Similarly, to calculate the coping capacity, the following five indicators were used: (a) external public debt stocks, (b) total reserves in months of imports and gross savings, all to GDP ratio, (c) government effectiveness, (d) world governance indicators, and (e) human development index. The exposure index (El) and capacity index (Cl) were the weighted average of the selected indicators. The vulnerability index was discovered by calculating the differences between the exposure index and coping capacity index.