Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani. In this case, this form of decomposition is applied to 2002-2016, divided into two subperiods — 2002-2008 and 2008-2016. Average income growth accounted for an average of 71 % of the variation observed between 2002 and 2016, and even more in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and Peru. In the other countries, the distribution effect accounted for over 30% of the poverty reduction, approaching 40% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and 50% in Uruguay (see figure II.5).