title: Top Gear series 23

text: Part of the problem with its viewing figures was attributed to it being broadcast at the same time as the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament; newspapers stated that viewers tended to focus more on live events, and UEFA was thus competing with Top Gear in attracting the young male demographic. Clashing with the tournament was unavoidable due to the show's finalised premiere date; initial plans were for it to premiere on 8 May 2016 with ten episodes, but delays in production and concerns on the length of the series, which would have caused it to clash with both Euro 2016 and the 2016 Summer Olympics, led to the date being pushed back to 22 May and the series revised to contain six episodes, before a further scheduling conflict emerged, when it was discovered that the new premiere date would lead to the show clashing with the first semi-final of the tenth series of ITV's Britain's Got Talent, forcing bosses of BBC Two to move back the premiere date a further week. The contributing factor of the final episode's low overnight figures was ITV's live broadcast of the Euro 2016 quarter-final match between France and Iceland on the same day; had England won against Iceland in their Round of 16 match, the BBC would have pushed the final episode to an earlier slot on 3 July.


title: Constitution of Arkansas

text: Section 13 originally set the state's usury limit at 10%; it was amended in the early 1980s to 5% above the Federal Reserve Discount Rate on 90-day commercial paper (see the latest rates), but falling interest rates and poorly worded provisions made the amended version more onerous than the original. For example, a clause in the 1980s amendment appears to set a 17% limit for consumer loans; but since they were not exempted from the main "5% above discount rate" provision, the courts ruled that the limit for consumer loans was the lesser of the two clauses, usually the 5% rule. Also, other language in the amendment applying the usury limit "at the time of the contract" made floating-rate loans extremely difficult, even though the usury limit was a floating rate. Neither the original nor amended provisions allowed the legislature to make any exceptions to the general usury law, as happened in other states. The Arkansas legislature tried to permit payday loans anyway, but after two adverse decisions in 2008, the Attorney General ordered all payday lenders in the state to shut down.


title: Unrestricted domain

text: Duncan Black defined a restriction to domains of social choice functions called "single-peaked preferences". Under this principle, all of the choices have a predetermined position along a line, giving them a linear ordering. Every voter has some special place he likes best along that line. His ordering of the choices is determined by their distances from that spot. For example, if voting on where to set the volume for music, it would be reasonable to assume that each voter had their own ideal volume preference and that as the volume got progressively too loud or too quiet they would be increasingly dissatisfied. Black proved that by replacing unrestricted domain with single-peaked preferences in Arrow's theorem removes the impossibility: there are Pareto-efficient non-dictatorships that satisfy the "independence of irrelevant alternatives" criterion. However, Black's 1948 proof was published before Arrow's impossibility theorem was published in 1950, and thus did not fully consider Arrow's "unrestricted domain" criterion.


title: Scottish clan chief

text: While Scottish law recognizes the existence of clans, chiefs and chieftains, this recognition is only one of social dignity or precedence via the Lyon Court, and does not involve any interest for which the law has jurisdiction. According to former Lord Lyon Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, a clan is a community that is distinguished by heraldry and recognised by the sovereign. Without that recognition, a clan chief, and therefore the clan, would have no official recognition. Innes further considered clans to be a "noble incorporation" because the arms borne by a clan chief are granted or otherwise recognised by the Lord Lyon as an officer of the Crown, thus conferring royal recognition of and on the entire clan. Clans with recognised chiefs are therefore considered a noble community under Scots law. A group without a chief recognised by the sovereign through the Lord Lyon has no official standing under Scottish law. Claimants to the title of chief are expected to be recognised by the Lord Lyon as the rightful heir to the undifferenced arms of the ancestor of the clan of which the claimant seeks to be recognized as chief. A chief of a clan is the only person who is entitled to bear the undifferenced arms of the ancestral founder of the clan. The clan is considered to be the chief's heritable estate and the chief's Seal of Arms is the seal of the clan as a "noble corporation". Therefore, under Scots law, the chief is recognised as the head of the clan and therefore, once recognised, serves as the lawful representative of the clan community worldwide. The Lyon Court remains the only authority which can make a recording of the dignity of a chiefship acknowledged by attestation, although it is suggested it cannot declare judicially a chiefship. Further, although no Scottish court can exercise a jurisdiction to determine disputes of competing claimants to a chiefship or chieftainship, to quote Lord Aitchinson in the Court of Session it is presumed that "Historically the idea of a chief or chieftain submitting his dignity to the arbitrament of its Court of law is really grotesque. The chief was the law, and his authority was derived from his own people".


title: Kevin Keen

text: Keen joined West Ham as an apprentice in 1983 and signed professional forms a year later in March 1984. He helped the reserve side to win the Combination League and won 15 England Youth caps. He made his debut as a substitute for Geoff Pike in a 5–2 home defeat against Liverpool in September 1986. He made 17 league and cup appearances in the 1986–87 as West Ham finished 15th in the First Division table. This season saw his first West Ham goal, in a 4–1 home win against Leyton Orient Orient in the 3rd round of the FA Cup on 31 January 1987. He made another 25 appearances in the 1987–88 season and 33 appearances in the 1988–89 season as West Ham reached the semi-finals of the League Cup and were relegated to the Second Division. A change of West Ham manager from Lou Macari to Billy Bonds saw him become almost ever present in the 1989–90 season, making 57 league and cup appearances and scoring 13 goals, as West Ham finished seventh in the table and again reach the semi-finals of the League Cup. He made 51 appearances in the 1990–91 season helping West Ham to promotion to the First Division and to the semi-finals of the FA Cup, and 39 appearances in 1991–92 as West Ham were relegated once more. The 1992–93 season saw his best form as he played in every league and cup game, making 56 appearances, as West Ham were promoted. His final game for West Ham was the 2–0 home win over Cambridge United in May 1993 that clinched promotion to the newly created Premiership. He was runner-up in the Hammer of the Year award for 1993. Due for a contract renewal, a poor offer by West Ham and manager Bonds after what Keen considered to be a good season for him at West Ham, saw him drop down a division and join Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Kevin Keen

text: Keen joined Stoke City in October 1994 for a fee of £300,000. He marked his arrival at Stoke by scoring against his old club Wolves in his second match for the club. He formed a decent midfielder partnership with Ray Wallace as Stoke made a push for promotion to the Premier League in 1995–96 season. Unfortunately for Keen he picked up an injury against Luton Town in April 1996 and he missed the rest of the season. Stoke made the end of season play-offs and lost out 1–0 to Leicester City. He struggled for starts in 1996–97 as he recovered from his injury but was a regular in 1997–98 in what was Stoke's first season at the Britannia Stadium. He scored the winning goal in the first Potteries derby at the new stadium but it was a terrible season for Stoke as they finished in 23rd position and were relegated to Division Two. He played in 49 of the club's 52 fixtures in 1998–99 as Stoke failed to mount a consistent promotion challenge under Brian Little. He spent one more season at Stoke before leaving for Macclesfield Town.


title: Normal-inverse-gamma distribution

text: Proof: To prove this let ( x , σ 2 ) ∼ N- Γ − 1 ( μ , λ , α , β ) {\displaystyle (x,\sigma ^{2})\sim {\text{N-}}\Gamma ^{-1}(\mu ,\lambda ,\alpha ,\beta )} and fix c > 0 {\displaystyle c>0} . Defining Y = ( Y 1 , Y 2 ) = ( c x , c σ 2 ) {\displaystyle Y=(Y_{1},Y_{2})=(cx,c\sigma ^{2})} , observe that the PDF of the random variable Y {\displaystyle Y} evaluated at ( y 1 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (y_{1},y_{2})} is given by 1 / c 2 {\displaystyle 1/c^{2}} times the PDF of a N- Γ − 1 ( μ , λ , α , β ) {\displaystyle {\text{N-}}\Gamma ^{-1}(\mu ,\lambda ,\alpha ,\beta )} random variable evaluated at ( y 1 / c , y 2 / c ) {\displaystyle (y_{1}/c,y_{2}/c)} . Hence the PDF of Y {\displaystyle Y} evaluated at ( y 1 , y 2 ) {\displaystyle (y_{1},y_{2})} is given by : f Y ( y 1 , y 2 ) = 1 c 2 λ 2 π y 2 / c β α Γ ( α ) ( 1 y 2 / c ) α + 1 exp  ( − 2 β + λ ( y 1 / c − μ ) 2 2 y 2 / c ) = λ / c 2 π y 2 ( c β ) α Γ ( α ) ( 1 y 2 ) α + 1 exp  ( − 2 c β + ( λ / c ) ( y 1 − c μ ) 2 2 y 2 ) . {\displaystyle f_{Y}(y_{1},y_{2})={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\sqrt {\lambda }}{\sqrt {2\pi y_{2}/c}}}\,{\frac {\beta ^{\alpha }}{\Gamma (\alpha )}}\,\left({\frac {1}{y_{2}/c}}\right)^{\alpha +1}\exp \left(-{\frac {2\beta +\lambda (y_{1}/c-\mu )^{2}}{2y_{2}/c}}\right)={\frac {\sqrt {\lambda /c}}{\sqrt {2\pi y_{2}}}}\,{\frac {(c\beta )^{\alpha }}{\Gamma (\alpha )}}\,\left({\frac {1}{y_{2}}}\right)^{\alpha +1}\exp \left(-{\frac {2c\beta +(\lambda /c)\,(y_{1}-c\mu )^{2}}{2y_{2}}}\right).\!}


title: Exchange interaction

text: where the E+ is the spatially symmetric solution and E− is the spatially antisymmetric solution, corresponding to Ψ S {\displaystyle \Psi _{\rm {S}}} and Ψ A {\displaystyle \Psi _{\rm {A}}} respectively. A variational calculation yields similar results. H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} can be diagonalized by using the position–space functions given by Eqs. (1) and (2). In Eq. (3), C is the two-site two-electron Coulomb integral (It may be interpreted as the repulsive potential for electron-one at a particular point Φ a ( r → 1 ) 2 {\displaystyle \Phi _{a}({\vec {r}}_{1})^{2}} in an electric field created by electron-two distributed over the space with the probability density Φ b ( r → 2 ) 2 ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{b}({\vec {r}}_{2})^{2})} , S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} is the overlap integral, and Jex is the exchange integral, which is similar to the two-site Coulomb integral but includes exchange of the two electrons. It has no simple physical interpretation, but it can be shown to arise entirely due to the anti-symmetry requirement. These integrals are given by:


title: Giordano Bruno

text: In 1579, Bruno arrived in Geneva. During his Venetian trial, he told inquisitors that while in Geneva he told the Marchese de Vico of Naples, who was notable for helping Italian refugees in Geneva, "I did not intend to adopt the religion of the city. I desired to stay there only that I might live at liberty and in security." Bruno had a pair of breeches made for himself, and the Marchese and others apparently made Bruno a gift of a sword, hat, cape and other necessities for dressing himself; in such clothing Bruno could no longer be recognized as a priest. Things apparently went well for Bruno for a time, as he entered his name in the Rector's Book of the University of Geneva in May 1579. But in keeping with his personality he could not long remain silent. In August he published an attack on the work of Antoine de La Faye , a distinguished professor. Bruno and the printer, Jean Bergeon, were promptly arrested. Rather than apologizing, Bruno insisted on continuing to defend his publication. He was refused the right to take sacrament. Though this right was soon restored, he left Geneva.


