title: Uno Ullberg

text: The most important of Ullberg's works is the combined Viipuri Art Museum and Drawing School. Completed in October 1930, the building is situated near the 16th Century Pantsarlahti Bastion at the southern end of the city. Contrasting with its fortress surroundings, the white-stuccoed building commands the view over the South Harbour and the approach from the sea. The massing of the building comprises two wings (the Art Museum on the east wing, and the Drawing School on the west) placed at an angle to each other, with a wedge-shaped, paved courtyard separating the two. The wider part of the courtyard faces south-west, towards the harbour, and there is an imposing twin-row of Classical columns with a rectangular cross-section supporting an equally stylistic curving architrave, doubling as a corridor that connects the two buildings. The approach to the museum from the city is through a series of flights of steps leading to an opening, set at an angle, between the windowless north walls of the wings. The walls facing south are almost as austere, with the central colonnade acting as the focal point.


title: A-Treat Bottling Company

text: On July 21, 2015, it was announced that the Jaindl Companies had purchased the A-Treat brand, including its name, trademarks, formulas, and related intellectual property. A co-packing agreement was reached with The Coca-Cola Company that keeps production in the Lehigh Valley, with production scheduled to resume in August 2015. A poll was held on July 27, 2015, to decide the first flavors A-Treat would release onto store shelves. With an unexpected victory, Orange Cream placed first with 17% of the votes, which was later revealed that the poll was manipulated by a single person using multi-login on Google Chrome to cast over 10,000 votes. Black Cherry placed second with 8% of votes, and production of the two flavors was immediately started alongside the eight previously announced flavors: Birch Beer, Cream, Big Blue, Ginger Ale, Sarsaparilla, Orange, Root Beer, Grapefruit, and Diet Cream. A-Treat Grapefruit, another flavor with a devoted following, was the first soda to roll off the line when A-Treat made its return in 2015.


title: Petras Leonas

text: After graduating from Moscow University in 1889, Leonas held a government job at various courts in Suwałki and Uzbekistan. He was fired after supporting the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) during the Russian Revolution of 1905. He returned to Lithuania and took up private law practice, which he had for 32 years. In 1907, he was elected to the second short-lived State Duma of the Russian Empire. During World War I, Leonas retreated to Russia and was deputy chairman of the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. In March 1917, he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Freedom League. He returned to newly independent Lithuania in 1918 and began working on drafting some of the fundamental legislation. He became the first Minister of Justice in November 1918 and the fourth Minister of Internal Affairs in April 1919. He worked to organize judicial system and establish local municipal institutions in the chaotic post-war years. He retired from active politics in October 1919, but continued to consult the Lithuanian government on major pieces of legislation. Leonas became a professor and dean of the law faculty at the University of Lithuania.


title: Petras Leonas

text: Leonas, the youngest of 11 children, was born on 16 November 1864 in Leskava near Gudeliai, Suwałki Governorate, to a family of Lithuanian farmers. After studying at primary schools in Šunskai, he went on to study at the Marijampolė Gymnasium which he graduated in 1884 with a silver medal. With financial help from his eldest brother priest Silvestras Leonavičius, Leonas continued his studies at the law faculty of Moscow University. He graduated in 1889 as a Candidate of Sciences. As a university student, Leonas joined Lithuanian cultural life by leading a secret society of Lithuanian students that traced its roots to 1860 (there were about 50 Lithuanian students in Moscow at the time). His first articles were published in Lietuviškasis balsas in 1887. He assisted in organizing the publication of Šviesa and Varpas. Over the following decades, Leonas contributed articles to numerous Lithuanian periodicals, including Ūkininkas, Lietuvos ūkininkas, Vilniaus žinios, Viltis, Lietuvos žinios, Aušrinė, Šaltinis. In 1933–1938, he was the responsible editor of the Kultūra magazine. His bibliography numbers 165 items.


title: Petras Leonas

text: As a minister, Leonas propagated the ideas of Rechtsstaat (rule of law) and worked to organize, standardize, and improve the judicial system and local municipal institutions. In December 1918, the government passed a temporary law on the judicial system which established the Lithuanian Tribunal (supreme court), district courts, and local courts (justice of the peace). Leonas worked to appoint judges and other court officials, but there was an acute lack of qualified personnel. This temporary law was replaced only in 1933. Already in early 1918, together with Tadas Petkevičius and Kostas Jablonskis, he began working on laws governing administrative divisions and local self-government. The law was passed on 10 October 1919, just a few days after his tenure as minister ended. On 29 April – 5 May 1919, Leonas held a conference of local representatives during which he emphasized the importance of state building from the ground up, explained the competence and jurisdiction of local institutions, discussed the relationship between the central and local government. Leonas spent a lot of effort in rooting out various self-declared parish committees. Leonas also worked on drafting other fundamental laws, including on elections, passports, societies and associations, press, but most of those became effective after his tenure.


title: Petras Leonas

text: He also began teaching law at the Higher Courses that evolved into the University of Lithuania by 1922. His first lecture in February 1920 was on the basics of law. In 1921–1925, he also taught at special courses for municipal officers. At the new university, Leonas became dean of the law faculty. He lectured on the fundamentals of law, political economy, history of the philosophy of law, ethics. He published several well received textbooks based on his lecture notes. In 1932, during the 10th anniversary celebrations, Leonas received an honorary PhD from the university. In 1933, the Ministry of Education rejected Leonas' request to extend his university tenure beyond the retirement age of 65. The university found a loophole – Leonas was elected as an honorary professor and could continue to lecture albeit with no compensation. He retired from teaching in 1934, but returned in fall 1936 with a new course on sociology. The 400-page textbook, published already after Leonas' death, systematically analyzed the principles of sociology and became a pioneering work on sociology in Lithuania.


title: Natural reservoir

text: Direct transmission can occur from direct contact or direct droplet spread. Direct contact transmission between two people can happen through skin contact, kissing, and sexual contact. Humans serving as disease reservoirs can be symptomatic (showing illness) or asymptomatic (not showing illness), act as disease carriers, and often spread illness unknowingly. Human carriers commonly transmit disease because they do not realize they are infected, and consequently take no special precautions to prevent transmission. Symptomatic persons who are aware of their illness are not as likely to transmit infection because they take precautions to reduce possible transmission of the disease and/or seek out treatment to prevent the spread of the disease. Direct droplet spread is due to solid particles or liquid droplet suspended in air for some time. Droplet spread is considered the transmission of the pathogen to a susceptible host within a meter of distance; said droplet spread can occur from coughing, sneezing, and/or just by talking.


title: Natural reservoir

text: LH Taylor found that 61% of all human pathogens are classified as zoonotic. Thus, the identification of the natural reservoirs of pathogens prior to zoonosis would be incredibly useful from a public health standpoint. Preventive measures can be taken to lessen the frequency of outbreaks, such as vaccinating the animal sources of disease or preventing contact with reservoir host animals. In an effort to predict and prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic diseases, the U.S. Agency for International Development started the Emerging Pandemic Threats initiative in 2009. In alliance with University of California-Davis, EcoHealth Alliance, Metabiota Inc., Smithsonian Institution, and Wildlife Conservation Society with support from Columbia and Harvard universities, the members of the PREDICT project are focusing on the "detection and discovery of zoonotic diseases at the wildlife-human interface." There are numerous other organizations around the world experimenting with different methods to predict and identify reservoir hosts. Researchers at the University of Glasgow created a machine learning algorithm that is designed to use "viral genome sequences to predict the likely natural host for a broad spectrum of RNA viruses, the viral group that most often jumps from animals to humans."


title: Alfred D. Chandler Jr.

text: Chandler's most highly regarded work was The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business . When he wrote it, the American business world was under the assumption that the economy followed a laissez-faire model, meaning the market was controlled by larger economic forces and did not require governmental intervention but that businesses and consumers would operate out of self-interest. Whenever there was a need, Adam Smith believed that an entrepreneur would both identify this need and seek to fulfill it at a price reasonable to the consumer. While some business professionals interpreted Smith's logic to understand the economy from a wholistic point of view, many others understood it quite literally as they saw it as a need for several entrepreneurs to create businesses of their own in order to fulfill different needs presented by the market. This ultimately prompted the beginning of the small business era which consisted of a multitude of "mom-and-pop" shops opening up nationwide, each meeting a different need presented by society.


title: Alfred D. Chandler Jr.

text: Instead of replacing this economic analysis, Chandler sought to extend it -- arguing that managerial firms evolved to take advantage of productive techniques available after the rail network was in place. As a result of the 2nd Industrial Revolution, technology was causing business processes to increase in efficiency which allowed firms to expand into several functional areas at a time. For example, railroad companies used to primarily fulfill the need of transportation by laying down tracks in specific regions of the country. Once inventions such as the assembly line, steam power, and the telegraph emerged, the supply for railroads finally met its demand and the industry boomed financially as operations were optimized. This led to a surge in both horizontal and vertical integration as railroad companies were granted the ability to expand both on a financial and operational level. Instead of a need that revolved around goods and services from the consumer's end, there was a massive need for coordination and systemization from the corporation's end now that the complexity of these larger firms began to increase. The "managerial class" in America emerged as firms learned to coordinate the increasingly complex and interdependent system. According to Steven Usselman, this ability to achieve efficiency through coordination explained the high levels of concentration in modern American industry. In a similar fashion to laissez-faire, businesses saw a need and sought to fulfill it, thus creating the modern corporation. While this ended up driving many "mom-and-pop" storefronts to bankruptcy, it ultimately grew the economy of the United States by creating greater wealth and opportunity for millions of Americans today. Chandler has never argued that the management evolution brought the storm of multifunctional corporations to existence (that was technology); however, it did open the floodgates as it optimized the integrations that were necessary in order for America to grow.


