Eleven of the 36 LDCs for which assessments have been undertaken are at high risk of debt distress (Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, and Tuvalu), while three (the Gambia, South Sudan and the Sudan) are already in debt distress (IMF, 2017b). Moreover, an increased tendency to borrow on international markets increases LDCs’ exposure to global financial shocks while also heightening risks that offshore markets will draw liquidity away from domestic markets (Black and Munro, 2010). Estimates presented in this report suggest the total investment cost for basic universal access by 2030 to be in the order of $12-$40 billion per year across LDCs as a whole, and increasing supply to fulfil the needs of transformational access would raise these costs considerably. While there is some potential for greater mobilization of domestic and external sources of financing towards energy-sector investments, this is very limited relative to the resulting gap.