Infrastructure planning is likely to assume different forms in different contexts, so plans need to be based on economic, social and geographical realities and aspirations, rather than any pre-established blueprint to guarantee a successful outcome. The design and execution of an infrastructure plan should take into account a country’s stage of development, existing infrastructure, industrial capabilities and expansion plans, urban versus rural divides, levels of policy ambition, existing infrastructure institutions and their coordination, availability of new' financial, technical or other resources and the existence of political and managerial capacity for effective implementation. Looking at both developed and developing-country experiences with laige infrastructure projects, Flyvbjerg (2009,2007) makes the additional point that such projects tend to be characterized by cost overruns, benefit shortfalls and underestimation of risks.