Similarly, for countries where children enter school at age 5 (e.g. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), pre-school expenditure data were adjusted by adding up the expenditure corresponding to 5-year-old children enrolled in primary school. For spending on childcare: OECD Social Expenditure Database (uiuiui.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure). Cross-national variation in participation rates of very young children is much larger than for 3- to 5-year-olds. Participation rates were less than 10% in Chile, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Mexico, Poland and the Slovak Republic, but 50% or above in Denmark, Iceland and Sweden as well as the Netherlands, where participation was mostly part-time.