Depending on the insurance scheme, benefits could vary between 20% and 45% of end-of-career earnings (Matsaganis, 2013b). In addition to being inequitable, the pension system before the crisis was unsustainable, with pension expenditure projected to rise to a staggering 24% of GDP in 2050 without reform (OECD 2011b). For a breakdown of this item, see Table 2.4. Source: OECD, Social Expenditure database.