title: Polaco (slur)

text: Origins of the anti-Catalan usage of "polacos" are obscure. The theories striving to clarify the issue are abundant, yet they are all purely speculative and can hardly be verified. The most far-reaching hypothesis claims that supposed 17th-century merchant relations between Catalonia and Poland proved fertile soil for growth of ethnic stereotypes. Another theory points to the 18th-century theatrical debate, though it provides no clue as to the Catalan link. One more idea is about Polish soldiers fighting in Spain and by enemies confused with their Catalan allies; specifically some point to the War of Succession, some to the Peninsular War and some to the French intervention of 1823. There is a concept which reverts to Sartorius; his supposed Catalan cronies was allegedly the reason why the name was applied to the Catalans. Some authors dwell upon perceived parallelism between the Polish independence movement of the late 19th century and the emergent Catalan or Basque nationalisms. Divided between France and Spain, Catalonia – the theory goes – resembled Poland, the country divided between Germany, Austria and Russia; another version is that Catalan deputies to the Cortes were dubbed "Poles" because of their national exaltation. Few suggest that the derogatory term was exported to Spain by the Prussians. Others point to the Civil War period, when allegedly Nationalist soldiers on the Aragon front confused the Polish International Brigades volunteers with the Catalan Republican belligerents. One more group of students claim that the victorious Nationalists pledged to wipe out Catalonia from the maps just like the Germans did in case of Poland in 1939. A fairly popular thesis partially supported by evidence is that the insult emerged during Francoism as part of the barrack argot; the reference to Poland was casual and the term was to stigmatize Catalan recruits as "alien". There is a group of theories which do not refer to any point in time but bank on presumed similarities between the Catalans and the Poles, be it linguistic ("slurping" sound of the language), religious (black Madonnas of Częstochowa and Montserrat) or other (both nations are supposedly stingy).


title: Polaco (slur)

text: There are a few slur references to the Catalans used in the present-day Spanish, like "catalufos", "catalinos", "catalardos" or their scatological variations. However, in terms of popularity none compares to "polacos", which is by some considered a "classic" form of anti-Catalan abuse. The term is clearly derogatory, though the intention might vary from slightly patronizing, ironic or minimizing to aggressively contemptuous. Its actual substance is blurred and illegible; the word is so much lexicalized that a possible reference to specific features or deficiencies – in case there was any – has long disappeared. While the insults of "catalufos" or "catalardos" are thrown usually against a political background and are applied to individuals supposed to nurture separatist Catalanist sentiments, the term "polacos" is more universal in usage. Geographically the abuse might be heard even in areas located far away from Catalonia, e.g. in Andalusia, though it remains particularly popular in Madrid. It is used also in regions neighboring Catalonia, be it the Balearic Islands, Valencia or Aragon; in case of the latter the term is often applied to inhabitants of the belt bordering Catalonia, named Franja. The name is used mostly in spoken Spanish, though sporadically it appears also in writing, mostly in social media; it is typical for colloquial language, yet at times it might surface in literary Spanish. The term is used in plural as "polacos" rather than in singular as "polaco". Generally it is intended to reach the Catalan audience directly or indirectly, e.g. during brawls. Currently the best known circumstances of usage are collective chants on sport venues, typically by fans supporting teams competing with FC Barcelona; it became sort of a ritual marking football or basketball games played at home by Real Madrid to cheer "es polaco el que no bote". Cases of public personalities using the term, e.g. those of a playwright Antonio Gala Velasco or a sport manager Ramón Mendoza Fontela, are usually acknowledged by the media.


title: Polaco (slur)

text: Abusive usage of the word "polacos" is not part of common knowledge in Poland, even though the phenomenon is reported in the media or elsewhere from time to time. A characteristic feature of these reports is downplaying, denying or ignoring the offensive intention; e.g. an official publication of the Warsaw Ministry of Foreign Affairs when dwelling upon the image of Poles in Spain notes merely that "in Catalonia the Poles are approached with particular sympathy, since inhabitants of the region are traditionally named polacos". News about "polacos" are often accompanied by speculations about Poland being reportedly a model for Catalonia, flagged by headlines like Catalans are proud to be Poles. Some authors present the abusive intention as a thing of the past related to Francoist origins of the nickname; they underline alleged Catalan warm feelings towards Poland, resulting from popularity of Polish cartoons for kids, esteem for Polish writers or admiration for the Polish history. The theme of Catalans fascinated with Polish patriotism, independence movement, fighting foreign oppression and contribution of Polish interbrigadistas to defense of Catalonia and the Republic during the civil war at times appears in the Polish cyberspace. Cases of "polacos" being reported clearly as "pejorative-ironic" and "fairly frequently used" abuse are rather uncommon; usually they occur when discussing the sporting rivalry between Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. As there are many Poles who have recently migrated to Spain, including Catalonia, some of them have noticed the particular usage of the word; like Polish media they play down its offensive tone and when referring to the phenomenon they set it as a somewhat amusing quid pro quo, e.g. introducing themselves as "Polacos de Polonia". A website operated by the Barcelona Poles refers to the term as "slightly pejorative", though also "colloquial" and "with a slight wink". However, there are also cases of the Poles reacting with fury and lambasting the term as insulting to the entire Polish nation.


title: John Wark

text: Remaining without a club before the start of the 1991–92 season, Wark trained with Ipswich to keep fit, and rejected interest in his services from Leyton Orient, Colchester United and Falkirk. When Ipswich suffered a succession of injuries among their defenders, they offered him a contract, initially on a week-by-week basis, before securing a year-long deal. Wark made 43 appearances in the first season of his third spell with the club. Early results in the season were excellent; the club won seven of their first 11 matches in the league. In the FA Cup, Ipswich progressed to a fifth round encounter against Liverpool; when the tie went to a replay at Anfield, Wark received a standing ovation from both sets of fans. Ipswich lost the match 3–2 after extra time, having led 2–1 in the first period. Ipswich went on to finish strongly in their league campaign and were crowned Second Division champions and promoted into the newly formed Premier League. Wark ended the season as the club's Player of the Year for the third time.


title: John Wark

text: Wark agreed to a new one-year contract for the 1992–93 season and was asked to feature in a Sky Sports advertisement to promote the inaugural Premier League competition. Ipswich were the only Premier League club to remain unbeaten after eight games (a sequence that included Wark's first Premier League goal in a 1–1 draw with Tottenham Hotspur). Ipswich went fourth in February and there was talk of finally winning that title that had eluded them more than once during Wark's first spell there, but 13 consecutive games without a win resulted a 16th-place finish in the table, just three points above the relegation zone, and only a win on the final day of the season made sure of their survival. Wark, now aged 37, secured yet another one-year contract shortly before the end of the 1993–94 season. Ipswich were saved from relegation in the last round of matches (for the second season running, another good start had given way to a late season slump), courtesy of an injury time winning goal scored by Mark Stein of Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, which ensured that Ipswich's fellow strugglers Sheffield United went down. Wark went on to be voted the club's Player of the Year for a record fourth time.


title: Ri Yu-min

text: Born in Boseong County, Zenranan-dō (today's South Jeolla Province), he went into exile in Shanghai, China in 1932 and studied at the German department of Dongje University. He joined the Chinese Communist Party and led the Revolutionary Comrades' Association (October Association), which was formed in Nanjing in August 1935. In July 1942, he was elected as a member of the central executive committee and head of the organization departm-nt of th- North China Korean Independence Alliance, formed at the base of the Eighth Route Army in Taihang Mountains. In March 1948 he was elected as a member of the 2nd Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Workers' Party of North Korea, and in August he became a delegate to the 1st convocation of the Supreme People's Assembly as well as vice chairman of that body from 22 December 1953 to 20 September 1957. In October 1950, during the Korean War, he accompanied Pak Hon-yong to visit Beijing. In April 1956, he was elected a member of the 3rd Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea. In the 1957 parliamentary election he was re-elected to the 2nd convocation of the Supreme People's Assembly. In 1958, he was dismissed for his involvement in the purge of the Yan'an faction.


title: Shin Megami Tensei II

text: Hawk wins the gladiator tournament in Valhalla, gaining citizenship in the Center, and is asked by Hiroko to help her find a boy who has gone missing. Upon their failure to find him, they are escorted by Zayin to the Center, where they meet the Messian bishop. He reprimands Hiroko for acting independently and tells Hawk that his true identity is Aleph, the Messiah, who will save mankind and bring about the paradisiacal "Thousand-Year Kingdom", and that Beth was sent by God as the Messiah's partner. The Center sends Aleph and Beth on missions across Tokyo Millennium to eradicate demons and prepare the world for the Thousand-Year Kingdom. They meet with Gimmel, and are shown Arcadia, a prototype of the Thousand-Year Kingdom. Returning to the Center, they learn that demons have invaded and that someone the bishop calls the Anti-Messiah is proclaiming to the people that he is the true Messiah. Aleph and Beth are sent to stop him, and learn that he is a man named Daleth. During the ensuing fight, Daleth nearly kills Aleph, but Beth sacrifices herself, allowing Aleph to regain the upper hand. Honoring Beth's dying wish, he spares Daleth, and is considered the true Messiah.


title: Shin Megami Tensei II

text: Together with the demon Nadja, Aleph travels through the underground, finding a brainwashed Hiroko in a concentration camp. Her cell is guarded by Zayin, who admits to having doubts about the Center's action and lets Aleph free Hiroko; she refuses to leave, but Nadja frees her from the brainwashing by fusing with her. On their way back, Aleph and Hiroko learn that the Center has released the demon Abaddon to swallow the entire Valhalla district, and that the Center only plans to let those they deem worthy be allowed to live in the Thousand-Year Kingdom; everyone else would be abandoned and left to die. Zayin starts a revolt against the Center, who threatens to cut off the air supply to the Holytown district if he does not surrender; he, Aleph and Hiroko go to the Center to confront the four elders leading it. Aleph and Hiroko learn that the elders are actually the archangels Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel; Aleph and Hiroko fight and kill the first three archangels, after which Gabriel reveals that YHVH, the creator god, had ordered the archangels to watch over the creation of Tokyo Millennium and wait for the Messiah, but that Michael, Raphael and Uriel, unable to wait any longer, created Aleph as an artificial, false Messiah, leading YHVH to abandon them; he was the boy Hiroko was searching for, aged unnaturally fast to take on the role of Messiah. Similarly, Beth was artificially created as the Messiah's partner, Zayin as his bodyguard, Daleth as a false savior intended to be defeated by the Messiah so that Aleph would win the people's favor, and Gimmel as a trial Messiah for the Arcadia prototype.


