The environmental costs of production, such as pollution, toxic waste and greenhouse gas emissions are externalized. Such patterns of development create profits at environmental expense, whether through the entrenched fossil fuel systems that supply industry, energy and automobiles, or through industrial agriculture that generates short-term gain by mining soils and depleting water resources. Such patterns are unsustainable, compromising future production and consumption and threatening the integrity and resilience of ecosystems and biodiversity (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).