title: Consensys

text: Joseph Lubin founded Consensys in early 2015 as a software foundry to develop decentralized software services and applications that operate on the Ethereum blockchain. On October 31, 2018, Consensys acquired Planetary Resources, an asteroid mining company. In December 2018, Consensys announced a restructuring with projected layoffs of thirteen percent of its 1,200 staff, and in February 2020 announced the layoffs of a further 14% of staff. In August 2020, Consensys acquired banking blockchain platform Quorum from JPMorgan Chase & Co. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. In November 2021, Consensys raised $200 million at $3.2 billion valuation from Animoca Brands, Coinbase Ventures and HSBC among others. In March 2022, Consensys raised $450 million in a new round led by ParaFi Capital, with Microsoft, SoftBank, and Temasek also joining as new investors in the company. In June 2023, Consensys launched a brand refresh where they introduced a new company narrative, logo, and an updating of the name to remove the camelcase from ConsenSys to Consensys.


title: Saint Cyriakus, Gernrode

text: Gero (d. 965) was a follower of Otto I from one of the most powerful families of eastern Saxony. In 937, Otto made Gero Margrave of the Eastern March. Gero, who owned a castle at Gernrode, decided to found a collegiate church and female (lay) convent (Stift) here, in cooperation with his son Siegfried. Construction on the crypt, the eastern apse and the convent started in 959. In 961, the foundation was awarded royal protection. In 963, Pope John XII issued a privilege, which removed the convent from the influence of the Bishop of Halberstadt. Siegfried had died heirless in 959. After Siegfried's death, his widow Hathui had become abbess of the convent. Gero returned from a trip to Rome with a valuable relic of Saint Cyriacus and the church was dedicated to this saint in 963. In 965, Gero died and was buried in front of the already finished eastern choir. A hiatus in construction followed Gero's death and is seen as the likely source of the shift in the church's axis (see map). Hathui ruled the convent for 55 years until her death in 1014.: 3 : 92


title: Humphrey Appleby

text: Sir Humphrey was educated at Winchester College and Baillie College, Oxford, where he read literae humaniores and received a first. (Baillie College is clearly based on Balliol College, Oxford; Humphrey is frequently seen wearing a Balliol tie.) After National Service in the Army Education Corps, he entered the Civil Service. From 1950 to 1956 he was successively the Regional Contracts Officer, an assistant principal in the Scottish Office, on secondment from the War Office (where, as revealed in "The Skeleton in the Cupboard", he was responsible for the relinquishing of £40 million worth of military installations due to a lack of understanding of Scottish law). In 1964, he was brought into the newly formed Department of Administrative Affairs, where he worked until his appointment as Cabinet Secretary. He is recommended for a KBE award early on in the series in "The Official Visit". The Dean of Baillie Rev. Christopher Smythe describes him as "too clever by half" and "smug" ("The Bishop's Gambit"). Coincidentally, in the same episode Humphrey is secretly instrumental in having the Dean removed from his position at Baillie College and appointed by the Prime Minister and the Palace to the bishopric of Bury St. Edmunds after Humphrey is informed by the current Master and the Bursar that they both want Humphrey to be the next Master of Baillie College (upon Humphrey's retirement from the Civil Service in four/five years) and the Dean is the only thing standing in the way of that.


title: Operation Moshtarak

text: In preparation for the major offensive, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines seized the "Five Points" junction east of Marja on the road to Lashkar Gah. Elements of Charlie Company were inserted by air under cover of darkness, while elements of Bravo Company, along with 1/3's Combat Engineer Platoon, traveled 9 kilometers on foot from their bases in the Nawa district, sweeping the road for explosive devices. Also Route Clearance Platoons clearing routes from their respective staging locations (In the Desert or Cop) into pre-specified locations and intersections from the East West North and South(a "Breach Point" at the Southern tip of the City in a specific instance(Breaching a canal with a bulldozer and a Fasseen type bridge gaining access to the much sought after city() While repelling Taliban assaults, the Marines built a combat outpost, completed on February 14, that they named COP Reilly. The 1/3 Marines held COP Reilly and the northeastern outer sector of Marjah until February 25, when Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 6th Marines arrived to take control of the position.


title: Operation Moshtarak

text: When invading Marja, the invading troops confiscated caches of weapons and ammunition. The greatest obstacle was the extensive network of mines and booby traps. The assault troops were reported to run into "a huge number" of improvised explosive devices when crossing a canal into the town's northern entrance. Marines and Army used portable aluminium bridges to span the irrigation channels. Mobile bridges enabled the safe crossing of the main canal into Marja, since the existing bridge was expected to be rigged with explosives. Marine engineers moved forward in special mine-clearing Assault Breacher Vehicles. These 72-ton, 40-foot-long (12 m) vehicles, fitted with a 15-foot-wide (4.6 m) plow supported by metallic skis that glide on the dirt, and nearly 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) of explosives, ploughed a path through fields and dug a safety lane through the numerous minefields laid by the Taliban. To clear minefields and ignite roadside bombs, the Marines also launched rockets which deploy cables of plastic explosives, called M58 MICLIC.


title: Dave Emory

text: Dave Emory, since the 1980s, has produced, written and hosted several radio programs: The Guns of November, Miscellaneous Archive Shows, One Step Beyond and Anti-Fascist Archives (formerly Radio Free America). In 1983, Emory and "Nip Tuck" (AKA Tad Williams) created The Guns of November, a four-part four-hour-long-segments series on the Kennedy assassination for Foothill College's radio station, KFJC, in Los Altos Hills, California. Emory became co-host of KFJC's One Step Beyond which started in 1979 and was a multi-hour Sunday night phone-in show hosted by Nip Tuck focused on political topics emphasising "Nazi spies, CIA mind control experiments and mercenaries, among others." In the 2000s, Emory's For the Record series has aired every Monday on KKUP-FM, Cupertino, California, Wednesday on WFMU in Jersey City, in the early a.m. hours Thursday on KPFK in Los Angeles, Thursdays and Fridays on KFJC, and Fridays on WCBN-FM in Ann Arbor. Descriptions and summaries of For the Record programs are archived and maintained by SpitfireList.com. Audio archives are maintained by WFMU.


title: Agilus Diagnostics

text: In 2012, company "Super Religare Laboratories Limited's Name changed as "SRL Limited" without obtained Brand License from SRL Group company and misused SRL Diagnostics Trademark since 2012-2023. Further, SRL Limited fail to comply brand license agreement or trademark assignment with SRL Group and violated the company act 1956 section(21) (Authentication of documents, proceedings and contracts. (b) contracts made by or on behalf of a company, may be signed by any key managerial personnel or an officer an officer or employee of the company of the company duly authorized by the Board in this behalf) Super Religare Laboratories Limited Provide False Statement to Ministry of Corporate Affairs during Rename the Company from "Super Religare Laboratories Limited" to "SRL Limited. due to Brand litigation with SRL Group company, SRL Limited's Board of Director and Company Management decide to rename the company as Agilus Diagnostics Limited. Moreover; SRL Diagnostics is a Registered Trademark owned by SRL Group company and provide Brand License to business partners or diagnostics labs in India. SRL Group provide Brand licensing services in Healthcare Sector and the SRL Group companies engage in Diagnostics Lab management as B2B (CLM HLM PLM) sources: _URL_


title: Gilberto Duavit Jr.

text: In 2007, the GMA Network announced it would offer its shares to the public from an initial public offering between ₱6.39 billion to ₱7.78 billion. On June 28, the Philippine Stock Exchange approved the network's offering. On July 23, former Ilocos Norte representative Imee Marcos sent a letter to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) contesting her claim of ownership to 28.35 percent of the network's shares held by the Duavit family. The shares were entrusted to Duavit's father, Gilberto Duavit Sr., by Marcos' father, former President Ferdinand Marcos, to whom the senior Duavit served as Assistant Executive Secretary for Social, Political, Legal, and Economic Affairs , Acting Executive Secretary , and Senior Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Youth and Sports Development under. The junior Duavit's lawyer responded to Marcos' claims, saying that Duavit acquired the shares "on his own." Imee Marcos, citing a handwritten note given to her from the senior Duavit in 1983, stated that "Duavit did not own the shares but was merely the representative of a 'silent partner.'" Thereafter, GMA counsel Atty. Gener Asuncion stated that the junior Duavit and his family "are the real and actual owners" and "have concrete proof of their ownership" of the network's shares. According to an official statement by the network, its owner in 1986 (when it was then called the Republic Broadcasting System), Loreto Feliciano Stewart (the wife of its co-founder, Robert "Uncle Bob" Stewart), "sought to recover the shares of the Duavits and asked for an injunction to prevent the registration of the shares in their favor but was rejected by the court. Stewart then gave a notice of dismissal of her complaint and the court dismissed it on November 28, 1986." Asuncion also stated that GMA Network would push through with its scheduled release of listed shares on July 30, following the SEC's approval of the network's registration statement and issuance of a "Securities for Sale" permit.


title: Gilberto Duavit Jr.

text: Under Duavit's leadership as COO in the late 2000s, GMA began securing the media franchise of foreign shows in order for the network to adapt Philippine versions. In August 2007, GMA produced Celebrity Duets, which was the Philippine edition of the British reality singing contest Just the Two of Us, through a licensing agreement with FremantleMedia. GMA purchased the rights to the Idol franchise from FremantleMedia to produce Pinoy Idol, which premiered in September. The franchising rights were previously used by the Associated Broadcasting Company (now the TV5 Network) to produce Philippine Idol. The network also produced Philippine versions of telenovelas that year, most popularly Marimar starring Marian Rivera and Dingdong Dantes, which was based on the 1994 Mexican series of the same name. That year, the network also produced Philippine versions of Zaido: Pulis Pangkalawakan (based on the Japanese tokusatsu Space Sheriff Shaider) and the game shows Kakasa Ka Ba sa Grade 5? (based on the American game show Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?) and Whammy! Push Your Luck (based on the American game show Second Chance).


