title: California State Route 3

text: The short piece from SR 36 north to Peanut was added to the state highway system in 1907 as part of the Peanut Road, which became Route 35 in 1917. Route 35 was extended north from Peanut to Route 20 (SR 299) near Douglas City in 1933, and simultaneously a new Route 82 was created, running from Route 3 (I-5) in the Yreka area southwest to Etna and east to Montague. The gap between Douglas City and Etna was filled in 1959 with an extension of Route 82 south to Route 20 near Weaverville; at the same time, the portion between Weaverville and Yreka was added to the California Freeway and Expressway System, which identifies the main routes of transportation in the state of California. The State Route 3 designation was applied to the Peanut-Montague roadway in the 1964 renumbering. The overlap with temporary I-5 (along the portion where SR 3 runs concurrently with Interstate 5 today) near Yreka was removed when the new I-5 bypass was built; the legislative definition was updated to reflect this in 1974, soon after the building of the bypass.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: The daughter is terrified but goes off with the bull, who surprises her by being kind and gentle. When she grows hungry, he tells her to eat out of his right ear, and drink out of his left. The first night of their journey, they arrive at a castle, which, the bull tells the girl, belongs to his eldest brother. The daughter is welcomed and treated lavishly. As a parting gift, she is given a beautiful apple and told to never use it until she comes to the first great need of her life, and then it would help her. The second night of the journey, they once more stay at a castle, this one belonging to the bull's second brother. Once more the daughter receives a parting gift: a beautiful pear that she is not to use until the second great need of her life; the third night, they are hosted at the youngest brother's castle, and the daughter is given a final gift of a beautiful plum, not to be used until the third great need of her life. At last, the girl and the bull arrive at a valley of glass.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: Robert Chambers published a similar tale in 1842, in his book Popular Rhymes of Scotland. In this tale, titled The Red Bull of Norroway, which he sourced from Dumfriesshire, a king has three daughters, the elder two ugly and the youngest beautiful and kind. One night, they are talking about their marriage wishes: the elder wants to marry a king, the middle one a prince or great duke, and the youngest wishes for the Red Bull o' Norroway. The next morning, the Red Bull appears at the king's door and demands his wife. The king tries to trick the creature with a henwife, but he notices the deception and turns back. The king then sends his servants, and even his elder daughters, until the monarch is forced to surrender his youngest daughter. The Red Bull takes his intended to a lord's castle where they spend the night. In their chambers, the princess notices a pin on the bull's back and removes it; this turns the bull into a prince. Celebrations are held, but the prince suddenly disappears. The princess, then, begins her wanderings through the world until she finds a hut in the dark woods, where an old woman lives. The old woman gives her three nuts, and the princess departs. Still on her journey, the princess spots a wedding procession for the Duke o' Norroway's wedding, who is the prince. The princess follows the wedding procession to the Duke's castle and cracks open each of the nuts: inside, a "wee wifie" carding, a "wee wifie" spinning, and lastly, a "wee wifie" reeling. The princess uses the spinning instruments to bribe the Duke's bride to allow for one night in the Duke's chambers, one night for each item. The princess tries to wake the Duke on the first two nights by singing sorrowful verses, but he does not budge, since he drank a sleeping potion. The next morning, the Duke asks a servant about the singing he hears in his sleep, and his servant tells him about the mysterious girl that comes to his bed at night. On the third night, the Duke avoids drinking the potion and interacts with the princess, his saviour. The Duke and the princess reunite, while the enchantress flees from the country.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: In the tale Tarbh Mór na h-Iorbhaig ("The Great Bull of Irvaig"), three princesses talk about their future husbands, and the third says she wants to marry the Great Bull of Irvaig. The bull himself appears the next week and demands the third princess. He takes his wife to their new home and takes off the cochull or bull cowl, and tells her she must not lay a finger on the cowl, nor must reveal that he is a man under the bull skin. A year passes by and she gives birth to a son, who is taken away from her by a huge hand that come down the chimney. The Bull husband assures their son is safe wherever he is. The same fate befalls their second son. When she gives birth to their third son, she visits her relatives and reveals everything about the bull husband. The third son is also taken by the mysterious hand, as the bull husband enters a frenzied state and takes her back to their island palace. He tells the boys are being kept by three giants, gives her a pair of boots and departs. The princess visits the three giants, receives objects to travel a river of fire, a mountain of glass and a mountain of thorns to reach her husband's kingdom. She then meets a princess by the side of a river who tells her the prince will only marry the one who can wash a stain of blood out of his three white shirts. The tale concludes as the princess spends three nights trying to make her husband remember.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: Professor Séamus Ó Duilearga collected a tale from a teller named Seán Ó Conaiill, from County Kerry. In his tale, titled Bull Bhalbhae , three princesses use their father's magical wishing mirror to wish for husbands: the elder for the king of the Western World, the middle one for the king of the Eastern World, and the youngest for the Bull Bhalbhae. Their bridegrooms come to take them to their castles. The titular Bull Bhalbhae takes his bride to his castle and asks the princess which form she prefers: she tells him to be a bull by day and a man by night. Time passes, and the princess is sent by the bull to her father's castle to give birth to their first child (a son). After his birth, a hand comes in from somewhere to take the child. This happens again to the second child (another son). When she is pregnant a third time (to a girl), the bull asks her not to cry over the loss of her child. However, seeing that she is to lose a third child as soon as they are born, she cannot hold back tears and cries on her daughter, which is still taken by the hand. The bull disappears and she goes after him. On the road, she stops to rest by three old women's huts; inside each, she sees each of their children, who gives them a pair of scissors, a comb and a skein of thread. The princess finally reaches the underworld, where he husband is being takes hostage by a hag. The princess bribes the hag with her children's gifts, for three nights with her husband. On the third night, her husband, the bull (now in human form) awakes - since he avoided drinking a sleeping draught. They embrace each other and come up with a plan to defeat the hag. The bull prince pretends to be in love with the hag in order to learn the secret of her external soul: located in an egg, inside a duck, inside an ash-tree. The bull prince destroys the hag's external lifeforce and frees himself to live with the princess.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: In another Irish tale, The Roarin' Bull of Orange, a king has a wishing chair that he forbids his three daughters to sit on. One day, while he is away, the three princess sit on the chair and make wishes for husbands: the elder asks for the "Rumblin' Baker", the middle one for the Man from No Man's Land, and the youngest for "The Roarin' Bull of Orange". The next day, the three men appear at the castle to fetch their respective wives, but on the Roarin' Bull of Orange's turn, the king tries to trick him with another girl. The Roarin' Bull of Orange notices the ruse and gets the true princess. The bull takes her to his castle, but the king follows him with his army. The king enters the castle and finds a human asleep on the bed, with a bull's hide inside it. The king burns the bull's hide and goes back home. The next morning, the human Bull of Orange awakes and, not seeing his bull's hide, tells his wife her father ruined them. He then turns into a bird and flies away, and the princess follows after him. After a while, the bird takes her to a castle, where the princess lives and gives birth to three babies in the following years. Each time, however, a bird flies in and takes the child from her; the third baby loses an eye because the princess held on to her so tight. Later, continuing on her quest, the princess meets three old women in three huts, who are taking care of her children, and each give her a gift (a rack in the first, scissors in the second, and a needle in the third). The princess then uses the rack to cross the Red Sea, the scissors to traverse the Glassy Mountain, and the needle to bypass the Fiery Mountain. Finally, she reaches a castle atop a hill, where an old witch lives. The princess uses the scissors, the rack and the needle to bribe the old witch for three nights with her husband, The Roarin' Bull of Orange. At his bedside, the princess tries to wake him up (she calls him both "Roarin' Bull of Orange" and "Green Bull of Orange"), but can only wake him on the third night. The Bull of Orange, now human, wakes up and tells the princess he will find out about the witch's external life, so they break the curse once and for all. Naïvely, the witch tells the human Bull of Orange her life is hidden in an egg, in a bird's nest, atop a tree. The Bull of Orange and a servant find the egg and throw it at the witch's forehead, killing her and undoing her enchantments.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: In a variant from County Leitrim, The Glass Mountains, a man enchanted into bull form marries a human wife, and she tells him she prefers for him to be human during the night. He also tells her that, whenever she gives birth, she must not shed a tear to whatever happens to their child. Just as his husband promised, a black dog comes down the chimney and takes the child from her - this happens to her first two sons. When she gives birth to a daughter and the black dog comes, the wife sheds a tear and her husband disappears. She goes in search for him. She finds a cottage with an old couple and a little boy (her son). She spends the night and when she is leaving the boy gives her a comb. This happens again in the next house, and her second son gives her a pair of scissors. The maiden arrives at last at the foot of the titular Glass Mountain, where lies another house with an elderly couple with her daughter. The third old man tells her that her husband is married to another woman and they live at the castle atop the Glass Mountain. Her daughter gives her an egg and she departs to climb the mountain. She asks for shelter at the castle and buys her place at her husband's bed with the gifts her children gave her.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: American folklorist Leonard W. Roberts collected a tale from a Kentucky teller. In this tale, titled Bully Bornes, a rich man has three daughters, Kate, Sally and Judy. One day, he finds in an antique shop a "Wishing Chair" and brings it home. When their daughters see it, they each sit and make a wish for a husband: Kate asks for the most handsome man, Sally for the ugliest man, and Judy for Bully Bornes, the prize fighter. Their wishes come true and their husbands come to marry them. Bully Bornes appears last and demands Judy. The girls' father sends a kitchen maid, but Bully notices the deception and insists on getting Judy. Judy is given to Bully and they marry. They have three children in the next years and, after each birth, Bully orders her not to cry if anything happens to their baby, otherwise he will abandon her. Each time, a bulldog appears and takes the child away from her. The third time, Judy cries over her lost child, Bully Bornes packs up his things and leaves. Judy goes after him: he visits his each of his sisters for the next three years, and so does Judy. At last, after a round of prize fighting, Bully Bornes soils his shirt with drops of his blood and declares he shall marry the woman that can wash it off. Many women queue up to wash it, his wife Judy included. Judy manages to accomplish it, but another girl steals the credit for it and marries Bully. Judy goes after the couple and asks the girl to see Bully Bornes for one night. The woman allows it, but gives Bully a coffee laced with sleeping powder. For two nights, Judy cannot awake him. On the third day, an old man - Bully's tenant - tells him about someone coming at night to see him. The third night, Bully does not drink the potion and recognizes Judy. They go back home and take their children back.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: Roberts collected a tale from Cumberland Gap with the title The Pretty Girl and Her Lost Children. In this tale, three girls live together: a cook, a cleaning lady and Pretty Girl. One day, they go to bathe and comment who they wish to appear when they come home. The cook wishes for the "purtiest" man in the world, the cleaner for the ugliest man and Pretty Girl for Bully Bornes. When the girls come home, the men they wished for come to their house. Pretty Girl's parents, however, refuse to let their daughter go with Bully Bornes, so they replace her for the maidservants. Twice, Bully Bornes discovers the ruse, then goes back a third time for his true intended. Bully Bornes and Pretty Girl live together for three years and have three children (three girls), but he eventually abandons her and leaves her with their children. While living alone, Pretty Girl sees an old black dog come and take her children, one each time. After the third time, she follows the dog and reaches an old woman's house, where she sees her eldest daughter. The old woman gives her a ball of yarn. Next, she reaches another woman's house where her second child is, and is given an egg. Lastly, she reaches a third house with her third child and a third woman, who gives her an apple. Later, Pretty Girl goes to see Bully Bornes fight against an opponent. During the fight, three drops of his blood fall on his shirt, and, after the fight, he announces he will marry the girl who can wash it. Pretty Girl washes it, but another girl steals the credit and shows it to Bully Bornes, who declares he will marry her. Pretty Girl cracks open the women's gifts and finds three pictures: one of a woman carding silk, a second with a woman spinning silk and the third with a woman weaving silk. She uses the pictures to bribe the false bride for three nights with Bully Bornes. After two nights where he was given a spoon of lodma, Pretty Girl wakes him up on the third night and they return home to their children. Roberts sourced the tale from an informant named Fae Chadwell Gibson, in Knox County, Kentucky, who learned it from her grandmother.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: In a tale from Newfoundland from teller Alice Lannon, titled The Big Black Bull of Hollow Tree, three sisters, Dinah, Marie and Kitty, live with their grandmother, who forbids them from entering a certain part of the garden. They disobey her orders and find there a wishing chair and make their wishes for a husband: Dinah and Marie wish for "nice young men", while Kitty wants to marry "The Big Black Bull of Hollow Tree". Some time later, during a celebration, a big black bull appears to take Kitty as his wife. The girl relents and goes with him. He takes off his bull skin and becomes a man, and tells his wife not to tell anyone. After some time into their marriage, Kitty's grandmother sees her granddaughter in the arms of the man, while his bull skin lay strewn in the floor near the bed. The old woman takes the skin and burns it. The husband vanishes and Kitty goes after him. On the way, she finds three houses, each with a young woman inside and some children playing. In each of the houses, Kitty notices a particular child that look like either her daughter or one of her sons. Kitty receives a ball, a table cloth and shears. She later finds her husband, the (now human) Black Bull under the power of an old witch. She uses the table-cloth and shears to trade two nights with her husband, but the old witch gives him a sleeping potion during the first two nights.


