Member States presented a wide range of non-formal and informal ESD learning initiatives, but acknowledged that many of these have been undertaken independent of, or in partnership with, a range of government agencies. Non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) appear to be playing a significant leadership role in the promotion of ESD in non-formal and informal settings. However, less is known about the extent and effectiveness of these efforts as there is no central mechanism for documenting initiatives and they are rarely evaluated.