The first is related to the political economy of mitigation actions under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries were initially opposed to committing mandatory emission targets, because it was the developed countries that were responsible - at least until quite recently - for most of the emissions already accumulated in the atmosphere. They are still responsible for most emissions when measured on the per capita basis. For example, the level of per capita emission for Developing Asia is estimated at 2.7 tonnes of C02 in 2008 (Table 4.2).