Fernandez and Rodrik (1991) demonstrate that there is a bias towards the status quo (and hence against efficiency-enhancing reforms) whenever some (or all) of the individual gainers or losers from reform cannot be identified beforehand. Glazer (2003) points out that once the reform has been implemented, the pattern of beneficiaries becomes clear and there may be support for the new status quo, despite initial opposition due to the uncertainty surrounding the distribution of benefits (next section). Loss aversion can therefore help to create a status quo bias, making it difficult both to introduce a policy (and also to reverse a policy once it is adopted). However, the long term durability of reforms cannot be taken for granted.