Cash crop cultivation, establishment of industrial tree plantations and shifting agriculture are among the key drivers of forest change. All of these activities have had an impact on forests, including primary forests. For Thailand, after 2005 the forest area remained constant, but there was still an increase in agricultural area. This is an interesting phenomenon and quite in contrast with other GMS countries. An explanation for this is that Viet Nam has promoted massive afforestation and reforestation programmes in the last few decades.