For working-age women, services such as childcare and water and sanitation (discussed in section Investment in social services) are critical to redressing their socio-economic disadvantage by enabling their participation in the workforce. In addition, child-related transfers can help them shoulder some of the costs associated with raising children (see section Social transfers for families with children), while paid maternity and parental leave ensures that income is available when parents stay at home during the first months of a child's life (see Chapter 2). This section focuses on income security for the unemployed. In much of the developing world, however, such schemes either do not exist or reach only a minority, particularly where most workers are in informal self-employment, as in many sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries (see Chapter 2).