Competitive second-generation biofuels could reduce the role of first generation biofuels, thus potentially limiting the impact of related policies on the agricultural sector and land use. Another development not reflected in this analysis relates to biodiesel from waste oil and other residues, a group of biofuels that indeed plays a role in the EU and elsewhere. To the degree such biofuels replace biofuels from crops the results shown in this study may overestimate actual policy impacts - but to date these biofuels represent a small share of the total.