Analysis conducted by the IEA, using its data on fossil-fuel consumption subsidies in developing countries, estimated that a phase-out of these subsidies between 2011 and 2020 would lead to lower emissions of air pollutants such as S02, NOx and particulate matter, which are harmful to public health and the environment (IEA/OPEC/OECD/World Bank, 2010). Recent research by the GSI based on modelling in 20 countries found that the removal of fossil-fuel subsidies between now and 2020 could lead to average national emission reductions of approximately 11%. This research also found that if 30% of the savings from subsidy removal are redirected to renewable energy and energy efficiency, the national average emission reduction estimates increase to 18% (Merrill, L.etal., However, defining these policies as subsidies is uncommon in the region and cross-subsidies often remain “invisible” for society at large.