Generally, these measures may not reduce inequality directly, but they could contribute to strengthening a dynamic process of structural change through which fiscal instruments, and incomes policies (as discussed in chapter VI of this Report), would become more effective. However, the provision of public services should also include the middle classes in order to raise overall skill levels, which will ultimately also contribute to a more equal income distribution and to an enlarged tax base in the future. There is evidence of a positive relationship between direct government transfers and growth. Public employment schemes, such as those launched in a number of developing countries in recent years (TDR 2010, chap.