Tasks involving social interaction (for example within healthcare or sales) are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology, even when they require fairly low skills. Empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change, but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities (Forster and Toth 2015, Eurofound 2017 and OECD 2017b). A much more diverse picture can be found in European countries, with polarisation in some countries (e.g. the Netherlands, France and Germany), and upgrading in others, with growth mainly in high-paying occupations (e.g. Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg) up until 2007. During the recession years from 2008 to 2013, polarisation was more widespread across European countries (Eurofound 2017). This development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in high-paying occupations in Sweden and Denmark, and by growth in low-paying non-routine service sector occupations in Finland and Norway (Goos et al.