title: Sam LoPresti

text: As the Roger B. Taney sank, LoPresti and the other Naval Armed Guards abandoned the ship on rafts, which were picked up the next morning by the lifeboats. He was one of 26 men who took refuge in the number 4 lifeboat with little water and food supplies. The lifeboat traveled towards the South American coast in a voyage of 42 days, traveling nearly 2,500 miles (4,000 km) southwest, before it were found and rescued off the coast of Brazil. The men had collected rain water when they could, at times drinking only 4 imperial fluid ounces (110 mL) per day, and had only a small amount of biscuits and baker's chocolate for food. LoPresti was credited with saving the men's lives by catching the only real food they had during their entire ordeal after noticing dolphins swimming around their boat on one occasion. According to another sailor, LoPresti improvised a weapon by lashing a sheath knife to a boat hook. He plunged into the ocean and caught a 35-pound (16 kg) dolphin. The men hauled it into the boat, drank its blood, and cooked its flesh in a metal bucket with rags and kerosene.


title: Huntingtin

text: The function of huntingtin (Htt) is not well understood but it is involved in axonal transport. Huntingtin is essential for development, and its absence is lethal in mice. The protein has no sequence homology with other proteins and is highly expressed in neurons and testes in humans and rodents. Huntingtin upregulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at the transcription level, but the mechanism by which huntingtin regulates gene expression has not been determined. From immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and subcellular fractionation studies of the molecule, it has been found that huntingtin is primarily associated with vesicles and microtubules. These appear to indicate a functional role in cytoskeletal anchoring or transport of mitochondria. The Htt protein is involved in vesicle trafficking as it interacts with HIP1, a clathrin-binding protein, to mediate endocytosis, the trafficking of materials into a cell. Huntingtin has also been shown to have a role in the establishment in epithelial polarity through its interaction with RAB11A.


title: Huntingtin

text: Enzymes in the cell often cut this elongated protein into fragments. The protein fragments form abnormal clumps, known as neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), inside nerve cells, and may attract other, normal proteins into the clumps. The characteristic presence of these clumps in patients was thought to contribute to the development of Huntington disease. However, later research raised questions about the role of the inclusions (clumps) by showing the presence of visible NIIs extended the life of neurons and acted to reduce intracellular mutant huntingtin in neighboring neurons. One confounding factor is that different types of aggregates are now recognised to be formed by the mutant protein, including protein deposits that are too small to be recognised as visible deposits in the above-mentioned studies. The likelihood of neuronal death remains difficult to predict. Likely multiple factors are important, including: (1) the length of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene and (2) the neuron's exposure to diffuse intracellular mutant huntingtin protein. NIIs (protein clumping) can be helpful as a coping mechanism—and not simply a pathogenic mechanism—to stem neuronal death by decreasing the amount of diffuse huntingtin. This process is particularly likely to occur in the striatum (a part of the brain that coordinates movement) primarily, and the frontal cortex (a part of the brain that controls thinking and emotions).


title: De Hempenserpoldermolen

text: De Hempenserpoldermolen is what the Dutch describe as a Grondzeiler. It is a two storey smock mill on a single storey base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of 23.80 metres (78 ft 1 in). The sails are carried on a cast iron windshaft, which was cast by Gietijzerij De Prins van Oranje, The Hague in 1889. The windshaft carries the brake wheel which has 60 cogs. This drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft there are two crown wheels The upper crown wheel, which has 36 cogs drives an Archimedes' screw via a crown wheel. The lower crown wheel, which has 37 cogs is carried on the axle of an Archimedes' screw, which is used to drain the polder. The axle of the screw is 40 centimetres (1 ft 4 in) diameter and 5.80 metres (19 ft 0 in) long. The screw is 90 centimetres (2 ft 11 in) diameter. It is inclined at 29.5°. Each revolution of the screw lifts 180 litres (40 imp gal) of water.


title: Bar Council of Rajasthan

text: Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of Rajasthan. Law graduates can enroll online for Bar Council of Rajasthan. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.


title: Chartered Engineer (UK)

text: In the United Kingdom, a Chartered Engineer (CEng) is an engineer registered with the UK's regulatory body for the engineering profession, the Engineering Council. Chartered Engineers are master's degree qualified or must demonstrate equivalent masters level, work-based learning. The appropriate professional competencies must be demonstrated through education, further training and work experience. Significant experience is required which invariably spans several years of postgraduate professional practice. Demonstration of competence is defined in the UK Standard for Professional Engineering Competence, assessed through professional review of academic qualifications and professional development (training and professional work experience). Formal, non-formal and informal learning can be assessed. The title Chartered Engineer is protected in the UK under law by means of the Engineering Council's Royal Charter and Bye-laws. As of 2019 there are approximately 180,000 engineers registered as a Chartered Engineer. Chartered Engineers are registered through Professional Engineering Institutions (PEIs) licensed by the Engineering Council which are relevant to their industry or specialism. The total process of formation of a Chartered Engineer including MEng typically spans at least 8-10 years, although 12+ years is not uncommon to satisfy all of the competency requirements.


title: Chartered Engineer (UK)

text: In the 19th century Engineering as a profession was becoming prolific and various disciplines (principally Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) organised to form Institutions to further the interests of their members and the industry as a whole. At this time, each institution began to implement entry examinations for membership to ensure a minimum standard of competence of their members. In the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE), for example, candidates for Associate Membership would be expected to sit a general knowledge paper, a three-hour paper on applied mathematics, a three-hour paper on physics and chemistry and two three-hour papers elected from the following list: materials, steam engines, internal combustion engines, hydraulics, "electrotechnics", the theory of machines, machine design and metallurgy. Membership of an engineering institution quickly became a mark of quality and would give employers confidence in the competency of its members. Various Institutions sought Royal Charter to formalise their position and the members became engineers by charter, or Chartered Engineers for that institutions discipline. The first was in 1828 when the Institute of Civil Engineers was awarded its Royal Charter (awarding Chartered Civil Engineer). On 22 April 1930 King George V signed the IMechE's Royal Charter allowing Members to refer to themselves as Chartered Mechanical Engineers. By the mid-1950s, a significant demand for a central body to set the standards for education and training and to represent the wider profession had arisen. This led to the creation of the Joint Council of Engineering Institutions, established in 1964, that was later known as the Council of Engineering Institutions (CEI). This body was empowered to imbue the title of Chartered Engineer to elected members of PEIs. Despite attempts in the 1970s to replace the title with REng (Registered Engineer), the title of Chartered Engineer remains the de facto mark of the professional engineer in the UK.


title: Paul Nizan

text: He interrupted his studies at the École Normale Supérieure of the University of Paris in 1926 to leave for Aden where he worked as tutor to the son of French-born businessman-millionaire Antonin Besse. He drew upon his six-month experience in Aden to write his first novella, Aden Arabie, published in 1931. Nizan then entered into a number of miscellaneous jobs around the French Communist Party (PCF), writing for its journal prominently and even, at one point, running a party bookshop in Paris. Nizan later took up a professorship teaching literature, during which time he took on a reputation among students as an affable and relaxed professor, sometimes even offering his students cigarettes during class. As a teacher, he was reticent about his own perspective on Marxist theory, instead encouraging his students to arrive independently at their own conclusions. Through this period, up to the onset of World War II, Nizan penned all of his major works, including "The Watchdogs", an exposé on materialist philosophy, and the novels Antoine Bloye and The Conspiracy.


title: Paul Nizan

text: Nizan's politics took a number of sporadic turns throughout the course of his life, with Sartre noting that Nizan in his youth had vacillated between fascist and communist sympathies, attracted to both extremes of the political spectrum. Nizan also approached the priesthood as a young man but soon turned away from that decision. Eventually, Nizan settled on membership in the French Communist Party, under whose auspices Nizan's public life as an author began. Within the party, Nizan wrote extensively for official communist publications and had his works sold in party bookstores, although his most celebrated work today is his fiction. In his various novels, Nizan explores modern alienation, as well as the situation of the radical petit-bourgeois milieu caught between contending class forces. While Nizan was a loyal adherent to the policies of the Communist Party, his writings anticipate elements of postwar radical existentialism, leaving the contemporary reader with an ambiguous image of Nizan's political standing.


title: Teakettle Experimental Forest

text: The forest was established in the 1930s when California state and federal agencies began exploring how the Central Valley of California's water supply might be increased through management of Sierra Nevada watersheds. In 1938, a 1,300 hectares (3,200 acres) area surrounding Teakettle Creek was designated the Teakettle Experimental Area and five drainages were chosen for study. Stream gauge stations and sediment basins were built in the 1940s. Research collaborators have come from the following institutions and agencies: California State University, Michigan Technological University, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Oregon State University, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, University of Maryland, Virginia Commonwealth University, Universidad Metropolitana, University of Michigan, University of Nevada, University of Washington, USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis Program, Sierra National Forest, and Southern Research Station. There is a bunkhouse cabin, dry laboratory, and storage garage. The experimental forest is gated and relatively remote.


