Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Jepang
Artikel Wikipedia
[[Judul]]
Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Jepang


[[Artikel]]
Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Jepang () merujuk kepada hubungan internasional antara Jepang dan Amerika Serikat. Hubungan dimulai pada akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, dengan misi diplomatik namun dibekingi pasukan dari kapten-kapten kapal AS James Glynn dan Matthew C. Perry untuk keshogunan Tokugawa.

Sejak awal tahun 1879 hingga sekitar empat dekade pertama tahun 1990an, negarawan Jepang berpengaruh seperti Pangeran Iesato Tokugawa (1863–1940) dan Baron Eiichi Shibusawa (1840–1931) memimpin gerakan domestik jepang dan gerakan internasional mengadvokasi niat baik dan saling menghormati dengan Amerika Serikat.
Persahabatan mereka dengan AS termasuk bersekutu dengan tujuh presiden AS – Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Harding, Hoover, dan Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hanya setelah berlalunya generasi diplomat dan kemanusiaan yang sudah lebih usang, bersama dengan bukti bahwa banyak orang amerika percaya bahwa semua orang Asia harus sama dengan penandatanganan Undang-Undang Imigrasi tahun 1924 oleh Presiden Calvin Coolidge bahwa militeris Jepang dapat menguasai dan menekan Jepang untuk bergabung dengan Blok Poros dalam Perang Dunia II.

Mulai tahun 1931, ketegangan meningkat. 
Tindakan Jepang terhadap Tiongkok pada tahun 1931 dan terutama setelah tahun 1937 selama Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua menyebabkan Amerika Serikat memotong minyak dan baja yang dibutuhkan Jepang untuk penaklukan militer mereka. Jepang membalas dengan serangan terhadap Sekutu, termasuk serangan mendadak ke Pearl Harbor pada 7 Desember 1941 , yang merusak pangkalan angkatan laut AS di Pearl Harbor, menjadi awal mula Perang Pasifik pada Perang Dunia II. Amerika Serikat melakukan investasi besar-besaran dalam kekuatan angkatan laut dan secara sistematis menghancurkan kemampuan ofensif Jepang ketika strategi Lompat pulau melintasi pasifik. Untuk memaksa jepang menyerah, Amerika secara sistematis membom kota-kota Jepang, yang berpuncak pada serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki pada Agustus 1945. Jepang menyerah, dan menjadi sasaran tujuh tahun pendudukan militer oleh Amerika Serikat, dimana penjajah Amerika di bawah Jenderal Douglas MacArthur menghilangkan militerisme dan membangun kembali sistem ekonomi dan politik negara untuk mengubah Jepang menjadi negara demokrasi.

Pada 1950-an dan 1960-an Jepang masuk ke dalam aliansi militer dengan Amerika Serikat, dan mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dengan berlindung di bawah payung nuklir AS, mengambil keuntungan penuh dari rezim perdagangan bebas yang didukung AS, dan memasok perang Amerika di Perang Korea dan Perang Vietnam. Ekspor Jepang ke Amerika Serikat meningkat secara dramatis pada periode pascaperang, dengan mobil dan elektroniknya yang sangat populer, dan Jepang menjadi ekonomi terbesar kedua di dunia setelah Amerika Serikat (pada 2010 turun ke posisi ketiga setelah Tiongkok). Sejak akhir abad ke-20 dan seterusnya, Amerika Serikat dan jepang memiliki hubungan yang kuat dan aktif dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan militer. Pejabat pemerintah AS umumnya menganggap Jepang sebagai salah satu sekutu dan mitra terdekatnya. Menurut survei yang dilakukan pada tahun 2021, Kebanyakan orang Amerika umumnya memandang Jepang secara positif, dengan 84% memandang Jepang dengan baik. namun, hanya beberapa orang Amerika dalam jajak pendapat publik menganggap Jepang sebagai salah satu sekutu terdekat mereka, dengan hanya 1% orang Amerika memilih Jepang sebagai mitra kebijakan luar negeri terpenting mereka, jauh di belakang sekutu utama Amerika lainnya. Dalam analisis New York Times terhadap data YouGov pada tahun 2017, responden Amerika menempatkan Jepang sebagai sekutu terdekat ke-21 mereka, Ini juga di belakang sekutu utama Amerika lainnya. Jepang saat ini adalah salah satu negara paling pro-Amerika di dunia, dengan 67% orang Jepang memandang Amerika Serikat dengan baik, dan 75% mengatakan mereka mempercayai Amerika Serikat dibandingkan dengan 7% untuk Tiongkok. Dalam survei Pew 2019, 63% orang di Jepang menyebut Amerika Serikat sebagai sekutu terdekat mereka, jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang disebutkan oleh negara lain.

