title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: D'Costa, embarked on a career in the Hindi film industry with the aspiration of showcasing his acting talent. As a member of the Cine Artistes' Association, a film organization in Bombay, D'Costa approached producer-director Dhirubhai Desai, hoping for an opportunity. Impressed by D'Costa's abilities, Desai cast him in a minor role as a blind man in the film Unchi Haweli. Despite the challenges faced by middle-aged actors in securing substantial roles, D'Costa's performance caught the attention of Desai's production manager, Pralhad, who recognized his potential and assigned him the role. To adhere to the prevailing norms of Hindi film circles, D'Costa adopted the name Prem Kumar, shedding his Christian name. Following his debut, D'Costa took on various minor roles in Hindi movies such as Mera Salam , Bandish , Shaukeen, Hum Bhi Insan Hai, Sakhi, Bahadur , and Hamara Hak before eventually returning to the Konkani theatrical tradition known as tiatr. His performances caught the attention of K. N. Singh, a character actor in Hindi films, who praised him for his acting skills. D'Costa's portrayal of a Muslim molvi (priest) in the film Hamara Hak garnered acclaim for his authentic delivery of Arabic dialogues, defying expectations as a Goan Catholic. Despite a promise from veteran director S. M. Esmael for a significant role in an upcoming Hindi film, fate intervened when Esmael died, leaving the promise unfulfilled.


title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: However, D'Costa's true passion lay in the Konkani stage. Proficient in the Konkani language and finding greater expressiveness in his native tongue, D'Costa abandoned Hindi films and dedicated himself to the development and growth of tiatr. During a visit to Princess Theatre Bhangwadi, D'Costa accompanied Vasant Joglekar, a known figure in Marathi theatre, to watch a Konkani tiatr by a prominent writer-director. D'Costa was humbled by the scene depicting a landlord's house against a jungle backdrop, which inspired his determination to elevate the tiatr stage. He bid farewell to Hindi films and embarked on a journey to write and stage new tiatrs, eagerly awaiting opportunities to showcase his work. In the 1950s, D'Costa introduced innovative concepts to the tiatr stage, employing projectors and slides to enhance visual experiences. Writer Fausto V. da Costa states, D'Costa's tiatrs incorporated spectacular scenes reminiscent of movies, captivating audiences from all walks of life. Combining engaging storylines, rich dialogues, and high literary standards, he addressed diverse themes of family, society, and religion in his productions. His unique comedic style and emotionally resonant cantos further contributed to the appeal of his tiatrs.


title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: Fausto V. da Costa further writes, D'Costa's contributions extended beyond performance aspects, revolutionizing the Konkani stage with visually striking sets, dialogue depth, and mesmerizing light effects. He introduced novel stage designs, including the jackknife stage, revolving stage, and half-sliding stage, setting him apart from his contemporaries. Drawing from his experiences in Hindi films, D'Costa incorporated scenes depicting rice fields, ploughing, railways, airplanes, waterfalls, and more, enriching the tiatr experience. With technical brilliance in stage setting and lighting, D'Costa aimed to elevate the standards of Konkani tiatrs, infusing them with a touch of cinematic grandeur. D'Costa wrote and produced a total of 55 plays. Despite their elaborate sets, several of his popular productions, such as Dukh (Pain), Kakut (Mercy), Peleache Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie, and Ordhi Bakri (Half Bakri), surpassed 100 performances. Dukh was performed a total of 126 times, Kakut had over 100 showings, and Peleachi Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie achieved 135 performances. One of D'Costa's acclaimed productions is Jivit Ek Sopon (Life is a dream), featuring the talent of Betty Ferns. In this play, Ferns portrayed a character disguised as a male, delivering a memorable performance.


title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: D'Costa set a record by organizing 25 performances of Jivit Ek Sopon, within a span of 12 days in Goa. D'Costa's plays often tackled important social issues. Works like Abdul Narayan D'Souza and Fulam Ani Kantte (Flowers and Thorns) addressed the theme of communal harmony, while Vavraddi (Labourer), in which D'Costa himself took part, provided an authentic depiction of rural life. Notably, D'Costa's tiatr Piso (Madman) stands out as the sole monologue performance in the tiatr genre to date. In Maria Magdalena (Mary Magdalene), D'Costa received praise from Valerian Cardinal Gracias for his portrayal of a religious narrative. The play featured a scene in which water miraculously sprang from a rock upon Jesus' instruction, garnering applause from the audience. D'Costa's popular tiatrs include Vauraddi, Rinn (Debt), Dukh, Kakut, Jivit ek Sopon, Konnank Mhunnon Maim (Whom should I call mother?), Abdul Narayan D'Souza, Jawan (Soldier), Peleache Vostuchi Axea Korum Naie, Fulam ani Kantte, Upkar Naslolo, Ordhi Bhakri, Govai (Witness), Kaido (Rule), Koidi, Rogtac Tanello (Blood Thirsty), Khoto Poiso (Fake Money), Rekad (Regards), Tufan (Storm), Angounn (Solemn vow), Fottkiro (Liar), No Vacancy, Ghatki Voni (Traitor Sister-in-law), Ixttaghot (Friendship), Vantte (Division), Maria Magdalena, Gorib (Poor), Mortikar (Killer), Vadiu, Amchi Bhas (Our Language), Ugddas (Remembrance), Dhorji (Tailor), Noxib (Luck), Abru (Respect), among others. Y. B. Chavan, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra at the time, was impressed to realize that he was presenting an award to the actor D'Costa, who had delivered a memorable performance as a disabled character in Angounn.


title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: D'Costa's notable work included Rinn, a production that involved an innovative use of a sliding stage. In this tiatr, he depicted a courtroom drama by seamlessly transitioning the stage between the courtroom setting and flashbacks of the events, creating a compelling theatrical experience. His tiatr Jawan expressed a strong sense of love for one's country. Whereas the theatrical production Mortikar depicted the escape of a killer using a visual display of a road scene, portraying the criminal running away. D'Costa's directing style emphasized the significance of costumes and [ voice modulation to enhance each character's performance. He showcased his talent not only in Goa and Bombay but also in various cities across India, including Poona, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Calcutta, and Mangalore. Additionally, he staged tiatrs in Gulf countries. D'Costa produced his own audio cassette titled Lojen Baulolem Ful and aired many of his plays on All India Radio and television. He also made contributions to the Konkani film industry, producing and writing lyrics for the film Boglantt, in which he played the lead role alongside actress Rita Rose. D'Costa has provided commentary and dialogues on numerous cassette recordings. Beyond his theatrical pursuits, D'Costa was a composer of songs. He crafted numerous compositions for tiatrs, as well as standalone pieces for sideshows. Writer André Raphael Fernandes writes, while D'Costa's focus primarily lay in acting, his musical contributions showcased his mastery of the Konkani language.


title: Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)

text: Historian Wilson Mazarello writes, D'Costa not only took on the main roles but also excelled in portraying character roles. He meticulously prepared for his roles, paying close attention to details such as costumes and makeup to enhance the portrayal of the characters. Additionally, D'Costa was known to produce his own tiatrs at regular intervals, typically every two years. Throughout his career, D'Costa displayed his versatility as an actor, portraying a diverse range of characters, including fathers, landlords, farmers, lunatics, and beggars. His plays often conveyed important messages, underscoring the intrinsic connection between farmers and the land in works like Vauraddi. D'Costa emphasized the dignity of manual labor and encouraged the educated to consider agriculture as a meaningful occupation. Mazarello further writes, D'Costa's impact on the tiatr community is extensive, with over 500 tiatr performances to his credit, encompassing both his own productions and collaborations with fellow artists.


title: Plagianthus divaricatus

text: Plagianthus divaricatus or salt-marsh ribbonwood is a bushy shrub endemic to New Zealand with thin twiggy intertwined stems that have small clusters of narrow leaves. Its branches are divaricate in form and it can reach up to 3 m tall. Salt marsh ribbonwood (Plagianthus divaricatus) can present as open and twiggy, or the opposite as wiry and tightly knit. Lateral branches reach outwards from a stout stem, forming divergent linear twigs. Its twigs have small star-shaped hairs when looked at under a magnifying lens. The leaves are small and narrow, reaching 5–20 mm long and 0.5–2 mm wide. In spring it produces masses of small cream five petaled flowers. Its flowers are creamy white with purple tinged edges and are small and drooping. Only the male flowers are sweet smelling. It has small white fruit, approximately 5 mm wide. It hybridises with lowland ribbonwood (Plagianthus regius), which produces tall, bushy, deciduous shrubs. The leaves of the hybrid are grey-green, wider, and flatter than P. divaricatus.


title: Plagianthus divaricatus

text: Herbivore species associated with Plagianthus divaricatus have been recorded on Landcare research and given a reliability score from a scale of 1-10 to indicate the level of evidence for the association. The following received a 10 on this scale and are described as directly affecting the plants' structure: Batrachomorphus adventitiosus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae); Ichneutica scutata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); Harmologa oblongana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae); Hoherius meinertzhageni (Coleoptera: Anthribidae); Liothula omnivora (Lepidoptera: Psychidae); Peristoreus australis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); Pseudococcus hypergaeus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae); Romna scotti (Hemiptera: Miridae); Scolypopa australis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) and Stigmella aigialeia (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). The following received a 9 on the scale: Chloroclystis inductata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae); Leucaspis sp. 'Tahuna Torea' (Hemiptera: Diaspididae); Pseudocoremia lactiflua (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Salicicola maskelli (Hemiptera: Diaspididae).