title: Artem Novikov

text: After returning to Kyrgyzstan in 2008, he was an intern and translator in the investment policy department of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Kyrgyz Republic. Then he became the chief specialist of the investment policy department of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade. From 2011-2012, Novikov was an adviser to the then Prime Minister Omurbek Babanov and in 2014-2015 he was an adviser to Prime Minister Djoomart Otorbaev. In May 2017, he was appointed head of the department for financial and economic analysis and development monitoring of the Office of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. In 2017-2018, Novikov served as the Minister of Economy. In January 2020, he was appointed adviser to Prime Minister Mukhammedkaly Abylgaziev, then adviser to Kubatbek Boronov, who replaced him. On 14 October, he became the country's First Deputy Prime Minister, serving as part of the interim government formed after the protests that month. After the suspension of the official powers of the Prime Minister Sadyr Japarov on 14 November 2020, in connection with his participation in the early presidential elections in Kyrgyzstan scheduled for January, 2021, Novikov became Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan.


title: Union of Donbass Volunteers

text: The UDV has maintained a unified command structure for its units, similar to Russian private military contractors such as the Wagner Group or Redut. Confirmed UDV units include three BARS units, BARS-20 "Grom", BARS-9 "Eagle", and BARS-13 "Russian Legion", as well as the "Sever" formation, the "Tsentr" formation, and "St. George's Brigade". On February 4, 2023, the UDV held a "congress" in Russian-occupied Mariupol, where more than 450 fighters and officers announced that all "volunteer" militias were going to be merged into a so-called "Russian Volunteer Corps" which would merge Redut and the UDV. The document establishing the corps was signed by retired GRU Colonel Aleksei Kondratyev, a stringent supporter of the UDV in its earlier years. In September 2022 the UDV complained that a hospital in Rostov-on-Don was refusing to service its members due to their lack of status in the Russian army. The hospital in question primarily services Russian military personnel severely wounded during the invasion.


title: Union of Donbass Volunteers

text: The UDV also maintains a presence in the Balkans, made up of Serbian volunteers to the Russian separatists that also actively participated in the Yugoslav Wars with several high-ranking members participating in the Bosnian genocide. The UDV also maintains a Russian section of the Višegrad cemetery for Russian volunteers to Serbia that were fatalities during the war, and maintains contacts in Serbia through Zavet, a Russian cultural organization that coordinates between the Republika Srpska and Russian government and is affiliated with the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. When asked for comment about their presence in Serbia, the UDV's leader in the Balkans, Aleksandar Kravchenko, told Balkan Insight that they are "Muslim media" that "publish unverified, anti-Serb, anti-Russian and anti-Orthodox stories. I can see no way that I could talk to you." The Serbian chapter was formed in 2015 as a fraternal organization for Serbian volunteers on the Russian side during the War in Donbas that also provided the fighters with a pension, as they were non-state actors that would otherwise receive no recognition or reward for their services to Russia. In part due to this, the Serbian government has banned most of its leaders from entering the country, not seeking to spark an international incident with the European Union, instead keeping the UDV in the neighboring Republika Srpska. the UDV also maintains close ties to the Balkan Cossack Army, based in Kotor, that consists of Russian expatriates living in Montenegro. Additionally, the UDV in Serbia's leadership were also involved in the Kosovo Front, a Russian volunteer group that fought in the Kosovo War. The UDV also acts as a political pressure group in both Srpska and Serbia to move both states away from the west and closer to Russia, being staunchly anti-NATO and anti-EU. The UDV successfully lobbied the Sprska government to name April 12 as "The Day of Russian Volunteers" a national holiday where Srpska officials meet with the UDV and other Russian organizations in Višegrad.


title: All Set

text: Touring the world playing their durable old songs had put the group−especially Pete Shelley−in the same framework for new songs. As such, they began work on the new album All Set in 1995, and hired longtime English punk rock producer Neill King to produce the album. According to music journalist Ned Raggett, "hooking up with Neill King as producer for All Set was an amusing turn on the part of the Buzzcocks, given that King had engineered Dookie , the breakthrough album from open Buzzcocks worshippers Green Day." Buzzcocks felt that "a little acknowledgement back" to Green Day was in order, even going so far as to record All Set at Fantasy Studios in Green Day's hometown of Berkeley, California. Nonetheless, the Buzzcocks were "far from trying to capture the MTV audience with a variation on "Basket Case". King not only produced All Set but engineered it at the same studio, and played piano on the album. King's acclaimed producing and engineering work on the album lead to one critic noting that "things haven't sounded this crisp and clear for the band even since the late '70s." Frank Rinello is credited in the album sleeve as "assisting" the recording, whilst Jim Push is credited for "additional keyboards."


title: All Set

text: Although All Set retains the band's traditional pop punk style, the band experiment "here and there" on the album with atypical instruments and arrangements. Ned Raggett of Allmusic described the experiments as "hints of trying to breathe once again beyond the basic formula." The inclusion of a Hammond organ provides "a nice extra touch here and there," such as on the lower-key groove of "Hold Me Close," one of Shelley's tenderer love songs, while Diggle "pulls off a rock-of-the-gods epic start" for "Playing for Time." The concluding two songs have both been noted for having "something to them in particular"−"Pariah" has a quirky rhythm crunch to it à la "Sixteen," while Diggle's "Back With You" starts off with an acoustic guitar and turns into a string-synth-swept declaration of love. Nonetheless, besides the unusual touches, Raggett said its "generally effective business as usual" Ali Sinclair of Consumable Online said that although listeners might assume the band to have mellowed out, they "still sound like the Beatles overdosed on caffeine - or more."


title: All Set

text: On All Set, the band's drummer Phil Barker was noted as "in particular showing more individual flashes and flair than before," whilst Shelley and Diggle "throw in a couple of almost mainstream guitar solos along the way, but otherwise are as dedicated as always to the virtues of high-volume, brisk poppiness." Some songs on All Set seem to borrow whole guitar licks from older songs by the band, such as the European siren lick from "Harmony in My Head" that resurfaces on "Point of No Return", but, in the words of Roger Catlin, "these aren't middle-age musicians trying to pass for callow youth," as some of the songs on the album "reflect their maturity and approach to relationships that the early singles just couldn't." The sound of the band changes considerably in songs written by Steve Diggle, who according to Catlin "sounds a bit like Pete Townshend when he doesn't sound like Peter Frampton. (The band in its current incarnation is rounded out by a newcomer rhythm section, which figures.)" The New York Times said that the album contains "sing-along odes to love's confusion in the tradition of older Buzzcocks songs."


title: All Set

text: By the time the album was released, the band's line-up had been their longest lasting so far, and the group had now been around longer since their 1989 reunion than they had when they originally existed in the late 1970s. For the release of All Set, the band changed record labels to I.R.S. Records, as the band thought that the two labels they were signed to at the time, Castle Records (for UK distribution) and Caroline Records (for US distribution), were not far reaching enough. When asked about the change of label to I.R.S., Diggle explained that "we thought it would be a better move, you know, better distribution. Some people had problems finding Trade Test." All Set was released worldwide in May 1996 by I.R.S. Records, except in Japan where it was released by Real Cool Records instead on 21 June 1996. In the United Kingdom, it was released on 6 May as a CD and limited edition LP, whilst in the United States it was released on 14 May. The album title, All Set, comes from an often repeated phrase from an American waitress.


title: All Set

text: However, the band had only spent two weeks of publicity for the album before I.R.S. Records suddenly closed on 11 July 1996, making All Set the last release on the label. Shelly recalled "we were on tour and all the people we were working with suddenly got the phone call that there's no record company." He recalled that "Miles Goldham was trying to buy back his share from EMI/IRS, and he had backers in place, but then they decided, oh you can't have the R.E.M. stuff. As a result of that his backers fell through. So, he just threw his hands up in despair. He was left with no option but to close down the company." As such, it left the band without a record label and, as a journalist from Ear Candy Mag recalled it, the album suffered for "a lack of promotion" and it was not a commercial success, not appearing in any country's national chart, although steady sales from the supporting tour upheld its popularity. The administration of the label was sudden, as at the time of the release of the album, Diggle had explained in an interview that "we signed for a couple of albums. We'll probably be touring the rest of this year, then a new album next year." The folding of I.R.S. Records meant that the band did not release a second album the following year; the band eventually released a new album, Modern, three years after on Go-Kart Records. Although All Set has never been re-issued or re-released by itself, a remastered version was included as the fifth and final disc in Classic Album Series, a box set released by Parlophone on 20 June 2014 containing five of the band's albums that were deemed to be "classics".


title: All Set

text: The album was released during a popular resurgence for punk rock, with older punk bands reuniting and newer ones receiving international exposure, and All Set has been seen as exemplifying the period. In his review of All Set, Roger Catlin of the Hartford Courant proclaimed "what an unusual summer we're having. The Sex Pistols, the Misfits and the Dictators are on reunion tours, and there are new albums from Patti Smith, the Specials and the Buzzcocks. What year is this exactly?" After Ear Candy Mag pointed out that popular acts such as Oasis, Green Day and Rancid mixed punk rock and pop as was the Buzzcocks style, Diggle said that he thought the revival was "exciting, it brings guitar back. In Britain there's a lot more guitar bands happening." When asked whether he felt that "these new groups are stealing the Buzzcocks' thunder for doing what the Buzzcocks were doing 20 years ago," Diggle replied "Well, there's a hint of that, but you think maybe it will develop. Everybody takes a starting point at some time." On 23 June 1996, Buzzcocks even opened the Sex Pistols' reunion tour, Filthy Lucre Tour, at Finsbury Park.