title: Shin Megami Tensei II

text: Suspecting that Aleph is Satan, Lucifer summons Aleph and Hiroko to his castle in the Expanse; he is relieved to learn that Aleph is not Satan, but says that Satan's revival is only a matter of time. He tells them that Satan is an instrument of God's wrath, to be used to judge and eradicate humanity, and that he wants Aleph and Hiroko's help in fighting Satan. Leaving Lucifer's castle, Aleph and Hiroko meet Gabriel, who takes them to the garden of Eden, located on top of the Center, where they meet Zayin – revealed to be Satan (after Zayin merges with the demon Set) – who wants to ally with Aleph and Hiroko and fight Lucifer, destroy Tokyo Millennium, and create the Thousand-Year Kingdom. If the player joins Gabriel and Zayin, the Thousand-Year Kingdom is created through Eden — revealed to be a vast spaceship carrying the chosen ones — and the destruction of all life on Earth. YHVH appears aboard Eden, and Zayin, Aleph and Hiroko fight and kill him for having committed genocide, after which Zayin declares Aleph the true savior, and Hiroko the holy mother, and then crumbles to dust. If the player instead allies with Lucifer or stays neutral, Aleph and Hiroko kill Zayin before he can activate the destruction; Aleph is dubbed a false Messiah and commits the "ultimate sin" by killing YHVH, freeing humanity.


title: Shin Megami Tensei II

text: Aleph was created to embody the Shin Megami Tensei II world, which is reflected in his character design: he has a portable computer and a visor that he controls demons with, and carries swords, guns and armor for use in battle. His computer was designed to look compact, and the visor was designed to be wireless, to show that the game takes place in the future. Kaneko decided to not give Aleph a personality, partially because he is controlled by the player, and partially because he is portrayed as an artificial being, created by the Center's scientists. Beth and Daleth were designed to look similar to the first Shin Megami Tensei's Heroine and Hero, using the colors blue and green, respectively. Lucifer was visually portrayed as an elegant gentleman, as Kaneko saw him as someone who tempts and tries the player, rather than being evil. He designed Lucifer in accordance with portrayals of him as a beautiful twelve-winged angel, but gave him six wings instead, for a total of twelve across his appearances in Shin Megami Tensei and Shin Megami Tensei II.


title: Shin Megami Tensei II

text: Chris at Square Enix Music Online disliked the game's music: he called it the worst in the whole series, and said that the music pieces tend to be monotone and based on repetition of nothingness. He said that slowly building ambient pieces such as "Title Demo", "Title", and "Memory Recovery" are effective in context, but that they are too simple and repetitive to be enjoyable as stand-alone music. He did however find the pieces "Disco" and "Casino" both humorous and catchy. Kyle Miller and Damian Thomas, both writing for RPGFan, were more positive to the music. Miller found the soundtrack well made, but worse than that of the first Shin Megami Tensei. The pieces he liked the most were "Heretic Mansion" and some battle themes. He also liked "Casino", which he found catchy and thought worked as an effective contrast to the dread of the other pieces. Thomas found the soundtrack to be excellent, and said that while several pieces are short, they have solid melodies. Kalata and Snelgrove appreciated the music that is played during battles. Famitsu thought the PlayStation version's graphics looked "cheap".


title: Interleukin 18

text: IL-18 receptor consists of the inducible component IL-18Rα, which binds the mature IL-18 with low affinity and the constitutively expressed co-receptor IL-18Rβ. IL-18 binds the ligand receptor IL-18Rα, inducing the recruitment of IL-18Rβ to form a high affinity complex, which signals through the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. This signaling domain recruits the MyD88 adaptor protein that activates proinflammatory programs and NF-κB pathway. The activity of IL-18 can be suppressed by extracellular interleukin 18 binding protein (IL-18BP) that binds soluble IL-18 with a higher affinity than IL-18Rα thus preventing IL-18 binding to IL-18 receptor. IL-37 is another endogenous factor that suppresses the action of IL-18. IL-37 has high homology with IL-18 and can bind to IL-18Rα, which then forms a complex with IL-18BP, thereby reducing the activity of IL-18. Moreover, IL-37 binds to single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor related protein (SIGIRR), also known as IL-1R8 or TIR8, which forms a complex with IL-18Rα and induces an anti-inflammatory response. The IL-37/IL-18Rα/IL-1R8 complex activates the STAT3 signaling pathway, decreases NF-κB and AP-1 activation and reduces IFNγ production. Thus, IL-37 and IL-18 have opposing roles and IL-37 can modulate pro-inflammatory effects of IL-18.


title: Scott P. Moore

text: Scott P. Moore graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1983 with a bachelor's of science degree and received an inter service commission as an Ensign in the United States Navy. Moore then received orders to Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado. After six months of training, Moore graduated with BUD/S Class 126 in February 1984. His first operational assignment was with SEAL Team THREE. Following SEAL Tactical Training (STT) and completion of six month probationary period, he received the 1130 designator as a Naval Special Warfare Officer, entitled to wear the Special Warfare insignia. Moore later transferred to SEAL Team TWO as platoon commander. In 1990, Moore volunteered for assignment to Naval Special Warfare Development Group (commonly known as SEAL TEAM SIX or NSWDG) at Dam Neck, Virginia and completed a specialized selection and training course. Moore served as element leader and assault team leader at NSWDG till 1994, during which time he planned, rehearsed and operated during classified exercises and operations. His operational experience in leading SEAL teams included over 2000 missions, Just Cause, Desert Storm, Bosnia, Mogadishu, Afghanistan, and Haiti. His staff and command assignments include executive officer, NSWU 2 from July 1996 to February 1998; current operations officer, NSWDG and commanding officer, SEAL Team TWO from 2000 to 2002. Moore later earned a Master of Arts degree in National Security Affairs from the Naval War College in November 2003. Moore was promoted to Navy Captain in August 2005. Moore served as deputy commander and unit commander of Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) from 2005 to 2009. Moore was promoted to Navy Rear Admiral in 2010. His final assignment before retirement was deputy commander, Naval Special Warfare Command from 2012 to 2014.


title: Metal assisted chemical etching

text: As already stated above MACE requires metal particles or a thin metal thin film on top of a silicon substrate. This can be achieved with several methods such as sputter deposition or thermal evaporation. A method to obtain particles from a continuous thin film is thermal dewetting. These deposition methods can be combined with lithography such that only desired regions are covered with metal. Since MACE is an anisotropic etching method (etching takes place not in all spatial directions) a pre-defined metal pattern can be directly transferred into the silicon substrate. Another method of depositing metal particles or thin films is electroless plating of noble metals on the surface of silicon. Since the redox potentials of the redox couples of noble metals are below the valence band edge of silicon, noble metal ions can (like described in the theory section) inject holes (or extract electrons) from the substrate while they are reduced. In the end metallic particles or films are obtained at the surface. Finally, after the deposition of the metal on the surface of silicon, the sample is immersed in an etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid and oxidizing agent. Etching will take place as long as the oxidizing agent and the acid are consumed or until the sample is removed from the etching solution.


title: Israel Electric Corporation

text: Under the British administration, concessions from the Mandatory government were given. On 12 September 1921, the British formally signed the "Auja (or Yarkon) Concession" which granted Pinhas Rutenberg's Jaffa Electric Company a 70-year concession granting it exclusive rights to generate, distribute, and sell electricity in the administrative District of Jaffa, and authorized Rutenberg to generate electricity by means of hydroelectric turbines that would exploit the water power of the Auja (Yarkon) river. However, Mavromatis challenged the concession claiming that his concessions conflicted with the Auja Concession and that he was being deprived of his legal rights. The Mavromatis concessions, in effect despite earlier British attempts to abolish it, covered Jerusalem and other localities (e.g., Bethlehem) within a radius of 20 km (12 miles) around the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In the end, Rutenberg's company concessions remained and the company built a power plant that produced electricity using diesel-fueled engines, and by 1923 Jaffa Electric Company's grid covered Jaffa, Tel Aviv, neighboring (mainly Jewish) settlements, and the British military installations in Sarafand.


title: Anthony Swete

text: In July 1978 and now going by the name Swete, he was set to record a disco album that would be played at roller skating rinks around the US. The music which would be a mixture of Top 40 and disco would feature Swete backed by a band whose identity hadn't yet been disclosed. The record was to be played at intervals at the skating rinks. It seems in that period, Swete was also going by the name of Knight 'En Day. It was reported by Billboard in the magazine's May 19, 1979 issue that 30,000 copies of the single "Disco Dip" had been sold from 25 skating rinks. The singles were not for general sale via the traditional venues. They were to be sold at the skating rinks. Also that year or 1979, an album Roller Disco Dip, credited to Laura Lee Mann, Gina Rotchschild, Ron Booker, Anthony Swete, Curtis Knight was released. The credited composers of the songs that Anthony Swete performed, "Disco Dating" and " Skating on My Birthday" were Ann Knight, Ed Dantes, Tommy Knight. It's likely that Ann Night is his wife Ann Knighton, Ed Dantes is Ed Chalpin, and Tommy Knight is Tommy Knighton (Swete).