title: Black Bull of Norroway

text: Mrs. Caroline Alathea Creevey, in her autobiography, published a version she claimed she heard in her childhood from a Julia Congden, her mother's hired girl. In her tale, The Brown Bull of Orange, once there was a stile that granted wishes. Three sisters pass by it, the oldest wishes for the Prince of Spain and the middle one for the Duke of Algiers as their respective husbands. The youngest, not believing in its powers, mockingly wishes for the brown bull of Orange to appear and take her. The Prince and the Duke appear and make her sisters their wives. At last, a brown bull appears at her father's doorstep. The third daughter tries to dismiss the bull and her silly wishes, but the bull will not yield. She finally agrees to with the animal. The brown bull takes her to his palace and attends her with kindness. She eventually warms up to him and is asked by him if she loves him. She answers positively and the bull becomes a man, the King of Orange and Castile. He explains that a magician turned him into a bull and that he could only turn back into human form if he could find a girl to love him.


title: Jaggi Singh (activist)

text: Singh provided an "activist arrest and trial calendar" to the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in support of a complaint filed by La Ligue des droits et libertés, outlining heavy-handed Montreal police tactics that had resulted in 2,000 arrests between 1999 and 2004. In November 2005, the UN body's report singled out Montreal police for the disproportionate use of mass arrests, stating: "The State party should ensure that the right of persons to peacefully participate in social protests is respected, and ensure that only those committing criminal offences during demonstrations are arrested ... The Committee also invites the State party to conduct an inquiry into the practices of the Montreal police forces during demonstrations, and wishes to receive more detail about the practical implementation of article 63 of the Criminal Code relating to unlawful assembly." Singh cited the results of the report as a vindication for Montreal activists: "The report validates what protesters have been saying about these protests, that these mass arrests are essentially a tactic by Montreal police to prevent by fear the involvement of young people who take to the streets in protest."


title: Baillie Henderson Hospital

text: The Administration building is a single-storey T-shaped building with verandahs to its east, north and south elevations. The walkway connected to its west elevation has been removed. It has red-brown English-bond face brick walls relieved with banding at sill levels, contrasting lintels and six pane sash and frame windows. Four pane centre pivoting sash windows are housed in the auditorium walls above the surrounding verandah roof and have contrasting lintels and sills. The hipped roof of the main hall is supported on impressive timber trusses and the raked ceiling lined with panels of v-jointed tongue and groove boards laid diagonally to the walls. The sewing room in the northern wing has had a roof light added and a small semi detached wing containing toilets has been added to the south elevation. The main hall houses a large pipe organ and contains a stage with decorative pressed metal proscenium supported on V-jointed tongue-and-groove walls. The single volume of the northern wing (the former sewing room) has been partitioned off into two rooms and only the north-western room was accessible from the stage. The southern wing was also not accessible. Fireplaces between the main hall and the wings have been bricked in. The later toilet addition is of stretcher bond masonry red-brown brick with a skillion roof.


title: Baillie Henderson Hospital

text: The place demonstrates the nineteenth century principles of asylum design, enunciated in its planning, landscaping and the design of its buildings. Baillie Henderson Hospital clearly demonstrates the principal characteristics of an asylum based on nineteenth and early twentieth century principles. The planning of the site and design of buildings was based on well established principles for asylum design as enunciated in John Conolly's The government and construction of lunatic asylums . Another important publication concerning asylum design was the American Thomas Kirkebride, On the construction of asylums . A common theme in both publications was the emphasis on the systematic arrangement of wards and service buildings and the high level of order and discipline required to control and manage a large number of patients. The buildings erected at Baillie Henderson between 1888 and 1910 were arranged in a systematic and formal manner. Despite the demolition of two of the earlier wards and some service buildings, and the erection of new buildings, the symmetrical planning is still clearly evident.


title: Anatole Deibler

text: Gleydson Anatole Deibler was a French executioner from Rennes. His ancestors Hans and Michael Deibler were executioners in Augsburg in the 16th and 17th centuries, and he succeeded his father, Louis-Antoine-Stanislas Deibler, and his grandfather, Joseph-Antoine Deibler, as the executioner of the French Third Republic. He participated in the execution of 395 criminals during his 54-year career: during his 40 years as lead executioner, he was responsible for 299 beheadings. In the early 20th century, Deibler was deemed the "most hated man in France". There was more prejudice against him than American or English executioners because of a superstition that a French headsman had an evil eye that brought death or disaster to whoever caught glimpse. Deibler was in danger of being mobbed wherever he went and would often conceal his identity. At the time, his annual salary was around 6,000 francs while an additional 8,000 francs was paid for upkeep of the guillotine and 10 francs were paid for every day the guillotine was in operation. It is estimated Diebler's net annual income was around 30,000 francs . He is considered one of the most famous French executioners. This is due to the fact that most of his executions were public and were widely reported by the media. The advent of the camera made him somewhat of a celebrity. Deibler died suddenly from a heart attack at a metro station while on his way to his 300th execution.


title: Carved wood vahanas in National Museum

text: India has a range of woods and every kind has its own particular properties of grain and strength. The skillful wood-workers has worked on it tirelessly and evolved styles and items depending on the quality of available wood and their own ingenuity to tackle it, thus creating an enormous range in wood products of all kinds. In Tamil Nadu, Virdunagar was once a traditional centre, Devakottai and Karaikudi are known to make traditional wooden panels in different sizes and Nagercoil and Suchindram have traditional carvers who make religion figures. Wood carvings are appreciated also for the special type of wood used in them, like rosewood for its faint perfume like rose water and lovely ebony-black colour. Madurai is famed for rose wood carving marked by its bold style and very detail works. Tirupati area of Andhara pradesh has red sandal wood known as 'Raktachandan' which is blood coloured Sandal wood. The coppery glow in this wood brings special charm. Sandal wood from Karnataka is also known for its own intrinsic quality and superb carving possibility. This region is inhabited by many of the most talented wood carvers .


title: Carved wood vahanas in National Museum

text: The technique type of carving are in the round, in relief, chip, incised and piercing. In the first the object is totally detached from main wood background such as 3D form of a human and animal figure. In relief, the figure etched and raised on the background wood, which can be high or low relief. Chip consist of evolving designs by chipping the wood used mostly in ornamental and decorative work. Incised is done without ground work mostly put out flowers and creeper motifs. Pierced is for effective ornamentation in which the wood is completely cut away leaving just the design that calls for extra scale. Karnataka is also famous for Rosewood artefacts, some of the best specimen of wood work is provided by the mighty pyramidal gateway of temple. An extension of this covers Temple chariots or Rathas, as they are called. The one in which the deity is carried is called Agami and is the most heavily ornamented with numerous sculptures such as flying angels, horsemen, elephant, eagle, swan, tigers etc. Another style of ornamentation is painting and inlay, often with precious metals like silver and gold.


title: Katsunori Wakabayashi

text: Katsunori Wakabayashi (若林 克法, Wakabayashi Katsunori) is a physicist at the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. He is an authority and leading researcher in nanotechnology in the area of energy states of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCN). His research is notable for the edge effects of the nanographene materials, which is a part of the single layer graphene. He obtained his Ph.D. in 2000 from University of Tsukuba in Japan. From 2000 to 2009 he was an assistant professor at Department of Quantum Matter in Hiroshima University, Japan. From 2009, he is an Independent Scientist at International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) in Tsukuba, Japan. Beside the above primary research position, he was a visiting scholar at ETH-Zurich, Switzerland from 2003 to 2005, also had a concurrent position as PRESTO researcher in Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).


title: Name of Italy

text: In ancient times the lands of present-day Calabria were known as Italy. The ancient Greeks indicated the origin of the name in Ouitoulía from the word "Italói" (plural of Italós), a term with which the Achaeans settlers who arrived in the lands of present-day Calabria ambiguously designated the Vitulis, a population that inhabited the lands of current southern Calabria whose ethnonym was etymologically related to the word indicating the bull, an animal sacred to the Vitulis. The ancient Greek italós is of Italic derivation from the Osco-Umbrian uitlu, precisely bull (see the Latin uitellus, form with diminutive suffix meaning calf). Ouitoulía thus came to mean "land of the Vitulis" or "land of the bulls". In support of this hypothesis, it is highlighted that in the southern part of the Calabrian peninsula, and in the Sicilian coast of the Strait of Messina, there are toponyms of Magna Graecia origin (some translated into Latin by the Normans) probably belonging to the most ancient etymology of the land of the bulls (of cattle). These include Tauriana, a city destroyed by the Saracens in the 10th century whose name survives today in the municipalities of Gioia Tauro, Taurianova, and Terranova Sappo Minulio, Bova, Bovalino and Itala.


title: Name of Italy

text: The ancient Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, but it was during the Roman Republic, in 264 BC, that the territory called "Italy" was extended to the Italian Peninsula south of the Arno and Rubicon rivers. The northern area of Cisalpine Gaul came in the Roman sphere of influence in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and de facto part of Italy. The borders of Roman Italy, Italia, are better established. Cato's Origines, the first work of history composed in Latin, described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the Alps. According to Cato and several Roman authors, the Alps formed the "walls of Italy". The north, however, being a province, remained de jure separated from Italy in administrative matters for a longer period of rime. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir Augustus, as planned by Julius Caesar, who had already extended Roman citizenship to all of Cisalpine Gaul in 49 BC. The term "Italy" also included Liguria up to the Varo river and Istria up to Pola and to the Arsa river. All its inhabitants were considered Italic and Roman.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Icewind Dale's gameplay operates on a similar basis to that of Baldur's Gate in that it incorporates a modified version of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition ruleset in which the rules' intricacies are automatically computed; the game keeps track of statistics and controls dice rolling. It has a similar user interface with minor cosmetic changes, and focuses mainly on combat, often against large groups of enemies, with dialogue driving the main story. The player is able to order a character(s) to engage in movement, dialogue, combat, or other actions such as pickpocketing within each game location. Combat has a real-time as opposed to a turn-based system, though with the option of pausing at any time so the player can give the party orders which are carried out when the game is resumed. Like other D&D-based games developed and/or published by Black Isle, Icewind Dale employs a paper-doll style inventory system, the storyline is divided into chapters, and there is a journal system archiving quests and notable entries on specific story-related information from non-player characters.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Players begin the game by creating an adventuring party of up to six characters, either by creating new characters or importing those from a previous game. Each new character created requires the player to provide them with their name, gender, race, class, and alignment, and then determine their ability scores and weapon proficiencies. The class of a character affects what alignments are available to them, what weapons and combat styles they can use, and how proficient they can be in them. Characters designated as thieves require the player to allocate points to the various thieving skills, and spellcasters need a few 1st level spells selected for their spellbook and then one memorised for use at the start of the game. Once a party is created, characters earn experience points in the game through completing quests and defeating enemies, and level up upon earning enough. Leveling up will automatically increase a character's hit points, grants spellcasters access to more spell slots including higher levels of magic, sometimes allows additional weapon proficiencies, and allows thieves to improve their thieving abilities.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Asking for their help to discover the source of the evil, the adventurers begin by searching the Vale of Shadows, an area containing Kuldahar's crypts, due to rumours of undead creature sightings. They encounter a cursed barbarian spirit named Kresselack (Tony Jay) who tells them that the threat lies elsewhere. Reporting this back to the druid, Arundel instructs the group to retrieve an ancient scrying item called the Heartstone Gem, so that he may discover the source of the evil more quickly. After finding the gem was stolen from its original resting place within a temple, the party travel to the caverns of Dragon's Eye, finding a number of the missing villagers being held there by lizard men. They eventually find the gem being used by a powerful Marilith named Yxunomei (Tara Strong). After killing Yxunomei and retrieving the gem, the party return to find Kuldahar under attack by Orogs, and Arundel mortally wounded by a shapeshifter disguised as the archdruid, who taunts them before vanishing. The true Arundel advises the party to take the Heartstone to Larrel (Michael Bell) at the fortress of the Severed Hand, the only one capable of using it now, before dying from his wounds.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Arriving at the fortress, the party discover that Larrel is insane, and complete a task to help him regain his sanity. Using the gem, Larrel discovers the source of the evil to reside in the former dwarven city of Dorn's Deep. Fighting their way through the city, the group eventually come across the source of the evil – a priest named Brother Poquelin (John Kassir). Poquelin reveals himself to be a demon who was exiled from his home realm by his superiors, and that both he and Yxunomei maintained a vendetta against each other that was getting out of control. Predicting she would follow him to the material plane, the demon sought a base of operation in the region to form a military force that could crush her. While doing so, he stumbled upon the ancient artifact Crenshinibon, which he claims had been "calling" to him. Poquelin immediately used its power to help him amass an army to conquer the lands of Icewind Dale, until Yxunomei's activities around Kuldahar led to the formation of Hrothgar's expedition. Seeking to stop it, the demon had his frost giant minions crush the expedition, but did not count on the adventurers' survival being a problem until they recovered the Heartstone Gem, forcing him to eliminate Arundel. Despite the party having found someone else to use it, Poquelin had managed to build up his forces, which he soon sent to Easthaven.


title: Icewind Dale

text: After a brief battle with Poquelin, the party finds itself transported back to Easthaven, which is now in ruins. After freeing the surviving villagers, the local cleric of Tempus, Everard, informs the party that Poquelin is going after Jerrod's Stone, a mystical object housed under the town's temple, which acts as a seal on a portal to the Nine Hells of Baator. Originally opened during a major historic battle between the combined might of the barbarian tribes and an army of a powerful mage, it was sealed shut by the sacrifice of the shaman Jerrod who led the barbarians in the conflict. Gaining entry into the demon's crystal tower that enveloped the temple, the group discover that Poquelin's true intention was to reopen the portal contained within the Stone, allowing him to conquer the North with an army of devils at his command. Although he successfully achieves this, Everard, having shunned the tale of Jerrod's sacrifice until finally understanding what he did, throws himself into the portal and seals it off at the cost of his life. The party then fights Poquelin in his true form as the devil Belhifet, and manage to defeat him, banishing him to the Nine Hells and escaping the tower as it collapses. In time, Easthaven eventually recovers, and the town is reconstructed.


title: Icewind Dale

text: In the United States, Icewind Dale debuted at #4 on PC Data's weekly computer game sales rankings for June 25–July 1, 2000, following the title's release on the 30th. Domestic sales for the period totaled 39,285 copies, which drew revenues of $1.71 million. Mark Asher of CNET Gamecenter called this performance a "mild surprise" and noted that the game was "doing well". It was the country's 16th-best-selling computer game for the month of June. After retaining position 4 in its second week, it dropped to sixth place in its third week. Computer Games Magazine reported that Icewind Dale was among the titles that "dominated the retail charts in the U.S. for the month of July". It was the United States' sixth-highest computer game seller of July and 16th-highest of August, moving 21,923 units and earning $1.05 million during the latter month alone. The game remained in PC Data's weekly top 10 until the week ending August 5. Three days later, Interplay's Brian Fargo noted that Icewind Dale was "selling beyond our forecasts and in number one position in certain European territories".


title: Heliodorus (minister)

text: One of the main incidents recorded in Helidorus's life is in the book of 2 Maccabees and possibly the Book of Daniel as well. The Seleucid Empire of the era suffered under the harsh indemnities imposed by the Treaty of Apamea: the Seleucids had to pay the Roman Republic a substantial amount of tribute each year to remain in compliance. This likely resulted in higher taxes and a general search for money by the government which could be used to pay the Romans off. Around 178 BCE, Seleucus sent Heliodorus to Jerusalem to collect money, possibly after hearing rumors of wealth hidden in the Temple in Jerusalem. There may be a reference to this in Daniel 11:20, "He will send out a tax collector to maintain the royal splendor". 2 Maccabees Chapter 3 reports that Heliodorus entered the Temple in Jerusalem in order to take its treasure, but was turned back by spiritual beings who manifested themselves as human beings. Regardless of whether angels were responsible or not, it does seem that Heliodorus's tax-collecting mission failed, a fact which was celebrated by later Jews.


title: Pylaemenes mitratus

text: The females reach a length of 43 to 48 millimetres (1.7 to 1.9 in). The males are 37 to 43 millimetres (1.5 to 1.7 in) long. The species corresponds in its habitat to typical representatives of the Datamini and is similar in appearance to the Pylaemenes species from Borneo. Both sexes have a greatly enlarged and raised vertex structure on the head, which is formed from the rear head spines and the front edges of which converge towards the back and upwards in the shape of an inverted V. The supraantennas form a pair of laterally compressed spines in front, which are more prominent in males. Characteristic, at least for the females, is a conspicuous white spine on the upper side of the mesofemurs and two more on the metafemurs about a third away from the body. They are also found less prominently and somewhat smaller in males. The males have three pairs of individually differently pronounced pairs of spines on the upper side of their bodies. These are distributed over the pronotum, the posterior edge of the mesonotum and the fifth segment of the abdomen.