title: Plagianthus divaricatus

text: Myzus persicae is an aphid present on P. divaricatus. Hoherius meinertzhageni is a beetle that tunnels in the dead wood of P. divaricatus. Two different plant hopper species feed on P. divaricatus, Anzora unicolor (Grey-Winged Plant Hopper) and Batrachomorphus adventitiosus. P. divaricatus is host to two gall mites. Aceri plagianthi which is endemic to New Zealand is only present on both P. regius and P.divaricatus. It causes similar deformities on the inflorescence as E. plaginus, as well as a white felty growth on the leaves. Eriophyes plaginus, also endemic to New Zealand, and also only present on both P. regius and P. divaricatus, causes deformities on the inflorescence and induces 'witches' broom' galls. Aphis mellifera, the honeybee, pollinates the flowers of P. divaricatus. Two species of mealybugs feed on P. divaricatus, Paracoccus albatus and Pseudococcus hypergaeus. A mirid sucking bug Halormus velifer feeds on P. divaricatus as does Romna scotti. Many different species of moths are herbivores of P. divaricatus. Chloroclystis inductata its caterpillars feed on the flowers. Caterpillars of Graphania scutata, Harmologa oblongana, Liothula omnivora (Case Moth), Pseudocoremia lactiflua and Stigmella aigialeia feed on the leaves of P. divaricatus. A wide variety of scale insect species are also present on P. divaricatus. Aphenochiton inconspicuous , Aspidiiotus nerii , Hemiberlesia lataniae , Hemiberlesia rapax, Leucaspis sp. (Tahuna Torea) which lives on the stems of P. divaricatus and Saissetia oleae. One sucking insect species Scolypopa australis. And lastly for invertebrates, one weevil species Peristoreus australis whose larvae are reared from the male flowers.


title: Cranberry fruit rot

text: The management of CFR can be complicated and varies due to the number of pathogens and the temporal aspect of fruit rot. Fungicides applied during the projected times of infection and on potential areas, such as flowers and after fruit set, are effective at deterring fruit rot. Due to the number of pathogens, general fungicides such as chlorothalonil, instead of specific-targeting fungicides, are more effective. However, fungicides can reduce fruit quality and fruit set in some cases, thus their use is often limited. Harvest can also play a role in reducing the risk of pathogens. Wet harvest using floodwater, although quicker and easier, can spread pathogens, which would increase chances of storage rot. Dry harvests can cause more damage to vines and take longer, but can reduce disease spread and decrease the potential of storage rot. Depending on the final use of cranberries, each harvest type can be beneficial. Sanding, a process where sand is laid on the field to stimulate root growth from the harvested cranberries, could actually play a role in covering up inoculum with plant debris, which may decrease the chances of field and storage rot. Resistance and biological controls have proved difficult to validate due to the disease complex being composed of different fungal pathogens.


title: Clurichaun

text: Though generally regarded as separate beings, certain characteristics of the leprechaun have sometimes been merged with those of the clurichaun, particularly as a shoemaker and treasure guardian. The clurichaun is sometimes portrayed carrying a jug of ale or wearing a leather apron with hammer in hand, whistling as he works. He also carries a magical purse (or sometimes a pewter beggars cup) with varying properties. It may contain a shilling (known as the "lucky shilling" or spre na skillenagh) that always returns to the purse no matter how often it is spent, or it may always be full of money, and for this reason mortals will often try to capture the clurichaun. Even if he is caught he has the power to vanish if he can make his captor look away even for an instant. He frequently carries two such purses, one containing the magic shilling and the other containing a normal copper coin, and if captured he will present the latter before vanishing. Like the leprechaun he is sometimes said to have knowledge of hidden treasure and can be forced to reveal its location. In such instances one of his tricks is to create the illusion of multiple treasure markers so that the seeker will not know its exact whereabouts.


title: J. B. Blanding

text: Lieutenant Blanding, Mr. Martin, and our two brave men, D. A. Sisson and A. F. Randall, heroically stood by the wounded men and the crippled boat, resolved to do or die in performing their whole duty, but soon perceiving that the shattered vessel was on fire, called to the row-boat on shore to rescue the wounded. Amid the screeching missiles a black man by order of Lieutenant Smith, brought the row-boat to their relief. Into this were carefully put the wounded that were living. Then our men looked to their safety. Lieutenant Blanding, still suffering in his unhealed, shrivelled, helpless left arm, shot in action in the preceding October, at Pocotaligo, by desperate effort of paddling and pushing, urged the boatload of wounded men beyond the reach of the flames, towards the shore; but, finally, in crossing a small inner channel, he could not lift himself again into the boat, and was obliged to drop his hold and strike out with his one arm to save his life; and, though he went down twice, he at last reached land.


title: J. B. Blanding

text: Blanding was shot by white Mississippians shortly after 7:30 p.m. on the evening of Monday, April 30, 1866. The circumstances were that "he was invited to a walk after supper and had gone but a short distance when a pistol was placed near his head and without a moment's warning three shots were fired at him, each taking effect...No cause was given for this cowardly and brutal act." The shooting took place near the Woodroof & Co. building in front of a "10-pin alley" along the edge of the town square. One account said three men were involved. Two bullets struck him in the head and one entered into his back. He survived long enough to make a dying declaration about his own murder. Blanding died at 10:30 the next morning. The regional sub-commissioner reporting Blanding's murder also said that he and anyone deemed "Yankee" was in grave danger in Grenada, and that the teachers at the school for newly emancipated black children were also "not safe." This was known to him because "as Blanding lay dying, 'a committee of citizens' paid a call on his captain to warn him 'that the teachers must leave, and that if he himself did not leave he would be killed next.'"


title: J. B. Blanding

text: The official records of the Freedmen's Bureau indicate that Forrest and "Young Wilson" (who had been convicted of the murders of "one or two negroes" in Louisiana) were major suspects. On March 28, 1873, Grenada County chancery court officer C. P. Lincoln sent a letter to the feds inquiring about possibly arresting Tom Wilson. According to Lincoln, Wilson had been sentenced to life in Angola Prison after murdering "one or two negroes" but was out again and back in Grenada or environs. Per an affidavit of the sheriff of DeSoto Parish, Thomas H. Wilson had shot and killed William and Mrs. Dorsey on May 25, 1870, near Mansfield, Louisiana. Wilson escaped from jail in New Orleans on February 3, 1871. There was a Thos. Wilson, born in Mississippi, received at Louisiana State Penitentiary from DeSoto Parish on November 3, 1871 to serve out a life sentence for a murder conviction. Wilson was described in the prison register as 23 years old, 5 ft 10+1⁄2 in (1.79 m), with fair hair and blue eyes. Wilson was pardoned and released on March 26, 1873, after having served about 16 months in prison. U.S. Attorney General George Henry Williams ultimately wrote U.S. Secretary of War William W. Belknap that it was not within the jurisdiction of G. Wiley Wells, the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Mississippi, to prosecute Wilson for the murder of Blanding, but rather a matter for the local courts that had "decline to take action on the premises."


title: J. B. Blanding

text: Decades after the fact, a history of the Reconstruction Era in Yalobusha and Grenada Counties reported, "In 1866 Lieutenant Blooding , who was the head of the department at that time, was assassinated by Tom Wilson, a Southern man of desperate character. The reason for this act could not be ascertained by the writer." A biography of Blanding published in 1908 stated that "so great was the power exerted by a band of outlaws then holding a reign of terror that, though the instigators of the murder were believed to be well-known, no witness could be procured to appear against them before the grand jury." Blanding's killers were never brought to justice but according to Oliver Otis Howard, the commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, his death was nonetheless a signal event of the immediate post-war period: "The deliberate murder April 30th of that year of a worthy officer, Lieutenant J. B. Blanding, 21st Regiment Veteran Reserve Corps, while walking on the street at Grenada, Miss., and attempts upon the lives of other men who had been faithful and fearless in the discharge of their delicate and dangerous duties, gave rise to increased anxiety everywhere and seemed to necessitate an increase of military force."


title: Brian K. Vaughan

text: From 2004 to 2010 Vaughan wrote another creator-owned series, Ex Machina, a political thriller that depicts the life of Mitchell Hundred, a former superhero known as the Great Machine who, in the wake of his heroism during the September 11, 2001 attacks, is elected Mayor of New York City. The story is set during Hundred's term in office, and interwoven with flashbacks to his past as the Great Machine. Through this, the series explores both the political situations Hundred finds himself in, and the mysteries surrounding his superpowers. New Line Cinema purchased the film rights to the series in July 2005, and commissioned Vaughan to write one of the two commissioned scripts, which he was reported to be working on in 2007. Following the conclusion of Ex Machina in 2010, Vaughan reiterated his previous statement that he would concentrate on creator-owned work, saying, "I realized when I turned in this final Ex Machina script that it would be the first time I wasn't under some kind of deadline at Marvel or DC since 1996. That's a huge chunk of my life to spend with those characters. I love them, and I still read Marvel and DC's superhero books. I just think I'm better when I'm working on my own creations. When there are so many talented creators out there who are better at that stuff than me, I should leave those characters to them. I should do what I'm fortunate enough to be in the position to do, which is to create more new stuff."


title: Brian K. Vaughan

text: Vaughan was a writer, executive story editor and producer for seasons 3 to 5 on the ABC TV series Lost, a job he earned on the basis of his work on Y: The Last Man, of which Lost co-creator and executive producer Damon Lindelof was an ardent fan. Lindelof showed that book to series showrunner and executive producer Carlton Cuse. Lindelof relates, "And I told him, 'We need a guy like this on the show, but I don't think he'd ever do it. I don't think he even works in L.A.' And the next thing we knew, he was on the show." He began his stint on the series as executive story editor with the episode "The Man from Tallahassee", which premiered in March 2007. Vaughan continued as story editor on several episodes until he began writing episodes, beginning with the episode "Catch-22", which Vaughan co-wrote with Jeff Pinkner, and premiered in April that year. That episode was praised by Wired writer Erik Malinowski, who stated that the themes that Vaughan carried over to Lost from his comics work, including intricately crafted storylines typified by pathos and hope, as well as pop culture references, redeemed that series' third season.


title: Brian K. Vaughan

text: On March 14, 2012, Image Comics published the first issue of Vaughan and Fiona Staples' epic space opera/fantasy series, Saga, which he conceived to be a concept strictly relegated to comics, and not adapted to other media. Although Vaughan was a child when he first conceived of the ideas for the book – which owes its inspiration to Star Wars – it was not until his wife became pregnant with his second child that he began to write the series, which harbors parenthood as an underlying theme. The series depicts two aliens from warring races trying to survive with their newborn daughter. The book is Vaughan's first publication for Image Comics, and represents the first time he has employed first-person narration in his comics writing. The first issue sold out of its first printing ahead of its March 14 release date, with a second printing ordered for April 11, the same release date for issue #2. The series has received positive reviews from MTV, Ain't it Cool News, Comic Book Resources, IGN, Publishers Weekly and Time magazine. It has also appeared on the New York Times Graphic Books Best Seller List, won three 2013 Eisner Awards, won a Hugo Award and was nominated for seven Harvey Awards.