title: Ambia chrysogramma

text: The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are silvery white, the costa tinged with orange yellow towards the base. There is a small tuft of rufous scales below the middle of the costa with the orange-yellow antemedial and medial lines arising below it and rather diverging towards the inner margin. There is also a conical postmedial patch defined by orange yellow from the costa to vein 5, with a brown point on the line defining its outer side at the costa. There is also an orange-yellow subterminal line, excurved to the submedian fold, where it is angled inwards and a fine yellow-brown line beyond it, incurved below vein 2, the terminal area tinged with yellow. The hindwings are silvery white with a small orange-yellow discoidal spot and an orange-yellow postmedial line, excurved to vein 4, then bent inwards to the origin of vein 2 and oblique to the inner margin. There is also an orange-yellow subterminal line, excurved to vein 2, then incurved, with a fine yellow-brown line beyond it. The terminal area is tinged with yellow.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: In 1962, Paul E. Meehl emphasized that thought disorder was a critical component of schizophrenia diagnosis. He coined the term "cognitive slippage" to describe a more mild form of thought disorder that he believed was still relevant. He recognized that even in the absence of more severe forms of thought disorder, individuals with schizophrenia exhibited more cognitive slippage than non-schizophrenic individuals. As a result, Meehl deemed thought disorder a necessary component of the disorder for diagnoses, regardless of severity. He declared that any characterization of either schizophrenia or schizotypy that lacked cognitive slippage as a component was unacceptable and he insisted that cognitive slippage, interpersonal aversiveness, anhedonia, and ambivalence were the universal "core behavior traits" of all schizotypic individuals. He also noted that the amount of slippage can vary from case to case, with some highly anxious individuals exhibiting less slippage than some minimally anxious individuals. This suggests that cognitive slippage may be affected by altering the affect of the individual, but Meehl mentions that this feature is not groundbreaking or unique to cognitive slippage.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: In considering the genetic element of schizophrenia, researchers have examined the presence of symptoms, such as cognitive slippage, in first degree relatives. For example, Oltmanns looked at the prevalence of cognitive slippage in the children of individuals with schizophrenia. For their purposes, they defined "cognitive slippage" to include associative disturbances, difficulties in thinking, and errors in reasoning. The researchers administered an object sorting task to 156 children of schizophrenic individuals, 102 children of depressed individuals, and 139 children of healthy parents. The task required participants to either sort objects or explain the reasoning behind a sorted group of objects. The task was designed to target responses that would differ noticeably between individuals with schizophrenia and without schizophrenia. All the participants were children between the ages of 6 and 15. Their responses were then sorted as either superordinate, complex, vague, or thematic. The children of parents with schizophrenia made fewer superordinate responses and more complex responses than the control children. Though small, the findings were reliable, and suggest that the children of individuals with schizophrenia are more prone to the cognitive dysfunctions associated with cognitive slippage.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: The loose definition of cognitive slippage can make the symptom difficult to identify, so Braatz designed a study to determine if preference intransitivity could be used as an indicator of cognitive slippage. He proposed that from a logical standpoint, intransitivities in preference would result from cognitive slippage. Preference intransitivity occurs when one's preferences and values lead to potentially unresolvable conflicts. He administered a scale of 120 items meant to judge preferences of both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls and found that individuals with schizophrenia endorse more intransitive judgments than healthy individuals. Though he acknowledges that the scale in its current form is underdeveloped, his findings suggest that further research into the connection between preference intransitivity and cognitive slippage could result in a scale powerful enough to aid schizophrenia diagnosis. He also suggests future research could expand the scale to apply in cases other than clinical schizophrenia.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: In addition to inclusion as diagnostic criteria, the presence of cognitive slippage as a form of formal thought disorder is considered to be associated with psychosis proneness. Martin and Chapman determined that college students at risk for psychosis displayed signs of cognitive slippage on a referential communication task. Allen, Chapman, and Chapman identified college students who scored high on the Per-Mag Scale, a measure designed to identify thought processes indicative of psychosis. They found that most of these high-scoring students also exhibited signs of cognitive slippage on two measures of it. Of the students who scored very high on the Per-Mag, those who also scored above the mean on a depression scale were the most likely to demonstrate cognitive slippage. Additionally, Edell reinforced the idea that although individuals with sub-clinical psychopathology exhibit more severe thought disorder on unstructured tests, they perform relatively normally on more structured measures of cognition.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: Dykens, Volkman, and Glick considered the relationship between thought disorder and high-functioning adult autism by utilizing both objective and projective measures. They collected objective data using the Thought, Language, and Communication Disorder Scale, and projective data through use of the Rorschach test. In their definition of "cognitive slippage," they broke the dysfunction down into processes such as "incongruous combinations," "fabulized combinations," "deviant responses," and "inappropriate logic." Their findings suggest that individuals with autism display more disordered thinking than typically developed individuals. To explain this, they suggest that cognitive slippage is rooted in difficulty with complex perceptual processing, a known feature of autism. Another study used Rorschach inkblots to compare individuals with Asperger syndrome to high-functioning individuals with Autism. They found that individuals with Asperger syndrome tended to exhibit greater levels of disordered and disorganized thinking in their responses than the typically developed individuals.


title: Cognitive slippage

text: Broadbent et al. developed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), a self-report measure designed to identify the presence of "cognitive slippage." For the purposes of the CFQ, however, they used this term to refer to lapses in attention, difficulty processing information, memory issues, perception problems, and complications in decision-making. As such, their definition tapped into issues such as "forgetfulness" or "inattention" rather than the clinically significant cognitive dysfunction defined by Meehl. Yates, Hannell, and Lippett designed a study to evaluate the predictive value of the CFQ as a means to identify psychological vulnerability under stressful conditions, such as during a test. 72 female participants were administered the CFQ as well as the Test Anxiety Scale as they completed two tasks - the former of which, they were told, was a practice test for the later. It was found that during the second test condition, subjects did report more "cognitive slippage" in the form of mind-wandering and distractibility.


title: List of One Piece films

text: The legend of the Great Gold Pirate Woonan remains intact, years after his disappearance. Many pirates search for his mountain of gold hidden on a remote island, among them are Captain El Drago and his men. By hunting down every member of Woonan's former crew, they eventually take possession of a map to that hidden island. On their way there, they meet and decide to rob the Straw Hat Pirates, who, still lacking a cook, are close to starvation. A short fight ensues, during which Luffy, Zoro, and Tobio, a boy who ran away from home to become part of Woonan's crew, are separated from the other Straw Hats and their ship, staying afloat on the shattered remains of what at some point was a boat. Following the scent of food, they quickly arrive at a floating oden bar, run by Tobio's grandfather, Ganzo. El Drago and his crew land on Woonan's island, where they encounter Usopp, who, to evade being killed, convinces them that he is a professional treasure hunter, offers them his help, and using their map, starts leading them around. Meanwhile, somewhere else on the island, Zoro and Luffy, chained together for trying to eat-and-run, get lost and attempt to get back to the shore. With the help of Nami, Usopp gets away from the enemy crew. The Straw Hats meet up and take a closer look at the treasure map. They conclude that Woonan's treasure must be hidden on the island's only mountain and set out to climb it. On their way up, they meet Ganzo, who reveals to them that he and Woonan had grown up like brothers in the same village. Atop the mountain they find an empty house with a secret entry to a basement. El Drago and his men arrive and are beaten by Luffy and Zoro. Then the group climbs into the basement. There, Woonan's skeleton is sitting in an empty room, a message for his old friend Ganzo written on the walls. With gold from El Drago's ship, the Straw Hats set sail, resuming course for the Grand Line.


title: List of One Piece films

text: While the Straw Hats enjoy a warm day at the beach, their ship with all their equipment and weapons is stolen. They can do nothing but watch, as it disappears into the distance. A week later, dressed in cloth from a rental store for wedding ceremonies and riding a one-person paddle boat they set out to go after their lost belongings. At sea, they encounter the boy Akizu and the young man Borodo. The two call themselves the Thief Brothers and claim to be after a well-known treasure, called the Diamond Clock from Clockwork Island. Actually, they are the ones who stole the Straw Hats' ship and brought it to Clockwork Island to make the Straw Hats fight the Trump Siblings. The Trump Siblings Boo Jack, Honey Queen, Skunk One, Pin Joker, and Bear King (the leader), are another pirate crew who occupied Clockwork Island for years and forced its inhabitants to build weapons. A number of ships bearing the mark of the Trump Siblings appear and a short fight ensues, during which the Thief Brothers' ship is destroyed and Nami abducted. Using mere pieces of wood to stay afloat and an improvised sail for propulsion, the group manages to reach the foot of Clockwork Island. A long, circular staircase laced with deadly traps leads up to the actual island. There, Nami makes the acquaintance of the Trump Siblings' captain, Bear King. He takes a liking to her and decides to make her his bride. Eventually the Thief Brothers and the remaining Straw Hats make it to the end of the stairway and onto the main island. A beautiful landscape appears in front of them, but the island's citizens are in no mood to cherish it. Not knowing that Akizu is their son, a pair of them tells the group of the island's past. Then the heroes storm the Trump Siblings' stronghold, built around the island's key, which holds the island together. One after another, the Straw Hats get picked off and captured, until only Luffy remains. Once he reaches the stronghold's top and frees his crew, the movie climaxes in an all-out battle, during which the Trump Siblings are defeated and the island's key is destroyed. Clockwork Island crashes down into the ocean, but Akizu reunites with his family and the Straw Hats reclaim their ship.


