Section 5-1-2 presents the recent literature on impacts and adaptation in IAMs and provides an overview of all recent IAMs. Based on this overview, Section 5-1-3 reviews the development and state of the art of climate impact modelling in IAMs, and Section 5-1-4 reviews the development and state of the art of adaptation modelling. Section 5-1-5 discusses possible ways forward for climate impact and adaptation modelling in IAMs. Section 5-1-6 concludes. General reviews were conducted by Hope (2005) and Fiissel and Mastrandrea (2010).