title: Velopharyngeal insufficiency

text: Multiview videofluoroscopy is a radiographic technique to view the length and movement of the velum (soft palate) and the posterior and lateral pharyngeal (throat) walls during speech. The advantage of this technique is that the entire posterior pharyngeal wall can be visualized. Disadvantages include the following: 1. This procedure requires radiation, which is a particular concern for children. 2. It is not well tolerated by some children because it requires injection of barium into the nasopharynx through a nasal catheter. 3. The resolution (clarity of the image) is not nearly as good as nasopharyngoscopy. 4. Small or unilateral openings cannot be seen because the X-ray beam takes a sum of all the parts. 5. It only provides a two-dimensional view, and therefore, multiple views are needed to see the entire velopharyngeal mechanism. Comparison between multiview videofluoroscopy and nasoendoscopy of velopharyngeal movements."/> This diagnosis method is useful in assessing velopharyngeal (VP) closure in healthy individuals vs individuals who experience velar backed articulation (BA); given that it was found that healthy individuals had VP closure occur before tongue movement, whereas individuals with BA had VP closure occur after tongue movement when articulating words.


title: Velopharyngeal insufficiency

text: When a pharyngeal flap is used, a flap of the posterior wall is attached to the posterior border of the soft palate. The flap consists of mucosa and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. The muscle stays attached to the pharyngeal wall at the upper side (superior flap) or at the lower side (inferior flap). The function of the muscle is to obstruct the pharyngeal port at the moment that the pharyngeal lateral walls move towards each other. It is important that the width and the level of insertion of the flap are properly constructed, because if the flap is too wide, the patient can have problems with breathing through the nose, which can result in sleep apnea. Alternatively, a postoperative situation can be created with the same symptoms as before surgery. Some complications are possible; for example, the flap's width can change because of contraction of the flap. This results in a situation with the same symptoms of hypernasality after a few weeks of surgery. Also a fistula can occur in 2.4% of the cases.


title: HNoMS Mjølner (1868)

text: The Norwegians had built one monitor-type ship of their own, Skorpionen, in 1865, and laid down several others, but the Norwegian Parliament authorized construction of Mjølner in 1867 in Sweden at the cost of 1,102,000 Norwegian krone. She was launched in 1868 and completed on 7 September of that year. Mjølner ran aground at Kragerø on 21 June 1869, and could not be pulled off the rocks until the ship's ammunition, iron ballast and 120 long tons (120 t) of coal were removed. Her repairs were completed on 7 July 1869 by the Royal Dockyard at Horten, at the cost of 5,000 krone. The court of inquiry found the ship's commander and the pilot liable for the repairs, but the parliament released the two from their obligation two years later. She was visited by King Charles XV of Sweden when visiting one of Sweden's west-coast ports in the early 1870s. Mjølner was laid up after her refit in 1897, but was mobilized during 1905 when the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved. She returned to reserve afterward, and was sold for scrap in 1909.


title: Pennsylvania Route 92

text: PA 92 enters Exeter Township in Wyoming County and becomes an unnamed road, heading northwest through forests to the southwest of the North Branch Susquehanna River. The road continues through wooded areas with some homes and curves north, intersecting the eastern terminus of PA 292. The route heads through woodland with some farm fields and residences, turning northeast to cross the river into Falls Township, passing over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad's Susquehanna Branch line after the river. At this point, PA 92 turns northwest to run to the northeast of the railroad tracks and the river through forests, curving to the west. The road heads farther north from the river and railroad line, passing through wooded areas with a few homes. The route turns northwest and resumes alongside the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad line and the North Branch Susquehanna River, heading through a mix of farmland and woodland with some residences and passing through McKune. PA 92 crosses into Tunkhannock Township and becomes Osterhout Road, turning to the northeast. The road curves to the northwest again and intersects the northern terminus of PA 307 in Osterhout. The route becomes Roosevelt Highway and heads west through farmland before heading into wooded areas of homes. PA 92 turns north and heads into forested areas to the east of the railroad line and the river, becoming an unnamed road. The route heads into commercial areas before intersecting US 6, at which point it turns east to form a concurrency with that route.


title: Pennsylvania Route 92

text: The road crosses the Tunkhannock Creek and intersects the eastern terminus of US 6 Business through the borough of Tunkhannock. At this point, US 6/PA 92 becomes Grand Army of the Republic Highway and heads northeast through wooded areas with some development, crossing the creek again. The two routes cross the Tunkhannock Creek a third time before curving to the east and widening into a divided highway. PA 92 splits from US 6 by turning north onto an unnamed two-lane undivided road, passing through Dixon. The road continues through woodland with some fields and homes, running along the west bank of the creek. The route heads into dense forests with occasional residences and curves to the east, turning north again and crossing into Lemon Township. PA 92 turns northeast and passes through East Lemon, turning east into farmland. The road enters Nicholson Township and heads into forests turning north as it continues alongside the Tunkhannock Creek. The route heads through more wooded areas with some homes and curves east, passing through Starkville. PA 92 winds east through more woodland with some fields to the north of the creek, heading into the borough of Nicholson and becoming State Street. The road passes homes and heads into commercial areas, interchanging with US 11. The route passes under the Tunkhannock Viaduct, which carries Norfolk Southern's Sunbury Line over the route and the Tunkhannock Creek, before crossing back into Nicholson Township and running through forests with some farm fields and residences as an unnamed road, curving more to the northeast.


title: Pennsylvania Route 92

text: PA 92 enters Lenox Township in Susquehanna County and heads north through more forests to the west of the Tunkhannock Creek, intersecting the western terminus of PA 374. The road passes through Glenwood and runs through more woodland with some farm fields and homes, curving to the northeast. The route turns north again as it comes to an intersection with PA 106 in Lenox. Past this, PA 92 turns northeast into a commercial area and crosses Nine Partners Creek, coming to an interchange with access to and from the northbound direction of I-81. Access to and from southbound I-81 is provided by PA 106. After this interchange, the road heads through more forests with some fields and homes, crossing into Gibson Township and passing through South Gibson. The route runs through more rural areas, curving more to the north and passing through Gelatt. PA 92 heads into Jackson Township and runs through more woodland with some farm fields and residences, reaching an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 492 in Jackson. The road continues north through more farmland and woods with some homes past this intersection. Farther north, the route turns northeast before heading north-northwest and entering Oakland Township. PA 92 continues through dense forests with some homes, heading into the borough of Susquehanna Depot. At this point, the road becomes Franklin Avenue and passes homes, reaching an intersection with PA 171. Here, the route turns west to form a concurrency with PA 171 on West Main Street, heading through the commercial downtown. The two routes turn north onto Exchange Street and come to a bridge that carry them over the Southern Tier Line, which is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Central New York Railroad, and the North Branch Susquehanna River. After crossing the river, the road heads into the borough of Oakland, where PA 171 turns to the west and PA 92 turns east onto East River Street. The route passes homes on the north bank of the river before crossing back into Oakland Township and becoming unnamed, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The road turns to the north and heads through forested areas with occasional residences. PA 92 continues through more forests with some farm fields and homes before reaching the New York border, where the road continues into that state as NY 79.


