under various ‘Swiss formulas’ for industrial tariff cuts, the effective preference margin for LDCs’ exports into the EU will average 1.4 per cent while being negative but close to zero in the USA. If the USA implemented a 97 per cent DFQF scheme, LDCs’ exports could increase by 10 per cent or about USD 1 billion annually. In 2012, this share was below 20 per cent. Since this is compiled on the basis of notifications, it could be that the rising numbers reflect better reporting of NTMs that have been in force for some time rather than an actual increase in new NTMs.