Article 3.3 states: ‘States have the duty to co-operate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. States should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality, interdependence, mutual interest and co-operation among all States, as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights’. See, for example, Fukuda-Parr 2012. There should, however, be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries, or from emerging markets to developed countries.