The aggregate amount of carbon emissions from six ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam) surpassed 1 300 million tonnes in 2010.7 Although the region's relative contribution to global C02 emissions remained modest (at around 4%), the amount of carbon emissions from these ASEAN countries grew by 5.5% per annum on average between 1990 and 2010, compared with an annual increase of 0.7% in OECD countries. In Southeast Asia nearly a third of the region's total population still earn less than USD 2 a day (ASEAN, 2009). It is in this context that "green growth" has attracted much attention from ASEAN policy makers as an alternative to traditional export-led growth strategy ("grow first, clean up later"). Should it continue, this conventional strategy could increase human costs due to greater congestion and pollution and further reduce resilience to external natural shocks, such as extreme weather events, which often hit the region badly. On the one hand, the developed countries, as well as those in transition, make specific emission limitation and reduction commitments (as inscribed in Annex B), with a view to reducing their overall emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period from 2008 to 2012.