title: All Set

text: The album was released to a positive reception from music critics. Ned Raggett of Allmusic rated the album four stars out of five and said "the quartet here sounds like the Buzzcocks, if again essentially the pop-friendlier side of the band." He said that "things haven't sounded this crisp and clear for the band even since the late '70s" and said the album was "generally effective business as usual." Robert Christgau gave the album a three-star honorable mention, signifying "an enjoyable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well treasure." His review of the album quipped "love life much smoother, music summat." Roger Catlin of Hartford Courant was favourable and said that "at any rate, the songs from All Set (a title that comes from the oft-repeated phrase used by American waitresses), won't sound out of place amid the classics when the Buzzcocks headline a show Sunday at Toad's Place in New Haven." Ali Sinclair of Consumable Online published a positive review and said the band "sound just as lively as they did back in the mid-seventies. The popular side of punk... less Vicious than Sid, more friendly than the Stranglers - music for pogoing!" Trouser Press said All Set was another album of "memorable originals with familiar virtues," singling out the songs "Totally from the Heart," "Hold Me Close," "Point of No Return" and "Back with You" as highlights.


title: New Zealand English

text: In 1997, Oxford University Press produced the Harry Orsman-edited The Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principles, a 981-page book, which it claimed was based on over 40 years of research. This research started with Orsman's 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary. To assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997 by Victoria University of Wellington and Oxford University Press. This was followed by the The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary in 1998, edited by New Zealand lexicographer Tony Deverson. It is based on The Oxford Paperback Dictionary, fourth edition, and The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, second edition. Further lexicographical work culminated in the 1,374-page The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary published in 2004, by Tony Deverson and Graeme Kennedy. The dictionary contains over 100,000 definitions, including over 12,000 New Zealand entries and a wide range of encyclopedic information. A second, revised edition of The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary was published in 2006, this time using standard lexicographical regional markers to identify the New Zealand content, which were absent from the first edition. The NZ Dictionary Centre ceased active operations after the retirement of its second Director, Dr Dianne Bardsley, in 2012.


title: We shall fight on the beaches

text: The German breakthrough had not been exploited southwards, and the French had improvised a relatively thinly held defensive line along the Aisne and the Somme. The British military evaluation was that this was unlikely to withstand any major attack by the Wehrmacht. In the air, the French were short of fighter planes, and the shortage was worsening due to their many losses in combat. The French military commanders had hence asked for additional British fighter squadrons to be sent into the fight in France. Politically, there were considerable doubts over the French willingness to continue the war, even in the absence of any further military catastrophes. Churchill had argued in favour of sending the fighter squadrons to France because he considered that that move would be vital to sustain French public morale, and also to give no excuse for the collapse of the French Army. That would possibly lead to a French government that would not only drop out of the war, but also become hostile to the United Kingdom. The British War Cabinet discussed this issue at meetings on 3 June and on the morning of 4 June, but it decided to take the advice of the Royal Air Force and the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, that the British priority must be to prepare its own defences. The three squadrons present in France would be kept up to fighting strength, but no further squadrons could be spared for the Battle of France.


title: We shall fight on the beaches

text: Turning once again, and this time more generally, to the question of invasion, I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an absolute guarantee against invasion, still less against serious raids, could have been given to our people. In the days of Napoleon, of which I was speaking just now, the same wind which would have carried his transports across the Channel might have driven away the blockading fleet. There was always the chance, and it is that chance which has excited and befooled the imaginations of many Continental tyrants. Many are the tales that are told. We are assured that novel methods will be adopted, and when we see the originality of malice, the ingenuity of aggression, which our enemy displays, we may certainly prepare ourselves for every kind of novel stratagem and every kind of brutal and treacherous manœuvre. I think that no idea is so outlandish that it should not be considered and viewed with a searching, but at the same time, I hope, with a steady eye. We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised.


title: Jim DeFrance

text: DeFrance started exhibiting his work in 1965. His work has been exhibited at the following institutions and more Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles Institute for Contemporary Art (LAICA), Newport Harbor Art Museum (now the Orange County Museum of Art), Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, La Jolla Art Museum (now the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego), and Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art. He was also affiliated with the following galleries in Los Angeles and New York: Nicholas Wilder Gallery, Jan Baum Gallery, Rolf Nelson Gallery, Sonnabend Gallery, Charles Cowles Gallery, and Leo Castelli Gallery. A major retrospective of DeFrance's work was curated by Tom Dowling and Trevor Norris for the Frank M. Doyle Arts Pavilion, Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, CA. "Jim DeFrance: A Retrospective" was on view February 8-April 7, 2019. The monograph "Jim DeFrance: Light, Space, Materials," accompanying the exhibition features essays by the curators and art critic Peter Plagens.


title: Scout prayers

text: Dear Lord, Bless all those everywhere who contribute to shape the hearts, minds and bodies of young people everywhere. Let us remember what they have taught us and apply it in our daily life. When facing deceit and dishonesty, let us be Trustworthy. If we see hypocrisy and faithlessness, let us be Loyal. Where disregard of others and mere materialism prevail, let us be Helpful. When we find people in despair, let us be Friendly. In an atmosphere of ill manner, let us be Courteous. Where some measure manliness in brutality and crudeness, let us be Kind. Though lawbreaking and rule-scoffing are common, let us be Obedient. While others grumble and grouch, let us be Cheerful. In an environment blighted by waste and extravagance, let us be Thrifty. When confronted with danger and temptation, let us be Brave. As we see filth and pollution everywhere, let us be Clean. While witnessing impiety, let us remember to be Reverent. In short, in a world that has for generation after generation lamented the lack of good examples, let us, as Scouts, stand out, grow up, and become real adults. Amen.


title: Scout prayers

text: Dear Heavenly Father, Help to keep my honor bright And teach me that integrity of character Is my most priceless possession. Grant that I may do my best today, And strive to do even better tomorrow. Teach me that duty is a friend and not an enemy, And help me face even the most disagreeable task cheerfully. Give me the faith to understand my purpose and life, Open my mind to the truth and fill my heart with love. I am thankful for all the blessings you have bestowed upon my country. Help me to do my duty to my country and To know that a good nation must be made from good men. Help me to remember my obligation to obey the Scout Law, And give me understanding, so that it is more than mere words. May I never tire of the joy of helping other people or Look the other way when someone is in need. You have given me the gift of a body, Make me wise enough to keep it healthy, That I might serve better. You are the source of all wisdom, Help me to have an alert mind, Teach me to think, And help me to learn discipline. In all that I do and in every challenge I face, Help me to know the difference between right and wrong, And lead me in obedience on a straight path to a worthy goal. Amen.


title: Quentin Macfarlane

text: Macfarlane was born on 12 September 1935 in Dunedin. His mother, Tui (née Northey), was an artist. He went to school at Hutt Valley High just outside of Wellington where he was taught by James Coe. A fellow student was Bill Culbert who also went on to become a significant artist. Macfarlane studied at the School of Fine Arts at the University of Canterbury from 1954 to 1957 and graduated with honours in painting in 1958. His fellow students included John Coley, Ted Bracey, Pat Hanly, Hamish Keith, Trevor Moffitt, Gil Taverner (Hanly) and Bill Culbert. The teaching staff included Bill Sutton, Russell Clark and Colin Lovell-Smith. After graduating Macfarlane attended the Post-Primary Teachers' Training College in Ardmore and received a diploma of teaching. He went on to teach in a number of secondary schools including Lincoln and Cashmere High Schools. From 1959, Macfarlane had become a regular contributor to group shows in Christchurch and Auckland and was selected by Auckland City Art Gallery's director Peter Tomory for a number of touring exhibitions. In the same year he married Judith Gifford who went on to direct the Brooke Gifford Gallery with Barbara Brooke. In 1962, while teaching at Cashmere High School, Macfarlane organised an exhibition at the school of twelve works by Colin McCahon selected from the collections of his friends. This exhibition was in response to the uproar that had followed McCahon being announced joint winner of the Hay's Limited Art Competition. McCahon later referred to the Macfarlane-curated show as "my first retrospective". In his own painting practice Macfarlane was an early adopter of acrylic paint. Although in use for house painting in the mid-1950s, the first use of them by an artist recorded in New Zealand was in works by Macfarlane. The catalogue for the exhibition Contemporary New Zealand Painting and Sculpture 1962 noted the medium of Macfarlane's three paintings as p.v.a.. Macfarlane continued to be an ardent supporter of the medium and years later continued to hand out extracts copied from Lawrence Jensen's book Synthetic Painting Media published by Prentice Hall in 1964. In 1964 Macfarlane was appointed as a lecturer at the Christchurch Teachers' Training College.


title: Quentin Macfarlane

text: In 1975 Macfarlane began part-time teaching at his old art school at Canterbury University and become involved with his wife Judith Gifford's new venture the Brooke Gifford Gallery. Apart from some part-time teaching requirements, by 1975 Macfarlane was virtually painting full-time with a reputation as one of the country's leading marine painters. A good early example of this style can be seen here in the collection of the Auckland Art Gallery. In a review of Macfarlane's work in Ascent, Leo Bensemann described the "powerful rolling sweep and sense of distant loneliness ..." in the work pointing out how they "claim attention for the seas and coast around us". Serving as a regular crew member for publisher Albion Wright's yacht Pastime, alongside architect Peter Beaven, he took part in many sailing trips around Banks Peninsula drawing inspiration for his work. Friend and art writer John Coley located the marine influence in Macfarlane's work closer to home in the suburb he had lived in since the mid-1960s. "Quentin Macfarlane's paintings have always related to his local environment, specifically the seascape below his Clifton Hill home at Sumner." In 1989 Macfarlane said of these works "I'm typecast now as a marine painter. That doesn't worry me."