title: USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)

text: Pocahontas was the subject of widespread media coverage between May and July 1921 due to mechanical problems, sabotage and mutiny. The vessel left New York on 23 May 1921 en route to Naples. On 25 May, she was anchored off Nobska Point in Vineyard Sound in need of repair. A gang of boilermakers and mechanics boarded the ship to make repairs en route to Boston. Further repairs were undertaken in the Azores in June. The vessel did not arrive in Naples until 4 July, spending 43 days at sea. It was later reported that the vessel had been subject to sabotage and that some of the crew "began to threaten the commander and to damage the machinery and the electric light apparatus and even attempt ... to sink the steamer" Just before entering Naples, the assistant engineer drowned when he jumped overboard. On arrival in Naples, the ship's captain submitted a full report to the American consul, who conducted an investigation. The crew, in turn, filed charges of cruelty against the captain with the Italian authorities. While the crew were returned to the United States, the ship was repaired in Naples. A "great deal" of cotton waste was found in the steamer's pumps, but otherwise it suffered only minor damage. Although she was due to sail for New York on 31 July, the ship was ordered to stay in port pending payment of debts incurred in relation to the repair work. The total repair bill amounted to 2,700,000 lire. Despite intervention from the American consul, the ship did not sail until 8 September. Due to frequent bunker fires, however, the ship was considered to be in worse condition "than when it was in drydock". The vessel was again laid up on 22 September, this time in Gibraltar, having suffered further damage to her machinery. Passengers were transferred to other vessels. The ship then remained inactive until she was sold in 1922.


title: Fatoumata Dembélé Diarra

text: She is the founding president of the Office on Relief for Impoverished Women and Children and Observation of the Rights of Children and Women (ODEF). Through these two structures, she has supported hundreds of women and of children in distress. She is at ease in her work since she is a magistrate and knows all the intricacies of Malian justice. Her legal office has given many women free legal assistance to defend their rights. Madame Diarra was Vice President of the International Federation of Women in Legal Careers (FIFCJ) from 1994 to 1997. She has also been vice president of the Federation of African Lawyers since March 1995 and has attended several courses on the legal position of women and children in Mali and in Africa. She has published many articles, for example Rights and Exclusion, Legal Assistance, Circumcision and Positive Malian Rights, and Violence against Women and the Obstacles to the Malian Women Exercising their Rights. Madame Dembélé Diarra was a member of the national commission on trafficking in children and international adoption, a commission that has done much to protect Malian children against the networks of organized crimes that, ultimately, sell them to the coffee and cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast.


title: Yonezawa Domain

text: In 1664, the third daimyō of Yonezawa, Uesugi Tsunakatsu, died without producing an heir. The succession was determined at the advice of his father-in-law, Hoshina Masayuki, the younger brother to shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. He suggested that the clan adopt Uesugi Tsunanori, the son of Tsunakatsu's younger sister and Kira Yoshinaka as heir, although this would mean splitting the domain in half, down to only the 150,000 koku portion within Dewa province. This decision led to severe financial difficulties in the domain, for the Uesugi and their administration, and for the increasingly impoverished peasants. The problem became so severe that the eighth daimyō, Uesugi Shigetada, seriously considered surrendering the domain to the shogunate. Instead, he resigned his position as daimyō in favor of Uesugi Harunori, who then began to reform the domain's administration and to revive its economy. He introduced strict disciplinary measures, and ordered the execution of several karō who opposed his plans. In order to finance castle repairs imposed upon his domain by the shogunate, Harunori asked his retainers to agree to a reduction of their stipends. As a result of these various measures, Yonezawa again became fairly prosperous, and did not suffer much from the great famine which swept Japan in the Tenmei era . In 1830, the shogunate formally declared Yonezawa to be a choice example of a well-governed domain.


title: Joann Rutherford

text: Rutherford was selected as the head coach of the team representing the USA in 1987 at the William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan. The team started out against Japan, and fell behind at the half. Seven consecutive points to start the second half put the USA team back in the lead, a lead they would not give up, and they went on to win 71–66. The next game against Belgium was also close, with a tie game at halftime, but the USA team managed a three-point victory, 54—51. After easily beating Malaysia, the USA team faced undefeated Republic of China, who kept the game close until halftime. Then the USA went out to a large lead and won 83–74. After beating their next two opponents, the USA team faced an undefeated South Korea. The USA led early but the game was tied at 70 points each with a minute left to go. Tonya Edwards hit two free throws to give the USA a lead, but South Korea hit a three-pointer to take the lead back. Nikita Lowry scored in the final seconds to give the USA team the win, and the gold medal with an overall 7–0 record.


title: Ahmedabad–Udaipur Express

text: Originally until 2005, it used to run cover distance of 1,020 kilometres (630 mi) in 31 hrs 30 mins at speed of (32.49 kilometres per hour (20.19 mph)) as 19944 and in 31 hours 30 mins as 19943 at speed of 32.49 kilometres per hour (20.19 mph). Timings were Ahmedabad Junction departure 23.05 hrs, Udaipur City departure 09.40 hrs, Chittaurgarh Junction arrival 12.45 hrs & departure 13.45 hrs, Ajmer Junction departure 18.50 hrs, Jaipur Junction arrival 21.35 hrs & departure 22.35 hrs & Delhi Sarai Rohilla arrival 06.35 hrs at 3rd morning as 19943. In return Delhi Sarai Rohilla departure 20.30 hrs, Jaipur Junction arrival 04.30 hrs & departure 05.30 hrs, Ajmer Junction departure 08.25 hrs, Chittaurgarh Junction arrival 13.20 hrs & departure 14.20 hrs, Udaipur City departure 17.45 hrs & Ahmedabad Junction arrival 04.00 hrs at 3rd morning as 19944. The express train ran from Ahmedabad Junction via Himmatnagar Junction, Dungarpur, Kharwa Chanda, Udaipur City, Chittaurgarh Junction (reversal of loco took place with 1 hour halt time), Bhilwara, Ajmer Junction, Phulera Junction, Jaipur Junction (reversal of loco took place with 1 hour halt time), Ringas Junction & Rewari Junction to Delhi Sarai Rohilla, halting at 29 stops in between. The train was hauled by Sabarmati or Phulera-based YDM-4 Twins for its entire journey. The express train had 16 car rake consisting of 1 A/c sleeper coach, 1 first class coach, 8 sleeper class coaches, 4 General Unreserved coaches and 2 SLR (seating cum luggage rake) coaches. It did not carry a pantry car.


title: Ahmedabad–Udaipur Express

text: After the gauge conversion between Ajmer and Udaipur in 2005, this express train started to cover the distance of 298 kilometres (185 mi) in 10 hours 15 mins at speed of 29.16 kilometres per hour (18.12 mph) as 19944 and in 10 hours 15 mins as 19943 at speed of 29.16 kilometres per hour (18.12 mph). Timings were Ahmedabad Junction departure 23.05 hrs, Himmatnagar Junction departure 02.00 hrs, Dungarpur departure 05.00 hrs, Kharwa Chanda departure 07.44 hrs & Udaipur Cit} arrival 09.20 hrs next morning as 19943. In return Udaipur City departure 17.45 hrs, Kharwa Chanda departure 19.23 hrs, Dungarpur departure 22.15 hrs, Himmatnagar Junction departure 01.15 hrs & Ahmedabad Junction arrival 04.00 hrs next morning as 19944. The express train ran from Ahmedabad Junction via Himmatnagar Junction, Dungarpur, Kharwa Chanda to Udaipur City, halting at 7 stops in between. The train was hauled by a Sabarmati-based YDM-4 for its entire journey. The express train had 1 1 A/c sleeper & 1 First Class coaches until 2013 (it was removed due to less demand), 5 sleeper class , 5 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (seating cum luggage rake) coaches. It did not carry a pantry car.


title: Fernand Jacquet

text: When neutral Belgium was invaded by Germany in August 1914, Jacquet flew reconnaissance missions near Namur, and reported the hazards of the encroaching Germans. Nor was the action in the air enough for the aggressive Belgian pilot. When not flying combat missions in a two-seater, he would rove the roads near the front in an automobile with a mounted Lewis machine gun; his gunner was none other than Joseph-Phillippe-Francois de Riquet, Prince de Chimay. It seems probable that the Belgian had a gunner on the ground for the same reason he had one in the air; the gunners had to do the shooting because Jacquet was too nearsighted. Additionally, Jacquet would increasingly 'push the envelope' in his aerial missions, whether volunteering for "special missions", or simply hell-raising. In the latter category, Jacquet bombed the Germans at Groote Hemme on 24 November 1914, and again on Christmas Eve at Beerst and Essen. In the former, while brave men brought home the aerial photographs and reconnaissance sightings from the front, Jacquet penetrated past them to pierce deep into the German defenses, looking for a fight.


title: Fernand Jacquet

text: Jacquet fought an indecisive combat on 3 June 1918, driving his enemy down out of control, an action which would have counted as a victory if the Belgian were flying under Royal Air Force rules. On 4 October, and again on 6 November, he used a Spad to force down a German two-seater. Fernand Jacquest ended the war with seven confirmed aerial victories and nine unconfirmed ones. He also had been honored with numerous decorations, both from his home nation and from her allies. His native Belgium made him a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold and an Officer of the Order of the Crown with Palme, and awarded the Croix de Guerre with six citations, eight chevrons de front, Croix Civil 3rd Class, Medaille Victoire, and Medaille de Commemoration 1914–1918. The French made him a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur and awarded him their Croix de Guerre. The Russians awarded him their Order of Saint Anna. The British awarded him the Distinguished Flying Cross; he would be the only Belgian to receive one.


title: Ocular immune system

text: The ocular immune system protects the eye from infection and regulates healing processes following injuries. The interior of the eye lacks lymph vessels but is highly vascularized, and many immune cells reside in the uvea, including mostly macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. These cells fight off intraocular infections, and intraocular inflammation can manifest as uveitis (including iritis) or retinitis. The cornea of the eye is immunologically a very special tissue. Its constant exposure to the exterior world means that it is vulnerable to a wide range of microorganisms while its moist mucosal surface makes the cornea particularly susceptible to attack. At the same time, its lack of vasculature and relative immune separation from the rest of the body makes immune defense difficult. Lastly, the cornea is a multifunctional tissue. It provides a large part of the eye's refractive power, meaning it has to maintain remarkable transparency, but must also serve as a barrier to keep pathogens from reaching the rest of the eye, similar to function of the dermis and epidermis in keeping underlying tissues protected. Immune reactions within the cornea come from surrounding vascularized tissues as well as innate immune responsive cells that reside within the cornea.


