More specifically, membership of ethnic minorities that are discriminated against, lower educational achievement, lack of skills to participate in information- and knowledge-based societies, lack of integration in conventional institutions and social isolation are all correlated with higher levels of perceived exclusion. Thus, the challenge for social policies is to reduce poverty, while stressing social inclusion and belonging. As noted by Mdrquez (2003), while traditional policies aimed overcome given income threshold, they have neglected the links that allow people to achieve stronger citizenship and a greater sense of belonging.