title: Tianjin Massacre

text: The Chinese government immediately condemned the riot. Foreign gunboats were sent to restore order to the legations of Tianjin, with reparations and reprisals demanded by the European governments. Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage were led by the aging statesman Zeng Guofan. The situation was more complex than Zeng originally thought; he interrogated the orphans, who denied they had been kidnapped, and proclaimed the nuns innocent. Foldable hand fans began to appear depicting the murder of the French Consul near the door of the church as political propaganda expressing resistance to Western countries and their religions. Europeans were incensed and demanded punishment against the riot's ringleaders. Zeng had eighteen Chinese instigators (or scapegoats, depending on who tells the history) executed and removed both the magistrate and much of his staff. A Chinese mission of apology sailed to France, under Imperial Commissioner Chonghou. A formal apology was presented to the provisional French Head of State Adolphe Thiers in November 1871. China paid France the large sum of 400,000 taels as compensation.


title: Patricia Banks Edmiston

text: In 1957, after seeking advice from Adam Clayton Powell Jr., the only Black Congressman from New York at the time, Banks Edmiston decided to take legal action against Capital Airlines. She did so by filing a comprehensive 72-page complaint with the New York State Commission Against Discrimination. The airline, in its defense, contended that the complaint was null and void due to its age, surpassing the 90-day statute of limitations. Furthermore, they claimed that they did not conduct hiring operations in New York. They insisted that they do not discriminate and that the reason they refused to hire Banks Edmiston was not because of her race, but rather because of her lack of experience and "because she had a bad tooth". In response to the airline's arguments, Banks Edmiston brought to the committee's attention that Capital Airline's discrimination was ongoing, negating the expiration of the statute of limitations. She also pointed out that the airline regularly recruits and hires from the Grace Downs School in New York, her alma mater, thereby establishing her qualifications. Lastly, Banks Edmiston argued that Capital Airlines indeed engaged in discrimination, noting "they have 570 employed hostesses and not one is a Negro", a pattern that extended to all 1,350 flight-related employees.


title: Lethrinus rubrioperculatus

text: Lethrinus rubrioperculatus, as in most fish, is the host of many species of parasites. Monogeneans parasitic on the gills include the diplectanid Calydiscoides euzeti, the ancyrocephalids Lethrinitrema gibbus and Lethrinitrema dossenus and several capsalids. Copepods parasitic on the gills include the caligid Caligus lethrinicola and the lernanthropid Sagum vespertilio. The gills also harbour unidentified gnathiid isopod larvae. The digestive tract harbours an unidentified Acanthocephala, unidentified tetraphyllid cestodes, species of the anisakid nematode Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris), and a variety of digeneans, including the acanthocolpid Stephanostomum aaravi, the hemiurid Lecithochirium sp. and Tubulovesicula angusticauda, the opecoelid Pseudoplagioporus interruptus and three other opecoelids. The abdominal cavity contains two species of larval tetrarhynch cestodes, the otobothriid Otobothrium parvum and the tentaculariid Nybelinia goreensis. In New Caledonia, where its parasites were particularly studied, Lethrinus rubrioperculatus has a total of twenty species of parasites.


title: Bivalve shell

text: The age of bivalve molluscs can be estimated in several ways. The Noah's Ark clam Arca noae has been used to compare these methods: the annual growth rings on the exterior of the valves can be counted at one per year and give a satisfactory result, but sometimes spurts of growth occur which may create an extra ring and cause confusion. Early rings may get worn away near the umbones and the narrow rings near the margin may be difficult to interpret in fully grown individuals. Similar annual pallial line scars on the interior of the valves are more easily seen in dark colored shells, but these may be overgrown and obscured by further deposition of hard material. Another method is the examination of the growth lines and bands seen in acetate peel replicas taken in the region of the umbones. The most accurate but most time-consuming method is the microscopic examination of sections through the outer prismatic layer of the shell. Using more than one of these methods should increase the accuracy of the result.


title: Jerry James Stone

text: In 2012, Stone won a Shorty Award in the "Green" category (for which he was nominated by Green Festivals), and joined the advisory board of SXSW for their festival's environmental conference, SXSW Eco. Stone's career began as a computer engineer at the U.S. Department of Defense. His early engagement in the technology industry and environmental movement led him to blog for the Discovery Channel. He attracted enough interest that YouTube approached him to start a channel, Cooking Stoned. The channel was later renamed to Jerry James Stone. Prior to focusing on the sustainable food movement, he contributed to The Atlantic, Discovery Channel's Tree Hugger and Animal Planet, and MAKE Magazine. In 2014, Jerry started the Three Loaves project for organizing home cooks to help feed the homeless in their community. He has developed recipes for Whole Foods Market, Costco, and Cline Cellars. His recipes have also been featured by the Today Show and People Magazine. He was written about in Forbes in 2020. As of 2015, he has more than 600,000 social media followers.


title: Practical number

text: Vose showed that every rational number x / y {\displaystyle x/y} has an Egyptian fraction representation with O ( log  y ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt {\log y}})} terms. The proof involves finding a sequence of practical numbers n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} with the property that every number less than n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} may be written as a sum of O ( log  n i − 1 ) {\displaystyle O({\sqrt {\log n_{i-1}}})} distinct divisors of n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} . Then, i {\displaystyle i} is chosen so that n i − 1 < y < n i {\displaystyle n_{i-1}<y<n_{i}} , and x n i {\displaystyle xn_{i}} is divided by y {\displaystyle y} giving quotient q {\displaystyle q} and remainder r {\displaystyle r} . It follows from these choices that x y = q n i + r y n i {\displaystyle {\frac {x}{y}}={\frac {q}{n_{i}}}+{\frac {r}{yn_{i}}}} . Expanding both numerators on the right hand side of this formula into sums of divisors of n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} results in the desired Egyptian fraction representation. Tenenbaum & Yokota use a similar technique involving a different sequence of practical numbers to show that every rational number x / y {\displaystyle x/y} has an Egyptian fraction representation in which the largest denominator is O ( y log 2  y / log  log  y ) {\displaystyle O(y\log ^{2}y/\log \log y)} .


title: Practical number

text: Let p ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)} count how many practical numbers are at most x {\displaystyle x} . Margenstern conjectured that p ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)} is asymptotic to c x / log  x {\displaystyle cx/\log x} for some constant c {\displaystyle c} , a formula which resembles the prime number theorem, strengthening the earlier claim of Erdős & Loxton that the practical numbers have density zero in the integers. Improving on an estimate of Tenenbaum , Saias found that p ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)} has order of magnitude x / log  x {\displaystyle x/\log x} . Weingartner proved Margenstern's conjecture. We have p ( x ) = c x log  x ( 1 + O ( log  log  x log  x ) ) , {\displaystyle p(x)={\frac {cx}{\log x}}\left(1+O\!\left({\frac {\log \log x}{\log x}}\right)\right),} where c = 1.33607... {\displaystyle c=1.33607...} Thus the practical numbers are about 33.6% more numerous than the prime numbers. The exact value of the constant factor c {\displaystyle c} is given by c = 1 1 − e − γ ∑ n practical 1 n ( ∑ p ≤ σ ( n ) + 1 log  p p − 1 − log  n ) ∏ p ≤ σ ( n ) + 1 ( 1 − 1 p ) , {\displaystyle c={\frac {1}{1-e^{-\gamma }}}\sum _{n\ {\text{practical}}}{\frac {1}{n}}{\Biggl (}\sum _{p\leq \sigma (n)+1}{\frac {\log p}{p-1}}-\log n{\Biggr )}\prod _{p\leq \sigma (n)+1}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p}}\right),} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and p {\displaystyle p} runs over primes.


title: McCall, Idaho

text: After World War II, a consortium of businessmen and doctors from Lewiston, 150 miles (240 km) to the north, decided that McCall and the lake were an ideal recreation site and thus the town was transformed from lumber to tourism. The iconic Shore Lodge opened on 3 July 1948, at Shellworth Beach on Payette Lake. The lodge became McCall's centerpiece for the next 51 years. Shore Lodge management and shareholders intentionally created a resort-style lodge that was a cozy and intimate place for locals and tourists, contrasting with the glamor and glitz of the other famous Idaho lodge in Sun Valley. It was turned into a private club in 1999, then it re-opened to the public in 2008. One of Shore Lodge's first summer employees was University of Idaho student John Ascuaga of Notus, who worked as a bellhop learning the business from the bottom up and was to go on to found the Nugget hotel, convention center, and casino in Sparks, Nevada, one of the largest and most successful in the Reno, Nevada area.


title: Burning of Washington

text: The United Kingdom was already at war with France when the United States declared war in 1812. The war against France took up most of Britain's attention and military resources. The initial British strategy against the United States focused on imposing a naval blockade at sea, and maintaining a defensive stance on land. The British Army could not reinforce Canada; instead, the government relied on militia units and indigenous allies to support the British Army units already posted in Canada. With the defeat and exile of Napoleon in April 1814, Britain was able to use its newly available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States. The Earl of Bathurst, serving as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to the imperial fortress of Bermuda, from where a blockade of the U.S. coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada.


title: Burning of Washington

text: In contrast, the majority of British public opinion perceived the burnings to be justified following the damage that the U.S. military had inflicted during its incursions into Canada. The British public also pointed to the United States's role in initiating the war, viewing this as an act of aggression. Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York, the provincial capital of Upper Canada, early in 1813. Sir George Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate". The Reverend John Strachan, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada". When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took with them two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife, Queen Charlotte, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda, and the other in the Cabinet Building, both in the city of Hamilton.