title: Arthur Dimmesdale

text: Next to Hester Prynne herself, Dimmesdale is often considered Hawthorne's finest character. His dilemma takes up a significant portion of the novel, bringing out Hawthorne's most famous statements on many of the concepts that recur throughout his works: guilt and redemption, truth and falsehood, and others. Dimmesdale faces a problem that is both simple and paradoxical: the knowledge of his sin, his inability to disclose it to Puritan society, and his desire for confession. He attempts to ameliorate the pressure of this position by punishing himself (both physically and mentally) and by insisting to his parishioners that he is a base, worthless creature. Without the awareness of his specific crime, however, his flock takes his protestations of worthlessness as further evidence of his holiness (a fact of which he is well aware) since, in the Puritan conception, awareness of one's sinful worthlessness is a necessary component of whatever virtue is available to humans; thus, Dimmesdale has been taken as an example of a conflict typical of Puritans (or seen as such by Hawthorne from his historical distance).


title: Chien-Cheng Circle

text: Two fires in 1993 and 1999 contributed to the market's decline, and in March 2001 Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou ordered the demolition of Chien-Cheng Circle. He proposed its reconstruction as part of several projects to revitalize Taipei's older districts. At 10 AM on 29 March 2001, the Chien-Cheng Circle was demolished to make way for its new construction located five meters further south of the original site. The new two-storey cylindrical glass building was designed by Taiwan-based architect C. Y. Lee and cost the Taipei city government NT$160 million in construction fees. An additional NT$50 million in compensation was paid to vendors of the former building. The roundabout was transformed into a crossroad and the surrounding trees were moved to an elementary school in the Xinyi district. During the reconstruction, the engineering team unearthed an old reservoir built by Japanese soldiers during World War II at the center of the circle. The city government decided to make the reservoir the 105th historic spot in Taipei.


title: Heavy Rotation (Anastacia album)

text: Heavy Rotation received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 4 reviews. On September 3, 2008, Anastacia hosted an album listening party at the Bureau Club in Soho, London. On September 9, 2008, Capital 95.8 posted a review of that listening party, saying that Heavy Rotation is one of her strongest and most varied albums to date. MSN reviewed the album at the listening party in London and felt that "The album does sound a bit like a box-ticking exercise but the first half in particular is a reminder of what made Anastacia a big name in the first place - namely, that huge voice - and it's well worth a listen." AllMusic critic Jon O'Brien gave the album four stars (out of five) and stated: "Heavy Rotation, her first studio album in nearly five years, tones down the guitars in favor of a more eclectic collection of songs that take in everything from glossy soul-funk to acoustic pop and even techno. But despite its occasional lapses into schmaltz and generic R&B, Heavy Rotation is still a charming and versatile record that has her unmistakable voice and personality stamped all over it."


title: Heavy Rotation (Anastacia album)

text: Maddy Costa from The Guardian gave the album a mixed review: "This album's notion of femininity is hardcore feminist: it's packed with I Will Survive-type anthems designed to get women dancing around handbags. They are exhausting to listen to, but so radiant with positivity it's hard to dislike them." Alex Fletcher from Digital Spy was less impressed with the album: "Whether those who bought Anastacia's first three albums will be charmed by her fourth remains to be seen For everyone else, however, Heavy Rotation will be too cringe-inducing to bear the repeated listens that its title promises." The Daily Mirror called Heavy Rotation "A class act at the top of her game." The Australian newspaper The Independent Weekly was also impressed with the album, giving it a favourable review: "Heavy Rotation is a triumphant return for an amazing artist who has travelled through pain to emerge stronger than ever before." BBC Music concluded about the album: "In summary: this is one happy Anastacia. Gone are the dark tracks of previous album Anastacia, replaced by soft ballads and upbeat disco stormers. Life on the sunny side is obviously doing her good, as is her partnership with Guy Chambers. Long may it continue – even, dare we say it, in heavy rotation".


title: Heavy Rotation (Anastacia album)

text: From September to November 2008, Anastacia made several radio and TV appearances in Europe to promote her new album. The album will also be promoted with her upcoming 2009 Heavy Rotation Tour. On September 29, 2008, Anastacia opened the Operation Triumph, a Serbian music talent show, performing two songs, "Left Outside Alone" and the lead single from Heavy Rotation, "I Can Feel You". On October 20, Anastacia performed "I Can Feel You" on the Spanish show Mira Quien Baila. She appeared on the UK chat show The Graham Norton Show on October 23. Anastacia appeared on GMTV October 28 and performed "I Can Feel You" at the "Pink Ribbon Gala" in Stockholm. On October 31, she gave an interview on the UK day time show Loose Women. Anastacia performed at G-A-Y nightclub on November 1. The show took place in the club's new venue, "Heaven", in central London. Anastacia made an appearance on This Morning on November 3 to promote her new album, where she also announced the second single from Heavy Rotation, "Absolutely Positively". On November 6, Anastacia presented an award along with Michael Owen at the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards held in Liverpool. Anastacia attended the 2008 World Music Awards in Monte Carlo on November 9, where she performed "Absolutely Positively". On November 15, Anastacia performed on "I Can Feel You" on the Italian television show Serata D'onore. On November 23, Anastacia appeared at the "Divas II" benefit concert along with many other female artists, which aired on ITV1. Anastacia performed "Left Outside Alone" and "I Can Feel You".


title: Heavy Rotation (Anastacia album)

text: She performed "I Can Feel You", "Left Outside Alone", "Absolutely Positively", and "I'm Outta Love" at "Energy Stars for Free 2008", a benefit concert in Zurich, on November 28. She was invited as a guest on the Paul O'Grady Show on December 9, where she also performed "Absolutely Positively". Anastacia performed "I'm Outta Love", "Left Outside Alone" and "I Can Feel You" on 95.8 Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball on December 10, 2008. The concert took place at The O2 arena in London. On Friday December 12, 2008 she performed "Absolutely Positively", "I'm Outta Love" and "Left Outside Alone" in Madrid, at the Los Premios 40 Principales 2008. On December 13, Anastacia performed "I Can Feel You" on the television show Wetten, dass..? in Stuttgart, Germany. Anastacia performed "I Can Feel You" and "I'm Outta Love" at the ChildLine Concert in Dublin on December 16, 2008 which then went on to be televised in Ireland on December 19. Anastacia received the World Artist Award at the Women's World Awards on March 5, 2009 in Vienna where she also performed "I'm Outta Love" and "Defeated". The television special was broadcast in over 40 countries all over the world. Anastacia performed "Absolutely Positively" on the Italian version of X Factor on March 9, 2009. During her stay in Italy, she also appeared on Quelli che il calcio e... where she performed "Defeated" which was broadcast on Rai Due.


title: Agrisera

text: Agrisera was founded in 1985, as a small-scale producer of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for research. In 1999, the company advanced from exclusively offering custom antibody production, to also creating a catalog of ready-made antibodies, primarily to plant and algal proteins. Agrisera launched its online antibody shop in 2003, and has since grown to be a leading supplier of antibodies for plant research, with customers and distributors in over 60 countries. The development of many of the antibodies that Agrisera offers, has been done in close collaboration with research groups around the world. Agrisera was awarded as the Plant Science Antibody Supplier of the Year in 2019, by CiteAb, for being the company with the most antibody citations in research related to plant science. Agrisera also collaborates with SciGrafik and leading plant scientists, including Professor Govindjee, a pioneer in the field of photosynthesis, to provide the scientific community with free, educational resources related to plant science.


title: José Joaquim da Rocha

text: There is no record of his life between January 22, 1766, and August 28, 1769. It is possible that he traveled to Joao Pessoa to work on the Convent and Church of St. Anthony, where the famous ceiling depicting the Glorification of the Franciscan Saints is attributed to him by some sources, though this attribution lacks documentation. According to oral tradition, he may have gone to Lisbon during this period to further his education and came into contact with Antonio Lobo and Jerônimo de Andrade - although it is not known who might have been his patron. However, researcher Maria de Fátima Campos argues that Salvador was already capable of providing a suitable education for a talented young artist. Upon his return, he was a mature painter competing for a major commission for illusionistic perspective painting—a technique requiring exceptional skill—in the Church of Our Lady of Health and Glory. Despite offering a more advantageous price, the commission was awarded to Domingos da Costa Filgueira. He appears to have continued living in poverty, renting a small house on Capitães Street.


title: José Joaquim da Rocha

text: He may have traveled to Recife in 1769 to decorate the ceiling of the Church and Convent of Saint Antony, though the authorship of this work remains uncertain. In 1770, he might have decorated the Church of the Third Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Our Lady of the Conception of the Mulatto Brothers. By 1772 or 1773, he was in Salvador, where he was commissioned to paint an illusionistic perspective on the ceiling of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, one of the most important churches in Bahia at the time. This work became his masterpiece and is regarded as one of the most remarkable paintings of its kind in Brazil. It features a grand depiction of the Glorification of the Immaculate Conception, surrounded by allegories of the four continents, divine figures, and monumental illusionistic architecture. The contract also included painting the chancel and crafting a statue of Mary on the main altar. He charged a modest fee of 1,009,920 réis for the entire project but received an additional 180,000 réis as compensation for his losses upon delivery. The success of the ceiling composition cemented his reputation as the foremost painter in Bahia. Following this, he was able to establish a permanent team of assistants and train disciples. In 1777, he undertook the task of painting a Visitation of Mary to Saint Elizabeth for the altarpiece of the chapel of the Holy House, which is considered one of his finest works on canvas.