title: Giordano Bruno

text: In April 1583, Bruno went to England with letters of recommendation from Henry III as a guest of the French ambassador, Michel de Castelnau. Bruno lived at the French embassy with the lexicographer John Florio. There he became acquainted with the poet Philip Sidney (to whom he dedicated two books) and other members of the Hermetic circle around John Dee, though there is no evidence that Bruno ever met Dee himself. He also lectured at Oxford, and unsuccessfully sought a teaching position there. His views were controversial, notably with John Underhill, Rector of Lincoln College and subsequently bishop of Oxford, and George Abbot, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury. Abbot mocked Bruno for supporting "the opinion of Copernicus that the earth did go round, and the heavens did stand still; whereas in truth it was his own head which rather did run round, and his brains did not stand still", and found Bruno had both plagiarized and misrepresented Ficino's work, leading Bruno to return to the continent.


title: Giordano Bruno

text: He went first to Padua, where he taught briefly, and applied unsuccessfully for the chair of mathematics, which was given instead to Galileo Galilei one year later. Bruno accepted Mocenigo's invitation and moved to Venice in March 1592. For about two months he served as an in-house tutor to Mocenigo, to whom he let slip some of his heterodox ideas. Mocenigo denounced him to the Venetian Inquisition, which had Bruno arrested on 22 May 1592. Among the numerous charges of blasphemy and heresy brought against him in Venice, based on Mocenigo's denunciation, was his belief in the plurality of worlds, as well as accusations of personal misconduct. Bruno defended himself skillfully, stressing the philosophical character of some of his positions, denying others and admitting that he had had doubts on some matters of dogma. The Roman Inquisition, however, asked for his transfer to Rome. After several months of argument, the Venetian authorities reluctantly consented and Bruno was sent to Rome in January 1593.


title: Giordano Bruno

text: Theophilus – air through which the clouds and winds move are parts of the Earth, to mean under the name of Earth the whole machinery and the entire animated part, which consists of dissimilar parts; so that the rivers, the rocks, the seas, the whole vaporous and turbulent air, which is enclosed within the highest mountains, should belong to the Earth as its members, just as the air in the lungs and in other cavities of animals by which they breathe, widen their arteries, and other similar effects necessary for life are performed. The clouds, too, move through accidents in the body of the Earth and are in its bowels as are the waters. With the Earth move all things that are on the Earth. If, therefore, from a point outside the Earth something were thrown upon the Earth, it would lose, because of the latter's motion, its straightness as would be seen on the ship moving along a river, if someone on point C of the riverbank were to throw a stone along a straight line, and would see the stone miss its target by the amount of the velocity of the ship's motion. But if someone were placed high on the mast of that ship, move as it may however fast, he would not miss his target at all, so that the stone or some other heavy thing thrown downward would not come along a straight line from the point E which is at the top of the mast, or cage, to the point D which is at the bottom of the mast, or at some point in the bowels and body of the ship. Thus, if from the point D to the point E someone who is inside the ship would throw a stone straight up, it would return to the bottom along the same line however far the ship moved, provided it was not subject to any pitch and roll."


title: Giordano Bruno

text: While many academics note Bruno's theological position as pantheism, several have described it as pandeism, and some also as panentheism. Physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard Weinstein in his Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis ("World and Life Views, Emerging From Religion, Philosophy and Nature"), wrote that the theological model of pandeism was strongly expressed in the teachings of Bruno, especially with respect to the vision of a deity for which "the concept of God is not separated from that of the universe." However, Otto Kern takes exception to what he considers Weinstein's overbroad assertions that Bruno, as well as other historical philosophers such as John Scotus Eriugena, Nicholas of Cusa, Mendelssohn, and Lessing, were pandeists or leaned towards pandeism. Discover editor Corey S. Powell also described Bruno's cosmology as pandeistic, writing that it was "a tool for advancing an animist or Pandeist theology", and this assessment of Bruno as a pandeist was agreed with by science writer Michael Newton Keas, and The Daily Beast writer David Sessions.


title: Generosity

text: Research associates generosity with empathy. Paul J. Zak and colleagues administered the peptide oxytocin or placebo was given to about 100 men who then they made several decisions regarding money. One scenario, the Dictator Game, was used to measure altruism by asking people to make a unilateral transfer of $10 they were given by the experimenters to a stranger in the lab; oxytocin had no effect on altruism. Another task, the Ultimatum Game, was used to measure generosity. In this game, one person was endowed with $10 and was asked to offer some split of it to another person in the lab, via computer. If the second person did not like the split, he could reject it (for example, if it was stingy) and both people would get zero. In a clever twist, the researchers told participants they would be randomly chosen to be either the person making the offer or the person responding to it. This required the person making the offer to take the other's perspective explicitly. Generosity was defined as an offer greater than the minimum amount needed for acceptance. Oxytocin increased generosity 80% compared to those on placebo. In addition, oxytocin was quantitatively twice as important in predicting generosity as was altruism.


title: Dixie Road (Peel Region)

text: Dixie begins at Lakeshore Road in southeast Mississauga at Lake Ontario in the Lakeview neighbourhood, just west of the Etobicoke Creek near the Toronto city limits. A short distance north of Lakeshore, it dips under GO Transit's Lakeshore West Line tracks. It then interchanges with the Queen Elizabeth Way and passes through the Applewood (where it passes under the Canadian Pacific Kansas City tracks which host GO Transit's Milton line trains, with Dixie GO station a short distance southeast of the Dundas Street) intersection) and Rockwood Village neighbourhoods. At Eastgate Parkway, a road running through a hydro corridor, it crosses the Mississauga Transitway, an east–west bus rapid transit line also running through the corridor, with a station at Dixie. It then enters a major industrialized zone with heavy truck traffic and is often congested as a result. In the centre of this industrial district, it interchanges with Highway 401. Some distance north of that freeway the industrial development thins out as Dixie passes the western outfield of Toronto Pearson International Airport and the end of Runway 05. North of Derry Road, it crosses through another hydro corridor and the tolled Highway 407 and enters Brampton.


title: Sergey Kovalev

text: On 2 August 2014, Kovalev defended his WBO title against undefeated Australian contender Blake Caparello (19–0–1, 6 KOs) at the Revel Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and it was televised on Boxing After Dark. Kovalev hoped for a unification fight against WBC champion Adonis Stevenson, but Stevenson stated he would only fight on Showtime; as Kovalev was contracted to HBO, he had to fight Caparello instead. Caparello scored a flash knockdown after catching Kovalev with a solid shot while Kovalev was off balance. Kovalev, however, was unhurt and even appeared enraged, and beat Caparello in a second-round technical knockout. The fight was watched by an average of 990,000 viewers and peaked at 1.052 million. Kovalev's victory allowed him to fight Bernard Hopkins in the fall of 2014. Main Events spokesperson Kathy Duva believed there was a loss of focus due to building pressure, which was why Kovalev was dropped by Caparello. Kovalev shrugged off any claims that he felt pressure, saying, "I didn't think about Bernard Hopkins tonight. I was focused on this fight. It is very important. A big step for me. If I do not win the fight, there is no fight with Bernard Hopkins." Lou DiBella, a promoter of Caparello, praised Kovalev, particularly the body shot that ended the fight. Negotiations for the Hopkins fight began prior to the Caparello fight.


title: Sergey Kovalev

text: Kovalev lost a closely contested controversial decision with all the judges scoring the fight 114–113 in favor of Ward. Larry Merchant stated after the fight, "It was a classic hometown decision, Kovalev won the fight!" Gareth Davies, boxing correspondent, gave the fight to Kovalev with 115–112, as did Max Kellerman. Duva, said, "We got a great fight, which is what boxing needed. But we also got a bad decision, which is not what boxing needed." Many boxing experts have applauded the decision: Paulie Malignaggi noted the high degree of difficulty both fighters faced that night and doubted the prospect of a one-sided affair in the case of a rematch, though he concluded that Kovalev faded late in the fight; promoter Eddie Hearn added that Kovalev lacked a sense of urgency after the halfway point; Gennady Golovkin's trainer, Abel Sanchez, noticed how Kovalev allowed Ward on the inside and as a result was worn down. For the fight, Kovalev received a minimum of $2 million and Ward a career-high $5 million. CompuBox stats showed that Kovalev landed 126 of 474 punches (27%), and Ward landed 116 out of 337 thrown (34%).


title: Sergey Kovalev

text: On 25 November, Kovalev appeared on Boxing After Dark against light-heavyweight contender Vyacheslav Shabranskyy (19–1, 16 KOs) in a scheduled ten-round bout that took place at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Kovalev spoke about his consecutive defeats, "I learned a lot from my fights with Andre Ward. When you don't win and when you suffer adversity, it makes you stronger. It also shows you who your real friends are. I feel like I cleaned out my life and now I'm ready to start fresh. I'm very veexcited to get back in the ring and fight at Madison Square Garden for the first time, and I'm focused on the future. I'm not looking back." Kovalev told Ringtv that he would not have a lead trainer for the fight. On 12 October, Main Events asked the WBO to sanction the fight for their vacant title, following Ward's retirement from boxing. At the time, Shabranskyy was not ranked by WBO in their top 15. On 26 October, WBO decided to sanction the fight, also meaning the fight would now be a 12-round bout. On 15 November, the International Boxing Association announced that they would be sanctioning the fight for their vacant light-heavyweight title. The IBA title was last held by Beibut Shumenov, until he lost to Hopkins in April 2014. Due to Hopkins not paying their sanctioning fees, the title remained vacant.