title: Brian Grant (director)

text: Brian Grant is a British music video and television director and producer. In 1982 he co-founded MGMM Productions with Scott Millaney, Russell Mulcahy, and David Mallet. MGMM became the most successful UK production company of the 80's. He started his career as a cameraman and went on to become a noted music video director, he also shot many movies and television series. He is famous for directing episodes of British television series including As If, Hex, Doctor Who, Party Animals, Sinchronicity, Britannia High, Highlander: The Series, Queen of Swords, Clocking Off, New Tricks, Sinbad, The Worst Witch, Our Girl, Video Killed the Radio Star, Lennon's Last Weekend, No Room For Ravers. He has been BAFTA and Emmy nominated. He has also directed many commercials and notable music videos through the 1980s for Olivia Newton-John, Donna Summer, Peter Gabriel, Queen, The Human League, Rod Stewart, Tina Turner, Aretha Franklin, Dolly Parton, Kim Wilde, Whitney Houston, Spandau Ballet and Duran Duran.


title: Grace Gobbo

text: Gobbo has worked on several projects for the Jane Goodall Institute. She has worked with the USAID-funded Gombe-Masito-Ugalla ecosystem program to work reintroduce sustainable agricultural techniques, including agroforestry, to the ecosystem and surrounding communities. Gobbo also developed and co-led workshops with Aristides Kashula on fire management trainings with villagers around the Greater Gombe Ecosystem for the Jane Goodall Institute. The workshops engage attendees in their own experiences with fire, explain basics of fire and fire management, and helps the villagers develop fire management plans. In the workshops, Gobbo highlights the environmental benefits of trees, and what is lost when trees are lost to fire. Gobbo has also worked with the Jane Goodall Institute's Gombe Stream Research Centre to gather information about traditional healers and the medicinal plants they use around the Gombe. She held workshops with traditional healers to share information about medicinal plants and show the value of conserving forests.


title: Grace Gobbo

text: Gobbo has received several grants from the National Geographic Society for her efforts. Growing up in a Christian family with a doctor for a father, Gobbo originally dismissed traditional healing as witchcraft. After her coursework in botany exposed her to new evidence, Gobbo began interviewing traditional healers who described their success using plants to treat a wide range of ailments. To date, she has recorded information shared by more than 80 healers, entering notes and photographs about plants and their uses into a computer database. Gobbo co-wrote an ethnobotanical booklet about Ha plant use in the village of Bubango, Tanzania with Maria Fadiman, which promotes East African forest conservation through cultural connection to plants. The village borders the miombo woodland of Gombe Stream National Park and Lake Tanganyika. Gobbo has worked with the Bubango villagers for several years, and the villagers invited her and Fadiman to help them develop an ethnobotanical booklet about the local plants. The books is in Kiha but is designed so that it can be understood by people who do not understand Kiha or are illiterate. The booklet is helping preserve ethnobotanical knowledge that otherwise might be lost to time and declines in biodiversity. To ensure the continuation of their work, they are partnering with two local nonprofit organizations, Tanzania Botanical Research and Conservation Program and Cross Community Connect.


title: Aldford Castle

text: The origin and dates of construction of the castle are uncertain. It is thought that it was initially an earth-and-timber construction, possibly built by Robert de Alford in the mid-12th century, in the time of Henry II. However, archaeological evidence of the date is lacking and it may have been significantly earlier, as there are some sources who claim that the castle had been built much earlier, as its command was handed over to Robertus, one of the descendants de Bigod in 1160. One of the earliest written records establishes that it was in the possession of Richard de Alford in the early 13th century and, after his death in 1213, of the family of John de Aderne who likely married de Alford's daughter Margaret. Archaeological findings show that it was rebuilt in stone as a shell keep castle in the 13th century. The purpose of the castle appears to have been as a defensive fortification against the hostile Welsh tribes. There is some debate as to whether the castle, the lands and the title were hereditary or granted due to military service. Some sources even suggest that, up until 1224, the owners had to pay for the lease of the castle.


title: List of birds of Maine

text: Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Turkeys have a distinctive fleshy wattle that hangs from the underside of the beak and a fleshy protuberance that hangs from the top of its beak called a snood. As with many galliform species, the female (the hen) is smaller than the male (the tom) and much less colorful. With wingspans of 1.5–1.8 meters (almost 6 feet), the turkeys are the largest birds in the open forests in which they live and are rarely mistaken for any other species. Grouse inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are game and are sometimes hunted for food. Males are polygamous and have elaborate courtship displays. These heavily built birds have legs feathered to the toes. Most species are year-round residents and do not migrate. Eight species have been recorded in Maine.


title: St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal

text: The largest shrine of St Sebastian in the world, the church known as Arthunkal St. Andrew's Basilica and St. Sebastian's International Shrine in Arthunkal, Cherthala, Alappuzha district, Kerala, India, was constructed by Portuguese missionaries in the 16th century. The grand annual feast of St Sebastian Arthunkal in January, which lasts for a month accompanied by millions of pilgrims is one of the important celebrations and major attractions in India. The feast of shrine Basilica is also known as Makaram Perunnal. The church was rebuilt in 1584 under the vicar Jacomo Fenicio, an Italian Jesuit whose devotees claim to possess powers to heal the body and mind. Devotees fondly referred to him as "Arthunkal Veluthachan", "fair-skinned father". Fenicio died in 1632. Eight years after his death, the church was rebuilt again, this time reoriented to face west towards the long white-sand beach on the shores of the Arabian Sea. In 1647, a statue of St. Sebastian, struck with arrows all over his bleeding body (he was executed on the order of the Roman emperor Diocletian for embracing the Christian faith) sculptured in Milan, was brought and placed in the Arthunkal church.


title: Azuka Okwuosa

text: Okwuosa was mentored by C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, whom he worked for, from 1984 to 1994. He started his political career, serving as the chairman of Nnewi local government council (now, Ekwusigo and Nnewi North local government areas) from 1994 to 1996. In 1999, the then governor of Anambra State, Chinwoke Mbadinuju appointed him as the Commissioner for Works and Transport and he served till 2001. From 2002 to 2010, he was the secretary-general of the South-East Development Initiative. In 2007, during the 2007 Nigeria general elections, he contested as a senatorial candidate of the All Progressives Grand Alliance for Anambra South Senatorial zone which he lost. He challenged his loss at the election petitions tribunal for two years, and then to the court of appeal, Enugu State, where he won the case. The election was nullified and a by-election was conducted in 2009, where he lost. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party from 1999 to 2003, a former member of the All Progressives Grand Alliance and the Action Congress of Nigeria. He is currently a member of the ruling All Progressives Congress.


title: Flatiron Flyer

text: Originally, the voter-approved plan called for a 41-mile (66 km) high-capacity commuter rail line running from Denver Union Station to Longmont, passing through North Denver, Adams County, Westminster, Broomfield, Louisville and Boulder. RTD opened the first segment of this rail line, the B Line, from Union Station to Westminster Station — near 71st Ave. and Federal Blvd. — in July 2016. The completion of the originally-planned route from Westminster to Longmont has been delayed until 2044 due to lower tax revenues and higher costs than expected. RTD introduced "Flatiron Flyer" as its brand for the US 36 Bus Rapid Transit component of FasTracks, serving travelers between Denver and Boulder. As an interim measure until Northwest Rail can be completed, RTD committed to study high-speed bus options in other parts of the corridor as well as the possibility of extending the North Metro Line to Longmont. The consolidation of current express service between Denver and Boulder into the Flatiron Flyer system attracted criticism from Boulder residents, since increased frequencies would be balanced with some service cuts. Additionally, the ITDP classifies the system as "not bus rapid transit", due to the use of lanes shared with private cars along US 36.


title: Feminist justice ethics

text: Feminist justice ethics is part of a range of feminist ethical perspectives. Other popular feminist approaches to ethics include feminist ethics of care, and feminist postmodern ethics. The implementation of a feminist ethic of care often draws critique from feminist justice ethics. Feminist ethics of care is premised by the idea that morality is shaped by relational versions of our self. Our moral relations take precedence. Feminist justice ethics differs itself from feminist ethics of care by chastising such a perspective for its abandonment of universal values. In feminist justice ethics, legitimate ethical critique cannot be made without utilizing a universal set of ethics. Meanwhile, feminist postmodern ethics puts forth an entirely different view. A feminist postmodern perspective will perceive androcentricity in many aspects of life, including epistemology. At the same time feminist postmodernism will deny the existence of objectivity within our world. This claim is based on the notion that knowledge is subjectively constructed. One feminist postmodern scholar has implicated the ethical outcomes of modern business norms as a result of this masculine-dominated society. Friction between feminist justice ethics and feminist postmodern ethics exists on the principle of universality. The former supports the idea of universal values, while the latter denies such values exist because it denies objectivity. Since a universal view on morality is typical in feminist justice ethics, the question arises: what specific values are actually universal? Nussbaum's capabilities approach attempts to tackle this question, and lists several traits she believes to be universal:


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: Photoacoustic imaging has applications of deep learning in both photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). PACT utilizes wide-field optical excitation and an array of unfocused ultrasound transducers. Similar to other computed tomography methods, the sample is imaged at multiple view angles, which are then used to perform an inverse reconstruction algorithm based on the detection geometry (typically through universal backprojection, modified delay-and-sum, or time reversal ) to elicit the initial pressure distribution within the tissue. PAM on the other hand uses focused ultrasound detection combined with weakly-focused optical excitation (acoustic resolution PAM or AR-PAM) or tightly-focused optical excitation (optical resolution PAM or OR-PAM). PAM typically captures images point-by-point via a mechanical raster scanning pattern. At each scanned point, the acoustic time-of-flight provides axial resolution while the acoustic focusing yields lateral resolution.


