In all these cases, LDCs participate in the research efforts and derive benefits from research results. Knowledge flows and technical cooperation have become major components of South-South economic relations, diversifying the sources of knowledge transfer and partnership for LDCs (UNCTAD, 2010: chaps. South-South technology transfer is complementary to North-South knowledge flows, the two sometimes being combined in triangular cooperation, whereby South-South knowledge flows are facilitated and boosted by developed country donors (UNDP, 2009). Achieving the Goals and the objectives of the IPoA will require a major increase in ODA to LDCs, to meet the international target of 0.15-0.2 per cent of donor country gross national income.