title: Ocular immune system

text: Both innate and acquired responses are important in ocular defenses. One major pathway in which both are incorporated is the network of lymphoid cells that form the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). MALT is a major component in all mucosal organs, including the respiratory, genital, digestive, and ocular tracts. Regulated migrations of immune cells are known to occur between these mucosal organs. However, the role of MALT in human ocular defenses is not fully understood. However, it is known that the lacrimal glands and the conjunctiva contribute to ocular defenses via secretion of both immunoglobulins and lymphoid tissues. The latter is understood to be organized into clumps of lymphoid follicles as well as diffuse lymphoid tissues. In the follicular form of MALT, antigens are taken up by the follicles and presented to lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells. This leads to activation of B and T cells that carry out the immune reaction. Diffuse lymphoid tissues, on the other hand, is composed mainly of interspersed effector cells. Generally, both pathways lead to activation and migration of immune cells within the mucosal tissues, including the conjunctiva.


title: Ocular immune system

text: The tear film is composed of three layers: the lipid, aqueous, and mucin. These play a role in creating a smooth surface to facilitate refraction, lubricating the movement of the eyelid, passively transporting gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and protecting the cornea. This last function is achieved through functions of various layers within the tear film. Tears bathe corneal epithelial cells in a moist environment, preventing them from drying out and weakening. However, the liquid layer of the tear film also contains antimicrobial properties resulting from the presence of lysozymes, lactoferrins, lipocalin, and beta-lysine, which facilitate pathogen defenses such as lysis of bacterial cell walls, prevention of bacterial and viral binding, inflammation, and detoxification. Furthermore, white blood cells can be transported to the corneal surface via the tear film, and both toxic agents as well as debris can be diluted and washed away by the tear film. The tear film also contains immunoglobulins, especially IgA, which is found in concentrations significantly higher than in serum. IgA has been shown to prevent bacterial binding. Along with another immunoglobulin present in the tear film, IgG, IgA can also neutralize viruses and bind to bacteria, aiding in their detection via other pathways.


title: Ocular immune system

text: Keratocytes are flattened cells found dispersed within the corneal stroma. The primary role of this sparse population of cells is thought to be in maintaining the extracellular matrix of collagen lamellae that surround them. However, keratocytes also play a defensive role during pathogenic invasion. They can be influenced by IL-1α (secreted by corneal epithelial cells) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to produce both IL-6 and defensins. Of these, the former is found to combine synergistically with other interleukins to increase co-stimulation of other immune aspects as well as increase antibody secretion. The latter, defensins, have a wide range of antimicrobial affects against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as effects in accelerating healing of damaged epithelial cells. It has also been found that the presence of secreted defensins secreted by corneal keratocytes is correlated with cases of corneal transplant rejection, suggesting that these peptides may have a role in tissue rejection. Furthermore, keratocytes have also been found to secrete IL-8, which attracts neutrophils, in infections involving the herpes simplex virus.


title: Wujiagang, Yichang

text: Wujiagang District (simplified Chinese: 伍家岗区; traditional Chinese: 伍家崗區; pinyin: Wǔjiāgǎng Qū) is a district of the city of Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China. Established in 1986, the territory of the whole area is 84.03 square kilometers. There are 33 community neighborhood committees in 4 Street offices and 16 village committees in 1 townships, with a total population of 214194 at the end of 2010. Wujiagang district is the old industrial district of Yichang City, with a large quantity of high quality industrial stock. There are more than 300 enterprises, enterprises and enterprises in the District, and the industrial output value accounts for more than 70% of the total industrial output value of the city's urban areas. By the end of 2013 has formed the Jinshan building materials, non-staple food, vegetables and fruits, Hengchang bridge Ding Xin auto parts, automobile trade city, Three Gorges building materials City, home-run supermarket market clusters, various professional markets reached 32, the business area of more than 16 square meters.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: After the casting call was issued, there was brief speculation that the character was a recast for Chance Chancellor, who was also a war veteran. Later, Burton's name was attached to the role. During an appearance on The Talk the following January, Burton officially confirmed that he was cast as Dylan. The episode of The Talk was described as "phenomenal"; Burton had no idea it would have been "New Year's Eve kinda crazy." After one of the show's co-hosts Julie Chen made the announcement of his casting and welcomed Burton to the CBS family, confetti dropped while another co-host Sheryl Underwood did a "wild happy dance". Burton said, "I had no idea about the CBS badge or the welcome basket, or anything. That's not how I think. I understood why CBS did it, because it's a big deal. I get it. It's so strange for me, because I have never been one for all this publicity. They have been so gracious to me, and it was so overwhelming that they would do something like that." Burton made his first on-screen appearance during the episode dated January 29, 2013. He attributed much of his success going back to the 1990s when he studied acting at Theater Theater in Hollywood, California, coached by Chris Aable.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Discussing his decision to join The Young and the Restless, Burton said on The Talk, "I told my manager if I can keep my family there and I can spend time with them and come back and forth, I would do that in a second. Without hesitation, CBS Daytime made that deal. Really quickly. This is crazy, but I'm just so happy to have the best of both worlds for my family, because before, I couldn't." Burton was happy with the flexibility of his "short term" contract, "I'll get a lot of long weekends and frequent weeks off so I can get back to Nashville. I don't want to work five days a week like I did at GH", he said during a TV Guide interview. The actor said he had "those first-day-of-school jitters" when he first arrived at the CBS building, but was welcomed by everyone. A week before Burton's debut on the series, a promotional ad aired, teasing his arrival with the slogan Daytime's Hottest Soap Just Got Hotter!. In November 2014, Burton announced he had re-signed for another year with the soap.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Burton revealed that Dylan is "a lot more" like himself. "Jason was so stoic and didn't really get to show a lot of personality, unless it was with Spinelli or Sam," he said. Dylan has a sense of humor, and the actor felt that it would bring out a "lighter side" of his acting. In addition to his "entire makeover" which included a new hairstyle, Burton lost weight to play Dylan, as the costume department wanted him to look younger. Burton admitted during an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he was worried about how Dylan would be received, considering the "persona" of Jason is out there; he hoped "people will buy" Dylan, although some people would say "You are Jason and that's it." Burton told Yahoo! that: " extremely different. That's the biggest thing for me, that after playing a character, which I loved, for 21 years, coming here and trying to do something different - 'cause I know fans are always gonna see me as that character if they watch the show and if they watch both shows... So, it's definitely a challenge because I was so used to playing that character." Jason's "confined" ways allowed Dylan to have a "little more" of Burton's own personality.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Upon Burton's casting, it was revealed by MSN that Dylan, who was described as "the mysterious ex Avery keeps bringing up" by Jillian Bowe of Zap2it, would be involved in a love triangle with his ex-girlfriend Avery Bailey Clark (Jessica Collins) and her current lover, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow). Of Dylan's storyline and involvement in the love triangle, Phelps said: "Dylan does come to town to find Avery but this story has much more complexity than that What you think is going to happen is not what's going to happen." She noted that Avery was the "great love of his life", though she may not have "the same feelings for him." Avery believed that Dylan died during war; TVLine commented that "such a resurrection" would "surely" derail her romance with Nick. During an interview with MSN, Burton said, "Nick and Dylan will definitely fight for her, but ultimately, it's going to be her choice." Dylan and Avery had an affair while she was still married to her ex-husband, but still had a "great relationship", which was shown through flashbacks. Dylan's primary goal in coming to Genoa City was to make sure she was happy, and if she wanted to get back together. Burton said that Dylan can't get Avery off his mind despite the fact that she had moved on.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Fans of the show speculated that Dylan would be paired with Nick's ex-wife, Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), to which Case responded by stating, "Everybody's speculating about Dylan, the new character coming to town but, all I can say is, I think it's fun because it's a hoot to speculate". Luke Kerr of Zap2it noted how fast Dylan met Sharon, and said they could potentially be a "popular pairing with fans". Of working with Case, Burton stated: "Sharon Case is actually very fun, and she makes me laugh. So half the time in scenes where I am laughing, I am really laughing at Sharon! She has that personality where she makes me laugh." He also noted that fans of the show on Twitter have seen how "comfortable" and "easy" the character's on-screen relationship is. Dylan later shares a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who was pregnant with Adam Newman's (Michael Muhney) child; she decides to pass the baby off as Dylan's, and the two later marry. Egan described the character's decision to keep the child's paternity a secret as a "ticking time bomb". Burton stated that Dylan is "not the sharpest tool in the shed", since he believed what Chelsea was telling him. When asked about the child, Burton said: "This kid is everything to him, so once we figure out whose it is, if it's not his, it's not going to be a good situation for anybody." When asked if Dylan could forgive Chelsea, Burton added: "That's a tough one. I don't know what kind of mental state this is going to put Dylan in, to even think about that."


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: In October 2013, it was revealed on-screen that Dylan is in fact the long-lost son of Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott). Scott had previously previewed her upcoming storyline in an interview with On-Air On-Soaps, stating: "I love this story! Now, I don't know how it's all going to turn out, but the premise, the people I get to work with, and the writing, has been spectacular. That's all you need; good actors performing a good script, and our fabulous new directing team, and I love them all. I have not been this happy at work in a while." Burton stated in an interview that he enjoyed the plot twist, and compared it to Jason Morgan being Monica Quartermaine's (Leslie Charleson) son on General Hospital. He said that he felt a connection while working with Scott, stating: "There is vulnerability there between us, and it's not on purpose. It's just something that is there. It was actually kind of there before it happened that we were on-screen mother and son." In a separate interview with Michael Logan of TV Guide, Scott stated: "Nikki thinks she has come up with a good way of having everyone informed in the kindest way possible. If it were me, I would think, "I can only go through this once. It's too emotional! Let's sit everybody down at the same time and get it over with." Nikki had intended to reveal the news privately to Dylan but that opportunity never comes up." Speaking of how the revelation would affect Nicholas, Scott added, "She feels very badly about Nick losing Avery but not bad enough that she doesn't expect Nick to play nice and accept this man — not necessarily as a brother but still as a member of the family. She expects him to find a way to be civil. She wants everyone to be happy together." Speculation also arose that Nikki's son could be Dylan's best friend Stitch Rayburn (Sean Carrigan), to which Scott teased, "Maybe that's coming. Nikki had cult twins! You never know. I think Sean Carrigan could believably play my son. I think he looks a little like me, probably more like me than Steve Burton does."


