Main Economic Indicators (database), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cbcc2905-en. This is much higher than both Russia (86%) and EU countries, where owner-occupied housing accounted for 71% of the housing stock (Amann, 2013). This suggests Kazakhstan’s rental market is underdeveloped, and that much renting is informal and undocumented, with no rental contracts and often no registration (propiska) of tenants. Among Kazakhstan’s large cities (i.e. core cities of the 26 FUAs), only Astana seems to have a significant rental market (26%) (Figure 1.21).