title: Ideological bias on Wikipedia

text: A study published in 2019, conducted among American users of the English version, produced similar findings. The study highlighted a significant political orientation bias among users contributing to political topics, finding a trend that the more edits made to an entry, the more balanced the average political orientation of the contributing users becomes. The study also indicated that the quality of articles, as recognized by the Wikipedia community, improves as the diversity of political orientation among contributors increases. User groups composed of politically polarized individuals generally produce better articles, on average, compared to groups consisting of highly politically aligned users or even moderates. Positive effects of polarization were observed not only in articles related to politics but also in those concerning social issues and even science. Politically polarized groups engage in frequent disagreements, stimulating focused debates that result in higher quality, more robust, and comprehensive edits. However, these findings are subject to limitations. The contributors who participated may suffer a self-selection bias, which can influence outcomes.


title: Ideological bias on Wikipedia

text: CNN suggested in 2022 that Wikipedia's ideological bias "may match the ideological bias of the news ecosystem." The Boston Globe opined "A Wikipedia editor's interest in an article sprouts from their values and opinions, and their contributions are filtered through their general interpretation of reality. Edict or no, a neutral point of view is impossible. Not even a Wikipedia editor can transcend that." Slate, in a 2022 article, stated "Right-wing commentators have grumbled about 's purported left-wing bias for years, but they have been unable to offer a viable alternative encyclopedia option: A conservative version of Wikipedia, Conservapedia, has long floundered with minimal readership", while also noting that conservatives "have not generally attacked Wikipedia as extensively" as other media sources. Also in 2022, Vice News reported, "Researchers have found that Wikipedia has a slight Democratic bias on issues of US politics because many of Wikipedia's editors are international, and the average country has views that are to the left of the Democratic party on issues such as healthcare, climate change, corporate power, capitalism, etc."


title: Marko Trojak

text: Trojak went through the ranks of his hometown club Varteks's academy, but left the club without debuting for the first team in 2008 after a year and a half on loan to his club's feeder teams. His next club would be third-tier NK Virovitica, before experiencing first-tier football in Slovenia, having joined the ailing NK Drava Ptuj following a trial. In 2010, he moved back to Croatia, joining NK Lokomotiva, and, in April 2011, helped inflict his former club (which had changed its name from Varteks to NK Varaždin) their first loss on home turf after over a year, by assisting Nino Bule for the sole goal of the match. He went on to rejoin Varaždin that summer, participating in the club's Europa League qualifications campaign which was narrowly ended by Dinamo Bucharest with 4-3 aggregate, but would feature in only 6 league matches before the club was expelled from Croatia's top league, Prva HNL, and subsequently folded. After a season at second-tier NK Zelina, Trojak spent most of the next two and a half years two lower-tier Austrian and German clubs. In the 2015/16 winter transfer period he returned to Prva HNL football after going on trial with NK Istra 1961 and passing.


title: Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya

text: Ram and Radha fall in love once again and they are engaged, much to the chagrin of Rita, who wanted Radha to marry her brother Deepak instead. On the way to the wedding Ram gets killed in an accident and Radha is heart-broken. But Ram is not actually dead, but instead kidnapped by the jealous family members and replaced by another dead body to make it look like him. Rita tries to poison Radha and tries to blame on Sharda, but Radha defends Sharda and rightly blames Rita for this. Rita then falsely accuses Sharda's husband of trying to rape her. Allegations and counter-allegations follow and Dadaji (Arvind Trivedi) decides to split the property and separate brothers. Rita's brother Deepak intervenes and exposes his sister Rita as the conspirator. However, it turns out that this was a ploy to paint Deepak in a good light. Radha's family falls for the trap and agrees to get Radha married to Deepak. Radha, still heart-broken, reluctantly agrees to marry Deepak. Ram escapes from his captors, but it's too late as Radha is already married to Deepak and flown off to America. Rajesh overhears Rita confessing her role in the conspiracy and threatens to expel her from the family. Ram also reaches the house and the whole conspiracy is unveiled to the family. Rita feels guilty and has a change of heart and accuses her elders of maligning her life.


title: Diamond Rexx

text: Singer Nasti Habits created the original four-member lineup with guitarist S.S. Priest in 1985. Four months after their first live show the band signed a management deal with Mark Nawara who then got the band signed to Island records, and with the addition of bassist Andre and drummer Johnny Cottone they released their debut album Land of the Damned in 1986. In 1989, the band signed to the independent Red Light Records, where they released their second album Rated Rexx in 1990. and third release Golden Gates in 1991. The album boasted S.S. Priest on guitar but actually all guitars were performed by John Luckhaupt (aka: Johnny L. Angel) who had left the band just before the album's release. The band went on hiatus in the 1990s, but Habits formed a new line-up in 2001, now with S.S. Priest on guitar, Basil Cooper (Ex-Daisy Chain/Mind Bomb) on bass and background vocals and Billy Nychay on drums, now influenced by alternative metal. This line-up recorded the Rexx Erected album, released on the Diamond label, after which Baz Cooper left to be replaced by Tommy Hanus. The Evil was released in 2002 on Crash Music. In 2006 drummer Patrick McGreal and bassist Tommy Evans joined the band, and the following year, original drummer Johnny Cottone returned on drums. The band then went dormant and remained quiet over the next few years. In 2009 the original line-up of Habits/Andre/Priest/Cottone reunited for a twenty-year anniversary show.


title: Buffalo Police Department

text: In 2006, BPD officer Cariol Horne intervened when Gregory Kwiatkowski, a white officer, was choking a handcuffed black suspect. Horne claimed that Kwiatkowski punched her in the face, while Kwiatkowski claimed Horne had jumped on him while he was struggling with the suspect. The incident was not filmed. An internal investigation resulted in no other officer supporting Horne's claims. For her intervention, she was fired and lost her pension one year before it went into effect, whereas Kwiatkowski was shortly thereafter promoted to lieutenant. In 2009, Kwiatkowski was convicted and sentenced to prison after using excessive force on four handcuffed black teenagers. Kwiatkowski was forced to retire after assaulting two other officers in separate incidents, but was permitted to keep his pension. In 2020, in the wake of George Floyd protests, including the Niagara Square shoving incident, white-shoe law firm Kirkland & Ellis launched an action for reinstatement on behalf of Horne. On April 13, 2021, a state court judge vindicated Horne, granting her the back pay and benefits that the BPD had denied her.


title: Border shooting of Felani Khatun

text: Felani Khatun (Bengali: ফেলানী খাতুন) was a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl who was shot and killed by Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on 7 January 2011, along the Bangladesh–India border. A photograph showing Felani Khatun's dead body hanging on a border fence made of barbed wire was picked up by international media, and the publication of these photographs evoked international concern. The photo had created an "uproar" in Bangladesh. After a lot of back and forth between different courts within India, the case is still pending for final judgement as (MSM) a human rights activist platform in India has launched a petition in the country's Supreme Court seeking justice and compensation for the killing of Felani Khatun. Lawyer and Human Rights Activist SM Abraham Lincoln who has been the lawyer for Felani Khatun's Family on Bangladesh's side for the last 11 years, believes that after the COVID-19 pandemic the process has lost momentum. This Case is significant because of the international attention that it gathered and also paints a vivid picture of the length of struggle that people living in borderline Bangladesh have to go through.


title: KLMR-FM

text: The station's studios, co-located with the transmitter for its AM sister station, were destroyed in a microburst on July 23, 2022. While KLMR-FM would resume operations from makeshift facilities in the conference room of KVAY, described by the stations' chief engineer Kit Haskins as an "engineering nightmare", 25/7 Media subsequently elected to shut the station down on September 20, 2022, and surrender the KLMR-FM and KLMR licenses; the closure left KVAY, whose owner Bob DeLancey had a 33 percent interest in 25/7 Media, as the only commercial FM station in Lamar. That October, the KLMR licenses were reinstated, with 25/7 Media instead requesting special temporary authority to keep the two stations silent for financial reasons. On January 2, 2023, it was announced that Riverside Communications, LLC had purchased KLMR 920 and KLMR-FM from 25/7 Media for $30,000; the purchase was consummated on March 1. Riverside planned to rebuild and return the stations to operational status, with a tentative launch date of early 2023. Testing and tuning of the KLMR-FM signal began on May 8, 2023, with the official relaunch with a classic hits format scheduled for May 15, 2023.


title: Cesare Tallone

text: He won the triennial combined schools of painting competition at the Brera exhibition in 1879, with a historical subject. He reprised this subject for the canvas shown together with the Portrait of Luigi Bernasconi (Rome, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna) at the "Esposizione di Belle Arti" di Roma in 1883. Tallone often spent time in Rome with Antonio Mancini and Francesco Paolo Michetti. His success with public and critics alike was confirmed the following year at the Esposizione Generale Italiana in Turin. In 1885, he was appointed teacher of painting at the Carrara Academy, in Bergamo, a position which he also held at the Brera Academy from 1899, succeeding Bertini. During these years he continued to exhibit his works and he became known as a portraitist in intellectual, bourgeois and aristocratic circles. One of the last awards he won was the Principe Umberto Prize in 1908, and an entire room was devoted to his works at the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte di Venezia the same year. He died in Milan. In 1921, on the initiative of his friend Bignami, the Brera Academy commemorated him with a posthumous retrospective.


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: Prior to European settlement, the region was managed traditionally by Aboriginals using fire-stick farming methods to 'clear the land of vegetation' . The Aborigines were known for their affinity with the land and a commitment to looking after the country . The name 'Black Jungle' first appeared on a plan of the 'Umpity Doo Homestead' block, Agricultural Lease No 28 in 1910. 'The Jungle', as it was commonly referred to, was part of Koolpinyah Station granted to the Herbert brothers in 1907, by their father Government Resident Charles Edward Herbert; who was a senior member of parliament and judge in the Northern Territory between 1905 and 1910 . Herbert had come to Darwin in 1884 and was keen to explore live cattle exports on the station, which at the time included Humpty Doo station . In 1907 Koolpinyah Station was one of the largest and most significant cattle stations in the Northern Territory; spanning a vast area between Howards Springs to the west and the Adelaide River to the east .


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: Koolpinyah Station was created when Herbert applied for leases over the area in the names of his sons . The Koolpinyah Station lease was taken up by the Herbert brothers in 1908 for mixed farming . Resident Herbert was instrumental in adapting land regulations for the industry believing that small mixed farming had great potential for the Territory . The station lease was defined as a mixed farm of buffalo, goats, tropical fruit and cattle . The Herbert brothers established their homestead at a waterhole known by the local Aborigines as "Gulpinyah" . They hunted and gathered wild cattle on the station according to seasonal conditions and market demand . Aboriginal elders were welcomed by the Herberts who shared food supplies and money with them, when it was available and the elders were also allowed to camp on the property . Botanist FAK Bleeser collected many palms in 'The Jungle' in the 1930s . In 1983, the Territory Government prepared the 1983 Darwin Rural Area Plan . While agriculture was a defined use, there was no specific agricultural or rural zone . By 1990, the government had undertaken an investigation of lands suitable for horticulture with access to groundwater at Lambells Lagoon and Berry Springs . Lambells Lagoon and lots in Acacia Hills were exchanged as land swaps for the Malacca Swamp and Black Jungle, which became conservation reserves, excised from the Koolpinyah pastoral station . These land swaps occurred prior to the Native Title Act 1993 which came into operation in January 1994 (ILUA).


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: There are large areas of land set aside for the protection of conservation and biodiversity in the Top End of the Northern Territory; including Black Jungle, Malacca Swamp and the mangroves lining the Litchfield waterways . There are also large parcels of land set aside to protect the water catchments . Salmon suggests that conservation of these areas did not emerge from a desire to protect the landscape; but from the need to protect the aquifers. Groundwater extraction in horticultural areas on the margin of the floodplain, impacts on freshwater springs and rainforest patches such as those around Black Jungle Swamp . Conservation management of Black Jungle was established in 1986 and is controlled by the Northern Territory Parks and Wildlife Commission . Public access is strictly by permit only which is usually only granted for scientific research and crocodile egg harvesting . It has been recorded that the reserve is sometimes illegally entered, usually by hunters in vehicles, or by 'recreational' vehicle users who damage fences and gates to gain entry to the reserve .


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: This species is listed as Vulnerable by IUCN as less than 1000 mature individuals occupy an area of less than 20 km2 . This epiphytic orchid species grows in straggly clumps and has wiry, erect or semi-pendulous slender stems up to 30 cm long. The roots are thick and cord-like, approx. 5 mm wide. The inflorescence raceme is up to 15 cm long with groups of 1 to 3 flowers of green or yellow-green, and a dark red to burgundy centre, approximately 1 cm wide. Flowering occurs from November to December, but has also been recorded in February . L. tristis is found on the margins of monsoon vine forest and rainforest in areas of relatively bright light (suggesting reliance on breaks in the canopy) and is associated with other epiphytes . This orchid has been recorded in Bankers Jungle and Black Creek, within the Black Jungle Conservation Reserve, Koolpinyah Station and Melville Island . These are the only known mainland records of this species . Both Bankers Jungle and Black Creek are spring-fed monsoon rainforest patches on the margin of the Adelaide River Floodplain .


