These three effects act simultaneously, whereby the productivity effect and potential loss of jobs due to outsourcing are neutralized by the innovation effect and gain of outsourced jobs from other regions. The third effect may induce two countervailing trends. On the one hand, a region that increases its broadband penetration can attract employment displaced from other regions by leveraging the ability to relocate functions remotely. While we are gaining a better understanding of these combined "network effects", the research is still at its initial stages of quantifying the combined impact.