The problem is rather the existence of a large number of people in emerging countries that depend on farming for a living but whose farms do not generate enough income to attain a minimally acceptable level of income. This paper aims to identify the main obstacles that constrain smallholders in emerging countries from accessing commercial structures and, ultimately, improving their standard of living. The study begins with contextual information about dualism, and then goes on to focus more specifically on the challenges and constraints facing smallholders, including through five country case studies.