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Later, Dylan's father's (Steve Gagnon) condition worsens, and Dylan brings him to Genoa City so he can keep an eye on him while working on Sharon's kitchen. His father dies, and he finishes Sharon's kitchen, and decides to leave town. However, he has a one-night stand with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), who is already pregnant and considering finding a fake father for her child, as she was divorcing the child's real father, Adam Newman (Michael Muhney). Dylan comforts Avery when she is being followed by men working for Marcus Wheeler (Mark Pinter), as a result of a dangerous case she is working on. Later, Dylan gets into a fight at Jimmy's Bar and is arrested. Avery pays his bail, but he can't leave town for another month until his hearing date, angering Nick. Chelsea then decides to pass her child off as Dylan's, and the two begin a genuine relationship despite Adam's suspicions that the child is actually his. Dylan later moves Chelsea into his new loft and proposes to her, to which she accepts, and he then arranges an impromptu wedding. Following the ceremony, Chelsea goes into labor and Dylan delivers the child, whom they name Terrence Connor McAvoy, after Dylan's father. However, the marriage ends when Dylan learns that Connor is Adam's son, not his. He also gets another shock when he discovers that he was adopted, and that his birth mother is none other than Nick's mother, Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott).


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: In December 2012, while Burton's casting was only rumored, Deanna Barnert of MSN's TV Buzz Blog wrote: "Assuming Burton actually comes to The Young and the Restless, the biggest question on everyone's mind is whether the former mob hit man will show up as a good guy, play another a toughie with a heart or go pure villain." Barnert also said it would be "interesting" to see whether " legion of fans from Port Charles will follow him to Genoa City." Jill Farren Phelps developed a reputation and "bad rap" because she "uses people" according to Mark Pinter, an actor and friend of Phelps who had been hired by her to portray Marcus Wheeler on The Young and the Restless. Barnert noted that Burton is "someone who has made his allegiance to Phelps clear" which is why "many fans" had expected him to show up in Genoa City "eventually". TV Guide's Michael Logan had also weighed in on the rumors, calling Burton's "willingness" to work in Los Angeles after leaving General Hospital to live in Nashville a "puzzler". Logan suggested that there could have been more to his decision to quit General Hospital. Stephen Nichols, who had portrayed Tucker McCall on The Young and the Restless for over three years, was fired that December. Logan said Phelps, who was "under orders" to trim the show's budget, may have fired Nichols in order to afford Burton in lieu of him.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: When asked by TV Guide if he would've remained on General Hospital had the show's producers "tried harder" to accommodate his personal life, Burton stated: "I don't want to point fingers. I know there are a lot of disappointed fans. They don't really understand what goes on behind the doors. They don't understand why I wouldn't go back to play Jason if I'm ready to work again. But what happens at GH should stay at GH." Phelps dismissed rumors that she has "lured" Burton away from General Hospital. While clarifying rumors about him leaving General Hospital because of Phelps' appointment as executive producer of The Young and the Restless, Burton described them as "interesting". He told On-Air On-Soaps that he knew people would try to put "two and two together", but it was never his intention to leave General Hospital purposely, as he just couldn't reach a contractual agreement with the show. "It's just like a sports player...when a deal does not work out with his team, there might be another team out there that might want him," Burton said. During the week Burton debuted on the series as Dylan, the show experienced an increase of over 105,000 viewers, averaging 4.7 million viewers. Michael Fairman, during an interview with Burton, noted the "significant increase" in viewers, which Burton was a "big reason" for.


title: Dylan McAvoy

text: Burton's portrayal of Dylan has been generally well received. The character's romance with Chelsea Lawson (Melissa Claire Egan), however, garnered a negative response from viewers and critics alike. Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that their storyline was "everyone's favorite storyline for curing insomnia". Despite negative reviews, Burton's portrayal during the storyline was praised, specifically by journalist Connie Passalacqua Hayman, who wrote: "But it was Steve Burton as Dylan who stole the show with Dylan's tearful and very sensitive reaction to the news, as his character loves what he believed to be his baby very much." When the truth about the paternity of Chelsea's child was revealed, Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps remarked (in reference to Burton), "When the truth came out it provided some meaty material for this fan favorite." Sara Bibel of Xfinity gave a mixed review when Dylan was revealed as Nikki's son, writing: "However, the foreshadowing that Dylan (Steve Burton) is going to turn out to be Nikki's long-lost son is so heavy-handed that it seems hard to believe that the show is going in any other direction. Dylan is the right age. He looks like he could be related to Nikki. The character is in desperate need of a more ties to the canvas; being Avery's ex is not enough to keep him in town, much less front-and-center. My big objection to this twist is, what's the actual story? We have spent months learning every single thing about this character who probably would not exist if Y&R hadn't jumped at the chance to poach Burton from GH." She added: "Dylan would get a mother to replace his father that passed away. Nikki would get a child who can use his carpentry skills to build her a nice bookcase. That's sweet, but it's a situation, not a plot. There really aren't any consequences. Nick would be angry that the guy he's convinced Avery still loves is his half-brother, but he already has one half-brother he despises. Another one really isn't a big deal." Burton's portrayal earned him a nomination for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2014 and 2016.


title: Whirlyball

text: The game is played on a court that allows for movement in the Whirlybugs, with the goal of players scoring the ball by making it into a target found on a backboard. The Chicago area of Illinois is a prominent area for WhirlyBall enthusiasts and features many possible venues for players to try their hand at this game. Other Whirlyball locations include Canada, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin, with Illinois and Minnesota being the states that have multiple locations. The only restriction that the sport of Whirlyball has is the height of the players. In order to be eligible to play Whirlyball you must stand at the height of four feet, six inches or taller. Players shorter than this height are prohibited from playing this sport. According to Flo-tron Enterprises, Inc., the sole company that makes WhirlyBall products and the Whirlybug, the game is meant to be a competitive team sport that can be played at any level. The highest level played in WhirlyBall is the international level.


title: Microsoft and open source

text: In February 2021, Microsoft made the source code for its Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) available on GitHub under MIT License. Also in February 2021, Microsoft, together with four other founding companies (AWS, Huawei, Google, and Mozilla) formed the Rust Foundation as an independent non-profit organization to steward the open source Rust programming language and ecosystem. In March 2021, Microsoft became founding member of the new Eclipse Adoptium Working Group whose goal is to promote free, open source Java runtimes. Microsoft released a preview of the Microsoft Build of OpenJDK in April 2021. It is available for x64 server and desktop editions of Windows, as well as on Linux and macOS. The company provides long-term support for this distribution of the OpenJDK. In April 2021, Microsoft also released a Windows 10 test build that includes the ability to run Linux graphical user interface (GUI) apps using Windows Subsystem for Linux 2. In the following month, Microsoft launched an open source project to make the Berkeley Packet Filter work on Windows.


title: Negative consequentialism

text: A specific type of consequentialism is utilitarianism, which says that the consequences that matter are those that affect aggregate well-being. Consequentialism is broader than utilitarianism in that consequentialism can say that the value of outcomes depend on other things than well-being; for example, justice, fairness, and equality, or in that it can say that the value of outcomes depend on well-being but not necessarily aggregate well-being (as it happens, for instance, with prioritarianism, which promotes achieving the higher level of happiness minus suffering but giving priority to the well-being of the worse off). Negative utilitarianism is thus a form of negative consequentialism. Much more has been written explicitly about negative utilitarianism than directly about negative consequentialism, although since negative utilitarianism is a form of negative consequentialism, everything that has been written about negative utilitarianism is by definition about a specific (utilitarian) version of negative consequentialism. Similarly to how there are many variations of consequentialism and negative utilitarianism, there are many versions of negative consequentialism, for example negative prioritarianism and negative consequentialist egalitarianism.


title: Negative consequentialism

text: G. E. Moore's ethics can be said to be a negative consequentialism (more precisely, a consequentialism with a negative utilitarian component), because he has been labeled a consequentialist, and he said that "consciousness of intense pain is, by itself, a great evil" whereas "the mere consciousness of pleasure, however intense, does not, by itself, appear to be a great good, even if it has some slight intrinsic value. In short, pain (if we understand by this expression, the consciousness of pain) appears to be a far worse evil than pleasure is a good." Moore wrote in the first half of the 20th century before any of the terms 'consequentialism,' 'negative utilitarianism' or 'negative consequentialism' were coined, and he did not use the term 'negative consequentialism' himself. Similarly to Moore, Ingemar Hedenius defended a consequentialism that could be called negative (or could be said to have a negative utilitarian component) because he assigned more importance to suffering than to happiness. Hedenius saw the worst in life, such as infernalistic suffering, as so evil that calculations of happiness versus suffering become unnecessary; he did not see that such evil could be counterbalanced by any good, such as happiness.


title: José Domingo Gómez Rojas

text: In July 1920, after the National Workers' Food Assembly (AOAN) called for nationwide action, tensions in the country reached boiling point. Known as Las Marchas de Hambre (The Hunger Marches) these actions intended to demonstrate popular support for changes to legislation proposed by the AOAN and its commissions after over two months' deliberation. So great was the support on the streets, that then President of Chile, Juan Luis Sanfuentes, was obliged to receive delegates of the AOAN, who presented the proposals to him with the expression "He aquí la voluntad del pueblo" (This is the will of the people), and a warning of civil disobedience across the country were these not approved within 15 days. Sanfuentes made a courteous show of accepting the proposals, but the next day named Ladislao Errázuriz as Minister of the Interior, who, in a conspiracy later referred to satirically as Don Ladislao's War, would mobilise troops to the border and spread the rumour of an imminent war with Peru and Bolivia. This pretext allowed Sanfuentes to declare martial law. The cities were then taken over by the military, "subversive" students and workers were put on trial, their leaders tried, beaten, extradited and imprisoned (among them Luis Emilio Recabarren) and, on the 21st of July, the headquarters of the University of Chile Student Federation was attacked and destroyed by soldiers and members of the aristocratic Conservative Youth. José Domingo Gómez Rojas was sent to prison by judge José Astorquiza Líbano, where he was subjected to constant torture and harassment. Under these circumstances, his mental health began to deteriorate, and he was later held in solitary confinement, where his body also began to suffer the effects of abuse and imprisonment.