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: The palm is found in only eight small rainforest patches southeast of Darwin, within the Adelaide and Howard River catchments . Palm habitats occur in an area 30 km long by 20 km wide forming a total area of 40 ha . Three of the eight patches occur within the Black Jungle Conservation Reserve: Black Creek, portions of rainforest at Crocodile Creek and BJ3 and are listed in the Register of the National Estate under the Australian Heritage Commission Act 1975 (Parks & Wildlife Commission). The remaining patches occur on freehold or pastoral lease land . P. bleeseri, commonly known as the Darwin Palm, has a slender growth habit with a height of up to 12 m . The multiple green trunks are 3 – 6 cm wide and the feathery fronds have leaflets that grow up to 1.5 m long . Flowering spikes are produced in the dry season, April to August, with the main fruiting period occurring between August and December . Threats to the species include invasion by weeds, habitat degradation caused by feral animals including grazing of seedling by pigs and changes in water quantity and quality due to changing land use in the catchment . Intense fires can also threaten regeneration by eliminating adult plants and preventing seedling establishment .


title: Black Jungle Conservation Reserve

text: Family: Aracea Order: Arales Red List Category and criteria: Vulnerable D1 and 2 T. johnsonianum is known only by 2 specimens collected in 1993 and 1994, both within the Black Jungle Reserve in the Northern Territory, Australia . The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy for the species have been estimated as less than 100 and 10 km2 respectively . This species is known exclusively from the reserve, surrounding threats such as expanding agriculture, overgrazing and mining are not likely to affect this species . Although T. johnsonianum was found in wet monsoon forest with a high water table during the wet season, conditions are much different in the dry season and fires, therefore, could be a serious threat, considering the restricted area and number of individuals currently known . T. johnsonianum is therefore listed as Vulnerable under D1 and D2 . The species is found in open grassy clearings between Acacia auriculiformis and Melaleuca forest with Lophostemon lactifluus near the flood plain edge, in sandy well drained soil with seasonal inundation .


title: Shope papilloma virus

text: There is a lack of specific data about the reproductive cycle of papillomaviruses. Research is not conclusive about which coding regions are expressed before or after replication of viral DNA. E1 is the largest open reading frame, which is the set of codons in the genome that code for proteins, encoding a 602-base protein. E1 is similar to COOH-terminal domain of the Simian virus 40, plays a role in viral DNA replication maintaining plasmids within a cell. CRPV and BPV1 are found in the same location of the genome, which indicates that papillomaviruses likely have similar methods of replicating their genomes outside of a chromosome. A notable difference between the genomes of the four strains is that the E6 protein is almost twice as long in the CRPV as in any of the other strains of papillomaviruses. The E6 protein is somewhat homologous with a family of ATP syntheses that are found in mitochondria of cattle. The homology is significant enough to imply an evolutionary relationship between E6 and the beta chain of the ATP synthase family; however, they do not have the same function or enzyme activity. The E2 protein overlaps with the E4 open reading frames in the other papillomaviruses. These differences in the E2 proteins likely determine how oncogenic a virus is. The noncoding region has a homologies with BPV1. Other homologies exist, such as the fact that all papillomaviruses have repeated sequences in the noncoding parts of their genomes. CRPV has some notable repeats, some as long as 32 base pairs. Many pairs up stream of the transcription locations are homologous with promoter sequences in of SV40.


title: Shope papilloma virus

text: When Richard E. Shope began his research on SPV, little was known about the natural transmission of the virus vectors and interactions of the virus on its hosts. In the lab setting, Shope worked with the virus' natural host, the cottontail rabbit. Particularly, he worked with the cottontails of Iowa and other western states of the United States. He worked with these species because it was discovered that SPV had a restricted geographic range and was confined to the high plains of the western United States. Therefore, the major host species of SPV is the cottontail rabbit of the western United States. Cottontail rabbits in Shope's lab usually were infected with the virus through parasites such as rabbit ticks. When infected with SPV, hosts develop papillomas on hair-bearing skin, usually around the face and neck. Shope found through his research that rabbit epidermal cell transformation by SPV requires interaction with mesenchymal cells. It was further found that mesenchymal types support papillomatous transformation. Shope's research also investigated how vitamin A deficiencies or excess might affect host susceptibility to SPV. Shope found that deficiencies in vitamin A did not affect the relative growth of the papillomas, but in cases where there was excesses of vitamin A Shope papillomas were inhibited. Therefore, when SPV infects a host, vitamin A plays an important role in the host/virus interactions.


title: Treungen

text: Treungen lies beside the southern end of lake Nisser, about 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of the village of Kyrkjebygda and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northwest of the village of Felle. The Telemarksveien (Norwegian National Road 41) passes through the village northwards towards Vrådal and southwards towards Åmli in Agder county. The state highway was widened after the Treungen railway was dismantled in 1967. Treungen was the railway terminus. Telemark Bilruter runs a bus route between Arendal and Seljord, and this route replaces the abandoned rail connection to Arendal. Treungen is split into two by lake Nisser and in the middle of the village is Tveitsund bridge, a fine stone bridge adorned with concrete columns. The bridge was protected as a cultural monument in 1999. It is small, and traffic is controlled by lights. Throughout its history, Treungen has been closely linked with the town of Arendal and Aust-Agder county because lake Nisser was a part of the Arendal waterway and had its outflow through Nidelva. When timber was floated downriver, Treungen was an important hub. The timber came here along lake Nisser before being sent on its journey to Arendal.


title: Airport '77

text: The plane settles in relatively shallow water that is above the plane's crush depth, though water pressure gradually compromises the fuselage. Many passengers are injured, some seriously. Chambers, the only surviving hijacker, reveals the plane is two hundred miles off course, meaning search and rescue efforts will be focused in the wrong area. As a search for the missing plane is launched, veteran aeronautics expert Joe Patroni joins the rescue operation as a technical adviser, joined by Philip Stevens. Meanwhile, the trapped crew can only contact rescuers by getting a signal buoy to the surface. Captain Gallagher and a professional diver and passenger, Martin Wallace, enter the main cargo preparing to swim to the surface using air masks. The hatch door malfunctions, forcing Wallace to open it manually. The sudden onrush of water kills him, but Gallagher is able to make it to the surface and activate the emergency beacon. The signal is detected and a rescue operation is launched. Meanwhile, the plane's fuselage is steadily leaking.


title: Airport '77

text: The Navy dispatches a sub-recovery ship, the USS Cayuga, and a flotilla of other vessels to the crash site, rescuing Gallagher. Stevens, meanwhile, has joined the Cayuga via helicopter while Patroni stays on the mainland to study the aircraft's risks of imploding underwater, which he warns Gallagher about over the phone. Guided by Gallagher, Navy divers rig the plane with balloons and inflate them, slowly raising the aircraft, which could split apart. Just before the plane reaches the surface, a balloon breaks loose and pressure is reduced to stabilize the aircraft. A cargo hold door inside the plane bursts open and seawater swamps the cabin; Chambers, pinned under a sofa, drowns. Emily's injured friend Dorothy dies from her injuries; Wallace's widow Karen and a stewardess drown. With time running out, air pressure is increased, raising the plane to the surface. All survivors are quickly evacuated. Captain Gallagher and Stevens's assistant, Eve (whom Gallagher is in love with), get trapped inside and escape through the upper deck where they are fished out of the ocean by a Navy helicopter. All buoyancy is lost and the 747 slips under the waves for the last time. The survivors are unloaded on a nearby rescue ship. Stevens reunites with his daughter and tearfully hugs his grandson. The helicopter carrying Gallagher and Eve lands aboard the Agerholm, where they are both met by the grateful survivors.


