Hard" conditionalities have had positive effects on children’s school enrolment in some contexts,51 but in others the results of conditional transfers for children are often no better than unconditional ones52 or are associated with the existence and quality of public services.55 Moreover, women’s time and efforts to meet conditionalities bring no additional social benefits.54 The loss in women’s well-being imposed by conditionalities can be greater than the cash benefit, as evidenced in the case of Guatemala.55 This provides support for the removal of conditionalities. Where sex-disaggregated data exist, statistics show that coverage for women is lower. This is particularly the case in countries with contributory pension systems, as women’s low and intermittent formal employment patterns make them less able than men to make payroll contributions.58 In contributory pension systems, a way of recognizing unpaid care and domestic work is through credits.