title: Morrells of Oxford Ltd v Oxford United Football Club

text: Morrells of Oxford Ltd trading as Morrells Brewery, were the successors in title to the original purchaser of a pub (i.e. they are the current owners). They sought to enforce a covenant against the developers of adjoining land, who were the successors in title to the local authority and whose registered land referred also to the same deed. In selling this adjoining farmland four decades before, the council had agreed not to allow the (alcohol-) licensing of premises within half a mile of the pub which they licensed and allowed to be built on that basis in the 1960s. The covenant was clear enough to qualify for enforcement if the local authority proposed to breach the covenant by selling alcohol on its own land but they did not and were in the process of selling the land to independent developers who ultimately built the Kassam Stadium of Oxford United FC. The stadium's developer calculated it was a commercial necessity for an on-site alcohol consumption licence to be legally permissible on the site before completing their purchase of the stadium. The relevant, contentious Deed of Conveyance dated to 1962. Morrells argued that it bound and benefitted both sets of successors (respectively) by meeting the requirements of the Law of Property Act 1925, section 79.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: Prior to the creation of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, many African-Americans during the first 30 years of the twentieth century struggled with financial hardships and often were near the bottom of the American economic and political life. The National Negro Congress was held in Chicago in 1936---although the young were present felt the need to create their own congress in hopes of not being hampered by elder members of the African-American movement during this time. Although there was much debate on where the first Southern Negro Youth Congress meeting would be held it was eventually decided that it would be held in Richmond, Virginia on February 13 and 14, 1937 at the Fifth Baptist Church. The first Southern Negro Youth Congress meeting consisted of 534 delegates that represented 250,000 young people in 23 states. Of these delegates a representative from all historically black colleges was present as well and members from YMCA branches and Girl and Boy scouts across the region. Like the National Negro Congress before it the Southern Negro Youth Congress also consisted of Communist party members as well.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: The Southern Negro Youth Congress met on February 13 and 14, 1937 where they were divided into groups to discuss problems and to advocate ideas to the general body for approval, modification or rejection. Prominent adult leaders such as John P Davis, executive secretary of the National Negro Congress, as well as many other leaders from the Christian Youth Council of North America, members of the YMCA and teachers from the black colleges around the area assisted the divided groups of the SNYC. The key components of the first Congress were noted by the seminar on "The Role of the Negro Church in Solving Social and Economic Problems of the Negro Youth," as well as the keynote address delivered by Dr. Mordecai Johnson, the first black president of Howard University Dean Herbert M. Smith spearheaded the seminar stating that Negro ministers had to interest themselves in matters with church members if they wanted the church to remain the greatest instrument of social enlightenment. Following the seminar, Dr. Johnson addressed the delegates with his keynote urging the audience to refrain from the status quo and to take a role in abolishing injustice caused by the American system against African-Americans. Dr. Johnson's keynote addresses was received with great enthusiasm and applause from the delegates and observers, as it mainly was filled with advice for the young and criticized the old.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: The Southern Negro Youth Congress was caught in two spontaneous strikes that occurred in Richmond, Virginia in 1937. The first strike occurred on April 16, 1937 against the Carrington & Michaux Tobacco Stemming Company. The second strike occurred on May 7, 1937 against the I. N. Vaughn & Company. At the time, the tobacco industry already had an established tobacco union, The Tobacco Workers' International Union, which followed the policy of occupational segregation rather than racial discrimination which allowed them to ignore the rights and needs of African-American workers. In order to get the black workers organized, the Southern Negro Youth Congress sent a field representative, C. Columbus Alston. In addition to being a member of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, Alston was also a union member of the Youth Committee of the American Federation of Labor and helped organize the black workers into the Tobacco Stemmers and Laborers Industrial Union. With the help of Alston and Southern Negro Youth Congress, the Tobacco Stemmers and Laborers Industrial Union was able to draft a list of demands aimed at the Tobacco companies. Some of the demands listed by the black tobacco workers consisted of having higher wages, shorter working-hours and better working conditions. Within 48 hours of the union's committee presenting its case to the management of the company, an agreement was reached with Frank Kruch of the State Labor Department and the owners of the companies.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: Although the Southern Negro Youth Congress often campaigned for the rights of black workers in the South, they also targeted lynching crimes, the poll tax, and registering African-Americans to vote. The Southern Negro Youth Congress sought to combat the lynch terror that was occurring against the youth throughout the south. The Southern Negro Youth Congress teamed up with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Conference on Human Welfare as well as many other organizations in hopes to support legislation that would make lynching a federal crime. Members of the Southern Negro Youth Congress were encouraged by members of the NAACP to send telegrams, letters and postcards to delegates in the area and more importantly, President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Since its inception, the Southern Negro Youth Congress attempted to get many blacks to vote in the South, despite the poll taxes. The Southern Negro Youth Congress pushed this movement through their editorial "Citizenship Campaign" which stated that the majority of problems blacks faced in the South could be changed if they voted. Besides editorials, the Southern Negro Youth Congress also passed out pamphlets, leaflets, manuals, and buttons to encourage interest in voting. Although not always successful in their tactics, the Southern Negro Youth Congress did excel in being one of the first community groups to have citizenship campaigns that included voter registration clinics.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: The Southern Negro Youth Conference in 1948 held their eighth Southern Negro Youth Congress Conference that also happened to be the last conference. The meeting was held on April 23, 24, and 25, 1948 in Birmingham, Alabama where the headquarters was located. The eighth conference attracted national news headlines as well as showed the extent of control over the lives of citizens that lived in the South. During this time the Police Commissioner was Bull Connor who used everything in his power to prevent the Southern Negro Youth Congress from gathering stating that the separation of races was required and that any action that disobeyed this law was to be reinforced by the police. The Southern Negro Youth Congress looked for churches to hold the meetings but upon securing a location to use Bull Connor would often intervene and call the Minister of the church facilities being used and state that since the Southern Negro Youth Congress was an interracial organization that the meeting would violate the state of Alabama's laws. Three black churches turned down the Southern Negro Youth Congress before Reverend H. Douglas Oliver allowed the meeting to be held in his pastor of the Alliance Gospel Tabernacle. The meeting was held on May 1, 1948 and upon arrival all white members were arrested and charged for breaking the segregation laws. Despite this occurrence the meeting still commenced with the remaining black members under the segregated conditions. At the meeting the Southern Negro Youth Congress passed resolutions condemning the segregation laws and denying any affiliation with the Communist Party. The contentions of the party were not accepted by the U.S. Department of Justice and shortly after the meeting Edward K. Weaver; president of the Southern Negro Youth Congress was forced to resign.


title: Southern Negro Youth Congress

text: With the end of the eighth Southern Negro Youth Congress and the resigning of the president the Congress began to lose rapid popularity in the south and north as membership declined drastically. The opposing powers against the Congress were too much to withstand as well as the times that occurred post World War II. The United States was undergoing what later became known as the Cold War and this led to heightened racial tension and encouraged local and national law enforcement agencies to increase the surveillance of radical and subversive organization. According to the United States Attorney General, Tom Clark, the Southern Negro Youth Congress appeared as a subversive organization. The Southern Negro Youth Congress was based on two fundamental objectives which were to democratize the South and to provide equal opportunities to its residents and although the Southern Negro Youth Congress disbanded by 1949 the effects of the Southern Negro Youth Congress efforts were not lost in that instilled an essence and spirit into the people for the further Civil Rights Movement that would occur a decade later.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: Guitarists Josh Franceschi and Max Helyer previously played in a short-lived band at school, prior to You Me at Six. After Franceschi wanted to become a vocalist, him and Helyer jammed for a few months, until bassist and college friend Matt Barnes began playing with them. Franceschi knew of Barnes from the local music scene; the three of them decided to form a band. Guitarist Chris Miller, who lived on the same street as Barnes, was brought into the fold, followed by drummer Joe Philips. This marked the formation of You Me at Six in 2004, basing themselves in Weybridge, Surrey. For their early shows, the gigs would be booked solely on the amount of screaming they could coax from the audiences. As their local scene leaned on heavy-sounding music, the band had to push themselves to win over the crowds, eventually earning a notable reputation amongst their peers. Despite some of the members still attending college, the band became their main priority. They rehearsed three to four times a week, accumulating enough songs for their debut album. With the money from their shows, they self-released their debut EP, We Know What It Means to Be Alone, on New Year's Day 2007.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: You Me at Six had a heavy focus on performing in Surrey and parts of London. They traveled to these shows, which had been planned through the Myspace platform, by travelling via MegaBus. In April 2007, they appeared at a showcase of up-and-coming artists at the Camden Underworld in London, and by the following month, they supported Saosin in Leeds. These performances attracted attention from Kerrang! and NME. At the end of May 2007, they opened the Slam Dunk Festival, which allowed them to grow their fan base outside of their regional scene. Phillips left the band amidst creative differences on their direction. Dan Flint, another college friend, was initially asked to fill in on drums for a tour. He ended up becoming Phillips' permanent replacement after Slam Dunk. Ben Ray, who ran the festival, was interested in managing the band and putting out their music. They played another show at the Camden Underworld in June 2007; by this point, they had acquired a press agent and were starting to attract attention from people in the music industry.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: Over the next two months, they played support slots for one-off shows with Paramore and Furthest Drive, and joined This Is Goodbye on their national tour. Around this time, You Me at Six self-released an untitled EP. Preceded by a show supporting Fightstar, You Me at Six went on tour with Elliot Minor, during which both bands released singles. "Save It for the Bedroom" was released on 22 October 2007 through Slam Dunk Records, a label co-founded by the band with help from their manager and fans. The single featured "You've Made Your Bed (So Sleep in It)" as the B-side, and both tracks would later appear on Take Off Your Colours. A music video for "Save It for the Bedroom" had been released a few days prior and was directed by Lawrence Hardy. The band's release sold more copies than Elliot Minor's single, which was released through a major label. This situation made it clear to the band that, according to Franceschi, "major labels are good but over the years they have totally lost touch of what sells." By this time, the group was in discussion with a range of independent and major labels.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: The album's sound has been described by critics as pop-punk and emo pop. Daniels said it displayed a "promising young band making a collection of competent, perhaps quite Americanised songs", and as such, noted influences from All Time Low, Blink-182 and Four Year Strong. He added that that You Me at Six "felt like they needed to push themselves ... to make more complicated and diverse riffs". The group did not intentionally compose a pop-punk album but "it just sort of came like that," according to Barnes. The band's sound was an attempt to emulate the sound of popular pop-punk groups such as Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco, which was noted by a reviewer. By contrast, the We Know What It Means to Be Alone EP was compared to the sound of the Academy Is..., Paramore and other acts on the record label Fueled by Ramen, while Untitled incorporated influences from Incubus, Jimmy Eat World and Taking Back Sunday. At the time, the group was listening to bands such as Blink-182, New Found Glory, and, according to Barnes, "all that sort of Drive-Thru scene." One of the members described it as "a mixture of genres. Some songs are pop-punk and some are rockier and heavier."


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: The album opens with "The Truth Is a Terrible Thing", which recalled the sound New Found Glory. Daniels said it begins with a "nifty lead riff" that the rest of the band use to "spring into action". "Call That a Comeback" is an anthemic pop-punk song, and is followed by "Jealous Minds Think Alike", the chorus section of which was compared to the work of Panic! at the Disco. "Save It for the Bedroom" is about couples that find how one of them is cheating through behavioural patterns. "You've Made Your Bed (So Sleep in It)" discusses a breakup, and is followed by "If You Run", which displays Francheschi's skills as a vocalist. "Tigers and Sharks" evoked the early work of Taking Back Sunday, and features shoegaze guitar riffs. "Always Attract" is an acoustic ballad, with vocal harmonies from Franceschi and his sister Elissa, which are done in the vein of Brand New. Preceded by the emo song "Nasty Habits", the album closes with "The Rumour", which has Latin-like rhythms. One of the bonus tracks, "Kiss and Tell", discusses boys wanting to kiss a girl they find attractive.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: On 11 September 2008, a music video was released for "Jealous Minds Think Alike", which was directed by Shane Davey. The song was released as a single on 29 September, with "Blue Eyes Don't Lie" as the B-side. It was the band's first single to chart, peaking at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart in November. The album, Take Off Your Colours was released on 6 October 2008 through Slam Dunk. In December 2008, they signed to management company Raw Power Management, who would help gain then a deal in the United States with independent label Epitaph Records. On 19 February 2009, the band released a second music video for "Save It for the Bedroom", which was directed by Davey. It sees the band appearing as guests on the fictional Lazarus Ironside show, eventually leading into a fight similar to those seen on The Jeremy Kyle Show and Jerry Springer. The video was directly inspired by the former, while the show's host was played by actor Joerg Stadler. "Save It for the Bedroom" was released as a single on 9 March.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: The band's signing to Epitaph Records was made public on 10 March 2009. The band were excited about working with the label, as they knew Epitaph for helping other acts reach the main stage of Warped Tour and be able to tour internationally. Franceschi later recounted that they "never really saw any of that, they practically did nothing for us, fucking nothing whatsoever," concluding that he never even met the label's founder Brett Gurewitz. Following a premier on BBC Radio 1 on April 6, "Finders Keepers" was released as a single to precede the album on 25 May. Epitaph made Take Off Your Colours available for streaming on 16 July, ahead of its US release five days later. In addition to the studio and acoustic versions of "Finders Keepers", this version featured several bonus tracks: an acoustic version of "Save It for the Bedroom", the B-sides to "Gossip", "Jealous Minds Think Alike", and the album version of "Save It for the Bedroom". The US iTunes version of Take Off Your Colours also includes "Kiss and Tell", a song which would later be released as a single to promote a UK limited edition of the album.


