Over the same period, about 4 billion people will be living in water-stressed areas and 20% of the population will be vulnerable to floods, especially in coastal cities (OECD, 2012c). As competition for w'ater among households, farmers, urban dwellers and industry intensifies, non-state actors, directly or indirectly affected by water policy, will play an increasing role in adaptive water governance. These stakeholders may have the ability to influence water policy outcomes positively or negatively (OECD, 2015a).