title: Veneration of Judas Thaddaeus in Mexico

text: The veneration of Judas Thaddaeus in Mexico has taken on importance since the mid 20th century, especially in Mexico City. The center for this veneration is at the San Hipólito Church, near the historic city center, for centuries the only church with any space devoted to this saint. Although the church remains named for its original patron, the image of Saint Judas Thaddaeus (Spanish: San Judas Tadeo) has been moved to the main altar. The church and some other locations in Mexico, receive thousands of devotees, mostly coming on the 28th of each month, especially October 28, the saint's feast day. The saint is officially associated with difficult circumstances, but more recently has been associated with delinquents, with the idea that the saint hears the petitions of both the good and the bad. Mexico City, especially its poorer areas, is filled with thousands of street shrines to San Judas Tadeo. Other areas with significant numbers of devotees include Michoacán, the State of Mexico, Mexicali and Monterrey.


title: Veneration of Judas Thaddaeus in Mexico

text: The church is one of few which allows mass participation by drug addicts and those who have had problems with the law. Located in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, with high crime rates, most who visit this church are poor, marginalized and young, generally between thirteen and twenty years of age. Most are also male although groups of females can be seen, and most of the young people attend with their group or gang (called "bandas" in Mexican Spanish). On the 28th of each month, masses are held in honor of this saint, which bring people to the church from all over the city. Most use public transportation but some will walk the entire way to the church, starting the night before. Most attendees have images of the saint with them from their homes, which can be anywhere from 20 cm to over a meter and a half in height, made of various materials. Those with small children sometimes dress them as the saint. Many devotees also carry red and white roses. For this monthly event, police are assigned to the area around the church, mostly to redirect traffic.


title: Magid Magid

text: Magid was born in Burao, the capital city of the Togdheer region in northern Somalia. Around the time of his birth, the Somali Civil War broke out. His mother, and five siblings, left Somalia in 1994 "to find a better life," and they spent six months in a refugee camp in Ethiopia before being admitted to Britain. The family moved to the Burngreave area of Sheffield. Growing up, Magid has said that he remembers "just being happy" but notes difficulties in his childhood. He has said that life was difficult for his family as he moved to Britain without being able to speak English, and they had to learn this new language as well as adapt to a new way of life. His mother worked as a cleaner to support her children through school. Burngreave was one of Sheffield's most economically-deprived areas during the early 2000s. Magid has said that he didn't "have much in the way of a male role model," continuing that "it is easy to become a product of your own environment, and a lot of my environment was negative. So I was a bit of a pain in the arse for a while."


title: Magid Magid

text: Following his appointment, Magid noted the "backlash from right wing media," and some "racist comments," but said the vast majority of feedback to his appointment had been positive. In October 2018, he appointed Sheffield's first poet laureate in the form of rapper Otis Mensah. The three charities he was to support as Lord Mayor were Flourish, a mental health organisation, Sheffield Women's Counselling and Therapy Services, and the Unity Gym Project. His fundraising aim as Lord Mayor was £100,000, a record aim for a Lord Mayor of Sheffield. He encouraged people to apply to be his 'consort' and accompany him on official duties, as a way to improve engagement. Within a week of his appointment, he appeared on Daily Politics, where he confronted Jacob Rees-Mogg for calling Magid's story "brilliant and refreshing." In a July tweet, Magid described US President Donald Trump as a "wasteman" and stated that he was banning him from the city of Sheffield, though Sheffield City Council stated that he does not have the power to do so.


title: Joel Augustus Rogers

text: "Solace! Solace! did you say? To enslave a man, then dope him to make him content! Do you call THAT a solace? Would you call a chloroform burglar, for instance, a solace? No, that's the work of an arch-devil and a cowardly arch-devil at that. The honest fact is that the greatest hindrance to the progress of the Negro is that same dope that was shot into him during slavery. Many Negro sects, perhaps the majority, never stop to think what they are doing. They have accepted the white man's religion pretty much in the same manner as, if they had remained in Africa, they would have worn his old tin cans, as a charm. As I sometimes watch these people howling and hullaballooing, I cannot but think that any other process, religious or otherwise, would have served just as well as a vehicle for the release of their emotions, and that, so far as Jesus is concerned, any other rose by that name would smell as sweet to them. The same holds true of the poor white mountaineers of Kentucky and Tennessee who are also violently religious and immoral. The slogan of the Negro devotee is: Take the world but give me Jesus, and the white man strikes an eager bargain with him. The religious manifestations of the Negro, as a group, need to be tempered with hygiene, in the same manner that those of the whites need the spirit of Christ.


title: Manitoba Provincial Road 354

text: From Onanole, it travels 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west before meeting southbound PR 270. From PR 270, PR 354 turns north for 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) before turning west through the community of Crawford Park. The road then continues west for 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) before meeting southbound PR 250. The road continues west for another 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) before turning south at the unincorporated community of Horod. Approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of Horod, the road meets eastbound PR 470. The two roads run in concurrence for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) before PR 470 turns west and leaves the concurrence. PR 354 continues south for 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to an intersection with PTH 45 at Elphinstone. After leaving Elphinstone, the road continues south for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to meet PTH 16 east of Strathclair. PTH 16 and PR 354 continue in concurrence west for 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to Strathclair where PR 354 leaves the concurrence and continues south, travelling 18 kilometres (11 mi) to meet eastbound PR 355. The two roads run in concurrence for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) before PR 354 leaves the concurrence and continues south, travelling 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to meet PTH 24 east of Oak River. PTH 24 and PR 354 continue in concurrence west for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) through Oak River before PR 354 leaves the concurrence just west of the village and continues south, travelling 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to its southbound terminus.


title: Raphaelle Peale

text: He married Martha (Patty) McGlathery at the age of twenty, and with her had eight children. For about two years beginning in 1803, Peale toured Virginia with the "physiognotrace", a profile making machine, with which he was briefly successful. By 1806 he had begun to suffer the symptoms of arsenic and mercury poisoning brought on by his work as a taxidermist in his father's museum. In August 1809 he was hospitalized with delirium, and for the rest of his life he suffered debilitating attacks almost yearly—which his father ascribed to "gout of the stomach" caused by consumption of pickles and excessive drinking. From 1810, Peale concentrated on still-life painting almost exclusively, becoming America's first professional still-life painter, and he exhibited frequently at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and elsewhere, especially from 1814 to 1818. By 1813, he was unable to walk without crutches. After the downturn in his health, in an era when most artists considered still life a subject worthy only of amateurs, he devoted himself almost exclusively to still life painting. It is for these works he is best known. His work was on frequent exhibit at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts between 1814 and 1818. After reportedly indulging in a night of heavy drinking, his health destroyed, he died on March 4, 1825, at age 51 at his home in Philadelphia.


title: Raphaelle Peale

text: A notable exception to this is his trompe-l'œil, Venus Rising from the Sea—A Deception . This painting serves as a distinct thematic departure from his other work. While the dark backdrop is consistent with his still life works, there were themes of this work that make it unique amongst Peale's other works. Instead of featuring food, the subject is instead Venus, who is just barely visible from behind the napkin covering her. This theme of covering is consistent with a previous work of his, Peaches Covered by a Handkerchief. By covering the subject, Peale introduced a theme of mystery to his painting which has survived to this day. The act of covering a nude figure was not new to the world of art, however Peale took this choice literally when painting the cover into the painting itself. The mystery of this work is compounded by the lack of clear date on the painting itself due to a smudged last digit. There was also an element of humor within this particular work. According to family stories, Peale painted this work in part as a prank on his wife. Making it appear as if he was hiding a pornographic image under a napkin, he wanted to goad his wife into scratching at the canvas. This sets this painting apart from the other Peale works, which tend to follow a more straightforward approach as previously mentioned.


title: A Rude Hostess

text: Not all newspaper promotions for the film confined themselves to simple observations or advertising catchphrases about the comedy. Yet, there were some viewers of the short who offered more thoughtful opinions about the release, although those opinions too may have been imbedded with commercial motivations, namely in targeting a particular demographic. The same month, for example, that The Brunswick Daily News was commenting about the film in Georgia, more than 4,500 miles away, in the United States territory of Hawaii, theaters were already screening the short as well. In the August 30, 1909 issue of Honolulu's local newspaper, The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, the publication informs it readers about A Rude Hostess and other films being circulated between two theaters there, the Empire Theater and the Art Theater. The newspaper states in the cited issue that the Biograph comedy is one offering that will have special appeal for the theaters' female patrons. "Tonight", asserts The Pacific Commercial Advertiser, "there will be a couple of comedies that will shatter the seams of the dresses of the ladies who go to see them." The paper then alludes to the film's subtle messaging of portraying intellectual equality between the sexes and even hinting at the ongoing efforts by women to gain equal voting rights, adding "the Rude Hostess will bring to mind the claims of suffragettes." Elaborating on those points in promoting the short as a "ladies" comedy, the Honolulu newspaper in the same issue states:


title: A Rude Hostess

text: Photographic prints and a partial film copy of A Rude Hostess survive in the Library of Congress (LC)), which holds a 172-foot roll of paper images printed frame-by-frame directly from the comedy's original 35mm master negative. Submitted by Biograph to the United States government in 1909, shortly before the film's release, the roll is part of the original documentation required by federal authorities for motion picture companies to obtain copyright protection for their productions. While the LC's collection of paper print rolls are certainly not projectable, negative copies of the paper images were later made and transferred by archival staff onto modern polyester-based safety film stock. That negative footage was then used to produce positive prints for screening. All that work was performed during a comprehensive film-preservation project carried out in the 1950s and early 1960s by Kemp R. Niver and other LC staff, who restored more than 3,000 early paper rolls of images from the library's collection, transferring them to negative safety stock and many to positive prints.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: Sin and Punishment has been described as an arcade-style rail shooter and shooting gallery video game. The player character is controlled from a behind-the-back perspective, and can strafe left and right, double-jump, and perform a roll dodge. The character progresses forward through the level automatically due to the rail shooter format which drew comparisons from critics to the Panzer Dragoon series, Star Fox series, and Space Harrier. A targeting reticle is used to aim shots on enemies and projectiles and has two modes that the player can freely alternate between, a lock-on mode and a free aiming mode. The lock-on mode will auto-lock onto visible targets, and the player can quickly move the reticle between targets. Alternatively, the free aiming mode gives the player full control of the reticle and a more powerful shot. The player character is also armed with a sword which can be used to damage or destroy nearby enemies, and redirect projectiles back at the enemies. The character can be controlled by a single player, or cooperatively between two players. In cooperative mode, one player controls the movement while the other is responsible for firing duties.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: Sin and Punishment is set in a dystopian near future of 2007, when humanity is struggling with a planet-wide famine. To solve this problem, scientists develop a genetically-engineered species to raise as food. These creatures are herded in northern Japan until they mutate and begin attacking the country's citizens. They are dubbed "Ruffians". An international peacekeeping organization called the Armed Volunteers tries to stop the creatures, but they also oppress the Japanese people. Another group, led by a mysterious woman with unusual powers named Achi, rises up to defend Japan against the Ruffians and Armed Volunteers. Within her group are Saki and Airan, the male and female protagonists of the game. Between battles with the Ruffians and Armed Volunteers, Saki unintentionally morphs into an enormous Ruffian after falling into a rising tide of blood filling up Tokyo. To bring Saki back to normal, Achi tells Airan that she will need to shoot Saki, but Airan refuses to do this. In response, Achi places Airan into a dream sequence, set ten years in the future in Long Island, New York. Here she meets her future son she shares with Saki, and sees a Ruffian Saki rampaging through the city. The dream ends with her shooting Saki, and waking up to realize that Achi manipulated her through the dream into having just shot the real world Saki in the present.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: Sin and Punishment was co-developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1 and Treasure. Development began in 1997 when Treasure submitted their original proposal to Nintendo. The inspiration to develop the game was the design of the Nintendo 64 controller. In the early days of the system's lifespan, Nintendo had suggested two ways of holding the controller, a left and right position. Due to the success of Super Mario 64 which released alongside the console in 1996, many games followed in its trails and featured the same right positioning it used. Treasure president Masato Maegawa began discussing with his team how the left positioning was underutilized and could make for an interesting game. Nintendo expressed concern that the left positioning would feel unnatural to players at first, however Treasure was already expecting this. Nintendo was also developing a movement sensor at the time, which the team considered adapting, but ultimately decided against it as it would have lengthened an already dragging development process. The sensor technology was not finalized by Nintendo until the release of the Wii in 2006.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: Sin and Punishment was Treasure's first attempt at a true 3D action game, presenting a challenge to a company known for fast-paced 2D action games. Adhering with typical Treasure culture, the team attempted to push the limits of the hardware, but they still experienced many difficulties programming for the Nintendo 64 hardware. They believed that its Silicon Graphics architecture was more difficult to use because it was a more professional and robust 3D graphics system than on competing hardware. Nakagawa had troubles programming the aiming and shooting mechanics since the reticle moved in two dimensions but the game world was in three. He also struggled with the collision between enemy bullets and the player, which needed to work correctly otherwise it would look and feel unnatural. Lastly, he found the scaling and sizing of the boss characters to be an obstacle because the bosses need to fit in the screen while also appearing large and intimidating. Suzuki also had troubles keeping the texture size and polygon counts low because the Nintendo 64 had restrictive texture mapping limitations. To compensate, the team removed joints in the models to prevent the game speed from dipping too much.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: The game was originally titled Glass Soldier (グラスソルジャー) during most of its development because the main character was fragile like glass. The title was written in katakana, a Japanese writing system typically used when writing foreign words, however many game titles were written in katakana during this era. To help the game stand out, Yamagami wanted to create a new title written in kanji, another Japanese writing system. Perfect Dark was in development at the time, and was known in Japan with a kanji title, Aka to Kuro (赤と黒, lit. "Red and Black"). Yamagami took inspiration from this name to think up a new title, Tsumi to Batsu (罪と罰, lit. "Sin and Punishment"). Thinking the title may be too obscure, Yamagami approached young staff members for a subtitle. They suggested Chikyū no Keishōsha (地球の継承者, lit. "Earth Successor" or "Successor of the Earth"), but with the reading of the "chikyū" kanji (地球) which means "Earth" changed to "hoshi" which means "star". One of the other titles considered was "Dark Wasteland". The Treasure team initially did not like the change in name brought by Nintendo, but gradually took a liking to it.


title: Sin and Punishment

text: In retrospective reviews for the game's Virtual Console release, critics praised Nintendo for making the moves to re-release Sin and Punishment and finally localize it for western audiences. Frank Provo of GameSpot found the release to be a bargain, seeing as the original Nintendo 64 cartridges were uncommon and approaching US$100 in price on the used game market. Even though the original game was built around the Nintendo 64 controller, critics still found the GameCube controller worked well as a substitute. Critics shared the shared sentiments of reviews at the time in regard to the game's intense and furious action, stylish graphics, and smooth frame rate, while again also criticizing its short length. Concluding their thoughts, Adam Riley of Cubed3 called Sin and Punishment a "cult legend", Damien McFerran of Nintendo Life believed it to be the pinnacle of the Nintendo 64 library, and Lucas M. Thomas of IGN called it a "Nintendo 64 masterpiece" and the perfect hardware swan song the west never got to hear. In 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine ranked the game 64th on a list of greatest Nintendo games. Eurogamer, in a 2022 article about "nine of the very best Treasure games" said it "might be one of the most beautiful games ever seen" and was "absolutely blinding fun to blast through".


title: Strathnaver

text: As was normal practice, the roof timbers of cleared houses were destroyed to prevent re-occupation after the eviction party had left. On 13 June 1814, this was done by burning in the case of Badinloskin, the house occupied by William Chisholm. Accounts vary, but it is possible that his elderly and bedridden mother-in-law was still in the house when it was set on fire. In James Hunter's understanding of events, Sellar ordered her to be immediately carried out as soon as he realised what was happening. The old lady died 6 days later.: 197 Eric Richards suggests that the old woman was carried to an outbuilding before the house was destroyed.: 183 Whatever the facts of the matter, Sellar was charged with culpable homicide and arson, in respect of this incident and others during this clearance. The charges were brought by Robert Mackid, the Sheriff Depute, driven by the enmity he held for Sellar for catching him poaching.: 181-182 As the trial approached, the Sutherland estate was reluctant to assist Sellar in his defence, distancing themselves from their employee.: 170 He was acquitted of all charges at his trial in 1816. The estate were hugely relieved, taking this as a justification of their clearance activity.: 195 (Robert Mackid had to leave the county to rebuild his career elsewhere, providing Sellar with a grovelling letter of apology and confession before he left.: 189 : 205–206 ) Nevertheless, Sellar and William Young were dismissed and replaced by Francis Suther, working under the direction of James Loch. Sellar remained as the tenant of the new sheep farm in Strathnaver, Rhiloisk.


title: Strathnaver

text: A much larger clearance was undertaken in Strathnaver under the factorship of Suther in 1819 involving 236 families (approximately 1,180 people). Loch was anxious to move quickly whilst cattle prices were high and there was a good demand for leases of sheep farms.: 207 After Sellar's trial the estate was concerned about the risk of bad publicity. However, Suther, despite precise instructions to the contrary, used fire to destroy cleared houses. This came after a spell of dry weather, in which the turf and stone walls of the houses had dried out, so that the turf in the walls ignited, adding to the blaze of the thatch and roof timbers. Multiplied over the large number of properties that were cleared, this made a horrific impression on those who observed it. The public relations disaster that Loch had wished to avoid now followed, with the Observer newspaper running the headline: "the Devastation of Sutherland". 1819 became known as "the year of the burnings" (bliadhna na losgaidh).: 200–280


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: In order to do so, he planned to set fire to the summer kitchen in Gruzdev's, lure him out, and shoot him. At around 3 AM on October 15, Kolebin armed himself with a shotgun loaded with homemade buckshot and a can of gasoline, then woke up Reshetnikova and demanded that she come with him. On the way to Gruzdev's house, he ordered her to hide under a bridge over the river and wait for him to come back. Upon reaching the summer kitchen, Kolebin poured the gasoline and lubricants on one of the walls but did not set fire to it; instead, he threw a stone in the direction of Gruzdev's dog, which started barking. About three or four minutes later, Gruzdev came out on the porch and turned on the light. Kolebin, who had positioned himself outside a fence about 2.5 meters away, shot him once and killed him on the spot. Upon doing so, Kolebin returned to Reshetnikova, and then the pair fled the area, leaving the gasoline can and lubricant behind. He later burned the clothes he was wearing in the oven.


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: A few months later, in May, Kolebin murdered Reshetnikova's brother, Andrei Ivashchenko, a homeless alcoholic who periodically sold his sister's belongings to pay for booze. Suspecting Ivashchenko of stealing and then selling something that belonged to him, Kolebin had an argument with the man, after which he decided to kill him. He eventually lured Ivashchenko into the forest under the guise of picking ramsons and drinking alcohol, with Reshetnikova accompanying both. The day before the murder, Kolebin prepared a shotgun with homemade buckshot, a shovel, and an inflatable boat, then traveled by motorcycle to the riverbank, where he inflated the boat and crossed to the opposite bank, where he placed the items in a cache. In the early morning, he, together with Reshetnikova and Ivashchenko, went to the riverbank with the hidden cache and started picking ramsons there. After waiting long enough for Ivashchenko to become very drunk, Kolebin went to the cache, picked up the shotgun, and then shot Ivashchenko in the head from 8–10 meters way. Kolebin then buried Ivashchenko's body in a nearby shallow grave, placing a bag with ramson on his head and then filling the rest with dirt. Like with the previous victim, Reshetnikova was present at the crime scene.


