As discussed in the Report on the World Social Situation 2016: Leaving No One Behind—The Imperative of Inclusive Development (United Nations, forthcoming), the term social exclusion refers to both the inability of individuals to participate fully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the community to which they belong and the processes leading to their exclusion. The structural inequalities that result in social exclusion are reproduced by the economic rules, institutions and social norms that govern societies. People and communities are relatively more exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards when their livelihoods depend on natural resources and they have few options for diversifying their income sources, when they are without appropriate access to insurance and financial markets, and when they have low levels of education and inadequate access to health services or inadequate access to appropriate facilities for persons with disabilities and older persons. This Survey will strive to delineate the structural inequalities that most increase vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards.