Thus, total producer cost of delivering, receiving and storing grain before it is sold came to USD 59 per tonne at harvest time in 2011/12. Assuming that the grain was sold to the FCC at its purchase price of USD 170 per tonne (KZT 25 000 effective in October 2011), the price at the farm gate is USD 111 per tonne. Alternatively, assuming that the grain was not sold to the FCC but to private buyers at an average market price of USD 108 (KZT 15 900 October 2011 price), the price at the farm gate would be USD 49 per tonne (KZT 7 200). Given these costs, farm gate price was reduced by over a third (the FCC option) and by over one half (the private channel option) compared to the wholesale price. Each contract is 10 000-100 000 tonnes. Each contrad is 10 000-100 000 tonnes.