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: Johnstonbaugh et al. was able to localize the source of photoacoustic wavefronts with a deep neural network. The network used was an encoder-decoder style convolutional neural network. The encoder-decoder network was made of residual convolution, upsampling, and high field-of-view convolution modules. A Nyquist convolution layer and differentiable spatial-to-numerical transform layer were also used within the architecture. Simulated PA wavefronts served as the input for training the model. To create the wavefronts, the forward simulation of light propagation was done with the NIRFast toolbox and the light-diffusion approximation, while the forward simulation of sound propagation was done with the K-Wave toolbox. The simulated wavefronts were subjected to different scattering mediums and Gaussian noise. The output for the network was an artifact free heat map of the targets axial and lateral position. The network had a mean error rate of less than 30 microns when localizing target below 40 mm and had a mean error rate of 1.06 mm for localizing targets between 40 mm and 60 mm. With a slight modification to the network, the model was able to accommodate multi target localization. A validation experiment was performed in which pencil lead was submerged into an intralipid solution at a depth of 32 mm. The network was able to localize the lead's position when the solution had a reduced scattering coefficient of 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm−1. The results of the network show improvements over standard delay-and-sum or frequency-domain beamforming algorithms and Johnstonbaugh proposes that this technology could be used for optical wavefront shaping, circulating melanoma cell detection, and real-time vascular surgeries.


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: In PACT, tomographic reconstruction is performed, in which the projections from multiple solid angles are combined to form an image. When reconstruction methods like filtered backprojection or time reversal, are ill-posed inverse problems due to sampling under the Nyquist-Shannon's sampling requirement or with limited-bandwidth/view, the resulting reconstruction contains image artifacts. Traditionally these artifacts were removed with slow iterative methods like total variation minimization, but the advent of deep learning approaches has opened a new avenue that utilizes a priori knowledge from network training to remove artifacts. In the deep learning methods that seek to remove these sparse sampling, limited-bandwidth, and limited-view artifacts, the typical workflow involves first performing the ill-posed reconstruction technique to transform the pre-beamformed data into a 2-D representation of the initial pressure distribution that contains artifacts. Then, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained to remove the artifacts, in order to produce an artifact-free representation of the ground truth initial pressure distribution.


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: When the density of uniform tomographic view angles is under what is prescribed by the Nyquist-Shannon's sampling theorem, it is said that the imaging system is performing sparse sampling. Sparse sampling typically occurs as a way of keeping production costs low and improving image acquisition speed. The typical network architectures used to remove these sparse sampling artifacts are U-net and Fully Dense (FD) U-net. Both of these architectures contain a compression and decompression phase. The compression phase learns to compress the image to a latent representation that lacks the imaging artifacts and other details. The decompression phase then combines with information passed by the residual connections in order to add back image details without adding in the details associated with the artifacts. FD U-net modifies the original U-net architecture by including dense blocks that allow layers to utilize information learned by previous layers within the dense block. Another technique was proposed using a simple CNN based architecture for removal of artifacts and improving the k-wave image reconstruction.


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: When a region of partial solid angles are not captured, generally due to geometric limitations, the image acquisition is said to have limited-view. As illustrated by the experiments of Davoudi et al., limited-view corruptions can be directly observed as missing information in the frequency domain of the reconstructed image. Limited-view, similar to sparse sampling, makes the initial reconstruction algorithm ill-posed. Prior to deep learning, the limited-view problem was addressed with complex hardware such as acoustic deflectors and full ring-shaped transducer arrays, as well as solutions like compressed sensing, weighted factor, and iterative filtered backprojection. The result of this ill-posed reconstruction is imaging artifacts that can be removed by CNNs. The deep learning algorithms used to remove limited-view artifacts include U-net and FD U-net, as well as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and volumetric versions of U-net. One GAN implementation of note improved upon U-net by using U-net as a generator and VGG as a discriminator, with the Wasserstein metric and gradient penalty to stabilize training (WGAN-GP).


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: Guan et al. was able to apply a FD U-net to remove artifacts from simulated limited-view reconstructed PA images. PA images reconstructed with the time-reversal process and PA data collected with either 16, 32, or 64 sensors served as the input to the network and the ground truth images served as the desired output. The network was able to remove artifacts created in the time-reversal process from synthetic, mouse brain, fundus, and lung vasculature phantoms. This process was similar to the work done for clearing artifacts from sparse and limited view images done by Davoudi et al. To improve the speed of reconstruction and to allow for the FD U-net to use more information from the sensor, Guan et al. proposed to use a pixel-wise interpolation as an input to the network instead of a reconstructed image. Using a pixel-wise interpolation would remove the need to produce an initial image that may remove small details or make details unrecoverable by obscuring them with artifacts. To create the pixel-wise interpolation, the time-of-flight for each pixel was calculated using the wave propagation equation. Next, a reconstruction grid was created from pressure measurements calculated from the pixels' time-of-flight. Using the reconstruction grid as an input, the FD U-net was able to create artifact free reconstructed images. This pixel-wise interpolation method was faster and achieved better peak signal to noise ratios (PSNR) and structural similarity index measures (SSIM) than artifact free images created when the time-reversal images served as the input to the FD U-net. This pixel-wise interpolation method was significantly faster and had comparable PSNR and SSIM than the images reconstructed from the computationally intensive iterative approach. The pixel-wise method proposed in this study was only proven for in silico experiments with homogenous medium, but Guan posits that the pixel-wise method can be used for real time PAT rendering.


title: Deep learning in photoacoustic imaging

text: High energy lasers allow for light to reach deep into tissue and they allow for deep structures to be visible in PA images. High energy lasers provide a greater penetration depth than low energy lasers. Around an 8 mm greater penetration depth for lasers with a wavelength between 690 to 900 nm. The American National Standards Institute has set a maximal permissible exposure (MPE) for different biological tissues. Lasers with specifications above the MPE can cause mechanical or thermal damage to the tissue they are imaging. Manwar et al. was able to increase the penetration of depth of low energy lasers that meet the MPE standard by applying a U-net architecture to the images created by a low energy laser. The network was trained with images of an ex vivo sheep brain created by a low energy laser of 20 mJ as the input to the network and images of the same sheep brain created by a high energy laser of 100 mJ, 20 mJ above the MPE, as the desired output. A perceptually sensitive loss function was used to train the network to increase the low signal-to-noise ratio in PA images created by the low energy laser. The trained network was able to increase the peak-to-background ratio by 4.19 dB and penetration depth by 5.88% for photos created by the low energy laser of an in vivo sheep brain. Manwar claims that this technology could be beneficial in neonatal brain imaging where transfontanelle imaging is possible to look for any lessions or injury.


title: Vehicle classification by propulsion system

text: Alternative abbreviations: FCHV (Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle), FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle), HFCV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle), HFCEV (Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle). This type is actually electric vehicle that is powered by electric energy generated using onboard fuel cell. Fuel cell uses hydrogen stored in hydrogen tanks and oxygen from the air to create water and electricity. Water is discarded but electricity is used for propulsion. Similarly to Hybrid Electric Vehicle, there is a small traction battery. That battery is used to capture energy while slowing down, driving downhill and also energy created by fuel cell in advance. Fuel cells are not instantaneous - there is a significant delay between driver request for acceleration and electricity generation - fuel cell must be blasted with hydrogen gas and fresh air for it to generate electricity. That delay is prevented by keeping some energy readily available in a battery, capacitor or flywheel. These vehicles do not have a socket therefore they cannot be recharged from the grid. All energy originates from fuel cell.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway has taught women's studies and the history of science at the University of Hawaii and Johns Hopkins University . She began working as a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States. Haraway's works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and human–animal relations. Her work has sparked debate in primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology. Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist Lynn Randolph from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, technoscience, political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of Haraway's book Modest_Witness for which she received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize in 1999. She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. In 2017, Haraway was awarded the Wilbur Cross Medal, one of the highest honors for alumni of Yale University.


title: 2006 WAFL season

text: It saw the three top clubs of 2005 – Subiaco, South Fremantle and Claremont – intensify their dominance of the competition, being five games and a large percentage ahead of the remaining six clubs and losing only four games to any of the other six clubs. The only major disappointment on-field was East Perth, who for their centenary season invested considerably in recruiting but won only one extra match vis-à-vis 2005 despite widespread expectation the Royals would be the main threat to the power clubs. The Royals had numerous injury problems with their recruits and coach Warren Mahoney resigned after the club lost its first seven games for its longest losing streak since 1929. West Perth after a poor pre-season comfortably took the final place in the four, and Peel Thunder, who suffered from predictions of extreme doom despite having won the past two colts premierships, doubled their 2005 win tally with some excellent football in July and August. Swan Districts, finalists in 2004 and 2005, began well but a horror run with injuries after May whereby they lost sole ruckman Taylan Ames, Shane Beros, Craig Callaghan and Daniel Wulf meant that after inflicting the first defeat upon Subiaco the Swans could win only one of their final eleven matches, losing many of the others in spectacular fashion.


title: Charlotte Lembach

text: In the 2013–14 season Jean-Philippe Daurelle replaced Cyril Tahon as coach of the French women's sabre team, which Lembach described as "a breath of fresh air". Under his coaching Lembach won a silver medal in the Dakar World Cup and climbed to the podium in Chicago and Beijing. In the European Championships held in her native Strasbourg, Lembach defeated teammate Cécilia Berder, but failed in the second round against No.1 seed Vassiliki Vougiouka and finished 13th. In the team event, France defeated Germany, but were overcome in the semi-finals by reigning champions Russia. They prevailed over Poland to come away with a bronze medal. In the World Championships at Kazan, she fell in the second round again, this time at the hands of Małgorzata Kozaczuk of Poland. In the team event France defeated Hungary, then created an upset by beating Russia in the quarter-finals and Italy in the semi-finals. Their winning streak was snapped in the final by the United States led by twice-Olympic champion Mariel Zagunis and France came away with a silver medal.