title: List of One Piece films

text: With Chopper as their newest member, the Straw Hats arrive at the Island of Strange Animals. Before they can land, a geyser-like fountain sends their ship flying. Chopper falls off and lands in the middle of a gathering of animals. They are performing a ritual, which according to their legend, is supposed to cause a king to fall from the heavens. Believing that legend fulfilled, they proclaim Chopper their new king. The other Straw Hats, searching for their lost crewmate, make the acquaintance of the self-proclaimed genius and expert treasure hunter Count Butler, with his henchmen General Hot Dog and President Snake. Butler is in search of the horns of a particular animal living on the island, which when eaten bestows great power upon the eater. For that purpose, he uses a hoard of bovinae-like animals called horn eaters, which he controls by playing music on a special violin, to round up horn bearing animals. The Straw Hats, unknowingly, lead Butler to Chopper and the group of animals, whose king he has become. Butler gives the gathered animals an ultimatum, to hand over their king, whose horns he believes to be what he is looking for, or to be crushed by his horn eaters. But Chopper does not need to be turned over. He steps forward himself and lures the horn eaters away from the island's animals. A fight ensues and it does not take long until the remaining Straw Hats join in to take their fill. Zoro takes on Hot Dog and Sanji fights with Snake, while Usopp and Nami take care of the horn eaters. Butler fights with Chopper and is about to finish him off, when Momambi, a young boy and the only human inhabitant of the island, shows up with the former king's horns to lure Butler away from Chopper. The plan backfires, as Butler gets hold of the horns, quickly stuffs them down, and transforms into a large, horned, gorilla-like animal. With that he appears to be winning, until the island's animals and Luffy enter the fight. Luffy defeats Butler and breaks his horns, thus canceling his transformation, and sends him flying. Mobambi fears to be exiled from the island for losing the former king's horns but instead is elected the animal king.


title: List of One Piece films

text: The Straw Hats receive an invitation to an island resort on the Grand Line run by Baron Omatsuri, and the crew travels to the island intent on relaxing and having fun. The Baron welcomes them to the resort and encourages them to enjoy themselves, but only after they complete 'The Trials Of Hell'. The crew is hesitant, but Luffy accepts the challenge. The Straw Hats win the first trial, but the outraged Baron demands they compete in another challenge. Luffy, Chopper, and Robin wait at the resort while the rest of the crew participates in the second trial. Robin questions Muchigoro, one of Baron's crewmates, about a flower on the island. Muchigoro mentions something about the "Lily Carnation" being at the island's summit before running off. Luffy and Chopper wander off, both meeting other pirates who had previously arrived and participated in the trials. Luffy receives an ominous warning about Baron splitting up his crew. Chopper learns about Baron's past, but right before he figures out the mystery, he is stricken with an arrow shot by Baron. The Straw Hats win again, but rifts begin to grow between the crew members. The crew notices Chopper is missing, but Baron interrupts them with a dinner party. The Baron notices Robin leaving, and she reveals to him that she was looking for the Lily Carnation. Baron reveals the flower's secret to Robin while Robin looks shocked. The Straw Hats realize Chopper, Usopp, and Robin are gone. Arguments over who's to blame for their disappearances ensue before Baron announces the final trial. Tension between the crew results in the crew splitting up. The island known as Omatsuri Island was really a pirate island, only advertised as a resort by the Baron to lure pirates to the island to bring the same suffering and hatred he felt unto everyone else. Baron feeds the crew to the Lily Carnation, a flower of reincarnation, which gives life to Baron's crew. Luffy manages to save them from the Lily Carnation and defeat Baron with help from other pirates on the island. Baron cries for his friends that were lost and how he is alone. He had been fooling himself for years with the false constructs of his crew created by the Lily Carnation. Each of his dead crewmates speak with him, telling him that they were happy to be remembered, but not with his corrupted charade. They apologize for leaving him alone for so long but believe it would be for the best if he forgets the night they died and finds new friends. Luffy lays exhausted on the ground while the crew all appear unharmed with no memory of the incident. The Straw Hats gather around Luffy, wondering how he can sleep in such a place, and Luffy laughs.


title: List of One Piece films

text: Luffy desperately tries to find his missing straw hat, and after extensive searching Usopp discovers that an eagle has it. Luffy and the entire Crew proceed to chase the eagle. While searching for Luffy's hat, Chopper discovers an old man lying half dead on a ship. While Luffy continues chasing the eagle and eventually crashes it into a marine base, the old man named Schneider wakes up. Chopper noticed that he had been mumbling the name Bazz in his sleep, and asks him who it is. Schneider tells Chopper that Bazz was his friend and that he was a dog that ate the "tori tori no mi: model eagle". He tells Chopper that he told Bazz to steal Monkey D. Luffy's hat and then he could come back. He thought that telling Bazz this would force him to abandon Schneider, because he didn't want Bazz to see him die. When Chopper informs him that not only did Bazz successfully steal Luffy's hat, but that he was on the Straw Hat Pirates' ship. Schneider immediately jumps out of bed and runs to save Bazz who at that moment is trapped in a cage with Luffy, made of kairouseki. After Luffy's crew frees him and Bazz, Schneider apologizes to Bazz and tells him to give up on the hat. Luffy meanwhile is fighting his way through a whole marine base along with three giants. Finally he makes it to the marine captain holding his hat, only to have him throw it out to sea. Luffy immediately jumps out after it, and almost has it when he starts to fall. Bazz then comes to his rescue and Luffy finally retrieves his hat. Afterwards Schneider and Bazz decide to go back out to sea and Schneider tells Luffy that the hat suits him.


title: Harry Clay Smith

text: Smith was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, on January 28, 1863. His parents John and Sarah Smith moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1865 after the dramatic conclusion to the Civil War. In Cleveland, Smith attended one of America's first public schools, Central High School, founded in 1846. The school has graduated many prominent leaders of industry and culture, such as John D. Rockefeller and Langston Hughes. The schools were integrated at that time, and this informed his belief in equality of races and opposition to segregation. As a student, he learned to play the cornet and was constantly employed in orchestras and brass bands, allowing him to help support his family. In the summers of 1881 and 1882, he played the cornet for an orchestra in Lakewood, New York, on Chautauqua Lake. In 1882, while still in high school, he worked as a correspondent for papers in Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Springfield, and during his last year and a half in school he wrote for a weekly paper, the Cleveland Sun. After finishing school he continued to work as a musician for about a year and a half. He directed many Cleveland-based colored orchestras, brass bands, and vocal groups including the Amphion male Quartet and the Freeman and Boston's orchestra, the First Methodist Episcopal Orchestra, the Central High School Orchestra, and the Excelsior Reed Band of Cleveland. He wrote many popular songs as well. He was also involved in several athletic organizations, and was often the only black person involved in the organizations.


title: Harry Clay Smith

text: After graduating from Central High school in 1882 he and three other colleagues founded The Cleveland Gazette in 1883. The Cleveland Gazette was one of several African-American-based newspapers that began publishing in the reconstruction era. Smith was initially the managing editor of the Gazette but quickly bought out the three others and became the sole proprietor of the paper. Smith ran the Cleveland Gazette as efficiently as any editor in history. The Gazette earned the name "old reliable" because the paper did not miss a Saturday publication in 58 years. Smith used his paper to speak out against controversial racial issues like segregated education and Ohio's "Black Laws" that discriminated against African Americans. He was equally against the idea of "self-segregation" by African Americans because he believed "it would be an opening wedge to segregation and Jim Crow schools". Smith also criticized vocational colleges like the Hampton and Tuskegee Schools and urged readers to attend traditional liberal arts colleges. The Gazette is remembered as "one of the better black newspapers of its day, it soon became the principal organ for the dissemination of Smith's political and ideological views and throughout the years it retained an uncompromising integrationist's stance unequaled by any other race or paper".


title: Harry Clay Smith

text: Smith's career in state politics began with support from his mentor Marcus A. Hanna, who also graduated from Central High School. Hanna, a Republican and one of Ohio's US State Senators in the 1890s convinced Smith to pursue a political career in order to promote change along with his paper. Taking Hanna's advice Smith took his first government job as an oil inspector from 1885 to 1889. In 1893 Smith was elected in a Cleveland district to serve on the State Assembly. Smith served three terms in the Ohio General Assembly as a Republican representative from 1893 to 1899. During his three terms as a rep Smith played key roles in the passing of the Ohio Civil Rights Act of 1894 which levied heavy penalties against businesses that exercised certain discriminatory practices. Smith was also part of the writing and passing of the Smith Act of 1896. This law was the most severe anti-lynching laws of its kind in that time period. During his political career Smith almost successfully fought off the showing of the racist film The Birth of a Nation in Cleveland but after years of litigation the movie was shown.


title: Coalinga Oil Field

text: Compared to many of the other California oil fields, Coalinga is large and spread out, but contains a few areas of concentrated development around the richer pools. The field has a rough semicircular shape open to the southeast, approximately twelve miles long by six across, with the town of Coalinga at the southwestern limit of the semicircle, and the agricultural Pleasant Valley inside. The oil field is mainly on the high ground around the valley, with the western part of the semicircle at the base of the Alcalde Hills, and the eastern part on the long and low Anticline Ridge, which separates Pleasant Valley and Coalinga from Interstate 5 and the main part of the San Joaquin Valley. The anticline in Anticline ridge continues to the southeast as the Guijarral Hills Oil Field and the Kettleman North Dome Oil Field. California State routes 33 and 198, which join together for the stretch through and north of Coalinga, cut across the Coalinga field and cross Anticline Ridge; along the route a passing traveler has a good view of oil field operations.


title: Chapar Khaneh

text: Now the true account of the road in question is the following: Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravanserais; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and is free from danger. In Lydia and Phrygia there are twenty stations within a distance Of 94½ parasangs. On leaving Phrygia the Halys has to be crossed; and here are gates through which you must needs pass ere you can traverse the stream. A strong force guards this post. When you have made the passage, and are come into Cappadocia, 28 stations and 104 parasangs bring you to the borders of Cilicia, where the road passes through two sets of gates, at each of which there is a guard posted. Leaving these behind, you go on through Cilicia, where you find three stations in a distance of 15½ parasangs. The boundary between Cilicia and Armenia is the river Euphrates, which it is necessary to cross in boats. In Armenia the resting-places are 15 in number, and the distance is 56½ parasangs. There is one place where a guard is posted. Four large streams intersect this district, all of which have to be crossed by means of boats. The first of these is the Tigris; the second and the third have both of them the same name, though they are not only different rivers, but do not even run from the same place. For the one which I have called the first of the two has its source in Armenia, while the other flows afterwards out of the country of the Matienians. The fourth of the streams is called the Gyndes, and this is the river which Cyrus dispersed by digging for it three hundred and sixty channels. Leaving Armenia and entering the Matienian country, you have four stations; these passed you find yourself in Cissia, where eleven stations and 42½ parasangs bring you to another navigable stream, the Choaspes, on the banks of which the city of Susa is built. Thus the entire number of the stations is raised to one hundred and eleven; and so many are in fact the resting-places that one finds between Sardis and Susa.