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cagli-Pergola

text: The territory of Cagli suffered a major earthquake on 3 June 1781. Practically the entire city was ruined. The cupola of the cathedral collapsed, causing the death of the celebrant of a Mass which was in progress, Canon Ugolinucci, and sixty-five attendees. The church of Palcano was destroyed, causing the death of twenty-two persons; the church of S. Cristoforo della Carda registered six deaths; the church of S. Donato dei Pecorari lost its parish priest and some sixty parishioners. Bishop Lodovico Agostino Bertozzi wrote a detailed letter to Cardinal Leonardo Antonelli, the Prefect of the Congregation of the Propaganda of the Faith and Protector of the diocese of Cagli, revealing the extent of the catastrophe. Pope Pius VI responded with generous funds, allowing not only for the rebuilding of the cathedral and much of the city, but also for the foundation of useful institutions, a hospital for the sick and an orphanage for poor girls. Bertozzi was also responsible for the foundation of a seminary, sufficient for 40 students. The bishop's assistant in the reconstruction over the succeeding twenty-five years was his Vicar-General and eventual successor, Alfonso Cingari.


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cagli-Pergola

text: When the forces of the revolutionary French Republic invaded the Romagna in 1797, they obtained the Romagna, including Cagli, by the Treaty of Tolentino of 19 February 1797. When they arrived at Cagli, the Vicar General Cingari in a kindly spirit welcomed the commander and accompanied him to the episcopal palace to meet the ninety-four year old Bishop Bertozzi. They mollified the French with their accommodating attitude and prudence, a policy which was several times approved of by Pope Pius VI. Bishop Bertozzi had asked the pope several times to accept his resignation on grounds of ill health and great age, but the presence of the French made it inadvisable. Circumstances in Rome were not so favorable, and on 15 February 1798, the French general Louis Berthier proclaimed the Roman Republic and deposed the pope. Pius was sent to Siena and then to Florence. On 28 March 1799, the pope was deported to France, where he died on 29 August. The Papal States and papal ecclesiastical control ceased to exist. When a new pope, Pius VII was elected on 14 March 1800, Bishop Bertozzi again requested permission to resign, but he was able to have Msgr. Cingari appointed Apostolic Commissary. to administer the diocese. Bertozzi died on 20 September 1802, at the age of 97. The Vicar General, Msgr. Cingari, pronounced Bertozzi's funeral oration on the 30th day commemorative Mass, on 20 October 1802. Cingari was promoted bishop of Cagli on 31 March 1806, and consecrated on 7 April.


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cagli-Pergola

text: In February 1808, Napoleon, Emperor of the French, occupied the Papal States, and, on 17 May 1809, annexed them to metropolitan France, creating new "departements," Tibère and Toscane. Cagli, formerly a subject of the pope, became a canton in the District of Urbino, in the Department of Ancona, in the Kingdom of Italy. In the same year, Napoleon, King of Italy, demanded oaths of allegiance to his kingdom and the Code Napoleon of the bishops of the Marches, Urbino, Camerino, and Macerata, who had formerly sworn their oaths to the pope. On 28 May 1808, the bishop was sent a notice, requiring him to appear in person in Milan before 15 July to swear his oath to the Viceroy. Bishop Cingari refused the oath, and was deported, first to Mantua, and then to Bergamo, where he was held in confinement in the convent of the Cappucini, and then again to Mantua. In mid-November 1813, he was ordered to be taken to Turin. He was carried to Milan, where he arrived on 18 November 1813, too ill to be taken any farther. He was in Milan for several months, until news of French defeats by the allies brought his release. He was able to return to Cagli in May 1814. He had been in exile for nearly five years.


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cagli-Pergola

text: In a decree of the Second Vatican Council, it was recommended that dioceses be reorganized to take into account modern developments. A project begun on orders from Pope John XXIII, and continued under his successors, was intended to reduce the number of dioceses in Italy and to rationalize their borders in terms of modern population changes and shortages of clergy. The change was made urgent because of changes made to the Concordat between the Italian State and the Holy See on 18 February 1984, and embodied in a law of 3 June 1985. The reorganization was approved by Pope John Paul II in an audience of 27 September 1986, and by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops of the Papal Curia on 30 September 1986. The diocese of Fano was united to the dioceses of Cagli e Pergola and of Fossombrone. Its name was to be Fanensis-Forosemproniensis-Calliensis-Pergulanus. The seat of the diocese was to be in Fano. The former cathedral in Cagli and the former cathedral in Fossombrone were to have the honorary title of co-cathedral, and their chapters were to be called the "Capitulum Concathedralis". There was to be only one episcopal curia, one seminary, one ecclesiastical tribunal; and all the clergy were to be incardinated in the diocese of Fano-Fossombrone-Caglia-Pergola. The combined diocese was suffragan of the Archdiocese of Urbino-Urbania-Sant'Angelo in Vado. The diocese of Cagli ceased to exist.


title: Den Watts

text: Den was the original landlord of The Queen Victoria public house from Albert Square – in the local community of Walford, a fictional borough in East London – who first appeared when the show debuted on 19 February 1985. From then onwards, the character had a turbulent marriage with his alcoholic first wife Angie (Anita Dobson). In 1986, Den discovered that Angie lied to him about having six months to live and got revenge by giving her divorce papers on Christmas Day 1986 – which was watched by over 30 million viewers. While his marriage with Angie was finished beyond repair, Den continued his close relationship with their adopted daughter Sharon (Letitia Dean) – whom he grew fondly devoted towards throughout his time on the programme. Den soon became involved in storylines that mostly contributed to the character's magnanimous and "bad boy" persona, such as Den impregnating 16-year-old Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) – which resulted in a long-standing feud with Michelle's mother Pauline (Wendy Richard); teaming up with longtime companion Pete Beale (Peter Dean) to force their enemy Nick Cotton (John Altman) out of Walford for causing trouble around the square; romancing with his mistress Jan Hammond (Jane How); and getting revenge on business rival James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde) for raping Pete's beloved wife Kathy (Gillian Taylforth). Grantham quit the series in 1988, and in February 1989, Den was apparently killed off after getting shot due to his involvement with The Firm – a criminal organization which ended up trying to have him murdered in light of the character's imprisonment for having one of its members help him get revenge against Willmott-Brown.


title: Den Watts

text: Despite turning down several offers to return to the series, Grantham reprised the role of Den in 2003. The character returned 14 years later in a highly publicized week in September 2003, where Sharon discovered that Den had survived his shooting and had fled to Spain afterwards. The development of Den's return to the show was contributed with the introductions of his and Michelle's daughter Vicki (Scarlett Alice Johnson), as well as Den's biological son Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman), and later the character's manipulative second wife Chrissie (Tracy-Ann Oberman) in 2004. His second stint on the programme saw Den repeatedly clash with Dennis over his romantic feelings for Sharon – which sparked a longstanding father-son feud that escalated after Den discovered that Dennis had killed his mob boss Jack Dalton (Hywel Bennett), and subsequently destroyed his relationship with Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan), by getting her to lie to Dennis that she was pregnant with their baby. Additionally, Den established a rivalry with Sharon's ex-boyfriend Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) that ended with him framing the latter for armed robbery; formed a friendship with Dot Branning (June Brown); slept with Phil's ex-wife Kate Morton (Jill Halfpenny) and his sister Sam (Kim Medcalf) as revenge; became publicly humiliated after losing a high-stakes poker game to the square's crime kingpin Andy Hunter (Michael Higgs); and conned Sam into relinquishing her ownership of The Queen Vic back to him by blackmailing her lawyer Marcus Christie (Stephen Churchett).


title: Den Watts

text: The couple's divorce is finalised in 1987 and Angie damages Den by demanding a large divorce settlement. Den runs The Queen Vic alone, initially assisted by Jan, but this relationship ends when Jan grows disillusioned with Den's treatment of her. Den has a fling with The Queen Vic's caterer, Magda Czajkowski (Kathryn Apanowicz), but is scorned when she eventually opts to date the much younger Simon Wicks (Nick Berry) instead. When he discovers that they are seeing each other, he punches Simon, sacks him and throws him out of his home in The Queen Vic. He gets revenge on the two by manipulating an immature Simon into flirting with other women when his relationship with Magda hits a rocky road. Simon eventually starts seeing Donna Ludlow (Matilda Ziegler), and his rejection hurts Magda. Den uses this opportunity. He feigns mock sympathy and seduces her, but before he gets her into bed, he tells her that he has to go on an errand. He instructs Magda to "get ready" for him, telling her that he will be back soon. He then leaves Magda undressed and waiting in his bed for hours, before instructing Simon's mother, Pat Wicks (Pam St Clement), to inform her that he is otherwise engaged, leaving her humiliated.


title: Den Watts

text: Having had a lengthy association with the criminal organisation known as The Firm, Den's involvement escalates over the summer of 1988. He sells The Queen Vic to Pat and her fiancée Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) and takes over Strokes wine bar, which he runs with Joanne Francis (Pamela Salem). The wine bar is merely a front to the Firm's illegal gambling den. When Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) is raped by James Willmott-Brown (William Boyde), Den manipulates a Firm member, Brad Williams (Jonathan Stratt), to burn down The Dagmar (Wilmott-Brown's wine bar) in revenge and the next day, he smugly hints to Wilmott-Brown that he organised it before pinning him against a wall and threatening him. This, however, is against the Firm's wishes so when the police investigation starts suspecting the Firm's involvement and what the Strokes wine bar is really used for, the Firm's bosses force Den to take the blame for the arson to distance their organisation from the attack. They take Den to a safe house in Manchester, promising to alter his identity, but Den realises this is a cover and that the Firm are planning to kill him. Den escapes and hands himself in to the police to save his life and is remanded in custody in September 1988 at Dickens Hill prison.


