Using Canadian data, Zhang et al. ( For example, Massari et al. ( Similarly, Joliffe (2006) adjusts the poverty rates in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the United States using a spatial price index based on the Fair Market Rent (FMR) data: based on his estimates, the poverty rankings between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas get reversed when using the spatial index, with approximately 20 percent lower poverty headcounts in non-metro areas.