Hence, climate-economy models without explicit representation of impacts (e.g. most general equilibrium and cost minimization models reviewed in Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha, 2009) and models that only assess the probability of triggering a specific tipping element (e.g. dimrise - Zickfeld and Bruckner, 2003) are not included. The same applies to the coupling of exogenous climate scenarios with sector-specific impact models, e.g. GIM (Mendelsohn, Schlesinger and Williams, 2000), DIVA (Hinkel and Klein, 2009) and the UK “fast-track” studies (Ar-nell et al., The model must include quantitative data aimed at resembling the real world.