title: Joseph W. Papin

text: Joe Papin's first assignment in New York City came from Russell Lynes, managing editor of Harper's Magazine. Ben Rathbun's article, "New York's gay old lady: Whatever is happening to the Times?" included a five-page spread of Joe's sketches of "behind-the-scenes at the New York Times.". After that his career took off. He was a freelance artist from 1957 to 1992, Papin's work appeared in USIA's American Illustrated, Harper's Magazine, Newsweek, Business Week, The Reporter, American Heritage, Forbes, Playboy, The National Review, and other specialty magazines. Among newspapers he contributed to the Herald Tribune, The New York Times, and worked on staff at The New York Daily News, where his reportorial drawings depicted the major trials for over twenty years and his illustrations and political cartoons accompanied editorial articles. He illustrated over forty-five adult and children's books, lectured at colleges and for professional societies, gave many demonstrations, and had his work featured in national art shows. His courtroom art collection of over 4,750 drawings is a part of the Courtroom Art Collection at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Papin's work was a part of the Library of Congress exhibit "Drawing Justice: The Art of Courtroom Illustrations" which ran from April 27, 2017, to Dec 30, 2017. "While the legal system is generally open to all of us, courtroom artists open the door — via our newspapers, televisions and now computers — to gain privileged access to a trial," the library's Sara Duke, the show's curator, says of the unique role of these talents. "But artists don't act merely as recorders of a moment. They distill for us how people gesture, their relationships to other people in the room and moments of action in the court that define the trial."


title: Joseph W. Papin

text: His drawings often accompanied Theo Wilson's articles. Theo Wilson, who also worked for the Daily News, described as the "best-known, most respected trial reporter in the world" by the New York Reporters Association, tells of some of the trials they covered together in her memoir Headline Justice, Inside the Courtroom- The Country's most Controversial Trials. Wilson refers to Papin's work as "remarkable" and Papin as a "miracle worker" due to his accomplishments during the Patty Hearst Trial. The art show "Reportage Drawing: Four Courtroom Artists," according to Robert Long of the East Hampton Star, brought "several of the most notable, most highly visible practitioners in the genre here. Joseph Papin, perhaps best known for his work for the Daily News (including a famous front-page rendition of David (Son of Sam) Berkowitz while under cross-examination), tends to work with heavy, fast strokes, with little filling in, when portraying emotional moments of a trial." His work was exhibited nationally along with eight other artists in an art show that traveled the U.S. "Papin's pen and ink drawings suggests the nervous energy, the vagaries, and the uncertainties of any trial" said Suzanne Owens, one of the curators of the Syracuse University art show. He was the recipient of seven Page One Awards for graphic excellence in journalism and the New York Press Club Art Award for Reportorial Art/Courtrooms: Outstanding Artist of the Year. Writer and editor Scott Edelman refers to "Joe Papin, famed courtroom sketch artist." While at the New York Daily News he covered most major trials in between the years 1970 and 1991, including such famous trials as Watergate, Patty Hearst, Jean Harris, the Son of Sam (David Berkowitz), and the Pizza Connection Trial.


title: Joseph W. Papin

text: In 1959 American Artist Magazine featured an article about Papin entitled The Street is my Studio which detailed his work as a reportorial artist. Papin's work encompassed the areas usually covered by photographers. He drew U.N. scenes, military and international subjects, concerts, parades, horse races, hospital emergency rooms, and street scenes. New York Press Club's Byline Magazine wrote "Joe's facile pen captures news events at places where cameras may be barred." Author Nick Meglin said Joseph Papin, "carried a sketchbook and drew in subways, in coffee shops, on street corners." Eric Stenson of the Asbury Park Press said "Joseph Papin is a reporter... His pen interprets a story with images rather than words. Ken Aktins from the Denton Record-Chronicle said "Joe Papin is a reporter. He works for one of the largest newspapers in United States—the Daily News—and has covered some of the most historic moments in recent American history. His professional title is artist. The tools of his journalistic trade are an assortment of pens and a sketchpad." Atkins continues with "Papin has been drawing scenes of life—the grand and the commonplace...from a straightforward, objective viewpoint."


title: Joseph W. Papin

text: Papin's work stirred up some trouble during the John Gotti Trial in 1986. Anthony Rampino and John Carneglia were not thrilled with the way they were being represented in Papin's drawings. And John Gotti did not like the fact that Papin was drawing the prosecutor too pretty. The headline of The Daily News article on September 5, 1986, read Our art D.O.A., Gotti Complains. "Reputed mob boss John Gotti and his pals threw boastful taunts at Daily News courtroom artist Joe Papin." A few days later another article appeared in the Daily News entitled Murder Ink Jabbing Pen at News. "Two pals of alleged crime boss John Gotti turned critic again yesterday, informing Daily News Courtroom illustrator Joe Papin they plan artistic retribution." Papin was told during an elevator encounter in Brooklyn General Courthouse that they are embarking on careers as sketch artists....We're working on a good drawing," ....We're going to publish it in the Mafia magazine." UPI United Press International published the story the next day.


title: Catharsis

text: In Platonism, catharsis is part of the soul's progressive ascent to knowledge. It is a means to go beyond the senses and embrace the pure world of the intelligible. Specifically for the Neoplatonists Plotinus and Porphyry, catharsis is the elimination of passions. This leads to a clear distinction in the virtues. In the second tractate of the first Ennead, Plotinus lays out the difference between the civic virtues and the cathartic virtues and explains that the civic, or political, virtues are inferior. They are a principle of order and beauty and concern material existence. (Enneads, I,2,2) Although they maintain a trace of the Absolute Good, they do not lead to the unification of the soul with the divinity. As Porphyry makes clear, their function is to moderate individual passions and allow for peaceful coexistence with others. (Sentences, XXXIX) The purificatory, or cathartic, virtues are a condition for assimilation to the divinity. They separate the soul from the sensible, from everything that is not its true self, enabling it to contemplate the Mind (Nous).


title: Catharsis

text: And since we accept the classification of melodies made by some philosophers, as ethical melodies, melodies of action, and passionate melodies, distributing the various harmonies among these classes as being in nature akin to one or the other, and as we say that music ought to be employed not for the purpose of one benefit that it confers but on account of several (for it serves the purpose both of education and of purgation —the term purgation we use for the present without explanation, but we will return to discuss the meaning that we give to it more explicitly in our treatise on poetry—and thirdly it serves for amusement, serving to relax our tension and to give rest from it), it is clear that we should employ all the harmonies, yet not employ them all in the same way, but use the most ethical ones for education, and the active and passionate kinds for listening to when others are performing (for any experience that occurs violently in some souls is found in all, though with different degrees of intensity—for example pity and fear, and also religious excitement; for some persons are very liable to this form of emotion, and under the influence of sacred music we see these people, when they use tunes that violently arouse the soul, being thrown into a state as if they had received medicinal treatment and taken a purge ; the same experience then must come also to the compassionate and the timid and the other emotional people generally in such degree as befalls each individual of these classes, and all must undergo a purgation and a pleasant feeling of relief; and similarly also the purgative melodies afford harmless delight to people). (As translated by Harris Rackham)


title: Des Moines Women's Club

text: The Des Moines Women's Club was founded in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1885 by a group of five women inspired by the national women's movement developing in the second half of the nineteenth century. The woman's club movement was a social movement that took place throughout the United States that established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform public policy. The women first met at Plymouth Church, Des Moines, Iowa at 5th and Grand Avenue, to form the club with twenty-two charter members. The first president of the club was Margaret Cleaves, a notable American physician. Another founder and the second president was Martha Callanan, a noted philanthropist and suffrage worker. Two noted journalists were also charter members: Ella Hamilton Durley and Calista Halsey Patchin. Other prominent founders were Mrs. Maria S. Orwig and Mrs. Julia Hunting, active members in the American Association for the Advancement of Women. The club members met at various places throughout the city during the early years. In 1894 club records state that there were 136 members. Dues were $2 per year.


title: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4

text: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This protein is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28 and S. pombe cdc2. It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16INK4a. This kinase was shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma gene product (Rb). Ser/Thr-kinase component of cyclin D-CDK4 (DC) complexes that phosphorylate and inhibit members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family including RB1 and regulate the cell-cycle during G1/S transition. Phosphorylation of RB1 allows dissociation of the transcription factor E2F from the RB/E2F complexes and the subsequent transcription of E2F target genes which are responsible for the progression through the G1 phase. Hypophosphorylates RB1 in early G1 phase. Cyclin D-CDK4 complexes are major integrators of various mitogenic and antimitogenic signals, as well as phosphorylates SMAD3 in a cell-cycle-dependent manner and represses its transcriptional activity. It is a component of the ternary complex, cyclin D/CDK4/CDKN1B, required for nuclear translocation and activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex.


title: Brett Kebble

text: Under his leadership, and to finance its R4-billion acquisition of the South Deep gold mine, Western Areas sold a half-interest in South Deep to a rival firm and hedged production forward at a low price, to disastrous consequences when the gold price increased. Subsequently, Kebble's reputation declined. On 30 August 2005, he was deposed from the companies he controlled – Western Areas, JCI, and Randgold & Exploration – as a condition of loans to keep the companies afloat, and amid concerns about financial irregularities and corporate governance lapses. At that point, 14.4 million shares in Randgold Resources were missing – Kebble claimed that they had been loaned out – and Randgold & Exploration had been suspended from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and delisted from Nasdaq for failing to publish its 2004 financial results. The South African National Prosecuting Authority later said that, at the time of his death, Kebble had been facing prosecution for fraud and contravention of the Stock Exchanges Control Act.