title: WKAY

text: WKAY (105.3 FM, "105.3 KFM') is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to Knoxville, Illinois, the station serves the Galesburg area including Knoxville, Monmouth, Abingdon and surrounding communities. WKAY is owned by Galesburg Broadcasting Company. The station, known on the air as "Today's Refreshing Light Rock 105.3 KFM" or "105.3 KFM" for short, signed on the air on Wednesday, December 13, 2000. Before the "official" sign on, the station played Christmas music while testing the transmitter. "Officially", the first song played was the "Heart of Rock-n-Roll" by Huey Lewis & The News. Mornings host Chris McIntyre was the first jock to be heard on 105.3 KFM. The original on-air line-up consisted of Chris McIntyre (5:30 am – 10 am), Scott Michael (10 am – 3 pm), K.C. Fleming (3 pm – 7 pm). As of 2021, Chris McIntyre is still Program Director and host of "Mornings with McIntyre" with Nick Ischer with the News & Sports. As of 2022 the on-air line up consists of Chris McIntyre (5 am – 12 pm), and Tyler Gumm (12 pm – 6 pm). In addition to morning duties, Chris McIntyre is also the Program/Music Director.


title: Buena Park Historic District

text: The Buena Park Historic District is a residential historic district in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. First developed in the 1890s, the district was originally planned to be an upper-class suburban neighborhood of Chicago with spacious homes. Development in the early twentieth century made the neighborhood denser, and while it was still a wealthy neighborhood by 1930, it featured many apartment buildings as well. The district's houses reflect Chicago's architectural development at the turn of the century; while its nineteenth-century homes have Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival designs, its twentieth-century houses exhibit newly popular styles such as the Prairie School and Classical Revival. The district's apartment buildings were designed in part to match the character of its houses, as doing so portrayed a sense of luxury and domesticity to its affluent residents; as a result, they largely used the same styles as the twentieth-century homes and often included courtyards to replace lawns.


title: Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam

text: It was not the first time that she incurred his wrath because of her extreme piety. The infuriated father, believing her to be an ungrateful wretch, married her to a leper with a taunt that he would see how her God would help her lead a normal life. The leper was severely disfigured and a foul smell came from his body. The poor girl had accepted her fate ungrudgingly and worked hard to maintain herself and her crippled husband. She kept repeating the name of God, and was certain that he was testing her with this turn of events. She was forced to beg for a living. Still she bathed and fed her leper husband, never losing faith. One day, she reached the site of a pool on her way to a neighbouring village. Placing the basket containing her husband by the side of the pool, she had gone off on an errand, most probably to look for food. In the meantime, her crippled husband had seen a black crow dip into the water of the pool and come out white. Amazed at this miracle, the man crawled up to the edge of the pool and managed a dip. He found himself completely cured. When his wife returned, she was amazed to find her husband in good health. He was handsome and whole. At first, she was alarmed and suspected that he might be a different person. He had, however, kept one finger with leprosy marks un-dipped. He showed her the diseased finger as proof of his identity. The couple thanked God, and went to the Guru to seek his blessings.


title: Bounce (Bon Jovi album)

text: At the end of July 2001, Bon Jovi finished their Crush world tour with two sold-out shows at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. The band then took a three-week break after which Jon and Richie Sambora started writing songs, first in Los Angeles and later in New Jersey. They have demoed some of those new songs in New Jersey in November 2001. After that, Jon had to fulfill an acting commitment to the TV series Ally McBeal , so he stayed at Sambora's house in Los Angeles and during that time they continued with the songwriting process and demoing process at Luke Ebbin's house. Songwriting and demoing process went on until March 2002, and between March and June 2002, the album was recorded. By early July 2002. all the songs that ended up on the album were mixed and by the late July of the same year they were mastered. In a period of less than a year, the band wrote approximately 40 songs, 12 songs ended up on the album and several more songs in their demo versions ended up on singles as B-sides. During the songwriting process, the band also wrote some songs that were written as a cathartic exercise. Those songs were written right after the September 11 attacks and they were mainly of woe from lyrical standpoint because they were influenced by that tragedy. Jon said that those songs were only written and will never be recorded.


title: Bounce (Bon Jovi album)

text: After a one-album absence, perennial Bon Jovi collaborator Desmond Child returned to co-write four of the album's 12 songs. The lyrics in the song "Undivided" were influenced by the September 11 attacks. It simply states that "no man is an island" and that all people are part of the greater world that is humanity, and that all people are stronger together than being apart. "Everyday" was also inspired by the September 11 attacks. It reinforces the need to live each day to its fullest and the lyrics acknowledge the harshness of life, but encourage listeners to "brush themselves off", get back up on their feet and get on with life. "The Distance" is written in a cinematic style. The music serves as a score to the lyrics, which begins as an establishing shot and the "camera" draws closer into the story as the song progresses. The lyrics talk about the passion that a person feels when there is a goal in sight and displays the determination shown when that person is striving to reach that goal. "Joey" is influenced and inspired by Elton John's song Levon and talks about a character who befriends a simple-minded young man. "Misunderstood" is a song about anyone who has said the wrong thing and has had to face the consequences. The song was written after Jon Bon Jovi came home after long period of time and he realised there were portions of his personal life he had neglected and wrote this song to admit his guilt. "All About Lovin' You" is a love song that talks about appreciating the love of another. It was also influenced by the events of September 11 and how many people rediscovered that love is the most important thing in life.


title: Bounce (Bon Jovi album)

text: "Hook Me Up" is a song that was inspired by a newspaper article about a young Palestinian man in occupied territory who was trying desperately to make contact with people via an old, beat-up ham radio. It was written from the young man's perspective who was trapped in a small corner of the world, amidst horrible events when all he wanted was communication and a connection with the outside world and other people. "Right Side of Wrong" is a modern-day Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid song that talks about good people involved with the wrong people but have their hearts in the right place. "Love Me Back to Life" is about world-weariness and the need for someone or something that will breathe the life back into one and allow them to appreciate the world again. "You Had Me from Hello" is about a committed relationship and the ability for someone to constantly see something new and beautiful in the one they love. The title was taken from a phrase spoken by Cameron Crowe in his film Jerry Maguire . The title track "Bounce" was originally written near the end of the One Wild Night Tour and had more sports-oriented lyrics. However, after the events of September 11, the song became a declaration of strength and defiance. It refers to the city of New York, and the United States as a whole, but also to the band's perseverance over a twenty-year career. "Open All Night" is written as a dialog between two characters in TV series Ally McBeal : Ally McBeal and Victor Morrison, a plumber and a babysitter portrayed by Jon Bon Jovi. Jon appeared in nine episodes as the character and the storyline involving Ally and Victor was romantic. Jon admitted that if that happened in real life, he would either never allow it to take so long or he would have moved on. .


title: Bounce (Bon Jovi album)

text: Bounce received generally mixed to unfavorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 61 out of 100, which indicates "favorable reviews" based on 8 reviews. Though, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic gave the album 2 stars out of 5 stating that album "After all, this is a record where Bon Jovi seems to have consciously decided to avoid everything that gives their music character, melody, and muscle, a move that would have been odd at any point during their career, but is particularly puzzling after they delivered an album that found them growing old gracefully. It's as if they want to undo everything Crush did for them". David Browne from Entertainment Weekly rated the album with C stating that "Bon Jovi have every right to write and sing topical songs. But the results are sonically grating (the music feels shrill and compressed) and strained, reducing the emotions and situations connected to Sept. 11 to stadium chants". Natalie Nichols from Los Angeles Times gave the album 2 stars out of 4 stating that "This time the music's trademark epic quality comes less from Richie Sambora's sprawling guitar work than from an overdose of strings and piano that reflects singer-actor Jon Bon Jovi's movie and TV interests". Gavin Edwards from Rolling Stone gave the album 3 stars out of 5 by saying that "The title Bounce is meant to be an exhortation to America after 9/11, and if it doesn't exactly offer poetic catharsis, the existence of the eighth Bon Jovi record is reassurance of a different kind: Life goes on". Sputnikmusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 saying that "Fueled by an emotional theme, Bon Jovi end up making their best album of the millennium era". Steven Poole from The Guardian gave the album 2 stars out of 5 saying that "for most of the record Jon Bon Jovi sounds puzzlingly like Elvis Costello or Elton John, and sugary ballads predominate, with Bruce Hornby-like piano intros and tasteful acoustic-guitar lines leading to swollen, meaningless choruses".


title: Down (band)

text: In 1999, while Down was on hiatus, Strange left the band and was replaced by Pantera bassist Rex Brown. In late November 2001, Down came back from hiatus to make another record. The band wrote and recorded Down II: A Bustle in Your Hedgerow in 28 "drug and booze induced" days in Phil Anselmo's barn called "Nödferatu's Lair." The album was released on March 26, 2002, but was not received with the same positive reviews as NOLA. Blabbermouth.net reviewer Borivoj Krgin stated, "Down II appears to have been thrown together more haphazardly, with much of the material falling short of the standard set by the Down's classic debut offering." Despite mixed reviews, the album debuted at number 44 on the Billboard 200. To support the album, Down toured on the second stage of Ozzfest in 2002. Also in 2002, the band recorded an acoustic version of "Stone the Crow" that was never officially released although it can be heard on YouTube. Afterward, the band once again entered an indefinite hiatus to focus on their respective bands.


