They focus on three objectives: i) to establish a clear, predictable and legitimate framework supported by competent and well-resourced authorities, ii) to ground the selection of PPPs in value for money, and iii) to use the budgetary process transparently to minimise fiscal risks and ensure the integrity of the procurement process. However, the lack of adequate planning for migration results in squatter settlements, slum areas, traffic congestion, urban poor and urban sprawl. Kazakhstan’s national and subnational authorities show little evidence that they have taken the necessary' steps to absorb newcomers into cities.