In all those countries (except Indonesia), women's labour market participation is about 50 percentage points below that of men. The gap remained low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation. While highly-educated women have, on average, 16.5 percentage points lower participation rates than men, the gap is 41 points among less-educated men and women. Indeed, high levels of education translated into narrow gaps in labour participation even in countries where overall female participation is low.