title: Down (band)

text: On May 11, 2011, Down announced on their Facebook page that they "demoed a brand new tune." Down played at Download Festival on Saturday June 11, 2011. They played alongside System of a Down, Avenged Sevenfold and Alice Cooper. Rex did not tour with Down during their spring 2011 shows. Crowbar bassist Pat Bruders filled in for Rex during those shows. "Rex is not gonna be with us," said Keenan. "He's got things he needs to deal with, and we gave him an ultimatum and he's trying to work things out. We've got Pat (Bruders) from Crowbar playing bass, and he's ass-kickin' in the same way. He plays with his fingers—which is really cool; he's got the whole Geezer Butler thing going on." When asked whether or not Brown was still considered a part of the band, Keenan was hopeful but hesitant: "I don't know what to really say on that; he's not out of the band, but he's not playing with us live." On June 22, 2011, Jimmy Bower announced that Rex Brown would not be returning to Down, and that Pat Bruders is his replacement.


title: Down (band)

text: "I have to focus on this new stuff for the time being because really, to clear it up and make it loud and clear for everyone: Down, when Down got together, we knew we were a band made up of many other bands. It's always been out of brotherhood and love that when any of our 'real' bands such as C.O.C. and Eyehategod, specifically get on a roll, at the time, even Pantera, we always make room for that band. A tour like for Superjoint, for what it's worth, when Superjoint is working, there's no real time for Down, of course. It's a complete and just, I think, clear, very crystal-clear understanding between all of us that the day will come when things will slow down and we'll feel primed enough and ready for it and moods will alter as they do over time, especially musically. If you play certain songs, no matter what band you're in, if you play those songs enough times and enough nights, in a row, night after night, you're going to want to change tastes here and there. Yes, we will record another Down record. Everybody's committed to it. It's just right now, everybody's committed to it."


title: Anamorphic format

text: The introduction of anamorphic widescreen arose from a desire for wider aspect ratios that maximized overall image detail (compared to other widescreen formats, not compared to fullscreen) while retaining the use of standard (4 perf per frame) cameras and projectors. The modern anamorphic format has an aspect ratio of 2.39:1, meaning the (projected) picture's width is 2.39 times its height, (this is sometimes approximated to 2.4:1). The older Academy format of Anamorphic widescreen was a response to a shortcoming in the non-anamorphic spherical (a.k.a. "flat") widescreen format. With a non-anamorphic lens, the picture is recorded onto the film negative such that its full width fits within the film's frame, but not its full height. A substantial part of the frame area is thereby wasted, being occupied (on the negative) by a portion of the image which is subsequently matted-out (i.e. masked, either on the print or in the projector) and so not projected, in order to create the widescreen image.


title: Anamorphic format

text: To increase overall image detail, by using all the available area of the negative for only that portion of the image which will be projected, an anamorphic lens is used during photography to compress the image horizontally, thereby filling the full (4 perf) frame's area with the portion of the image that corresponds to the area projected in the non-anamorphic format. Up to the early 1960s, three major methods of anamorphosing the image were used: counter-rotated prisms (e.g. Ultra Panavision), curved mirrors in combination with the principle of total internal reflection (e.g. Technirama), and cylindrical lenses (lenses curved, hence squeezing the image being photographed, in only one direction, as with a cylinder, e.g. the original CinemaScope system based on Henri Chrétien's design). Regardless of the method, the anamorphic lens projects a horizontally squeezed image on the film negative. This deliberate geometric distortion is then reversed on projection, resulting in a wider aspect ratio on-screen than that of the negative's frame.


title: Anamorphic format

text: An anamorphic lens consists of a regular spherical lens, plus an anamorphic attachment (or an integrated lens element) that does the anamorphosing. The anamorphic element operates at infinite focal length, so that it has little or no effect on the focus of the primary lens it's mounted on but still anamorphoses (distorts) the optical field. A cameraman using an anamorphic attachment uses a spherical lens of a different focal length than they would use for Academy format (i.e. one sufficient to produce an image the full height of the frame and twice its width), and the anamorphic attachment squeezes the image (in the horizontal plane only) to half-width. Other anamorphic attachments existed (that were relatively rarely used) which would expand the image in the vertical dimension (e.g. in the early Technirama system mentioned above), so that (in the case of the common 2-times anamorphic lens) a frame twice as high as it might have been filled the available film area. In either case, since a larger film area recorded the same picture the image quality was improved.


title: Anamorphic format

text: Cinerama was an earlier attempt to solve the problem of high-quality widescreen imaging, but anamorphic widescreen eventually proved more practical. Cinerama (which had an aspect ratio of 2.59:1) consisted of three simultaneously projected images side by side on the same screen. However, in practice the images never blended together perfectly at the edges. The system also suffered from various technical drawbacks, in that it required a film frame that was 6 perf in height, three cameras (eventually simplified to just one camera with three lenses and three streaming reels of film and the attendant machinery), and three projectors, which resulted in a host of synchronization problems. Nonetheless, the format was popular enough with audiences to trigger off the widescreen developments of the early 1950s. A few films were distributed in Cinerama format and shown in special theaters, but anamorphic widescreen was more attractive to the Studios since it could realize a similar aspect ratio and without the disadvantages of Cinerama's complexities and costs.


title: Robert Keeton

text: Keeton was born in Clarksville, Texas. He was the second youngest of five children of William Keeton (who owned a general store) and Ernestine Teuton Keeton. One of his brothers, W. Page Keeton, also became a prominent lawyer and educator. Keeton earned his Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin and his Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law. As an undergraduate he became one of three students inducted into the Friar Society, an honor society at the University of Texas. In law school he was the assistant editor-in-chief of the Texas Law Review. Keeton went into private practice with the law firm of Baker & Botts in Houston before joining the United States Navy in World War II. As a lieutenant serving aboard the escort aircraft carrier USS Liscome Bay (CVE-56) he survived the sinking of the ship on November 24, 1943, by a torpedo from the Japanese submarine I-175. Keeton, clinging to debris for hours, was later pulled from the ocean. He was awarded a Purple Heart. Keeton returned to Baker & Botts in 1945 after the war. He later taught at Southern Methodist University.


title: Washday at the Pa

text: The living conditions of the family were seen as poor, and their rural home rundown. Concerns were raised by the Māori Women's Welfare League that the depiction of the Weretas would lead readers—impressionable children—to see the family and their living conditions as representative of all Māori. A campaign by the league had it that the book would have a "detrimental effect" on Māori people – and that the living conditions portrayed within the book were atypical. It was claimed that: "the Māori school child is immediately placed at a disadvantage with his European schoolfellows and becomes the butt of their derision". The league requested the bulletin's withdrawal from schools, and in August 1964, soon after its release, the journal was withdrawn by order of the Minister of Education. According to records, all 38,000 copies of the bulletin in schools as well as all unsold copies in the Government Bookshops chain were sent to Wellington, and destroyed, but copies have been seen selling for "hundreds of dollars" online.


title: Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place

text: The period between 1951-1954 saw a blossoming of LGBT nightlife in San Francisco, especially in North Beach and the Tenderloin. This was due to a few factors. First, a 1951 case against the 585 Club, a gay bar on Post Street, found that police could not arrest patrons unless they had clearly committed a crime. Because the patrons were merely at a bar, the police could not arrest them. This ruling helped encourage locals to open and maintain LGBT nightlife spots. Second, the influence of the beat generation helped bring a more open, transgressive sexuality into local culture. Writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, both of whom lived in North Beach, wrote about intimate male friendship and homosexual experiences. The famous Ginsberg poem Howl, which openly discussed homosexuality, was first performed at Six Gallery and later published by City Lights Publishers (across from 12 Adler Place) in 1955. In total, a collection of San Francisco LGBT venues opened and flourished in the early 1950s, including Tommy's Bar/12 Adler Place, Miss Smith's Tea Room (new bar), Tin Angel (new bar), The Beige Room (relocated bar), the Paper Doll (new supper club), Dolan's (new supper club), and Gordon's (new supper club).


title: Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place

text: In March 1955, a hearing took place to determine if the liquor license of the bar should be revoked. A San Francisco Chronicle journalist reported that some women seemed reluctant to testify, including an 18-year old brunette. However, the women felt forced to testify so that they would not receive charges themselves. A woman named Marie Serrano, a 20 year old resident of Sunnydale Avenue, testified at the hearing. She stated that she had been served alcohol as a teenage customer at Tommy's Place on multiple occasions, and she had never been asked for identification. She also stated that she drank at many other bars as a teenager, such as the Casbah on Mission Street, Zanzibar on Ocean Avenue, and the Emerald Isle. During the hearing, Sullivan testified and stated that she always asked young customers for their age. She also stated that a policeman named "Jim" often conducted checks at the bar, but he never arrested anyone. Miller was found guilty on two counts of contributing to the delinquency of minors. Van der Deer was allowed to go free by the jury. Sullivan was never arrested.


title: Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place

text: In 1955, Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place officially closed. The owners transferred the license to Frank Guidera. The 12 Adler Place location was renamed Frank's, before becoming Specs' Twelve Adler Museum Cafe in 1968. The Tommy's Place location became the Garden of Eden strip club. Overall, the closure of Tommy's Place/12 Adler Place was due to many factors, including the police raids, sensationalized media coverage, the Lavender Scare, and the PTA crusade against the bar. In the 1950s, mainstream American culture placed high value on heterosexual marriage, the nuclear family, defined gender roles, and repressed female sexuality. Lesbian bars, by contrast, were seen as transgressive and a direct threat to such values. Furthermore, the fact that lesbians often congregated in bars lent to the association of lesbianism with drugs and alcohol consumption. For this reason, as written in Wide Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco from 1965, "The 1954 raid on Tommy's Place... illustrates the dynamic and highlights the vulnerabilities of San Francisco lesbian communities in the postwar era." In total, the pressures of such times contributed to the bar's closure.