title: Brett Kebble

text: On 16 November 2006, businessman Glenn Agliotti was arrested in connection with Kebble's murder. Agliotti, a convicted drug-dealer, was a personal friend of Jackie Selebi, the National Commissioner of the South African Police Service. Agliotti admitted, and Selebi confirmed, that he had called Selebi shortly after Kebble's death, from near the scene of the murder. Although Kebble's family denied that he would have committed suicide, Agliotti claimed that his death had been an "assisted suicide." In its indictment of Kebble on 27 October 2008, the National Prosecuting Authority gave credence to this claim: it recognised that Kebble had orchestrated his own murder, and sought to prosecute Agliotti for his involvement in the plot. In 2009, while Agliotti was awaiting trial, Selebi was prosecuted for corruption, accused of accepting bribes and gifts from Kebble, Agliotti, and businessman Billy Rautenbach in exchange for information and preferential police treatment. During that trial, Agliotti testified that Kebble's security chief, Clinton Nassif, had, at Kebble's request, hired three hit men – Mikey Schultz, Nigel McGurk, and Faizel Smith – to shoot and kill him.


title: Tilikratis F.C.

text: The first club in Lefkada founded in 1925 by students of the school and had the name "Sappho" . By LD 1926 established the National Directorate of Physical Education (DEFA). So was the prefects the right to establish associations of National Physical Education (SEFA). Based on this LD was Lefkas (Preveza Prefecture from) the National Association of Physical Education 'the Tilykratis' . The first 'Tilykratis' was the only SEFA and was the National Association of Physical Education, originally part of sports athletics, football, etc. sports section and picnic and swimming. The first Board of Tilikratis were: Christ. Lazaris, Anast. Manoudis, John Stamatelos, Thrasyvoulos Aravanis and Takis Kaliviotis. The activity of the association beginning in 1928 with the first trainer in Santa Eustatius. Periodically in the coming years established a number of other clubs who then merged into Tilikratis. It is for the colors blue and red, representing two great loves of Agiomafriton. The blue and red Greece football. The jerseys, on the left side there are caps TL meant Tilikratis Lefkada.


title: Index of energy articles

text: - Ecological energetics - Electric Bond and Share Company - Electric potential energy - Electrochemical energy conversion - Embodied energy - Encircled energy - Energy - Energy accidents - Energy accounting - Energy amplifier - Energy applications of nanotechnology - Energy balance (biology) - Energy bar - Energy barrier - Energy being - Energy carrier - Energy Catalyzer - Energy cell - Energy charge - Energy conservation - Energy conversion efficiency - Energy crop - Energy current - Energy density - Energy-depth relationship in a rectangular channel - Energy development - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - Energy distance - Energy drift - Energy drink - Energy efficiency gap - Energy-Efficient Ethernet - Energy-efficient landscaping - Energy elasticity - Energy engineering - Energy (esotericism) - Energy expenditure - Energy factor - Energy field disturbance - Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy - Energy transfer - Energy flow (ecology) - Energy flux - Energy forestry - Energy functional - Energy gel - Energy harvesting - Energy independence - Energy input labeling - Energy landscape - Energy level - Energy level splitting - Energy management software - Energy management system - Energy–maneuverability theory - Energy Manufacturing Co. Inc - Energy medicine - Energy–momentum relation - Energy monitoring and targeting - Energy Probe - Energy profile (chemistry) - Energy quality - Energy recovery ventilation - Energy security - Energy (signal processing) - Energy Slave - Energy Star - Energy statistics - Energy Storage Challenge - Energy storage - Energy system - Energy technology - Energy tower (downdraft) - Energy transfer - Energy transfer upconversion - Energy transformation - Energy value of coal - Energy vortex (stargate) - Enthalpy - Entropy - Equipartition theorem - E-statistic - Exertion


title: Robert Young (actor)

text: After his contract with MGM expired, Young starred in light comedies and dramas for studios such as 20th Century Fox, United Artists, and RKO Radio Pictures. From 1943, Young had more challenging roles in films like Claudia, The Enchanted Cottage, They Won't Believe Me, The Second Woman, and Crossfire. His portrayals of unsympathetic characters in several of these later films—which had seldom been the case in his MGM pictures—were applauded by numerous critics. In 1949, he returned to MGM briefly to appear in That Forsyte Woman with Errol Flynn and Greer Garson. He played the second lead in Secret of the Incas starring Charlton Heston, the film upon which Raiders of the Lost Ark was subsequently loosely based. Despite the picture's superior quality while being shot on location at Machu Picchu, it was the last feature film in which he appeared. Young's career had begun an incremental and almost imperceptible decline, despite a propitious beginning as a freelance actor without the nurturing of a major studio. He had continued starring as a leading man in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but only in mediocre films, and occasionally playing supporting roles in important films. Then, he subsequently disappeared from the silver screen—only to reappear, successfully, several years later on a much smaller one.


title: Weiler bei Bingen

text: Weiler was always very tightly bound with Bingen even from the earliest times. The Weiler municipal area was part of the Binger Mark. The Bishops and Archbishops of Mainz held the lordship over both centres. Weiler passed to the Mainz Cathedral Chapter in 1438 and remained in its hands until French Revolutionary troops occupied the Rhine's left bank in 1792 to 1794. The Treaty of Campo Formio ended this arrangement when in 1797 the river Nahe became the boundary between the French departments of Mont-Tonnerre (Donnersberg) and Rhin-et-Moselle (Rhein-Mosel). The Congress of Vienna eventually assigned Weiler to the Kingdom of Prussia and in 1816, Bingen passed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. Now the Nahe had become an international border. With the building of the railway lines on the Rhine and Nahe, Weiler's outlying centre of Rupertsberg earned greater importance. In 1892, through a decree from the Kingdom of Prussia, it became self-administering under the name Bingerbrück and was split off from Weiler's municipal area. In 1969, it was amalgamated with the town of Bingen.


title: Glasgerion

text: In the 1960s, when the song had long fallen out of the tradition, the scholar and revivalist singer A.L. Lloyd 'took it out and dusted it off a bit and set a tune to it and, I hope, started it on a new lease of life' under the name of Jack Orion. This version, in which the harpist becomes a fiddler, appeared on his 1966 album First Person with Dave Swarbrick on fiddle. In the same year Bert Jansch made Jack Orion the title track of his third album. His voice is accompanied by his own guitar and that of John Renbourn; their collaboration here can be seen as one of the pinnacles of the folk baroque guitar style. Jack Orion later became part of the repertoire of Pentangle, the band that they formed along with Terry Cox, Jacqui McShee and Danny Thompson, and appears on their 1970 recording Cruel Sister. Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick performed Jack Orion on their 1968 album But Two Came By. In the sleeve notes Carthy observed that 'the song in its traditional form was, according to evidence at our disposal, not very widespread, which serves to highlight one of the curious features of the folk revival, that is, the many songs which were not at all common in tradition are very commonly sung in the revival and vice versa.'


title: Katherine Reutter

text: Reutter competed in the semifinals for the 3000 m relay with teammates Alyson Dudek, Allison Baver and Kimberly Derrick. The U.S. team qualified for the final in second place behind South Korea with a time of 4:15.376. Reutter finished in fourth place in the 1500 m final, behind Zhou Yang of China, with Lee Eun-Byul of South Korea in second, and Park Seung-Hi of South Korea in third. Reutter got tangled up with Wang Meng in the semifinal, causing both skaters and Cho Ha-Ri of South Korea to fall, resulting in Meng being disqualified from the final. Reutter repeated the same move in the final, bumping into Park, and later expressed remorse for both mistakes, stating "I think the room was there but maybe I just wasn't there. I don't know. But … I messed up and messed up some people around me, which I'm very sorry for." In the heats of the 1000 m, Reutter set an Olympic record and finished first overall in the heats. About an hour and a half later, Reutter competed in the 3000 m relay (with Allison Baver, Alyson Dudek, Lana Gehring) and won bronze behind China and Canada due to the disqualification of South Korea. In the final of the 1000 m, Reutter was edged out for the gold medal by Wang Meng, finishing behind her 1:29.324 to 1:29.213.


title: United States military occupation code

text: When an enlisted soldier is promoted from sergeant first class to master sergeant in most career types, that soldier will be reclassified administratively to the "senior sergeant" of their career management field. For example, a combat engineer (MOS 12B, part of CMF 12) is promoted from sergeant first class to master sergeant. That soldier is reclassified administratively from MOS 12B to MOS 12Z "senior engineer sergeant"). An example of when this conversion occurs at the MSG to SGM level is the 68 (formerly the 91) CMF. In this case, the soldier becomes a 68Z at the SGM level, not the MSG level. When promoted from master sergeant or first sergeant or sergeant major to command sergeant major, that soldier will be reclassified administratively from their previous "senior sergeant" MOS to the MOS 00Z (zero-zero-zulu), "command sergeant major". Some MOS do not change though, for example 25U starts out as 25U1O (E1-E4), and advances though 25U2O (E5/SGT), 25U3O (E6/SSG), 25U4O (E7/SFC), and 25U5O (E8, E9/MSG, 1SG, SGM, CSM)


title: United States military occupation code

text: The navy officer "designator" is similar to an MOS but is less complicated and has fewer categories. For example, a surface warfare officer with a regular commission has a designator of 1110; a reserve officer has an 1115 designator. A reserve surface warfare officer specializing in nuclear training (i.e., engineer on a carrier) has a designator of 1165N. Navy officers also have one or more three-character additional qualification designators (AQD) that reflect completion of requirements qualifying them in a specific warfare area or other specialization. In some senses this functions more like the MOS in other services. An officer with the naval aviator designator of 1310 might have an AQD of DV3, SH-60F carrier anti-submarine warfare helicopter pilot, or DB4, F-14 fighter pilot. An officer designated 2100, medical corps officer (physician) may hold an AQD of 6CM, trauma surgeon, or 6AE, flight surgeon who is also a naval aviator. Some AQDs may be possessed by officers in any designator, such as BT2, freefall parachutist, or BS1, shipboard Tomahawk strike officer. Navy officer designators and AQD codes may be found in NAVPERS 15839I, The Manual of Navy Officer Manpower and Personnel Classification.ip


title: Momentum exchange tether

text: If the tether is long enough and the rotation rate high enough, it is possible for the lower endpoint to completely cancel the orbital speed of the tether such that the lower endpoint is stationary with respect to the planetary surface that the tether is orbiting. As described by Moravec, this is "a satellite that rotates like a wheel". The tip of the tether moves in approximately a cycloid, in which it is momentarily stationary with respect to the ground. In this case, a payload that is "grabbed" by a capture mechanism on the rotating tether during the moment when it is stationary would be picked up and lifted into orbit; and potentially could be released at the top of the rotation, at which point it is moving with a speed significantly greater than the escape velocity and thus could be released onto an interplanetary trajectory. (As with the bolo, discussed above, the momentum and energy given to the payload must be made up, either with a high-efficiency rocket engine, or with momentum gathered from payload moving the other direction.)