Referensi

Bacaan tambahan

Survei
 Auslin, Michael R. Pacific Cosmopolitans: A Cultural History of U.S.-Japan Relations (2011) 
 Calder, Kent E. Pacific Alliance: Reviving US-Japan Relations (Yale University Press, 2009).
 Cullen, L. M. A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds (2003)
 Dennett,  Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan, and Korea in the 19th Century (1922) 725 pages Online free
 Dulles, Foster Rhea. Yankees and Samurai: America’s Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan, 1791-1900 (1965) online
 Emmerson, John K. and Harrison M. Holland, eds. The eagle and the rising sun : America and Japan in the twentieth century (1987) Online free to borrow
  Foster, John. American diplomacy in the Orient (1903) Online free 525 pp
 Green, Michael J. By more than providence: Grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (Columbia UP, 2017). online; 725pp; comprehensive scholarly survey.
 Iokibe Makoto and Tosh Minohara (Eng. translation), eds. The History of US-Japan Relations: From Perry to the Present (2017) 
 Jentleson, Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson, eds.  Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations (4 vol 1997) 2: 446–458, brief overview.
 Kosaka Masataka. The Remarkable History of Japan-US Relations (2019)  
 Lafeber, Walter. The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (1997), the major scholarly survey; excerpt; also see online review by Jon Davidann
 Mauch, Peter, and Yoneyuki Sugita. Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan Relations (2007)   Excerpt and text search 
 Morley, James William, ed. Japan's foreign policy, 1868-1941: a research guide (Columbia UP, 1974),  toward the United States, pp 407–62.
 Neumann, William L. America encounters Japan; from Perry to MacArthur (1961) online free to borrow
 Nimmo, William F. Stars and Stripes across the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and Asia/Pacific Region, 1895-1945 (2001) 
 Nish, I. Japanese foreign policy 1869–1942 (London, 1977)
 Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan (1957) online
 Schaller, Michael. Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (1997)   excerpt
 Treat, Paxson .Japan and the United States, 1853-1921 (1921) Online free

Topik khusus 
 Asada, Sadao. From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States (Naval Institute Press, 2013)
 Austin, Ian Patrick. Ulysses S. Grant and Meiji Japan, 1869-1885: Diplomacy, Strategic Thought and the Economic Context of US-Japan Relations (Routledge, 2019).
 Barnhart, Michael A. Japan prepares for total war: The search for economic security, 1919–1941 (1987)
 Barnhart, Michael A. "Japan's economic security and the origins of the Pacific war." Journal of Strategic Studies (1981) 4#2 pp: 105–124.
 Berger, Thomas U., Mike Mochizuki, and Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, eds. Japan in international politics: the foreign policies of an adaptive state (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007)
 Borg, Dorothy, and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Pearl Harbor as History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931-1941 (Columbia University Press, 1973), essays by scholars
 Bridoux, Jeff. American foreign policy and postwar reconstruction: Comparing Japan and Iraq (2010)
 Buell, Raymond Leslie. "The Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States," Political Science Quarterly (1922) 37#4 pp 605–638, part 1 in JSTOR; and "The Development of Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States II," Political Science Quarterly (1923) pp 38.1 57–81; part 2 in JSTOR
 Burns, Richard Dean, and Edward Moore Bennett, eds. Diplomats in crisis: United States-Chinese-Japanese relations, 1919-1941 (1974) short articles by scholars from all three countries. online free to borrow
 Calder, Kent E. "The Outlier Alliance: US-Japan Security Ties in Comparative Perspective," The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis  (2003) 15#2 pp 31–56.
 Cha, Victor D. "Powerplay: Origins of the US alliance system in Asia." International Security (2010) 34#3 pp 158–196.
 Davidann, Jon.  "A World of Crisis and Progress: The American YMCA in Japan, 1890-1930" (1998).
 Davidann, Jon. "Cultural Diplomacy in U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1919-1941 (2007).
 De Melo, Jaime, and David Tarr. "VERs under imperfect competition and foreign direct investment: A case study of the US-Japan auto VER." Japan and the World Economy 8.1 (1996): 11–33.
 Dower, John. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (1999). online
 Dower, John.  War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986) online.
  Forsberg, Aaron. America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan's Postwar Economic Revival, 1950-1960 (2000) 
 Gluck, Carol. "Entangling Illusions: Japanese and American Views of the Occupation," in New Frontiers in American-East Asian Relations, edited by Warren Cohen. (Columbia University Press, 1983)
 Griswold, A. Whitney. The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) online
 Gruhl, Werner. Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931-1945 (2007)
 Henning, Joseph M. Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations (NYU Press, 2000)
 Hook, Glenn D., et al. Japan's international relations: politics, economics and security (3rd ed. Routledge, 2011), comprehensive textbook
 Hosoya, Chihiro. "Miscalculations in deterrent policy: Japanese-US relations, 1938-1941." Journal of Peace Research (1968) 5#2 pp: 97-115. online
 Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (2003) 
 Johnson, Sheila. The Japanese through American Eyes (1988).
 Kapur, Nick. Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo (Harvard University Press, 2018) excerpt
 Kawamura Noriko. Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations During World War I  (2000) excerpt
 Kawamura, Noriko. "Wilsonian idealism and Japanese claims at the Paris Peace Conference," Pacific Historical Review (1997) 66$4 pp 503–526.
 Kelskey, Karen. Women on the Verge: Japanese Women, Western Dreams (2001)
 Koichiro, Matsuda. Japan and the Pacific, 1540–1920: Threat and Opportunity (Routledge, 2017).
 Koikari, Mire. Pedagogy of Democracy: Feminism and the Cold War in the U.S. Occupation of Japan (2008) 
 Kuliabin A. Semin S. Russia — a counterbalancing agent to the Asia. «Zavtra Rossii», #28, 17 July 1997. 
 Miller, Edward S. Bankrupting the enemy: the US financial siege of Japan before Pearl Harbor (Naval Institute Press, 2007)
 Miller, Edward S. War Plan Orange: the US strategy to defeat Japan, 1897-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 2007)
 Nakasone Peace Institute, Kitaoka Shinichi, and Kubo Fumiaki, eds. The Japan-US Alliance of Hope: Asia-Pacific Maritime Security (2020)  
 Neu, Charles E. An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909 (1967) online,
 Nolan, Cathal J. et al. Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations during World War I (2000) 
 Oros, Andrew L. Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity, and the Evolution of Security Practice (2008) 
 Rapkin, David P. "The Emergence and Intensification of U.S.-Japan Rivalry in the Early Twentieth Century," pp 337–370 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great power rivalries (1999) online
 Smitka, Michael. "Foreign policy and the US automotive industry: by virtue of necessity?" Business and Economic History 28.2 (1999): 277-285 online.
 Sugita, Yoneyuki. "The Yoshida Doctrine as a myth." Japanese Journal of American Studies 27 (2016): 123-143 online.
 Utley, Jonathan G. Going to War With Japan, 1937-1941 (Fordham Univ Press, 1985) online