title: Den Watts

text: Den soon gets embroiled in a feud with Sharon's former boyfriend, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), after hearing that Phil hit her and also arranged for Dennis to be beaten up by a gang. As revenge, Den sleeps with Phil's younger sister Sam (Kim Medcalf) – then dumps her promptly. He later promises another of Phil's former girlfriends, Lisa Fowler (Lucy Benjamin), that he will help her get back her daughter Louise, who is in Phil's custody. After Phil plants drugs in the club and nearly gets it shut down, Den fakes a truce and talks Phil into accompanying him and Dennis on a warehouse robbery. Den bides his time and organises a scam to get Phil imprisoned. During the robbery, Den takes the money and obstructs Phil's getaway, resulting in Phil getting caught by the police and remanded in custody on a charge of armed robbery. Den then helps Lisa flee the country with Louise, after Phil's current wife, Kate (Jill Halfpenny), hands her over to Lisa after deciding to cut all ties with Phil. The feud brings Dennis closer to his father. Having lost his wife, his daughter and his freedom, Phil manages to escape several weeks later, confronting Den on Christmas Day; after an intense brawl in which Den hits Phil with a chair to avoid being killed, Den pays Phil off and he flees. Den then spends the rest of Christmas happily with his family, before leaving for Spain on Boxing Day to tie up some loose ends.


title: Den Watts

text: Family problems arise when Den returns three months later, and discovers that Sharon and Dennis are in a romantic relationship; Den considers it to be incest, despite Sharon and Dennis not being blood-related. During an intense meeting between the two in The Queen Vic, Den calmly attempts to persuade Dennis to break up with Sharon, but when this fails, he turns nasty and mocks Dennis for believing that their bonding at Christmas was real. This leaves Dennis deeply upset but he recovers, and again refuses to break up with Sharon, leading to Den clashing with him in The Queen Vic. Dennis laughs this off and tells Den that he is leaving to return to Sharon. Playing his last card, Den goads Dennis about his neglected childhood and implies that he suffered sexual abuse whilst in care, successfully provoking Dennis into accidentally hitting Sharon, who had just arrived, whilst trying to attack Den. A guilt-ridden Den later apologises and explains his reasons for not wanting his son and daughter together, because he wants both of them in his life, and he cannot have that if they are sleeping together. Den then tries to explain to Dennis that his feelings for Sharon are simply misguided due to the abuse he supposedly suffered as a child, which leaves Dennis confused and he decides to break up with Sharon to have a father-son relationship.


title: Den Watts

text: Sam secretly witnesses the fatal blow, but Chrissie continues to allow Zoe to think it is she who has killed Den. The three women bury Den in The Queen Vic cellar and concrete it over. Arguments between the women occur, and Sam and Chrissie become embroiled in a feud to regain ownership of The Queen Vic, with Sam blackmailing Chrissie and eventually digging up Den's body in the hope that Chrissie will be imprisoned, and Chrissie subsequently framing Sam for Den's murder, which leads to Sam's imprisonment. Sharon and Dennis had returned to Walford and married by the time this happened, and she eventually learns the truth when Phil and his brother Grant (Ross Kemp) – who had previously been married to Sharon during Den's 14-year absence – return to help their mother Peggy (Barbara Windsor) bring down Chrissie and prove Sam innocent. It is then that both the Mitchell and Watts families found themselves entangled in a conflict with Den's old friend, Johnny Allen (Billy Murray), a local mob boss who recently usurped Andy from his position as Walford's reigning crime kingpin; on the night of Den's murder, Johnny killed Andy by throwing him off a motorway flyover, although the coroner recorded a verdict of suicide.


title: Den Watts

text: The story found its way into the British press much faster than expected. Three days after the transmission of episode one, EastEnders made the front page of a national newspaper for the first time with the headline "EASTENDERS STAR IS A KILLER." The security gates at the BBC Elstree Centre (where EastEnders is filmed) were swamped with journalists and photographers, and so began a "double-edged" relationship between EastEnders and the popular press. The devisers of the programme were quick to realise that whilst a newspaper's publicity may sometimes boost a soap's position in the ratings, it could equally help to tarnish it. In conjunction, soaps could help to sell newspapers, and from then on stories about EastEnders and the cast began to fill their pages. Grantham was hounded by the press and the BBC was forced to put out a statement supporting him and their decision to employ a convicted murderer. To keep the press at bay, Grantham was smuggled out of the studios by the back route and decoy cars were used to lure the press away from his home, all of which put an increasing strain on the actor. Eventually the furore quietened down, but it never went away entirely and nearly every article written about the actor during his first stint in the show referenced his past. The press began to blur the characters in the show with the actors and it was at this point that Julia Smith – in an attempt to dispel confusion about reality and fiction – introduced the rule that no actor was ever to appear in public "in character".


title: Den Watts

text: In 1985, Den was the first person to speak on the first episode of EastEnders: "Stinks in here dunnit?" just before he found out that Reg Cox (Johnnie Clayton) had been murdered. Early on in the series, the character of Den became central to the programme and was the focus of a controversial storyline involving the teenage pregnancy of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully). Press interest in the show escalated as journalists continuously tried to predict who had fathered Michelle's baby. In true whodunit fashion, the audience had been kept in the dark as to the real identity of the father and were given teasers implicating several residents on the Square. The audience finally discovered the culprit in episode 66 of the programme, 3 October 1985. The episode was written by series co-creator/script editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, and was considered to be a landmark episode in the show's history. Four possible suspects were seen leaving the Square in the early half of the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson) and Den Watts. As Michelle waited by their rendezvous point a car pulled up and finally the fluffy white legs of Roly the poodle bounded out of the car, and gave it all away: Den Watts was the man meeting Michelle and it was he who had fathered her baby. It was when Den was revealed as the father that his famous nickname "Dirty Den" was created by the British press. The rest of the episode consisted of just one long scene, where Den and Michelle discussed whether or not to keep the baby. Up to that time it was the longest scene ever done in a soap-opera, lasting fifteen minutes. For a series that in its first eight months of existence had established a reputation for being fast-moving and rapidly cut, this was a bold experiment. It relied on just the one story and two actors to hold the audience for over half an episode. Tony Holland's handling of the awkward scene between a teenage girl and the father of her best friend is deemed as one of the highlights of EastEnders first year. The finishing touch was the use of an alternative end title music, a variation of the normal one which replaced the dramatic drum beats with a longer, gentler piano solo introduction.


title: Den Watts

text: Den and Angie's traumatic two-hander episode in October 1986 was another risky experiment for EastEnders — A thirty-minute episode with only two people in it had never been attempted in a soap before. Holland and Smith feared that the episode would not hold up, however press and audience alike were in agreement that it did. Once it was done, it set a precedent and the programme has featured two-handers ever since. The episode was structured like a "tennis match" between Angie and Den, with a non-speaking window-cleaner forever strolling innocently into the action. It began with Den trying to tell Angie that he wanted a divorce. Angie was shocked and for a moment defeated, but she then dropped her bombshell and told Den that she only had six months to live. At first Den didn't believe her, but eventually Angie's hysterical performance convinced him. He crumbled and promised to stay with her and only after he left did Angie smile in triumph, letting the audience in on her secret that it was all a big lie. Written by Jane Hollowood and directed by Antonia Bird, this episode is considered to be one of the finest episodes in EastEnders' catalogue.


title: Den Watts

text: The Den/Angie/Jan triangle was to continue for many months. The climax was a trip to Venice when Angie – convinced that Den had finished with his mistress – was taken there for a second honeymoon, returning to London on the Orient Express. This gave the writers and producers an opportunity to open the show up from the confines of Albert Square. However the trip to Venice was fraught with problems and Dobson, Grantham and Jane How were hounded by the press at all times. Their photographs appeared in British newspapers, thus ruining the shock surprise that Tony Holland had created, by including Den's mistress in the episode. Despite huge efforts from all involved the Venice episodes were only moderately successful, although the revelations discovered by Den in the episode set the scene for one of EastEnders' most renowned episodes, which aired on Christmas Day that year. After over-hearing his wife confess that her illness was fabricated, Den filed for divorce. 30.1 million viewers tuned in on Christmas Day in 1986, to witness Den handing Angie her divorce papers, giving the soap its highest ever episode rating, which has yet to be beaten by any other plotline from any other soap in the UK.


title: Den Watts

text: However, at the beginning of 1988 Anita Dobson decided that she wanted to move on after three years of playing Angie. She made her final appearance in May that year. Leslie Grantham had also decided that he wanted to move on, but Julia Smith didn't want the programme to suffer the double blow of losing both Den and Angie so close together. The solution to the problem was one of the soap's most complicated and creative exercises, that required intricate planning. The idea was to enable Den to stay as an on-screen presence into 1989, while keeping Grantham working for EastEnders only until the autumn of 1988. Tony Holland and writer/editor Bill Lyons came up with a story to put Den in prison for a year, intending that material recorded in a block of intensive filming would then be included in the programme for the rest of the year. The programme didn't want to make Den into a criminal, however, so he had to be put in prison for doing something that could be justified to the viewing public – otherwise there would be no sympathy for him. The answer lay in a storyline that was running with another character: the rape of Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth). After simultaneously getting in way over his head with a criminal organisation (The Firm), Den torched Kathy's rapist's wine bar in retaliation, and was then made to take the blame for the deed by the firm. After he refused, went on the run, and was nearly killed by the firm's heavies, Den turned himself into the police and was put on remand at Dickens Hill prison in September 1988. For the next five months he was seen, in the company of a small group of new but ultimately short-lived characters also confined in the prison, on a regular basis in EastEnders. This material was shot in less than a month at Dartmoor Prison, Devon. When these segments were written and recorded, they were done so entirely in isolation and in advance; the production team had no real idea of other material that would have to fit around it.