title: José Joaquim da Rocha

text: The following period was highly productive, during which he is said, according to oral tradition, to have completed several major works. Between 1778 and 1780, the Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel commissioned him to gild the altarpiece of the chancel, and he may also have created the panel featuring the image, though this work was lost in a fire shortly afterward. Around 1780, he painted another Visitation for the Secretariat of the Holy House while simultaneously working on the ceilings of the Church of the Good Jesus of the Afflicted , the Church of the Third Order of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People and the Church of the Third Order of Saint Dominic . In 1785, he began work on the Church and Convent of Our Lady of the Palm, a project that would remain incomplete for several years. During the initial phase, he designed the central medallion and the perspective of the ceiling, but the actual execution was carried out by an unknown painter, possibly his disciple Veríssimo de Freitas.


title: José Joaquim da Rocha

text: During the period in question, the Catholic Church was the predominant patron of the arts, and with little market for secular painting in the colony, José Joaquim's entire production is in sacred art. During the Baroque period, the Church dictated many aspects of artistic creation, including themes, representation methods, and even secondary decorations. Artists were required to adhere to these guidelines, although there was room for creativity within these constraints, provided it did not conflict with religious precepts. Sacred art of the time served more than a decorative function; it was fundamentally functional and didactic. Its primary purpose was to edify the public, promote good morals, and inspire devotion through dramatic, visually compelling works with intense evocative power. His stylistic influences were derived from both direct learning from established masters—particularly from the Portuguese painting school—and from studying a rich array of engravings and prints circulating in the colony. These European imports were diverse, encompassing various styles and periods, with many being copies of renowned compositions. This eclectic mix partly explains the imitative and creative nature of Brazilian Baroque and José Joaquim's work specifically. He often adapted well-established formulas in original ways, using these images as models. This approach contributes to the inconsistent quality of his production and reflects his reliance on numerous apprentices at various stages of training. These factors complicate the precise identification of his personal style and the extent of his individual contributions. Nevertheless, such characteristics were typical of the period and define the Brazilian Baroque.


title: José Joaquim da Rocha

text: José Joaquim's works in illusionistic perspective, notably on the ceilings of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, the Church of the Third Order of Saint Dominic and the Church of the Third Order of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People (attribution), are among his most ambitious and impactful creations. This technique, highly valued in colonial Brazil, is rooted in a tradition initiated in Italy and perfected by Andrea Pozzo in the 17th century. Pozzo's approach created an illusion of three-dimensional space on ceilings, transforming them into visions of the sky. Mastery of this technique required extensive knowledge of perspective, achievable only by exceptionally skilled and well-trained artists. Though he may have learned this technique in Portugal, Pozzo's influence was already present in Brazil by the early 18th century. It is possible that he encountered Pozzo's renowned work, the ceiling of the Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola in Rome, through engravings. Carlos Ott proposed that Joaquim's supposed trip to Portugal might have included a visit to Italy, where he could have seen this celebrated painting. However, according to Paiva & Pires, Joaquim's interpretation of Pozzo's style aligns more closely with a Portuguese tradition. While Pozzo emphasized the figures of the main scene to extend the illusion of three-dimensionality from the fictitious architecture to the sky seamlessly, Portuguese artists, including Joaquim, Mestre Ataíde, and other colonial painters, preferred a different approach. They often created a well-defined central medallion with less pronounced outlines for the figures, resulting in a flatter spatial effect. This method, known as "relocated painting," was characterized by a spatial composition similar to that of traditional wall panels.


title: Barney A. Schlinger

text: Schlinger has developed an animal model, the golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus) of Panama, for investigating the hormonal, neural and muscular control of complex vertebrate behavior. This work spans tropical field behavioral ecology with organ level physiology and molecular and cellular biology. The bird is an especially important model because the males perform a physically elaborate courtship display. As a suboscine songbird their behavior and its neurohormonal basis can be directly compared to the very well-studied group of oscine songbirds. His studies of the extraordinary and physically challenging courtship of male Manacus species has revealed unique specializations in skeletal and muscle anatomy as well as that of endocrine, neural and muscle physiology. Sequencing of this manakin genome together with efforts to promote genomic sequencing of other manakins, makes these birds now a key animal clade for using molecular genetic approaches to understand the evolution and development of complex social systems and behavior and the physiology underlying behavior.


title: Điện Biên Phủ

text: Điện Biên Phủ apparently recovered quickly after the siege. When Wilfred Burchett visited the area in 1962, he found a 5,000-acre state-owned farm growing coffee, cotton, rice, and sugar cane on land that had once been a battleground. For example, the airstrip at Isabelle was now a rice field, and most of the approach trenches used by the Việt Minh had been filled in. The farm manager told him that 1,500 soldiers from 176th regiment arrived in 1958 to cultivate the area, followed by 1,200 volunteers from the Red River Delta, of which 900 were women. During their first season there, they cleared away the leftover land mines and rushed to grow enough crops in time, to the exclusion of other activities. They did not have housing until after the first season; in the meantime, they sheltered with the local Thái tribe, who also gave them extra seeds for growing rice. Burchett claimed he also saw a hospital with 60 beds, some pottery-making facilities, the remains of a French tank and various airplanes, two tombstones dedicated to the two soldiers who blew up said tank, a "modest" monument packed with more tombstones, and a "small museum" filled with homemade weapons used in the battle.


title: Evan Wolfson

text: Evan Wolfson is an attorney and gay rights advocate. He is the founder of Freedom to Marry, a group favoring same-sex marriage in the United States, serving as president until its 2015 victory and subsequent wind-down. Wolfson authored the book Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry, which Time Out New York magazine called, "Perhaps the most important gay-marriage primer ever written". He was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world. He has taught as an adjunct professor at Columbia Law School, Rutgers Law School, and Whittier Law School and argued before the Supreme Court in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. He now teaches law and social change at Georgetown Law School and at Yale University; serves as a senior counsel at Dentons, the world's largest law firm; and primarily provides advice and assistance to other organizations and causes, in the United States and globally, that are seeking to adapt the lessons on "how to win" from the same-sex marriage movement.


title: Evan Wolfson

text: From 1989 until 2001 Wolfson worked full-time at Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, a gay rights advocacy non-profit, handling cases on a range of matters, from partnership and custody, to military discrimination, to HIV/AIDS, to employment discrimination, to challenges to so-called "sodomy" laws. Wolfson directed their Marriage Project and coordinated the National Freedom to Marry Coalition, a forerunner to Freedom to Marry. Wolfson served as co-counsel alongside Hawaii attorney Dan Foley and co-wrote an amicus brief in Baehr v. Miike, in which the Supreme Court of Hawaii said prohibiting same-sex marriage in the state constituted discrimination. Wolfson and Foley then conducted a trial before Hawaii judge Kevin Chang, which on December 3, 1996, resulted in the world's first-ever ruling in favor of the freedom to marry. Wolfson also worked on Baker v. Vermont, the Vermont Supreme Court case that led to the creation of civil unions in Vermont by the state legislature as a "compromise" between same-sex marriage advocates and those objecting to same-sex marriage. Wolfson called the unions a "wonderful step forward", but not enough.


title: Evan Wolfson

text: After the passage of Proposition 8 in California, Wolfson worked with funders and movement partners to increase capacity for Freedom to Marry as the central campaign to drive the national strategy and create the climate in which litigation could succeed, bringing on National Campaign Director Marc Solomon, messaging expert Thalia Zepatos, digital experts like Michael Crawford, Cameron Tolle, and Adam Polaski, and opening a federal office in Washington, D.C. Between 2010 and 2014, Wolfson's newly expanded Freedom to Marry team – which dramatically increased its budget to more than $13 million and grew to a roster of more than 30 – led marriage work in almost every state, working with partners across legislative, ballot, and litigation efforts. Wolfson also urged President Barack Obama to publicly support same-sex marriage, which he did in 2012. The Freedom to Marry team's efforts also led to the Democratic Party adding support for same-sex marriage to its official party platform in 2012. In the 2012 election, four states voted in favor of same-sex marriage at the ballot, the first-ever electoral victories for supporters of same-sex marriage.


title: Evan Wolfson

text: Some critics such as BeyondMarriage.org assert Wolfson and others' work is too narrowly focused on a limited marriage agenda. Richard Kim, signatory and founding board member of Queers for Economic Justice, disputes Wolfson's assertion that the same-sex movement is not pushing for a traditional, heterosexual model for all gays and lesbians and creating a political schism, and as such, gravely misrepresent the consequences of their own work for the past 20 years." Wolfson replied "I think if Terrence McNally, Steinem and the others were actually shown some of Richard Kim's articles as opposed to the broad, conciliatory and coalition-building goals found in that statement, they would not endorse his articles nor his views." In a New York Times review of Why Marriage Matters, author William Saletan states what he sees as flaws in Wolfson's reasoning. " abstract theory of equality flattens ... distinction. ... Thus he demands protection of committed gay couples not because they resemble heterosexual couples in all relevant respects but because it's wrong to discriminate against people because of their 'differences'." Wolfson does not favor the civil union or domestic partnership approaches, because semantic differences create "a stigma of exclusion" and deny gay couples "social and other advantages".


