In countries, where benefits are available for a relatively long duration, such as China and the Russian Federation, activation measures may have a potentially important impact on unemployment. At least in the context of OECD countries, it has been suggested that even low benefits could bring about high rates of benefit dependency in the absence of effective activation measures (OECD, 2010b). This suggests that the PES may have to monitor and enforce continued eligibility more intensively and engage in the development of individual action plans (see, for example, Vodopivec and Tong, 2008, for China). In this context, cash transfer (CT) programmes have become an important element of the social protection systems of most emerging economies.