title: Bahta Hagos

text: Bahta originally gained recognition in 1875 when he killed Embaye Araya son of Rasi Araya, an Ethiopian Governor, in a skirmish precipitated by raiding of the area. Bahta and other Eritrean tribal leaders were in constant conflict with the Ethiopian forces under Ras Alula and Yohannes (himself a Tigrian); for example, despite the best efforts of Ras Alula's lieutenant Balatta Gabru in 1880, Bahta evaded capture and later that year allied himself with the Egyptian garrison at Sanhit (latter Keren). In 1885, as an Italian colonial presence replaced the defeated Egyptians, and their control of Massawa, Bahta moved to ally himself with them and their General, later provincial governor Oreste Baratieri. This was done in the hope that Eritreans would be able to maintain a certain amount of independence, at least more so than under Ethiopian influence. As a consequence, Bahta came to control Akkele Guzay, and by 1889 his own forces formed an important flank in the Italian moves to create the Colony of Eritrea. He fought alongside the Italians against the Mahdists at the Battle of Agordat in December, 1893.


title: MyHeritage

text: MyHeritage DNA is a genetic testing service launched by MyHeritage in 2016. DNA results are obtained from home test kits, allowing users to use cheek swabs to collect samples. The results provide DNA matching and ethnicity estimates. In 2018, the company offered 5,000 of these kits as part of an initiative to reunite migrant families separated at the United States-Mexico border. The company also offered 15,000 DNA kits as part of a pro bono initiative called DNA Quest, which connected adoptees with biological parents. In 2016, MyHeritage launched a project to help children of Yemenite Jewish immigrants that had been forcefully separated from their families reunite with their biological family. As of 2019, about 2.5 million MyHeritage DNA kits have been sold, making it the third most popular genealogical DNA testing company In April 2019, MyHeritage changed DNA microarray chip for autosomal tests from Infinium OmniExpress to the Infinium GSA chip, with 642,824 markers. In April 2019, MyHeritage began releasing data from a new DNA chip.


title: Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

text: Prior to the establishment of the French protectorate of Tonkin, the city of Hanoi was a collection of 36 streets, each of these streets was devoted to a specific craft as well as several temples and pagodas spread around the settlement. Furthermore, the city of Hanoi also possessed a citadel and fort, these were ironically constructed in 1803 (the year after the Nguyễn dynasty was established by the Gia Long Emperor) with the assistance of French military engineers that were trained in the Vauban tradition of fortification. However, the French viewed Hanoi as a dirty, squalid, ramshackle collection of villages. So they sought to transform it into a French-style city worthy of being the seat of one of the colonial possessions of the French Empire. This process began with the arrival of French administrators in the 1880s, namely Paul Bert in 1886, really set off the Gallicisation of the city. Large areas of Hanoi, including most of the old citadel as well many temples, were demolished to make way for the new French-style buildings that would become the core of the new city. Most notable among these new constructions were St. Joseph's Cathedral and the Lanessan Hospital.


title: Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

text: In 1897 Paul Doumer had been appointed Governor-General of French Indochina after he was briefly the French Minister of Finance when he tried without success to introduce an income tax. Under his leadership, the old Hanoi would be transformed into a completely different city and the transformation went into overdrive. As Doumer planned on making Hanoi the new capital of the Union of Indochina he insisted that it should also look the part. To fulfil this plan, a new palace for the residence of the Governor-General of French Indochina was constructed (which serves today as Vietnam's Presidential Palace). Large parts of Hanoi were cleared to make room for the new French-style inner city that was filled with broad tree-lined boulevards, colonial-style villas, and well-tended gardens. This new area would be known as the "French Quarter" (Quartier Européen / Khu phố Pháp, today's Ba Đình District), as some visitors would describe it as "a slice of Paris on the other side of the world". This area of the city sharply contrasted the cramped, narrow, and chaotic "Native Quarter" (Quartier indigène), where both the indigenous Annamese people and Han Chinese people resided.


title: Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

text: The Bubonic plague continued to spread for the coming years. In the year 1906, an outbreak in Tonkin negatively affected the Tonkinese economy. Because of the economic downturn caused by the pandemic a lot of people from the Tonkinese countryside fled to Hanoi, where many migrants became homeless beggars. Between the years 1906 and 1908, French health officials officially recorded 263 deaths from the Bubonic plague. As a result, the authorities decided to take other anti-pandemic measures and stricter hygiene control in the 36 streets of the "Native Quarter". The French authorities realised that they could only contain the pandemic through very intense and often invasive public health measures designed to stop it from spreading further once it has been identified. These measures included quarantining the sick in lazarettes, burning the belongings and often the homes of those who were found to be infected, and seizing corpses. These stricter measures were successful in reducing the further spread of the pandemic within the city. The French continued to enforce these measures after the pandemic as the natives didn't have the personal hygiene habits that the French desired them to acquire. This reflected the racial politics of the time, as similar attitudes existed in places like South Africa, India, the United States, and Hong Kong. However, these measures weren't very popular and angered the local population.


title: Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

text: In 1995, American historian Michael G. Vann was researching for his doctoral dissertation on the city of Hanoi during French protectorate period in the overseas archives (Centre des Archives Section d'Outre-Mer) in Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône. During his research there he stumbled across one of the more bizarre primary sources that a historian is ever likely to find. Buried deep within the overseas archives Vann found a folder that labelled "Destruction of Hazardous Animals: Rats" concerning pest control. The archived file was a haphazard collection of records from the French government of Indochina detailing the number of rats that were killed on each day and the amount of money that the French had awarded to the rat hunters. The archives included about a hundred of identical forms that would list the number of rats that were reportedly killed between April 1902 and July 1902 in the first and second arrondissements (districts) of Hanoi. Vann noted that while the dossiers recorded hundreds of thousands of rats being killed the numbers inexplicably started to decline, with first a few thousand, then a few hundred, and then only a few dozen before reporting no rat deaths at all on the last page. Vann stated that there was no indication what caused the decline in reported rat deaths anywhere in the dossier.


title: Great Hanoi Rat Massacre

text: In an interview with PV Thanh Niên Vann said "This book is like a love letter I want to send to Hanoi" (Cuốn sách này cũng giống như bức thư tình tôi muốn gửi tới Hà Nội) talking about the hospitality that he received when he visited the city back in 1997. Among his motivations for writing the book he noted that it was a part of his mission is to let Americans know more about the country of city Vietnam, to educate them more about the history of this country with "thousands of years of civilisation", rather than only knowing about it through the Vietnam War. Ivan Franceschini of the Made in China Journal describes the work as being a praiseworthy case study in the history of imperialism, noting that the book delves deep into the racialised economic inequalities of empire. Franceschini further notes that it explores the idea of colonisation as a form of modernisation, while also discussing the creation of a radical power differential between "the West and the rest" created by industrial capitalism.