title: The String

text: The film is focused on the relationship of Malik with his mother Sara in the first weeks after Malik returns home from France to live with his recently widowed French-born mother on the family estate in the wealthy beachfront Tunis suburb, La Marsa. There Malik (Stahly) falls in love with Sara's young handyman, Bilal (Salim Kechiouche), who lives in a servant's bungalow on the estate, and who has also returned recently from a life in France. The French title, Le Fil, refers to Malik's neurotic anxiety, originating in childhood but continuing during the time of the story, manifest in the feeling he is attached at his back to a string that threatens to entangle and strangle him, an anxiety that expresses a troubled and deeply ambivalent relationship with his dominating mother, whom he cannot confront but upon whom he is also fearfully dependent. The title is also apparently a play on words, as the French title of the film, "le fil" (the thread), is closely akin in spelling to "le fils" (the son).


title: The String

text: His mother and grandmother want Malik to marry and have children, and Malik has failed to confront his mother with his own homosexuality. During the course of the story, Malik agrees to marry his friend and cousin, Syrine, a lesbian who is planning a pregnancy by artificial insemination in order to raise a child with her lesbian lover, but who nevertheless wants the child to have a father and be like other children in the traditional society of Tunisia. Malik befriends Bilal, a 25 year old also recently returned from France to Tunisia, who does odd jobs and gardening for Sara and lives in the servants' quarters on the estate. Bilal, a sweet-natured dreamer, is distressed by the news that Malik is to marry and confronts Malik, who is devastated when Bilal tells him that he must leave, that he cannot continue as Malik's servant. The two make love, but Sara discovers the pair in bed together the next morning, forcing Malik to decide to try to form a relationship with Bilal; Sara begins her own journey of acceptance even as the two lovers depart on a road trip to the countryside where their intimacy and bond grows.


title: Caerphilly Castle

text: Caerphilly Castle (Welsh: Castell Caerffili) is a medieval fortification in Caerphilly in South Wales. The castle was constructed by Gilbert de Clare in the 13th century as part of his campaign to maintain control of Glamorgan, and saw extensive fighting between Gilbert, his descendants, and the native Welsh rulers. Surrounded by extensive artificial lakes – considered by historian Allen Brown to be "the most elaborate water defences in all Britain" – it occupies around 30 acres (12 ha) and is the largest castle in Wales and the second-largest castle in the United Kingdom after Windsor Castle. It is famous for having introduced concentric castle defences to Britain and for its large gatehouses. Gilbert began work on the castle in 1268 following his occupation of the north of Glamorgan, with the majority of the construction occurring over the next three years at a considerable cost. The project was opposed by Gilbert's Welsh rival Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, leading to the site being burnt in 1270 and taken over by royal officials in 1271. Despite these interruptions, Gilbert successfully completed the castle and took control of the region. The core of Caerphilly Castle, including the castle's luxurious accommodation, was built on what became a central island, surrounding by several artificial lakes, a design Gilbert probably derived from that at Kenilworth. The dams for these lakes were further fortified, and an island to the west provided additional protection. The concentric rings of walls inspired Edward I's castles in North Wales, and proved what historian Norman Pounds has termed "a turning point in the history of the castle in Britain".


title: Caerphilly Castle

text: In 1317 Edward II settled the inheritance of Glamorgan and Caerphilly Castle on Eleanor de Clare, who had married the royal favourite, Hugh le Despenser. Hugh used his relationship with the king to expand his power across the region, taking over lands throughout South Wales. Hugh employed Master Thomas de la Bataile and William Hurley to expand the Great Hall at the castle in 1325–1326, including richly carved windows and doors. In 1326, however, Edward's wife, Isabella of France, overthrew his government, forcing the king and Hugh to flee west. The pair stayed in Caerphilly Castle at the end of October and early November, before leaving to escape Isabella's approaching forces, abandoning the extensive stores and £14,000 held at the castle. William la Zouche besieged the castle with a force of 425 soldiers, cornering the constable, Sir John de Felton, Hugh's son – also called Hugh – and the garrison of 130 men inside. Caerphilly held out until March 1327, when the garrison surrendered on the condition that the younger Hugh was pardoned, his father having been already executed.


title: Caerphilly Castle

text: The eastern defences were reached via the Outer Main Gatehouse, which featured circular towers resting on spurred, pyramidic bases, a design particular to South Wales castles. Originally the gatehouse would have been reached over a sequence of two drawbridges, linked by an intervening tower, since destroyed. To the north side of the gatehouse was the North Dam, protected by three substantial towers, and which may have supported the castle's stables. Despite subsidence damage, the dam still holds back the North Lake. The South Dam was a massive structure, 152 metres (499 ft) long, ending in a huge buttressed wall. The remains of the castle mill – originally powered by water from the dam – survive. Four replica siege engines have been placed on display. The dam ended in Felton's Tower, a square fortification designed to protect the sluicegates regulating the water levels of the dam, and the South Gatehouse – also called Giffard's Tower – originally accessed via a drawbridge, which led into the town.


title: HMS Milne (1914)

text: On 23 January 1915, the German battlecruisers under Admiral Franz von Hipper made a sortie to attack British fishing boats on the Dogger Bank. British Naval Intelligence was warned of the raid by radio messages decoded by Room 40, and sent out the Battlecruiser Force from Rosyth, commanded by Admiral Beatty aboard Lion and the Harwich Force, commanded by Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt aboard the light cruiser Arethusa were sent out to intercept the German force. Milne was one of seven M-class destroyers of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla sailing with the Harwich Force. The British and German Forces met on the morning of 24 January in the Battle of Dogger Bank. On sighting the British, Hipper ordered his ships to head south-east to escape the British, who set off in pursuit. Being the fastest destroyers available to the British, the seven M-class were sent ahead to report the strength of the German forces. Although briefly forced to turn away by fire from the armoured cruiser Blücher, they managed to successfully report the German's strength and course before being ordered to pull back and take up station ahead of the British line as Beatty's battlecruisers came into gun range of the German ships. At about 09:20, German destroyers appeared to be preparing a torpedo attack, and the British destroyers were ordered ahead of the line in order to prevent such an attack. Only the M-class destroyers had sufficient speed to respond and slowly draw ahead of the British battlecruisers, but no attack by German destroyers followed. Later, at about 11:00, an emergency turn to avoid a non-existent German submarine and misinterpretation of signals from Lion caused the British battlecruisers to concentrate on Blücher, already badly damaged and trailing well behind the other German ships, and allowing the rest of Hipper's fleet to escape. Blücher was eventually overwhelmed by British shells and torpedoes, sinking at 12:10.


title: HMS Milne (1914)

text: On 13 June 1915, the 10th Destroyer Flotilla was ordered to Avonmouth for operations in the South-West Approaches, and in particular, to escort troopships carrying the 13th Division to the Middle East on the initial part of their journey, with two destroyers per transport. After the 13th Division had all left, the 10th Flotilla continued on escort duties based at Devonport, escorting the ships carrying the next division to be sent to the Gallipoli campaign, the 12th Division. On 28 June, the cargo liner Armenian, carrying a load of mules, was sunk by the German submarine U-24, with Milne and sister ship Mansfield being sent out in response to Armenian's distress signals to hunt the submarine, which escaped unharmed. The 10th Flotilla continued carrying out escort operations from Devonport until relieved by the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla (also part of the Harwich Force) in mid-July. On 23 August 1915, 12 destroyers of the Harwich Force, including Milne, were attached to the Dover patrol to cover a bombardment of the German-held Belgian port of Zeebrugge by the monitors Lord Clive, Sir John Moore and Prince Rupert. Little damage was done, and the lock gates of the port, the principal objective of the operation, were untouched. On 25 December 1915, Milne was one of eight destroyers from the Harwich Force that were ordered with the leader Nimrod to the Channel as a result of attacks by the German submarine U-24.


title: HMS Milne (1914)

text: On the morning of 21 February 1916, Milne left Harwich as part of the Harwich Force to cover minesweeping operations in the North Sea. Later that day she collided with the destroyer Murray, with Murray having to be sent to Chatham for repair. (This operation was plagued with accidents – the destroyers Lark and Llewellyn had collided on leaving Harwich on the afternoon of 20 February, while the leader Tipperary had run aground when leaving harbour on the morning of 21 February.) From 24 April 1916, the Dover Patrol carried out a large-scale operation off the Belgian coast to lay mines and nets, in an attempt to limit use of the ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge to German U-boats. Milne was one of twelve destroyers of the Harwich Force that took part in escorting the operations. On the afternoon of 24 April, three German torpedo boats attempted to interfere with the drifters laying the nets off Zeebrugge, and Milne, together with Murray, Medea and Melpomene, engaged the three torpedo boats, which retreated towards Zeebrugge with the four British destroyers in pursuit. The British destroyers came under heavy fire from German shore batteries. Murray was hit in the forecastle by a single 150 mm shell that failed to explode, while Melpomene was hit in the engine room and lost power. Milne attempted to take Melpomene under tow, but fouled her port propeller with the tow cable, so Medea went to assist with the tow. The three German torpedo boats then returned to attack the British ships, with Medea hit three times by German shells, but were driven off by 12-inch fire from the monitor Prince Eugene. The minefield probably caused the loss of one U-Boat, UB-13, although at the time it was thought that four or five German submarines had been sunk.


title: HMS Milne (1914)

text: On the night of 22 July 1916, two light cruisers and eight destroyers of the Harwich Force set out on a patrol to prevent German torpedo boats based in Flanders from interfering with shipping traffic between Britain and the Netherlands. One group, consisting of the light cruiser Carysfort and four destroyers, was to patrol off the Mass estuary, while the second group, led by the cruiser Canterbury and including Milne, was to patrol off the North Hinder light vessel. Eight German destroyers of II Flotilla had set out from Zeebrugge on a mission to lay lines near the North Hinder light vessel, and at 00:15 on 23 July, Carysfort's group sighted the German force, which turned away and escaped under the cover of a smoke screen and a rain storm. The Canterbury group, including Milne, was ordered to proceed to the Schouwen Bank to intercept the Germans. They encountered the Germans at about 01:45, and set off in pursuit. Matchless could not keep up with the chase and lagged behind, while Milne kept station with the lagging Matchless, leaving the chase to Morris and Melpomene. The German destroyers managed to reach the safety of minefields and coastal defences near Zeebrugge, and the British broke off the chase.