Historiografi
 Aruga, Natsuki, "Viewing American History from Japan" in 
 Dower, John.  'Occupied Japan as History and Occupation History as Politics," Journal of Asian Studies (1975) 34#2 485–504.
 May, Ernest R. and James V. Thomson, Jr., eds. American-East Asian relations: a survey (Harvard UP, 1972).
 Molasky, Michael. The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory  (1999).
 Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011)  pp 612-35, FDR and Japan

Sumber primer
 Grew, Joseph C. Ten years in Japan, contemporary record drawn from the diaries and private and official papers of Joseph C. Grew, United States ambassador to Japan 1932–1942 (1944) online
 Miyoshi, Masao. As we saw them: the first embassy to the United States (New York, 1994)
 U.S. Congress, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Japan 1931 - 1941 (1943) vol 1 online  431pp
 U.S. Congress, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Japan 1931 - 1941 (1943) vol 2 online  816 pp

Pranala luar

Situs web misi diplomatik

Embassy of the United States in Japan
Consulate General of the United States in Osaka
Consulate General of the United States in Nagoya
Consulate General of the United States in Sapporo
Consulate General of the United States in Fukuoka
Consulate General of the United States in Naha

Embassy of Japan in the United States
Consulate General of Japan in New York
Consulate General of Japan in San Francisco
Consulate General of Japan in Los Angeles
Consulate General of Japan in Houston
Consulate General of Japan in Miami
Consulate General of Japan in Boston
Consulate General of Japan in Atlanta
Consulate General of Japan in Chicago
Consulate General of Japan in Denver
Consulate General of Japan in Detroit
Consulate General of Japan in Hagatna
Consulate General of Japan in Honolulu
Consulate General of Japan in Nashville
Consulate General of Japan in Portland 
Consulate General of Japan in Seattle
Consular Office of Japan in Anchorage

Stokes, Bruce. "How America and Japan see the world." CNN. February 18, 2013.
 History of Japan - U.S. relations
 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: Japan – U.S. Relations
 Japanese-US Economic Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
 – Japan
 Embassy of Japan in the United States of America
 Embassy of the United States of America Tokyo, Japan
 Moe Yonamine, "ANPO: Art X War: A Film Tackles the U.S. Occupation of Japan", Film review and teaching activity for high school students, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.

 
Jepang
Amerika Serikat