For example, child or in-work benefits59 are provided outside the confines of social assistance and thereby generally not subject to assets-testing in a number of countries. Similarly, as seen previously in this chapter, some countries have specific, often temporary, programmes delivered outside social assistance for those unemployed who are not eligible for unemployment benefits (i.e. unemployment assistance). Typically, these unemployment assistance programmes are subject to less stringent means-testing than social assistance benefits and can be complemented by more stringent SA-type programmes, depending on the specific needs of the individual or family. For instance, in 2009, Japan introduced a new scheme to provide assistance to unemployed workers who are enrolled in training programmes, but do not receive unemployment benefits. Means-testing also can be relaxed for existing programmes with a view to broaden eligibility. That said, one of the policy lessons from the past decade is that responsiveness should not be seen as a “one-way road” into benefit recipiency during an economic downturn.