title: HMS Milne (1914)

text: On 22 January 1917, the German Sixth Torpedo Boat Flotilla, consisting of 11 torpedo boats (equivalent in size and armament to British destroyers) set out from Helgoland to Flanders to reinforce the German torpedo boat forces based in the Belgian ports. Decoding of German radio signals by Room 40 warned the British of the German intentions and the Harwich Force was deployed to intercept the German ships on the night of 22/23 January. The British set six light cruisers, two flotilla leaders and sixteen destroyers to intercept the eleven German ships, deploying them in several groups to make sure that all possible routes were covered. Milne was one of four destroyers patrolling to the west of the Schouwen Bank. The German destroyers ran into a cruiser division, with the destroyers V69 and G41 heavily damaged, but the Germans managed to escape, and passed Surprise's group of destroyers unobserved before reaching Zeebrugge. One German straggler, S50 encountered Milne's group. An exchange of fire followed, in which S50 was hit several times by British shells, but S50 managed to torpedo the British destroyer Simoom, which later sank, before escaping and returning to Germany. On 29 January 1917, the British were warned by radio intercepts of a potential sortie by German Forces, and the Harwich Force, including Milne was ordered out to intercept any German torpedo boats between Harwich and Lowestoft. Nothing was seen, with German forces staying close to home. On 28 February 1917, Milne was one of five destroyers escorting shipping from the Netherlands to Britain when she sighted a periscope and was missed by a torpedo. Milne retaliated with a depth charge, but there was no apparent effect.


title: Hans Raj Khanna

text: While the Habeas Corpus case is Justice Khanna's most celebrated ruling, almost as well known is his judgment in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati. In 1973, the Supreme Court constituted its largest-ever bench of 13 judges to decide whether Parliament had the unfettered right to amend the Constitution or not. On 24 April 1973, seven out of 13 judges held that Parliament's power to amend the Constitution was limited. Six other judges in the case were of the view that Parliament's power was unrestricted. Justice Khanna's judgment held that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments, changes that ultra vires, tinker with its basic structure cannot be made by Parliament, that is – certain parts of the constitution were "basic" and could not be amended. However, he also said the amendment of the right was fundamental – as he explained, "If no provisions were made for amendment of the constitution, the people would have recourse to extra constitutional method like revolution to change the constitution".


title: Joe Niekro

text: Niekro was the Opening Day starter for the Astros to start the 1981 season. It was only the second time in his career as opening-day starting pitcher since doing so as a Cub thirteen years prior. Facing the Dodgers at Dodger Stadium, he went seven innings while allowing two runs on eight hits in the 2–0 loss. He reached the 1,000 strikeout plateau on April 19, doing so on a strikeout bunt by Vance Law. He went 9–9 in 24 games pitched with a 2.82 ERA in 166 innings while striking out 77 batters and walking 47. He appeared in Game 2 of the 1981 National League Division Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, pitching eight scoreless innings, although Joe Sambito ended up being the winning pitcher for the Astros as they won in the 11th inning, though the Dodgers would win the series in five games. He displayed a bit more effectiveness the following year. He went 17–12 in 35 games with a 2.47 ERA and 270 innings pitched while having a career-high 16 complete games and five shutouts. He struck out a career-high 130 batters while walking 64 and leading all of Major League Baseball with 19 wild pitches.


title: Raphitoma lineolata

text: The teleoconch consists of 5 convex whorls, with conspicuous suture. The axial sculpture consists of 19 ribs slightly leaning backwards, and interspaces of the same width as the ribs. The spiral sculpture on the body whorl consists of 18 cordlets, of which 8 above the aperture, with interspaces wider (×1.5) than the cordlets. The cancellation is rectangular, with small and elongated tubercles at the intersection of axials and spirals. The tubercles on the adapical cordlets of the first whorls are narrow and spinulose. The sculpture is visible in transparency throughout the internal shell wall. The anal sinus is conspicuous, corresponding to two spiral cordlets. The columella is simple, slightly sinuous anteriorly, gently angled posteriorly. The outer lip shows 11 strong inner denticles. The anteriormost, weakest, delimit the siphonal canal and the posteriormost delimit the anal sinus. The siphonal canal is short, widely open and slightly curved. The ground colour of the shell is orange-tawny, with lighter cordlets and rare white tubercles. On the first teleoconch whorl there are two white axials . On the body whorl, the eighth abapical cordlet becomes lighter toward the peristome, with some white spots. Then two axials closest to the peristome are white on the central part.


title: Preventative Coup of November 11

text: By the morning of November 12, it became clear that forces friendly to Lott held the city of Santos and that they would not allow the Almirante Tamandaré to land. Defeated, Luz ordered the ship to return to Rio. On his arrival, Luz was met by Lott's army and was forced to promise to resign the presidency before he disembarked. Luz had been president for just three days. Meanwhile, Café Filho, was still in the hospital. He learned of the coup and considered resigning, but, after counterproductive conversations with Lott, he decided to wait to hear his doctors' evaluation on his health. On November 21, Café Filho's doctors pronounced him healthy to return to work and so Café Filho issued a statement proclaiming himself to be president once again. However, as he returned to the capital the military was mobilized once again. The army surrounded Café Filho's apartment and the presidential palace effectively placing him under house arrest. Soon after Congress reconvened and voted to remove Café Filho from office.


title: Graham Farish

text: After the withdrawal of two competitive mass-market manufacturers, the Italy-based Lima and German based Minitrix, from the late 1980s Grafar was the only major supplier of British outline models in N scale - predicating its withdrawal from the OO scale market in light of greater competition in the developing collector scale market. Early 1970s products were made with three pole armature motors. They were also equipped with all brass gears. In the early 1980s the motors were improved with five pole armatures. At about the same the gears were replaced with white nylon gears, which were only produced for a short time. The nylon gears were replaced with thin black plastic gears; these could suffer from splits, making the models run badly or not at all. These gears were eventually all replaced by thicker plastic gears, to produce a much more reliable and popular range of locomotives. By the late 1990s the GRAHAM FARISH N Gauge Range 350 lines including a huge variety of Locomotives, Coaches, Wagons, Buildings and complete train sets from starter sets all the way up to the 8 ft x 2 ft 6in Magnum Layouts which came complete with all track laid, and a full set of building kits to complete it.


title: Aleksey Yermolov

text: His own military genius blossomed during the Napoleonic Wars. During the War of the Third Coalition, Yermolov served in the rear and advance guards and distinguished himself at Amstetten and Austerlitz. For his actions, he was promoted to colonel on 16 July 1806. The following year, he participated in the campaign in Poland, serving in Prince Bagration's advance guard. He distinguished himself commanding an artillery company in numerous rearguard actions during the retreat to Landsberg as well as in the Battle of Eylau. In June 1807, Yermolov commanded horse artillery company in the actions at Guttstadt and Deppen, Heilsberg and Friedland, being awarded the Order of St. George . He was promoted to major general on 28 March 1808 and was appointed inspector of horse artillery companies. In early 1809, he inspected artillery companies of the Army of the Danube. Although his division took part in the 1809 campaign against Austria, Yermolov commanded the reserves in Volhynia and Podolsk gubernias, where he remained for the next two years. In 1811, he took command of the guard artillery company and in 1812, became the Chief of Staff of the First Western Army.


title: Glenn Reynolds

text: On September 21, 2016, Reynolds suggested on Twitter that any drivers feeling threatened by protesters objecting to the fatal shooting of Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina, should "run them down." The tweet consisted only of the words "Run them down" and a link to a news story about the protestors. The following day, Reynolds defended his tweet, saying, "I wouldn't actually aim for people blocking the road, but I wouldn't stop because I'd fear for my safety, as I think any reasonable person would." Twitter suspended Reynolds' account, but restored it shortly after and told him to delete the tweet in order to be allowed to use Twitter again. The University of Tennessee said it was investigating Reynolds as it did not condone language encouraging violence, but on September 27, 2016, the law school decided that no disciplinary action would be taken. USA Today said that Reynolds had violated its standards and suspended his column for one month. Reynolds issued an apology at its request, writing, "I didn't live up to my own standards, and I didn't meet USA Today's standards".


title: River Frome, Bristol

text: The Bradley brook joins on the right bank at Hambrook just before the river passes underneath the M4 motorway and, also on the right, the Stoke brook (or Hambrook) joins at Bromley Heath. After passing under the A4174 the Frome enters a more urban environment, passing between Frenchay on the right and Bromley Heath and Downend on the left. Turning in a more southwesterly direction the river enters Oldbury Court estate, a city park also known as Vassal's, where it is joined by the first of two Fishponds brooks both on the left. The river then passes Snuff Mills, entering a steep valley at Stapleton, where the second Fishponds brook joins, then passing Eastville park, where it feeds the former boating lake. Due to the steep valley and flood risk, the land immediately alongside the river between Frenchay and Eastville Park has not been developed, and is largely managed as public parkland, with the Frome Valley Greenway cycling and walking path following the river through a woodland landscape.


title: River Frome, Bristol

text: The Floating Harbour was constructed in 1809, isolating the Avon and Frome from tides between Cumberland Basin and Totterdown Lock. The increasing use of the Frome as an open sewer combined with the loss of the scouring action of the tides meant that it was now becoming a health hazard and in 1828 it was again diverted, with a mitre floodgate at StoneBridge, channelling the main flow through Mylne's Culvert, under the quays and under the bed of the floating harbour at Prince Street Bridge to the emerge in the tidal Avon New Cut, to the east of what is now Gaol Ferry Bridge, locally known as God's Garden in the 21st century. Up to 1857 the Frome was open along its whole length, and both arms crossed by some 13 bridges. During the mid nineteenth century, a succession of culverts were built, eventually from Wade Street Bridge in St Judes to Stone Bridge, covering this stretch completely: Rupert Street, Fairfax Street and Broad Weir now run over the remained culverted section. St Augustine's Trench from Stone Bridge to the location of the former Draw Bridge (near the northern end of Baldwin Street) was covered over May 1892 - Feb 1893 and the section between that point and the foot of College Green was covered over in 1938.