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: In the late 2000s, Kolebin began having problems with self-control and exhibited signs of a mental illness. Due to his increased impulsivity, conflicts soon arose between him and Reshetnikova, who eventually left him. Kolebin then moved in with another woman in Rybnoye, Elena Nikitina, through whom he became acquainted with a prostitute surnamed Silina. Sometime in 2009, Kolebin began suspecting that Silina had stolen a tape recorder from his house, and on December 31, while the trio were drinking together, an argument emerged in which he and Nikitina brought up the tape recorder. Silina denied stealing it, upon which an angered Kolebin went to the yard to get a rope. He then returned, snuck up behind Silina while she was still arguing with Nikitina, and then strangled her. Kolebin later claimed that the whole ordeal took at least five minutes, and in order to cover up their traces, he and Nikitina undressed Silina, burned her clothes in the stove, and then dragged the body to the vegetable garden, where they buried it. A few days later, Kolebin dug up the corpse and took it on a sled to a field outside Rybnoye, where he dismembered it with an axe and buried the scattered remains in the snow. One night in the spring of 2010, he returned to the place where he had hidden Silina's remains but was unable to locate the head and limbs. Nikitina, who was present at the crime scene, did not report the murder to the police.


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: In the summer of 2013, Kolebin killed Nikitina, as he considered her too defiant. On the day of the murder, she woke him up at 5:30 AM and started arguing with him over something, causing Kolebin to hit her with an electric kettle. This caused Nikitina's eyebrow to split, for which she went to take a shower. While she was in the shower, Kolebin took a shotgun he had hidden in the dog kennel, went to the shower, and shot Nikitina in the back. He would later claim that she did not die from the initial shot, so he threw her on the ground face up, pushed her with his right hand on her right shoulder, sat on top of her, and started strangling her, wrapping his arms around her neck and squeezing her with force. When Nikitina stopped moving and breathing, he returned to the house, took a kitchen knife, and returned to the shower, whereupon he stabbed the body once in the left side of the chest. Kolebin then buried the body in his yard, planted a flower bed over it, and placed bricks that resembled the shape of a cross. In order to give himself an alibi, he wrote a note pretending to be Nikitina and claimed that she had gone to work in another city to pay alimony for her daughter, and later assisted the police in the search for the woman.


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: In early 2014, Kolebin committed his last murder, killing a local named Nikolai Ivanov. Kolebin claimed that on the day of the murder, Ivanov's drunken wife, whom he had supplied with alcohol, came to him and shortly after fell asleep. About 10 minutes later, an enraged Ivanov burst into Kolebin's house, finding his wife asleep, after which he began beating her. Kolebin stood up for her, who managed to escape from the house, and then offered Ivanov a drink. However, Ivanov instead grabbed a knife and began threatening Kolebin. Kolebin later claimed that he attempted to calm the man down, but he continued to walk towards him with the knife. In that moment, he grabbed his shotgun from the nearby veranda and shot Ivanov. After hiding the shotgun in a hiding space in the wall, Kolebin dragged the corpse into the street, after which he called Reshetnikova and asked her to bring him a makeshift sled that he had previously made from a gasoline can. Reshetnikova brought him the sled and helped Kolebin take Ivanov's corpse to a field behind the house, where Kolebin buried it in the snow.


title: Vladimir Kolebin

text: In the summer of 2014, while searching Kolebin's property, a cache was discovered in the dog kennel where a shotgun—the murder weapon—was located. Suspecting that the flower bed in the yard might have another hidden cache or other incriminating evidence, police officers excavated it, only to find Nikitina's remains. Shortly afterwards, Kolebin was arrested and interrogated, and after initially denying responsibility, but he later admitted to all six of the murders and began cooperating with the investigators. He described the circumstances of each murder in detail, and over the following months, Kolebin took part in investigative experiments to verify his claims. A forensic ballistic examination confirmed that Gruzdev, Ivashchenko, Nikitina, and Ivanov had been killed with the homemade buckshot that fit Kolebin's smoothbore shotgun. At the same time, Reshetnikova admitted that she was present in at least three of the murders and even assisted Kolebin, but made a deal with prosecutors to testify against him in exchange for immunity from prosecution.


title: Liu Zhenhua

text: He was born in Tai'an, Shandong on July 8, 1921. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1938. He was a veteran of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Korean War. He made significant contributions to the victories of the Battle of Jinzhou against Kuomintang forces of Liao Yaoxiang and the Pingjin Campaign against Kuomintang forces of Fu Zuoyi. He was an alternate member of the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and a delegate to the 8th National People's Congress. In 1964, he was promoted to major general. He was ambassador of China to Albania from 1971 to 1976. As ambassador, he made improvement to China–Greece relations by establishing diplomatic relations with Greece on June 6, 1972. In March 1979, he was made deputy political commissar of the Shenyang Military Region and political commissar of the Shenyang Military Region in October 1982. In 1987 he was transferred to the Beijing Military Region as its political commissar, holding that post until 1990. During his tenure in Beijing, he received his current rank of Shang Jiang in 1988.


title: Ian Campbell (Scottish politician)

text: He won at five general elections, although his seat was not always particularly safe, particularly in the two general elections of 1974: his majority was reduced to just over 1,800 votes by the Scottish National Party at the October 1974 general election. As a Member of Parliament, his focus was firmly on the interests of his constituency and constituents. Throughout his time in parliament, he took a keen interest in the Scotch whisky industry, which was the key employer in the constituency. The nuclear base at Faslane was also in his constituency, and his constituents were also affected by the decline of the shipbuilding industry on the Lower Clyde. Although a backbencher for all of his time in the Commons, he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Scotland, Bruce Millan, from 1976 until 1979, during the period when the Labour government was proposing to implement Scottish devolution. He also served for many years as a member of the Chairman's panel, and eventually as the regular Chairman of the Scottish Grand Committee. He was involved in the campaign against abortion, co-sponsoring an ultimately unsuccessful private member's bill introduced by his friend and colleague, James White, MP for Glasgow Pollok, to tighten the requirements of the Abortion Act 1967. Campbell acted as an informal whip in the committees considering various bills aimed at tightening the law in this area. Early in the 1979 parliament, he successfully piloted a private member's bill through the House of Commons to enable Scottish local authorities to offer concessionary transport to people with mental disabilities.


title: Corn Exchange, Worcester

text: The building was designed by Henry Rowe in the Italianate style, built by Joseph Wood in red brick with stone dressings at a cost of £5,000 and was completed in 1849. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of five bays facing onto Angel Street. The central bay, which was recessed, contained a tall round headed doorway with an architrave and a keystone. The doorway and the date stone above were flanked by pairs of full-height Tuscan order columns in antis supporting an entablature, a cornice and a panel inscribed with the words "Corn Exchange"; the panel was flanked by pairs of pedestals decorated by carvings of wheatsheaves. The outer bays, which contained doorways on the ground floor and round headed windows with voussoirs and keystones on the first floor, were flanked by full height pilasters supporting entablatures and balustraded parapets. The architectural historian, Nikolaus Pevsner, was impressed with the design describing it as "a mighty job, only five bays, but with truly colossal pairs of Tuscan columns in antis". Internally, the principal room was the main hall which was 70 feet (21 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) wide.


title: Li Fusheng

text: After a highly distinguished career where he was a highly regarded goalkeeper despite being relatively short for a goalkeeper he would retire from football in 1984 and move into coaching taking on a coaching role within Bayi Football Team before becoming the team's leader. His role as a coach gave him access to the problems within Chinese football and he along with several other high-profile former players demanded the Chinese FA conform to full professionalism. After achieving this he would decide to move away from football and join the Chinese Communist Party where he went to the Central Party School and then the PLA National Defense University to become a Colonel before he took on a position at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution where he was the deputy director in charge of cultural relics. In August 2007 after moving to a home and decorating he fell off a ladder and sustained serious head injuries. He stayed within the hospital for three months before dying of his injuries on December 2, 2007.


title: Bad Girl (The Miracles song)

text: "Bad Girl" is a 1959 doo-wop single by The Miracles. Issued locally on the Motown Records label, it was licensed to and issued nationally by Chess Records because the fledgling Motown Record Corporation did not, at that time, have national distribution. It was the first single released (and the only one released by this group) on the Motown label – all previous singles from the company (and all following ones from the group) were released on Motown's Tamla label. Although The Miracles had charted regionally and on the R&B charts with several earlier songs, including "Got a Job", "I Cry", "I Need a Change", and "(You Can) Depend on Me", "Bad Girl" was their first national chart hit, reaching #93 on the Billboard Hot 100. Written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson and Motown Records' President and Founder Berry Gordy, "Bad Girl" is a sad, remorseful ballad about a young woman, whom Robinson, as the narrator, says "was so good at the start", but who later in the song "is breaking my heart". It is in the popular doo-wop style, as several of The Miracles' songs were during the late 1950s. The record's success, coupled with the distributor's failure to pay Gordy and The Miracles properly for its sales, prompted Robinson to urge Gordy to "go national" with it, meaning that Motown should do its own national distribution of its songs, and eliminate the middleman, to ensure that all money from sales of its records would go directly to the label.


title: Kynamatrix Research Network

text: Kynamatrix Research Network is a nonprofit network of researchers dedicated to the scientific understanding and advancement of interactive communication. One of the programs includes a project called "ResearchHDiscovery," launched in April 2007—"Through two-way high-definition communication, research meets discovery." As a proof-of-concept for collaborative one-on-one research using two-way high definition, this project connects multiple universities in the United States enabling researchers to work and innovate in new ways. Participating universities include Carnegie Mellon University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Harvard University, MIT Media Lab, Stanford University, and University of Washington. The experience opens virtual windows between university labs connecting professors, researchers, and colleagues so they can regularly brainstorm, develop and review inter-university graduate programs, and manage relationships with students and advisors. The goal of the project is to increase innovation through collaboration.


