Insofar as is possible, this method follows WCMC recommendations on calculating protected area coverage (as discussed in the user manual, see UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Figure 4 shows the WCMC approach, and describes the modifications required to include a breakdown by IUCN management category. The method is inspired by, and is conceptually the same as, that demonstrated by the Digital Observatory on Protected Areas (DOPA) in their ‘Explorer’ web application (Dubois et al., The area of the buffer is Reported Area.