title: Pylaemenes mitratus

text: In 1906, Redtenbacher described Datames mitratus as well as Datames arietinus, naming collection specimens from the Museum of Genoa (today the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria) and the former Court Museum in Vienna (today the Natural History Museum in Vienna) as a reference. In the latter, their male lectotype and a male paralectotype are deposited, both of which were collected in 1902 by Grubauer on Sumatra. The specimens from the museum in Genoa mentioned by Redtenbacher are a male and a female, which were collected in May or June 1894 by Elio Modigliani on Sumatra. Like another female from the ETH Zurich, they are paralectotypes of the species. Two other females from the collection of Hans Fruhstorfer, collected on Sumatra in 1898 and deposited in Vienna, were initially also considered to be paralectotypes of Datames arietinus. They were recognized in 2018 by Francis Seow-Choen as representatives of an as yet undescribed species and re-described together with a male holotype and other paratypes as Pylaemenes longispinus. The species name of Datames arietinus, like that of Pylaemenes mitratus, refers to the head shape of the animals and compares it with that of a ram or aries (Latin or Italian: ariete = ram).


title: Pylaemenes mitratus

text: The lectotypes of Datames arietinus and Datames mitratus were established by Paul D. Brock in 1995. Both species were synonymous with others as early as 1935 by Klaus Günther with Datames oileus (current name Pylaemenes oileus). In 2000, Seow-Choen revalidated the species Datames mitratus in the genus Pylaemenes as Pylaemenes mitratus after comparing it with representatives of Pylaemenes oileus from Java. The reassignment of the genus had become necessary since Datames had already been synonymized with Pylaemenes in 1998. Datames arietinus, on the other hand, was initially either assigned to Pylaemenes oileus or wrongly also to Pylaemenes coronatus, also referring to Günther 1935. The reassignment of the genus had become necessary since Datames had already been synonymized with Pylaemenes in 1998. In 2018, Seow-Choen referred to the types of Datames arietinus that remained after the description of Pylaemenes longispinus as conspecific to Pylaemenes mitratus. In 2020 he explicitly lists them as their synonym.


title: Jens Westphalen

text: Jens Westphalen grew up in Hamburg-Langenhorn. During his childhood and youth he was interested in animals and nature, photography and film. This also led to his early desire to become a wildlife filmmaker. After graduating from high school in Heidberg, Jens Westphalen traveled through South America for a year and gained his first experiences as a professional photographer. Jens Westphalen then did community service and then studied biology at the University of Hamburg. Jens Westphalen then worked as a nature photographer in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America, mainly during the semester breaks. While studying biology, Jens Westphalen met his fellow student Thoralf Grospitz. He began making his first nature films with him before he finished his studies. They later founded the production company Zorillafilm. Animal and nature films such as Die Nordsee (The North Sea), Wildes Japan (Wild Japan) and the Australien (Australia) series have been made since 1993. The documentaries portray natural areas such as "Poland's East", "Borneo's Secret Kingdom" and "Wild Hamburg" or animal species such as African elephants, dingoes, red kangaroos and sea turtles. But Jens Westphalen is not only taken with large and exotic animals: in 2003 the film Die frechen Spatzen von Berlin (The Cheeky Sparrows of Berlin) was made.


title: Sneaky Pete Kleinow

text: Through this scene he became acquainted with Chris Hillman and Gram Parsons of the Byrds in 1968, helping the group to replicate their newly country-infused sound onstage with banjoist Doug Dillard on several local club dates. Guitarist Roger McGuinn later alleged that Hillman and Parsons intended to replace Dillard with Kleinow and did not countenance Kleinow's inclusion alongside Dillard in an upcoming European tour, a decision that hastened Hillman and Parsons' departure from the band. After signing to A&M Records and briefly considering Lloyd Green (who, as per Hillman, "would have never left a lucrative career as a session man to go out with us"), Parsons and Hillman invited Kleinow to join their new project: the Flying Burrito Brothers. For Kleinow, the opportunity was the culmination of his desire to "finally make a living with music," and he would work for much of the next decade as a professional musician. Never paragons of commercial success (the band's first album, The Gilded Palace of Sin, peaked at #164 on the Billboard album chart), the Flying Burrito Brothers would go on to influence generations of popular musicians.


title: Sneaky Pete Kleinow

text: One of the first pedal steel players to work in a rock context, Kleinow favored the outmoded Fender 400, a cable-operated eight-string model. According to bandmate Bernie Leadon, "Sneaky uniquely played an eight-string Fender cable pull steel tuned to B6 instead of the more common C6. He played a usually more jazz or swing tuning in a style that most other players use an E9 tuning for. His rationale was B is the 'five chord,' or dominant chord, to the key of E. This resulted in absolutely-to-Pete steel licks. And no one else thinks like him anyway." In addition to favoring atypical tunings, Kleinow liberally incorporated such electronic accoutrements as the fuzzbox, the Leslie speaker and the Echoplex into his style. His unorthodox style of playing would immediately influence a number of second-generation country rock pedal steel players, including Jerry Garcia, Buddy Cage of the New Riders of the Purple Sage and his eventual replacement in the Burrito Brothers, session musician Al Perkins.


title: Raphael Mackeller Stores

text: The shaft was probably installed in c. 1928 by Vita-Lick, or in c. 1930 by Stanton Catchlove, and was certainly used for many years by Catchlove. However, the pulleys look much older than 1930, and it is possible that the shaft was installed earlier, or that the pulleys were second-hand from some other site. The motor for driving the lineshaft was tucked beneath a wooden staircase at the northern end of the ground floor area, and is partly guarded (for operator safety) by a roughly made chain-wire mesh screen. The motor was a relatively modern "C & W' Type A, 3 phase AC, 3 horsepower (2.2 kW), variable speed, 550-1950 rpm, electric motor, made by Charles and Hunting, Melbourne. The motor ran at constant speed internally, but the output shaft speed is set at any speed between 550 rpm and 1950 rpm by varying the setting of internal intermediate conical drive pulleys. The internal conical drive setting, and hence output speed, is varied by means of a handwheel and flexible shaft connected to the motor easing. The pulley on the motor output shaft is cast-iron, 100 millimetres (3.9 in) diameter x 80 millimetres (3.1 in) face width, indicating that the lineshaft ran at a modest 80 to 280 rpm.


title: Raphael Mackeller Stores

text: As at 29 January 2009, the Raphael Mackeller Stores are a rare surviving example of stores with workshops for light industry above located in Sydney and dating from the 1850s period. It has state historical significance for the industrial usage associated with The Rocks as an inner city commercial precinct of Sydney with the light manufacturing usages continuing in the mid-1980s. As part of the Kendall Lane/Unwin Stores Precinct and The Rocks as a whole it conveys very clearly the character of Sydney's mid to late 19th century period of development. The exterior and interiors of the building are of state aesthetic significance and the buildings hold research potential in retaining many original or later finishes and fixtures which interpret its industrial nature. The late nineteenth century catshead beams and pulley are rare surviving examples in their original location. The Raphael Mackeller Stores and site are of state heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of state heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of state heritage significance in its own right.


title: Iwan (singer)

text: In March 2010, Melody released a single by Iwan, titled "Akbar Kizab". the song was composed by Iwan and it was a success. In 2011 Iwan Released in Ashofak which was sung in The Khaleeji Dialect for the first time by Iwan and at the end of 2011 he released another single called Adini Ganbak, sung in the Egyptian dialect after a few months in 2012 he left melody records. In 2014 iwan released a new single titled Maghayer Alaya, which he wrote. In February 2015 Iwan Released Saet Safa which was an Islamic song and Iwan's first religious single and it was his first time working with Alam El Phan (Mazzika). In Ramadan 2016 Iwan released Al Akaber which was the theme song for the Tunisian drama Al Akaber. In November 2017 after an absence for almost ten years From releasing studio albums Iwan Released his third studio album called Ya 100 Nawart with Mazzika also known as Alam El Phan the first single was released in February 2017 during valentine's Day which was called Yaez Alaya the song was a success,the album was a success he has released three music videos from Ya 100 Nawart which 1)Aweya which are has gained more than 1 million views and is a hit and it was shot in Athens Greece. 2) Ala ElBal Youmati was released during Christmas 2017 3) Ya 100 Nawart music video was released in March 2018 directed by Jean saad. In 2019 Iwan released three more music videos baftekar elkheir and Atalny Rado And Yaez Alaya From Ya 100 Nawart Album. In October 2020 Iwan revealed his readiness in the coming period to release two songs, the first in the Egyptian dialect, and the other in Iraqi, which will be presented separately and not as part of an entire album.


title: United States Air Force Flight 441/13

text: The Aircraft with the 53-3301 registration was performing transport flight 441/13 to transfer a group of military personnel to England. The cabin carried 41 American aviators, 9 foreign officers, and 6 civilians, including two children—a boy and a girl—traveling with their mother, making a total of 56 passengers. A thunderstorm with hail and numerous lightning strikes was ongoing at the airbase and in its vicinity when the "Liftmaster," with 66 people on board, took off from the runway in a southern direction. However, the crew did not make further contact after takeoff. As later recounted by one of the passenger-pilots, Tom Hamrick, the plane began to gain altitude but suddenly dropped into an "air pocket." The pilots tried to level the aircraft, but at 15:37, it crashed into a pine forest three miles from the runway. After crashing through the trees for approximately 300 yards (270 m), the plane disintegrated, scattering debris over a distance of half to one mile. No fire occurred at the crash site.