title: Take Off Your Colours

text: To celebrate the album's tenth anniversary, the band added three shows to their 2018 UK tour in support of their sixth album VI. The band announced they would perform Take Off Your Colours in its entirety after the initial show at a given venue for VI on select dates. They played these special performances on 24 November at Manchester's Victoria Warehouse, 28 November at Glasgow's Barrowland Ballroom, and 2 December at London's O2 Brixton Academy. While promoting these shows and celebrating the record's tenth anniversary, they were also featured on the November issue of Rock Sound; included with its special edition were poster prints that were hand-signed by the band, a 16-page photo collection from the Take Off Your Colours era, and other bonus material. Prior to these anniversary shows, "Call That a Comeback" had never been performed live. "Gossip" and "Nasty Habits" had also been among the first of the band's songs to be retired from their setlists. By November 2009, Franceschi described playing the material live as having "become suffocated almost and we've really overplayed some of them". Prior to Slam Dunk Festival 2015, there were rumours that the band was going to perform Take Off Your Colours in its entirety. Franceschi later explained the band would be "extensively paying homage to that with songs" from the album.


title: Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais

text: In 1742 his name was given to the main island (Mahé Island) of the Seychelles archipelago by French explorer Lazare Picault. In 1806 the French General Decaen founded and named the historic port village of Mahébourg in homage to Mahé de La Bourdonnais. Close to the village of Mapou, in Rivière du Rempart District, there is an estate named Domaine de Labourdonnais with its manor house known as Le Château de Labourdonnais, built in 1856, and now converted into a museum. A statue of La Bourdonnais was erected at Place D'Armes in Port Louis on 30 August 1859 during a ceremony. In Curepipe a school called Lycée La Bourdonnais was founded in 1953, where the curriculum is modelled on practices in France. There is another statue of La Bourdonnais in the port of Saint-Malo, France. In Saint-Denis, Réunion a statue of La Bourdonnais was also erected, and a suburb is named Cité Labourdonnais. However the statue and suburb in Reunion island have been the target of anti-slavery protesters since 2020.


title: 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: On April 13, an area of shower and thunderstorms became slightly organized over the central Bay of Bengal. Later that day, an area of low pressure developed underneath the convection as the system developed. Weak banding features also formed around the periphery of the storm. By April 14, deep convection persisted around the center of circulation; following the development the RSMC in New Delhi, India designated the system as Depression BOB 01. Following further development, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) as they anticipated the system to develop into a tropical storm. Early the next morning the JTWC reported that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm and designated it as Cyclone 01B. The storm tracked towards the west-northwest due to a mid-level ridge over India. Later that morning RSMC New Delhi reported that the depression had intensified into a deep depression and reported it was expected to intensify into Cyclonic Storm Bijli. Around 1500 UTC, the RSMC New Delhi upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm and gave it the name Bijli. All four ports in Orissa were placed on high alert due to rough seas produced by the storm. A Local Cautionary Signal Number Three was issued for the Gopalpur, Puri, Paradeep and Chandabali ports. On April 16, the storm turned towards the northeast, paralleling the eastern coast of India. Around 0600 UTC, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had reached its peak intensity with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph 3-minute winds). Early on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had weakened to a deep depression as it moved northwest. Later, RSMC New Delhi downgraded the deep depression to a depression. Late on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Depression ex-Bijli had made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh and had rapidly become an area of low pressure over Bangladesh. Maximum winds of 30 knots (56 km/h) were reported in Cox's Bazar and 3 people were killed in Bangladesh. That night, the JTWC issued their final advisory on Tropical Cyclone 01B as it rapidly weakened over Bangladesh and Myanmar.


title: 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: Early on June 21, the JTWC reported that an area of low pressure had persisted about 675 km, (420 miles), southwest of Mumbai, India. Multispectral imagery showed that the disturbance had a developing low level circulation center with convection flaring over it and was in an area of low vertical wind shear. Over the next couple of days the disturbance developed gradually with a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert being issued early on June 23 as the disturbance had continued to organize and consolidated over the past few hours. RSMC New Delhi then reported later that morning that Depression ARB 01 had formed and was expected to intensify into a Deep Depression before making landfall, however the depression did not intensify any further before making landfall on the south Gujarat coast near Diu. The JTWC then cancelled their Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, with the IMD issuing their final advisory later that day. It hovered over Gujarat as a well marked area of low pressure before moving towards the northeast and re-emerging into the Arabian Sea where it redeveloped into a depression. Tropical Depression ARB 01 dissipated early on June 26.


title: 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: Early on September 3, the IMD reported that an area of low pressure had formed embedded within the monsoon off the Orissa coastline. During the next day it developed further with the IMD reporting that the low-pressure area had become well marked with deep convection starting to consolidate around a developing low level circulation center in an area of moderate vertical wind shear. Early on September 5, as the area of low pressure was moving into an area of low vertical windshear the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, whilst the IMD reported that the low-pressure area had intensified into a Depression. Later that day the IMD reported that the depression had intensified further and had become a Deep Depression, whilst the JTWC designated the depression as a Cyclone 03B, with winds equivalent to a tropical storm. However the JTWC's first warning was also their final warning as the cyclone had made landfall near Digha in West Bengal and was expected to dissipate later that day. However the IMD kept issuing advisories on the deep depression until early on September 7, when the IMD reported that it had weakened into a depression and then into a well marked low-pressure area later that day when they stopped issuing advisories on the depression whilst it was located over Jharkhand and adjoining region of Chhattisgarh.


title: 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: Cyclonic Storm Phyan developed as a tropical disturbance to the southwest of Colombo in Sri Lanka late on November 4. Over the next couple of days the disturbance gradually developed before weakening as it made landfall on Southern India on November 7. After the disturbance had emerged into the Arabian Sea late on November 8 it rapidly became more marked with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reporting early on November 9 that the disturbance had intensified into a Depression and designated it as Depression ARB 03 whilst the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. Later that day the JTWC designated the system as Cyclone 04A. During the next day as the Depression turned towards the northeast, the IMD reported that it had intensified into a Cyclonic Storm and named it Phyan. Chandwad in Maharashtra recorded 240 mm of rainfall in 48 hours between 11 and 12 November. The maximum winds of 68 km/h were reported in Pune at the time of landfall. However the coastal areas recorded 75 km/h winds. Seven persons died and about 44 fishermen were missing due to the cyclone.


title: Treaty Three Police Service

text: In Kenora, Deputy Chief Wally MacLeod initially oversaw the Kenora Sub Division until his retirement in 2006. Deputy Chief Louie Napish served as second in command of T3PS until he retired. Long time OPP liaison Terry Armstrong assumed that position after many years seconded from the OPP. Assisting them were two Staff Sergeants, Jim Harty, Kenora detachment commander, and Richard Darling, head of administration. Treaty Three has its own Crime Unit also based in Kenora led by OPP Detective Sergeant Rob Bears for several years until Doug McKenzie was eventually seconded in 2011. Terry Armstrong was interim Crime Manager until his promotion to Deputy Chief. Like other police services, the Detective branch runs parallel to the front line officers. After McKenzie returned to the OPP the crime unit was greatly reduced and supervised by Detective Sergeant Terry McCaffrey. After several resignations and reassignment HQ is now run by Chief Napish, Deputy Chief Jeff Skye, and Staff Sergeant Terry McCaffrey. Staff Sergeant Keith Singleton currently commands Kenora Detachment, while Staff Sergeant Richard Darling is serving as South Sub Division Detachment Commander.


title: University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning

text: The Wilkinson Building is an amalgam of two building phases, the first a modest T-shaped building opened in 1959 and major additions completed in 1975. The first building was built from an original sketch plan of the new School of Architecture prepared by the office of Baldwinson, Booth & Peters in November 1957. Documentation drawings were prepared by Eric Andrew and construction commenced in 1958 and completed in 1959. This was the first building to be completed in the University of Sydney's expansion south across City Road into Darlington. Only six years later in 1965 the University Senate approved in principal draft plans for significant alterations and additions to the School of Architecture. Architectural firm McConnel Smith & Johnson has been credited with the initial designs, of which Dean of the School Peter Johnson was a principal. By 1967 the Senate reviewed sketch plans and a brief prepared by the Faculty of Architecture under Johnson, which were to be documented by local firm Fowell Mansfield Jarvis & Maclurcan. The final proposal was documented in 1972 with construction taking place 1973—1975.


title: Notaphily

text: Following examination, TPG companies typically encapsulate the currency in what is commonly referred to as a "slab." Similar to the issues surrounding the transition that occurred within the coin collecting field many years ago, controversy exists about the need or value of TPG notes. Without having the ability to closely examine and feel the note due to it being sealed inside the slab, many collectors are not comfortable accepting the opinion of others as to the grade and may either elect not to purchase the note or to cut it out of the slab for examination. Additionally, many noted mistakes in grading by third party grading services have been discovered. However, for collectors less adept at grading, purchasing a note in a slab can provide some additional comfort for the owner in justifying the purchase and cost. It also serves to help protect the collector against unethical activities designed to increase the worth of the note by pressing out folds, washing, repairing tears, or other alterations typically viewed as unacceptable thereby lowering the value of the item.


