It reached 21 Gt in 2007, a 28% increase from 1980, and then decreased to 19.7 Gt in 2011.’ But even prior to the 2008 financial crisis, domestic extraction used (DEU) in OECD countries had begun to slow and was showing signs of stabilising around 20 Gt per year. The growth that has taken place between 1980 and 2007 has been primarily driven by greater extraction of construction minerals, which accounted for more than half of the increase, while metal ore extraction accounted for less than a quarter.