title: Eurasian crag martin

text: The Eurasian crag martin was formally described as Hirundo rupestris by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769 and was moved to the new genus Ptyonoprogne by German ornithologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1850. Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus, the pale crag martin, P. obsoleta, the rock martin, P. fuligula, and the dusky crag martin, P. concolor. The genus name is derived from the Greek ptuon (πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The specific rupestris means "of rocks", from the Latin rupes "rock". There are no generally recognised subspecies. Two races, Central Asian P. r. centralasica and P. r. theresae in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, have been proposed, but the slight differences in size and colour show no consistent geographical pattern. Fossils of this species have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits in Bulgaria, and in central France in layers dated at 242,000 to 301,000 years ago.


title: Eurasian crag martin

text: The Eurasian crag martin is 13–15 cm (5.1–5.9 in) long, with a 32–34.5 cm (12.6–13.6 in) wingspan, and weighs an average 23 g (0.81 oz). It has ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and has a broader body, wings and tail than any other European swallow. The tail is short and square, with white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The underwing and undertail coverts are blackish, the eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The sexes are alike, but juveniles have buff-brown tips to the plumage of the head, upperparts and wing coverts. This species can be distinguished from the sand martin by its larger size, the white patches on the tail, and its lack of a brown breast band. Where the range overlaps with that of another Ptyonoprogne species, the Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin, and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts than the dusky crag martin. The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives.


title: Eurasian crag martin

text: The Eurasian crag martin breeds in mountains from Iberia and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations are migratory, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the Nile Valley, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like martins in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding. The breeding range is bounded by the 20 °C (68 °F) July isotherm, and wintering areas need a temperature of about 15 °C (59 °F) for enough insect food to be available. This is a rare species any distance north of its breeding areas. For example, there are only 12 records from the UK, none from Ireland, and the first record for Sweden was reported as recently as 1996. South of its normal wintering range, it has occurred as a vagrant in The Gambia. In 2022, the first nesting of the species was recorded on the territory of Slovakia in the Malá Fatra National Park.


title: Eurasian crag martin

text: Crag martin pairs nest alone or in small colonies, usually containing fewer than ten nests. Nests are on average 30 m (98 ft) apart and each pair aggressively defends its breeding territory against other crag martins and most other bird species. Nesting takes place from May to August, and usually two broods are raised. The nest, built by both adults, is an open half cup made of mud and lined with soft material such as feathers or dry grass. It is constructed under an overhang on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or cave, or on a man-made structure. It takes one to three weeks to build and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. The clutch is two to five eggs with an average of three. The eggs are white with brownish blotches particularly at the wide end, and average 20.2 mm × 14.0 mm (0.80 in × 0.55 in) with a weight of 2.08 g (0.073 oz). The eggs are incubated mainly by the female for 13–17 days to hatching, and the chicks take another 24–27 days to fledge. Both parents feed the chicks bringing food every two to five minutes, and the young are fed for 14–21 days after fledging. With such frequent feeding rates the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they fly to forage the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest. In an Italian study, the hatching rate was 80.2 percent, and the average number of fledged young was 3.1.


title: Eurasian crag martin

text: The Eurasian crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in its beak in flight, although it will occasionally take prey items off rocks, the ground, or a water surface. When breeding, birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face hunting for insects, feeding both inside and outside the nesting territory. At other times, they may hunt while flying above streams or alpine meadows. The insects taken depend on what is locally available and may include flies, ants, aerial spiders, and beetles. Aquatic species such as stoneflies, caddisflies and pond skaters appear to be important in at least Spain and Italy. Unlike other hirundines, these birds feed close to their breeding sites, and may be locally vulnerable to fluctuations in insect availability. This martin is gregarious outside the breeding season, and may form sizeable flocks where food is abundant. Cliff faces generate standing waves in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. The crag martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts, relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns.


title: Railroad Bill

text: On March 6, 1895, the crew of a freight train found Railroad Bill asleep behind a water tank near Hurricane Bayou, west of Bay Minette, Alabama, and took his rifle and pistol before awakening him. To their surprise he jumped to his feet, ran about a hundred yards, and pulled another revolver and engaged them in a gunfight. He forced the trainmen to seek refuge in a section house where they were reinforced by a bridge crew and armed themselves with shotguns. The trainmen advanced on the outlaw, but just at that time a second train pulled up to the tank. Railroad Bill sprang into the cab and forced the engineer to drive it out of the station. As the locomotive passed the section house, the wounded desperado fired on his adversaries who could not return fire for fear of hitting the engineer. When the train was several hundred yards away, Railroad Bill brazenly got off and preceded back to again engage the men in a gunfight. The gunfight lasted until Railroad Bill ran out of ammunition and escaped into the swamplands.


title: Railroad Bill

text: On March 7, 1896, Railroad Bill was cornered and killed inside a general store in Atmore, Alabama. Knowing he would come to the store around closing time, the proprietor staged an ambush by positioning two men with weapons hidden from view. The plan was to wait for the proprietor to give a predetermined signal before they opened fire on the desperado. Their scheme was interrupted by a two-man posse that was also hunting the fugitive. One posse member entered the store about the same time as Railroad Bill and waited for the second posse member, Atmore Constable Leonard McGowin, to arrive. When McGowin entered a few minutes later, he saw the desperado seated in front and with his back to him talking with the proprietor. Although no signal to commence firing was given, the constable raised his rifle and fired twice at point-blank range into the desperado. As Railroad Bill rose to his feet and reached for one of his two revolvers he was shot multiple times again by the deputy and two others inside the store. Railroad Bill, veteran of numerous gunfights, staggered forward a few steps before falling dead on the floor. However, according to a correction based on an interview with James Sellars (Robertsdale, Alabama), grandson of Sears Sellars who was an eyewitness to the killing, it was Dick Johns (bounty hunter from Texas) who ambushed Railroad Bill in the store near Atmore. J.L. McGowan was in the "railroad head" working as a telegraph operator when the shooting occurred and ran over to see what happened. Recorded on tape at age 94, Sears said that McGowan telegraphed authorities and collected the reward money, then posed for pictures and charged a fee for his photo with the outlaw's dead body. Sears' son Josh was mayor of Robertsdale, Ala., for 28 years.


title: Railroad Bill

text: The body of Railroad Bill was embalmed and transported by officers to Montgomery, Alabama, for official identification that would qualify the payment of reward money. There was a great demand in the city to see the body, leading the officers to place it on display for a price, charging twenty-five cents per customer. City authorities condemned the practice, and the body was taken to Pensacola, Florida for official identification to receive the reward offered by the state. It was again placed on public display at a price, and again city authorities ordered the practice to cease. The body was transported to Mobile, but on arrival the officers were met with an order from the mayor prohibiting the display of the body for commercial gain. It was taken to Birmingham, Alabama, to be "petrified" by a process that would allow it to be placed on permanent display—a practice of carnivals and freak shows at the turn of the century. However, it was not again placed on public display. Instead, it was transported back to Pensacola on March 30, 1896, and given a Christian interment in the African American section of St. John's Cemetery. The ceremony was attended by the mayor and various dignitaries of the city. The location of the grave, however, was unmarked and became lost until rediscovered in 2012 using original interment records. A headstone was then placed on the grave to mark the last resting place of this American desperado.


title: Connie Morgan

text: A native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Morgan graduated John Bartram High School in 1953 and attended William Penn Business Institute. She joined the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro American League in 1954, playing second base under Baseball Hall of Fame skipper Oscar Charleston. She was signed "to a contract estimated at $10,000 per season" by Clowns owner Syd Pollock at the same time as female pitcher Mamie "Peanut" Johnson. She replaced Toni Stone, who had been the first woman to compete in the league, and who had been traded to the Kansas City Monarchs prior to the season. Described as standing 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 metres) tall and weighing 140 pounds (64 kilos), she was "slated to get the regular female assignment in the starting lineup." On opening day, 23 May 1954, "she went far to her right to make a sensational stop, flipped to shortstop Bill Holder and started a lightning doubleplay against the Birmingham Barons." Making her first appearance in her native Philadelphia in July, the Clowns took both games of a doubleheader from the Monarchs, one of the preeminent teams in the league. Morgan played with the Clowns through 1955. Before her tenure with the Indianapolis, she played catcher for five seasons with the North Philadelphia Honey Drippers, an all-women baseball team, batting .338 in that time.


title: Viola abyssinica

text: Viola abyssinica is a low, somewhat weedy perennial herbaceous plant with long, thin, slightly winged, sparingly branching stems that creep along the surface, taking root at the nodes or scrambling through other vegetation. The leaves of about 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) long and 1.2–3.3 cm (0.5–1.3 in) wide, which are alternate set along the stems are oval, have a hart-shaped foot, a scalloped to toothy margin and a pointy tip. These may have a few hairs along the veins at the upper side, but are distinctly hairy below. They are on a leaf stalk of .5–3.5 cm (0.2–1.4 in) long, which carries at its base two leafy stipules of 0.3–1.3 cm (0.12–0.51 in) long, that are deeply incised in the lower half. The flowers are on long, slender flower stalks of 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long, which carry a pair of narrow triangular bracteoles of 2–5 mm (0.08–0.20 in) long in the upper half. The sepals are green, narrow, 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) long and without a basal appendage, hairy along the midrib and sometimes with a regular row of hairs along the outline. The upper and lateral petals are 7–9 mm (0.28–0.36 in) long, whitish, pale mauve or bluish in color. The lowest petal is with 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) shorter than the other four, marked with dark purple stripes, and carries a blunt spur of 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) long. The stamens are about 1⁄3× as long as the lateral petals, orange to golden brown in color, with the style just reaching beyond them. The fruit is a small, yellowish and hairless, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long capsule with three parts, that splits when ripe, eventually squeezing out the 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) long seeds with such a force that they shoot away. The seeds have a clear, spongy elaiosome. In Zambia the plants flower from October to March.


