A broad grouping of ’urban' wastes, including MSW, commercial and industrial (C&l) waste, and construction and demolition waste (C&D), is estimated at around 7 to 10 billion tonnes per annum. In high-income countries, MSW generation rates are now beginning to stabilize, or even show a slight decrease, which may indicate the beginning of waste growth ‘decoupling’ from economic growth. However as economies continue to grow rapidly in tow- and middle-income countries, one can expect per capita waste generation to increase steadily.