To do this, Figure 9 compares the equalising effects at different stages of the redistribution process, with changes over time shown separately for benefits, social contributions and income taxes. “ Box 2 explains how these indicators were calculated. Following the approach taken above, this implies comparing Gini coefficients of income before and after adding the benefit or subtracting the tax in question.1 For instance, to calculate the redistributive effect of taxes, one could calculate a Gini value of market incomes minus taxes (this may be called net-of-tax Gini), and subtract it from the Gini value of market incomes.