Export restrictions by many or all countries concurrently would directly exacerbate the world market price spike and its negative consequences for the poor (FAO et al., The most severe recession in recent years was the one that accompanied the 1997-99 Asian financial crisis. In this case real, GDP per person declined by 11% (Pardede, 1999), and real consumption and investment were similarly affected (Figure 3.12). However, recessions within Indonesia are not necessarily caused by international crises. Examples are the recessions of 1981-82 and 1985, which occurred for domestic reasons. This scenario looks at a broadly based macroeconomic slowdown caused by an economy-wide collapse in production.