title: Inside the Whale

text: Janet Montefiore strongly criticized Inside the Whale in her book Men and Women Writers of the 1930s: the dangerous flood of history. Montefiore states that Inside the Whale is "clear, vigorous and well-written: it is also aggressive, misleading and full of holes", and claims that Inside the Whale and Virginia Woolf's essay "The Leaning Tower" are responsible for creating an inaccurate view of 1930s literature. Montefiore argues Orwell misreads Auden's poem Spain: 1937, claiming that the poem's phrase "necessary murder" refers to the horrors of war rather than Orwell's view of it as referring to political assassinations. Montefiore also disputes Orwell's view that British writers of the time had comfortable lives, pointing out that both Storm Jameson and Naomi Mitchison worked to help European victims of fascism, and that Christopher Isherwood and his partner had to live in exile because of their homosexuality. Montefiore argues that Inside the Whale "anticipates Cold War condemnations of 'premature anti-fascists'" by regarding all the left-wing writers of the period "as uniform tools or stooges of Moscow".


title: The Greatest Generation (album)

text: In November the group went on a headful of UK shows, included UK Warped Tour, with support from Real Friends. Proceeding this, the group played a handful of shows in Europe. In December, the band went on a short acoustic holiday tour with Vinnie Caruana and Young Statues. On March 24, 2014, a music video was released for "Dismantling Summer". In March and April 2014 the group embarked on a North American headlining tour with support from Citizen, Real Friends and Modern Baseball. They group offered VIP bundles which included pre-show acoustic sets and Q&As, along with memorabilia. Defeater was originally scheduled to support, however, due to their vocalist becoming ill, they were replaced by Fireworks. In May, the group went on a headlining European and UK tour with support from State Champs and A Loss for Words. In August, the group appeared at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK. In September, the group was due to perform in Australia, but was unable to due to "circumstances beyond our control". In October, the group went on a headlining US tour with support from The Story So Far, Modern Baseball, Gnarwolves.


title: The Greatest Generation (album)

text: The Greatest Generation has received critical acclaim upon its release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics the album holds an overall rating of 97, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 5 reviews. Scott Heisel of Alternative Press gave the album 4.5 out 5 stars saying, "It's fast, it's honest, and it'll probably make you tear up more than once." Thomas Nassif of Absolute Punk did not even give the album a standard rating from 10 to 10, stating "It is my firm belief that The Greatest Generation has no real precedent in this community. It's my belief that there isn't another band in pop-punk right now that can write a record this good." David Allen of TheCelebrityCafe.com, gave the album a 5/5, stating, "This album, more than ever, speaks to the fast, the angry, and the unforgiving part of the human subconscious...It feels as if this album, by itself, has been able to repossess every inch of teenage angst over the past 60 years and throw it back up into arrangements, lining it up half-hazardly, and yet purposefully, to hear.".


title: Polish nationalism

text: Modern Polish nationalism arose as a movement in the late-18th and early-19th centuries amongst Polish activists who promoted a Polish national consciousness while rejecting cultural assimilation into the dominant cultures of Austria, Prussia and Russia, the three empires which partitioned Poland-Lithuania and occupied the various regions of Poland. This was the consequence of Polish statelessness, because the Polish nationality was suppressed by the authorities of the countries which acquired the territory of the former Commonwealth. During that time Polishness begun to be identified with ethnicity, increasingly excluding groups such as the Polish Jews, who had previously been more likely to be accepted as Polish patriots. This was also the period in which Polish nationalism, which was previously common to both left-wing and right-wing political platforms, became more redefined as being limited to the right-wing, with the emergence of the politician Roman Dmowski , who renamed Liga Polska (the Polish League) as Liga Narodowa (the National League) in 1893.


title: Johanna Meyer-Lövinson

text: Shortly after Paul's birth, Eugen's business fell through, and Johanna resumed teaching students in schools. She also gave voice projection lessons; lectured on Jewish subjects; and read children's stories (occasionally in costume and with music) "in rented halls". This opened the door for Johanna to perform "readings of literature for more organizations and events". Through these jobs, Johanna became acquainted with famous writers like Ernst Toller, Stefan Zweig, and Georg Hermann. Johanna became "a successful and prolific reciting artist", and occasionally travelled to perform. Sometimes, she invited the authors of her book club books to join her in her reading circles. In 1923, the first German radio station opened in Berlin, and Johanna joined the station in 1924. She read children's literature, and gave "lectures on women's issues". Johanna became a famous speaker, "and she was often requested at cultural events in various cities". When the Nazis took power in 1933, Johanna lost her radio position, yet she resumed performing "dramatic readings and lectures for the Jüdischer Kulturbund".


title: German horn

text: The German horn is a brass instrument made of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell, and in bands and orchestras is the most widely used of three types of horn, the other two being the French horn (in the less common, narrower meaning of the term) and the Vienna horn. Its use among professional players has become so universal that it is only in France and Vienna that any other kind of horn is used today. A musician who plays the German horn is called a horn player (or less frequently, a hornist). The word "German" is used only to distinguish this instrument from the now-rare French and Viennese instruments. Although the expression "French horn" is still used colloquially in English for any orchestral horn (German, French, or Viennese), since the 1930s professional musicians and scholars have generally avoided this term in favour of just "horn". Vienna horns today are played only in Vienna, and are made only by Austrian firms. German horns, by contrast, are not all made by German manufacturers (e.g., Paxman in London; Conn in the US), nor are all French-style instruments made in France .


title: German horn

text: By the middle of the 19th century the most common type of single F horn was the German horn, with three rotary valves and a centrally placed slide crook. This instrument remained the dominant type of orchestral horn until the 1920s, by which time it had been supplanted by the (also German) double horn, introduced in 1897 by Fritz Kruspe of Erfurt. The French horn, using either two or three piston valves (also called Périnet valves after their inventor) and with crooks inserted at the mouthpipe end, continued to be preferred by many British orchestral players until the 1930s. By the mid-1940s, however, the German horn was achieving dominance in the UK. The last great British exponent of the French instrument was Dennis Brain who, even after the Second World War continued to favour the purer tone of his 1818 Raoux single horn until finally abandoning it for a four-valved B♭/A Alexander model 90 in October 1951. Though he did not like the sound as much, he said he "was paid to get the notes" and the German horn was "virtually foolproof" in contrast to the French horn. His father, Aubrey Brain, also a celebrated horn player and lifelong champion of the French style of instrument, declared that his son had given up the horn altogether.


title: German horn

text: From the second half of the nineteenth century until the 1920s, "German horn" meant the most common type of F horn, with a bore as wide as 11.5 mm (0.453 in) in the cylindrical valve portion of the instrument. It had three rotary valves and was fitted with a slide-crook which also served as a master tuning slide. The German horn had a broader bell than the "French" single horn and was played using a conical mouthpiece with a flat-edged rim. French makers, by contrast, preferred to preserve as much as possible the character of the natural horns exemplified by the instruments built in the eighteenth century by Raoux, which meant a narrower bore between 10.8 and 11.0 mm (0.425–0.433 in) and, in many earlier models, a removable set of piston valves which could be replaced by a simple centre crook to transform the instrument for hand-horn use. After about 1847, the French generally used an "ascending" third valve which normally sends the air through the extra length of the valve slide but, when, depressed, cuts out the slide instead of adding it as in the German horn and older French horns. Single horns use a single set of tubes connected to the valves. This allows for simplicity of use and a much lighter weight. They are usually in the keys of F or B♭, although many F horns have longer slides to tune them to E♭, and most B♭ horns have a fourth valve to put them in the key of A. The problem with single horns is the inevitable choice between accuracy or tone. While the F horn has the "typical" horn sound, above third-space C accuracy is a concern for the majority of players because, by its nature, one plays high in the horn's harmonic series where the overtones are closer together. This led to the development of the B♭ horn, which, although easier to play accurately, has a less desirable sound in the mid and especially the low register where it is not able to play all of the notes. The solution has been the development of the double horn, which combines the two into one horn with a single lead pipe and bell. Both main types of single horns are still used today as student models because they are cheaper and lighter than double horns. In addition, the single B♭ horns are sometimes used in solo and chamber performances and the single F survives orchestrally as the Vienna horn. Additionally, single F alto and B♭ alto descants are used in the performance of some baroque horn concertos and F, B♭, and F-alto (an octave above the usual F horn) singles are occasionally used by jazz performers.


title: German horn

text: Despite the introduction of valves, the single F horn proved difficult for use in the highest range, where the partials grew closer and closer, making accuracy a great challenge. An early solution was simply to use a single horn of higher pitch—usually in B♭. Late in the nineteenth century a new design was worked out by the German horn maker Ed. Kruspe (namesake of his family's brass instrument firm), in collaboration with a nephew of the horn player F. A. Gumbert, who introduced a prototype of the "double horn" in Markneukirchen in 1897. The French maker Pierre Louis Gautrot, in the meantime, had been experimenting along similar lines from 1858 onwards. In 1864 he patented his "système équitonique", originally conceived not for the horn but rather as a "compensating system" to correct the intonation of the lowest notes of the euphonium and the bombardon. It was eventually applied also to the horn, but the extra weight and cost proved excessive. Although the French firm Jérôme Thibouville-Lamy in about 1928 introduced a piston-valved double-horn with ascending third valve, designed in collaboration with the horn player Louis Vuillermoz, the double horn has continued to be identified mainly as a German horn.


