Based on the estimates by Hanushek and Woessmann (2012), then, inequality might knock 0.12 percentage points off average annual growth in such countries (and 0.06 percent in Italy and Spain). The in-depth analysis by Arnold et al (2011) concludes that increasing average schooling by one year would raise long run per capita GDP by around 8%. Based on the changes in years of schooling computed in the previous paragraph, then, higher inequality would be associated with GDP per capita being around 1.5% lower in Portugal or Turkey, and 0.4% lower in Italy or Spain, in the long run.