title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: Once inside the car on Newton Road, Cobby had been ordered to strip off her clothes but refused, begging her attackers to let her go and saying she was married and also menstruating. Her attackers punched Cobby repeatedly, breaking her nose and both cheekbones, before forcing her to perform fellatio on all five men. The attackers then drove to a service station to purchase fuel using money stolen from Cobby's purse. Cobby was then driven down Reen Road to the secluded paddock, while being held down in the car, raped repeatedly, and being continually beaten by her five attackers. They then dragged the brutally beaten Cobby into the paddock along a barbed wire fence, where they dumped her and continued to sexually and physically abuse her for some time. According to his taped confession, one of the attackers, John Travers, then became concerned that Cobby could identify them because she had seen their faces and heard their names, and convinced the other attackers to kill her. Urged on by the others, Travers slit her throat, almost severing her head.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: John Raymond Travers, aged 18 in 1986, was considered the ringleader of the gang. He was raised in relative poverty in Blacktown, the oldest of eight children from unmarried teenage parents. By age 14, he was already an alcoholic, and was expelled from high school during Year 10 for being continually disruptive to other students. Beyond schooling, Travers held few jobs and relied mostly on unemployment benefits as a source of income. He was eventually committed to Boys' Town, a juvenile detention facility, by his mother. His father, with whom he never shared a close relationship, left the household in 1981. Finding it difficult to support the family, Travers relied on crime to provide food, such as stealing animals for the family's dinners, including chickens and ducks from nearby households. The health of Travers' mother eventually deteriorated, and he and his siblings were sent to live with foster families while she was placed in a hospice. Travers had a history of violent sexual behaviour, against males and females, as well as bestiality; during the times when he resorted to stealing poultry for his family's meals, he is alleged to have sexually abused the birds prior to butchering and cooking them. Witnesses have also recounted that, on several occasions, Travers had acquired a live lamb or sheep for butchering prior to a barbecue party, alleging that he slit the animals' throats as he sodomised and abused them sexually—before butchering and roasting the carcass on a spit.


title: Murder of Anita Cobby

text: According to the medical examiner's report, Cobby's body showed extensive bruising on her head, breasts, face, shoulders, groin, thighs and legs consistent with "a systematic beating", including a "blow of considerable force around the right eye". She also had lacerations on her hips, thighs and legs from the barbed wire, several cuts to her neck resulting in the severing of her ear and windpipe and near decapitation, and many cuts to her hands and fingers, resulting in the near severing of three of her fingers, which likely occurred when she raised her hands to her face trying to protect herself from the knife. The medical examiner later testified that after Cobby's throat was cut, she would have died within two minutes. He also testified that some radio bulletins purportedly based on his own report contained misinformation about the type and extent of Cobby's injuries. She was not mutilated apart from the slashing of her throat and hands, there had been no attack with a knife on her stomach or genitals, and her shoulders had not been dislocated.


title: Silesian grammar

text: Compound numbers are constructed similarly as in English (for example, 91,234 is dziewiyńćdziesiōnt jedyn tysiyncy/tauzynōw dwieście trzidzieści sztyry). The numeral jedyn (1) behaves as an ordinary adjective, and no special rules apply. It can even be used in the plural, for example to mean "some" (and not others), or to mean "one" with pluralia tantum, e.g. jedne dźwiyrze "one door" (dźwiyrze has no singular). After the numerals dwa, trzi, sztyry (2, 3, 4), and compound numbers ending with them (22, 23, 24, etc. but not 12, 13, or 14, which take -nŏście as a suffix and are thus not compound numbers in the first place), the noun is plural and takes the same case as the numeral, and the resulting noun phrase is plural (e.g. 4 koty stały, "4 cats stood"). With other numbers (5, 6, etc., 20, 21, 25, etc.), if the numeral is nominative or accusative, the noun takes the genitive plural form, and the resulting noun phrase is neuter singular (e.g. 5 kotōw stało, "5 cats stood"). With the masculine personal plural forms of numbers (as given in the morphology article section), the rule given above – that if the numeral is nominative or accusative, the noun is genitive plural and the resulting phrase is neuter singular – applies to all numbers other than 1 (as in trzech chopōw prziszło, "three men came"). If the numeral is in the genitive, dative, instrumental or locative, the noun takes the same case as the numeral .


title: Ovation (award)

text: The awards ceremony, whose trophy is a pair of applauding hands, was held in various concert halls in Moscow or St. Petersburg. Initially, the winners were to be determined by the audience: anyone could buy a special card, fill it out and send it to the organizers. However, this method was only used to determine the winners at the first ceremony in 1992. At all subsequent Ovation events, the winners were determined by a special jury - the Higher Academic Commission, consisting of show business figures, journalists and various artists. "Ovation" trophies are awarded in several dozen categories, including "Soloist of the Year", "Composer of the Year", "Best Rhythm and blues Album", "Best Vocal Debut of the Year", etc. Additionally, there are various special prizes, such as "Living Legend" or the award for a major contribution to the development of the national culture. The prize has been awarded every year except 1993 and 2003–2007. The last time the award ceremony took place was in 2016.


title: Lockie Leonard (TV series)

text: The premise of the series is the same as the book series from which it is derived. Lockie Leonard is a surf rat who moves with his family to Angelus, a small coastal town in Western Australia. Lockie has to deal with starting high school in a new town with no friends and a house that is in danger of sinking into a swamp. After Lockie "nuts himself smacko in the goolies" (has an accident in which his surfboard strikes him in his "tricky bits"—testicles) in the surf on his second day in town, Lockie meets a headbanger named Egg, and the two eventually become best friends. Earlier that day, while enrolling at his new school, Lockie falls in love for the first time with Vicki Streeton, the smartest and richest girl in the entire school, whose father also happens to be the mayor of Angelus. The first series is spread over Lockie's first year spent in Angelus with his family. Later in the series, Lockie finds turmoil with relationships, with him getting together with Vicki Streeton, breaking up, getting back together, breaking up. He also struggles with home life, with his mother, Joy hospitalised with depression.


title: The Bachelorette (American TV series) season 18

text: The first group date consists of Martin, LT, Olu, Spencer, Clayton, Nayte, Joe, Rick, Will, and Peter where they arrived at Palm Springs Air Museum, Michelle has brought Glen Powell and Jay Ellis, stars of the long-delayed film Top Gun: Maverick to compete in various aviation challenges. Each two-person competitor will be on a head-to-head race. Will faces his anxiety while riding on a G-force simulator and is able to do it. He and Peter for a head-to-head battle once again in the final round and Will was named the winner, with a prize of riding a vintage Porsche 911 car used from the original movie. At the after-party, Clayton sees Michelle and surprises her for a G-force style dance, Peter and Will began to argue when Peter got mad and threw the latter's jacket onto the pool. In the end, Martin receives the group date rose as he and Michelle enjoy a slow dance with an instrumental version of "Take My Breath Away" being performed by the string trio. Afterward, Will picks up his jacket from a pool.


text: Ryan apologizes for the notes that were found on the first night and apologizes to the guys for not getting time with Michelle. Pradeep gets mad at him about it saying he just wanted to go viral. Martin shares he felt like he wasn't respected when he was sent home. Will says he heard a rumor Martin had a girlfriend when filming. Casey said he heard the same thing from Peter who heard it from Martin, but he denies it. Chris S. says he came off strong with everything he shared, but his intentions were genuine. Olu speaks on Chris S. about him saying he has a low IQ. He gets mad about it and stands up and walks over to him yelling. Rodney and Peter block Olu from Chris S. Jamie comes from backstage to join Tayshia and Kaitlyn in the hot seat. He explains what he meant about his "Spring Break Mode" comment and what he meant about the comments he told Michelle at a cocktail party. Jamie admits he would've owned up at the cocktail party, but he didn't, thinking it would've been a distraction.


text: Brandon gets on his first date with Michelle as they took on a horseback ride across to the beach where they stroll on Banderas Bay. Brandon explains on how being close to Michelle and their families are a little closer than he would really want to spend time together as sooner, and he receives the fantasy suite invitation with fireworks being concluded and Brandon brings breakfast together at the hotel they stayed. Joe goes for his next date as Michelle faces him on a zipline down below to set up a picnic. The night portion that Joe explains to Michelle to have for a potential future together and would set to move being closer to Michelle as they're from the same state and ends up on a fantasy suite. Nayte goes into the harbor as Michelle stands up on a catamaran to where they ride on it for themselves, Nayte thinks about his relationship with Michelle recalling his relationship with his stepfather back in the hometown dates. This ends up Nayte receiving the fantasy suite invitation and heard the group of Mariachi performers down to the ground below.


title: Great Coastal Gale of 2007

text: On December 2, the second storm made landfall on the Oregon coast, with the hurricane-force winds that were forecast, along with tropically-affected temperatures. In as little as two hours, temperatures across the region jumped from near freezing to above 60 degrees in areas just as the first bands of the heavy rain were hitting. The storm moved northward through Oregon and Washington with strong rain (including 10.78 inches (274 mm) in 24 hours in Bremerton, Washington.) accompanying the wind. The rapid rise in temperature caused the recent snow to melt quickly, indicating that record flooding was imminent across much of the region. Flood warnings across five rivers in Washington were issued late in the afternoon, well before any started to rise (by the 11 p.m. nightly newscasts in Seattle, the flood warnings were updated to include every mountain-fed river in the state). The Skokomish River was the first to hit flood stage at 2:45 a.m. on December 3, as drenching rains were still pelting the area. Other rivers in the state began to flood their banks at around the same time, and images of widespread flooding began showing up on the morning newscasts of every Seattle and Portland TV station.


