These gender differences exist to a large extent because women still bear the brunt of the unpaid domestic tasks, such as childcare and housework, because of shortage/high costs of childcare facilities, and because of family-unfriendly work conditions (OECD, 2012a, World Bank, 2011b). Table 3.1 shows differences in the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services across regions of the world (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). Moreover, gender differences in the labour market can have longer-term consequences affecting women’s and men’s ability to save for both short and long-term needs (as mentioned in the previous chapter), and may especially impact women’s outcomes in retirement. Box 3.1 highlights the experience of New Zealand in addressing women’s lower outcomes in retirement.