These studies have been less successful at evaluating differences in the mental health of young people who are with or without the programme. However, some countries have initiated large randomised control trial (RCT) evaluations of programmes targeting disadvantaged youth. Two recent programmes are discussed: Australia’s “YP4 Programme in Victoria, and the United States’ nationwide “Youth Transition Demonstration Project”, which both produced mixed or insignificant results. Participants receiving treatment were assigned a case manager.