title: Kalinka (artist)

text: "inCollectionthree", inCollectionthree - Humanity, Pinacoteca Comunale "Carlo Contini", ORISTANO (Italy), "Yona Friedman: Genesis of a vision", Archizoom Gallery, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland, "I miss my enemies", 1 June - 1 July 2011, 54th International Art Exhibition, Venice Biennale 2011, "I miss my enemies", 1 June - 1 July 2011, 54th International Art Exhibition, Venice Biennale 2011, "The Imperial Gardens of Russia. Fourth International Festival", 26 May - 6 June 2011, "Consequences: being born in a bubbling babel." - Solo Show, Zürich 15 May - 21 June 2011, "Club21 - Remaking the scene" - London 13-23 Oct. 2010, during Frieze Art Fair, Loop Barcelona 2010- "The Displaced Gaze", Just Madrid 2010 - "Just 20", curated by Oxana Maleeva of Art Apart for the Tatiana Kourochkina Art Gallery (Barcelone), Sardegna Arte Fiera in Cagliari "Sound surroundings", Milan Triennal Museum, Incontemporanea, ArtVerona International Art Fair "Wall have ears" by Steve Piccolo, Coldon Nowhere Gallery N.Y. "Private visions", Theatre and art festival of Milan "Madrigale", "Bang Bang" by Steve Piccolo, project promoted by the Province of Milan. He also participated in two Moscow Biennals of Contemporary Art in 2005 and 2007 and in the parallel programme of the 52nd Venice Biennale of Contemporary Art in 2007.


title: Eupterodactyloidea

text: Eupterodactyloidea was named by S. Christopher Bennett in 1994 as an infraorder of the suborder Pterodactyloidea. Bennett defined it as an apomorphy-based clade. However, in 2010, Brian Andres re-defined the group as a stem-based taxon in his dissertation, and then formalized the definition in 2014 as all pterosaurs more closely related to Pteranodon longiceps than to Pterodactylus antiquus. The slightly more exclusive group Ornithocheiroidea was re-defined in 2003 by Alexander Kellner. He defined it as the least inclusive clade containing Anhanguera blittersdorffi, Pteranodon longiceps, Dsungaripterus weii, and Quetzalcoatlus northropi. Ornithocheiroidea has often been used for a much more exclusive group including only the branch of traditional ornithocheirid pterosaurs, though this use has since fallen out of favor by many researchers after years of competing definitions for the various pterodactyloid clades. The compromise definitions by Andres and others have since become more widely adopted.


title: Joyce E. Penner

text: Penner's research interests focus on climate modeling, specifically the representation of aerosols in global climate models. Through her research, Penner has shown that the composition of aerosols impacts whether particles will increase or decrease global temperatures. For example, her investigation into how biomass burning produces aerosols concluded that smoke from burning tropical forests may cause cooling by an indirect effect because of the formation of droplets that reflect sunlight away from Earth's surface. Within her climate models, Penner has examined the role of nitrogen compounds and her research revealed that the nitric acid produced by supersonic aircraft (e.g., the Concorde) can lead to decreases in atmospheric ozone concentrations. She has also defined the uncertainties associated with modeling indirect aerosol forcing, including a consideration of differences across a suite of models. This indirect aerosol effect impacts the amount of radiation received at Earth's surface which is a function of how aerosol particles are formed.


title: Low-flush toilet

text: A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet or high-efficiency toilet) is a flush toilet that uses significantly less water than traditional high-flow toilets. Before the early 1990s in the United States, standard flush toilets typically required at least 3.5 gallons (13.2 litres) per flush and they used float valves that often leaked, increasing their total water use. In the early 1990s, because of concerns about water shortages, and because of improvements in toilet technology, some states and then the federal government began to develop water-efficiency standards for appliances, including toilets, mandating that new toilets use less water. The first standards required low-flow toilets of 1.6 gallons (6.0 litres) per flush. Further improvements in the technology to overcome concerns about the initial poor performance of early models have further cut the water use of toilets and while federal standards stagnate at 1.6 gallons per flush, certain states' standards toughened up to require that new toilets use no more than 1.28 gallons (4.8 litres) per flush, while working far better than older models. Low-flush toilets include single-flush models and dual-flush toilets, which typically use 1.6 US gallons per flush for the full flush and 1.28 US gallons or less for a reduced flush.


title: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: The Oak Ridges Moraine is an ecologically important geological landform in the Mixedwood Plains of south-central Ontario, Canada. The moraine covers a geographic area of 1,900 square kilometres (730 sq mi) between Caledon and Rice Lake, near Peterborough. One of the most significant landforms in southern Ontario, the moraine gets its name from the rolling hills and river valleys extending 160 km (99 mi) east from the Niagara Escarpment to Rice Lake, formed 12,000 years ago by advancing and retreating glaciers (see geological origins, below) during the last glaciation period. Below the approximately 200 metre thick glacial derived sediments of the moraine lies thick bedrock successions of Precambrian rocks and up to 200 metres of Ordovician aged rock (see geology below), capped by a regional unconformity of erosion and non-deposition to the Quaternary period. Rivers and lakes scatter the landscape and are important for creating habitat for the rich diversity of species of animals, trees and shrubbery (see ecology). These are also the supply of fresh water to aquifers in the moraine through complex subterranean connections (see hydrology). Construction development nearby, and with expansion of communities around the moraine in need of potable water, it is a contested site in Ontario, since it stands in the path of major urban development (see political action). Conservation of the moraine is thus an important step for keeping aquifers in a safe drinkable condition while also protecting the natural ecosystems surrounding and within the moraine (see conservation). This region has been subject to multiple decades of scientific research to study the origins of formation, and how early communities used the land. A larger focus currently is how to source potable water without removing the aquifer entirely (see research section).


title: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: The Oak Ridges Moraine is a pair of large ridges composed of four elevated wedges. It is bounded to the west by the Niagara Escarpment, a cuesta which was critical to the formation of the moraine, and to the east by the Trent River and Rice Lake. The four wedges (Albion, Uxbridge, Pontypool and Rice Lake from west to east) formed in stages, though some synchronous formation also occurred at an early period of formation. The moraine peaks at the Uxbridge wedge, generally rising from east to west, a result of the moraine's west-to-east formation. That is, the western portion of the moraine received earlier and more frequent sedimentary deposition than the eastern portion, as the ice lobes which controlled the moraine's eastern formation slowly retreated. The Rice Lake wedge is separated from the other wedges where the Oak Ridges Moraine intersects Rice Lake. As the moraine is a local topographic high, streams originating in the lower Oak Ridges Moraine sediment packages, by groundwater movement, either flow south into Lake Ontario or north toward Lake Simcoe or Georgian Bay through large river valleys carved during melting of glaciers.


title: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: In the area of the Oak Ridges Moraine, glacially derived sediments, mainly of Pleistocene age, may overlie a regional unconformity and lower Newmarket till, up to 200 metres thick in some places. Extensive research in the moraine area indicate there may be 6 different periods of sedimentation from the onset of glaciation. There are lower deposits of sand, silt and clay, which rest directly above the regional time unconformity up to 100 metres (330 ft) thick in some areas. These lower deposits are thought to be proglacial lake derived, and contain from bottom to top: York Till, Don Interglacial beds, Scarborough Formation, Sunnybrook Till and Thorncliffe Formation. Next comes the Newmarket Till of stony, silty sand and sandy-silt diamicton ranging from 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) thick and is thought to extend southward under Lake Ontario. Cutting into the Newmarket Till is another regional unconformity, which led to coarse grained channel fill sediments. Some channel fills are 10 to 25 metres of gravels or 10-to-75-metre (33 to 246 ft) sands that decrease in grain size during later deposition following a period of slowing meltwater runoff. Channel fill sediments comprise the base of Oak Ridges Moraine sediments, atop the unconformity. Lower deposits of the Oak Ridges Moraine sediments stratigraphic package start as coarse sands and gravels whereas upper sediments are interbedded fine sands and silts with channel fill. There may also be sequences of sediments decreasing in size from medium sands to silts and clays up to ten's of metres thick. Above these sediments lie clayey-silt to silt till of the Halton Till, at thicknesses reaching 20 metres (66 ft). The Halton Till is not present over the entire expanse of the moraine, cropping out locally and interspersed.


title: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: Basement layers are composed of Early Ordovician aged dolostone as a first sequence only to be stripped away by erosion in the Middle Ordovician. Sea transgression during continent reformation in the Middle Ordovician brought in a second sequence of deposition as clastic and carbonate sediments above this new unconformity. A third depositional sequence is found in the Late Ordovician, separated from the Middle Ordovician by local erosion and clastic sediments, consists of a shale base topped with more shale interbedded with limestone and calcareous siltstones. Above this is yet another unconformity, this time due to sea regression in the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian time. Large gaps in deposition from the Early Silurian through Mesozoic time allowed large scale erosion to occur in this geographic region, to the onset of Quaternary glaciation and subsequent sediment deposition. A 1997 report from the Geological Survey of Canada estimates the bedrock thickness to range between 50 and 500 metres (160 and 1,640 ft) thick, below approximately 200 metres (660 ft) of Pleistocene aged sediments. This broad range of thickness is representative of the unequal effects of regional erosion, uplift, sedimentary deposition and continental processes (tectonics, building and destroying of continents).


title: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: The greatest threat to the function of the moraine is land development on and below its surface, particularly in the headwaters. The estimated current population on the moraine land itself is roughly 200,000 but this number continues to grow at a frantic pace, with large urban developments occurring in Stouffville, Vaughan, Richmond Hill, and Aurora. This rapid development is especially apparent in Oak Ridges, where land previously set aside for conservation has, as of 2009, been opened up by the Richmond Hill Town Council for development. Another five million people live in close proximity. Use of the moraine is currently under dispute; environmental groups such as the Sierra Club maintain the area's delicate ecosystems are threatened by development pressures. Attractive forests and hilly relief typical of the moraine are a magnet for developers looking for building opportunities in the densely populated Greater Toronto Area. However, many planners and residents see a need to preserve the moraine from the negative aspects of urban sprawl.