title: Gospel of Basilides

text: Much more is known about Basilides major work in twenty-four books; for which Clement of Alexandria records the title Exegetica (or 'Treatises') and provides quotations from book twenty-three, while other quotations are preserved in the works of Hegemonius. Eusebius of Caesarea reports Agrippa Castor (mid-2nd century) as describing the Exegetica as "twenty-four books on the Gospel", and this notice has been interpreted as characterising the full Exegetica as an extended commentary, whose base text might be inferred as being the lost Gospel of Basilides. From this assumption and the surviving quotations from the Exegetica, a range of theories have been developed as to the nature of the Gospel of Basilides: that it was a redaction of the Gospel of Luke; that it combined the Gospels of Luke and Matthew; that it was a diatessaron, or harmony of all four gospels; that it was an independent account of the life of Jesus; and even that it was an abstract treatise or homily on the religious significance of Jesus, with no specific relation to his teachings or the events of his earthly ministry, similar in this respect to the Gospel of Truth, another Gnostic work. Some scholars maintain that Origen's notice of a Gospel of Basilides was referring to the Exegetica itself; and that the two titles are therefore to be identified. Otherwise, the Gospel of Basilides could denote a 2nd or 3rd century Gnostic text (whether lost or surviving under another title) with no connection to Basilides himself, other than being preserved within the sect that bore his name. Wilhelm Schneemelcher states that "In short it must be said that all conjectures concerning the Gospel of Basilides remain uncertain."


title: Fahredin Nuri

text: The works designed by Fahredin Nuri, including swamp draining and soil reclaiming, portable water supply and irrigation planning, water quality and hydrologic processes, drought characterization and prediction, flood prediction and flood forecasting, infrastructure responses to hydrologic processes, numerical modeling of hydrologic systems, modeling of watersheds and river basins, analysis of water resources systems, river network properties, soil moisture and dynamics, fishing economies or solar salt works are thought to be more than 120. After being in use for more than 45 years, the irrigation canal Peqin–Kavajë has been reconstructed and is still being used for irrigation. Future projects foresee its use on the field of hydroelectricity in the framework of the Banja Hydropower Plant, as his dream and vision was. The Irrigation Canal Vjosë-Levan-Fier was a Work of unique and extraordinary dimensions for the time it was designed, far in 1955. Numerous were the practical problems resolved like river's hydrology, river network properties, topography and constructions.


title: Battle of Tientsin

text: On 21 June 1900, some 131 US Marines and 400 Russians made a desperate attempt to reinforce Tianjin by following the railway from the coast to the city. Only two miles from the city they were ambushed by the Chinese and forced to retire, the Americans losing 3 killed and 13 wounded. Additional Western soldiers were unloaded from ships offshore and rushed up the railroad to Tianjin. Five thousand reinforcements reached Tianjin on 23 June to augment the hard-pressed soldiers and civilians defending the foreign settlements. Their arrival caused the Chinese to withdraw from their position on the east which enabled the besieged to establish a tenuous line of communication and supply along the railroad to the coast, 30 miles (48 km) away. The Chinese army continued to besiege three sides of the Tianjin foreign settlements. On 26 June, a force of 2,000 sallied from the settlements and rescued Admiral Seymour and his 2,000 men who were surrounded six miles (10 km) out of the city. With Seymour's men they returned to the settlements without opposition. Most of Seymour's force of sailors returned to their ships. Reinforced, and with their supply line to the coast secured, the coalition of allied soldiers in the foreign settlement began planning an assault on the walled city of Tianjin to defeat the Chinese army and open the road to Beijing and the relief of the Siege of the International Legations.


title: Battle of Tientsin

text: The allies had underestimated the capability of the Chinese forces at the beginning of the siege, thinking that foreign troops could easily brush aside Chinese forces. They turned out to be wrong, in the face of fierce Chinese resistance. On 13 July 1900, the allied force to assault the walled city of Tianjin consisted of about 6,900 soldiers: 2,500 Russians, 2,000 Japanese, 900 Americans, 800 British, 600 French, and 100 Germans and Austrians. The challenge was substantial. The walls of Tianjin were 20 ft (6.1 m) high and 16 ft (4.9 m) thick. The Chinese had about 12,000 soldiers within the city or in nearby forts. They were well-armed with artillery, machine guns, and modern rifles. To reach the city wall, the allied troops would have to cross more than a mile (2 km) of flat, unwooded terrain, dotted with farmhouses and swamps and crossed by canals and causeways. An American soldier surveying the scene said that "had a formidable enemy defended the Chinese position the attacking column would have been annihilated."


title: Battle of Tientsin

text: The attack went poorly for the Allies in large part due to the lack of overall command. Miscommunication and uncoordinated movements plagued the attackers. The main effort against the South Gate became pinned down in an exposed position under Chinese fire from within the city. The Chinese again unleashed a torrent of fire upon the Allies. The allied troops were forced to lie face down in mud. The uniform of the American troops, dark blue, provided a virtual bull's eye to the Chinese troops, equipped with western firearms, such as Winchesters, Mausers, Mannlichers. Severe losses were inflicted on the Allies. Captain David Beatty noted the British forces took cover in an entirely exposed location. Similarly, the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment was exposed to fire from Chinese sharpshooters as it attacked from the left, right across open ground. The regiment's commander, Colonel Emerson H. Liscum, was fatally shot as he rushed to take the flags after the regiment's standard-bearer fell. His dying words were, "Keep up the fire, men!" The allied troops were held down in the mud by the constant Chinese fire. Herbert Hoover led American Marines to assist the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and they hit a swamp where Chinese guns murderously targeted them. The Chinese kept the guns firing for over five hours, until nightfall. Bullets were described as "hail", and guns provided a "death tattoo".


title: Battle of Tientsin

text: After the victory at Tientsin, the foreign soldiers decided that the advance on Beijing should be delayed until sufficient forces were collected. This was largely on account of the changed opinions regarding Chinese valor and the effectiveness of their resistance to the Seymour expedition. As it was, the Allies would have tarried at Tianjin for additional reinforcements some weeks longer had not the British and American commanders threatened to proceed alone with their contingents and risk the consequences. Although it was felt, so had the estimation of Chinese prowess been increased, that at least 50,000 troops were necessary, some thought 70,000, successfully to invade the interior, the second relief expedition to Beijing finally got under way, 4 August, with 18,800 men. This number included 8,000 Japanese, 3,000 British, 4,500 Russians, 2,500 Americans, and 800 French. The Germans were unrepresented, as it was judged best to reserve some strength for Kiaochau and the coast, in case of trouble there.


title: Angoche District

text: At the time of the arrival of the first Islamic explorers, whom the Portuguese called "Moors", the Marundos peoples, descendants of the Amacúas, already inhabited the lands of Angoche. According to oral accounts, this people had already been constituted before the first Bantu incursion. The story goes that two important men with the names Mussa and Hassan, accompanied by their relatives and slaves, left Zanzibar following religious differences and headed for and settled in Ilha de Moçambique. One day, Hassan, intending to reach the mainland of Mozambique, in the Angoche Bay region, was surprised by a strong storm, ending up losing his life when he fell into the sea. Hassan was buried in the nearest place which was the Mafamede island. Notifying Mussa of Hassan's death, he went to the site to see Hassan's tomb, having boarded the village of Mialule, now Melule. Arrived at Mafamede where Hassan had been buried and, having Mussa liked the place, there he left his son Xosa who chose Muchelele, a place close to Hassan's tomb, to establish his residence and where he started to govern with the title of Sultan. They are some of Xosa's children who give rise to the population of Catamoio which, in turn, gives rise to the Village of Angoche.