title: Expedition Global Eagle

text: The autogyro was the last remaining type of aircraft which has not a yet been used to circumnavigate the globe. The expedition was the first attempt ever to fly an autogyro around the Earth, a trip of about 25,000 miles (40,000 km). In February 2003, a year before the circumnavigation attempt, the Global Eagle broke the world range record by flying non-stop from Culdrose in Cornwall to Wick in Scotland, a total of 580 miles (928 km), after a flight lasting 7 hours and 23 minutes, breaking the old record of either 543.27 statute miles (874.32 km) or 869.23 km (540.11 mi) held by Wing Commander Ken Wallis. During the record-breaking trip Jones drifted toward North America due to a broken radio, before finally correcting the course. While flying over Wales he had to fly over the clouds in the open cockpit of the autogyro. He also flew for approximately 50 miles (80 km) over the North Sea which, as he acknowledged during an interview, was a dangerous course due to the fact the autogyro only had one engine and therefore in case it cut-off there would be no alternative solution but to crash land in the water. The average flight altitude was 4,000 ft and the average speed was 70 mph. In 2004, Jones, a Lynx helicopter pilot, was one of 75 licensed autogyro pilots in the UK. Later in 2003 the original Eagle suffered an accident during landing.


title: Muslim Association of Britain

text: The group is reported to have had direct ties to the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas; the latter has been proscribed as a terrorist group by the UK government since 2001. In the past, MAB openly identified itself as an Islamist movement. In MAB's Inspire newspaper, produced for the 28 September 2002 anti-war demonstration, an article on the MAB's "Historical Roots and Background" links it explicitly to the Islamist tradition of the Muslim Brotherhood. At the UK Stop the War Coalition conference in January 2003, the Alliance for Workers' Liberty moved a motion to dissociate from MAB. A MAB speaker, replying, said that MAB was proud to be associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Anas Altikriti, replying in The Times on 17 August 2004 to allegations that MAB is linked to the Muslim Brotherhood, described MAB as "an independent British organisation" but admitted "links" with the Brotherhood, which he described as follows: "Links with others extend simply to shared ideas, values and expertise, in which the Brotherhood is indeed rich, with around eight decades of experience." According to Paul Goodman in The Daily Telegraph, MAB's founder Dr Kamal Helbawy admitted in 2005 "to still being a member of the Brotherhood and has been denied entry to America. It has also been alleged that Dr Azzam Tamimi, its leader, issued communiqués on behalf of Hamas during the 1990s. His views on suicide bombing are unambiguous. Asked if he would carry out such an attack in Israel, he said: 'Sacrificing myself for Palestine is a noble cause. It is the straight way to pleasing God and I would do it if I had the opportunity.'"


title: Muslim Association of Britain

text: The report concluded that "for some years the Muslim Brotherhood... dominated the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB)... MAB became politically active, notably in connection with Palestine and Iraq, and promoted candidates in national and local elections..." The report acknowledges that MAB have publicly distanced themselves from the Muslim Brotherhood, but that privately the group seems to remain sympathetic to the Brotherhood: "The MAB appears much less active than it was between 2002 and 2006. It has little political profile and no obvious connection with groups which have recently arrived from Egypt or the UAE. In 2014 MAB claimed a membership of just 600 people and maintains eight welfare houses and associated mosques. It has nine UK branches. MAB has links to the Cordoba Foundation, a think tank which is associated with the Brotherhood (though claiming to be neither affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood nor a lobby organisation for it)...." The government report criticises MAB for failing to significantly revise its internal literature to disassociate and disavow Islamist ideology: "In their written submission to the review MAB stated that it supported social integration and encouraged young people to be active and responsible citizens. There is some evidence that MAB have tried to do so in specific areas of the country. But as of July 2014 neither MAB nor other organisations related to the Muslim Brotherhood had clearly and publicly promoted a vision of Muslims living in this country as integrated British citizens; indeed, in the course of the preparation of this review MAB accepted that their teaching material has not been updated to reflect their claimed objectives. Literature in the Muslim Brotherhood movement in this country continues to reflect some of the concerns of the foundational Muslim Brotherhood ideology, notably that western society is inherently hostile to Muslim faith and interests and that Muslims must respond by maintaining their distance and autonomy."


title: Child labour in Botswana

text: Child labour in Botswana is defined as the exploitation of children through any form of work which is harmful to their physical, mental, social and moral development. Child labour in Botswana is characterised by the type of forced work at an associated age, as a result of reasons such as poverty and household-resource allocations. Child labour in Botswana is not of higher percentage according to studies. The United States Department of Labor states that due to the gaps in the national frameworks, scarce economy, and lack of initiatives, "children in Botswana engage in the worst forms of child labour". The International Labour Organization is a body of the United Nations which engages to develop labour policies and promote social justice issues. The International Labour Organization (ILO) in convention 138 states the minimum required age for employment to act as the method for "effective abolition of child labour" through establishing minimum age requirements and policies for countries when ratified. Botswana ratified the Minimum Age Convention in 1995, establishing a national policy allowing children at least fourteen-years old to work in specified conditions. Botswana further ratified the ILO's Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, convention 182, in 2000.


title: Child labour in Botswana

text: Botswana is a landlocked country situated in the south-west division of Africa. Sonia Bhalotra in her OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS study states that due to "stagnated economic growth, HIV/AIDS, conflict, famine and poor hygiene has escalated the issue of child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa". The 2016 Global Estimates of Child Labour ILO report states that "one in five African Children face child labour". The report states that in the continent 72.1 million children work as labourers and 31.5 million work in hazardous conditions, with this being more than-twice the amount in comparison to other regions. Findings from the 2016 Global Estimates of Child Labour ILO report show that the agriculture sector across the continent accounts for 85% of child labourers, of many working in family enterprises and farms, primarily engaging in commercial farming or livestock herding. Further, traditional approaches in African communities have seen children leaving schooling to enter the workforce. This is seen in an African context to promote the development of life and physical skills contrary to western methodologies . An example of this can be seen through the rural Pare people of Tanzania, Sub-Saharan Africa, involving 5 year olds to tend crops.


title: Child labour in Botswana

text: Changes in demographics reflect changing social behaviours and actions of people to satisfy specific circumstances. Changes in demographics through intra-household resource allocation, parental investment and household requirements in Botswana has seen children work for individual and household needs, being excluded from schooling and uptaking "small scale entrepreneurship". The Caldwell theory of wealth , reflects how countries with upward net flow wealth, such through peasant farmers, are inclined for higher rates of reproduction to satisfy for old age care and political status. Higher reproduction rates greatly influence the investment of parents towards their children and their activities such as schooling. The limited distribution for household resources and wealth towards children gives rise to child labour. The impact of intra-household resource allocation can be investigated in the Okavango Delta People of Botswana. A 1992 study into five ethnic groups of the community reflect that out of 122 children 20 attended school, of which 15 had to travel 30 km or further, resulting in trade-offs to the local economies of herding, milking and graining. A study by John Bock in his Evolutionary demography and intra-household time allocation, has resulted in findings for the correlation of time and resource allocation in relation to Children education and participation in labour. The study shows how changing parental investment, marital status, availability of alternative productivity tasks, birth order and sex of children "have implications to understand child labour and time allocations and consequent welfare".


title: Child labour in Botswana

text: Poverty is the condition where a community or individuals lack the access to basic necessities and financial resources to sustain a minimum standard of living. Botswana accounts for 36.7% of families living under the poverty datum line, which has seen the youth to be vulnerable. In 2012 the Minister of Labour and Home Affairs, Peter Siele, visited and talked to a 12 year old out-of-school worker about not attending school. The response recorded was "lehuma ke lone le le ntireleng gore ke tlogele sekolo, ke bolawa ke tlala" (poverty forced me out of school, I suffer from hunger). Negative macroeconomic indicators have influenced the inefficiencies of budget allocations towards children-based initiatives. Eva Procek in her 2006 Discussion document on child labour in Botswana investigates that children in rural and remote area's are vulnerable. Procek states that children of rural groups such as from the San community experience high levels of poverty due to high illiteracy rates, being prone to join the labour force early to support their households as they are "caught between conflicting cultural expectations". Issues of debt and financial constrains also result in children to uptake roles in the labour force.


title: Child labour in Botswana

text: Between 2006 and 2008 the country had been in the process of formulating the National Action Programme towards the Elimination of Child Labour in Botswana, which was nationally endorsed in February 2008. This was drafted with the assistance of the International Labour Organization's (ILO) programme, Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour. A Programme Advisory Committee on Child Labour (PACC), representing government departments, organised labour and business, and civil society, guides the development and implementation of the programme. The national government has developed policies in order to coordinate their response to the issue. The National Action Programme towards the Elimination of Child Labour in Botswana outline the governments approach to create legislation and policies around the issue to create awareness. The Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs sustainability plan is another policy which sees volunteers and government affiliates work as labour inspectors to report accounts of child labour to social workers and school teachers to better understand school attendance trends and employment status.


title: 1996 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots led 22–0 in the final seconds of the first half after three field goals by rookie Adam Vinatieri and touchdowns by Ben Coates and Curtis Martin (a Vinatieri PAT was blocked), but from his 49-yard line, Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell escaped a sack and threw a desperation heave to the endzone; in the endzone scramble the ball was kicked in the air by Willie Clay of the Patriots and caught by the Jaguars' Jimmy Smith for a touchdown. Brunell completed long-bomb touchdown throws to Andre Rison, and following a Martin fumble the Jaguars tied the game at 25. Patriots FB/TE Keith Byars caught a late pass at the Jaguars 20-yard line but it bobbled out and was intercepted by Dave Thomas of the Jaguars; Thomas ran it back for a touchdown but it was wiped out on a cut-block penalty on teammate Chris Hudson at the Jacksonville 33-yard line. With three seconds to go Brunell uncorked another desperation heave to the endzone; it was caught with one hand by Jaguars receiver Willie Jackson off the chest of Willie McGinest, but Jackson was ruled down at the one-foot line. The Patriots finally won on a 40-yard Vinatieri field goal in OT, the first game-winning FG in Vinatieri's career.


