Other definitions of impact evaluation also exist such as that of the World Bank Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) initiative, which states: impact evaluations compare the outcomes of a programme against a counterfactual that shows what would have happened to beneficiaries without the programme. See also: Tracking Economic Instnimcnts and Finance for Biodiversity. The second focus of this report on cost-effectiveness relates most closely to the DAC criterion on efficiency, which measures the outputs - qualitative and quantitative - in relation to the inputs. The MSFD, for example, explicitly requires the member states to assess the present state of the sea in question and develop a national Programme of Measures (PoM) designed to narrow and eventually close the gap between the current and desired state of the sea. The member states must show that the chosen PoM is cost-effective (Oinonon, 2016).