This is a positive step towards monitoring the results of Kazakhstan’s recent efforts to improve the business environment for firms and tracking city-level differences and progress towards the implementation of reforms. According to the forthcoming 2017 Investment Policy Review of Kazakhstan (hereafter, OECD, 2017b, forthcoming), national and subnational investment promotion agencies play an important role in facilitating foreign investments, and helping the government mobilise FDI into priority sectors (on this topic, see also Harding and Javorcik, 2007). This forthcoming Review covers in detail Kazakhstan's investment policy, including investment promotion policy. In particular, it highlights the challenge due to the fragmentation of Kazakhstan’s investment promotion activities and the resulting lack of transparency.