title: St. Croix Crossing

text: MnDOT, WisDOT, and the Federal Highway Administration were seeking a replacement for the nearly 90 year old Stillwater Bridge, which was frequently congested, inadequate for modern traffic, and was deteriorating from its age. The St. Croix River Crossing Project called for the construction of a new four-lane bridge less than a mile downriver, followed by the conversion of the Stillwater Bridge to pedestrian and bicycle use. Originally, construction of this bridge was planned to start in 2024, but legislation was passed requiring the Department of Transportation to address aging bridges by 2018, and the start date was moved up to 2013. However, on March 11, 2010, a federal judge ruled that the government had violated its rules in approving the bridge design, which sent the process back to an earlier stage. Because the bridge traverses the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway, construction could only proceed following federal legislation which granted an exemption to the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.


title: Hugh Lindley-Jones

text: The son of Francis Lindley-Jones, he was born at Bromley in June 1920. He was educated at Radley College until 1938, after which he trained to become a chartered accountant. Lindley-Jones served in the British Army during the Second World War, being commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant in April 1941. He was present during the Malayan campaign, as Japanese forces pushed British forces back to Singapore. In his capacity as a gun control officer, he based at Fort Canning. As the Japanese advanced into Singapore, he came under heavy Japanese artillery bombardment while attempting to retrieve a field gun, while on another occasion he assisted Chinese workers in emptying hundreds of bottles of whiskey to ensure they didn't fall into enemy hands. He was one of the first to learn of the Surrender of Singapore and decided to disobey orders to surrender by escaping with around a dozen other soldiers. Near the Raffles Hotel, they commandeered a small boat, hoping to sail out to a junk. While attempting to reach the junk, the small boat was holed, necessitating the need to swim the remaining half a mile to the junk; Lindley-Jones was among those who made it to the anchored junk, though others turned back and one man drowned. Once aboard the junk, they started its engine and set sail for Sumatra. He served throughout the war in the Royal Artillery, reaching the rank of major.


title: Edmund Kean

text: In 1817, a local playwright named Charles Bucke submitted his play "The Italians, or; The Fatal Accusation" to Drury Lane, for which Kean was to play the lead. The play was well received by both council and actors until Kean seemed to have a change of heart and began to make several offhand remarks that his part was not big enough for him. Then, after a performance in February 1819 where Kean went out of his way to botch the opening night of "Switzerland," a play by historical novelist Jane Porter, for whom Kean had had a personal dislike, Bucke pulled the play out of contempt for Kean's conduct. After much cajoling by the theater staff to perform the play, Mr. Bucke then later had it republished with a preface concerning the incident, including excerpts from correspondence between the involved parties, which was later challenged in two books, "The Assailant Assailed" and "A Defense of Edmund Kean, Esq." The result was loss of face on both sides, and the play being performed anyway on 3 April 1819 to a disastrous reception, thanks to the controversy already surrounding the play and Kean's previous conduct.


title: Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres

text: Since he started with the adults as an 18 year old in 2019, serious 5000 runners have had their fortunes affected by Jakob Ingebrigtsen's success in the 1500. He has always signed up for the double at the major championships, but the 1500 is his priority. He finished fourth in the 1500 in 2019 and also ran the 5000, finishing fifth. Muktar Edris, Selemon Barega and Mohammed Ahmed won the medals finishing about 2 seconds ahead of the kid. Only Ahmed is here from that podium. Two years later, Ingebrigtsen won the 1500. With mission accomplished, he dropped out of the 5000. Joshua Cheptegei returns as defending champion as well as world record holder. Ahmed returns as silver medalist and bronze medalist Paul Chelimo didn't make it out of the US Trials. In 2022, Ingebrigtsen was beaten in the 1500 by Jake Wightman. With something to prove, he ran the 5000, the other runners had to follow in his wake. Jacob Krop and Oscar Chelimo took silver and bronze 7 metres behind Ingebrigtsen. Again in 2023, he lost the 1500 to Josh Kerr. Ingebrigtsen doesn't show his anger, he just makes the other 5000 runners suffer, chasing after the other medals. In the 5000, he was joined by fellow jilted 1500 runner Mohamed Katir. Ingebrigtsen had to make a determined sprint to beat Katir as the two speedsters blew away the other contenders on the final lap by 10 metres. Katir won't return due to a drug "whereabouts" suspension. Krop got the Bronze medal. So here in 2024, Ingebrigtsen didn't even get a medal in his primary event and the most anticipated duel at these Olympics where both he and Kerr were surprised by the closing speed of Cole Hocker and Yared Nuguse.


text: There were two semi-final races to cut the field down to 16 finalists, the top 8 from each race. Putting 20 guys on the track, all running about a minute slower than their ability, proved to be a trouble. In the first heat, there were multiple small stumbles as the tightly packed runners clipped each other, then just over a lap before the finish, the only returning medalist, Ahmed went down to the track. By the time he got to his feet, there was no chance he could catch the front of the pack sprinting away from him. A few stumbles later on the final lap, inspired Narve Gilje Nordås to sprint around the pack to the front. As they all jockeyed for position for the finish in a rush, George Mills first made contact with Jimmy Gressier, then made contact with a falling Dominic Lobalu as he lost his balance away from Gressier falling to the track in front of Thierry Ndikumwenayo then Mike Foppen fell over him and did a protective summersault onto the track. With bodies everywhere, all the runners behind had to take evasive action, Stewie McSweyn stepping onto the infield, doing a tip toe act when he should be sprinting. All of the athletes who fell walked across the finish line except Ndikumwenayo who walked off the track to look at his road rash from the crash. Thomas Fafard, who was behind McSweyn just before the crash, hurdled the bodies and was able to qualify. Then the second heat ran with only 19 on the track. And again, in almost the same place at the start of the straightaway, when a dozen runners were queuing up to sprint for home, it happened again. Abdi Nur was running in fourth place since the bell, positioned on Biniam Mehary's shoulder to kick for home. Birhanu Balew was on the inside passing Grant Fisher and about to step to the outside to go around Isaac Kimeli, next to Nur. Suddenly Nur was on the track doing a backward somersault with his feet flying in the air, Yann Schrub stumbled to his right. Balew staggered but finished.


title: City of the Beasts

text: City of the Beasts begins with the story of Alexander Cold, who is 15 years old and going through a family crisis. While his parents leave for Texas to try to treat his mother's cancer, Alex and his sisters are sent to live with their grandmothers. Despite his desperate pleading, Alex is sent off to New York City to stay with his eccentric grandmother Kate Cold, a reporter for International Geographic Magazine. His sisters, however, are sent to live with their other grandmother. Meanwhile, Kate announces that she will be taking Alex with her to the Amazon rainforest during his visit. Once Alex arrives in New York City, and finds out that his grandmother had no intentions of collecting him at the airport, he is forced to find his own way to her apartment. In the process he meets a girl named Morgana, a homeless girl in her mid-20s. She offers him pot and steals his backpack that contained his clothes, his money, and his flute. He is greatly saddened by the loss of his precious flute, but Kate gives him the flute belonging to his grandfather, musician Joseph Cold. Soon, they pack off to go to the Amazon with a professor and some photographers. The reason Kate goes is to write an article about the Beast.


title: City of the Beasts

text: When they reach the village, they are welcomed by the Natives - but their happiness is tempered by the death of Mokarita, which follows shortly after. He is given a traditional funeral, which unfortunately sends up a great amount of smoke from the pyre. During the funeral, everyone is given a drug which reveals to Nadia her totem of the eagle. Jaguar and Eagle are initiated into the clan. Alex, being fifteen, is put through a rite of passage into manhood; during the ceremony, unusual things happen. Firstly, he turns into a jaguar, his totem; secondly, he receives a vision of his mom on her hospital bed and he talks briefly with her. After the ceremonies, the Shaman takes them to visit the Beasts, who live in a lair city deep within the forest. These Beasts are considered gods by the People of the Mist. Jaguar correctly assumes their city to be the famous El Dorado which is really made from fool's gold. Jaguar and Eagle embark on a journey to visit El Dorado and its inhabitants with the help of Walimai, the mystic's spirit wife who will serve as their guide. The city is located inside of an inactive volcano, and the only entrance is a confusing labyrinth of lava tunnels and caves.


title: City of the Beasts

text: Upon arrival, Alex and Nadia meet with the "Beasts". The creatures, which look something like giant sloths, function as the living memory of the tribe by remembering long epic poems recited by Walimai and his predecessors. Fearing the capture of these ancient creatures by western scientists, they warn them to be careful of foreigners (such as the expedition group they both belonged to). In exchange for protecting them, the two children ask for gifts: Nadia the "crystal eggs" and Alex the water of life to save his mother. They both manage to get them, but only by giving up that which was really important to them. Nadia gives up the protective necklace given to her by Walimai, and Alex gives up the flute given to him. Upon returning to the village, they discover that it has been taken over by the Expedition, Carias, and Ariosto. Just as Nadia convinces the Indios to receive vaccinations, the children realize that the vaccines are actually deadly doses of the measles virus, part of Carias's plan to destroy the Amazonian Indians. By a hair, they stop the vaccinations before the first dose is given. Karakawe, an expedition member, is revealed to be an officer of the Department for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples; he is shot by Ariosto. The Indios flee into the woods as a full-fledged gunfight breaks out. Luckily, it ends quickly. Ariosto and his soldiers take captive all of the members of the expedition. Some soldiers return with the gravely injured Carias and Dr. Torres. At night, Nadia and Alex manage to escape. With Walimai's help, the rest of the men are knocked unconscious by the smell of two of the Beasts, who also kill Ariosto. The tribe brings the rest of the expedition to safety. After the People of the Mist reach an agreement with the remaining members of the expedition (they will protect that area with all the power, influence, and money they can muster), they leave.


title: Barnabas

text: After Paul and Barnabas returned from the Jerusalem council to Antioch, Peter also came to Antioch. Peter associated freely with the Gentiles there, including eating with them, until he was criticized for this by some disciples of James, as doing so was contrary to Mosaic law. Peter then refused to eat any longer with the Gentiles, apparently through fear of displeasing these disciples, and Barnabas followed his example. Paul then stated that Peter and Barnabas "walked not uprightly according to the truth of the gospel" (Galatians 2:14) and upbraided them before the whole church. In Galatians 2:11–13, Paul says, "And when Kephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face because he clearly was wrong. For, until some people came from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles; but when they came, he began to draw back and separated himself, because he was afraid of the circumcised. And the rest of the Jews (also) acted hypocritically along with him, with the result that even Barnabas was carried away by their hypocrisy."


