We emphasised that such examples needed to have operated through time so giving evidence of implementation, rather than initiatives that were still at the planning and promise stage. They might cover a variety of different approaches, often in combination: direct promotion of innovation, the provision of incentives, network creation, knowledge management, leadership strategies and other professional development capacity building, creating new forms of expertise and change management, and more general drives to create climates favourable for innovative learning. They could target change in one or more of the different components of learning environments: particular learner groups, the learning professionals, content, materials, facilities, and technologies, and the different ways in which these are organised and assessed.