This challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the “costs” borne by local communities. The market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward, but the costs to communities are more complex. Typical concerns or “costs” cited by communities include changes to landscapes, nuisance (e.g. noise or shadow flicker), environmental impacts (e.g. wildlife and water quality) and the potential for reduced property values (Hubert and Horbaty, 2011). Many communities also feel excluded from the decision-making processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area (Bryden, 2010).