title: Margaret Pericak-Vance

text: Pericak-Vance is a founding fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics. She was recognized in 1997 by Popular Science Magazine for The Best of What's New in Science and Technology for the Gene Identified for Alzheimer's Disease and by Newsweek magazine as part of "The Century Club". In 2001, she received the Grand Prix scientifique de la Fondation Louis D. from the Institut de France for her research on Alzheimer's disease. She was inducted into the Western New York Women's Hall of Fame and received Wells College Distinguished Alumnae Award She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2003. She received the Hauptman-Woodward pioneer of Science award in 2004. Dr. Pericak-Vance received the Alzheimer's Association's Bengt Winblad lifetime achievement award in 2011, and was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2012. In 2014, she received the Ming Tsuang Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics. She was Awarded the Plaza Health Network Foundation's Women of Distinction & Caring Award in 2019.


title: ¡Democracia Real YA!

text: ¡Democracia Real YA! is associated with approximately 200 smaller organizations. ¡Democracia Real YA! states in its manifesto that it is a broad social movement, dedicated to nonviolent protest, and that maintains no affiliation with any political party or labor union. It has not appointed any single leader and is unwilling to join any of the existing political bodies. It is, however, not an entirely apolitical movement. ¡Democracia Real YA! considers the current political and economic system incapable of listening to and representing its citizens and therefore demands changes to the current social and economic policies, which have led many people into unemployment, loss of their homes, and poverty. The organization denounces the way big businesses and banks dominate the political and economic sphere and aims to propose a series of solutions to these problems through grassroots participatory democracy and direct democracy, which is based on people's assemblies and consensus decision making. The movement drew inspiration from the 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests, the Arab Spring, the 2010–11 Greek protests and the 2010–11 revolutions in Tunisia.


title: ¡Democracia Real YA!

text: Shortly after Stéphane Hessel's 2010 tract Time for Outrage! (Indignez-vous!) and Rosa María Artal's 2011 book, React (Reacciona) were published, DRY organized demonstrations in 50 Spanish cities for May 15, 2011. The demonstrations requested a new democratic model denouncing the corruption of politicians and the powerful influence of banks in the political sphere. The movement refused to support any specific political party or labor union, and thousands of citizens mobilized under the slogan "Real democracy NOW, We are not merchandise for bankers and politicians." After the very first demonstration in Madrid, a few of these protesters attempted an overnight occupation of the Puerta del Sol; they were consequently arrested the following morning on May 17. On the first night of protests, 19 students were arrested and charged for public disorder and damaging public property. Eighteen of the arrested individuals were kept for two days, and one was released for health reasons. According to witnesses of the event, there was reported "abuse of authority" by the police when handling the protesters. Those protesters who stayed in the Puerta del Sol demanded the students be released and that all charges be dropped. On May 17, the 18 remaining students were released, but protesters stood outside the gates of the courts demanding their acquittal. After the eviction, DRY stated,


title: Ed Welch

text: His film work included the scores to British sex comedies such as the Confessions series (Confessions of a Pop Performer , Confessions of a Driving Instructor , Confessions from a Holiday Camp ), Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers , and Rosie Dixon – Night Nurse . Also in 1978, he composed the score for the remake of The Thirty Nine Steps, including an extended piano piece entitled The Thirty-Nine Steps Concerto (a nod to Richard Addinsell's Warsaw Concerto), later recording it with Christopher Headington as soloist. In the same year, he moved to the West Country, where he was appointed Musical Director for Television South West (TSW). He composed the station identification music for TSW as well as scores for TSW films such as the musical Doubting Thomas , and numerous local programmes, including Gus Honeybun in 1987. Welch also composed and conducted music for Television South (TVS), from 1987 until the channel disappeared on 31 December 1992. His credits at TVS included conducting a live two-and-a-half-hour New Year's Eve show, with 56 musical items, some of which he had also arranged.


title: Channing Crowder

text: Crowder signed a four-year contract with the team in July and went on to start 13 of the 16 games in which he played during his rookie season. He opened 11 games at the weakside spot and two in the middle. The Dolphins opened with either five or six defensive backs in the only three games he did not start. Along with running back Ronnie Brown and cornerback Travis Daniels, 2005 marked the first time since 1996 that three or more Dolphin rookies opened at least ten games. Crowder ranked second on the team with 90 tackles, the highest total by a Dolphins rookie since Zach Thomas tallied 164 in 1996. It also was the fifth-highest total among NFL rookies in 2005. Crowder added two fumble recoveries, two forced fumbles and four passes defensed on the year. He replaced an injured Thomas at middle linebacker for games during the season. During the year, he posted a season-high 10 tackles on two occasions. Crowder collected seven tackles against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 16 and also recovered an Earnest Graham fumble that led to a Ronnie Brown eight-yard TD run on the next play from scrimmage. Crowder prevented a potential touchdown against the Atlanta Falcons when he forced the ball loose from fullback Justin Griffith with the Falcons at the Dolphins' 8 yard-line, and was recovered by Travis Daniels. Crowder also recovered a J. P. Losman fumble against the Buffalo Bills on December 4.


title: Wonder Woman

text: In 2016, DC Comics once again relaunched all of its publications as part of the "DC Rebirth" continuity reboot, and the new fifth volume of Wonder Woman was released semi-monthly with writer Greg Rucka. This fifth volume of Wonder Woman is part of the "DC Universe", the current continuity established after Rebirth. Initially, the new series does not use a regular storyline that exists between each issue; instead two separate storylines share the book, with an installment of one story published every other issue, and those of the other storyline published in between those. This practice began with the storyline "The Lies", for the odd numbered issues, and "Year One", for the even numbered issues. The new storyline as presented in these issues effectively retcons the events from the previous New 52 series. "The Lies" storyline reveals that numerous events from the previous Wonder Woman series, in which Diana was made the Queen of the Amazons and the God of War, were in fact all an illusion created by a mysterious villain, and she had never once been back to Themyscira ever since she left, nor is she capable of returning there. The "Year One" story is presented as an all-new origin story for Diana, which reveals how she received her powers from the Olympian Gods, which was intended to bring her back to her classical DC roots. Wonder Woman appears in DC Rebirth with a revised look with an ancient Greek motif, including a red cape and light armor fittings, such as pteruges and shin guards. Along with her lasso and bracelets, she now regularly utilizes her sword and shield. Wonder Woman: Rebirth artist Liam Sharp described the new armor as a utilitarian piece which allows her to move more freely.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Steve Orlando took over from Wilson in 2020 with Mariko Tamaki taking over from him later in the year. 2020 also saw the Wonder Woman comics issues' numbering order restructured as DC's Doomsday Clock event united the current series to the original Golden Age as one continuous run. This meant the next issue was #750 despite the previous issue being numbered only #83. To celebrate, the issue was extra length and collected a variety of short stories celebrating the character of Wonder Woman with previous writers such as Phil Jimenez, Gail Simone and Greg Rucka returning. In early 2021, it was announced that Becky Cloonan and Michael Conrad would serve as the writers of Wonder Woman starting with issue 770 as a part of Infinite Frontier, with Travis Moore serving as the initial artist. Their run would last up to issue 800 in June 2023, where it was then announced that the series would receive a new #1 as a part of the Dawn of DC relaunch. Tom King will serve as the writer and Daniel Sampere providing the art, with the first issue launching on September 6, 2023, and a short story in issue 800 that will set up the series by introducing Diana's future daughter Lizzie/Trinity.


title: Wonder Woman

text: In her debut in All Star Comics #8, Diana was a member of a tribe of women called the Amazons, native to Paradise Island – a secluded island set in the middle of a vast ocean. Captain Steve Trevor's plane crashes on the island and he is found alive but unconscious by Diana and fellow Amazon, and friend, Mala. Diana has him nursed back to health and falls in love with him. A competition is held amongst all the Amazons by Diana's mother, the Queen of the Amazons Hippolyta, in order to determine who is the most worthy of all the women; Hippolyta charges the winner with the responsibility of delivering Captain Steve Trevor back to Man's World and to fight for justice. Hippolyta forbids Diana from entering the competition, but she takes part nonetheless, wearing a mask to conceal her identity. She wins the competition and reveals herself, surprising Hippolyta, who ultimately accepts, and must give in to, Diana's wish to go to Man's World. She then is awarded a special uniform made by her mother for her new role as Wonder Woman and safely returns Steve Trevor to his home country.


title: Wonder Woman

text: The events of Crisis on Infinite Earths greatly changed and altered the history of the DC Universe. Wonder Woman's history and origin were considerably revamped by the event. Wonder Woman was now an emissary and ambassador from Themyscira (the new name for Paradise Island) to Patriarch's World, charged with the mission of bringing peace to the outside world. Various deities and concepts from Greek mythology were blended and incorporated into Wonder Woman's stories and origin. Diana was formed out of clay of the shores of Themyscira by Hippolyta, who wished for a child; the clay figure was then brought to life by the Greek deities. The gods then blessed and granted her unique powers and abilities – beauty from Aphrodite, strength from Demeter, wisdom from Athena, speed and flight from Hermes, Eyes of the Hunter and unity with beasts from Artemis and sisterhood with fire and the ability to discern the truth from Hestia. Due to the reboot, Diana's operating methods were made distinctive from Superman and Batman's with her willingness to use deadly force when she judges it necessary. In addition, her previous history and her marriage to Steve Trevor were erased. Trevor was introduced as a man much older than Diana who would later on marry Etta Candy.


