The present interest in globalisation focuses on a most fundamental question: do we need—and can we find—a new reference point for eliciting nationality and identity? The underlying reasoning has to be seen in the far-reaching shortcomings of those methodological foundations of social science that emerged in the wake of the Western Enlightenment—namely, individualism, nationalism, solutionism and presentism. This chapter examines if—and in which way—the new position, which China is likely going to occupy in this globalising world, may be one that can only persist by overcoming a national focus. That would translate into a paradoxical notion of national identity where to be ‘truly Chinese’ would translate into striving for a global understanding of citizenship.