title: Den Watts

text: The character was eventually to bow out on 23 February 1989 in one of the programme's most famous episodes which attracted well over 20 million viewers. After being abducted by a group of gangsters who ambushed the taxi taking him to court, Den escaped from his captors and returned to the famous canal (in Alperton) for one last rendezvous with Michelle. The episode ended with Den being shot by a member of the firm (who was carrying a gun concealed in a bunch of daffodils) and then falling into the canal. The scene where Den actually hit the water had to be taped at the BBC's Ealing Film Studios using a water tank, because the waters of the Grand Union Canal were deemed unsafe. When the episode was finished, however, Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC1, requested that the final shot be removed to allow for the possibility of Den returning in the future. In protest, Tony Holland and Julia Smith had their names taken off the episode's credits. Den's exit ended up being the creators' final contribution to the show.


title: Den Watts

text: In 2006, EastEnders' scriptwriter Tony Jordan revealed how it was his idea to bring Den back in 2003. Jordan had started working at EastEnders in 1989, after Den had already left the series. Jordan had always wanted to write material for Den and Angie and so he campaigned for the return of Den for many years. He told the Daily Mirror, "At story conferences I'd say, 'How do we know he's dead? They never found a body'. Eventually, just to shut me up, they made me write an episode where Den's body was found and identified by his ring." Jordan finally got his way in 2003; however, according to the writer, Grantham's internet sex scandal spelled the demise of the character. Commenting on this, Jordan said, "If hadn't come out I think it would have worked and he'd still be in the show. When I saw him on screen after those revelations came out, suddenly I couldn't believe in the character any more. I was starting to love the character and buying into all of it, but after that I saw him as Leslie Grantham – not Den Watts. He was older, and flawed in all the wrong ways. I think a lot of viewers felt the same, and the cast as well, probably."


title: Kings of Oblivion

text: In the third edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide, David Fricke wrote that despite "flat production and a slim songbook", the album adequately captured Pink Fairies' "neo-psychedelic bashing". In the fourth edition, an uncredited writer described Kings of Oblivion as a "long-forgotten ramp" that will appeal to "unreconstructed punks and thrash fans alike". Dave Thompson of AllMusic wrote that the introduction of Wallis to the band saw them create some of their most remarkable and concise music, with an "affirmative guttercat stance that so effectively predicted the rudiments of punk rock. Indeed, if any album could be said to have been born ahead of its time, Kings of Oblivion, conceived in 1973 but sounding just like 1977, is it." He concluded that the album remains "a tightly adrenalined beast, the summation of everything that the Pink Fairies promised and all that subsequent reunions have continued to deliver." In a review for Uncut, Carol Clerk wrote that the album saw Pink Fairies finally become a "great rock'n'roll band", adding that the music fulfilled their initial promise and commenting on the band's influence on punk and heavy metal, including on "an unusually complimentary John Lydon". BBC Music's Chris Jones also underscored the record's influence on punk and heavy metal and noted that the introduction of Wallis on "big guitar" increased the band's "outlaw biker credibility".


title: Louis de Gorrevod

text: On 17 May 1515 Pope Leo X elevated the diocese of Turin to the status of Metropolitan, with an Archbishop. Savoy was being highly favored. On 21 May he created the Archbishopric of Chambéry. The diocese of Bourg-en-Bresse was created on 21 May 1515 by the Bull Pro excellenti praeminentia of Pope Leo X, perhaps at the request of the Emperor Maximilian, perhaps at the request of the Emperor's daughter, Marguerite d'Autriche, whose dowry included Bresse, and certainly at the request of Duke Charles III. Bishop Louis de Gorrevod was one of four ambassadors sent to Rome to congratulate the new Pope, Leo X, on his election to the Papacy, and to thank him for the ecclesiastical promotions. The creation of the diocese of Bourg caused no pleasure to the Primate of the Gauls, the Archbishop of Lyon, François de Rohan, whose ecclesiastical territory had included Bresse. Nor did the increased prestige of Savoy and encroachment on Gaul please King Francis I of France. In 1515, Louis de Gorrevod became the first Bishop of Bourg-en-Bresse.


title: Adam W. Oberlin

text: In August 1917, Oberlin defeated incumbent Charles A. Stolberg in the Republican nomination for mayor of Canton. On September 4, 1917, Oberlin went missing. In mid-September, a man was found dead by suicide in nearby Lima, but the body was determined to be a different person. Despite remaining missing, Oberlin's name remained on the ballot for mayor, but lost to Charles E. Poorman. In late March 1918, Oberlin was found in Norfolk, Virginia. After arriving to Norfolk in late September 1917, he worked several jobs before settling to work as a carpenter. He first worked as a carpenter at Naval Station Norfolk and then the army base. During this time, Oberlin reportedly believed his name was "A. Wegner". Oberlin moved back to Ohio with his son and was placed in a sanitarium in Cleveland. After he was found in Norfolk, it was reported that Oberlin shaved his mustache to disguise his identity. In an interview in May of that year, Oberlin revealed he ran away to avoid being elected mayor of Canton and no longer sought political office, but wanted to do physical work.


title: Subantarctic

text: The Australian Antarctic Division conducted an expedition to Heard Island during the austral summer of 2003–04. A small team of scientists spent two months on the island, conducting studies on avian and terrestrial biology and glaciology. Glaciologists conducted further research on the Brown Glacier, in an effort to determine whether glacial retreat is rapid or punctuated. Using a portable echo sounder, the team took measurements of the volume of the glacier. Monitoring of climatic conditions continued, with an emphasis on the impact of Foehn winds on glacier mass balance. Based on the findings of that expedition, the rate of loss of glacier ice on Heard Island appears to be accelerating. Between 2000 and 2003, repeat GPS surface surveys revealed that the rate of loss of ice in both the ablation zone and the accumulation zone of Brown Glacier was more than double average rate measured from 1947 to 2003. The increase in the rate of ice loss suggests that the glaciers of Heard Island are reacting to ongoing climate change, rather than approaching dynamic equilibrium. The retreat of Heard Island's glaciers is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.


title: Land Apportionment Act of 1930

text: Various southern Bantu peoples inhabited Matabele and Mashonalands (what is now known as Zimbabwe) for thousands of years according to fossilized evidence and discovery of present tribes' artifacts stretching over the last 9 centuries. Alongside archived DNA proof of African Peoples around Great Zimbabwean ruins as early as 1500s and various tribal oral history accounts paint a picture of the native settlements and land past. Land ownership of most agrarian peoples consisted of common tribal communal lands for sustenance and trade with pastoralists. Peoples thrived in this land structure while mining gold, copper and Ivory for barter trade with even the far away ancient Chinese dynasties during Kingdom of Zimbabwe (Great Zimbabwe ruins) era. The exploration and subsequent settlement of European Christian missionaries in the late 19th century greatly increased the population of foreigners, with the areas temperate climate found suitable by most of these new immigrants. While concessions and treaties with tribal chiefs made up the vast majority of legal agreements in these native tribal lands through most of the 18th and 19th centuries, it wasn't until the partition and Scramble for Africa after the 1884 Berlin Conference that territorial control switched from local (native) to colonial (foreign) rule. Colonialism also shifted the power base from the local natives to colonial foreign powers with military support from the colonizing nations to secure their colonies. Common (British European) law replaced native (African) law. The capitalist British society, still in pre-industrial stages, sought agrarian means to self-sustain its colonies alongside other exploitative means. In 1889 Britain granted royal charters to two firms that merged to form the British South Africa Company as a vehicle for Imperial wealth extraction. This ushered in the commoditization of these native ancestral lands as instruments of economic gain through farming or mining for future european settlers in Zimbabwe.


title: Land Apportionment Act of 1930

text: With agriculture growing increasingly important to Southern Rhodesia 's economy, white settlers began to see the practice of subsistence and small scale farming as an inappropriate use of farmland. As the initial focus on mineral extraction proved to result in little profit, land became the most valuable commodity for the new settlers. Black landowners were portrayed as incapable for what white settlers deemed profitable use, and these settlers began to push for not only segregation but access to more land for further agricultural development. Not all white settlers pushed for land segregation on racial terms; and at the times there were others who proposed legal segregation as a method for preventing future losses in African land holding by setting aside land exclusively for African use. Documents at the time also speak of a portion of the African population that accepted the 1930 Act, on the grounds that it would give them increased access to landownership and that segregation would prove beneficial to not only the white settlers.


title: Land Apportionment Act of 1930

text: The Rhodesian Referendum of 1969, in which white settlers attempted to create a white minority country, moved to update the 1930 act through additions like the Property Owners (Residential Protection) Act, which gave the right to remove individuals of a race different to that of the majority in the surrounding areas. Therefore, a black landowner surrounded by white landowners could be legally asked to remove themselves and relinquish their land rights in order to protect the surrounding landowners. Following legislation such as the Land Tenure Act of 1969 were later altered during the civil war in 1977, opening the way for black land ownership outside of the limits of The Land Apportionment Act of 1930. As the push for independence from the white majority grew, the issue of land became a focal point for the development of nationalism and rebellion. Nearing the end of the Rhodesian Bush War, land reform was addressed in the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 through the creation of a fund that compensated white farmers who lost their lands in future government led land reforms.


title: Hermaness

text: Conservation activities began at Hermaness in 1831, when the landowner, Dr. Lawrence Edmondston, began to protect bonxie nesting sites from egg collectors: by this time the population had declined to only 3 pairs. The population began to recover, but egg collecting remained an issue. In 1891 the Edmondston family employed a warden to protect the site, and from this point bonxie numbers grew strongly. Responsibility for watching the bonxies passed to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) in 1906, and the role was widened to include monitoring of other seabird populations. In 1955 part of the area was declared a national nature reserve, and the reserve was extended to its current extent in 1958. At this point the Nature Conservancy Council (the predecessor of NatureScot), took over responsibility for monitoring the bird population. Since the 1980s seabird counts have been conducted on a systematic basis, and a whole-reserve count of the main species is undertaken every 6 years.