title: Jordan Peele

text: In February 2017, Peele's first film, Get Out, was released to critical acclaim, eventually scoring a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film received universal acclaim for Peele's screenplay and direction, as well as the performance of its lead, Daniel Kaluuya, and was chosen by the National Board of Review, the American Film Institute, and Time magazine as one of the top 10 films of the year. The Atlantic called the film "a subversive horror masterpiece". Get Out proved to be popular with audiences, and it eventually became one of the most profitable horror films, and films of 2017, and grossed over $255 million on a budget of $4.5 million. For his work on the film, Peele received significant attention, as well as numerous accolades, including the Bingham Ray Breakthrough Director Award at the 2017 Gotham Independent Film Awards. The film also received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay nominations for Peele, as well as a Best Actor nomination for Kaluuya. Peele won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, becoming the first African-American screenwriter to win in this category. He became the third person, after Warren Beatty and James L. Brooks, to be nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay for a debut film, and the first black person to receive them for any one film. Get Out also earned him the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay, as well as nominations for a Directors Guild of America Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay. The success prompted his Monkeypaw Productions company to a first look deal with Universal Pictures.


title: Jordan Peele

text: In early 2018, Peele announced his intention to retire from acting, stating in an interview with CBS "Acting is just nowhere near as fun for me as directing". In 2018, Peele co-created the TBS comedy series The Last O.G., starring Tracy Morgan and Tiffany Haddish. Also in 2018, Peele co-produced the Spike Lee film, BlacKkKlansman which was released to critical acclaim and was a box office success. The film received six nominations at the 91st Academy Awards including the Best Picture nomination for Peele. On June 28, 2018, it was announced that YouTube Premium would be releasing Weird City, co-created by Peele and Charlie Sanders. The show was released on February 13, 2019, to critical acclaim. On April 5, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Video had given a four-episode order for Lorena, a docuseries about Lorena Bobbitt. The series was set to be directed by Joshua Rofé who would also executive produce alongside Peele, Win Rosenfeld, Steven J. Berger, Jenna Santoianni, and Tom Lesinski. Production companies involved with the series include Monkeypaw Productions, Sonar Entertainment, and Number 19. It ultimately premiered on February 15, 2019.


title: Kent Moran

text: In Los Angeles, Moran studied under numerous acting coaches, including Suzanne Kent, founder of the Groundlings. Moran was cast as James Dean twice more: once in an Armstrong Flooring advertising campaign, which is featured on The Ads of the World website, and again in a European Mercedes GLK commercial cast by Vickie Thomas. Moran also landed another small role on The Bold and the Beautiful. In 2008, after the writer's strike, Moran started Wishing Well Pictures, an independent film production company. Soon after, he wrote Listen to Your Heart, which became Wishing Well Pictures' debut film. It was also Moran's debut starring role in a movie and his first time as a producer and second unit director. Moran also wrote the original music and score for the movie which can be found on the soundtrack. Listen to Your Heart became one of the first movies ever to screen outside in the middle of Times Square as part of the New York City International Film Festival, where Moran was nominated for Best Actor. Listen to Your Heart went on to win 15 awards at film festivals across the country and was distributed through Warner Brothers, Gravitas Ventures, and Vision Films.


title: Daphne Pollard

text: After a long career on stage and aged in her late thirties, Mack Sennett signed her with great fanfare in June 1927, describing her as an "internationally famous musical comedy and vaudeville star." She was cast in several "Sennett Girl Comedies," two-reel productions designed to show off the beauty of Sennett's latest actresses. Other actresses featured in the girl comedy shorts were Carole Lombard, Anita Barnes, and Kathryn Stanley. Her first title was The Girl from Everywhere, with Pollard receiving title billing. Some of these films included short, two-strip Technicolor sequences. In these first movies for Sennett, Pollard demonstrated her talents as a comedian and dancer. Lombard and Pollard became close friends during the time they were working for Sennett. "Daphne Pollard and I were just in hysterics the whole time," Lombard recalled in 1929. "We used to pull some of the worst gags on Matty Kemp and some of the boys over there. You should have seen that lot when the boys ran riot with water hoses. Daphne Pollard, who was a real bathing girl because in every picture she made they turned the hose on her, was the best sport of the whole gang." In 1928 Sennett canceled all talent contracts and retooled his studio for the new talking pictures. Lombard commented on this: "I remember when she and I got our final notices that the studio was going to close down. Well, that was the only time we were out of hysterics on that lot."


title: Grinnell, Minturn & Co

text: The company's first major endeavor was its Liverpool Line, known as the Blue Swallowtail Line from its distinctive blue and white swallowtailed house flag. This enterprise was originally started by Fish, Grinnell and Co. in cooperation with Thaddeus Phelps and was called the "Fourth Line of Liverpool Packets." The Blue Swallowtail line originally sailed monthly and, like the other Liverpool-New York packet lines, did a thriving business in the wave of Irish immigration in the wake of an Gorta Mor. Its ships included the New World , Queen of the West, Henry Clay, Ashburton, Patrick Henry, Roscoe, American Union, and Albert Gallatin. In 1851, the line expanded to eight regular packets sailing from Liverpool on the 6th and 21st of each month. In 1854, management divided between Cornelius Grinnell, who took over four ships, and the firm, which operated five ships, as before. The firm added nine more vessels before 1860, including the Packet Aurora , with three decks and room for 1,000 passengers. This included the massive Ontario , which ran aground off of Holgate, Long Beach Island, New Jersey in 1876.


title: Grinnell, Minturn & Co

text: Robert Minturn's first cousin, Edward Minturn, partnered with Albert Woodhull, to form Minturn & Woodhull, merchants, in the 1830s. In 1841, the firm launched Woodhull & Minturn's "New Line" of packet ships between New York and Liverpool, for a time headquartered at 87 South Street, New York, which eventually held twelve vessels. "Between 1842 and 1847, inclusive, twenty-nine new Western Ocean lines were formed," according to Queens of the Western Ocean: The Story of America's Mail and Passenger Sailing Lines. The firm's ships included the Hottinguer , Captain Ira Bursley; Queen of the West , Captain Woodhouse; Liverpool , Captain John Eldridge; the Constitution , Captain John Britton. In 1845, they opened a line to Glasgow, Scotland. They sold their holdings to Grinnell, Minturn & Co. in about 1847. On January 12, 1850, the Hottinguer hit a bank off of Wexford, Ireland, near Tuskar Light, and was stranded. Capt. Bursley saved passengers but died, with twelve crew, after a failed rescue attempt.


title: Doru Popescu

text: Doru Popescu was born on 29 March 1949 in Baia de Aramă, Romania and he started to play football at Dinamo București, making his Divizia A debut on 16 August 1969 in a 5–2 home victory in front of Jiul Petroșani. He won two Divizia A titles with The Red Dogs, at the first coaches Nicolae Dumitru and Traian Ionescu gave him 22 appearances in which he scored seven goals while in the second he played 24 matches in which he scored four goals under the guidance of coach Ion Nunweiller. He reached two Cupa României finals with Dinamo, but both of them were lost, Popescu playing only in the one from 1971 when he was a starter, being replaced in the 55th minute with Ion Haidu as they lost 3–2 in favor of Steaua București. Popescu also represented Dinamo in European competitions, firstly playing three games in the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, managing to score a double in a 5–0 victory against PAOK which helped them advance to the next round where they were eliminated by Liverpool. Then in the following season, he played four games in the 1971–72 European Cup, making the match of his career in the second leg of the duel from the first round with Spartak Trnava when he came as a substitute and replaced Viorel Sălceanu in 58th minute, managing to score a double, the result being a 2–2 on aggregate which gave Dinamo the qualification to the next round on the away goals rule where they were eliminated by Feyenoord, after that game Romanian newspaper Sportul wrote:"A tall and broad Oltenia man from Severin, nicknamed Dulapul (The Cabinet), rather a reserve at Dinamo, entered at Trnava in the second half and made the match of his life".


title: Riyadh International Book Fair

text: According to accounts in Saudi newspapers, on Thursday the 5th, local journalist Halimah Matafar's (ar) book-signing was surrounded by five security men, six policemen and two religious policemen. They report that some male writers had their books signed; as they left, one waved and said "Thank you and goodbye" to the author, and religious police accused him of addressing an unrelated woman. Satirical novelist and journalist Abdo Khal and poet Abdullah al-Thabet (and law professor Mojab al-Zahrani, according to some accounts) complained that they were then verbally abused and taken to the religious police center; they were released without charge the same day. Halimah Matafar said that she was the only woman at the fair treated in this manner; she attributed it to her criticism (in her weekly column) of the religious police: "I felt like I was wearing an explosive belt, not signing books... If any first-time female writer was surrounded by this many policemen, she would be discouraged," she said.


title: Riyadh International Book Fair

text: On the second day of the fair, a group of men (30 according to one Saudi journalist, dozens according to Agence France-Presse, and over 500 according to Al Arabiya ) appeared to co-ordinate a disruption, targeting writers, publishers, journalists, and female speakers. Domestic media stated that they physically assaulted some participants, issued instructions on women's dress and behaviour over a loudspeaker, and harassed women, many of whom left. According to Al Arabiya, one challenged Abdul Aziz Khoja, the Minister of Culture and Information, on the selection of speakers, complaining that they were too liberal. Saudi media reported allegations that the men were Haiʾa members in mufti; a Haiʾa spokesman said the Haiʾa were not involved. Some were arrested (three, according to Sabq.org and Al-bab.com, or 100, according to Al Arabiya, which also said that the remaining protestors staged a sit-in calling for their release). The original source of information on this event is newspapers under the control of the Saudi government; as the government is a party to this dispute, there is a lack of independent reporting.


title: Bottlenose dolphin

text: In 2011, a third distinct species was described, the Burrunan dolphin (T. (aduncus) australis), found in the Port Phillip and Gippsland Lakes areas of Victoria, Australia, after research showed it was distinct from T. truncatus and T. aduncus, both in morphology and genetics. Also, evidence has been accumulating to validate the existence of a separate species, Lahille's bottlenose dolphin, T. gephyreus, that occurs in coastal waters of Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. Other sources accept the Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. t. gillii or T. gillii), that inhabits the Pacific, and has a black line from the eye to the forehead. T. gillii, first described in 1873, is currently considered a junior synonym of T. truncatus. Additionally, T. nuuanu was described in 1911 for bottlenose dolphins along the Pacific coast in Central America. An analysis of T. gillii and T. nuuanu specimens supported T. gillii as a synonym of T. truncatus, while T. nuuanu was recognized as a subspecies. In general, genetic variation between populations is significant, even among nearby populations. As a result of this genetic variation, other distinct species currently considered to be populations of common bottlenose dolphin are possible.


