The notion of development within the orthodoxy was linked to modernization and underpinned by Keynesianism, structuralism and an elementary version of welfarism. Methodologically, most branches of development economics were attached to the notion that development involved a transition through modernization to the ideal-type of advanced capitalism, represented most notably by the five stages of economic growth popularized by Rostow (1960) (see also Fine and Saad-Filho, 2011). This “big push” approach was presumably essential to deliver rapid growth, employment creation, macroeconomic stability and a sustainable balance of payments, which, in turn, should reduce poverty through trickle down, especially via employment creation.