title: Rathaus Rapperswil

text: The late Gothic portal to the council chamber (Ratssaal) was made from a single oak tree; the double-sided bow kell is richly profiled. A cast-iron Renaissance stove is the most representative piece of the hall's equipment. The small exposition includes the gold and silver treasure which is exhibited in the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona, the circular council table made by Conrad Lütbrand in 1618, paintings by the Rapperswil artists Felix Maria Diogg and Johann Michael Hunger, and the stained glass windows. In the entrance hall on the first floor, there is shown the golden banner given by Pope Julius II to the citizens of Rapperswil who supported his military campaign in the Lombardy against the French king in 1512. Further sights include the former supraporta of the Schloss Rapperswil, also as a fresco on the eastern wall. The Ratssaal houses the Bezirksgericht court on Wednesday, in the neighboring Richterstübli the local board of directors meet and it is also used as ceremonial hall for weddings.


title: Rathaus Rapperswil

text: After the establishment of the canton of St. Gallen in 1803, the then autonomous municipalities of Rapperswil and Jona had their own municipal archives (German: Stadtarchiv). As a result of the merger of the two political communities in 2007, the entire historical material until 1900 or 1950 will be stored at one site. As per August 2015, the city archives of Rapperswil therefore includes the historical documents of Rapperswil and Jona and its successors, mainly of the former Herrschaft Rapperswil, a bailiwick, and of the House of Rapperswil. The city archives of the political community and the so-called Ortsgemeinde (citizenry) consist of several thousand documents, among them council and court records, some predominantly chronicles handwritten by clergymen, parish books and so on. Attached are the photo archives and the puncture and plan collection comprising some audio and film documents from the recent past, as well as private estates and a library, also location-based publications, including newspaper articles about Rapperswil since around 1950. The contents of the archives are accessible by telephone reservation.


title: Rathaus Rapperswil

text: A first council and mayor (Schultheiss) in the medieval town of Rapperswil may be suspected for the period after its founding around 1220 AD. The earliest document sealed at the Rapperswil Castle, related to the donation of the church of Bollingen to the Rüti Abbey, mentions among others a civitas as witnesses of Count Rudolf von Rapperswil in 1229. Between 1267 and 1282, when the fiefs were given back by the German king to Elisabeth von Rapperswil, the citizens, clergy and nobility executed the representatives of Elisabeth's brother Count Rudolf III who died in 1267. The seal of the town of Rapperswil respectively citizenry first appeared in 1277. In 1337 Johann I von Laufenburg-Rapperswil died, that's probably why in 1341 the court council (German: Kleiner Rat) consisting of 12 members and the mayor (German: Schultheiss) was first mentioned in Rapperswil; since 1415 the council also appointed the Vogt of the Wurmsbach Abbey, a foundation of Countess Elisabeth's father and mother. Johann II von Laufenburg-Rapperswil had to sell Rapperswil and all rights to Habsburg in the late 1350s; Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, who rebuilt Rapperswil after the war with the city of Zürich and also re-established the prehistorical and Roman era lake crossing at the Seedamm isthmus, granted the citizenry the related customs legislation in 1360. King Wenceslas securitized liberation from foreign courts in 1379, and in 1406 the citizenry was allowed to elect their mayor. For the first time in 1442, the bicameral city government, being composed of the 12-seat Kleiner Rat and the 24-seat Grosser Rat, exercised the blood jurisdiction under the chairmanship of the mayor. Since 1481 the grand council was elected by the members of Kleiner Rat. Council genders include among others the Landenberg, Russinger (Russikon), Göldlin, Breny, Rothenfluh and Kunz families.


title: Rathaus Rapperswil

text: For centuries the building served as the seat of the government respectively Rat (council) and later as the seat of the mayor (Bürgermeister) of Rapperswil ending on 31 December 2006, when the former independent cities of Jona and Rapperswil merged to form the municipality of Rapperswil-Jona. Since 1 January 2007, the Stadthaus Rapperswil-Jona that is situated in Jona, is the town hall of the municipality. Besides the restaurant, the city archives and the art exhibition, the Rathaus building is the center of an ancient Carnival festival: on Shrove Tuesday the traditional Herrenessen, the dinner of the council members and cabaret program with distinguished guests, is celcebrated on occasion of Eis-zwei-Geissebei when hundreds of children gather at the main square (Hauptplatz). Following the so-called Austeilete by the council members to the children, in the evening all regional Guggenmusik (carnival marching bands) gather at Hauptplatz and on Lindenhof at Schloss Rapperswil to celebrate a roaring concert.


title: Mayram Isoeva

text: Born in the village of Sari Khosor in the Kulob District, Isoeva graduated from middle school in Dushanbe in 1954. Two years later she enrolled in the Lunacharsky Institute of Dramatic Arts, from which she graduated in 1960. She next spent a year at the Pushkin Musical and Comedy Theater in Khujand, then called Leninabad, before joining the roster of the Lahuti Academy of Dramatic Arts. In 1971 she became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Isoeva played main roles in tragedies and dramas during her career. She first won notice for her portrayal of Arina in Poverty is No Vice by Aleksandr Ostrovsky, a role which she took on during her studies. Later roles included Smeroldina in King Stag by Carlo Gozzi and Emilia in Othello by William Shakespeare. She also appeared in plays by Tajikistani writers, including playing Mavjuda in Woman's Resolve by Azam Sidqi and roles in two plays by Ghani Abdullo, Bakhmal in The Song of the Highlands and Tahmina in Rustam and Suhrab. During her career, Isoeva also appeared in a number of films produced by TajikFilm. For her work she was granted the title of People's Artist of the Tajik SSR in 1979, and she was also named a Distinguished Contributor to Tajik Education. She won the Nohid Prize, and received a number of medals from the government, including the Order of the Red Banner of Courage, the Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin", and the Honorary Order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan. Her eightieth birthday was celebrated with a showing of some of her films in 2017.


title: Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)

text: The original plan to build a soccer specific stadium in the New York Metropolitan area was announced during the 2000 MLS season at ESPN Zone in Times Square by the President & GM of the MetroStars Nick Sakiewicz and owner Stuart Subotnick. Nick Sakiewicz led the complex, nearly 5-year effort in search of a site to build. On July 1, 2004, Sakiewicz, New Jersey Governor Richard Codey, Harison Mayor Ray McDonough and Harrison Redevelopment Chair Peter Higgins along with MLS Commissioner Don Garber announced the MetroStars (as the New York Red Bulls were known at the time) would move from their home at Giants Stadium to a site in Harrison, New Jersey. Harrison was chosen for its mass transit and interstate connections, proximity to New York City and its long history and reputation as a soccer cultural hotbed. The West Hudson County area has been home to historic teams such as Clark O.N.T., West Hudson A.A. and the Kearny Scots dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century. On November 28, 1885, the neighboring town of Kearny hosted the first international soccer match held outside of the United Kingdom between the United States and Canada at Clark Field in the neighborhood that is now East Newark. Harrison Park was located a few blocks northwest of the stadium site and was the home field of West Hudson A.A. It also hosted the U.S. Open Cup final in 1918 and 1923.


title: Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)

text: Sections 133, 101 & 102 collectively make up the 1,500 seat home supporters section known as the "South Ward". Among the former blue seats in the South Ward was the "Red Seat" located at Section 101, Row 11, Seat 20. The Red Seat signifies the Red Bulls first goal scored at Red Bull Arena; Section 101 represents the Arena's first game, Row 11 marks the minute of the game in which the goal was scored and Seat 20 remembers the goal scorer, No. 20 Joel Lindpere. Following the passing of Empire Supporters Club member Mike Vallo, the Red Seat's No. 20 was replaced by the initials "MV" to honor him. Ahead of the 2020 season, the Red Bulls converted the South Ward into a safe standing section with a rail seating system, similar to the system in place at BMO Stadium in Los Angeles. This system allows supporters to watch matches while standing but also contain unlock-able individual red fold-down seats to convert the section to standard seating for international matches and other events. The rails also contain cup holders. The Red Seat was removed and given to the Vallo Family and a new location in Section 101 was selected to commemorate Mike Vallo. An open standing area was created directly behind the South Ward for supporters to gather while maintaining a view of the field. Red Bull Arena is the third soccer-specific stadium in North America to have a safe standing with rail seating system.


title: Benoit-Olivier Groulx

text: Groulx was selected first overall by the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) in the 2016 QMJHL Entry Draft. In his first season with the club, he recorded 14 goals and 17 assists in 62 games. He also skated in six playoff games, scoring one goal and one assist; the Mooseheads were eliminated in the first round by the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies. He returned to the Mooseheads for the 2018–19 season, where he recorded 30 goals and 80 points in 65 games. The Mooseheads won the 2019 QMJHL President's Cup championship series and went to the 2019 Memorial Cup. Groulx was named a tournament all-star after scoring one goal and four points in four games. In his final season in the QMJHL, Groulx was named captain of the Mooseheads. Groulx was traded from Halifax to the Moncton Wildcats for three draft picks on 22 December 2019. He finished the season with 78 points in 55 games with a plus-minus of plus 20. Groulx won the Guy Carbonneau Trophy as the 2019–20 QJMHL best defensive forward. He was also named the captain of the QMJHL team in the QMJHL–Russia series that took place in November 2019.


title: Cyclone Jawad

text: Cyclonic Storm Jawad (/dʒəˈwɑːd/) was a relatively very weak tropical cyclone that caused disruptions over the East India and Bangladesh while bringing heavy rainfall and strong winds over these states as a weakened system. The tenth depression, sixth deep depression and fifth cyclonic storm of the active 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, its predecessor was first tracked by Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) in the South China Sea as an area of low pressure. It then moved west-northwestwards into the Gulf of Thailand, where it crossed into the Andaman Sea by December 1. Near midnight of that day, the JTWC issued a TCFA on the system and on the next day, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) upgraded the system to a depression after passing through the Nicobar Islands. Further intensification ensued as the depression tracked through environmental conditions favorable for strengthening, and the system was upgraded into a deep depression on December 3 and into a cyclonic storm by 06:00 UTC that day, with the IMD naming it Jawad. However, this intensification was short-lived, as the system weakened to a deep depression back due to wind shear.