A different approach is taken by CMS, which fixes the income elasticity at 1.54, while the Dutch CPB and French DRESS opt for values slightly below one. The Australian Productivity Commission estimates the effects of a plausible range of values (from 0.2 to 1), and selects an elasticity of 0.6 as the Commission’s preferred estimate. That value represented the midpoint between the macro-level estimates (not controlling for technological change), and the micro-level estimates based on individual decision-making.