title: John Paul Kissock

text: During the 2010–11 pre-season, Kissock had trials with League One clubs Brighton & Hove Albion and Milton Keynes Dons but failed to win a contract with either. He started the season playing for his brother's team Newton F.C. in the eleventh-tier West Cheshire League, before swiftly moving up two divisions with a transfer to North West Counties League club Formby in October 2010. He immediately showed prowess, scoring in each of his first two games, one with a shot from inside his own half; these goals drew the attention of Liam Watson, manager of Conference Premier club Southport, who brought Kissock to his club in December 2010. The new signing made his first appearance for Southport on 28 December in a match against Fleetwood Town, and scored his first goal for the club in their 5–1 victory over Gateshead on 3 January 2011, also winning the man-of-the-match award. In the words of Liverpool Echo journalist Philip Kirkbride, Kissock was an "instant hit", performing well throughout the rest of the season while the team struggled while battling relegation. Despite their improvement since the addition of Kissock, Southport ended the season in the relegation zone; however, they remained in the division as a result of Rushden & Diamonds' expulsion in June 2011 for financial reasons. Having finished 21st out of the 24 teams, in the highest of the four relegation spots, they were retained in Rushden's place.


title: Robert Lebel (ice hockey)

text: During the third year of his tenure as president, he was embattled by the Cold War on ice. The 1962 Ice Hockey World Championships were scheduled for Colorado Springs, Colorado, for the first world championship hosted in the United States, and also the first to be played after the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. Lebel warned that there would be sanctions if the West Germany team refused to play the East Germany team as had happened in the previous year's championships. Prior to the 1962 event, the East German team were denied travel permits by the Allied Travel Bureau, so they were prevented from getting travel visas to the United States. In response, Lebel reiterated that East Germany was a member in good standing with the IIHF, entitled to play at the event, and that the IIHF would do everything in its power to enable East Germany to travel. The Soviet Union subsequently withdrew in protest, which began speculation of an Eastern Bloc boycott of the event. Lebel declined requests to relocate the event, said that it would go on as planned, and appealed to the travel bureau on behalf of the East Germans. He also denied a motion by the Soviets to remove the European Championship and World Championship statuses from the event, since the motion violated the IIHF constitution. Canada wanted to use former professionals at the event, but Lebel defended the IIHF decision to exclude players reinstated as amateurs after September 1, 1961, even though it worked against many Canadian players. Lebel was satisfied with the overall event including 14 teams despite the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia not attending. After the event, Soviet news agency TASS called for Lebel to be replaced at the IIHF, and for measures put in place to prevent politics in sports.


title: Socrates Nelson

text: Nelson was an important settler of the St. Croix River valley. When arriving in Stillwater, he initially built a store and established a mercantile business, which he ran for eleven years. Realizing that land development, rather than fur and trading, would be more prosperous, Nelson and Churchill laid claim to large tracts of land near the St. Croix River in 1845 and purchased the land from the United States General Land Office in 1849. By the summer of 1847, Nelson was shipping rafts of lumber hundreds of miles downriver to St. Louis, and in the summer of 1848, he and Churchill together purchased an area of timberland. Nelson entered the lumber business in earnest on February 7, 1851, as one of the corporators of the St. Croix Boom Company organized by the Minnesota Territorial Legislature. In 1852, Nelson and associates David B. Loomis and Daniel Mears (Nelson, Loomis and Company) platted what is now Bayport. There, they erected a boarding house and a lumber mill, called the S. Nelson Lumber Company. The steam-powered sawmill operated from 1853, the year Nelson left the mercantile business, to November 1858, when the company dissolved, leaving Nelson as the owner. He operated the mill infrequently over the next ten years, and sold the property in 1868.


title: Socrates Nelson

text: Riding a boom in real estate speculation and soaring land prices, Nelson and Churchill deeded 40 acres (16 ha) of land in January 1857 to St. Paul real estate salesman Robert F. Slaughter, half of which Slaughter deeded in turn to Hilary B. Hancock. Along with their wives, the four platted the area of nearly 500 lots on June 15, just months before the onset of a worldwide financial crisis known as the Panic of 1857. Amid a collapsing real estate market and with speculation screeching to a halt, the value of the now-platted and mostly unsold land plummeted to practical worthlessness. Months after the Panic began, Levi Churchill died and ceded his estate to his wife Elizabeth. Demoralized by deflated land prices, Slaughter and Hancock forfeited their claim to the lots. In early April 1867, hoping to spur development and drive demand for nearby lots they owned, Nelson and Elizabeth Churchill offered to sell the city of Stillwater an entire block of land for a token amount of $5 with no strings attached for the construction of a courthouse. The city accepted, and the courthouse building prompted development of the area, which Nelson would not live to see.


title: Socrates Nelson

text: In 1858, Nelson was nominated by the Minnesota Democratic Party as a candidate for state senator. He was elected as a Democrat from the 1st district on October 12, 1858, and served in the Minnesota Senate from 1859 to 1861. During his term in the 2nd Minnesota Legislature, he was on the Railroad and Railroad Bonds Special Committee and the State Prison Committee. As part of the committee on railroads, Nelson co-authored a report with Lucius K. Stannard on February 4, 1860, recommending the expungement of Article IX Section 10 of the Minnesota Constitution – known as the Loan Amendment. The amendment was introduced in 1858 to expedite the development of railway infrastructure and authorized a total of up to $5 million in loans for railroad companies. Section 10 was expunged soon thereafter during the 1860 presidential election. On March 5, 1860, he was one of five Democrats in the Minnesota Senate to vote in favor of a failed bill to legalize bringing slaves in to Minnesota temporarily.


title: Schwabacher Brothers

text: The Seattle Schwabachers, including Schwabachers-by-marriage Gatzert and Eckstein, were heavily involved in Seattle society, non-profit work, and in the establishment of Reform Judaism in Seattle. Along with Schwabacher protégé Jacob Furth, Bailey Gatzert played a key role in assuring the city a water supply in the 1880s. Gatzert was also a Seattle City Council member and mayor, as well as longtime Seattle Chamber of Commerce head. Gatzert's wife, the former Babette Schwabacher, co-founded Seattle's first charity, the Ladies Relief Society (now Seattle Children's Home), and was active in the early years of the city's Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society. Various Schwabacher associates played major roles in Seattle's first Jewish congregation, Ohaveth Sholum. Morton Schwabacher was a longtime board member of Temple De Hirsch, vice president of the ecumenical Camp Brotherhood, and president of the Council on Aging. Morton Schwabacher's wife Emily was a board member of Children's Orthopedic Hospital, now Seattle Children's. Nathan Eckstein's extensive volunteer activities included six years on the Seattle school board and active roles in the Seattle Community Fund (later Seattle United Way, a Washington State tax investigation committee , and the 1925 Seattle City Charter Commission; he was also active in charitable organizations and was a patron of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra. In addition, Jacob Furth, who had come to Seattle under the influence of the Gatzerts, and whose business interests were intertwined with theirs, played a major role on many fronts in the city's development.


title: John Elwes (politician)

text: According to author William Haig Miller, Elwes "complained bitterly of the birds robbing him of so much hay with which to build their nests." Even Elwes' health was limited by expense. In common with many misers, he distrusted physicians, preferring to treat himself in order to save paying for one. He once badly cut both legs while walking home in the dark, but would only allow the apothecary to treat one, wagering his fee that the untreated limb would heal first. Elwes won by a fortnight and the doctor had to forfeit his fee. He also bore a wound from a hunting accident. Legend has it that one day he was out shooting with a gentleman who was a particularly bad shot. This same man accidentally fired through a hedge, lodging several shot in the miser's cheek. With great embarrassment and concern, the gentleman approached Elwes to apologize, but Elwes, anticipating the apology, held out his hand, and said: "My dear sir, I congratulate you on improving; I thought you would hit something in time".


title: John Elwes (politician)

text: In 1772, with the help of Lord Craven he became a Member of Parliament for Berkshire (his election expenses amounted to a mere eighteen pence). He entered the House of Commons in a by-election as a compromise candidate to replace Thomas Craven, which began the first of three terms. He held his seat unopposed until he stood down at the 1784 election. Elwes sat with either party according to his whim, and he never once rose to address the House of Commons. Fellow members mockingly observed that since he possessed only one suit, they could never accuse him of being a "turncoat". Being a member of parliament did, however, cause Elwes to frequently travel to Westminster. He made the journey on a poor lean horse, the route chosen being always the one whereby he could avoid turnpike tolls. He was known to put a hard-boiled egg in his pocket, and midway on his journey would sit under some hedge and eat his egg or sleep. After twelve years, he retired rather than face the prospect of laying out any money to retain his seat.


title: John Elwes (politician)

text: Towards the end of his life, Elwes grew feverish and restless, hoarding small quantities of money in different places, continually visiting all the places of deposit to see that they were safe. He began suffering from delusion, fearing that he would die in poverty. In the night, he was heard struggling with imaginary robbers, crying: "I will keep my money! I will! Don't rob me! Oh, don't!" When asked who was there, Elwes would reply: "Sir, I beg your pardon, my name is Elwes, I have been unfortunate enough to be robbed in this house, which I believe is mine, of all the money I have in the world of five guineas and a half, and half a crown." The family doctor was sent for, and, looking at the dying miser, was heard to remark: "That man, with his original strength of constitution, and lifelong habits of temperance, might have lived twenty years longer, but for his continual anxiety about money." Even his barrister, who drew up his £800,000 will, was forced to undertake his writings in the firelight by the dying man's bedside in order to save the cost of a candle.


title: Microcotyle centropristis

text: Microcotyle centropristis has the general morphology of all species of Microcotyle, with a symmetrical body, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The short haptor is symmetrical, and bears clamps, arranged as two rows, one on each side. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two relatively large and round buccal suckers provided with a row of minute teeth and located at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, a long oesophagus and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with numerous secondary branches. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, armed with numerous fine sharply pointed spines directed inward and upward, a medio-dorsal vagina, a single ovary indistinctly outlined and a number of testes which are posterior to the ovary. The eggs have a very short spur-like processes at each end, instead of filaments, or are rounded at the ends.