title: Angoche District

text: From the beginning of the 1930s, at the time of the Estado Novo, the mainland Angoche region became one of the centers of cashew and rice production, in addition to traditional fishing, which already existed on the coast. The Portuguese identified the Puli area, where the Africans lived, as the best continental part of Parapato. Consequently, the Africans were resettled in the Bairro de Inguri, created at this time, and in Puli the European masonry village called António Enes was built. The urban evolution can be followed through the municipal edition Planta da Vila de António Enes (esc. 1/5,000), dated 1958, in which the elementary grid that makes up the town on the coast is drawn. The 20th century urbanization plans or studies date from 1924, 1932 and 1965 . In 1968 and 1972, the colonial government, concerned about the spread of liberation movements in northern Mozambique, carried out several measures aimed at winning Muslims to its side, although many of them were also related to the policies of decentralization of the Portuguese government from 1971, which allowed the channeling of new funds to the colonies. This resulted in an improvement in the quality of life of the African population, including basic sanitation and the construction of masonry neighborhoods for Africans, including the Bairro de Inguri, in the city of Angoche. At the same time, the Portuguese government restored some important historic mosques and built new ones, such as the Mosque of Catamoio, on one of the islands of Angoche, inaugurated by General Kaúlza de Arriaga in 1971. Monuments and Statues The Monument to António is highlighted Enes, simple bust on a pedestal, in front of the City Hall . It was built as a "homage to the population of the county", as one could read in the inscription on its base, which consists of a prismatic stone volume with two buttresses, also in stone, on each side.


title: Angoche District

text: It is also worth mentioning the importance of coconut and cashew trees in the coastal zone's production system, either as a product that guarantees food security or as a source of income for rural families. The cashew agroforestry system is the most representative, even becoming dominant. The most important intercropping of cashew, comprises crops such as cassava and corn, following the traditional pattern of rotation and fallow in the medium and long term, depending heavily on the age of the cashew trees and their productivity. A peculiarity of the area is that practically all the cassava is within the cashew tree area. The coconut palm in the province has a wide distribution towards the interior. It was only in 2003, after the period of drought and drought that followed and the rehabilitation of some infrastructures, that farming in the district was timidly restarted and production levels recovered. Livestock promotion in the district has been weak. However, given the tradition in raising cattle and some existing infrastructure, there was some growth in the livestock population.


title: Angoche District

text: Following the public tender launched by INP in October 2014, for the concession of areas for exploration and production of hydrocarbons, 2 offshore blocks was awarded in October 2018 to multinational oil companies. Area A5-A awarded to a consortium led by Eni 34.5%(Italy), in partnership with, Sasol 25.5% (South Africa), QatarEnergy 25.5% (Qatar) and National Oil Company ENH 15% (Mozambique); while the deeper Area A5-B was awarded to ExxonMobil 40% (USA), Roseneft 20% (Russia), QatarEnergy 10% (Qatar), Eni 10% (Italy), and National Oil Company ENH 20% (Mozambique). Along the 8 years of exploration period, the companies are obliged to implement exploration programs with consists of shooting 3D seismic surveys of 8,000 km2 from each area and undertake at least 1 exploration drilling activities in each area before any surrender and abandonment. According to local authorities, the preliminary studies indicate that the offshore Angoche is an oil-rich province, for this reason the local communities, provincial and central government is very positive about the project.


title: Keepsake Press

text: The connection with Edward Lowbury also brought in other contributions to the press. Principally he was responsible for the Parables of his late father-in-law, Andrew Young . A selection of the author's mini-sermons originally published anonymously in his parish magazine, it ran into two editions of 200 copies each. Seven of the 16 pages had wood engravings by Joan Hassall, illustrator of several of Young's books, including the Collected Poems of 1950 and 1960. Keepsake's little work was a celebratory accompaniment to The Poetical Works of Andrew Young which appeared that same year, edited by Lowbury and his wife Alison and, again, illustrated by Joan Hassall. Other artists introduced to the press by Lowbury included Kenneth Lindley, who provided the woodcuts for Birmingham! Birmingham!, and Bryan Brooke, who illustrated Figures of Eight. The latter was a medical colleague that Lowbury had got to know while he was working at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Lowbury was himself a distinguished medical specialist and had been living in the city since 1949.


title: Articulatory suppression

text: A study by Wickham & Swift looks at the role that articulatory suppression can have on verbal overshadowing and face identification. Verbal overshadowing is the phenomenon that verbally describing a face between presentation and test can impair identification of the face . This study had the goal of looking to see how important verbal encoding is to face recognition and also how it interacts with verbal overshadowing by using articulatory suppression to force the individual to rely on their visual code instead of the phonological code. Participants were asked to perform a procedure that included studying a face carefully for five seconds. During these five seconds, they were repeating the word 'the'. Then, participants were either given one minute to write down a description of the face they just saw or were given a crossword puzzle to complete to distract them. Then, participants were shown ten faces, of which there were nine faces that were very similar and one face that was considered the target, or the one they just studied. This procedure was repeated twelve times for each participant. Researchers found several interesting conclusions from their study. First, they found that "articulatory suppression significantly reduced the identification scores of no description participants but not the description participants." This means that articulatory suppression has an effect on facial identification in that it impairs one's ability to recognize a face. This study also found that when participants were using articulatory suppression, the verbal overshadowing effect did not occur. This would seem to suggest that the encoding of faces and the verbal overshadowing effect comes from a problem with the verbal code, not the visual code. Because having that distracter syllable did not hinder the individual's ability to recognize the face more than describing it did, it would not be a problem with disrupting what the participants encoded visually, but the verbal aspects that interferes and creates the verbal overshadowing effect.


title: Articulatory suppression

text: From these studies, it can be seen how this information can be used in everyday life to help understand and improve memory. As discussed before, the studies shown that information is best encoded when there is no auditory information to interfere with the rehearsal of the information. This could be helpful to students who like to listen to music while studying or to anyone trying to encode information. The second study suggests that the ability to simultaneously interpret language might enable individuals to bypass the effects of articulatory suppression. Perhaps researchers would be able to investigate if being multi-lingual helps with this or if there is some brain process that makes it easier for them to encode information to memory and therefore to learn multiple languages and then easily interpret between them. Lastly, the study regarding face recognition and identification reinforces the notion that articulatory suppression interferes with an individual's ability to encode information.


