Although these have indeed reduced the shortage, they have also had adverse effects in terms of peripheral expansion and socioeconomic residential segregation. The abandonment of housing is a clear symptom of the inefficiency of formulating housing policy separately from urban policy. For example, in 2010, there were 5 million abandoned dwellings in Mexico, representing 14% of the country's total housing stock. The causes of abandonment included international migration, insecurity and local unemployment: but also the effects of subsidized public housing policies, since 80% of public mortgage loans granted between 2006 and 2010 were in municipalities with higher levels of uninhabited housing (Sanchez and Salazar, 2011).