title: All (band)

text: All's mascot is Allroy, a neon bright yellow cartoon character with spiked hair, whorls for eyes, and a large, toothy grin, often depicted engaged in conflict with an anthropomorphic musical note. Allroy was created by bassist Karl Alvarez, based on a caricature he had drawn of guitarist Stephen Egerton for the Descendents' 1987 "FinALL" tour posters. "When they go out on tour, Stephen likes to be the one that drives", said artist Chris Shary. "Well, he'd been up for a while, just pounding coffee, and Karl was in the back, and Stephen just turned back to look at him and it was this crazed , like almost the eyes spinning, and the big grin, and so Karl drew that out and that was the FinALL tour drawing. It just kind of went from there and got tweaked a little bit, and there was Allroy." Meant to be All's equivalent to the Descendents' Milo character, Allroy is "representative of all things Allular", said Alvarez, adding "I swear to God I'd never seen The Simpsons when I drew that design", noting the character's resemblance to Bart Simpson .


title: Min Guirong

text: Min was born in Putian, Fujian, on 2 June 1933, to a family of farming background. After graduating from Putian No.1 High School in 1952, he was admitted to Xiamen University. In 1952, Mao Zedong's government re-grouped the country's higher education institutions with individual institutions tending to specialize in a certain field of study after the Soviet model. He transferred to Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University). He joined the Chinese Communist Party in March 1955. In 1960, he was sent to the Soviet Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences) to study on government scholarships. He returned to China in 1963 and that same year became a researcher at the Institute of mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He participated in the design of China's first man-made satellite between 1965 and 1968. In 1968, he was promoted to vice president of China Academy of Space Technology, and served until January 1985. On 28 April 2021, he died of illness in Beijing, aged 87.


title: Bawang Merah Bawang Putih

text: The story centers on a pair of step sisters named Bawang Putih and Bawang Merah. Bawang Putih is the Malay and/or Indonesian word for garlic, while Bawang Merah is the Malay and/or Indonesian word for onion or shallot. This naming convention is in the same vein as the Western fairy tale sisters of Snow-White and Rose-Red although the previous do not get along as well. The use of these names for the female protagonist and her antagonist is symbolic of their physical similarity (both girls are beautiful) but have completely different personalities. Since the original folktale was passed on orally, different variations of the story exist. In most versions, Bawang Putih is the good and kind daughter, while Bawang Merah is the cruel and vindictive one, while in the 1959 black and white Malaysian movie, it is the other way around. There are several version about the story of Bawang Merah and Bawang Putih, one involving a magic pumpkin and the other involved a magical fish. Curiously the second version is very similar to the Sundanese folktale of Leungli the magical fish.


title: Sonora Santanera

text: Sonora Santanera is an orchestra playing tropical music from Mexico with over 60 years of history. Modeled after an earlier Cuban band called Sonora Matancera, the Sonora Santanera was founded in 1955 by Carlos Colorado in the state of Tabasco, and went on to find enormous success during the 1960s. In 1960, comic actor Jesús "Palillo" Martínez helped the band play in Mexico City and get a professional record deal under the name of Sonora Santanera. From that time until 1986, the band changed members, but remained focused on Carlos Colorado, the sole musical arranger for the group. Colorado died in a bus accident in 1986, causing some members to split off and form another orchestra called Los Santaneros. The remaining members changed name to Internacional Sonora Santanera. Since the 1980s, little of the band's sound changed although members continued to do so. In the 2000s, more bands appeared using the name of Sonora Santanera as part of their names, leading the orchestra to pursue legal actions and another name change in 2007 to the current name Sonora Santanera de Carlos Colorado.


title: Sonora Santanera

text: The band has its origins in the community of Barra de Santa Ana, Tabasco. The first members of the group were Juan Bustos, Silvestre Mercado, Andres Terrones, Armando Espinoza and Sergio Celeda who had known each other since primary school. Carlos Colorado met this group of friends in 1955 and proposed the formation of a group. The initial name of the band was Conjunto Blanco y Negro but was soon changed to Tropical Santanera. The name Santanera was chosen as a reference to the name of their hometown and because it is phonetically similar to Sonora Matancera, a Cuban band of the 1920s, after which the band is believed to have been modeled. Sonora Matancera created the format of an orchestra whose sound was based on tropical sons and boleros. They founded a Mexican tropical style and tradition. From the very beginning, Carlos Colorado was the leader of the band. He created the band's own distinctive version of this tropical orchestra music as the arranger even when it played the same songs as Matancera such as Luces de Nueva York.


title: Sonora Santanera

text: The group started by performing at various private events, and until 1960, had become very popular. At one event, they met Jesús "Palillo" Martínez, who took an interest in the group. He hired them to play at the Follies Berger Theater as an orchestra-show playing mambo, cha-cha-cha, danzón, bolero and tango. At this time, their name was changed to Sonora Santanera at the suggestion of Martínez. While in Mexico City, they also studied with the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.Shortly after this, they were given the chance to audition to cut a record with CBS, and did so under the Sonora Santanera name, which include now-standards such as La boa by Carlos Lico and Félix Reyna and Los aretes de la luna by Dolores Quiñones. They also became part of the talent pool on this label in 1960. Hits on this album such as La boa and Los aretes de la luna made them famous and they began to tour Latin America and parts of the United States. The only female singer to ever appear with the group was Sonia Lopez in 1962. She is best known for the songs "El ladron", "Corazón de acero" and "El nido". However, after less than a year, she decided to leave Santanera to go solo.


title: Morgan Lindsay

text: In May 1900, Lindsay was placed in command of a company from the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers which was sent for service in South Africa in the Second Boer War. The company left Southampton on 6 June 1900 on board RMS Aurania, arriving at Cape Town on 29 June, from where they travelled by train to the Orange River Colony for duty with the regular Royal Engineers based at Bloemfontein, where they would be engaged on work repairing the roads, railways and bridges for the next 15 months. In late 1900, the company was transferred to the Imperial Military Railways, with Lindsay being appointed Deputy Superintendent of Works and Officer Commanding the Railway Troops in Orange River Colony. In this capacity, he was based at Kroonstad from where he was responsible for the pay, clothing and discipline of the soldiers of all corps employed on the Imperial Military Railways in the Colony, as well as maintaining the railway network. The company were recalled to England in September 1901, and were disembodied on 14 October 1901.


title: Mixing (process engineering)

text: Suspension of solids into a liquid is done to improve the rate of mass transfer between the solid and the liquid. Examples include dissolving a solid reactant into a solvent, or suspending catalyst particles in liquid to improve the flow of reactants and products to and from the particles. The associated eddy diffusion increases the rate of mass transfer within the bulk of the fluid, and the convection of material away from the particles decreases the size of the boundary layer, where most of the resistance to mass transfer occurs. Axial-flow impellers are preferred for solid suspension because solid suspension needs momentum rather than shear, although radial-flow impellers can be used in a tank with baffles, which converts some of the rotational motion into vertical motion. When the solid is denser than the liquid (and therefore collects at the bottom of the tank), the impeller is rotated so that the fluid is pushed downwards; when the solid is less dense than the liquid (and therefore floats on top), the impeller is rotated so that the fluid is pushed upwards (though this is relatively rare). The equipment preferred for solid suspension produces large volumetric flows but not necessarily high shear; high flow-number turbine impellers, such as hydrofoils, are typically used. Multiple turbines mounted on the same shaft can reduce power draw.


title: Mixing (process engineering)

text: The degree of homogeneity of a solid-liquid suspension can be described by the RSD (Relative Standard Deviation of the solid volume fraction field in the mixing tank). A perfect suspension would have a RSD of 0% but in practice, a RSD inferior or equal to 20% can be sufficient for the suspension to be considered homogeneous, although this is case-dependent. The RSD can be obtained by experimental measurements or by calculations. Measurements can be performed at full scale but this is generally unpractical, so it is common to perform measurements at small scale and use a "scale-up" criterion to extrapolate the RSD from small to full scale. Calculations can be performed using a computational fluid dynamics software or by using correlations built on theoretical developments, experimental measurements and/or computational fluid dynamics data. Computational fluid dynamics calculations are quite accurate and can accommodate virtually any tank and agitator designs, but they require expertise and long computation time. Correlations are easy to use but are less accurate and don't cover any possible designs. The most popular correlation is the 'just suspended speed' correlation published by Zwietering . It's an easy to use correlation but it is not meant for homogeneous suspension. It only provides a crude estimate of the stirring speed for 'bad' quality suspensions (partial suspensions) where no particle remains at the bottom for more than 1 or 2 seconds. Another equivalent correlation is the correlation from Mersmann . For 'good' quality suspensions, some examples of useful correlations can be found in the publications of Barresi , Magelli , Cekinski or Macqueron . Machine learning can also be used to build models way more accurate than "classical" correlations.


title: Mixing (process engineering)

text: Liquids and gases are typically mixed to allow mass transfer to occur. For instance, in the case of air stripping, gas is used to remove volatiles from a liquid. Typically, a packed column is used for this purpose, with the packing acting as a motionless mixer and the air pump providing the driving force. When a tank and impeller are used, the objective is typically to ensure that the gas bubbles remain in contact with the liquid for as long as possible. This is especially important if the gas is expensive, such as pure oxygen, or diffuses slowly into the liquid. Mixing in a tank is also useful when a (relatively) slow chemical reaction is occurring in the liquid phase, and so the concentration difference in the thin layer near the bubble is close to that of the bulk. This reduces the driving force for mass transfer. If there is a (relatively) fast chemical reaction in the liquid phase, it is sometimes advantageous to disperse but not recirculate the gas bubbles, ensuring that they are in plug flow and can transfer mass more efficiently.


