At each stage of the transmission chain, the severity of impact will be determined by both the shock itself and by the vulnerability of the system or population group under stress (FAO, 2016a). The widespread melting of glaciers and snow cover in major mountain ranges, particularly in Asia, will affect the volume and timing of wafer flows, ultimately reducing the availability of irrigation water downstream. Increasing temperatures lead to changes in the location and incidence of pest and disease outbreaks.