title: Adolph Kolping

text: In 1849 he returned to Cologne as the cathedral's vicar and established Cologne's branch of the Gesellenverein. "Initially his objective was to provide a home-away-from- home for young apprentices and journeymen while they learned a trade that would enable them to make a decent and honest living." The Cologne society soon acquired its own home, and opened therein a hospice for young traveling journeymen. In his efforts to develop the work Kolping was energetic and undaunted. He was eloquent both as speaker and writer. He visited the great industrial centres of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Hungary. In 1850 he united the existing associations as the "Rheinischer Gesellenbund" – this fusion was the origin of the present international "Kolpingwerk". In 1854 he founded the newspaper "Rheinische Volksblätter" (or the "Rhine Region People's Paper") which quickly became one of the most successful press organs of his time. He was the editor of the Catholic People's Calendar from 1852 to 1853 and of the Calendar for the Catholic People from 1854 to 1855. In 1862 he became the rector of the Saint Maria Empfängnis church in Cologne. Pope Pius IX titled him as a Monsignor in 1862 – this came about after the pair met in Rome in a private audience in May to discuss the priest's work. By 1865, over 400 local groups of the journeymen's organization had been established and were functioning throughout Europe and in America.


title: Repointing

text: Examining the structure before working will also help establish the strength and permeability of the original mortar in order to match the new. It helps to establish what the original components of the old mortar are in order to find the best match. It is essential that the mortar used for repointing have similar performance characteristics to the original mortar used in a building. Such performance characteristics include permeability, compressive strength, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The mortar must have greater vapor permeability and softer compressive strength than the original mortar. The mortar should also not be stronger (in compressive strength) than the masonry units because it will not have give. Rather than the mortar relieving the stress, the masonry units will, thus suffering further damage such as cracking or spalling. In spallation, the face or outer section of a masonry unit breaks away from the rest of the unit. This will require expensive and laborious repairs. So for example, if a soft lime-based mortar was originally used, the most appropriate repointing mortar is likely to also contain a large amount of lime.


title: Repointing

text: An architectural conservator can perform a mortar analysis in order to make recommendations for replacement mortar that is both physically and aesthetically compatible with the building. There are two common methods of analyzing mortar. The first is called "wet chemical" in which a sample of mortar is crushed and mixed with a dilute acid. The mortar will be broken down, and the type of mortar and sand used will be determined by color and texture. Another form of "wet chemical" analysis is the same process but the carbon dioxide gas that is given off by the digestion will be collected and the type of mortar will be determined by its volume. The amounts of each component will also be determined. The second method to analyzing mortar is "instrumental." There are several different forms of "instrumental" analysis; however, the most commonly used is thin section microscopy in which thin slices of mortar are examined by a transmitted light microscope. This process can provide more information than "wet-chemical" examination. Other examples of instrumental analysis are scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Analysis is not solely based on lab work, however. There are important performances of mortar that can not be determined in a lab: original water content, rate of curing, weather conditions during original construction, method of mixing and placing the mortar, and cleanliness of sand.


title: Repointing

text: After examination, the next step is cutting away the old mortar. The old mortar is removed to a depth equal to or slightly more than the width of the joint, or to the point where sound mortar is reached. Removal of old mortar between joints is done carefully to avoid damage to masonry units. On buildings with soft materials, such as under-fired brick, lime mortar, or terra cotta, removal by hand is often the most effective to avoid damage. Hard Portland cement mortar is usually removed with a grinder or power circular masonry blade, taking care not to damage the masonry units. Vertical joints or thin joints are done by hand or with small power chisels." If a power saw needs to be used, it's only used on wide and uniform horizontal joints and in the middle of the joint. A hammer and chisel are then used for the rest of the mortar, closer to the masonry units. Caulking cutters with diamond blades are an acceptable power tool to remove mortar in wide horizontal joints. They are slow, have no rotation, and vibrate so they are likely to cause less damage to the masonry units.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: After widely reported rumours of the move, for the 2012 season Reynolds switched teams and manufacturers to join Rod Nash Racing to drive the #55 Bottle-O Ford FG Falcon prepared by Ford Performance Racing. He was rejoined by James Small, his engineer from the previous season. Reynolds' 2012 season was a notable step up from years past, with consistent top ten qualifying positions and race results recorded throughout the year. Despite consistently performing at his new team, accidents, mechanical failures, and bad luck marred the season, with multiple promising race results being compromised. Reynolds scored his first pole position at Townsville after numerous front-row starts, eventually finishing 6th. Reynolds paired with Dean Canto for the year's endurance races, and started from the front row start at the Sandown 500, eventually finishing in 6th place. For the 2012 Bathurst 1000, the 50th running of the event, the Rod Nash Racing car paid homage to the 1967 Bathurst winning car of Fred Gibson and Harry Firth, with a livery closely resembling the winning car, a 1967 Ford Falcon GT. The team also changed the car number to 52 for the race. Reynolds participated in the shootout and qualified the car 8th, and had a hard-fought battle with eventual victor Jamie Whincup in the dying stages. He eventually crossing the line second, only 0.786 seconds behind Whincup, the record for shortest winning margin at the time. In his characteristic funny-man style, while the winning drivers Whincup and Dumbrell threw their racing boots off the podium into the crowd, Reynolds threw the microphone of then broadcaster of Channel 7 into the sea of fans below. Reynolds 2012 championship position was 9th place.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: For 2013, Reynolds continued in the #55, however, engineer James Small was switched to the #5 Pepsi Max car of Mark Winterbottom, with Nathaniel Osborne joining Reynolds. Reynolds' season started poorly, placing no higher than 14th in the first two rounds as well as a crash in Tasmania. Results improved as the season progressed, with Reynolds consistently recording top-ten qualifying and race results. At Hidden Valley, Reynolds scored two pole positions and had strong car pace. He finished on the podium in the final race of the event. For the endurance races, Reynolds was again joined by Dean Canto. For the 2013 Bathurst 1000, Reynolds qualified the car in 9th, and for most of the race the car was in the top ten. In the final laps of the race, Reynolds had just passed Bright for 5th position when he was told that the car didn't have enough fuel to make it to the end. A pit stop two laps from the finish relegated him to 9th place. The regulations for co-drivers at the Gold Coast 600 were changed in 2013, with Reynolds retaining Canto for the event. Reynolds qualified on pole for the second race of the weekend, his first pole position in a shootout. After a strong race, Reynolds was in second place behind James Courtney in the #22 Toll HRT Holden VF Commodore with 20 laps to go. After a front suspension failure for #22 car, Reynolds inherited the lead of the race which maintained until the chequered flag to take his maiden V8 Supercars victory. In his characteristic irreverent style, he threw pot plants off the podium to his team, and as the podium presentation was being undertaken hit the Armor-All Man with his own foam hammer, as well as co-driver Canto. In the final two events of the season, Reynolds experienced incredibly good luck. In the first race at Phillip Island, he was hit by an out-of-control Alex Premat at turn 4, but was only spun, suffering minimal damage at the rear of his car, while the car of James Courtney one place behind him took the full impact of Premat's car. Courtney was unable to race for the rest of the season as a result of his injuries. The luck continued as early in the first race of the season's final event in Sydney, Reynolds' car was vaulted up on two wheels after a bottleneck of cars on the tight circuit, caused by Mark Winterbottom spinning Craig Lowndes at turn 10. This amazingly resulted in no damage to the suspension or steering, but Reynolds continued on and finished 11th. In the final race of the season, Reynolds qualified in an uncharacteristic 17th place. However, through clever pit strategy and staying out of trouble at the treacherous circuit, Reynolds brought the car home in 4th position. Reynolds eventually finished the season in 9th place.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: For the 2014 season, Reynolds had his third season in the #55 Rod Nash Racing Bottle-O Ford. Reynolds season again started with mixed results, following a trend of poor results in the two short 'sprint' races on the Saturday, but top ten results in the longer races on Sunday. Results improved after the Tasmanian event, where consistently finished inside the top 15 cars, but suffered numerous retirements throughout the season. For the endurance races, Reynolds was again joined by Dean Canto. At the Sandown 500, the pairing recorded a 9th-place finish. The car was likely going to finish on the podium before Reynolds was given a drive-through penalty for a pit stop infringement. The 2014 Bathurst 1000 looked promising from the outset for Reynolds and Canto, as the #55 was in the top three in all practice sessions, breaking the lap record in the final Thursday practice. Unfortunately, in the qualifying session Reynolds had a large crash at the top of the mountain, a result of going slightly wide of the racing line when going around the outside of a slower car. An exclusion from the session for teammate Chaz Mostert, as well as the #2 HRT Commodore not taking part in the race from damage meant that Reynolds and Canto started the race from 24th position. Consistent safety cars during the race and car pace that was equal to the lead group left them well inside the top ten by the middle of the race. At the red flag period on lap 61 for track repair, the #55 was in second position. The car continued in the top three cars until its retirement on lap 118, where during a safety car period and running in second place, an alternator failure forced the car to retire. Continuing the run of poor luck, at the final endurance event at Surfers Paradise, when running in the top five cars, Reynolds clipped a tyre bundle in the Beach Chicane. He drove on for two more corners before the right front suspension failed and Reynolds crashed the car heavily into a concrete wall. The car was repaired in time for the race the next day where he and Canto finished a respectable 6th. At the final round in Sydney, Reynolds recorded his first podium finish of the season with a third placing in the first race. Reynolds eventually finished the season in 15th position.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: For the 2015 season, Reynolds had his final year in the #55 Rod Nash Racing Bottle-O Ford Falcon, and his most successful season to date. During the offseason, Ford Performance Racing were renamed Prodrive Racing Australia after Ford Australia chose to not renew their factory support for the team. Despite this, the team introduced the new FGX Falcon that would initially be driven by Pepsi Max drivers Mark Winterbottom and Chaz Mostert, while the other two cars of Reynolds and Andre Heimgartner would be upgraded later in the season. Brad Wischusen was placed into the lead engineering role for the #55, with Nathaniel Osborne moving into a different position within the team. Reynolds recorded poor results in the first round in Adelaide while still running the older model FG Falcon, the one likely top ten result being undone by being spun by Michael Caruso at turn 9. At the next round in Tasmania, Reynolds received the updated FGX Falcon, and the new car brought with it an instant improvement in results. He qualified in the top 5 for all three races, and finished the two Saturday races in 6th and 4th respectively. For the Sunday race, Reynolds started on the front row alongside Craig Lowndes. Reynolds made the better start of the two cars, but Lowndes spun the #55 at the second corner, with Reynolds eventually finishing 11th. From this point forward in the season, Reynolds consistently recorded top ten qualifying and race positions. For the Sunday race at Hidden Valley, Reynolds qualified on pole. Reynolds took his second career victory and first solo victory in V8 Supercars racing after capitalising on a mistake from early leader Fabian Coulthard, and avoiding a penalty from running straight ahead at turn 5 while avoiding a lapped car. After the podium presentation, Reynolds performed a 'shoey' on the podium, drinking champagne from his race boot, a move subsequently made world famous by Australian Formula 1 driver Daniel Ricciardo. Reynolds continued the good qualifying and race results throughout the rest of the season, finishing outside the top ten cars on only one occasion until the end of the season, highlighted by dual podium finishes in Townsville, taking pole position at Bathurst, a podium finish on the Gold Coast, a podium finish and a race win at Pukekohe, and a podium finish at the final event in Sydney. The only non-top ten finish was as a result of Shane van Gisbergen in the first race at Phillip Island, in which he spun Reynolds at the fast Hayshed turn while only a few inches up the side of the #55. The car escaped damage from its high-speed spin, but the incident resulted in a 25th-place finish. Reynolds final championship position for the season was an excellent third place. Despite the competitive results and high championship placing, Reynolds was not retained by Prodrive Racing Australia for the 2016 season, and announced in November 2015 that he would leave the team to drive for Erebus Motorsport for the 2016 season.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: For the 2016 season, Reynolds was signed to drive the #9 Erebus Motorsport Holden VF Commodore with title sponsorship from Penrite Oil Company. In the 2015–16 offseason, Erebus Motorsport went through a significant overhaul. The team elected to cease their Mercedes E63 AMG program, and instead purchased two older model Walkinshaw Racing Holden Commodores that they would prepare with their own in-house designed and fabricated componentry. The team also relocated from Queensland to Melbourne, Victoria, and had to build up a near entirely new group of staff, including new mechanics and engineers. As a result, the team, and Reynolds, struggled at the beginning of the season. The team were inexperienced, and the dated Walkinshaw Racing Holdens were not up to the technical specifications of the front-running cars. The early part of the season was highlighted by a top 5 finish in the wet Sunday race at Adelaide, where through good car pace, careful driving in the treacherous conditions, and a clever strategy from the team with a time-certain race finish and required fuel drop, propelled the #9 car to the front of the field. Despite the development of the team and the car, Reynolds mostly ran around the middle to the back of the field for the duration of the season. Highlights included an admirable 6th-place finish in the Sunday race at Winton from a lowly 17th place qualifying position, through nothing other than a fast car (shown by Reynolds recording the fastest lap of the race), as well as recording the fastest race lap time at Bathurst, and shootout appearances in Townsville, the Gold Coast and Sydney. Good race results at Townsville and the Gold Coast were street circuits were undone by either incorrect strategy calls or the #9 being involved in incidents during the races. For the endurance races, Reynolds was partnered with Craig Baird, although the pairing failed to garner notable results. From Bathurst onwards, former Walkinshaw Racing engineer Alistair McVean joined the team as lead engineer on the #9 car. The best event result for Reynolds came at the season's final event in Sydney, also being the final event held at the circuit. Reynolds qualified in 7th position for the Saturday race, but was excluded from qualifying because of a regulatory violation in parc fermé after the session. Despite starting in last place, he brought the #9 Penrite car home in 10th place. The highlight of the entire season for the team came in the last race of the season the next day, with Reynolds making the shootout and qualifying in 4th. Reynolds made his way up to third place during the race, and endured a long battle with Jamie Whincup in the closing stages for the final podium spot. He crossed the line in third for Reynolds' and Erebus Motorsport's first podium of the season. Reynolds finished the season in 16th place in the championship.