title: Wonder Woman

text: One of the events that led to the "Infinite Crisis" storyline was Wonder Woman killing the villain Maxwell Lord in Wonder Woman (vol. 2) #219. Maxwell Lord was mind-controlling Superman, who as a result was near to killing Batman. Wonder Woman tried to stop Superman, Lord (who was unable to mind control her) made Superman see her as his enemy Doomsday trying to kill Lois Lane. Superman then attacked Wonder Woman, and a vicious battle ensued. Buying herself time by slicing Superman's throat with her tiara, Wonder Woman caught Lord in her Lasso of Truth and demanded to know how to stop his control over Superman. As the lasso forced the wearer to speak only the truth, Lord told her that the only way to stop him was to kill him. Left with no choice, Wonder Woman snapped Lord's neck and ended his control over Superman. Unknown to her, the entire scene was broadcast live around every channel in the world by Brother Eye. The viewers were not aware of the entire situation, and saw only Wonder Woman murdering a Justice League associate. Wonder Woman's actions put her at odds with Batman and Superman, as they saw Wonder Woman as a cold-blooded killer, despite the fact that she saved their lives.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Wonder Woman Historia: the Amazons begins with seven Greek goddesses-Hestia, Artemis, Demeter, Hecate, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera-demanding that all mortal men be punished for abusing women, only for their request to be turned down by the womanizing Zeus. Despite the Amazons being her own idea, Hera does not join the other goddesses as they regroup at the Well of Souls (called the Well of the Lost in this retelling), each of them creating a quintet of female warriors from murdered women's souls. Composed of six tribes each with its own queen and patron goddess, the thirty Amazons travel the ancient world to rescue women from male traffickers whom they kill in acts of vigilantism; however, the Amazons only go on their missions at night when Artemis can watch over them, and hide themselves during the day to keep their existence a secret from the male gods, especially Zeus. In this version, Hippolyta starts out as a midwife's widowed assistant rather than a founding Amazon member. After being ordered to abandon an unwanted newborn girl, Hippolyta changes her mind, racing against the elements to save the baby and encounters the Amazons when they rescue her from traffickers.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Diana is depicted as a masterful athlete, acrobat, fighter and strategist, trained and experienced in many ancient and modern forms of armed and unarmed combat, including exclusive Amazonian martial arts. With her godlike abilities of incalculable superhuman strength, nigh-invulnerability, speed, flight, fast healing and semi-immortality, Diana's fighting prowess is enhanced. In some versions, her mother trained her, as Wonder Girl, for a future career as Wonder Woman. From the beginning, she is portrayed as highly skilled in using her Amazon bracelets to stop bullets and in wielding her golden lasso. Batman once called her the "best melee fighter in the world". The modern version of the character is known to use lethal force when she deems it necessary. In the New 52 continuity, her superior combat skills are the result of her Amazon training, as well as receiving further training from Ares, the God of War, himself, since as early as her childhood. The Golden Age Wonder Woman also had education in advanced arts and sciences as well as psychology, emotions, and emotional intelligence, as did her Amazon sisters.


title: Wonder Woman

text: After the 2011 New 52 relaunch, Diana gained new powers. These new abilities, which included already superhuman strength, superhuman speed, durability, immortality, accelerated healing, and even flight came in addition to her previous attributed Olympian and Amazon combined strength. In addition, Diana's bracelets can now create a thunderous explosion or expel lightning when she clashes them together, however the bracelets are not the source of her power rather it is Diana's. For any other Amazon user, the gauntlets would not have an offensive ability. Diana can also manipulate lightning and create weapons out of lightning bolts. These new abilities are attributed to being the daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. Her powers are now considered nearly unmeasurable if she goes without her Bracelets of Submission, which keep her demigod powers in check. She uses these powers in battle against the goddess Artemis and quickly renders her unconscious with ease with a series of carefully positioned counterattacks. While using her godly powers, her outfit and accoutrements lit up and her eyes glowed like her father's.


title: Wonder Woman

text: At the time of her debut, Wonder Woman sported a red top with a golden eagle emblem, a white belt, blue star-spangled subligaculum, and red and golden go-go boots. She originally wore a skirt; however according to Elizabeth Marston, "It was too hard to draw and would have been over her head most of the time." This outfit was entirely based on the American flag, because Wonder Woman was purely an American icon as she debuted during World War II. Later in 1942, Wonder Woman's outfit received a slight change – the culottes were converted entirely into skin-tight shorts and she wore sandals. While earlier most of her back was exposed, during the imposition of the Comics Code Authority in the mid-1950s, Wonder Woman's outfit was rectified to make her back substantially covered, in order to comply with the Authority's rule of minimum exposure. During Mike Sekowsky's run in the late 1960s, Diana surrendered her powers and started using her own skills to fight crime. She wore a series of jumpsuits as her attire; the most popular of these was a white one.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Shortly thereafter, Wonder Woman is shown being able to summon it with her tiara, have it hover by the War Department, and extend from it a rope ladder with which she could board it. She uses the plane to fly into outer space, and frequently transports Etta Candy and the Holliday Girls, Steve Trevor, and others. During the 1950s, the plane becomes a jet, and is often shown swooping over Lt. Prince's office; she strips out of her uniform at super speed and bounds to the plane. Though the plane was depicted as semi-transparent for the reader's convenience, in-story dialogue indicated that it actually was completely invisible, or at least able to become so as the need arose. Wonder Woman continued to use the Invisible Plane for super speed, outer space, and multi-dimensional transport up until the unpowered era of Diana Prince. When Wonder Woman resumed superpowered, costumed operations in 1973, she continued to use the jet as before, but did glide on air currents for short distances. At one point, Aphrodite granted the plane the power to fly faster than the speed of light for any interstellar voyages her champion might undertake.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Diana's bulletproof bracelets were formed from the remnants of Athena's legendary shield, the Aegis, to be awarded to her champion. The shield was made from the indestructible hide of the great she-goat, Amalthea, who suckled Zeus as an infant. These forearm guards have thus far proven nigh-indestructible (the Omega Beams of Grail have proven able to shatter them), and are able to absorb the impact of incoming attacks, allowing Wonder Woman to deflect automatic weapon fire and energy blasts. Diana can slam the bracelets together to create a wave of concussive force capable of making strong beings like Superman's ears bleed. Recently, she gained the ability to channel Zeus's lightning through her bracelets as well. Zeus explained to her that this power had been contained within the bracelets since their creation, because they were once part of the Aegis, and that he had only recently unlocked it for her use. After the 2011 relaunch of the character, it was revealed that Diana was the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta and that the bracelets are able to keep the powers she had inherited from Zeus in check. In addition, Hephaestus has modified the bracelets to allow Wonder Woman the sorcerous ability to manifest a sword of grayish metal from each bracelet. Each sword, marked with a red star, takes shape from a flash of lightning, and when Wonder Woman is done with them, the swords disappear, supposedly, back into her bracelets. As such, she has produced other weapons from the bracelets in this way such as a bow that fires explosive arrows, spears and energy bolts among others.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Diana occasionally uses additional weaponry in formal battle, such as ceremonial golden armour with golden wings, pteruges, chestplate, and golden helmet in the shape of an eagle's head. She possesses a magical sword forged by Hephaestus that is sharp enough to cut the electrons off an atom. As early as the 1950s, Wonder Woman's tiara has also been used as a razor-edged throwing weapon, returning to her like a boomerang. The tiara allows Wonder Woman to be invulnerable from telepathic attacks, as well as allowing her to telepathically contact people such as the Amazons back on Themyscira using the power of the red star ruby in its center. As a temporary inductee into the Star Sapphires, Wonder Woman gained access to the violet power ring of love. This ring allowed her to alter her costume at will, create solid-light energy constructs, and reveal a person's true love to them. She was able to combine the energy with her lasso to enhance its ability. She also possessed a Mental Radio that could let her receive messages from those in need.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Marc DiPaolo introduces us to Wonder Woman's creator and history and he demonstrates how she is a "WWII veteran, a feminist icon, and a sex symbol" all throughout her "career". Wonder Woman stars in multiple films and is most commonly known for her red, white and blue one piece, and her tall, sexy assertiveness. What many people do not know is that she is a big part of history in the comic and superhero world because of how her character influences real life people of all ages, sexes, ethnicities, and races. "Marston created the comic book character Wonder Woman to be both strong and sexy, as a means of encouraging woman to emulate her unapologetic assertiveness." Charlotte Howell notes in her essay titled "'Tricky' Connotations: Wonder Woman as DC's Brand Disruptor" that Wonder Woman is "inherently disruptive to masculine superhero franchise branding because, according to her creator William Moulton Marston, she was intended to be 'psychological propaganda for the new type of woman who, believe, should rule the world.'"


title: Wonder Woman

text: On October 21, 2016, the 75th anniversary of the first appearance of the character, the United Nations named Wonder Woman a UN Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls in a ceremony attended by Wonder Woman actresses Gal Gadot and Lynda Carter, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson, Wonder Woman feature film director Patty Jenkins, and U.N. Under-Secretary General Cristina Gallach appeared at the United Nations, to mark the character's designation by the United Nations as its "Honorary Ambassador for the Empowerment of Women and Girls". The gesture was intended to raise awareness of UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 5, which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030. The decision was met with protests from UN staff members who stated in their petition to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that the character is "not culturally encompassing or sensitive" and served to objectify women. The petition also stated that it was "alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualized image". As a result, the character was stripped of the designation, and the project ended on December 16.


title: Wonder Woman

text: After the release of the 2017 film Wonder Woman, critics examined the character's status as a feminist figure in the film. Zoe Williams for The Guardian said, "Yes, she is sort of naked a lot of the time, but this isn't objectification so much as a cultural reset: having thighs, actual thighs you can kick things with, not thighs that look like arms, is a feminist act. The whole Diana myth, women safeguarding the world from male violence not with nurture but with better violence, is a feminist act. Casting Robin Wright as Wonder Woman's aunt, re-imagining the battle-axe as a battler with an axe, is a feminist act. A female German chemist trying to destroy humans (in the shape of Dr Poison, a proto-Mengele before Nazism existed) might be the most feminist act of all." Alyssa Rosenberg for The Washington Post said, "... None of these experiences crushed me, of course, but I do wonder what it might have been like if they hadn't happened. The power of Wonder Woman, and one of the things that gives Jenkins's adaptation of the character such a lift, is in the answer to that question. Diana Prince (Gal Gadot) doesn't have any idea what women and men are — or aren't — supposed to do. Even when she does encounter other people's ideas about gender roles, she doesn't automatically accept them, and she never lets anyone stop her. And the movie goes a step further and argues that it's not merely little girls all over the world who stand to gain if they can grow up free of the distorting influence of misogyny: a world like that would be liberating and wonderful for men in lots of ways, too." Emma Gray for HuffPost said, "When it comes to pop culture, we speak often about representation; the simple yet often unfulfilled idea that it matters to see someone like you fill a variety of imagined roles on screen. After awhile, these conversations almost begin to feel obvious. We know that it's good to see women and people of color and disabled people and trans people and queer people in the same numbers and variety of roles that white, cisgender, straight men have long been afforded. But what these discussions often lose is the emotional impact of finally seeing something you may have never even realized you were missing. For many women viewers, "Wonder Woman" filled a hole they didn't know they had."


