In Brazil, all trade-related measures were lifted in 2008 while cash transfers to the poor population and concessional credits for agricultural producers gained importance in 2009. Analysis is underway at both the OECD and FAO into the efficiency and effectiveness of these policy responses. Many OECD countries maintain policies to protect farmers from low prices: the marketing loan assistance and countercyclical programmes in the United States, the intervention price mechanisms in the European Union, the rice diversion programme in Japan and the supply management and agri-stability programmes in Canada. Those are also part of the policy response to price fluctuations and of the price transmission between global and domestic markets.