Climate change will probably exacerbate these disturbances in predicted and unpredicted ways. Fire incidence and severity has been on the rise in recent years, and forest management agencies have had to devote an increasing proportion of their resources to fire suppression. Moreover, while in the past timber production and wildland preservation were major competing management objectives, forest restoration treatments are becoming a central focus, especially in fire prone regions with high levels of forest fuel loading. These and similar issues will continue to challenge managers in the coming years, requiring flexible and innovative approaches and entailing changes in forest composition that will at least partially be beyond management control.