title: Wonder Woman

text: But under the new 1987 re-boot of the title, under the editorship of Karen Berger, and with the writing and art of George Perez at the helm of the book, the same-sex appreciation by Wonder Woman and the Amazons was more than hinted-at and this was established quickly in the new run of the title. Upon her first sight of supporting character Vanessa Kapatelis (in issue #3), she is shown smiling upwards at Kapatelis, thinking to herself "I've never seen another woman quite like her...she's so young...so vulnerable...so beautiful..." Three years later, in the first issue (#38) of a new decade, there is a story-line presenting a cultural exchange between appointed leaders from 'Man's World', who are the first mortals to visit Themyscira in this continuity, and the Amazons of Themyscira, in Themyscira, itself. The guest Unitarian minister, Reverend Cantwell, asks the Amazon Mnemosyne "..."Don't you miss the sharing God intended for the sexes?" to which Mnemosyne replied "Some do. They have sworn themselves to Artemis, the virgin hunter, and Athena, the chaste warrior. Others choose the way of Narcissus. But most of us find satisfaction in each other -- three thousand years can be a long time, reverend.". Probably more than at any other time in the then nearly fifty-year history of the character, the Amazons were explicitly and unequivocally defined, in general, as lesbian. Additionally, Kevin Mayer, brother of the major supporting character Myndi Mayer, was openly gay and this was treated sympathetically. By this time, DC Comics was a Warner Brothers-owned company, and had been for over 20 years.


title: Wonder Woman

text: Wonder Woman's sexual and bondage themes in her earliest days were not without purpose, however. Her creator, William Moulton Marston, theorized that human relationships could be broken down into dominance, submission, inducement and compliance roles which were embedded into our psyche. Because males were, more often than not, dominant in societies, Marston believed that "Women as a sex, are many times better equipped to assume emotional leadership than are males." Marston wanted to convey his progressive ideals, through his use of bondage imagery, that women are not only capable of leadership roles, but should be in charge of society. Although Marston had good intentions with these themes, in Wonder Woman's early appearances, the bondage elements were controversial, as they were often seen to overly fetishize women in power rather than promote such women. Noah Berlatsky criticized this imagery in Wonder Woman's earliest days noting that "the comics take sensual pleasure in women's disempowerment." Despite having the mixed messages of this imagery, Marston fiercely believed that women would soon rule the earth and meant to showcase his predictions through sexual themes in his stories. He was an open feminist while studying at Harvard where he once said "Girls are also human beings, a point often overlooked!"


title: Tropical Storm Pakhar (2012)

text: On March 17, a tropical disturbance formed to the northwest of Palau. Located in an unfavorable environment, with moderate vertical wind shear and cold sea surface temperatures, the disturbance didn't develop significantly and it passed on Visayas and Palawan between March 22 and 23. By the next day, the JMA upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression over the South China Sea; however, this was short-lived as the agency downgraded the depression back to a disturbance the next day due to the system's deteriorating structure. On March 26, the JMA reupgraded the system to a tropical depression due to its good structure and redeveloping convection around its low-level circulation. On March 28, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the tropical depression, as its LLCC began to consolidate more. Early the next day, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm, receiving the name Pakhar. As a banding eye emerged, the JTWC upgraded Pakhar to a Category 1 typhoon early on March 30. However, the system was downgraded to a severe tropical storm on March 31 due to land interaction and cooler sea surface temperatures. It made landfall in southern Vietnam, near Vũng Tàu on April 1, and was subject to weakening. The JMA and JTWC reported that Pakhar weakened to a tropical depression for the final time inland, and was last noted over Cambodia on that day.


title: Henry Bouquet

text: It was during Pontiac's War that Bouquet gained a certain lasting infamy, when he ordered the men under his command to distribute smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary to besieging Native Americans during the Siege of Fort Pitt in June 1763. During a parley in midst of the siege on June 24, 1763, Captain Simeon Ecuyer gave representatives of the besieging Delawares small metal boxes containing two blankets and a handkerchief that had been exposed to smallpox, in an attempt to spread the disease to the Natives in order to end the siege. After the end of the war, Levy, Trent and Company, of which William Trent was a member of, submitted a reimbursement invoice on which was written: "To Sundries got to Replace in kind those which were taken from people in the Hospital to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians Vizt." General Thomas Gage approved reimbursement to the company. A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in Ohio Country from 1763 to 1764. It is not clear, however, whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the Delaware people as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and they seemingly hadn't contracted smallpox. Smallpox was highly contagious among the Native Americans, and – together with measles, influenza, chicken pox, and other Old World diseases – was a major cause of death since the arrival of Europeans and their animals.


title: Henry Bouquet

text: 24th The Turtles Heart a principal Warrior of the Delawares and Mamaltee a Chief came within a small distance of the Fort Mr. McKee went out to them and they made a Speech letting us know that all our as Ligonier was destroyed, that great numbers of Indians that out of regard to us, they had prevailed on 6 Nations attack us but give us time to go down the Country and they desired we would set of immediately. The Commanding Officer thanked them, let them know that we had everything we wanted, that we could defend it against all the Indians in the Woods, that we had three large Armys marching to Chastise those Indians that had struck us, told them to take care of their Women and Children, but not to tell any other Natives, they said they would go and speak to their Chiefs and come and tell us what they said, they returned and said they would hold fast of the Chain of friendship. Out of our regard to them we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect. They then told us that Ligonier had been attacked, but that the Enemy were beat of.


title: Pains and Penalties Bill 1820

text: George despised her, and over the preceding few years had collected evidence to support his contention that Caroline had committed adultery while abroad with Bartolomeo Pergami, the head servant of her household. The day after her return to England, George submitted the evidence to the Houses of Parliament in two green bags. The contents of the bags were identical; one copy was presented to the House of Lords by the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, and the other was presented to the House of Commons by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Castlereagh. Each requested that the Houses set up a confidential enquiry to examine the contents of the bags. Replying to Castlereagh in the Commons, Caroline's chief attorney, Henry Brougham, demanded that the papers be publicly disclosed. Brougham was in the opposition Whig party and knew that public sympathy rested with Caroline, rather than her husband or the government, which was weak and unpopular. Disclosure of George's own adulterous affairs, or even his scandalous and unlawful previous marriage to Maria Fitzherbert, could destabilise the Tory government led by Lord Liverpool.


title: Pains and Penalties Bill 1820

text: In an attempt to construct a compromise, Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington met Brougham and Caroline's solicitor Thomas Denman. William Wilberforce secured time for negotiation by persuading the Commons to adjourn the debate on the bags. However, the negotiations were fruitless; the government offered Caroline £50,000 a year to live abroad as a Duchess, but Caroline insisted on her right to be Queen and dismissed the money as a bribe. Wilberforce moved a motion in the House of Commons requesting that Caroline not insist on all her claims, which was passed by a wide margin of 394 votes to 124. However, the public was still solidly behind Caroline, and she rejected Wilberforce's request. George Canning, who may have been a former lover of Caroline, threatened to resign from the government in protest at the proceedings against her. If Canning resigned, the government would almost certainly fall. In the end, either he was persuaded not to resign or his resignation was refused. His eldest son had recently died and, rather than be involved in the debate, Canning left Britain on a tour of Europe to recover from his grief.


title: Pains and Penalties Bill 1820

text: The prosecution case, led by the Attorney General for England and Wales Sir Robert Gifford, began on Saturday 19 August. The Queen did not attend. Gifford claimed that Caroline and Pergami had lived as lovers for five years from November 1814. He asserted that they shared a bedroom, were seen in each other's presence arm-in-arm, and were heard kissing. The Queen, he stated, changed clothes in front of Pergami and ate her meals with him. He said that Pergami was a married man, but although his child, sister, mother and brother lived in the Queen's household, his wife did not. The Sunday newspapers the following morning were filled with the salacious details of Gifford's speech. Gifford resumed his attack on Monday 21 August by recounting further outrageous revelations: Pergami and Caroline had been seen together on a bed in a state of undress; she had sat on Pergami's knee in public; she had taken baths accompanied only by Pergami. High society did not receive the speech well. They were appalled at Caroline's behaviour, but they were more appalled at George's. By forcing the details of Caroline's life into the public arena, George had damaged the monarchy and endangered the political status quo. Leigh Hunt wrote to Percy Bysshe Shelley, "The whole thing will be one of the greatest pushes given to the declining royalty that the age has seen."


title: Pains and Penalties Bill 1820

text: The first witness for the prosecution was an Italian servant, Theodore Majocchi. The prosecution's reliance on Italian witnesses of low birth led to anti-Italian sentiment in Britain. The witnesses had to be protected from angry mobs, and were depicted in popular prints and pamphlets as venal, corrupt and criminal. Street-sellers sold prints alleging that the Italians had accepted bribes to commit perjury. After Gifford's speech on 21 August, Caroline entered the chamber of the House of Lords. Shortly afterwards, Majocchi was called. As he was led in, Caroline rose and advanced towards him, flinging back her veil. She apparently recognised him, exclaimed "Theodore!", and rushed out of the House. Her sudden sensational departure was seen as a "burst of agony" by The Times, but others thought it the mark of a guilty conscience. It led her defence team to advise her against attending in future, unless specifically requested. Indeed, the evidence was so demeaning that the Queen did usually absent herself from the chamber, though she went to the House of Lords. According to Princess Lieven, Caroline passed the time by playing backgammon in a side-room.