title: Bottlenose dolphin

text: The dolphin's search for food is aided by a form of sonar known as echolocation: it locates objects by producing sounds and listening for the echoes. Clicking sounds are emitted in a focused beam in front of the dolphin. When the clicking sounds hit an object in the water, like a fish or rock, they bounce off and come back to the dolphin as echoes. Echolocation tells the dolphins the shape, size, speed, distance, and location of the object. To hear the returning echo, they have two small ear openings behind the eyes, but most sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear through the lower jaw. As the object of interest is approached, the echo becomes booming, and the dolphins adjust by decreasing the intensity of the emitted sounds. (This contrasts with bats and sonar, which reduce the sensitivity of the sound receptor.) The interclick interval also decreases as the animal nears the target. Evidently, the dolphin waits for each click's echo before clicking again. Echolocation details, such as signal strength, spectral qualities, and discrimination, are well understood by researchers. Bottlenose dolphins are also able to extract shape information, suggesting they are able to form an "echoic image" or sound picture of their targets.


title: Bottlenose dolphin

text: Mating occurs belly to belly. Dolphins have been observed engaging in intercourse when the females are not in their estrous cycles and cannot produce young, suggesting they may mate for pleasure. The gestation period averages 12 months. Births can occur at any time of year, although peaks occur in warmer months. The young are born in shallow water, sometimes assisted by a (possibly male) "midwife", and usually only a single calf is born. Twins are possible, but rare. Newborn bottlenose dolphins are 0.8 to 1.4 m (2.6 to 4.6 ft) long and weigh 9 to 30 kg (20 to 66 lb), with Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin infants being generally smaller than common bottlenose dolphin infants. To accelerate nursing, the mother can eject milk from her mammary glands. The calf suckles for 18 months to up to 8 years, and continues to closely associate with its mother for several years after weaning. Females sexually mature at ages 5–13, males at ages 9–14. Females reproduce every two to six years. Reproduction is moderately seasonal (September–January), peaking from October to December. Calf loss between August and December is followed by rapid conception (1–2 months), whereas conception is delayed (2–9 months) if calf loss occurs between January and July. Weaning ages ranged from 2.7 to 8.0 years, but 66.7% (42 calves) were weaned by their fourth birthday. Females tended to wean mid-pregnancy. Group size was unrelated to water depth or female reproductive success, but reproductive success was predicted by water depth. Shallow water may allow mothers and calves to detect and avoid predatory sharks. Alternatively, or additionally, prey density may be higher in shallow water compared to deep water.


title: Bottlenose dolphin

text: The bottlenose dolphin can behave aggressively. Males fight for rank and access to females. During mating season, males compete vigorously with each other through displays of toughness and size, with a series of acts, such as head-butting. They display aggression towards sharks and smaller dolphin species. At least one population, off Scotland, has practiced infanticide, and also has attacked and killed harbour porpoises. University of Aberdeen researchers say the dolphins do not eat their victims, but are simply competing for food. However, Dr. Read of Duke University, a porpoise expert researching similar cases of porpoise killings that had occurred in Virginia in 1996 and 1997, holds a different view. He states dolphins and porpoises feed on different types of fish, thus food competition is an unlikely cause of the killings. Similar behaviour has been observed in Ireland. In the first half of July 2014, four attacks with three porpoise fatalities were observed and caught on video by the Cardigan Bay Marine Wildlife Centre in the Cardigan Bay, Wales.


title: Bottlenose dolphin

text: However, dolphins in these areas can also coexist with humans. For example, in the town of Laguna in south Brazil, a pod of bottlenose dolphins resides in the estuary, and some of its members cooperate with humans. These cooperating dolphins are individually recognized by the local fishermen, who name them. The fishermen typically stand up to their knees in the shallow waters or sit in canoes, waiting for the dolphins. Now and then, one or more dolphins appear, driving the fish towards the line of fishermen. One dolphin then displays a unique body movement outside the water, which serves as a signal to the fishermen to cast their nets (the entire sequence is shown here, and a detailed description of the signal's characteristics is available here). In this unique form of cooperation, the dolphins gain because the fish are disoriented and because the fish cannot escape to shallow water where the larger dolphins cannot swim. Likewise, studies show that fishermen casting their nets following the unique signal catch more fish than when fishing alone, without the help of the dolphins. The dolphins were not trained for this behavior; the collaboration began before 1847. Similar cooperative fisheries also exist in Mauritania, Africa.


title: The Blithedale Romance

text: Following its publication, The Blithedale Romance was received with little enthusiasm by contemporary critics. As one reviewer claims, the preface which is merely a disclaimer of sorts, "is by no means the least important part of it". In fact, too many reviews this simple, non-fictional disclaimer seems to be the most important part of the book. Many reviews refer to the preface of the novel and express skepticism in regard to Hawthorne's plea contained therein for the reader not to take the characters and occurrences of the novel as representative of real-life people and events. They claim that there is simply too much correlation between fiction and nonfiction. One reviewer states "So vividly does present to us the scheme at Brook Farm, to which some of our acquaintance were parties, so sharply and accurately does he portray some incidents of life there, that we are irresistibly impelled to fix the real names of men and women to the characters of his book". As such they read into what Hawthorne writes about characters that have associated real-life figures.


title: The Blithedale Romance

text: A lot of modern criticism centers around the relationship between fiction and non-fiction as well. Critics believe that when viewed as representative of Hawthorne's own life and beliefs, "The Blithedale Romance" provides insight into the mind of the author. According to critics, the novel can be seen as a reflection of the religious conflict Hawthorne faced throughout his life. Irving Howe summarizes this religious conflict, stating, "Throughout his life, Hawthorne was caught up in what we would call a crisis of religious belief. His acute moral sense had been largely detached from the traditional context of the orthodox faith, but it had found little else in which to thrive". Although Hawthorne did not agree with Puritan dogmas, Transcendentalists often associated morality with the observance of these dogmas. The novel presents an ironic contradiction between the perception of morality and actual morality, such as the "Utopian" Blithedale filled with sin and far less than "moral" individuals. Critics claim, therefore that Blithedale is an attempt by Hawthorne to represent morality as independent from faith.


title: Rosalie Ritz

text: In 1966, at the height of the Haight Ashbury counter-culture era, Ritz moved with her family to the San Francisco Bay Area. Ritz's sketches of the street scenes were published in the City Magazine and the San Francisco Examiner. Her work in Washington DC brought her to the attention of the local public television station KQED. From there, she began a career covering trials for the local CBS outlet, (KPIX) and for the Associated Press. This included the Patty Hearst trial, the Sirhan Sirhan trial, the Charles Manson trial, the trials of the Black Panthers, including Huey Newton, Eldridge Cleaver and David Hilliard, the trials of Angela Davis and Ruchell Magee, and the trials of the Soledad Brothers, the San Quentin Six, Mass Murderer Juan Corona, John Linley Frazier, the Presidio Mutiny Court-Martial at Fort Ord, the Billy Dean Smith Court-Martial, Inez Garcia (second trial), Bill and Emily Harris (Symbionese Liberation Army), Russell Little and Joseph Remiro (Murder of Marcus Foster/Symbionese Liberation Army), Wendy Yoshimura, Camarillo State Hospital Grand Jury Hearings, the Hell's Angels, Alioto-Look Magazine Libel Trial, Alioto Conflict of Interest Trial, the Bonanno Brothers, Stephanie Kline, Larry Layton, Dan White, San Francisco Proposition Hearings, Sara Jane Moore, and Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo/Pentagon Papers.


title: Battle of Pered

text: The Battle of Pered, fought on 20–21 June 1849, was one of the battles which took place in the Summer Campaign of the Hungarian War of Independence from 1848 to 1849, fought between the Hungarian Revolutionary Army and the Habsburg Empire helped by Russian troops. The Hungarian army was led by General Artúr Görgei, while the imperial army by Lieutenant field marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau. After several preliminary minor battles of the Hungarian and Austrian troops along the Vág river, in which the attacking Hungarians could not achieve success, Görgei took the command of his troops, and after receiving reinforcements, on 20 June, put his troops to attack again towards West. Although the II. Hungarian army corps occupied in heavy fights the village of Pered, the other two corps (the III. and the VIII.) were unsuccessful, and could not advance. The angered Görgei removed the commander of the III. corps, General Károly Knezić because of his inactivity, and Colonel Lajos Asbóth, the commander of the II. corps who, in contrast to Knezić, was the only commander who accomplished his duties. While Knezić's place was taken by Colonel Károly Leiningen-Westerburg, who was a great choice, Asbóth's place was taken by Colonel József Kászonyi, who was an explicitly bad choice. Haynau, who on the first day of the battle was moving the bulk of his troops to cross the Danube to start an attack on its southern bank, sent three of his corps, which were still on the northern bank, to repel the Hungarian forces. The two Austrian (II., IV.) and one Russian (Fedor Panyutin's) corps started their attack on 21 June and forced the Hungarians to retreat from Pered and Zsigárd, which forced Görgei to order his troops to retreat from the battlefield.


title: Battle of Pered

text: Thanks to the victories of the Spring Campaign, the Hungarian Revolutionary Army liberated much of Hungary from the occupation of the numerically and technologically superior Habsburg armies and their Serbian, Romanian, and Croatian allies. The Hungarian army of Transylvania, led by Lieutenant General Józef Bem even managed to chase out from the province the first Russian intervention troops , which entered there in the winter of 1849. From the end of March the Austrian politicians and military leaders understood that the Habsburg Empire is incapable of crushing their revolution by relying on their strength. So, based on the Münchengrätz Agreements from 1833, according to which the Habsburg and Russian Empires and Prussia agreed to help each other if their sovereignty is threatened by a revolt or revolution, Austria decided to ask for Russian help against the Hungarian Revolution, although initially, they were reluctant to do that, because they were conscious that this will cause them a big loss of prestige. But the Hungarian victories of the Spring Campaign made the Habsburg government make this unwanted step, and on 21 April, they made the official help request from Russia, followed by the letter of the emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. In result the Tsar decided to send 200,000 Russian soldiers to Hungary, putting another 80,000 in reserve, to enter Hungary if their presence would be needed. Although the Hungarian Government led by Bertalan Szemere and Governor President Lajos Kossuth believed that the European nations would not allow Russia to intervene in Hungary, the European states and England agreed with Russian intervention to crush the Hungarian revolution, thus Lord Palmerston replied to the question of the Russian ambassador about the reaction of England to Russian intervention in Hungary, saying: Finish them quickly!, demanding that after they fulfilled their task to return in Russia immediately. Although England worried about Russian intervention in Hungary, its first concern was that the Russian Empire to not advance in the Balkans, and an important condition for this was a strong Habsburg Empire. So, an independent Hungary could have impeded England's world domination policy.


