Another reason is that, unlike manufacturing industries and services, natural-resource-related activities do not generate much employment (TDR 2010, chap. This may contribute to widening the disparities in income distribution when the terms-of-trade effect makes manufacturing less competitive, so that workers may be pushed from manufacturing into lower w'age jobs or even into informality and unemployment. An increase in inequality can be avoided if good-quality jobs are created elsewhere in the economy. This depends on the linkages that can be established between the export-oriented activities in the primary sector, on the one hand, and modem services (public and private) and manufacturing on the other. Such linkages rarely emerge from market forces alone, they normally require supportive macro-economic and wage policies as well as targeted fiscal and industrial policies aimed at ensuring that most of the income generated by natural-resource-related activities is used within the country'.