title: Sacramento Valley

text: Winters, also known as the rainy season, are generally mild to cool, foggy and wet. The valley and lower foothills are completely snowless outside of exceptional years where some flurries may occur. The rainy season runs from November to early-April, with some rainfall in September, October, and May. Up north, the temperature averages in the mid-40s °F (mid-to-high single digits °C) and lows reaching to the low-10s °F (-10 to -12 °C), colder in the northern part of the valley and colder still in the foothills and frost can occur almost anywhere. Farther south near Sacramento, temperatures tend to stay between the low-50s and high-60s °F (10-20 °C), with nighttime temperatures dropping to the mid-30s and 40s °F (1-7 °C). Lower-elevation snowfall (in a relative sense) is more consistent in the foothills immediately above Sacramento and Folsom than anywhere else in California; Pollock Pines at 3,980 feet (1,210 m), gets an average of 65 inches (170 cm) of snow every winter, nearly double that of Yosemite Valley and more than triple that of Lucerne, Switzerland.


title: Fiqh

text: These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. When they saw injustice, all these scholars spoke out against it. As the state expanded outside Madina, the rights of the different communities, as they were constituted in the Constitution of Medina still applied. The Quran also gave additional rights to the citizens of the state and these rights were also applied. Ali, Hassan and Husayn ibn Ali gave their allegiance to the first three caliphs because they abided by these conditions. Later Ali the fourth caliph wrote in a letter "I did not approach the people to get their oath of allegiance but they came to me with their desire to make me their Amir (ruler). I did not extend my hands towards them so that they might swear the oath of allegiance to me but they themselves extended their hands towards me." But later as fate would have it (Predestination in Islam) when Yazid I, an oppressive ruler took power, Husayn ibn Ali the grandson of Muhammad felt that it was a test from God for him and his duty to confront him. Then Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's cousin confronted the Umayyad rulers after Husayn ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Yazid I the Umayyad ruler. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr then took on the Umayyads and expelled their forces from Hijaz and Iraq. But then his forces were depleted in Iraq, trying to stop the Khawarij. The Umayyads then moved in. After a lengthy campaign, in his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr the daughter of Abu Bakr the first caliph for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son, she said: "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free." Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Roman Army now under the control of the Umayyads and led by Hajjaj. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr the son of Abu Bakr the first caliph and raised by Ali the fourth caliph was also killed by the Umayyads. Aisha then raised and taught her son Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr who later taught his grandson Jafar al-Sadiq.


title: Fiqh

text: Several other fundamental common law institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in Islamic law and jurisprudence, and introduced to England by the Normans after the Norman conquest of England and the Emirate of Sicily, and by Crusaders during the Crusades. In particular, the "royal English contract protected by the action of debt is identified with the Islamic Aqd, the English assize of novel disseisin is identified with the Islamic Istihqaq, and the English jury is identified with the Islamic lafif." John Makdisi speculated that English legal institutions such as "the scholastic method, the licence to teach", the "law schools known as Inns of Court in England and Madrasas in Islam" and the "European commenda" (Islamic Qirad) may have also originated from Islamic law. The methodology of legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. These influences have led some scholars to suggest that Islamic law may have laid the foundations for "the common law as an integrated whole".


title: Gotham War

text: Batman wakes up from his coma after eight weeks and learns from Barbara Gordon that the Bat-Family has been taking care of him. Batman goes out to fight crime but finds it too peaceful which he deems suspicious. Batman meets with Tim Drake who tells him that Catwoman wants to hold a meeting with them. Batman meets Nightwing, Jason Todd, Barbara Gordon, Duke Thomas, Kate Kane, Stephanie Brown, Damian Wayne and Cassandra Cain at the meeting where Catwoman reveals that she wants to make Gotham City a better place. Catwoman explains her idea of training low level goons to just rob from the rich and not from the poor, as long as they donate 15 percent of the money to charities, and no harming innocent people. Catwoman tries convincing Batman to not interfere as violent crime in Gotham has plummeted since he was asleep, but Batman argues saying her method will not really get rid of crime, and angrily leaves the meeting. Jason Todd decides to team up with Catwoman to help her against Batman. After meeting with Renee Montoya who belittles his method, Batman sees a robber name Roland Garner who was killed in self-defense after breaking into someone's home, and decides to fight Catwoman.


title: Gotham War

text: Batman takes down Catwoman's henchmen all across Gotham City which causes Catwoman to be nervous and call in Jason Todd. Tim Drake tries to calm down Batman to no avail, and Nightwing meets up with Barbara, Tim, Jason, and Stephanie to discuss Batman's behavior. Professor Pyg holds a meeting with Mad Hatter, Scarecrow, Firefly, Two-Face, Black Mask, and Ventriloquist to hide from Batman. Jason Todd purposely sets off an alarm in a random house to alert Batman so he and Catwoman can ambush him, but Batman attacks Catwoman's forces head-on, knowing it's a trap. Batman easily defeats Catwoman's goons before being attacked by Jason Todd, Nightwing, Tim Drake, Duke Thomas, Spoiler and Cassandra Cain. During the fight, Damian Wayne saves Batman and helps him escape, while Catwoman is angered that Batman destroyed her home base. Batman learns that someone bought Wayne Manor from him, and is nearly overwhelmed with his Zurr-En-Arrh personality wanting to take over. Batman calms himself down, but is shocked to find Vandal Savage in the Batcave.


title: Gotham War

text: Vandal Savage explains that he is dying and needs the Lazarus Pits to prolong his life, but Ra's al Ghul does not allow him to use the Lazarus Pits. While waiting to die Scandal Savage finds Vandal Savage and tells him that Ra's Al Ghul died, and takes control of the League of Shadows to find more of the Lazarus Pits after the Lazarus Volcano exploded. Batman kidnaps Jason Todd and uses mind control to implant a failsafe in Jason Todd's mind to make him more fearful. Nightwing tries to go to Batman's base to cut Batman off his technology, but Damian Wayne attacks him. Tim Drake arrives to fend off Damian Wayne, but Batman arrives and a fight breaks out. Nightwing savagely beats up Batman when he finds out Batman is using the Riddler to find Catwoman's thieves and used mind control on Jason Todd, but Tim Drake stops Nightwing. Batman captures them in a net and leaves Damian Wayne, Nightwing and Tim Drake to be caught by the cops, but they escape. Catwoman decides to meet up with Batman to persuade him to stop attacking her group.


title: Gotham War

text: Tim Drake falls into a trap and is captured by Batman's villains. Batman escapes from the villain and realizes that Vandal Savage is gathering meteor fragments to be immortal again, and Batman asks the Bat Family to help save Tim Drake while he stops Vandal Savage. Batman goes back to the Batcave where he tracks down Vandal Savage is going to the Gotham City Observatory. Catwoman manages to convince some of her henchmen to join her side again, while the Bat-Family frees Tim Drake and fights the Gotham City villains. Catwoman meets up with Batman in the Gotham City Observatory where Batman realizes the meteor fragments are a homing beacon for another huge meteor, and they confront Vandal Savage. During the chaos, Jason Todd use the Batwing to blow up the meteor, and it causes Gotham City Observatory to collapse. Vandal Savage tries to touch the remaining fragments of the meteor, but he seemingly perishes alongside Catwoman who saves Scandal Savage. Two weeks later, Dick Grayson meets up with Bruce Wayne to see how he's been doing, and Bruce announces that he needs time to be by himself due to his recent actions. While patrolling in Gotham City, Batman sees Catwoman's silhouette and realizes she's still alive, while a robber realizes that Bruce Wayne is Batman.