title: Battle of Pered

text: In the meanwhile, after the capture of Buda General György Klapka, as the deputy minister of war, elaborated the plan for the Hungarian military actions for summer, called later the Summer Campaign. His plan was based on the inactivity of the main Hungarian army corps, stationed around the fortress of Komárom, in the case of a retreat, appointed as the concentration point of the Hungarian troops in the Hungarian capitals (Buda and Pest) and Miskolc, which were facing the main imperial forces under the command of Lieutenant Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau, while the Hungarian troops from Transylvania and Southern Hungary had to accomplish so heavy tasks that could be achieved only after relentless military actions in two months. In the plan made by Klapka, the Russian military intervention was only faintly mentioned without taking any measure against it. This plan was rejected by many of the Hungarian commanders (Józef Bem, Lieutenant General Henryk Dembiński), who said that they would not obey it. The Hungarian commander-in-chief and War Minister General Artúr Görgei also protested against this plan, underlining that as the concentration point of the Hungarian troops instead of Miskolc, Komárom should be appointed, and because of the imminent threat of the Russian intervention, he saw that the only way still open to the Hungarian army was to deal a decisive blow to the main imperial army before the slowly moving Russian forces arrived. This would have forced Austria to enter talks, and offer some kind of settlement, with the Hungarians.


title: Battle of Pered

text: Another problem of the Hungarian army was that many of the talented, experienced Hungarian generals, who helped decisively the success of the Spring Campaign, were no more available (János Damjanich, who broke his leg; Lajos Aulich who became ill; András Gáspár) who resigned from the Hungarian army because of political reasons) and General Görgei was forced to put in their place other officers who were talented soldiers, but were not experienced as army corps leaders, many of them lacking capacity of acting independently when it needed and they had no order to do so, but the military situation required this. So, Görgei put General Károly Knezić in Damjanich's place to lead III. corps, Colonel Lajos Asbóth in Aulich's place to lead II. corps, General Ernő Poeltenberg in Gáspár's place. General György Klapka who formerly was the commander of the I. corps, but who became temporary main commander of the main Hungarian army, called Hungarian Army of the Upper Danube (Feldunai Hadsereg), taking the place of Görgei, who became War Minister, had to give his position at the head of his corps to General József Nagysándor. These new corps commanders lacked the former generals' talent, intuition and experience. Görgei himself, because of now being War Minister, had to fulfill these two heavy tasks (ministry and high commandment of the army), could not focus in the same way on the military actions as he did in the Spring Campaign.


title: Battle of Pered

text: On the other hand, the Austro-Russian coalition prepared to attack Hungary with 358,000 soldiers and 1354 cannons (165,000 Austrians with 770 cannons and 193,000 Russians with 584 cannons). While Russian and Austrian army groups, led by General Alexander von Lüders and General Eduard Clam-Gallas, prepared their attacks Transylvania from Bucovina, Wallachia and Moldavia, (53,000 soldiers and 133 cannons against 39,000 Hungarians, who were mainly fresh recruits without any war experience, and 107 cannons), the main Russian army under the leadership of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich had to advance from the North (135,000 Russian soldiers and 448 cannons against 16,500 Hungarians with 49 cannons), the Austro-Croatian-Serbian troops led by Feldzeugmeister Josip Jelačić operated in Southern Hungary (53,000 soldiers with 401 cannons against 34,000 Hungarians and 249 cannons). The numerical disadvantage of the Hungarian armies was augmented also that 13% of the Hungarian troops in Transylvania and Eastern Hungary were used in the sieges of different fortifications in imperial hands (Arad, Temesvár, Gyulafehérvár, Titel) (around 12,000 men), while others were garrisons in different fortifications, so they could not be used as moving forces against the invading Austro-Russian armies.


title: Battle of Pered

text: Görgei's troops were positioned along the river Vág downwards to Komárom, and south of the Danube along the Rába's Eastern bank until Marcaltő. The mining towns (Bakabánya, Besztercebánya, Bélabánya, Körmöcbánya, Libetbánya, Selmecbánya, Újbánya) were protected by a detachment of 2700 soldiers led by Ármin Görgei, to South to this, around Mocsonok, Ürmény and Komjáti were 1300 soldiers at Nyitra, to south the I. corps led by General József Nagysándor consisting of 7400 men, from here until Érsekújvár on the course of the Vág the 9200 soldiers of the III. corps led by General Károly Knezić were positioned, south of this until Komárom stationed the 8600 men of the II. corps led by Colonel Lajos Asbóth, in Csallóköz stood the 4000 men strong division of the VIII. corps which were defending Komárom under General György Klapka . These 4000 soldiers from Csallóköz assured contact between the troops to North and South from the Danube. South to the Danube, around Győr was the 9000 soldiers of the VII. corps under General Ernő Poeltenberg, and finally the Hungarian line's southernmost unit was the Kmety division consisting of 5100 men. The concentration, in the opportunity of a battle of these troops was impossible, because of the great length of the front, consisting in total 250 kilometers.


title: Battle of Pered

text: The Austrian troops which faced the Hungarians in the Western, under the high command of Lieutenant Field Marshal Julius Jacob von Haynau were positioned as follows. On the right (Southern) bank of the Danube: the III. corps under the lead of Lieutenant General von Moltke was stationed around Sopron having 16,200 men, the I. corps, under the command of General Franz Schlik, consisting of 21,900 soldiers were around Moson, Magyaróvár, Öttevény, Kimle and Hédervár; on the left bank: the bulk of the 13,500 men big II. corps under Lieutenant General Anton Csorich was in Csallóköz, and its Pott-brigade stationed along the Vág river at Farkasd and Vágsellye, the reserve (IV.) corps under the lead of Lieutenant General Ludwig von Wohlgemuth consisted of 17,700 soldiers, and had its headquarters at Nagyszombat, while its brigades were stationed at Szered, Vága and Galgóc. To these troops was sent in support by the high commander of the Russian forces, Marshall Ivan Paskevich the Russian division, consisting of 11,900 soldiers under the lead of Lieutenant General Feodor Sergeyevich Panyutyin, which was stationed first around Pozsony, then, because the Cholera epidemic, which broke out in that region, it was moved to Modor and Bazin.


title: Battle of Pered

text: On 16 June, Colonel Lajos Asbóth, the commander of the II. corps, with around 8000 soldiers, started an attack towards Pered, but, despite initial successes, in the Battle of Zsigárd suffered a defeat, mainly because of the III. corps led by Major General Károly Knezić, which did not come to his rescue. The attack of the I. corps led by Major General József Nagysándor against the Austrian entrenched encampment from Sempte, but he too suffered a defeat. At the same time a Hungarian division advanced to Csilizpatas, but they stopped there. The only success of those actions was the building, by one of the II. corps detachments, of a bridge across the Vág river. This bridge served in the ensuing battle of Pered, an important role for the movement of their troops. Hearing about these defeats, Görgei decided to repeat the attack on Pered, but with more troops. Görgei had the following troops to attack the imperial army at his disposition: the I., II., III. corps and a part of the VIII. corps, which were a totally of 32,907, or according to other sources 31,348 soldiers, with 143 batteries. In the meanwhile on 19 June, Haynau ordered his troops to cross the Danube for the general attack on the southern bank of the Danube against Győr, but to hide his plans, ordered his troops which were still on the northern banks, to repulse the Hungarian attack on the Vág's valley. So he ordered the II. corps together with the reserve (IV.) corps to occupy the banks of Vág, making a bridgehead at Sempte. On 18 June Wohlgemuth installed his headquarters at Galánta. At the same time, he sent the Panyutyin division, from Szenc to Diószeg to support the reserve corps. Wohlgemuth planned an attack with the Pott and Theissing brigades against the Hungarian forces from the region of the lower Vág, but first, he wanted to know the strength of the Hungarians in that region. So, on 18 June the Pott and the Theissing brigades of the II. corps received the order to do a reconnaissance-in-force towards Alsószeli, and after carrying out this, they reported 18,000-20,000 Hungarian soldiers in the region, which made Wohlgemuth postpone the planned attack until more Austrian troops arrive. On 20 Wohlgemuth planned with these two brigades to advance towards Negyed and Királyrév, to learn more precise pieces of information about the enemy when the Hungarian attack started. At the military council held on 19 June in Zsigárd with Herzinger and Pott, Lieutenant General Wohlgemuth decided that in the case of a Hungarian attack from the south, Pott would not defend the village for long, but would retreat to Pered, where he would join forces with Herzinger to stop the Hungarian Hungarian troops. To this end, Pott's brigade was temporarily reinforced with the 5th cuirassier regiment and with the 2nd cavalry artillery battery.


title: Battle of Pered

text: In the days before the battle, the II. corps stationed at Aszód, the III. corps at Tardoskedd and Mocsonok, while the Rakovszky detachment was at Farkasd. Görgei entrusted the leader of the II. corps Colonel Lajos Asbóth, to be the spearhead of the attack, giving him a chance to repair his mistakes made in the battle of Zsigárd. Asbóth discussed the time when he planned the attack with Lieutenant Colonel Samu Rakovszky, and concentrated his troops on 19 June evening at Aszódpuszta, and at 11 o'clock, they started the crossing of Danube's Érsekújvár branch. Around 2:00 a.m., when the II. corps was still crossing, Görgei arrived at Aszódpuszta. His initial intention was to participate in the upcoming battle, but György Klapka, who was against the Hungarian attack from the next day, asked him to go to the bridge Aszódpuszta, to discuss if the VIII. has to start an attack in Csallóköz at the same time as the attack of the II. and III. corps in the Vág valley, so Görgei left, promising to return to the battlefield as soon as he finished the discussions. Because of this Colonel Asbóth had to start this battle alone, as he did in the battle of Zsigárd.


