Avoid” or “reduce” the need to travel and the trip length, by improving the efficiency of the overall transport system through integrated land-use planning and transport demand management, e.g. through compact, mixed-use development planning, traffic restrictions, mobility management and marketing, and national subsidies for low-carbon transport metropolitan design and planning. Shift” or “maintain” tools, to improve trip efficiency by encouraging modal shift to low-carbon transport modes such as public transport, e.g. through parking restrictions, road space allocation, public awareness campaigns on alternatives to private vehicles, procurement of public transport. Improve” fuel and vehicle efficiency and technologies, e.g. through vehicle standards, speed limits, labelling of vehicles’ environmental performance and fiscal incentives for electric or hybrid vehicles.