title: Hayley Westenra

text: On 7 November 2009, Westenra performed again at the Festival of Remembrance, singing "We'll Meet Again" at the Royal Albert Hall, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II and Vera Lynn, who had made the song famous during World War II. In December 2009, Westenra performed with Faryl Smith and Camilla Kerslake in a special service for British troops serving in Afghanistan from St Clements Church, London. On 13 November 2010, Westenra performed for a third time at the Festival of Remembrance, singing "For the Fallen", a poem by Laurence Binyon set to music by Karl Jenkins. It is featured on the special 10th anniversary edition of Karl Jenkins' The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace. In April 2011, Westenra was invited as a guest performer to Mario Frangoulis TV concert in Greek. On May, Westenra was a guest performer on Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli's The Magic of Love Asian concert tour; Westenra and Bocelli had previously collaborated on Westenra's album Odyssey and live performances. On 9 July 2011, Westenra was invited as a guest performer to Joseph Calleja's annual concert in Malta.


title: The Feast of Saint Nicholas

text: The focal point of the painting is the youngest daughter of the family, a golden-child, painted, in fact, in a golden smock and showing golden locks. She has behaved all year, and Saint Nicholas has rewarded her by stuffing her shoe with a doll and other treats, which she carries in her bucket. The "doll" is a representation of John the Baptist. The figure wears what appears to be a camel hair shirt and holds a long cross, both symbols tied to John the Baptist. Being the patron saint of epilepsy, the little girl's insistence on holding on to the figure may suggest she suffers from childhood convulsions or epilepsy. She is in stark contrast to her elder brother, standing to her right, who is sobbing, while another brother looks on, laughing. Apparently, the elder brother has been naughty, and his shoe, held up by an elder sister behind him, was left empty. Still there is hope for the sobbing boy. Hidden in the background, almost obscured by the draperies, his grandmother seems to beckon to him—perhaps she is hiding a gift for him too, behind the heavy curtains.


title: Orthosilicic acid

text: Silicon has been explored as a nutrient for plant growth, with silica comprising up to 10% of plant weight on a dry matter basis. Orthosilicic acid is of particular interest as it is thought to be the form in which plants uptake silicon from the soil, before being deposited as phytoliths throughout the plant, leading to research in the application of orthosilicic acid through foliar sprays to supplement plant growth. Studies have demonstrated that foliar application of stabilized orthosilicic acid can alleviate abiotic stressors such as drought, heavy metal toxicity, and salinity, resulting in increased yields. Additionally, applications of orthosilicic acid have been demonstrated to reduce fungal infections and disease in plants, suggesting the possibility of using stabilized orthosilicic acid as an alternative or complement to existing disease control measures. The mechanisms by which orthosilicic acid alleviates abiotic stress and controls diseases is not well understood; current theories advanced include the activation of plant defense reactions and the precipitation of silica in the apoplast of the plant.


title: List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York (1–25)

text: The NY 111 designation was moved from Carleton Avenue to Islip Avenue, which runs parallel to Carleton Avenue between NY 27A and I-495, on September 13, 1966, in order to facilitate access to the Heckscher State Parkway. Evidence of County Road 17's former status as a State Highway can be found at the railroad bridge in Islip, which carries the Montauk Line of the Long Island Rail Road. Between then and the mid-to-late 1980s, CR 17 passed over the Heckscher State Parkway with no access, other than to nearby frontage roads that were used for residents. Exit 43A, linking CR 17 to the parkway, was built in the 1980s. Carleton Avenue also runs through the grounds of the former Central Islip Psychiatric Center. Nursing quarters were located on a frontage road along the west side of the street. The hospital was closed in 1990, and converted into a campus for the New York Institute of Technology. The road was widened to four lanes in the 1990s from Heckscher Parkway to the northern terminus of the former hospital grounds. North of the NYIT Campus, Carleton Avenue squeezes through downtown Central Islip. The former Central Islip railroad station was on the corner of the Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road just south of County Road 100 (Suffolk Avenue). A modernized station was built down the tracks on the corner of CR 100 and Lowell Avenue.


text: North of Suffolk Avenue, CR 17 moves northwest onto Wheeler's Road. This section kept its given name while NY 111 was renamed "Wheeler Road" in order to distinguish the state route from CR 17. From there, CR 17 crosses County Road 67 (the Long Island Motor Parkway) and encounters Bridge Road, a side road that mainly runs parallel to Motor Parkway for much of its run south of the Long Island Expressway. The northern terminus is at a fork in the road with NY 111 roughly 250 yards south of I-495. The NY 111/CR 17 intersection has quite a history. It was originally an at-grade interchange with an overhead expressway signpost holding two signs mounted on the corner that could be seen from the Long Island Expressway. The NY 111 shield was moved from one sign to the next in 1966, but the outline of the former NY 111 shield could still be seen on the original sign. Eventually, as the road was downgraded and the area developed, this sign came down. A Texaco gas station was built at the fork in the road in the mid-1970s. It was shortly converted into a Park and Ride for traffic from the Long Island Expressway.


text: Leaving the Patchogue area, the road curves slightly left, as Waverly Avenue (unsigned CR 61) leaves CR 19 and continues its north–south route. Just to the north, CR 19 (now Patchogue–Holbrook Road) intersects two more partial-limited access highways. CR 99 (Woodside Avenue), which leads to the IRS center at Holtsville, has its terminus at CR 19 with a traffic signal. Less than a quarter mile to the north, CR 97 (Nicolls Road) passes overhead and has a diamond interchange with CR 19. Now entering Holbrook, the road divides various large bedroom communities. As it nears downtown Holbrook, the road moves onto a new alignment that was built between 1971 and 1973 to bypass the hamlet. After this bypass was built, the old section was renamed Main Street, eliminated between the new section and former CR 18 (Broadway Avenue) and designated CR 19A (now a former route). The new alignment carries four lanes up and over the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line, and was intended to have an interchange with Union Avenue and Main Street. Reassuming its former alignment, CR 19 then crosses the Long Island Expressway (I-495) with another diamond interchange. This interchange was the eastern terminus of the Long Island Expressway until 1971.


text: CR 21 ends at CR 80 (Montauk Highway), although this portion of the road was severed when Sunrise Highway was built. For all intents and purposes as an uninterrupted route, CR 21 ends at CR 16 (Horseblock Road) in Yaphank. The road continues through Yaphank, a formerly agrarian area that has been built up by Suffolk County into a government office center, which includes the Suffolk County Police Department headquarters, and one of the main county jails. In conjunction with the development of this zone, CR 21 was widened in the mid-1970s. This project included a bridge over the Long Island Rail Road Main Line as well as some local streets, one of which leads directly to Yaphank Station. North of the tracks, the Suffolk County Almshouse Barn can be found west of the road, as well as the former Suffolk County Sanitorium, and other county government buildings. In this area, CR 21 also crosses I-495, which was built through the existing road in the late 1960s. The interchange here was not finished until 2000, when a westbound on-ramp and an eastbound off-ramp were added.


text: North of the Long Island Expressway, Yaphank Avenue runs on top of the dam for Lower Yaphank Lake before its terminus at East Main Street. Here the historic Homan-Gerard House and Mills can be found on the southeast corner, while the former Yaphank Garage can be found on the southwest corner. CR 21 makes a left turn at the intersection and proceeds through historic Yaphank. East Main Street leads to another historic Long Island road named Moriches–Middle Island Road, which took residents between Rocky Point and The Moricheses long before the automobile was invented, let alone the Suffolk County Highway System. Near Upper Yaphank Lake, CR 21 intersects with West Main Street, at one of two former Yaphank triangles (the other being at Mill Road and Patchogue–Yaphank Road). At this point, CR 21 resumes its northward heading. Also at this point, a former section of the road is visible on land now owned by the Suffolk County Parks Department. It is visible diagonally across the street from and north of a building formerly owned by New York Telephone.


title: Sigma Phi Epsilon

text: In the fall of 1900 18-year-old divinity student Carter Ashton Jenkens, the son of a Baptist minister, transferred from Rutgers College in New Brunswick, New Jersey to Richmond College, a Baptist institution in Richmond, Virginia. At Rutgers Jenkens had been initiated into the Chi Phi fraternity. At Richmond, which did not have a chapter of Chi Phi, Jenkens was part of group of friends who were meeting regularly under the unofficial name the "Saturday Night Club". By early October, 1901, Jenkens had persuaded the group, which had grown to twelve men, to try to establish a chapter of Chi Phi at Richmond. These men were reportedly spurned by the existing fraternities on campus for their sense of morality (seven of the twelve were studying for the ordained ministry) and for their rural, middle-class backgrounds. Jenkens had convinced the others that their chapter could be different from the other fraternities on campus and assured them that Chi Phi's principles were in line with their own. The group's request for a charter, however, was met with refusal as the national fraternity felt that Richmond College was too small to host a Chi Phi chapter. Jenkens and his friends therefore founded their own fraternity.


title: Three Days of Rain

text: Walker and his sister Nan met in an unoccupied studio in lower Manhattan in 1995. Walker, who had disappeared the day after his father's funeral, now months later is living in this apartment where his father, Ned Janeway and business partner, Theo Wexler, once lived and worked designing the famous "Janeway House". Walker has found their father's journal and attempts to use it to understand the relationship between Ned and Theo. Nan and Walker's childhood friend Pip (Theo's son) meets with them after the reading of Ned's Will, where the three have learned that Janeway House was left to Pip rather than Ned's children. Walker is furious and accuses Pip of "working on" Ned to bequeath him the house. Pip denies this and protests that he does not understand why the house was not left to Nan and Walker as next of kin. Pip reveals that he doesn't even like the house, which prompts another tirade in Walker. Fed up with Walker's ranting, Pip fights back at Walker verbally. Pip accuses Walker of secretly being in love with him for 18 years and reveals that he (Pip) and Nan were secretly sleeping with one another (behind Walker's back) when they were young. Walker runs off into the night. Pip says he may have gone too far and agrees with Nan to sell Walker the house. Nan tries to find Walker to tell him. Distraught when unable to find him, Nan decides to stay at the studio until he returns. After Walker returns, Nan apologizes and the two of them continue to parse Ned's concise and mysterious journal which opens with the entry: "1960, April 3–5. Three days of rain". Walker believes he's found a confession from Ned, hidden within the pages of the book, to the effect that Ned took credit for Theo's work on the house after Theo's death in 1966. Nan does not accept this interpretation but acquiesces to calm her brother. She tells Walker that Pip would sell him the house, but Walker's new-found "revelation" changes his mind about wanting it. Walker burns the diary, much to Nan's chagrin.