title: Begnagrad (album)

text: Begnagrad was formed in 1976 by Bratko Bibič (accordion), Bogo Pečnikar (clarinet), Vlado Špindler (bass guitar), and Igor Muševič (drums), guitarists Bojan Zidarić, Igor Leonardi and Boris Romih cooperating with them on different occasions. The band performed avant-garde rock with the elements of free jazz, swing, traditional music, but also of pop, and soon gained attention of the audience with their unconventional compositions. After their performance at the prominent Youth Festival in Subotica in 1977, they recorded part of their songs in Radio Novi Sad studios with producer Anđelko Maletić. The recordings should have appeared on their first album, however that record was never released. In 1978, Špindler had to leave the band to serve his mandatory stint in the Yugoslav army, and Begnagrad went on hiatus. The group reunited at the beginning of the 1980s. During the following years, Begnagrad went to numerous lineup and stylistic changes. They recorded their debut album in the lineup featuring Bibič, Pečnikar, Romih, Nino de Gleria (bass guitar), and Aleš Rendla (drums, violin). The album, entitled simply Begnagrad, was released in 1982 through ZKP RTLJ. The songs on the album were composed by Bibič and De Gleria.


title: Semantic spacetime

text: According to Burgess, Semantic Spacetime originates from asking what are the implications of Promise Theory to our understanding of space and time. The traditional view of spacetime seems to have no relevance to phenomena in computing, electronics, biology, or many other information based processes. The classical understanding of spacetime from Newton's era is based on ballistics, the idea about space and time was that of a purely passive theatre for the motion and behaviours of material bodies. Einstein partially changed that perception with General Relativity, in which spacetime geometry is an active participant with its own properties, i.e. curvature, energy, and mass. In the process models of Computer Science, Electronics, Biology, and Logistics, however, space is formed from functional components that act more like service providers. Processes are representations of autonomous modular outcomes, a result of information passing between agents in networks of such active components, with a certain strength of coupling.


title: Shaun Stafford

text: Stafford accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, where she played for coach Andy Brandi's Florida Gators women's tennis team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition in 1987 and 1988. As a s freshman, she was an individual singles finalist in the 1987 NCAA tournament, losing to Patty Fendick of the Stanford Cardinal women's tennis team. As a sophomore, Stafford was the No. 1 singles player for the Lady Gators' NCAA national runner-up team in 1988. She won the individual NCAA singles championship by defeating her Gator teammate Halle Cioffi, 7–6, 6–4, by relying on her strong serve and forehand in the tournament final in 1988. She previously defeated top-seeded Ronni Reis of the Miami Hurricanes women's team, 6–1, 7–6, in the 1988 NCAA semifinal. She was a two-time All-American and a two-time first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection, and was also the recipient of the 1987–88 Broderick Award (now the Honda Sports Award) as the outstanding college women's tennis player in the country.


title: René Schneider

text: On September 10, 2001 Schneider's family filed a suit against Henry Kissinger, accusing him of collaborating with Viaux in arranging for Schneider's murder. While declassified documents show the CIA, displeased with the socialist victory, had explored the idea of supporting Viaux in a coup attempt, they also show that the agency decided on tracking down other members of the Chilean military, deciding that a Viaux coup would fail. Nevertheless, Viaux, acting on the advice of the CIA, teamed up with other coup plotters. CIA documents show unwavering support for Viaux's co-conspirator, Camilo Valenzuela, and also show a $50,000 payment to the kidnap team Viaux had hired. Documents written at the time of the assault on Schneider describe it as part of the "Valenzuela group coup plan." On October 15, 1970 Kissinger allegedly told U.S. President Richard Nixon that he had "turned off" plans to support Viaux, explaining that "Nothing could be worse than an abortive coup." The CIA claimed that no such "stand-down" order was ever received.


title: Felipe Sonsong

text: A party of seventeen, which included Saint Pedro Caluñgsod, and Sonsong's young provincemates, Nicolás de Figueroa, Juan de los Reyes and Andrés de la Cruz, left for Hagåtña aboard the San Diego in 1668. In the Marianas, the saintly Fr. Diego de San Vitores (recently beatified) ordered Felipe to sew pieces of colored sinamay cloth to adorn the chapel's altar, and to make clothes to cover the nakedness of the islanders' chieftains. Felipe also sewed and mended the habits of the missionaries and lay volunteers (including probably Pedro Calungsod, who was in Fr. San Vitores' group), and made rosaries for the newly baptized islanders. "He presented himself for the execution of every task with great charity," the 1686 document says, "in particular of mending and sewing the clothes of those who needed it... When with great promptness he finished one task, he went on to another... And if on some day he had no occupation, or on feast days, he was totally occupied in devotions and spiritual books, in having many periods of prayer, and in giving good advice to those of his nation."


title: 1924 British Mount Everest expedition

text: At the end of February 1924, Charles and Geoffrey Bruce, Norton and Shebbeare arrived in Darjeeling where they selected the porters from Tibetans and Sherpas. They once again engaged the Tibetan born Karma Paul for translation purposes and Gyalzen for sardar (leader of the porters) and purchased food and material. At the end of March 1924, all expedition members were assembled and the journey to Mount Everest began. They followed the same route as the 1921 and 1922 expeditions. To avoid overloading the dak bungalows, they travelled in two groups and arrived in Yatung at the beginning of April. Phari Dzong was reached on 5 April. After negotiations with Tibetan authorities, the main part of the expedition followed the known route to Kampa Dzong while Charles Bruce and a smaller group chose an easier route. During this stage, Bruce was crippled with malaria and was forced to relinquish his leadership role to Norton. On 23 April the expedition reached Shekar Dzong. They arrived at the Rongbuk Monastery on 28 April, some kilometres from the planned base camp. The Lama of Rongbuk Monastery was ill and could not speak with the British members and the porters or perform the Buddhist puja ceremonies. The following day the expedition reached the location of the base camp at the glacier end of the Rongbuk valley. Weather conditions were good during the approach but now the weather was cold and snowy.


title: 1924 British Mount Everest expedition

text: On the morning of 8 June, Odell awoke at 6:00 am, reporting that the night was largely free of wind and that he slept well.: 128 At 8:00 am, Odell started an ascent to Camp VI to make geological studies and to support Mallory and Irvine. The mountain was swept by mists so he could not see the NE Ridge clearly along which Mallory and Irvine intended to climb. At 7900m (26,000-ft) he climbed over a small outcropping. At 12:50, the mists suddenly cleared. Odell noted in his diary, "saw M & I on the ridge, nearing base of final pyramide". In a first report on 5 July to The Times he clarified this view. Odell was excited about having found the first fossils on Everest when there was a clearing in the weather and he saw the summit ridge and final pyramid of Everest. His eyes caught a tiny black dot which moved on a small snowcrest beneath a rock-step on the ridge. A second black dot was moving toward the first one. The first dot reached the crest of the ridge ("broke skyline"). He could not be certain if the second dot also did so.


title: 1924 British Mount Everest expedition

text: The most remarkable finding was the corpse of George Leigh Mallory at a height of 8,159 metres (26,768 ft). The lack of extreme injuries indicated he had not tumbled very far. His waist showed severe rope-jerk mottling, showing the two had been roped when they fell. Mallory's injuries were such that a walking descent was impossible: his right foot was nearly broken off and there was a golf ball-sized puncture wound in his forehead. His unbroken leg was on top of the broken one, as if to protect it. General Hospital neurosurgeon Dr. Elliot Schwamm believes it not possible that he would have been conscious after the forehead injury. There was no oxygen equipment near the body, but the oxygen bottles would have been empty by that time and discarded at a higher altitude to relinquish the heavy load. Mallory was not wearing snow goggles, although a pair was stored in his vest, which may indicate that he was on the way back by night. However, a contemporary photograph shows he had two sets of goggles when he started his summit climb. The image of his wife Ruth which he intended to put on the summit was not in his vest. He carried the picture throughout the whole expedition—a sign that he might have reached the top. Since his Kodak pocket camera was not found, there is no proof of a successful climb to the summit.


title: Mohammad Taqi Mirza

text: Mohammad Taqi Mirza (also written Mohammad Taghi Mirza) was born 5 October 1791 at Tehran as Fath Ali Shah's 7th son by the latter's temporary (sighe) wife Zeynab Khanom, daughter of Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, supreme chief of the Chahar Lang division of the Bakhtiari tribe. Thus, he was one of the shah's twelve senior sons attending the official receptions at court depicted in several portraits. His only full sister was Princess Maryam Khanom (Fath Ali Shah's 5th daughter). In 1818 he commanded the attack on the Castle of Shirvan and his imperial father entitled him Hessam os-Saltaneh (lit. "Saber of the Monarchy"). After his eldest brother Mohammad Ali Mirza, the governor-general of Kermanshah, died from cholera in 1823 Mohammad Taqi Mirza was made 1826-1829 governor of that province. 1831-1834 he was made governor of Boroujerd. At his father's death in 1834 he was with some brothers imprisoned in the Ardabil citadel by the prime minister to avoid any attempts against the succession of the princes' nephew Mohammad Shah Qajar. He was released in 1848 by the next Qajar ruler Nasir al-Din Shah. Mohammad Taqi Mirza was also a poet under the pen name "Shokat".