title: Mixing (process engineering)

text: At a laboratory scale, mixing is achieved by magnetic stirrers or by simple hand-shaking. Sometimes mixing in laboratory vessels is more thorough and occurs faster than is possible industrially. Magnetic stir bars are radial-flow mixers that induce solid body rotation in the fluid being mixed. This is acceptable on a small scale, since the vessels are small and mixing therefore occurs rapidly (short blend time). A variety of stir bar configurations exist, but because of the small size and (typically) low viscosity of the fluid, it is possible to use one configuration for nearly all mixing tasks. The cylindrical stir bar can be used for suspension of solids, as seen in iodometry, deagglomeration (useful for preparation of microbiology growth medium from powders), and liquid–liquid blending. Another peculiarity of laboratory mixing is that the mixer rests on the bottom of the vessel instead of being suspended near the center. Furthermore, the vessels used for laboratory mixing are typically more widely varied than those used for industrial mixing; for instance, Erlenmeyer flasks, or Florence flasks may be used in addition to the more cylindrical beaker.


title: Mixing (process engineering)

text: When scaled down to the microscale, fluid mixing behaves radically different. This is typically at sizes from a couple (2 or 3) millimeters down to the nanometer range. At this size range normal advection does not happen unless it is forced by a hydraulic pressure gradient. Diffusion is the dominant mechanism whereby two different fluids come together. Diffusion is a relatively slow process. Hence a number of researchers had to devise ways to get the two fluids to mix. This involved Y junctions, T junctions, three-way intersections and designs where the interfacial area between the two fluids is maximized. Beyond just interfacing the two liquids people also made twisting channels to force the two fluids to mix. These included multilayered devices where the fluids would corkscrew, looped devices where the fluids would flow around obstructions and wavy devices where the channel would constrict and flare out. Additionally channels with features on the walls like notches or groves were tried.


title: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai

text: After the first ever elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, the Communist Party of India emerged as the single largest party. E M S Namboodiripad formed the first elected government with the support of 5 independent legislators. The government was not able to complete its full 5 year term. The Communist-led government was dissolved as a consequence of the movement known as the Vimochana Samaram (Liberation Struggle). The Communist government was dismissed on 31 July 1959 and President's rule was imposed in the state under Article 356 of the constitution. Fresh elections were held in 1960 and Thanu Pillai became the second Chief Minister of Kerala, as head of a PSP-INC-Muslim League coalition administration. He assumed office on 22 February 1960. However, he resigned on 26 September 1962 to make way for R. Sankar of the INC as the next Chief Minister of the state. He was appointed Governor of Punjab on 1 October 1962 and later Governor of Andhra Pradesh on 4 May 1964 and remained in office till 11 April 1968.


title: United States Air Force Medical Service

text: Dental laboratory technicians receive an extensive specialized extended training at the US Air Force School Of Health Care Science. Graduates continue upgraded technical training throughout their career. Advanced courses include the production and technical understanding of complex dental and maxillofacial prosthetics. The Dental Corps consists of commissioned officers holding the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree or Doctor of Dental Medicine degree or a further, post-graduate degree. The current chief of the Dental Corps is brigadier general Sharon R. Bannister. The enlisted members of the USAF are assistants, technicians and prophylaxis technicians that train under licensed hygienists. The enlisted members are to support commissioned officers in different areas of the dental clinic. The enlisted members usually receive special training at certain bases that may have periodontist, oral surgeon, endodontist, orthodontist. After the first few years rotating in the clinic as an enlisted member, they can either become a prophylaxis technician which is a hygienist in the Air Force. Enlisted members also have the choices to work in other areas, such as DIPC, where instruments are cleaned, or front desk.


title: United States Air Force Medical Service

text: Physicians can enter service into the Air Force through several different paths. Cadets at the US Air Force Academy can compete for selection to medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) or at any CONUS medical school through HPSP. An academy graduate who attends USUHS will incur a twelve-year (seven for USUHS and five for the Academy) service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship; an academy graduate who attends a civilian medical school will incur a nine-year service commitment not counting any training such as residency and fellowship. Civilian undergraduates can also apply to USUHS, they incur a seven-year service commitment. USUHS students are commissioned officers at the rank of Second Lieutenant (O-1) and are paid as full-time active duty members. All of their school and expenses are paid by the US Air Force. USUHS graduates must complete residency training in a military residency program. Civilian medical school students can apply for the Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP). HPSP medical students have their medical school tuition paid by the US Air Force and receive a monthly stipend for living expenses, but they are not on active duty. These graduates can usually attend a civilian or military residency training program and incur a three or four-year service commitment (one year commitment per year of scholarship assistance). Civilian resident physicians can enter Air Force service through the Financial Assistance Program (FAP). FAP physicians receive payment while in residency, but do not receive funds to pay for medical school. Unlike all other programs in the Air Force, they incur a service commitment of based on their length in the program, plus one year (e.g. two years in the program incurs a three-year service commitment). All graduates of residency training enter active duty at the rank of Captain (O-3). Most of the US Air Force Academy graduates pursue a career as an Air Force physician, while the vast majority of HPSP graduates leave the service as soon as their commitment is completed.


title: Buddhas of Bamiyan

text: The Buddhas of Bamiyan (Pashto: د باميانو بودايي پژۍ, Dari: تندیس‌های بودا در بامیان) were two possibly 6th-century monumental Buddhist statues in the Bamiyan Valley of Afghanistan. Located 130 kilometres (81 mi) to the northwest of Kabul, at an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), carbon dating of the structural components of the Buddhas has determined that the smaller 38 m (125 ft) "Eastern Buddha" was built around 570 CE, and the larger 55 m (180 ft) "Western Buddha" was built around 618 CE, which would date both to the time when the Hephthalites ruled the region. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site of historical Afghan Buddhism, it was a holy site for Buddhists on the Silk Road. However, in March 2001, both statues were destroyed by the Taliban following an order given on February 26, 2001, by Taliban leader Mullah Muhammad Omar, to destroy all the statues in Afghanistan "so that no one can worship or respect them in the future". International and local opinion condemned the destruction of the Buddhas.


title: Buddhas of Bamiyan

text: Scientists from the Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties in Japan, the Centre of Research and Restoration of the French Museums in France, the Getty Conservation Institute in the United States, and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France, analysed samples from the paintings, typically less than 1 mm across. They discovered that the paint contained pigments such as vermilion (red mercury sulfide) and lead white (lead carbonate). These were mixed with a range of binders, including natural resins, gums (possibly animal skin glue or egg), and oils, probably derived from walnuts or poppies. Specifically, researchers identified drying oils from murals showing Buddhas in vermilion robes sitting cross-legged amid palm leaves and mythical creatures as being painted in the middle of the 7th century. It is believed that they are the oldest known surviving examples of oil painting, possibly predating oil painting in Europe by as much as six centuries. The discovery may lead to a reassessment of works in ancient ruins in Iran, China, Pakistan, Turkey, and India.


title: Buddhas of Bamiyan

text: Later, on 18 March 2001, then Taliban ambassador-at-large Sayed Rahmatullah Hashemi said that the destruction of the statues was carried out by the Head Council of Scholars after a Swedish monuments expert proposed to restore the statues' heads. Rahmatullah Hashemi is reported as saying: "When the Afghan head council asked them to provide the money to feed the children instead of fixing the statues, they refused and said, 'No, the money is just for the statues, not for the children'. Herein, they made the decision to destroy the statues"; however, he did not comment on the claim that a foreign museum offered to "buy the Buddhist statues, the money from which could have been used to feed children". Rahmatullah Hashemi added: "If we had wanted to destroy those statues, we could have done it three years ago," referring to the start of U.S. sanctions. "In our religion, if anything is harmless, we just leave it. If money is going to statues while children are dying of malnutrition next door, then that makes it harmful, and we destroy it." Hashemi denied any religious grounds in the justification of the statues' destruction.


title: Buddhas of Bamiyan

text: The Taliban's intention to destroy the statues, caused a wave of international horror and protest. According to UNESCO Director-General Kōichirō Matsuura, a meeting of ambassadors from the 54 member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was conducted. All OIC states—including Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, three countries that officially recognised the Taliban government—joined the protest to spare the monuments. Saudi Arabia and the UAE later condemned the destruction as "savage". Although India never recognised the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, New Delhi offered to arrange for the transfer of all the artifacts in question to India, "where they would be kept safely and preserved for all mankind". These overtures were rejected by the Taliban. Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf sent a delegation led by Pakistan's interior minister Moinuddin Haider to Kabul to meet with Omar and try to prevent the destruction, arguing that it was un-Islamic and unprecedented. As recounted by Steve Coll:


title: Buddhas of Bamiyan

text: The UNESCO Expert Working Group on Afghan cultural projects convened to discuss what to do about the two statues between 3–4 March 2011 in Paris. Researcher Erwin Emmerling of Technical University Munich announced he believed it would be possible to restore the smaller statue using an organic silicon compound. The Paris conference issued a list of 39 recommendations for the safeguarding of the Bamyan site. These included leaving the larger Western niche empty as a monument to the destruction of the Buddhas, a feasibility study into the rebuilding of the Eastern Buddha, and the construction of a central museum and several smaller site museums. Work has since begun on restoring the Buddhas using the process of anastylosis, where original elements are combined with modern material. It is estimated that roughly half the pieces of the Buddhas can be put back together according to Bert Praxenthaler, a German art historian and sculptor involved in the restoration. The restoration of the caves and Buddhas has also involved training and employing local people as stone carvers. The project, which also aims to encourage tourism to the area, is being organised by UNESCO and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS).