This has partly been due to insufficient application of the “normalised method” (MTN) and long transition periods in water sector reform when the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) functioned as the regulator in areas where no management concession had been awarded. Despite increases, rate levels have remained low. While the average water supply rate in Italy is around EUR 0.90-0.95/m3 (with wide variations across the country), in many other OECD countries they are already between EUR 2 and 3/m3.