title: Van Gogh's family in his art

text: Theodorus van Gogh was born 8 February 1822, one of eleven children and the only one of six brothers to become a pastor like his father. Theodorus graduated from Utrecht in 1849 after successfully completing his theology program, which allowed him to secure a position as pastor in Groot-Zundert, a village in the North Brabant region of the Netherlands. He was confirmed by his father, Vincent van Gogh, in Zundert on 1 April 1849. Reverend Theodorus van Gogh was pastor of the Protestant Dutch Reformed Church, which adhered to Calvinist doctrine. In May 1851, Theodorus married Anna Cornelia Carbentus, whose father was in the book business. According to Johanna van Gogh, Theodorus was a handsome man, "he was called the handsome parson by some, he had an amiable character and fine spiritual qualities." Vincent van Gogh made a painting of his father's Dutch Authorized Bible in Still Life with Bible (F117) months after Theodorus' sudden death in March 1885. The Bible symbolizes his father's faith, which Vincent saw as mired in convention. He painted the page open to the passage of Isaiah 53. He placed Émile Zola's novel La Joie de vivre (English: The Joy of Living) in front of the Bible which to him likely symbolized worldliness. The burned out candle shows an extinguishment—perhaps both of the father's life and of Vincent's faith.


title: Van Gogh's family in his art

text: In 1864, Vincent, aged eleven, was sent away for schooling to a nearby boarding school in Zevenbergen which led to his lifelong feelings of being an exile. In 1866, his parents decided to send him to the new and prestigious Willem II College in Tilburg. In March 1868 Van Gogh suddenly returned home. During his two years at the Willem II College the painter C.C. Huijsmans had been his art class teacher. As Van Gogh entered adulthood the divide widened. After failing as an art dealer and in the ministry, he decided to become an artist. The more his family members suggested possible alternative vocations the greater the gulf between Vincent and his family. Further, Vincent's manner of dress, behavior and unusual love life was unsettling and embarrassing to the family. By 1881 Vincent had developed his personal view of the world and religion which was very different from his parents', finding organized religion too constrictive. He wrote to his brother, Theo, "I find Father and Mother's sermons and ideas about God, people, morality and virtue a lot of stuff and nonsense."


title: Van Gogh's family in his art

text: Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen (F25) was made early 1884 for his parents, his father the pastor of the church since 1882. Vincent's mother, Anna van Gogh, was healing from a broken thighbone. Vincent wrote to his brother, "Taking her difficult situation into consideration, I am glad to say Mother's spirits are very even and bright. And she is amused by trifles. The other day I painted for her a little church with the hedge and the trees." The letter included a sketch with one person in front of the church, a peasant with a spade. X-rays of the painting indicate that Vincent later added church members and autumn leaves to the previously bare trees, which made the work more colorful. The changes were not likely made before the fall of 1885. Vincent may have added the woman in mourning and congregation members for his mother as a memorial for his father's death. The painting was stolen from the Van Gogh Museum on 7 December 2002. The painting was recovered in Naples, Italy in September 2016.


title: Fury Race Cars

text: The team's driver, Kaz Grala, had been running full-time in the Xfinity Series for JGL Racing, a team that was struggling in two ways that year, with finding sponsorship and their owner James Whitener having health problems. Grala was released by JGL on May 15, 2018 with his No. 24 team shutting down, and JGL cut back to one car. Three days later, it was announced that Grala would be driving in the next four races with FURY, which is owned in part by his father Darius. Sponsorship came from New England Tractor Trailer Training School, which had supported Grala throughout his racing career, including in the Xfinity Series at JGL. JGL also provided Kaz Grala with three cars when it terminated his contract, and many crew members from JGL, including crew chief Shane Wilson, moved over to FURY's team, which would use the No. 61, which was chosen in honor of Richie Evans. In the team's debut at Charlotte Motor Speedway, they finished an impressive 10th. Two weeks later at Michigan International Speedway, Grala led his first ever laps for the team and finished 12th, Grala would then go onto finish 10th at Iowa Speedway in what many thought could be his last race of the season, but two weeks later it was announced that IT Coalition and longtime sponsor Kiklos would hop on board for the next race at Chicagoland Speedway. In just the team's sixth race at Daytona International Speedway, Grala would finish fifth in a borrowed 10-year-old race car, which had been retired as a show car, earning the team's first top-five finish in their brief history. Grala and the team couldn't find a sponsor to run at Kentucky, which meant he and the team were no longer eligible for the playoffs. With additional support from IT Coalition, DMB Financial and Hot Scream, Grala was able to run the four road-course races on the Xfinity Series schedule, his home-track event at New Hampshire Motor Speedway and the 2018 season finale at Homestead–Miami Speedway.


title: Ernest Delahaye

text: Ernest Delahaye was a French writer and essayist. He maintained a long and close friendship with Arthur Rimbaud whom he first met in April 1865 when they attended school together in Charleville in the Ardennes region of France. He and Rimbaud had a shared interest in poetry, and he would help Rimbaud by making fair copies of his drafts for distribution to Rimbaud's literary friends. He was one of the few (seven) recipients of the privately printed A Season in Hell, though Rimbaud later asked for it back to give it to someone else. According to Rimbaud biographer, Charles Nicholl, Rimbaud's " strictly dateable poem" was contained in a letter to Delahaye of 14 October 1875. Through Rimbaud, Delahaye also met poet Paul Verlaine and became friendly with him. Verlaine wrote a poem - Sonnet Boiteux - which is dedicated to him. Delahaye mixed his civil service career, working at the Education Ministry, with writing biographical material on both Rimbaud and Verlaine, contributing first-hand accounts of the poets' lives and families.


title: Patrick E. Burke

text: XVI Corps commander Maj. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge ordered Sweeny to push forward in an attempt to strike at Johnston's army as it retreated. Sweeny's Division represented the furthest extension of Sherman's army. Burke was ordered to push forward toward Rome-Calhoun Road and the Sugar Valley-Adairsville Road, near Calhoun, Georgia. Burke's forward-most unit was Company G, 66th Illinois, under the command of Captain George Taylor. Taylor advanced his men beyond the crossroads, triggering a counterattack led by the 24th Georgia Infantry and the 1st Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters, resulting in the Battle of Rome Cross Roads. The Georgians overwhelmed Taylor's men and threatened to punch through the attenuated Federal skirmish line. Burke hurried the rest of the 66th Illinois and 81st Ohio forward to blunt the Confederate attack. As he was organizing the defense, Burke was struck in the left leg by a bullet which shattered the bone. Burke turned over command of the brigade to Lieutenant Colonel Robert N. Adams, commander of the 81st Ohio and withdrew from the battlefield.


title: Māori language

text: Most government departments and agencies have bilingual names—for example, the Department of Internal Affairs is alternatively Te Tari Taiwhenua—and places such as local government offices and public libraries display bilingual signs and use bilingual stationery; some government services now even use the Māori version solely as the official name. Personal dealings with government agencies may be conducted in Māori, but in practice, this almost always requires interpreters, restricting its everyday use to the limited geographical areas of high Māori fluency, and to more formal occasions, such as during public consultation. An interpreter is on hand at sessions of the New Zealand Parliament for instances when a member wishes to speak in Māori. Māori may be spoken in judicial proceedings, but any party wishing to do so must notify the court in advance to ensure an interpreter is available. Failure to notify in advance does not preclude the party speaking in Māori, but the court must be adjourned until an interpreter is available and the party may be held liable for the costs of the delay.


title: Māori language

text: In South Island dialects, ng merged with k in many regions. Thus Kāi Tahu and Ngāi Tahu are variations in the name of the same iwi (the latter form is the one used in acts of Parliament). Since 2000, the government has altered the official names of several southern place names to the southern dialect forms by replacing ng with k. New Zealand's highest mountain, known for centuries as Aoraki in southern Māori dialects that merge ng with k, and as Aorangi by other Māori, was later named "Mount Cook". Now its sole official name is Aoraki / Mount Cook, which favours the local dialect form. Similarly, the Māori name for Stewart Island, Rakiura, is cognate with the name of the Canterbury town of Rangiora. Likewise, Dunedin's main research library, the Hocken Collections, has the name Uare Taoka o Hākena rather than the northern (standard) Te Whare Taonga o Hākena. Maarire Goodall and George Griffiths say there is also a voicing of k to g, which explains why the region of Otago (southern dialect) and the settlement it is named after – Otakou (standard Māori) – vary in spelling (the pronunciation of the latter having changed over time to accommodate the northern spelling).


title: Māori language

text: The standard Māori r is also found occasionally changed to an l in these southern dialects and the wh to w. These changes are most commonly found in place names, such as Lake Waihola, and the nearby coastal settlement of Wangaloa (which would, in standard Māori, be rendered Whangaroa), and Little Akaloa, on Banks Peninsula. Goodall and Griffiths suggest that final vowels are given a centralised pronunciation as schwa or that they are elided (pronounced indistinctly or not at all), resulting in such seemingly bastardised place names as The Kilmog, which in standard Māori would have been rendered Kirimoko, but which in southern dialect would have been pronounced very much as the current name suggests. This same elision is found in numerous other southern placenames, such as the two small settlements called The Kaik (from the term for a fishing village, kāinga in standard Māori), near Palmerston and Akaroa, and the early spelling of Lake Wakatipu as Wagadib. In standard Māori, Wakatipu would have been rendered Whakatipua, showing further the elision of a final vowel.