title: Snitch Law

text: The law came into effect on 28 May 2008 after being published in Official Gazette No. 38,940. Said law established the obligation for any person to comply with intelligence and counter-intelligence work in case of being requested by the authorities, with the penalty of being prosecuted by the Public Ministry in case of refusal. It was approved by President Hugo Chávez after the National Assembly granted him the special legislative powers of the enabling law. The colloquial term for the law comes from Venezuelan slang in which a snitch is referred to as a "sapo" (Spanish for toad). The legislation was criticized by human rights organizations, which warned that it violated the constitution and could create a spy society, as well as by the Venezuelan student movement. The instrument was also compared to Cuba's informant networks and concern was expressed that the basic rights of suspects were denied, as was access to information. The non-governmental organization Foro Penal asked its annulment before the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.


title: Little Willie Farmer

text: He initially played the guitar for home audiences and at schoolday events, having learned blues and R&B songs through listening to a radio station based out of Nashville, Tennessee. Farmer was drawn to the work of B.B. King, Little Milton, Howlin' Wolf and Lightnin' Hopkins. By the age of 15, Farmer was proficient enough to expand his musical horizons and by his early 20s he had joined a loose knit ensemble that played at local juke joints. He grew disconnected when at the rough venues "people liked to fight like crazy". By this time Farmer was a self-taught auto mechanic, and he eventually opened his own business in Duck Hill, next to a property he built on family land. Alongside his regular work, Farmer performed regularly on evenings and weekends with local semi-professional gospel music groups, including the Rising Sun Singers, the Angelettes, and, for a period of nine years, the Silvertone Gospel Singers. The pull of playing blues music, and removing the hassle of maintaining a group, saw Farmer develop his own solo act. He first played gospel music and then performed blues with artists such as Johnnie Billington, Bobby Rush, and Lynn White. Farmer worked for more than 30 years at his own auto repair business in his hometown, but helped to arrange a local blues festival in 2003. The Grassroots Blues Festival was staged in a meadow outside Duck Hill and, through this event, Farmer became acquainted and befriended other blues musicians including Willie King and Leo "Bud" Welch.


title: Little Willie Farmer

text: In 2016, Farmer's abilities came to the attention, via YouTube, of Wolf Records owner, Hannes Folterbauer. He promised to fly to the United States and record Farmer, which took place in Farmer's home in 2017. Farmer quickly composed "I'm Coming Back Home" on the spot and Folterbauer was impressed enough with the song to use it as the title of Farmer's debut album, I'm Coming Back Home. It was released on July 14, 2017. The recording was a blend of his own material, plus a number of Farmer's own versions of older material such as "Goin to Louisiana", "Little Red Rooster", "Boogie Chillum", Little Schoolgirl", and "Rock Me Baby". On the recording, Farmer alternated between electric and acoustic guitar playing in a style reminiscent of Lightnin' Hopkins. Farmer was one of several artists then supported by the Music Maker Relief Foundation. The MMRF assisted his career with video production and getting him a passport so he could travel internationally. In 2019, Farmer's next album was The Man From the Hill. It was the first time that Farmer had spent any time in a recording studio, working as he was at the Delta-Sonic Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Farmer moved between Hill country blues and gospel on the recording, which was released by Big Legal Mess Records, a subsidiary of Fat Possum Records. Farmer hoped that takings from the album would enable him to retire from his auto repair business. Farmer stated "I'm trying to get out of that shop, I'm tried of messing with those cars. It's been a long time".


title: Spiced ale

text: Braggot is a drink brewed from ale, honey, spices and herbs. It was esteemed in Wales and the West of England. The drink also appears as bragot, bracket, bragget and the like in written sources. An Old English dictionary states the word derives from brag, meaning malt in Cornwall and Wales, and got, meaning honeycomb. One of the laws of the medieval Welsh king Hywel Dda specifies that a farmer should render one vat of mead as a tribute. If mead was unavailable, two vats of braggot were to be paid instead. Failing this, four vats of common ale would be acceptable. Historical braggot recipes can be found for example in The Customs of London (early 16th-c.), The Jewel House of Art and Nature and The Whole Duty of a Woman . Generally the drink is made by adding honey and spices to previously brewed ale and refermenting the mixture for some time. In some old recipes the base ingredient is specified either as small ale or strong ale. Wright's Dictionary of Obsolete and Provincial English contains a recipe from a 14th century manuscript:


title: Florence Nightingale

text: Recent commentators have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media at the time, but critics agree on the importance of her later work in professionalising nursing roles for women. In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world and is now part of King's College London. In recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and the Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, and the annual International Nurses Day is celebrated on her birthday. Her social reforms included improving healthcare for all sections of British society, advocating better hunger relief in India, helping to abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in the workforce.


title: Florence Nightingale

text: In 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Parisian hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. She said that if given the choice between being a woman or a galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company and spent her time with male intellectuals. Clarke made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to remain close friends for 40 years despite their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equal to men, an idea that Florence had not learnt from her mother.


title: Florence Nightingale

text: According to some secondary sources, Nightingale had a frosty relationship with her fellow nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital for officers. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, records only one, friendly, meeting with her, when she asked her for a bed for the night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Crimea to join her business partner and start their business. However, Seacole pointed out that when she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was at the root of that rebuttal. Nightingale told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, that she was worried about contact between her work and Seacole's business, claiming that while "she was very kind to the men and, what is more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk". Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Mrs. Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!) ... Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and improper conduct". On the other hand, Seacole told the French chef Alexis Soyer that "You must know, M Soyer, that Miss Nightingale is very fond of me. When I passed through Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging."


title: Florence Nightingale

text: As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system in Britain from the 1860s onwards. This meant that sick paupers were no longer being cared for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff. In the first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found no other job and therefore were forced to earn their living by this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Sarah Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt. According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Nightingale Museum, "When she started out there was no such thing as nursing. The Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort where the floors were laid with straw to soak up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got back . She had access to people in high places and she used it to get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright but she had to be those things in order to achieve all that she did."


title: Florence Nightingale

text: Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true pioneer in the graphical representation of statistics" and is especially well known for her usage of a polar area diagram,: 107 or occasionally the Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram, to illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in the military field hospital she managed. While frequently credited as the creator of the polar area diagram, it is known to have been used by André-Michel Guerry in 1829 and Léon Louis Lalanne by 1830. Nightingale called a compilation of such diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams. She made extensive use of coxcombs to present reports on the nature and magnitude of the conditions of medical care in the Crimean War to Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand traditional statistical reports. In 1859, Nightingale was elected the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society. In 1874 she became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association.


title: Florence Nightingale

text: The Royal Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with an opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in private houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill to require owners of existing properties to pay for connection to mains drainage. The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of 1874 and 1875. At the same time, she combined with the retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law to Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats. Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given the state of knowledge at the time. Historians now believe that both drainage and devolved enforcement played a crucial role in increasing average national life expectancy by 20 years between 1871 and the mid-1930s during which time medical science made no impact on the most fatal epidemic diseases.


title: Florence Nightingale

text: While better known for her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale is also an important link in the study of English feminism. She wrote some 200 books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life. During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of an upper-class marriage from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately in 1860, but which until recently was never published in its entirety. An effort to correct this was made with a 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11 of a 16 volume project, the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Strachey in 1928. Strachey included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.


title: Florence Nightingale

text: Despite being named as a Unitarian in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained in the Church of England throughout her life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early age by the Wesleyan tradition, Nightingale felt that genuine religion should manifest in active care and love for others. She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. Nightingale questioned the goodness of a God who would condemn souls to hell and was a believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being saved will eventually make it to heaven. She would sometimes comfort those in her care with this view. For example, a dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell and said to her "Pray God, that you may never be in the despair I am in at this time". The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, are you not now more merciful than the God you think you are going to? Yet the real God is far more merciful than any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."


title: Florence Nightingale

text: Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale believed for much of her life that the pagan and eastern religions had also contained genuine revelation. She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped provide people with the fortitude for arduous good work and would ensure the nurses in her care attended religious services. However, she was often critical of organised religion. She disliked the role the 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening the oppression of the poor. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she held that the ideal health professional should be inspired by a religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation and that this motivation was inferior to the professional desire to deliver the best possible care.


title: The Snake Pit

text: When the book The Snake Pit was still in galleys, the president of Random House, Bennett Cerf, showed it to his friend Anatole Litvak, who bought the rights. Litvak was born in Kiev to Lithuanian Jewish parents and learned filmmaking in Leningrad. He began his career as a director with films in Berlin, Paris, and London. Moving to the United States, Litvak became known as the most prominent director of films with antifascist sentiment. Most notably, he directed Confessions of a Nazi Spy in 1939, alerting American audiences to the rise of Hitler. When the United States entered the war, Litvak enlisted in the U.S. Army and co-directed with Frank Capra the Why We Fight films, which Capra produced. In his contact with men who had survived combat, Litvak became interested in the psychiatric treatment of veterans and the plight of the mentally ill. After buying the rights to The Snake Pit, Litvak sold them to Darryl F. Zanuck at Twentieth Century-Fox. Zanuck had produced films with social conscience, most notably The Grapes of Wrath and Gentleman's Agreement. With The Snake Pit, Zanuck added mental patients to Jews and the poor as groups left out of the American dream.


