From an analysis of a set of comparable schools, it appears that at the end of the intervention, sexually active young participants were more likely to use some form of contraception than sexually active nonparticipants of the same age. Rodrfgues-Planas (2010b) suggest that for some participants, this component might have increased the risk of substance abuse. For instance Behncke (2009) finds that giving words of encouragement, that boost self-efficacy or self-esteem in the short-term, just before a math test was associated with 2.5% higher scores among all students and 8% higher scores among those with self-reported difficulties in math. The result suggests that non-cognitive skills can be shaped, even in the very short-term.