title: Older than America

text: In Story One, Ojibwe Native Americans Rain Many Lightnings O'Rourke (Georgina Lightning) and Johnny Goodfeather (Adam Beach), a teacher and a police officer have been living together for ten years, off the reservation despite Johnny's job solely out of circumstance. They have not felt ready to get married until now, Johnny asking her which coincides with his announcement that he has been accepted into the FBI training program in Washington, DC. Rain isn't sure if she is prepared to move, since her mother, Irene, has long been institutionalized in a local psychiatric institution diagnosed as schizophrenic, she inching closer to being in a vegetative state. Under this circumstance, Rain was raised by her Aunt Barbara ("Auntie Apple"), a devout Catholic who has long assimilated into western society and who turns to local priest Father Bartoli for any guidance. One day, after Rain swerves to avoid some children in the road and winds up in a car accident, Johnny swears there were none. What Rain eventually confides to Johnny is that she of late has been seeing visions of things she doesn't understand, she fearing that she may be going the way of her mother. She is later transferred to a psychiatric institution; when Johnny challenges Auntie Apple and tries to force his way to her, his hotheadedness gets him arrested. Rain eventually finds out the children she's been seeing running around the community are not living children, but the spirits of dead children. Through visions and investigations she discovers these unquiet dead are the little girls and boys who were murdered at the Indian boarding school that used to kidnap, institutionalize, and abuse children in the community. She realizes that the spirits of the children are speaking to her so the truth can come to light and that, maybe, the community can finally find healing.


title: Dale McCormick

text: In 2011, McCormick and her Agency were criticized by MSHA board members appointed by Republican Governor Paul LePage, and ex-officio board member State Treasurer Bruce Poliquin, also a Republican. They accused the MSHA of improper spending of money they felt was inconsistent with the agency's mission, such as donating money to a theater group for ex-convicts, money for massage services for MSHA employees, and money given to groups viewed as left-leaning. McCormick felt the accusations were politically motivated and hurt the ability of the agency to do its job. The Maine Legislature then asked the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability (OPEGA) to conduct an expedited review of MSHA's finances. Before the review was completed, McCormick resigned her position, feeling that the continued criticism was a distraction to the agency's work. She also may have been influenced to resign due to the progress of a proposed bill in the Legislature which would have granted the MSHA Board the ability to hire and fire the agency's director at will, including McCormick. The OPEGA review later found that there was no fraud committed by the agency, though it did question some unnecessary expenditures.


title: Political subjectivity

text: An early book by Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, can be considered one of the forerunners of the notion of political subjectivity. In his book Jameson attributed what he termed a "political unconscious" to text, asserting that all text has embedded in it, albeit in an implicit form, the encodings of the political history of the environment in which they have been produced. He then proposed "the doctrine of a political unconscious," as an analytic method for unearthing the hermeneutically repressed political memories of text, and "restoring to the surface of the text the repressed and buried reality of this fundamental history" (p. 20). While Jameson's original theory of the political unconscious was primarily a neo-Marxist approach to literary criticism, later proliferation and interdisciplinary cross-fertilization of theories of subjectivity have greatly expanded Jameson's original ideas to include the range of political, cultural and psychological processes within the framework of political subjectivity.


title: Andrey Yuryevich Tatarinov

text: In 2006–2010 — first active participant, then one of the leaders of the NGO "Young Guard of United Russia". According to Tatarinov, in spring 2006 he was invited to MGER by Demidov Ivan, while he was coordinator of Young Guard ideology. Worked as a political technologies in the Central Headquarters (CH) of Young Guard. 12 December 2006, at the II Congress Young Guard he became a member of the Political Council, was re-elected until 2010. Headed the Political Department in CH at Young Guard, engaged in the creation of similar structures in the regional offices. 13 April 2010, in Grozny at the first meeting of the Coordinating Council in the North Caucasus Federal District Young Guard elected him official representative in central headquarters of Young Guard. In autumn 2010, before the IV Congress Young Guard considered one of the leading candidates for the role of the new leader of the organization. At the congress on December 22, was elected to the Coordinating Council. He called Anna Chapman, which at the same time became a member of the Public Council of Young Guard, "an example of unconditional patriotism". In the future Andrey Tarasov took no public participation at Young Guard actions.


title: Andrey Yuryevich Tatarinov

text: In 2008–2009 — the organizer of the campaign Young Guard "Our money to our people" against illegal immigration. Protest began after the announcement of the planned increase in FMS quotas for foreign labor in Russia. 1 November 2008, Young Guard pickets passed in front of the FMS and offices of a number of construction companies. The representatives of DPNI tried to join to action, but their appearance is called provocation. December 4, Vladimir Putin stated the need reduce the allowance twice and 5 December gave appropriate instructions to FMS. Tatarinov called it one of the victories of Young Guard. December 8 FMS picketing resumed under the slogan "FMS, do not brake!". On December 8, International Migrants Day Young Guard held sticker-campaign "Every second - go home" and announced the creation of joint raids with FMS. 19 January 2009, in Moscow at the Kazan station Young Guards met trains from Central Asia with posters "Work legally!" and "Illegal - the thief". The activists of Young Guard have been threw eggs and ink bubbles by activists of "Autonomous Action".


title: iLoo

text: News of the iLoo was widely circulated amongst mainstream media. The story became the most-emailed story on Yahoo! News on May 1, 2003, being emailed over 4000 times. The iLoo was widely derided and press coverage subjected MSN and Microsoft to heavy criticism. On May 10, The Inquirer published a story in which Andrew Cubitt alleged that "Microsoft stole his iLoo idea" from his i-Loo invention. On May 12, Microsoft announced that the iLoo was a "hoax perpetrated by its British division" calling it an "April Fool's joke" and issued an apology for the confusion. The Associated Press, however, stated that they had previously received confirmation of the project from two of Microsoft's PR firms: Waggener Edstrom Worldwide and Red Consultancy. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer also stated that it received confirmation from Waggener Edstrom and was even provided with a schematic drawing. Furthermore, April Fools was almost a month before, and Microsoft had never before released a fake press release.


title: iLoo

text: On May 13, 2003, Microsoft retracted the denial, stating that the iLoo had been a legitimate demonstration project that was to be released in Britain for summer music festivals, but had been terminated by Microsoft executives in Redmond, Washington who believed the iLoo was inappropriate with the final decision made by MSN senior vice president David Cole. MSN product manager Lisa Gurry stated that the project "didn't really map to our global branding objectives". Microsoft again apologized for the miscommunication stating "the confusion over the legitimacy of this effort was caused by people moving too quickly and who misspoke before gathering all of the relevant information". Prior to the cancellation, an iLoo prototype was in the "early stages of construction". MSN allows regional units to design their own marketing campaigns, and the UK division had developed a reputation for innovative campaigns, in this case involving British toilet humour. The iLoo which was designed for the UK as part of a "tongue-in-cheek marketing initiative" was "intended to be the next in line of a number of clever initiatives in the UK involving introducing the internet in interesting locations, including MSN Street, MSN Park Bench and MSN Deckchair". The previous initiatives were well received. Microsoft stated that no employees were disciplined as a result of the debacle, although the company stated that it would conduct "internal discussions".


title: Empress Yang (Lü Zuan's wife)

text: She was the daughter of the Later Liang official Yang Huan (楊桓), who was likely ethnically Han, and was described to be very beautiful. It is not known when she married Lü Zuan. When he was assassinated by his cousin Lü Chao (呂超) in 401, she initially tried to organize the palace guards to resist Lü Chao and his brother Lü Long, but after the official Du Shang (杜尚) urged them to stop, they deserted her. Lü Chao's subordinate, the general Wei Yiduo (魏益多) then entered the palace and cut off the head from Lü Zuan's body. She commented, "When a man is dead, he is like dirt and stones and no longer has any feelings. Why do you wish to destroy his form as well?" Wei then cursed at her. Lü Chao demanded that she turn over the imperial seal, but she responded that she had already destroyed it. She subsequently left the palace, and as she was leaving, Lü Chao, believing that she might leave with treasures, tried to intercept her, and she told Lü Chao: "You and your brother unrighteously slaughtered your own clansman. I will soon be dead, and why would I want treasures?"


title: Bogibeel Bridge

text: The bridge traces its origins to the Assam Accord of 1985 and was one of several major infrastructural projects to be set up in Assam in accordance with the pact. It was sanctioned by the Government of India in 1997-98 and was expected to be completed by the end of the Ninth Five Year Plan. The foundation of the bridge was laid in January 1997 by Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda, but its construction was inaugurated only in 2002 by Prime Minister, A. B. Vajpayee. Thereafter, North East Frontier Railway took up this work in right earnest and posted Sri Pramod Kumar Gupta as Deputy Chief Engineer (Construction) for construction of Bogibeel Bridge. M/s RITES was awarded the Design and Consultancy work. Model Studies were done by UPIRI near Roorkee. A Global Expression of Interest was invited (Global EOI was invited for the first time in India) for the work. Many Chinese, Korean and European companies participated. DSD Steel of Germany was shortlisted for construction of Superstructure Work, as no Indian company had any experience of proposed type of superstructure. By 2004 the preliminary design and shortlisting of agencies was completed. The project was to be completed in six years following the inauguration, however the work did not begin even in 2007, owing to lack of funds and attention. Consequently, that same year, the Bogibeel Bridge was granted a national project status by the Government of India in 2007 by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, but the implementation was slow, notwithstanding a Congress government in Assam. Accordingly, the Union Ministry of Finance funded 75% of the project costs while the Ministry of Railways financed the rest. The actual work on the project only began in 2011.


title: Archer Maclean's Mercury

text: Mercury was developed by Awesome Studios with Archer Maclean as the lead designer for the game. The game was inspired by platformer puzzle games similar to Super Monkey Ball and Marble Madness. The game was conceived when Maclean used the labyrinth minigame from Jimmy White's Cueball World and implemented a "liquid metal physics" prototype engine. Maclean chose to study the physics of mercury by obtaining a bottle of real mercury taken from barometers. During development, one of the challenges Awesome Studios had was emulating real mercury physics, particularly how the mercury would split and merge. During the play-testing stage of development, Awesome Studios noticed potential shortcuts in the level layouts and adjusted the level design to allow more of them. The game was originally advertised to be released with a tilt sensor peripheral to use motion controls, but it could not be implemented due to cost and technical issues. Maclean chose to release the game on the PSP as it could make the game more noticeable for consumers. This led the game to have a tight production schedule to match the launch of the PlayStation Portable, causing the developers to cut corners in production and the finished product not to be as refined as they intended it to be.