title: Battle of Pered

text: The II. corps led by Asbóth, after crossing, at the dawn of 20 June, the Érsekújvár Danube branch at 5 a.m., arrived undetected in the vicinity of Zsigárd with around 8000 soldiers and 48 cannons (he left his sappers and some units at the bridges over the nearby rivers). The Austrian intelligence took notice of the apparition of the II. corps around 4:30 a.m. in the vicinity of Zsigárd, so the Pott brigade drew up in battle formation. The Pott and Theissing brigades had around 7000 soldiers and 24 cannons (its 56/3 battalion was guarding Vágsellye), but only the Pott brigade was in Zsigárd. The Theissing brigade, which was stationed at Alsószeli, was also informed about the attack against Zsigárd, but they did not move from there yet, because Major General Herzinger feared that the Hungarians will also attack from the south and east. This belief was strengthened in him also by the demonstration of a brigade from the III. corps before Vágsellye, on the Eastern bank of the Vág, and the dense fog of that morning made it hard to judge the situation. Pott organized his brigade in two lines with the 58/1 Landwehr battalion in the center defending Zsigárd, 3 cavalry companies and the cavalry battery covering the right flank, and the 2. kaiserjäger battalion covering the left flank. Around 6 a.m. Asbóth's troops took the battle position in front of Zsigárd, in two lines. In the first line on the right wing and center were 4 battalions of the 5. division with 3 batteries, while the left wing was made by 2 battalions of the Collig brigade with 2 batteries. The second (reserve) line was represented by the 39/1 line battalion, the 56 Honvéd battalion, 2 companies of the 6. Hussar regiment, and the 2. cavalry battery. The left flank of the Hungarian battle order was covered by 6 companies of the cavalry of the II. corps led by Major Ignác Mándy. Colonel Lajos Asbóth wanted to attack immediately, but Colonel István Szekulits, advised him to wait until Görgei arrived, and the morning fog cleared. Asbóth, after waiting until 7:00 a.m. for the arrival of Görgei (who in the meanwhile was discussing with Klapka at Aszódpuszta), and fearing that the Rakovszky detachment , which according to the plan, had to attack Zsigárd from the direction of Negyed, will enter alone in the battle against the superior enemy brigade, ordered his troops to start the attack.


title: Battle of Pered

text: After retreating from Zsigárd, the Pott brigade took a position in front of Pered. Now also the Theissing brigade joined them after Herzinger understood that from the direction of Vágsellye the Hungarians will not attack. Now Herzinger took the overall command over the two brigades, deploying his units on the right side of the Pott brigade, with the infantry next to Pott's cavalry, with the 5. (Auersperg) cuirassier regiment on the right flank. When the fight started again, seeing that the still superior Hungarian artillery caused important losses, especially to the Austrian right flank, Herzinger tried to resolve this by encircling the Hungarians, occupying Királyréve, defended by the Pozsony jägers and the Bereg volunteer company, so he sent 4 companies of the Major and Colonel division of the Auersperg cuirassier regiment from the Austrian right flank to occupy the village, but this attack was repulsed. Their attack crumbled in the crossfire of the Hungarian center and left flank. Noticing the favorable opportunity, Asbóth sent Major Mándy with the 8 Hussar companies and the cavalry artillery to attack the retreating Austrian cavalry, shattering them completely, then encircling the Austrian right flank. Exploiting this success, Asbóth ordered the general attack on the left flank. Feeling that his troops cannot withstand the Hungarian attack, Herzinger gave the order for a general retreat. The Theissing brigade, under the leadership of Herzinger was being pushed back by the Hussars and cavalry artillery of Mándy, supported by the infantry and artillery of the Collig brigade. Being unable to withstand these attacks, the Austrian right wing withdrew from Alsószeli and Felsőszeli, continuing their retreat towards Diószeg. At Asbóth's order, Mándy stopped their pursuit at Alsószeli.


title: Battle of Pered

text: But on the Austrian left flank, in the battle for Pered, the situation was different. Despite receiving Herzinger's order to retreat, Pott refused, and he prepared with his brigade to resist in the village. Although much of his cavalry retreated together with the right wing, he managed to hold back in Pered 4 companies of the Richter grenadier battalion from the Theissing brigade. He deployed his troops as it follows. The southern part of the village was defended by the 40/3 line battalion, its western portion by the Richter grenadiers, and 3 companies of the 57/3 line battalion, while the eastern part by the 2. kaiserjäger battalion, 2 companies of the 10/1 line battalion, and 1 company of the 58/1 Landwehr battalion. Pott reinforced the defense with the 11. infantry battery on the southern, the 2. cavalry battery on the western, and the 3. six-pounder infantry ½ battery, together with the 15. Congreve rocket ½ battery on the eastern edge of Pered. He kept in reserve behind the village around 50 cuirassiers, 4 companies of the 10/1, and other 4 companies of the 58/1 Landwehr battalions.


title: Battle of Pered

text: Asbóth understood that the attack against the well-defended village will be risky, but he decided to attack nevertheless, knowing that after the Battle of Zsigárd he was criticized because he did not take control over it. First, after an artillery preparation he sent the 60., 61. and 63. Honvéd battalions to attack Pered frontally, but this attack crumbled in the heavy artillery and infantry fire of the Austrians, the soldiers retreating in disorder. Then, after reorganizing them, he positioned the troops on a small hill, in line with the artillery, Asbóth sent Colonel Szekulits with the 39/1 and the 56. Honvéd battalions against the western, while the Rakovszky detachment against the eastern part of Pered. But the encirclement went much slower than expected, which made Asbóth lose his patience, so he went to the western column, on the lead of which, with the war flag of the 63. battalion in his hand, he managed to break into Pered, but the counter-attack of the Austrians, supported by the 4 companies of 10/1. battalion from the reserve forced them to retreat. Meanwhile Rakovszky sent the company of the Württemberg hussars of his detachment to capture the combined Austrian battery from the eastern edge of Pered, but the shootings of the Austrian cannons and of the kaiserjägers forced them to withdraw on the Hungarian center. This attracted the cannonade of the Austrian artillery on the 60., 61. and 63. Honvéd battalions, which were stationed on the small hill from the center, causing disarray among them, and forcing them to retreat. The same thing happened with the 49. Honvéd battalion which came to replace them.


title: Battle of Pered

text: This was the situation at 1:00 (or 2:00) p.m. when Görgei arrived on the battlefield. He waited hours for Klapka to arrive at Aszódpuszta. When the latter finally arrived, they agreed on continuing the attack. Klapka undertook the leading of a distraction attack in Csallóköz, in order to ease the advance of the Hungarian troops attacking at Pered. When they finished the discussion around 10 a.m., Görgei went towards the battlefield, and, as mentioned above, arrived at Pered around 1:00 or 2:00 p.m. Right when he arrived, he saw the retreat of the 60., 61. and 63. Honvéd battalions. He rode to them, and with the help of the hussars from his staff, managed to reestablish the order among the soldiers, and led them back to their original position on the hill. Then came Asbóth, who was riding back from the troops attacking the western part of Pered, after he finally understood that only through a concentrated attack will be able to occupy the village. Hearing that the three battalions suffered heavy losses on the hill, he ordered them to retreat behind it, to be safe from the enemy projectiles. This infuriated Görgei, who could not accept the fact that Asbóth overturned his earlier order of positioning the battalions on the hill, he really tore into his corps commander. After that, because the Rakovszky detachment restarted its attack against the eastern part of the village, giving the opportunity to also start a frontal attack, he sent Asbóth to lead the column attacking the western section, while he took the lead of the battalions attacking the southern section of Pered.


title: Battle of Pered

text: The Rakovszky detachment broke into the eastern part of Pered despite the fierce resistance. In response, Pott sent the 58/1. battalion from the reserve, which managed to stop the Hungarian advance, but because their lines broke, they could not push the Hungarians out of the village. The attacks against the southern and the western sections of Pered were preceded by a fierce artillery duel, during which some of the Austrian batteries run out of their ammunition, then the 49. and 63. battalions attacked the village from the south, while the 60. and 61. battalions from the southwest, while the Szekulits column, under the leadership of Asbóth, renewed their attack from the west. The Austrians did their best, but the 40/3. line battalion could not withstand the attack, and retreated inside Pered, and as a result of this, the western and southwestern Hungarian columns met in the main square of the village. Pott understood that he cannot hold the enemy back for more, so he ordered the retreat through Deáki to Taksony. The retreat was covered by a division of the 2. kaiserjäger battalion, a ½ cuirassier company, a ½ cavalry battery, and the 15. ½ Congreve rocket battery. Initially Görgei wanted to pursue the enemy, but seeing the fatigue of his troops, he understood that this cannot bring any result. The retreating Austrians were not pursued by the hussars from Alsószeli either, only the artillery from there tried to cause them some losses, but without much success. Görgei could not count on the III. corps, and the brigade demonstrating in front of Vágsellye neither, because the first arrived only around 3:00 p.m., while the second round 5:00 p.m. Only the some Hussar recon parties followed the retreating enemy, raiding towards Felsőszeli, Deáki, and Vágsellye, forcing the Austrian detachment from here to retreat, and taking prisoner one of their squads (around 100 soldiers). near the Vág river. By taking Pered, the Hungarian army won the first day of the battle.


title: Battle of Pered

text: After this, he decided about Asbóth's fate. Regarding this case, it was much harder to take a decision. Colonel Lajos Asbóth was the only corps commander who participated in the battle, until the assault on Pered, leading his troops to victory on the first day of the battle, distinguishing himself through his personal courage and example. But during the attack against Pered he lost control over the situation. Knowing that after the battle of Zsigárd he was criticized for leaving operational enemy forces near the battlefield, which then, after being reinforced, turned the tide of the battle by counter-attacking, he wanted to conquer Pered at all costs. But he chose a wrong method for this. The village could be encircled from the left, threatening the enemy's retreat route to Deáki, and with this, he could force the enemy to retreat without any fight, furthermore, in a favorable situation, he could even capture a part of the Pott brigade. Instead of this he chose to try to capture the village through a 4 hours, bloody, and very costly fight, in which he failed to coordinate the attacks of his troops. Furthermore, by ordering the units led by Major Mándy to confine themselves to hold Alsószeli, he prevented the latter to send his hussars to pursue the retreating Austrian troops. So Görgei decided to relieve Asbóth from the command of the II. corps because of wasting so many lives during the siege of Pered, exhausting his troops, losing his determination and self-confidence during the battle, and, though unwillingly, overturning his order to leave the battalions on the hill, and appointed Colonel József Kászonyi as the new commander of the II. corps. But he still appreciated Asbóth's courage and heroism during the battle, so he did not want to completely remove him from the army (as he did with Knezić), but he wanted to entrust him with the leadership of a newly formed division.