Clifford and Clancy (2011), using a detailed model of the all-island Single Electricity Market, show that the wind generation expected in 2011 will reduce Ireland's wholesale market cost of electricity by around EUR 74 million. This is approximately equivalent to the sum of the Public Service Obligation (financing the feed-in tariff for wind) cost, estimated as EUR 50 million, and the increased "constraint" (or balancing) costs incurred due to wind in 2011. The reduction of Ireland's dependence on fossil fuels and the C02 emission cuts cost nothing in this case, despite the persistence of the support scheme which ensures recovery of the long-term costs of electricity generation from the wind even when the market prices are low.