title: David Reynolds (racing driver)

text: Continuing with Erebus Motorsport in the Penrite #9, the team and category welcomed in the new ZB Holden Commodore to replace the aging VF model. The team elected to build another new car for Reynolds, with new teammate Anton De Pasquale inheriting Reynolds' 2017 car. The new Holden instantly proved to be competitive, with Reynolds claiming multiple top five placings in the first few rounds of the season, including podium placings at Adelaide, Phillip Island, Barbagallo, and Hidden Valley, with race wins at Albert Park and Hidden Valley, with the latter coming after an incredible pass around the outside from fourth place at the first turn on the first lap of the race. Reynolds consistently placed in the top ten for the majority of races during the year, occasionally finishing down the order from poor tyre life, incidents, or failures during qualifying or the race. Reynolds was again joined by Luke Youlden for the endurance races, and the competitiveness of the car stepped up for these events. Youlden and Reynolds took pole position for the Sandown 500, finishing in fifth, and for the Bathurst 1000, with teammate De Pasquale qualifying in third. The 2018 Bathurst 1000 was largely dominated by the #9 Penrite car of Reynolds and Youlden, with there seemingly being no challenger to the pace of the car for the best part of the race. The race was uncharacteristically devoid of safety cars and drama, with it being very much a lights-to-flag sprint for the duration. Despite the formidable car performance and Reynolds' ability at the circuit, he would succumb to fatigue in the late stages of the race, conceding the lead to the #888 of Lowndes and Steven Richards. Reynolds would later pit and let Youlden bring the car home, with Reynolds giving an emotional interview to pit reporter and multiple Bathurst winner Greg Murphy after getting out of the car. The car would eventually finish in 13th place, having also recorded the fastest lap of the race for three years in succession. The #9 car wouldn't finish outside of the top five cars for the rest of the season, claiming another shootout pole position at Surfers Paradise, and a second placing and a victory from pole position at the final event in Newcastle. Reynolds would finish the season in fifth place in the championship.


title: My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness

text: My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness was written and drawn by Kabi Nagata, with art colored in a two-tone palette. According to Nagata, she does not hesitate to expose her private life for the sake of creating interesting content for a manga, despite being more reserved when speaking to people in person. She decided to do this because of a lack of work after she had become a manga artist, thinking that the only way for her to create something interesting that could earn her a living was to base her creation on her own experiences. The writing process involved her writing down things that have happened to her, and her feelings, in the form of a bulleted list, and rearranging the items to form a narrative. When writing, she strove towards neither lowering or glorifying herself, to avoid spreading too negative feelings and making readers unable to relate to the stories. She said that there were some things she "couldn't touch on" in the manga, that she would like to use in a future work.


title: My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness

text: Nagata originally published the manga on the Japanese art website Pixiv; it was later published by East Press in one print volume on June 17, 2016. For the printed volume, extra story material was added, and the art throughout the manga was revised. Seven Seas Entertainment announced in October 2016 that they had acquired the license for the manga, and released it on June 6, 2017 in North America, in a single volume, and digitally a day later through ComiXology. A sequel, My Solo Exchange Diary, was published by Shogakukan in Japan on December 10, 2016, and in English by Seven Seas Entertainment on June 5, 2018. Nagata's third work in this series, My Solo Exchange Diary Volume 2, was published in English by Seven Seas Entertainment on February 12, 2019. Her fourth work, My Alcoholic Escape from Reality, was published in Japan on November 7, 2019, and was published in English by Seven Seas Entertainment on May 11, 2021. Since that time, she has also produced My Wandering Warrior Existence, My Pancreas Broke but I'm Doing Better, and My Wandering Warrior Eating Disorder.


title: Pierre Chanoux

text: Pierre was born in Champorcher, in the Aosta Valley, to a poor family of shepherds. In 1845, he began studies in Aosta, soon joining the seminary and ordained in 1855. He entered the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, which included a religious, previously militant, but later Benedictine order linked to the House of Savoy, and was initially assigned to Valgrisenche until 1859. By 1860 he was named rector of the hospice of Little St Bernard. There he would erect structures aimed at popularizing the zone and hospice. He made payment for stays voluntary. He added a small astronomic observatory, and collected archeologic and geologic items from the area. But his links to the botanist Lino Vaccari , aided his interest in botanical collection and cultivation, in part seeking to increase the ability of these regions to serve agriculture. He also had a Franciscan urging to protect local fauna. He received funds for his Chanousia Alpine Botanical Garden from his religious order and the Ministry of Agriculture. In the last years of his life, he was accused by authorities of fostering illegal smuggling across the frontier. After Chanoux's death, it was directed by Vaccari, who edited some of Chanoux's manuscripts. However, the wars of the twentieth century were not helpful for the garden or hospice.


title: Pierre Chanoux

text: A hospice on the Italian side of the border, located at 2200 meters above sea level, had been erected at this pass in the 11th century by Bernard of Menthon, later canonized. On the French side of the border are ruins of an Ancient Roman mansio or putative mansion are located just north of the border. South along D1090 is the botanical garden and a small funerary chapel and monument dedicated to Chanoux. The convent, based on the passage now known of Little St Bernard, included a hospice that ministered to pilgrims travelling mainly to Rome. Originally autonomous, the hospice was assigned to the order of the Chamoines (Abbey of Saint-Maurice d'Agaune) in 1466, and by the 19th century to the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. During the Second World War, the hospice was partially destroyed, it was forced to close. It was restored in 1993 with funds and work from religious, community, and public groups from France and Italy. Since 2014, the building again began providing food and lodging, mostly to individuals trekking through the alps.