Research in OECD countries would suggest that, without additional taxes, a budget-neutral UBI would be lower than the poverty line of a single individual, that is, not sufficient to eradicate poverty (OECD, 2017c). A simple back-of-the-envelope calculation would suggest that the fiscal cost of UBI (targeted at providing $1.90 per day for the working-age population) in the Asia-Pacific region could be about 14 per cent of GDP on average. In most developing economies, especially countries with special needs, the current public expenditure on social protection is not sufficient to cover such a provision of UBI (see figure below).