title: German horn

text: In Europe the most popular German horns are arguably those made by Alexander Brothers of Mainz and by Paxman in London. In Germany and the Benelux countries, the Alexander 103 is extremely popular. These horns do not fit strictly into the Kruspe or Knopf camps, but have features of both. Alexander prefers the traditional medium bell size, which they have produced for many years, whereas Paxman offer their models in a range of bell throat sizes. In the United States, the Conn 8D, a mass-produced instrument based on the Kruspe design, has been extremely popular in many areas (New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Philadelphia). Since roughly the early 1990s, however, for reasons ranging from changing tastes to a general dislike of Conn's newer 8Ds, orchestras have been moving away from the popular Conn 8D. Geyer model horns (by Carl Geyer, Karl Hill, Keith Berg, Steve Lewis, Jerry Lechniuk, Dan Rauch, and Ricco-Kuhn) are used in other areas (San Francisco, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Boston, Houston). The CF Schmidt double, with its unique piston change valve, is occasionally found in sections playing Geyer/Knopf model equipment.


title: German horn

text: In the second half of the twentieth century the principle of the German double horn was extended by adding yet another "side" to create the triple horn. This design was developed by the horn player Richard Merewether and the London firm of Paxman to afford the player even more security in the high register. One variation adds to the F and B♭ horns a third, descant horn in high F, an octave above the normal F horn, though it may alternatively be pitched in E♭. It is activated through the use of a second thumb valve. The triple horn was met with considerable resistance when it first appeared. Horn players were reluctant to spend far more money for a triple horn than they would for a double horn, and they were much heavier than the average double horn. Players noted that their arms became fatigued much faster. Moreover, the combination of three different horns creates issues with sonority, because the piping shared among all three sides (that is, the lead pipe and bell) are mathematically disproportionate to two or all three horn lengths. Horn makers have had to make concessions to "even out" the sound between all three, often to the loss of sound quality of each side or entire ranges of the instrument. Advances in horn production are gradually eliminating these drawbacks, and the triple horn is gaining popularity. They are rarely available in anything lower than professional quality. Like double horns, triple horns can come in both full and compensating wraps. Today they are found being played in many professional orchestras, although the substantial cost difference between double and triple horns limits their usage elsewhere.


title: German horn

text: The Vienna horn is a special horn used primarily in Vienna, Austria. Instead of using rotary valves or piston valves, it uses the pumpenvalve (or Vienna valve), which is a double-piston operating inside the valve slides, and usually situated on the opposite side of the corpus from the player's left hand, and operated by a long pushrod. Unlike the German horn, which has grown considerably larger internally (for a bigger, broader, and louder tone), and considerably heavier (with the addition of valves and tubing in the case of the double horn) the Vienna horn very closely mimics the size and weight of the natural horn, (although the valves do add some weight, they are lighter than rotary valves) even using crooks in the front of the horn, between the mouthpiece and the instrument. The bore of the Vienna horn is even smaller than that of the French horn, averaging only 10.7 mm (0.421 in). Vienna horn players use a conical F crook inserted at the mouthpipe end. Vienna horns are often used with funnel shaped mouthpieces similar to those used on the natural horn, with very little (if any) backbore and a very thin rim. The Viennese horn requires very specialized technique and can be quite challenging to play, even for accomplished players of modern horns. The Vienna horn has a warmer, softer sound than the modern horn. Its pumpenvalves facilitate a continuous transition between notes (glissando); conversely, a more precise operating of the valves is required to avoid notes that sound out of tune.


title: German horn

text: The second instrument is used in modern brass bands and marching bands, and is more accurately called a "marching mellophone" or simply "mellophone". A derivative of the F alto horn, it is usually keyed in F, occasionally in G. It is shaped like a flugelhorn, with piston valves played with the right hand and a forward-pointing bell. These horns are generally considered better marching instruments than regular horns because their position is more stable on the mouth, they project better, and they weigh less. It is primarily used as the middle voice of drum and bugle corps. Though they are usually played with a V-cup cornet-like mouthpiece, their range overlaps the common playing range of the horn. This mouthpiece switch makes the mellophone louder, less mellow, and more brassy and brilliant, making it more appropriate for marching bands. Often now with the use of converters, traditional conical horn mouthpieces are used to achieve the more mellow sound of a horn to make the marching band sound more like a concert band.


title: Finite strain theory

text: The material deformation gradient tensor F ( X , t ) = F j K e j ⊗ I K {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (\mathbf {X} ,t)=F_{jK}\mathbf {e} _{j}\otimes \mathbf {I} _{K}} is a second-order tensor that represents the gradient of the mapping function or functional relation χ ( X , t ) {\displaystyle \chi (\mathbf {X} ,t)\,\!} , which describes the motion of a continuum. The material deformation gradient tensor characterizes the local deformation at a material point with position vector X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} \,\!} , i.e., deformation at neighbouring points, by transforming (linear transformation) a material line element emanating from that point from the reference configuration to the current or deformed configuration, assuming continuity in the mapping function χ ( X , t ) {\displaystyle \chi (\mathbf {X} ,t)\,\!} , i.e. differentiable function of X {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} } and time t {\displaystyle t\,\!} , which implies that cracks and voids do not open or close during the deformation. Thus we have, d x = ∂ x ∂ X d X or d x j = ∂ x j ∂ X K d X K = ∇ χ ( X , t ) d X or d x j = F j K d X K . = F ( X , t ) d X {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}d\mathbf {x} &={\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial \mathbf {X} }}\,d\mathbf {X} \qquad &{\text{or}}&\qquad dx_{j}={\frac {\partial x_{j}}{\partial X_{K}}}\,dX_{K}\\&=\nabla \chi (\mathbf {X} ,t)\,d\mathbf {X} \qquad &{\text{or}}&\qquad dx_{j}=F_{jK}\,dX_{K}\,.\\&=\mathbf {F} (\mathbf {X} ,t)\,d\mathbf {X} \end{aligned}}}


title: Finite strain theory

text: Consider now a material point Q {\displaystyle Q} neighboring P {\displaystyle P\,\!} , with position vector X + Δ X = ( X I + Δ X I ) I I {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} +\Delta \mathbf {X} =(X_{I}+\Delta X_{I})\mathbf {I} _{I}\,\!} . In the deformed configuration this particle has a new position q {\displaystyle q} given by the position vector x + Δ x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} +\Delta \mathbf {x} \,\!} . Assuming that the line segments Δ X {\displaystyle \Delta X} and Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta \mathbf {x} } joining the particles P {\displaystyle P} and Q {\displaystyle Q} in both the undeformed and deformed configuration, respectively, to be very small, then we can express them as d X {\displaystyle d\mathbf {X} } and d x {\displaystyle d\mathbf {x} \,\!} . Thus from Figure 2 we have x + d x = X + d X + u ( X + d X ) d x = X − x + d X + u ( X + d X ) = d X + u ( X + d X ) − u ( X ) = d X + d u {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {x} +d\mathbf {x} &=\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {X} +\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {X} )\\d\mathbf {x} &=\mathbf {X} -\mathbf {x} +d\mathbf {X} +\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {X} )\\&=d\mathbf {X} +\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {X} )-\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} )\\&=d\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {u} \\\end{aligned}}}


title: Finite strain theory

text: For an infinitesimal element d X {\displaystyle d\mathbf {X} \,\!} , and assuming continuity on the displacement field, it is possible to use a Taylor series expansion around point P {\displaystyle P\,\!} , neglecting higher-order terms, to approximate the components of the relative displacement vector for the neighboring particle Q {\displaystyle Q} as u ( X + d X ) = u ( X ) + d u or u i ∗ = u i + d u i ≈ u ( X ) + ∇ X u ⋅ d X or u i ∗ ≈ u i + ∂ u i ∂ X J d X J . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {X} )&=\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} )+d\mathbf {u} \quad &{\text{or}}&\quad u_{i}^{*}=u_{i}+du_{i}\\&\approx \mathbf {u} (\mathbf {X} )+\nabla _{\mathbf {X} }\mathbf {u} \cdot d\mathbf {X} \quad &{\text{or}}&\quad u_{i}^{*}\approx u_{i}+{\frac {\partial u_{i}}{\partial X_{J}}}dX_{J}\,.\end{aligned}}} Thus, the previous equation d x = d X + d u {\displaystyle d\mathbf {x} =d\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {u} } can be written as d x = d X + d u = d X + ∇ X u ⋅ d X = ( I + ∇ X u ) d X = F d X {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}d\mathbf {x} &=d\mathbf {X} +d\mathbf {u} \\&=d\mathbf {X} +\nabla _{\mathbf {X} }\mathbf {u} \cdot d\mathbf {X} \\&=\left(\mathbf {I} +\nabla _{\mathbf {X} }\mathbf {u} \right)d\mathbf {X} \\&=\mathbf {F} d\mathbf {X} \end{aligned}}}


title: Finite strain theory

text: The time derivative of F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } is F ˙ = ∂ F ∂ t = ∂ ∂ t [ ∂ x ( X , t ) ∂ X ] = ∂ ∂ X [ ∂ x ( X , t ) ∂ t ] = ∂ ∂ X [ V ( X , t ) ] {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {F} }}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {F} }{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left={\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {X} }}\left={\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {X} }}\left} where V {\displaystyle \mathbf {V} } is the (material) velocity. The derivative on the right hand side represents a material velocity gradient. It is common to convert that into a spatial gradient by applying the chain rule for derivatives, i.e., F ˙ = ∂ ∂ X [ V ( X , t ) ] = ∂ ∂ X [ v ( x ( X , t ) , t ) ] = ∂ ∂ x [ v ( x , t ) ] | x = x ( X , t ) ⋅ ∂ x ( X , t ) ∂ X = l ⋅ F {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {F} }}={\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {X} }}\left={\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {X} }}\left=\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}\left\right|_{\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {x} (\mathbf {X} ,t)}\cdot {\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} (\mathbf {X} ,t)}{\partial \mathbf {X} }}={\boldsymbol {l}}\cdot \mathbf {F} } where l = ( ∇ x v ) T {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {l}}=(\nabla _{\mathbf {x} }\mathbf {v} )^{T}} is the spatial velocity gradient and where v ( x , t ) = V ( X , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\mathbf {V} (\mathbf {X} ,t)} is the spatial (Eulerian) velocity at x = x ( X , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {x} (\mathbf {X} ,t)} . If the spatial velocity gradient is constant in time, the above equation can be solved exactly to give F = e l t {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =e^{{\boldsymbol {l}}\,t}} assuming F = 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathbf {1} } at t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} . There are several methods of computing the exponential above.