title: Ernie Schroeder

text: In a 2004 interview, Schroeder described a family life in which his future father was a West Point graduate and Spanish–American War veteran who after that conflict settled in the Philippine Islands, and who met Schroeder's future mother, the daughter of an amusement park owner, while on a visit to the United States. Schroeder said that upon marriage, the couple lived in the Philippines, where his mother worked as a hospital nurse; they later returned to the U.S., where his father played a Confederate officer in the D.W. Griffith film The Birth of a Nation, made a fortune with a New York City silver-polish company called Noxon, and sold Ford trucks in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, where Schroeder was born, before leaving the family when Schroeder was very young. The artist said he lived with his grandmother for a short time until his mother became resident nurse at the estate of Jesse Jay Ricks, president of the Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation, and that Schroeder then grew up in a wealthy household of four boys, where family guests included Carl Sandburg.


title: Bouvigne Castle

text: As far as is known, the stone house was first mentioned in 1554 in an official deed: the will of the former owner Jacob van Brecht. In this testament, the building was described as a stately stone house surrounded by canals. The mansion has been expanded over time. The first floor of the tower was built on the stone house between 1554 and 1611. In the following three years, several other renovations followed and the tower was increased by a second floor. On 8 October 1614, Prince Philip William of Orange bought the house 'Boeverijen' for 27,000 guilders from his agent and confidant Jean Baptiste Keeremans, who had given it the current Renaissance appearance with his renovations. Philip-Willem was the eldest son and heir of his murdered father William of Orange. He was Baron of Breda from 1609 to 1618. Keeremans expected an appointment as drossaard of Breda (representative of the prince, comparable to the position of mayor), but the States General rejected his appointment because of his Catholicism and alleged anti-Calvinism.


title: Clara Basiana

text: Basiana was praised by some for speaking about alleged Israeli human rights violations. However, others said that she improperly conflated politics and sport, and noted that imputing Israeli governmental policies to Israeli athletes was equivalent to associating Basiana, a former Spanish national team member, with abusive Spanish practices in Catalonia. Critics also observed that Basiana gave no comment on the human rights issues surrounding the second-place Belarusian team, even though the tournament occurred shortly after Belarus' high-profile hijacking of Ryanair Flight 4978. Daniel Sirera, former chairman of the People's Party in Catalonia, tweeted that Basiana had engaged in "unethical behavior by dragging politics into sports." A letter was sent to the CEO of the Catalyunya Comunicacio conglomerate, which includes TV3, on behalf of US Senator Joe Lieberman and human-rights activist Natan Sharansky demanded disciplinary action against Basiana. Laura Baladas, Ombudswoman of the Catalonia public broadcasting authority Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals said that Basiana had violated its standards and that her comments "cannot be justified," offered a formal apology, and said that measures had been taken by the management of Televisió de Catalunya to avoid offensive remarks going forward.


title: 2019–20 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: For the second consecutive year in a row, the first system formed before the official start of the season. Afterwards, three storms formed in the month of December: Tropical Cyclone Belna on 2 December, which brought flooding and strong wind to northwestern Madagascar, Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Ambali, which formed a day later and became the first very intense tropical cyclone in the basin since Fantala in 2016, and Tropical Cyclone Calvinia which stalled near Mauritius and brought heavy rain and moderate flooding to the island nation towards the end of the month, crossing into 2020. The rest of the year would remain quite weak until Intense Tropical Cyclone Herold formed in March, becoming the first major cyclone of 2020. Just weeks after, Intense Tropical Cyclone Irondro in April would become the third intense tropical cyclone of the season. The season would later conclude with the dissipation of Moderate Tropical Storm Jeruto on 16 April. The season had little impact on land with the fact that all storms that formed with the exception of Belna, Diane and Francisco did not make any direct impacts on land and stayed out to sea.


text: Two tropical storms formed in late January, Diane and Esami. They also both dissipated without reaching tropical cyclone status. In early February, another tropical depression formed. It eventually intensified into a tropical storm and was named Francisco. Francisco degenerated into a remnant low several days after formation. In mid-February, the storm regenerated into a tropical depression. At the same time, another disturbance formed, and would strengthen into Tropical Storm Gabekile. It wasn't long until Gabekile strengthened into a tropical cyclone. However, it quickly weakened. By 19 February, Gabekile had dissipated. Nearly a month later, Moderate Tropical Storm Herold formed. On 14 March, Herold strengthened into a severe tropical storm. Herold then rapidly intensified to become the season's 2nd Intense Tropical Cyclone. Shortly after, it rapidly weakened as it moved southwards before dissipating. In early April, Moderate tropical storm Irondro formed. Irondro was also an intense tropical cyclone, but it dissipated some time later, on 6 April. A tropical low crossed over on 12 April, and was named Jeruto. However, Jeruto rapidly entered unfavorable conditions, and quickly dissipated on 16 April.


text: In mid-July, a broad wind circulation developed over the central Indian Ocean, accompanied by deep convection. Some computer models suggested the possibility of a southern segment of this system organising into a tropical cyclone; Météo-France (MFR) initially estimated a "very low" chance of a moderate tropical storm materialising from the large circulation near Diego Garcia. Due to strong wind shear, the environment remained unfavourable for tropical development. On 22 July, Météo-France began monitoring the system as a zone of disturbed weather; the system's forward motion was initially southward. A temporary decrease in wind shear on 23 July provided a brief period conducive for tropical development, and the system strengthened to its peak winds of 45 km/h (30 mph) that day. However, the disturbance's centre of circulation remained ill-defined and lacking showers and thunderstorms. Although the disturbance was forecast to initially strengthen into a tropical storm, an increase in wind shear prevented the storm from consolidating further about the centre of circulation and caused the overall wind field to disorganise. The system curved towards the west on 24 July and eventually degenerated into a remnant circulation northeast of Rodrigues by the 25 July; these remnants persisted for another day before dissipating entirely.


text: Météo-France began highlighting the potential for tropical cyclone development in their daily bulletins on 25 November, noting an increase in shower activity west of the Seychelles. Aided by the passage of a Kelvin wave and a favourable window in the Madden–Julian oscillation, a broad trough of low pressure began to take shape within the storm activity, extending across the equator. Projections from computer models remained in disagreement over the system's future, complicated by the concurrent development of a tropical disturbance in the northwestern Indian Ocean along the same trough. A loosely-defined wind circulation was detected 263 km (163 mi) south of Mahe, Seychelles on 29 November, offset from convection. Over the following days, this circulation tightened within an environment moderately conducive for tropical development. Météo-France declared the system as a zone of disturbed weather on 2 December; at the time the system had drifted west from its point of origin. Although the storm was better organised and the environment conducive for intensification, the storm's wind field initially remained elongated and rainfall remained north of the storm's centre. The disturbance become a tropical depression on 5 December, attended by an increase in rainbands and the return of convection at the center of circulation; at 18:00 UTC that day, the system was upgraded to Moderate Tropical Storm Belna. Belna was upgraded further to severe tropical storm status early on 6 December. Around the same time, a cloud-obscured eye briefly became apparent in microwave satellite imagery. Due to a strengthening area of high pressure to its east, Belna began to curve from its initial westward drift to a more directed southwestward trajectory. After a brief period of strengthening, Belna's central dense overcast remained largely unchanged throughout 6 December before signs of resumed intensification emerged by the day's end, followed by the development of another eye. With the storm's eye becoming better defined, MFR upgraded Belna to a tropical cyclone early on 7 December. Hot towers were detected atop and within the storm's radius of maximum winds, suggesting the onset of a more accelerated rate of intensification. On 9 December, Belna made landfall near Mayotte and soon began to rapidly weaken, with the winds dropping below tropical-storm-force on the next day. The system dissipated late on 11 December over Haute Matsiatra.


text: Météo Madagascar first issued green alerts for the Madagascan districts of Diana, Sava, and Sofia on 4 December based on a high probability of Belna impacting northeastern Madagascar. Accordingly, cyclone response measures were activated by the National Office for Risk and Disaster Management and humanitarian organisations across northern Madagascar. Green alerts were later extended to encompass five districts. A cyclone pre-alert was issued for Mayotte on 6 December, succeeded by an orange alert the following day. Civil security personnel from mainland France and Reunion, some from the National Gendarmerie, were sent to Mayotte to aid storm preparation efforts there. Shelters were opened in several Mayotte communes on 7 December. The National Office for Risk and Disaster Management and 11 humanitarian agencies were active in northern Madagascar by 9 December. Belna's effects in Mayotte were minimal as the storm passed 100 km (62 mi) to the east. The worst effects of Belna in Madagascar occurred in Soalala, where the storm made landfall. The roofs of 80% of residences and government buildings in the city were damaged by Belna's winds. Damage to homes displaced 1,400 people in Soalala and another 900 throughout Madagascar. Extensive flooding also affected both Soalala and Antsiranana. Belna's impacts in Madagascar killed nine people and caused at least US$25 million in economic losses.


text: While Belna was gradually developing out of an extended trough of low pressure, another area of convection formed along the same trough between the Seychelles and the Chagos Archipelago in early December. The system organised quickly, attaining formative rainbands around a coalescing centre of circulation on 3 December. At 06:00 UTC, the system was classified as a Zone of Disturbed Weather. A day later, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression following a significant increase in convection near its centre. Steered by a high-pressure area centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the tropical depression moved south. The quick organisation continued into 5 December, and MFR named the system Moderate Tropical Storm Ambali as a central dense overcast emerged; Ambali intensified into a Severe Tropical Storm a few hours later. Buoyed by a highly favourable environment with waters between 29–30 °C (84–86 °F), explosive intensification ensued, accompanied by the formation of an eye. At 18:00 UTC on 5 December, MFR upgraded Ambali to intense tropical cyclone status following a sharp 80 km/h (50 mph) increase in the storm's winds in 12 hours. The cyclone was highly compact, with a distinct eye 15 km (9 mi) in diameter surrounded by cold cloud tops.