title: Three Days of Rain

text: The second act shifts to an earlier time, with the same three actors portraying members of the previous generation in the same studio apartment, during April 1960 when Janeway House was designed. The actor portraying Walker becoming Walker's father Ned, the actor portraying Pip becoming Pip's father Theo, and the actor portraying Nan becoming Nan and Walker's mother, Lina. The assumptions made in the first half about the parents are shown to be wildly inaccurate. Ned is not the callous, silent patriarch he seemed to the children. Instead he is a shy stutterer, who, while an immensely talented architect, has trouble making eye contact or holding a conversation with anyone. Theo is revealed to be a charismatic man, more concerned with fame and the idea of art, than the creation of any original art itself. Lina, a bohemian southern belle, is dating Theo and their arguments are loud enough to inform the entire neighborhood. Theo and Ned attempt to design a house commissioned by Ned's parents, but Ned recognizes Theo's design as plagiarizing an existing house. Ned and Theo fight, and Theo leaves for a few days to try to work in solitude.


title: Manly Dam Reserve

text: There are a variety of native and introduced fish in the waters of the reserve. Native fish include species such as Climbing galaxias, Fire-tail Gudgeon, and Short-finned and Long-finned Eels. The Climbing galaxias inhabits some of the less disturbed creeks and is able to climb up wet rock faces and cliffs with the aid of ridges on its fins, can breathe through its skin, and has lived in this once remote area, for an estimated 60 million years. Australian Bass once occurred naturally in Curl Curl Creek but were unable to recolonise upstream areas once the dam wall was built in 1892 and blocked their access. Young Bass fingerlings are now regularly stocked into the dam by the NSW Department of Primary Industries to cater for recreational fishermen. A lone stocking of Silver Perch occurred in the early 1990s but these have not been stocked since as they are not native to the catchment area. Some of the introduced species include European Carp, Goldfish and the pest fish Gambusia and Redfin.


title: Barzan Towers

text: The Barzan Towers have walls which are one meter thick, especially in the base, and are further reinforced and toughened by buttresses. One tower has walls in the form of cones and massive and enormous staircases in the other. These walls were built by first merging and blending overlapping raw pieces of coral stones with limestone and cementing the two with a mud mortar after, which is somehow, similar to the construction of the walls of the Zubarah Fort. The walls were then covered with a gypsum-based plaster once dry. The Barzan Towers have a roof that was built with four layers. The first layer is composed of a series of "danchal" wood poles, which were sometimes painted with bitumen for protection. The "danchal" poles were then covered by a layer of "basgijl", a layer of woven bamboo strips. A carefully constructed net of mangrove branches was added, followed by a layer of compressed mud to protect the towers from the sun during the hot summers. The towers were also built with some external features such as a room for receiving guests, called "majilis", which was built as an L-shaped pavilion with windows for ventilation, and a mosque which has a prayer room that was also used as a school for teaching the Quran to children, called "madrassa". Traditional "marazims" protect the walls' surfaces and were built as wooden channels that stretch out from the roof to drain rainwater just in case heavy, but rare and uncommon, thunderstorms and other types of storms strike the desert. The "marazims" were built on top of the "majilis" and the mosque.


title: Teah Charlton

text: Charlton played local football for the Christies Beach Football Club, and represented South Australia at the School Sport Australia Australian Football championships, where she was named an All-Australian at age 15. After competing in surf lifesaving up until the age of 15, 2019 saw her begin to compete for the South Adelaide Football Club in the SANFLW. She quickly became one of the best young players, winning the Breakthrough Player Award after being nominated in Round 3 of that season for a 1-goal, 19 disposal performance against West Adelaide. She also finished in the Top 10 of the Goalkicking, lead the lead for tackles with a total of 77, and also played in the team's grand final victory in 2019, where she collected 18 disposals and 5 tackles. She averaged 15.8 disposals per game and kicked 8 goals through the home and away season, and 3 during the finals. 2020 saw her season cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic, playing just 4 games. She averaged 19.1 disposals and 5.3 tackles per game, finishing equal seventh in the league's best and fairest voting.


title: Wooden spoon (award)

text: In Canada and the United States' men's Major League Soccer, the last place team in the overall standings is generally considered as the "wooden spoon champion". However, unlike other Wooden Spoon awards, there is a physical "trophy" for the award. Before the start of the 2016 MLS season, the Independent Supporters Council decided to create an actual official "trophy" for the lowest place team in the league, as a complement to the Supporters' Shield which the ISC also manages. The trophy is passed to the "winning" team at the annual ISC Conference, and the holders of the Spoon must possess the spoon for the entire following season. At the end of the year, every group awarded the Wooden Spoon are allowed to do what they will with the trophy. The Chicago Fire were the "winner" of the inaugural 2015 wooden spoon trophy and their supporters had the responsibility of creating the first spoon. The award was christened the Andrew Hauptman Memorial Wooden Spoon by Chicago Fire supporters as a dig against the team's owner, Andrew Hauptman .


title: MS 0735.6+7421

text: Using data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, scientists have deduced that an eruption has been occurring for the last 100 million years at the heart of the galaxy cluster, releasing as much energy over this time as hundreds of millions of gamma ray bursts. (The amount of energy released in a year is thus equivalent to several GRBs.) The remnants of the eruption are seen as two cavities on either side of a large central galaxy. If this outburst, with a total energy budget of more than 1055 J, was caused by a black hole accretion event, it must have consumed nearly 600 million solar masses. Work done by Brian McNamara et al. point out the striking possibility that the outburst was not the result of an accretion event, but was instead powered by the rotation of the black hole. Moreover, the scientists mentioned the possibility that the central black hole in MS 0735.6+7421 could be one of the biggest black holes inhabiting the visible universe. This speculation is supported by the fact that the central cD Galaxy inside MS 0735.6+7421 possess the largest break radius known, as of today. With a calculated light deficit of more than 20 billion solar luminosities and an assumed light-to-mass ratio of 3, this yields a central black hole mass much above 10 billion solar masses, as far as the break radius was caused by the merger of several black holes in the past. In combination with the gargantuan energy outburst it is therefore very likely that MS 0735.6+7421 hosts a supermassive black hole in its core. The cluster has a red shift of 64,800 ± 900 km/s and an apparent size of 25′.


title: Actinic keratosis

text: Topical fluorouracil (5-FU) destroys AKs by blocking methylation of thymidylate synthetase, thereby interrupting DNA and RNA synthesis. This in turn prevents the proliferation of dysplastic cells in AK. Topical 5-FU is the most utilized treatment for AK, and often results in effective removal of the lesion. Overall, there is a 50% efficacy rate resulting in 100% clearance of AKs treated with topical 5-FU. 5-FU may be up to 90% effective in treating non-hyperkeratotic lesions. While topical 5-FU is a widely used and cost-effective treatment for AKs and is generally well tolerated, its potential side-effects can include: pain, crusting, redness, and local swelling. These adverse effects can be mitigated or minimized by reducing the frequency of application or taking breaks between uses. The most commonly used application regimen consists of applying a layer of topical cream to the lesion twice a day after washing; duration of treatment is typically 2–4 weeks to thinner skin like the cheeks and up to 8 weeks for the arms; treatment of up to 8 weeks has demonstrated a higher cure rate.


title: Henry Salem Hubbell

text: Hubbell burst onto the international art scene upon receiving the Honorable Mention at the 1901 Paris Salon for "Une belle occasion. Une petite cuisine." Hubbell's subsequent works, "The Long Seam" and "The Coachman (Paris Cabman)" were reviewed favorably in the Paris press, with d'Arcy Moreil writing in the Paris American that: "This vigorous attempt to copy nature line by line seems an attempt to follow the example of the French master, Jules Bastien-Lepage." Hubbell exhibited paintings at the Paris Salon throughout the 1910s. In 1908, Hubbell joined the American Impressionists colony in Giverny, France, where he became friends with Claude Monet. In 1908-1909 he painted two of his masterworks, "By the Fireside" and "The Orange Robe" which were both exhibited in the 1909 Paris Salon to much fanfare, solidifying his place as a leading American Impressionist. French art critic Henry Austy wrote that "The Orange Robe" showed "a happy daring in the arrangement of the tones, a harmony in the composition, and a beautiful sentiment of intimacy and elegance.


title: Clandeboye

text: By 1347, Muirchertach Ceannfada O'Neill was the first King of Clandeboye not to be also King of Tyrone, controlling the parts of the old Earldom of Ulster taken over by the O'Neills. Most of their territory was east of the River Bann, in what would today be called south County Antrim and north County Down. The part of Clandeboye territory which was west of the River Bann was Loughinsholin, in what is today County Londonderry, including part of the Sperrin Mountains. This O'Neill line, which had lost out on the Kingship of Tyrone, although technically at first uirrithe (under-kings) of their Tyrone cousins, soon established their own autonomy. Geopolitically, they looked to offset the power of their Tyrone neighbors, by forming alliances with other powers in the area; the MacDonnells of Antrim (a clan of fairly recent Highland Scots descent descended from John of Islay, Lord of the Isles), the powerful O'Donnells of Tyrconnell and, when it suited, the Kingdom of England's Lordship of Ireland based in Dublin. Clandeboye's lands were suited to cattle grazing and so their rulers were able to attain a significant level of wealth through this.


title: Clandeboye

text: Towards the end of the 14th century and into the early 15th century, the Clandeboye shifted away from their rapprochement with their O'Neill of Tyrone cousins and as with the case of their neighbours to the south, the Magennis clan of Iveagh, entered into an alliance with the powerful O'Donnells of Tyrconnell under Turlough an Fhíona O'Donnell . An ascendant maritime kingdom based in the north-west of Ireland, able to put into the field a strong army with a Gallowglass basis, Tyrconnell mounted a serious challenge to Tyrone's domination of the north of Ireland: Clandeboye and Iveagh saw this as an opportunity to assert more independence for themselves. As part of this complex patchwork of alliances, which spread throughout all of Ireland, there was a wider implication for geopolitics in the British Isles and indeed European politics, in the context of the Hundred Years' War; one faction made alliances with the Plantagenet Kingdom of England, the other with the Stewart Kingdom of Scotland (and thus, by implication of their Auld Alliance; the Kingdom of France). Thus, when Richard II of England visited Ireland and gained the "submission" of a number of Gaelic Irish and Gaelicised chiefs in 1395, there were a few notable absences: the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell (friends of Stewart Scotland) and their Irish allies such as the O'Neills of Clandeboye, Burke of Mayo and O'Connor Ruadh of Roscommon, who never submitted.


