Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. Households obtain income from various sources, mainly paid work, ownership of assets and transfers from social protection systems (which include programmes of cash transfers to poor households and non-contributory pensions), and transfers from other households. Accordingly, labour market structure and policies, the provision of public services, social protection systems and poverty-reduction policies, the tax system and fiscal policy, among many other factors, have a direct effect on the level and distribution of the income that household's actually receive and, consequently, determine the extent to which economic growth can generate better living conditions for the population. The first factor, here referred to as the "average income effect" (or "growth effect"), measures changes in the poverty rate that stem strictly from changes in average household income.