Advocates have high expectations that (economic) assessments and valuations of ESs can influence policies aimed at averting the degradation of ESs and biodiversity loss (Heal et al., This module looks at how valuation studies are being used to inform policymaking. Comparing alternative policies, programmes and projects. How do alternatives differ in terms of ES gains and losses? Identifying livelihood, development and investment opportunities. What new or improved economic opportunities can be developed based on the conservation and sustainable use of ESs?