Beyond investing in children, labour market policies have taken on a new sort of prominence as a delivery mechanism for social welfare, at least in Europe, and there is a shift in philosophy from passiveincome maintenance to encouraging participation in paid work (ibid.). For instance, the 'flexicurity' approach, which first emerged in Denmark, combines labour market flexibility with social security for unemployed workers and active labour market policies designed to retrain and reskill workers and get them back to work {Heintz and Lund 2012). At the same time, cash benefits to families to help with the costs of raising children have been increased. Combined with the emphasis on early childhood education and care as a tool for investment rather than a way to mobilize female labourforce participation, the result is a lot of part-time work among women (Daly 2011, Jenson 2010).