title: Clandeboye

text: The Kingdom of Clandeboye had been divided in the early 16th century into "Lower Clandeboye" and "Upper Clandeboye", following a decline in power of the last undivided King of Clandeboye, Murtagh Dulenagh O'Neill. His nephews from two of his older brothers, who had also been Kings of Clandeboye (Phelim Bacagh O'Neill and Niall Oge O'Neill), took advantage of their uncle's weakness and established themselves. This situation was recognised as such and reported by Thomas Cusack, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland in his letter to the Duke of Northumberland on the current state of Ireland in March 1552. Neighbouring the Clandeboye to the north-east were a group of Highland Scots in the Glens of Antrim. They were Gallowglass soldiers under the leadership of the MacDonnell of Antrim who had established themselves by the mid-16th century as Lords of the Glens (the remaining parts of the area which Normans had previously held as the Earldom of Ulster). During a conflict with them, the heir to Clandeboye, Niall O'Neill (son of Hugh O'Neill) was killed in 1537, weakening the natural succession. To the west of Clandeboye were their more powerful O'Neill kinsmen, the O'Neills of Tyrone (from whom the Clandeboye's had branched off in the 13th century).


title: Clandeboye

text: The O'Neills of Clandeboye diligently offered their services up to the Crown forces during the campaign of Shane O'Neill. Part of the backstory of this was that Brian Faghartach O'Neill (the oldest son of the aforementioned Niall Oge O'Neill) was assassinated by a then 20-year-old Shane O'Neill in 1548. Brian Faghartach was the first Lord of Upper Clandeboye, thought likely to be involved in a surrender and regrant, allowing him to establish himself as a Lord of a portion in the now split up Clandeboye. When Shane rose up, he was able to establish his influence over Clandeboye and force it into being one of his urriaght (subsidiary) territories. At Carrickfergus, an Anglo-Irish crown garrison had been established under William Piers with the support of Brian McPhelim O'Neill, the Lord of Lower Clandeboye, who was subsequently knighted for supporting them against Shane the Proud and also the Scots in the Glens of Antrim. Brian McPhelim and some of his relatives acted as intelligence agents to Piers, playing a role in undermining Shane at the Battle of Farsetmore in 1567.


title: Clandeboye

text: Piers as the Seneschal of Clandeboye, was keen to encourage provincial Gaelic clans loyal to the Crown in Ulster as a balance against the influx of Scots, whose presence was unwelcome to the English: a policy which seemingly boded well for Clandeboye. Seeing himself as in a secure position, Brian McPhelim decided to flex his power and waged a private war against the Tyrone successor of Shane, Turlough Lynagh O'Neill. A year after the death of his father, Turlough had declared loyalty to Elizabeth I and so Brian McPhelim's adventurism did not impress the authorities. Elizabeth I made a grant of the entire territory of Clandeboye in 1571 as part of the so-called Enterprise of Ulster: Sir Thomas Smith, her principal Secretary of State was granted what would become north Down and the Ards, while the Earl of Essex was also to be a major beneficiary with a grant of all of County Antrim except for the Route and the Glens (the land had previously been claimed as part of the "Earldom of Ulster" during medieval times, this being the basis of the Crown's grant). The plan was to colonise the land with English Protestants in a foreshadowing of the Ulster Plantation. Sir Brian McPhelim upon finding this out in a booklet published by Smith felt betrayed by the Queen's "duplicity", having felt he was safe in his position due to his allegiance to the Crown and past service to it. Instead of allow his lands to be colonised, Sir Brian McPhelim elected upon a scorched earth policy, burning down any buildings in his territory which could be used as a prospective garrison or could be used for colonisation.


title: Clandeboye

text: Smith had sent his illegitimate son, also named Thomas, along with the 800 English colonists who had set off from Liverpool to Ards: in October 1573, Thomas Smith Jnr was shot dead by an Irishman he had employed as a labourer. A couple of years later Smith Snr had abandoned the project completely. Essex, who had only recently been made an Earl, encouraged by Lord Burghley, was more directly involved on the ground and had most of his fortune at stake. Haunted by an outbreak of plague at Carrickfergus in 1573–74, which decimated Essex's forces, he fled to the English Pale, being based at Dublin and Drogheda for the rest of his time, only entering Ulster on raids against O'Neill and others. Evidently frustrated, Essex had Piers arrested and accused him of passing intelligence to Sir Brian McPhelim (Piers was later released). In November 1574, Sir Brian McPhelim had invited Essex to Belfast Castle to a feast where they would discuss concluding a peace. At the end of the three day feast, Essex's men, suddenly fell upon their Irish hosts and carried out the Clandeboye massacre, where 200 men, women and children were murdered without warning. Sir Brian McPhelim, his wife and his half-brother Rory Oge MacQuillin were all taken hostage to Dublin where they were hanged for opposing the plantations. The following year, Essex was responsible for an even more gratuitous massacre in Ulster, this time against the MacDonnells of Antrim in the Rathlin Island massacre (Essex accused the Clandeboye O'Neills and MacDonnels of being co-conspirators against the English colonists), before Elizabeth I called an end to "the Enterprise" in 1575. Before his own death in 1576, Essex was able to sow division among the ranks of the Clandeboye by declaring Niall McBrian Fertagh O'Neill (grandson of Niall Oge O'Neill and son-in-law of Sir Brian MacPhelim) as rightful lord of all Clandeboye.


title: Clandeboye

text: Various different factions of the Clandeboye O'Neills felt aggrieved by the unexpected selection of Niall McBrian Fertagh O'Neill (whose father had been assassinated by Shane O'Neill) as lord of Clandeboye, causing internal conflict. The situation was such that the English authorities in the form of John Perrot, the new Lord Deputy of Ireland, intervened in 1584. Lower Clandeboye was split into two: three-quarters, based around Belfast, were awarded to Shane McBrian O'Neill (son of the late Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill), while the remaining quarter, based around Edenduffcarrick, was awarded to Hugh Oge O'Neill (son of Sir Brian McPhelim's brother Hugh). Meanwhile, Conn McNeill O'Neill, the son of Niall McBrian Fertagh O'Neill, was confirmed in his lordship of Upper Clandeboye. Shane McBrian O'Neill and Hugh Oge O'Neill bitterly contested the control of Lower Clandeboye, particularly Shane's Castle at Edenduffcarrick. Despite an attempt at arbitration, Hugh Oge was killed at the Castle in the dispute in 1586 and was succeeded by his brother Neill McHugh O'Neill at Lower Clandeboye (Edenduffcarrick), the conflict between the two factions caused "great dissension between them and great slaughter often by both parties committed."


title: Clandeboye

text: Shane McBrian O'Neill of Lower Clandeboye (Belfast) was a Member of Parliament for County Antrim in 1585. He briefly rebelled against the Crown during Tyrone's Rebellion in 1598 but was soon reconciled and was pardoned as a result. The English authorities were unable to hold back the forces of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and so when his nephew Brian MacArt O'Neill was sent into Clandeboye to control its military affairs, it brought the area into collaboration. This conflict, in alliance with Habsburg Spain, was a predominantly Ulster-based Irish Rising against Protestant English rule and brought together what were usually enemies such as the O'Neills of Tyrone and the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell in common cause. The Earl of Tyrone had been married to Shane McBrian's sister Katherine O'Neill for a time but the marriage was annulled. Only minor engagements, no major battles, took place as the area had suffered significant depopulation due to the conflicts brought about by Essex and Smith's attempted colonisation. The main negative effect on Clandeboye was the actions of Arthur Chichester after 1601, who set about burning destroying crops and animals as well as killing men, women and children without scruple. Historical records of the period say that in Clandeboye as a result of Chichester's acts, the people were reduced to cannibalism, corpses had green-mouths from eating grass and dead bodies were piled by the roadsides. This destruction was supposedly to stop Clandeboye being used as a supply base for Tyrone, but had a secondary purpose as, Chichester, in financial difficulties from his estates Devon, sought land to take in Ireland.


title: Clandeboye

text: Conn McNeill O'Neill, the Lord of Upper Clandeboye, who was based at Castlereagh, was arrested around Christmas of 1602 (a year after his father Niall McBrian had been killed by Captain Malby). Chichester had arrested him and held him at Carrickfergus Castle, on account of one of O'Neills men having killed a Crown soldier. Chichester offered to execute him without trial, potentially as a pretext to taking land for himself. Fortune favoured Conn McNeill as, on the death of Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland ascended to the thrones of England and Ireland in July 1603, with the opportunity of a clean slate. Conn McNeill's wife approached Hugh Montgomery, a Scotsman with extensive political connections and agreed if he could break Conn out of jail and arrange a royal pardon for him, then he would share half of Upper Clandeboye with Montgomery. Upon hearing about this, James Hamilton, wanted in on the deal and the plan was changed to a three-way split. The jailbreak was hatched and was successful, the three men visited James and secured the pardon in London before returning to Ulster via Scotland. Montgomery and Hamilton began a private, non-government plantation of the area with Scots from Ayrshire in 1606 and are seen as founding fathers of the Ulster Scots people. Some of the native Irish tenants were moved out to Dufferin.


title: Clandeboye

text: A junior line of this branch, the O'Neills of Feeva (descended from Conn O'Neill , a younger son of Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill), were deeply involved in Jacobitism in Ireland and internationally. Colonel Conn O'Neill and Captain Conn Modera O'Neill both served in the Army of James II and his son the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart. Some of these men fled abroad to the European Continent and were Wild Geese who served in the French and Spanish Armies. Famously, Captain Conn O'Neill of the French Army was present at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 and was instrumental in asking Flora MacDonald to help Bonnie Prince Charlie escape the Redcoats from the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. Despite initially being a junior line, after the death of the last Viscount O'Neill in 1855, this was the only known surviving branch from Sir Brian McPhelim and still had living members towards the end of the 19th century with Charles Henry O'Neill, a barrister living in Dublin, who was recognised as The O'Neill Clandeboye.