text: Six hours later, Ambali was reclassified as a very intense tropical cyclone, the highest rating on the MFR's intensity scale and the first in the basin since Fantala in 2016. The agency estimated maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg); concurrently, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed peak 1-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), equivalent to a high-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS). However, in post-season reanalysis, the JTWC reassessed the system as slightly stronger, peaking with 1-min sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), a low-end Category 5-equivalent cyclone (SSHWS). The cyclone's eye had contracted further to a diameter of 9 km (5 mi) early on 6 December at the time of peak intensity. Based on JTWC data, Ambali's winds increased by 185 km/h (115 mph) in 24 hours, marking the fastest 24-hour intensification recorded in the Southern Hemisphere since 1980 and topping the old record set by Cyclone Ernie in 2017, and the second-fastest globally, after only Hurricane Patricia. A gradual weakening trend soon succeeded the rapid intensification episode as indicated by a clouding-over of the small eye. Within a few hours of Ambali's peak strength, the eye was no longer apparent on infrared satellite imagery; dry air became wrapped close to the core of the cyclone's compact circulation. Impaired further by an increase in wind shear, Ambali's strength quickly diminished throughout 6 December, and by the following day, its winds fell below tropical cyclone thresholds. Despite otherwise inhibiting environmental factors, the eye reappeared for a two-hour period before fully succumbing to the dry air and 55 km/h (35 mph) wind shear. Rapid weakening soon proceeded, and by mid-day on 7 December, the storm's coldest cloud tops were displaced east of the center of circulation; Ambali's motion also became erratic as winds in the lower levels of the troposphere began to govern its track. On 8 December, Ambali degenerated to a remnant low and MFR issued their last advisory on the dissipating system.


text: The origin of Calvinia can be traced back to an area of persistent showers and thunderstorms southwest of Diego Garcia first noted by the JTWC on 16 December. The system featured a loosely-defined circulation upon designation, but computer models indicated that tropical cyclogenesis intermediately was unlikely. The storm complex drifted southward over the next two days, and an increase in organisation briefly prompted the issuance of a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on 18 December before an increase in wind shear cut development of the system short, leading to alert's cancellation despite the system producing storm-force winds. The system then slowly curved to the west towards Madagascar, eventually moving into a much more favorable environment enhanced by a passing Kelvin wave by 25 December. Two days later, MFR designated the system as a Zone of Disturbed Weather; the disturbance was initially broad and had two areas of rotation. The next day, MFR upgraded the system to a Tropical Depression while the JTWC issued a second TCFA. Tracking southward, the depression strengthened and became a Moderate Tropical Storm on 29 December, gaining the name Calvinia.


text: Dry air and wind shear afflicted the nascent storm early in its development, limiting convection to the southern half of Calvinia's circulation. The storm remained asymmetric but showed signs of improvement on 29 December as the environment became more favourable for intensification, with rainbands redeveloping near the center of the storm. Concurrently, Calvinia turned towards the southwest and slowed down as it neared Mauritius. The next morning, a small eye emerged within the quasi-stationary Calvinia on radar imagery from the Mascarene Islands, allowing the MFR to upgrade Calvinia to a Severe Tropical Storm that day. The eye was later evident on satellite imagery, indicative of continued intensification. After the eye had collapsed yet again, an area of high pressure to Calvinia's southeast then began to steer the storm slowly towards the south and away from the Mascarene Islands on 30 December. Shortly after it began to track away from Mauritius, the storm intensified further into a Category 1 hurricane-equivalent storm and another eye began to appear on satellite imagery on 31 December. Shortly after, the MFR also upgraded Calvinia to a tropical cyclone. Not too long after intensifying, the storm accelerated southwestwards and significantly weakened on 1 January. As a result, the MFR issued their final advisory on the system as it turned extratropical.


text: All the three major Mascarene Islands were placed under a pre-cyclonic alert on 29 December. Mauritius Meteorological Services issued a class III warning for Mauritius on 29 December, indicating the forecast onset of 120 km/h (75 mph) wind gusts. Several key services in Mauritius were closed ahead of Calvinia's approach, including Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport and the Port Louis Harbour amid the country's peak tourism season, effectively suspending external trade with Mauritius. The Stock Exchange of Mauritius suspended operations, and most other shops and businesses in Port Louis also closed. Air Mauritius postponed all of its flights indefinitely. Evacuation shelters on Mauritius housed 298 refugees during the storm, with a total of 168 shelters opened. The centre of Calvinia was 60 km (37 mi) from Mauritius at its closest approach on 31 December. Stormy conditions prevailed on the island, causing flooding in some areas. Power outages affected 6,000 families in Union Vale and Ferney. Rains from Calvinia caused flooding in southern Réunion, blocking roads in Saint Louis and L'Étang-Salé. The storm also caused minor damage on the island, knocking down trees and power lines. Water utility company Sudéau reported several incidents to its water distribution systems during the storm. A 325 mm (12.8 in)-rainfall total was recorded in Dimitile, while a peak wind gust of 122 km/h (76 mph) was measured in Plaine des Cafres.


text: In mid-January 2020, a monsoon trough began to produce persistent convection over the southwestern Indian Ocean near the Chagos Archipelago. An elongated wind circulation slowly developed within this aggregation of storms moving towards the southeast. MFR classified the system as a Zone of Disturbed Weather on 19 January and initiated advisories two days later. Due to strong wind shear and low-level convergence, conditions were unfavourable for substantial intensification. Strong convective bursts occurred in response to an attenuation of wind shear, leading the MFR to reclassify the system to a Tropical Disturbance on 22 January; nonetheless, the system remained generally disorganised as the center of circulation remained near the edge of the associated shower activity. The JTWC classified the asymmetric disturbance, now 1,315 km (817 mi) east of Mauritius, as a tropical storm later that day. On 23 January, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression as convection continued to strengthen further in tandem with the diminishing of vertical wind shear; however, this period of strengthening was cut short by the storm's trajectory towards the subtropical jet stream. Coupled with a return of wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures, shower activity associated with the storm quickly diminished; both the MFR and JTWC issued their final advisories on the storm on 23 January.


text: As early as 11 January, long-range ensemble forecast guidance from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts suggested the possibility of a storm forming over the Mozambique Channel. A low-pressure area eventually formed over southern Africa by 18 January, and was forecast by the MFR to develop within the channel as part of a complex series of developing low-pressure minima along a monsoon trough extending across Madagascar. A centre of circulation of monsoonal character began to develop on 22 January between Juan de Nova Island and the western Malagasy coast, prompting the MFR to designate the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 06. The incipient disturbance tracked eastward across Madagascar, maintaining a corridor of strong winds. By the afternoon of 23 January, the centre of the system emerged over the Indian Ocean. The system then began to slowly consolidate with the aid of warm ocean waters, with the MFR upgrading it to a tropical depression on 24 January. The presence of a trough to the south and an equatorial ridge to the north produced a westerly flow in the region, resulting in an unusual eastward track towards the Mascarene Islands. Based on satellite analysis and scatterometer data, the depression strengthened further near Mauritius to a Moderate Tropical Storm by 18:00 UTC on 24 January and received the name Diane. The centre of Diane tracked 30 km (19 mi) north of Mauritius roughly three hours later. Diane's southeasterly motion lessened the inhibitory effects of wind shear, allowing the storm to intensify as indicated by improved convection on the storm's southern side. Deep convection around the central dense overcast remained persistent, and as a result MFR upgraded Diane to Severe Tropical Storm status on 26 January. Diane continued southeast throughout the day, and a combination of wind shear and interaction with a baroclinic zone caused Diane to begin losing tropical characteristics. Much of Diane's convection eventually diminished, and Diane was reported to have fully lost its tropical characteristics later on 26 January, leading MFR to issue its final tropical advisories on the system. The extratropical remnants of Diane continued to persist for an additional two days, curving towards the southwest before MFR issued its last bulletin on the system on 28 January.


text: Diane's precursor disturbance worsened flood conditions in Madagascar, producing heavy rainfall; 129 mm (5.1 in) of rain fell in Antsohihy amid widespread rainfall totals of 50 mm (2.0 in). Effects were most prevalent in seven districts in northern Madagascar, where nearly 107,000 people were affected. Thousands of hectares of land and more than 10,600 homes were inundated by floodwaters; of the homes, 146 were destroyed. Thirty-one people were killed, primarily by drowning, according to the Bureau National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes. The Malagasy government declared a state of emergency for Madagascar on 24 January. A yellow cyclone pre-alert was issued by MFR for Reunion on 23 January, eventually superseded by an orange pre-alert. The University of Reunion Island closed all of its campuses ahead of Diane. Southern parts of Reunion were most heavily affected by Diane's rainfall. In Les Makes, 460 mm (18 in) of rain was recorded. Several rafts at river crossings were flooded, truncating roads. A level 3 alert was issued for Mauritius and a level 1 alert for Rodrigues on 24 January; these alerts were lifted the next day. In Mauritius, 1,121 people sought refuge in 23 evacuation centres. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport closed for 19 hours as Diane passed to the north. Flights to Rodrigues were cancelled on 25 January.


text: Beginning on 16 January, MFR began to note the potential of a disturbance forming east of Madagascar during the same active period that would eventually spawn both Tropical Depression 05 and Moderate Tropical Storm Diane. A convergence zone had persisted over the region and was expected to evolve into a monsoon trough from which tropical cyclones could develop. On 22 January, a low-pressure area with multiple circulation centres developed near the Mascarene Islands between the weakening Tropical Depression 05 and then-Tropical Disturbance 06 (which would later become Moderate Tropical Storm Diane). The MFR did not forecast tropical cyclogenesis at the time due to the presence of unfavourable atmospheric conditions. However, a more well-defined circulation quickly took hold with an associated curved rainband appearing on the system, leading MFR to designate the system as Tropical Disturbance 07 between Mauritius and Rodrigues on 23 January. Due to westerly flow in the mid-troposphere, the newly classified disturbance took an east-southeasterly course. Though the storm's convection was variable, wind shear limited convection to the northern quadrants of the circulation. The disturbance was upgraded to a Tropical Depression based on scatterometer data later that day.


text: It continued to intensify, developing a quickly evolving and compact area of central overcast, receiving the name Esami as it intensified into a Moderate Tropical Storm on 25 January. Dry air and wind shear generated by the nearby Moderate Tropical Storm Diane to the storm's west resulted in Esami maintaining a lopsided appearance with the strongest winds and convection limited to the eastern part of the wind circulation. This dry air was later entrained to the centre of Esami, exposing the center of circulation and displacing convection from it. According to MFR, Esami's 10-minute maximum sustained winds topped out at 75 km/h (45 mph) early on 25 January. The passage of a trough to Esami's south drew the storm increasingly poleward, causing its track to curve towards the south-southeast. On 26 January, Esami began to interact with a baroclinic zone associated with the subtropical jet stream, causing Esami to lose its tropical characteristics. At 12:00 UTC that day, MFR re-classified Esami as a post-tropical depression.


text: Towards the end of January and the beginning of February, a convectively-active monsoon trough persisted across much of the southwestern Indian Ocean, generally northeast of Madagascar. Regions of rotation began to develop within the complex of showers by 1 February, and due to the favourable atmospheric conditions, MFR highlighted the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis in three locations. Later that day, the JTWC began monitoring a more coherent area of convection associated with loosely-defined rotation approximately 900 km (560 mi) southeast of Seychelles. Slow consolidation occurred as the complex of showers and thunderstorms meandered southwards near the Chagos Archipelago. MFR classified the system as a Zone of Disturbed Weather on 3 February, and advisories were initiated the next day following detection of an elongated circulation alongside increased convection and wind curvature. The storm took an initially southwest track before curving southeastwards along the periphery of a nearby subtropical ridge. With improving organisation, the disturbance was upgraded to a Tropical Depression on 4 February during a brief timeframe supportive of intensification.


text: On 5 February, MFR upgraded the system to a Moderate Tropical Storm as a strong curved rainband developed; following routine, the Mauritius Meteorological Services named the storm Francisco. Although Francisco's cloud pattern evolved into a central dense overcast, the 75 km/h (45 mph) 10-minute sustained wind assessed upon its upgrade to a tropical storm was ultimately the peak intensity of Francisco's first iteration. Northwesterly vertical wind shear accompanied by dry air in the mid-levels of the troposphere soon began to afflict the tropical storm, making its wind circulation increasingly ill-defined. The wind shear caused the bulk of Francisco's deep convection to shift southeast away from the center of circulation. Although gale-force winds were still present, Francisco was downgraded to a Zone of Disturbed Weather on 6 February as the circulation center became increasingly difficult to identify. Unfavourable atmospheric conditions remained in place throughout most of the day, but an attenuation of wind shear allowed some maintenance of the storm's convection. MFR issued a final bulletin on Francisco on 7 February following the disappearance of most of the storm's convection. However, the system's wind circulation remained well-defined as the remnants curved west.


text: Over the following week, Francisco's remnants continued west to west-northwest, and dry air was initially forecast to prevent any deep convection from reemerging. However, improved atmospheric conditions allowed for a burst of convection atop a well-defined circulation on 13 February as it was just east of Madagascar, prompting MFR to reinitiate advisories on the system as Tropical Depression Francisco. The regenerated storm tracked slowly south-southwest and quickly acquired compact rainbands, becoming a Moderate Tropical Storm the following day. An eye-like feature was observable on microwave satellite imagery around the time Francisco reached its peak strength with sustained winds of 85 km/h (55 mph) on 15 February. Later that day, Francisco made landfall on the eastern coast of Madagascar near Mahanoro and quickly weakened over land; satellite data and surface observations suggested that any low-level circulation abated by 16 February. Warnings for heavy rainfall were issued for several Malagasy districts as Francisco's second iteration approached from the east; red vigilance advisories were issued for four Malagasy districts. The Indian Ocean Regional Intervention Platform in Reunion provisioned relief supplies for shipment to Antananarivo with availability to 650 families. Persistently heavy rains inundated areas of Toamasina, submerging roads. Entire neighborhoods were flooded in Mahanoro and other nearby districts. A child was killed in Vatomandry following the collapse of a house.


text: Due to the anticipated convergence of favourable environmental parameters for development, MFR's tropical weather discussions began to highlight the possibility of a storm gradually developing in the eastern part of the South-West Indian Ocean basin on 9 February. A broad circulation in the lower troposphere and embedded within a monsoon trough began to take shape in this region on 12 February. The MFR designated the burgeoning system as a Zone of Disturbed Weather at 18:00 UTC on 13 February and began issuing advisories a day later. The presence of a subtropical ridge to Gabekile's east led to the storm taking a predominantly southward track. Although its associated showers were initially disorganised, a burst of convection early on 15 February allowed the disturbance to quickly develop. The system was named Gabekile by the Mauritius Meteorological Services upon strengthening into a Moderate Tropical Storm at 06:00 UTC on 15 February. Gabekile was upgraded to a Severe Tropical Storm six hours later as its convection evolved into a central dense overcast with a nascent eye. Aided by conducive environmental conditions, Gabekile intensified into a tropical cyclone by 16 February, presenting a small eye surrounded by a central region of cold cloud tops. Its maximum sustained winds were estimated at 130 km/h (80 mph) with gusts to 185 km/h (115 mph).


text: After intensifying from a tropical depression to a tropical cyclone in 24 hours, Gabekile held tropical cyclone intensity for less than 12 hours. Cloud tops warmed following its peak intensity and the western eyewall degraded, leading to a decrease in the cyclone's analysed strength. By 12:00 UTC on 16 February, Gabekile had weakened to a Severe Tropical Storm coincident with the eye's dispersal on both infrared and visible satellite imagery. The weakening storm's convective structure fluctuated considerably throughout the day in response to an increase northwesterly wind shear, accentuated by an intrusion of dry air into the storm's circulation. Concurrently, Gabekile location in a barometric col—a region with weak steering currents—caused the storm's initially southward trek to become nearly stationary. Gabekile's winds diminished to Moderate Tropical Storm-force on 17 February as the continued presence of dry air dissipated most of the associated shower and thunderstorm activity. MFR downgraded Gabekile to a remnant area of low pressure on 18 February once the center of circulation became devoid of prolonged convection. Gabekile's remnants drifted southward and acquired post-tropical characteristics upon interacting with an upper-level trough on 19 February.


text: Towards the beginning of March, a diffuse low-pressure system persisted for several days near Tromelin Island, remaining nearly stationary with an occasional drift towards the north or west. Though conditions were initially favourable, the further development of the system was slowed by its large size. An influx of dry air and strong wind shear muted convective activity around the low-pressure area, eventually leading to its dissipation on 4 March. However, convection unexpectedly reemerged the next day north of the Mascarene Islands. Conditions both conducive and unconducive for tropical cyclone development were present near the embryonic system over the following week. Convective activity increased and decreased diurnally without much persistence. A clearer developmental trend began on 12 March as thunderstorms began to coalesce and persist around a newly formed wind circulation near Tromelin Island; this was designated as Zone of Disturbed Weather 10 by MFR. As convection concentrated further, the system strengthened into a tropical depression and further to a Moderate Tropical Storm on 13 March, receiving the name Herold.


text: Upon its naming, Herold remained stationary just off the northeastern coast of Madagascar due to its position within a col. Herold gradually intensified in this configuration, developing a large core of strong winds within a favourable environment and later reaching Severe Tropical Storm strength on 14 March. The ocean heat content beneath Herold diminished as the storm remained stationary, resulting in a degradation of the storm's overall convective strength despite the formation of a ragged eye. The weakening of a subtropical ridge over Madagascar imparted an east-southeastward motion on Herold, causing the storm to track over warmer, untapped waters and restrengthen. Accelerating poleward, Herold reached Tropical Cyclone strength on 15 March and briefly attained Intense Tropical Cyclone status on 17 March, peaking with sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph). The onset of increasing wind shear and dry air initiated a sustained period of rapid weakening following this peak. Between 17 and 18 March, the weakening storm's centre tracked 220 km (140 mi) east of Mauritius and 175 km (109 mi) southwest of Rodrigues. On 18 March, Herold's winds fell below Tropical Cyclone strength as wind shear pulled the storm's central circulation and convection apart. MFR issued their last advisory on Herold at 12:00 UTC that day. The storm's remnants continued southeastward, maintaining a region of gale-force winds and an occasional pulse of thunderstorms.


text: Météo Madagascar issued a green alert for the Antalaha District and Analanjirofo on 13 March following Herold's formation; a yellow alert was later raised for Analanjirofo the following day. The storm produced heavy rains in northeastern Madagascar, affecting over 3,000 people. Sambava recorded 95 mm (3.7 in) of rain on 13 March; floods there displaced a hundred people. Rivers near Maroantsetra overflowed and inundated surrounding villages and disrupted traffic, including Andranofotsy in particular. Homes were swept away in Maroantsetra. Floods along the Ankavanana River affected over a thousand people. Overall, flooding impacted 104 schools. Four people were killed in the Sava Region. A class 1 cyclone warning was issued for Mauritius on 15 March, which was upgraded further to a class 2 warning two days later. A class 3 warning was escalated to a class 4 warning for Rodrigues on 18 March. Schools were closed on 17 March on Mauritius and Rodrigues as Herold passed between the islands. Eighty people on Rodrigues sought refuge in eight accommodation centres. The cyclone's effects were ultimately limited to downed trees and power outages in some areas of Rodrigues. A peak gust of 130 km/h (81 mph) was registered at Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport. Herold's distance from the island kept rainfall low, with a maximum of 29 mm (1.1 in) in Patate Théophile.


text: On 29 March, monsoonal flow led to the formation of a broad area of low pressure in the central region of the South-West Indian Ocean basin. Showers and thunderstorms began to develop and consolidate in connection with this system south-southwest of Diego Garcia. It was classified by the MFR as a Zone of Disturbed Weather on 31 March and moved slowly during its first two days as an officially designated tropical system. Rainbands took shape around the newly formed center of circulation. Easterly wind shear impinged upon the system during its early stages, but a favorable upper-air environment provided suitable conditions for persistent convection. On 2 April, more favourable conditions for intensification in the wake of a passing equatorial Kelvin wave allowed the storm to a Moderate Tropical Storm; the Mauritius Meteorological Services named it Irondro. Concurrently, the storm began to track towards the southeast in response to a subtropical ridge to its east. Irondro's winds increased throughout the day, particularly following a large burst of thunderstorms around the centre of the storm, reaching Severe Tropical Storm strength by 06:00 UTC on 3 April.


text: Irondro was upgraded to Tropical Cyclone status at 18:00 UTC on 3 April after developing an intense central dense overcast with some hints of an eye. The development of a pinhole eye and tight rainbands by the end of 3 April indicated rapid intensification was underway. Early on 6 April, Irondro briefly peaked as an Intense Tropical Cyclone with sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph). The storm then traversed a region of increasing wind shear, drier air, and diminishing oceanic heat content, precipitating the storm's weakening. The organisation of Irondro's clouds deteriorated throughout 4 April as it was undermined by the steadily increasing wind shear. The next day, the system weakened to a Severe Tropical Storm as the associated convection moved away from the low-level centre of circulation. Its swath of storm-force winds also began to abate along with the fleeting thunderstorm activity. On 6 April, Irondro degenerated into a post-tropical depression and moved into the Australian cyclone region.


text: The system was classified as Tropical Depression 12 by MFR at 06:00 UTC on 14 April, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert a few hours later. Convection increased in organisation throughout the night, and the system was classified as Tropical Storm 26S by the JTWC at 18:00 UTC. It was noted that satellite scatterometer data indicated that the Dvorak technique was underestimating the cyclone's wind speeds at the time. On 15 April, the depression was said to have strengthened into a moderate tropical storm as convection successfully wrapped around the low-level circulation, and it was named Jeruto. Offset by high wind shear, Jeruto began to quickly weaken shortly after being designated as a moderate tropical storm, and was downgraded to a tropical depression just 12 hours after being named as convection quickly became displaced south of the center. Just 6 hours after this downgrade, the JTWC issued its final warning as it became highly disorganized. Jeruto was estimated by MFR to have weakened below tropical depression intensity by early on 16 April, and the last advisory by the MFR on Jeruto was issued on 16 April as it rapidly dissipated.


text: Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius names a storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E. If instead, a cyclone intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. Storm names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. Therefore, all storm names used this year will be removed from the rotation and replaced with a new name for the 2022–23 season, while the unused names will remain on the list. New names this season were: Ambali, Belna, Calvinia, Diane, Esami and Francisco. They replaced Abela, Bransby, Carlos, Dineo, Enawo and Fernando after the 2016–17 season.


title: Virtual In-Stanity

text: While playing poker with the guys, Stan observes Dick trying out his avatar "Black Dick" to work out some frustration from losing. Dick does this by entering a virtual reality machine and, hooked up to sensors, dictates the movements of an android. Francine calls and warns Stan that he is about to miss Steve's birthday yet again. Stan rushes home with a stuffed rabbit full of cocaine from evidence as a gift. Over home movies, Stan realizes he is not in any of them because he was always busy with other things. After Steve brushes off an invitation to a baseball game with Stan, Stan starts worrying that he may miss out on a chance to bond with Steve. Stan makes a desperate attempt to bond with his son by creating a busty blonde bombshell avatar, Phyllis, whom he sends Steve's way. When Steve wants their relationship to become more physical, Stan begins to feel uncomfortable with carrying out these deeds and evades them. Steve soon feels the relationship is going nowhere and decides to take a girl named Chelsea to the school dance instead.


title: Virtual In-Stanity

text: Meanwhile, Roger steals a limo and starts his own limo service to accomplish his dream of driving people slightly more privileged than himself to various locations. Klaus joins on the venture to accomplish his dream of accompanying people with slightly more specific dreams than him. But when a group of disrespectful fraternity boys "drive and dash", ignoring their antics in hope of being paid twenty dollars, Roger goes on a murderous manhunt to get his revenge, starting with one of the boys almost immediately. Klaus is horrified that Roger would kill five people over twenty dollars, Roger reminds him that last week he killed six people over nineteen dollars. Roger later runs down two others at his first victim's funeral, then the fourth while he is in a bathroom stall in a bowling alley. The last survivor tries to flee on an airplane, only to look out the window in mid flight to see Roger's limo on the plane wing. Roger runs him down as well, causing the plane and limo to explode and killing mostly everyone on board. As he and Klaus pass a surviving flight attendant in a parachute, getting addicted to his murderous bloodlust, Roger kills her by undoing her chute before he and Klaus crash land in their own parachutes. At the very end of the episode, Dick uses the "Black Dick" avatar to purchase XXX-S condoms, and worries they may be too big.


title: Beatrice Wright (psychologist)

text: While a stay-at-home mother, Wright was contacted by Roger Barker, another former student of Lewin, to collaborate on a book about physical disability; she agreed. She said that her review of the literature was what fueled her passion for developing appropriate and culturally responsive ways of working with people with disabilities, as the methodology at the time was biased against them. The work with Barker also led to her husband's gaining a teaching position at the University of Kansas, and while he worked at the university she began to work with children who were deaf and their families, which furthered her personal and academic interest in people with disabilities. The work with Barker, Adjustment to Physical Handicap and Illness: A Survey of the Social Psychology of Physique and Disability, was a landmark publication in both the field of psychology and Wright's career. She proceeded to collaborate with many other now notable rehabilitation psychologists, such as Tamara Dembo and Gloria Ladieu Leviton, on topics related to disability. She also worked with Fritz Heider on his book The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations.


title: Beatrice Wright (psychologist)

text: Physical Disability—A Psychosocial Approach is wide in scope, as it addresses many components of acceptance of physical disability on personal and societal levels. Wright contrasts coping and succumbing as the two frameworks in which disability is addressed. She also presents a stage model of psychosocial adjustment to disability, by presenting four major changes: enlargement of scope, subordination of the physique, containment of disability effects, and transformation from comparative to asset values. Enlargement of scope includes recognizing values separate from the disability: a person begins to acknowledge areas of skill not affected by their disability. This is typically the first change to occur. In the second change, the subordination of the physique, a person begins to limit the importance of physical appearance as a source of identity; they often increase the emphasis on personality or personal traits not connected to their disability. The third component is containment of disability effects: the person sees the disability as affecting only the parts of them it actually affects instead of generalizing limitations to other areas. Finally, there is a transformation from comparative to asset values in which the person stops comparing themself to others and focuses more on their own values.


title: Misterioso Jr.

text: In early 2009 Black Warrior was suspended for a month, leaving his group Poder Mexica one man short for their six-man matches. Misterioso Jr. was chosen to fill the part, becoming an unofficial member of Poder Mexica, teaming with Sangre Azteca and Dragón Rojo Jr., helping them to defeat Hijo del Fantasma, Héctor Garza and La Máscara on the 2009 Homenaje a Dos Leyendas PPV. After Black Warrior's suspension was over he took over from Misterioso Jr. for a while, but over the summer of 2009 Misterioso Jr. began teaming more with Poder Mexico' than Black Warrior did. On August 18, 2009 Misterioso Jr. lost the Occidente Light Heavyweight Championship to Mictlán. At the CMLL 76th Anniversary Show Misterioso Jr. once again teamed with Poder Mexico, this time actually announced as a member Poder Mexica, in a loss to El Sagrado, Hijo del Fantasma and Máscara Dorada. Shortly after the Anniversary show Sangrea Azteca confirmed that Misterioso Jr. was indeed the newest member of Poder Mexica. On December 19, 2009 it was announced by the Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F. that Poder Mexica had been stripped of the Mexican National Trios title because Black Warrior had left CMLL, breaking up the team. At the same time they announced an eight team tournament to crown a new trios champion. The top half of the bracket took place on December 22, 2009 and the bottom half of the bracket took place on December 29. In the top bracket the team of Mascara Dorada, Stuka Jr. and Metro qualified for the finals. The bottom bracket took place on December 29, 2009 and saw Poder Mexica (Azteca, Rojo Jr. and Misterioso Jr.) defeat Fabian El Gitano, Máximo and Rouge and then Delta, Leono and Valiente to qualify for the final. On January 6, 2010 Mascara Dorada, Stuka Jr. and Metro defeated Poder Mexica to become the new Mexican National Trios Champions. In March 2013 Misterioso Jr. was announced as participating in the 2013 En Busca de un Ídolo ("In search of an Idol") tournament that would take place from May to July, 2013 as one of eight competitors.


title: History of the Montreal Canadiens

text: Maurice "Rocket" Richard emerged as the team's star in the 1940s, and during the 1944–45 season became the first player in NHL history to score 50 goals in a single season. Richard sparked the Richard Riot in March 1955 when he was suspended for attacking a linesman. The incident highlighted growing tensions between French Quebec and English Canada, and is regarded as one of the first manifestations of Quebec's Quiet Revolution. In 1959, Jacques Plante revolutionized the game when he became the first goaltender to consistently wear a mask during play. Under general manager Sam Pollock, the Canadiens won nine championships between 1964 and 1978. The 1976–77 team, often regarded as the greatest in NHL history, won 60 games while losing only 8, a record for fewest losses in an 80-game season. With the entry of the World Hockey Association's Quebec Nordiques to the NHL in 1979, a rivalry grew between the Canadiens and the Nordiques, peaking in 1984 when the Canadiens eliminated the Nordiques in six games, but not before the Good Friday Massacre made headlines.