title: The Snake Pit

text: Director Litvak insisted upon three months of grueling research. He demanded that the entire cast and crew accompany him to various mental institutions and to lectures by leading psychiatrists. He did not have to convince de Havilland, who threw herself into the research with an intensity that surprised even those who knew her well. Her interest derived in part from having had a childhood friend who was hospitalized with schizophrenia. De Havilland watched carefully each of the procedures then in vogue, including hydrotherapy and electric shock treatments. When permitted, she sat in on long individual therapy sessions. She attended social functions, including dinners and dances with the patients. In fact, after the film's release, when columnist Florabel Muir questioned in print whether any mental institution actually "allowed contact dances among violent inmates," Muir was surprised by a telephone call from de Havilland, who assured her she had attended several such dances herself. Much of the film was filmed in the Camarillo State Mental Hospital in California.


title: The Snake Pit

text: Publicity releases from Twentieth Century-Fox claimed that twenty-six of the then forty-eight states had enacted reform legislation because of the movie. While it is wise to be cautious about claims that a film changed social policy, recent scholarship suggests that such an assertion may be valid. One reformer connected to The Snake Pit who does not appear in histories of psychiatry was Charles Schlaifler, a key figure in getting federal support for mental health after World War II. In 1942, Schlaifler became a vice president for advertising at the Fox studio, and was put in charge of public relations for The Snake Pit. In that role, his consciousness about the mentally ill was raised, and soon Schlaifler began testifying before Congress on the need for more funds for the National Institute of Mental Health. Then, in 1951, he became a spokesman for the National Mental Health Committee, founded by Mary Lasker. In the transcripts of Congressional hearings in the 1950s, one sees how effective Schlaifler was with congressmen and the business executives whom he brought to testify that research on mental health problems would be good for business. While Schlaifler had no interest in creating a social movement, he played a key role in making mental illness a national concern, not just the business of individual states. More concretely, he helped convince members of Congress to dramatically increase funds to combat mental illness, and was treated as an authority because of his work on The Snake Pit. Thus, that film influenced the public's attitudes directly and had an effect upon elites who controlled budgets related to the mentally ill.


title: Dele Momodu

text: In 1993, Momodu resigned to join the Moshood Abiola presidential campaign organization. Momodu was arrested and detained at Alagbon Close in Lagos, after the annulment of the 12 June presidential election by General Ibrahim Babangida. He was punished by the reigning dictatorship for his pro-democratic views but was undeterred. He was to be arrested in 1995 and charged with treason by the government of Sani Abacha, then a dictator. Momodu was accused of being one of the brains behind the pirate radio station, Radio Freedom (later Radio Kudirat), after the murder of Alhaja Kudirat Abiola. Momodu managed to escape by masquerading as a farmer through the Seme border into Cotonou, in Benin Republic, from where he fled to Togo, Ghana and eventually to the United Kingdom. For three agonising years, he could not re-enter his homeland, Nigeria. He has since been absolved of all accusations made by the Abacha administration, which are believed to have been orchestrated by Abacha's anti-democratic administration Momodu opposed with his support of MKO Abiola's campaign.


title: Dele Momodu

text: Momodu has held an annual event since 2008, known as the Ovation Red Carol (later changed to Ovation Carol and Awards). The Red Carol is held every December, and has become one of West Africa's most popular annual Christmas events, often involving musical performances, drama, fashion shows and award presentations for varying charitable causes. From 2008 to 2012 it was held in Lagos, Nigeria, but was held in Accra, Ghana, in December 2013. In 2013, former president of Ghana J. J. Rawlings attended, with Wyclef Jean as the headline act, along with many other international performers, including MI, Ice Prince and Burna Boy from Nigeria. In 2015, two shows were held for the first time – one in Lagos, Nigeria and the other in Accra, with Nigerian performer Wizkid headlining both events, as well as American singer Evelyn "Champagne" King for the Lagos show. The 2016 show was held in Lagos at Eko Hotel & Suites, with Ovation presenter Daala Oruwari and actor Richard Mofe Damijo serving as co-hosts. Korede Bello, Flavour N'abania, Reekado Banks, King Sunny Ade and Simi all performed at the Globacom-sponsored event, and was attended by Ghanaian President John Dramani Mahama. A video tribute was held for the late producer OJB Jezreel in the presence of his family. The 2017 show featured performances from Tiwa Savage, 2baba, Davido, Sinach, Sammie Okposo, D'banj, DJ Cuppy, Banky W, Sir Shina Peters and Ebenezer Obey, and was attended by guests including Femi Otedola and Aliko Dangote. The 2018 edition, sponsored by the Esther Ajayi Foundation, featured an all-star lineup including Burna Boy, Adekunle Gold, Mr Eazi, Falz, DJ Cuppy, Teni, Mayorkun, Yinka Ayefele, Sinach, Sammie Okposo and more.


title: Josephine Gomon

text: In the 1920s Gomon became active in Detroit's birth control movement. She helped launch Planned Parenthood nationally and served as the president of the organization's Detroit chapter. After unsuccessfully running for public office in Detroit in 1929—being one of the first women to do so—Gomon began working for politician Frank Murphy in 1930 as an assistant on his mayoral campaign. After he was elected, Gomon became Murphy's executive secretary; he appointed her to the position of chairwoman on the Mayor's Unemployment Committee and she assisted him with the creation of several New Deal programs. Gomon became the director of the Detroit Housing Commission in 1933, where she supervised the construction of the city's first public housing until she was pressured to leave in 1938. She made a second bid for public office in 1935, but she was not elected. In 1941 she was recruited by Henry Ford to the role of Director of Women Personnel at the Ford Motor Company's Willow Run bomber plant for the duration of World War II. Gomon made her third and final bid for public office in 1941, and although she was unsuccessful again, she had a significant following. She later worked as an advisor for Walter Reuther and Franklin D. Roosevelt.


title: Hikikomori

text: According to Japanese government figures released in 2010, there were at that time 700,000 individuals living as hikikomori within Japan, with an average age of 31. Still, the numbers vary widely among experts. These included the hikikomori who were at that time in their 40s and had spent 20 years in isolation. This group is generally referred to as the "first-generation hikikomori". There is concern about their reintegration into society in what is known as "the 2030 Problem", when they will be in their 60s and their parents begin to die. Additionally, the government estimates that 1.55 million people are on the verge of becoming hikikomori. Tamaki Saitō, who first coined the phrase, originally estimated that there may be over one million hikikomori in Japan, although this was not based on national survey data. Nonetheless, considering that hikikomori adolescents are hidden away and their parents are often reluctant to talk about the problem, it is extremely difficult to gauge the number accurately.


title: Hikikomori

text: Hikikomori is similar to the social withdrawal exhibited by some people with autism spectrum disorder. This has led some psychiatrists to suggest that hikikomori may be affected by autism spectrum disorder and other disorders that affect social integration, but that their disorders are altered from their typical Western presentation because of Japanese sociocultural pressures. Suwa and Hara discovered that 5 of 27 cases of hikikomori had a high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HPDD), and 12 more had other disorders or mental diseases (6 cases of personality disorders, 3 cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder, 2 cases of depression, 1 case of slight intellectual impairment); 10 out of 27 had primary hikikomori. The researchers used a vignette to illustrate the difference between primary hikikomori (without any obvious mental disorder) and hikikomori with HPDD or other disorder. Alan Teo and colleagues conducted detailed diagnostic evaluations of 22 individuals with hikikomori and found that while the majority of cases fulfilled criteria for multiple psychiatric conditions, about 1 in 5 cases were primary hikikomori. To date, however, hikikomori is not included in the DSM-5 (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), due to insufficient data.


title: Hikikomori

text: The dominant nexus of hikikomori centres on the transformation from youth to the responsibilities and expectations of adult life. Indications are that advanced industrialized societies such as modern Japan fail to provide sufficient meaningful transformation rituals for promoting certain susceptible types of youth into mature roles. As do many societies, Japan exerts a great deal of pressure on adolescents to be successful and perpetuate the existing social status quo. A traditionally strong emphasis on complex social conduct, rigid hierarchies and the resulting, potentially intimidating multitude of social expectations, responsibilities and duties in Japanese society contribute to this pressure on young adults. Historically, Confucian teachings de-emphasizing the individual and favouring a conformist stance to ensure social harmony in a rigidly hierarchical society have shaped much of East Asia, possibly explaining the emergence of the hikikomori phenomenon in other East Asian countries.


title: Hikikomori

text: When it comes to psychosocial support, it is hard for therapists to attain direct access to hikikomori; research to find different and effective treatment plans to aid hikikomori has been ongoing. One such treatment plan is focused on the families of hikikomori. Such focus primarily includes educational intervention programs (e.g. lectures, role-play, etc.) that are geared towards reducing any averse stigma that family members have towards psychiatric disorders like hikikomori. These educational programs are derived from other established family support programs, specifically Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). CRAFT specifically trains family members to express positive and functional communication, whereas MHFA provides skills to support hikikomori with depression/suicidal like behaviour. Studies so far that have modified the family unit's behavioral response to a hikikomori has yielded positive results, indicating that family behavior is essential for recovery, however further research is still needed.