title: Afro-Brazilian music

text: The instruments and rhythms that constitute came directly from African traditions by the slaves brought to Brazil. Candomblé is a tradition that became one of Brazil's oldest native religions. Candomblé is one of the original uses that slaves had for the instruments and rhythms we identify today as Afro-Brazilian. In the tradition of Candomblé, there is great reverence for Afro-Brazilian instruments and rhythms. During ceremonies of Candomblé, instruments like the Atabaque and Agogô are used to appease the Orixás. There is believed to be a spiritual power to these instruments and rhythms that entrance the listener to become more available to commune with the Orixás. There are also specific drum patterns and rhythms that can be used to call, ban, and interact with the Orixás. Afro-Brazilian music that was made in the circles of Candomblé eventually spread to help create early samba. Candomblé was seen as an inappropriate practice by the slave owners and the majority of Brazil. In Candomblé, dancing and music are sacred, so meetings would be disguised as parties to evade intervention. It was at these parties hosted by Tios and Tias (priests in Candomblé) where the first samba beats and dances were originated in the peripheries of Rio de Janeiro.


title: Raid on Wells (1692)

text: A year passed when cattle, frightened and some wounded, suddenly ran into the town from their pastures. It was a recognized sign that a Native American attack was imminent, so residents sought refuge. On June 10, 1692, a force of 400 Native Americans and some French troops commanded by La Brognerie marched into Wells, knowing that Converse would be in Storer's garrison. But with a 15 soldier militia and an approximate number of townsfolk, Converse resisted assaults during a 2–3 day siege. The attackers alternated between attacks on the village and the narrow harbor, where Captain Samuel Storer, James Gooch and 14 soldiers, sent as reinforcements, were aboard two sloops and a shallop. Native Americans shot flaming arrows onto the boats, but the crews extinguished the fires. The attackers fastened a wall of vertical planks to the back of a cart, then pushed it toward the vessels at low tide. La Brognerie and 26 French and Native Americans huddled behind the shield, but the cart got stuck in mudflats within 50 feet of the nearest boat. When La Brognerie struggled to lift the wheel, he was shot through the head. The remainder ran, some dropping in the hail of bullets. Next they towed downstream a raft of about 18–20 feet square and covered with combustible material, expecting the ebbing tide to carry it ablaze to the boats. But the wind shifted and the raft drifted to the opposite shore.


title: Boosted fission weapon

text: Consequently, the time for the neutron population in the core to double is reduced by a factor of about 8. A sense of the potential contribution of fusion boosting can be gained by observing that the complete fusion of one mole of tritium (3 grams) and one mole of deuterium (2 grams) would produce one mole of neutrons (1 gram), which, neglecting escape losses and scattering, could fission one mole (239 grams) of plutonium directly, producing 4.6 moles of secondary neutrons, which can in turn fission another 4.6 moles of plutonium (1,099 g). The fission of this 1,338 g of plutonium in the first two generations would release 23 kilotons of TNT equivalent (97 TJ) of energy, and would by itself result in a 29.7% efficiency for a bomb containing 4.5 kg of plutonium (a typical small fission trigger). The energy released by the fusion of the 5 g of fusion fuel itself is only 1.73% of the energy released by the fission of 1,338 g of plutonium. Larger total yields and higher efficiency are possible, since the chain reaction can continue beyond the second generation after fusion boosting.


title: Boosted fission weapon

text: When this type of bomb explodes, the fission of the highly enriched uranium or plutonium core creates neutrons, some of which escape and strike atoms of lithium-6, creating tritium. At the temperature created by fission in the core, tritium and deuterium can undergo thermonuclear fusion without a high level of compression. The fusion of tritium and deuterium produces a neutron with an energy of 14 MeV—a much higher energy than the 1 MeV of the neutron that began the reaction. This creation of high-energy neutrons, rather than energy yield, is the main purpose of fusion in this kind of weapon. This 14 MeV neutron then strikes an atom of uranium-238, causing fission: without this fusion stage, the original 1 MeV neutron hitting an atom of uranium-238 would probably have just been absorbed. This fission then releases energy and also neutrons, which then create more tritium from the remaining lithium-6, and so on, in a continuous cycle. Energy from fission of uranium-238 is useful in weapons: both because depleted uranium is much cheaper than highly enriched uranium and because it cannot go critical and is therefore less likely to be involved in a catastrophic accident.


title: 1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming

text: Bush won the election in Wyoming with a solid 22-point landslide, sweeping all 23 of the state's counties. Dukakis' best county, and Bush's worst, was Sweetwater County, which Bush won by 60 votes, or less than half of 1%. Sweetwater County is one of Wyoming's "Union Pacific counties" that traditionally formed the Democratic Party's base in the state. Bush broke 70% in six counties, of which four were in the state's east and one, Park County, in the Bighorn basin, traditional areas of Republican strength in the state; Sublette County rounded out this group. Overall, however, Bush's 22.52% margin in the state made it 14.80% more Republican than the nation overall. The Mountain West had trended Republican beginning in the 1952 election; after voting for Truman in the nationally close 1948 election, Wyoming had consistently voted to the right of the country in every subsequent election. In 1988, it did so once again, even as some other Mountain states' traditional Republicanism wavered, as in Colorado and Montana. Bush's vote share of 60.53% made Wyoming his third-best state in the region (after Utah and Idaho), and his sixth-best overall (after Utah, New Hampshire, Idaho, South Carolina, and Florida). Along with New Hampshire, Nevada, Delaware, and Maine, it was also one of five states where every county voted for Bush.


title: Almorah (1817)

text: Thomas Brisbane, governor of the New South Wales colony, chartered Almorah to sail to Batavia and bring back supplies as the colony's food supplies were starting to run short. On 17 February 1825, Almorah returned to Sydney from Batavia. Captain Mitchell, of HMS Slaney, which was serving as a guardship at Port Jackson, seized Almorah for having on board 300 chests of tea. He was urged on by Sydney merchants who did not like Government imports. Probably more importantly, Mitchell would have been entitled to a quarter of the value of the vessel and her cargo if the court upheld his seizure. There was no Court of Admiralty at Sydney, so over Governor Brisbane's objections, Mitchell put a crew aboard Almorah that sailed her on 2 March to Calcutta for adjudication. There HMS Tamar seized Almorah and her cargo. The charge was that the tea violated the EIC's monopoly on the private trade in tea. Litigation lasted five years without any definitive result. One problem was that Brisbane had not specifically mentioned tea in his instructions. Had he done so, there would have been no issue as the EIC monopoly did not apply to government purchases. Eventually the British Government persuaded all concerned to give up their claims. It also paid Almorah's owners £5000 for their freight and losses.


title: Betty Draper

text: Betty was born Elizabeth Hofstadt in 1932. According to her son's birth certificate, she was born in Cape May, New Jersey, where her wealthy family summered. In season two the character is said to have been raised in the home rule Philadelphia suburb of Elkins Park, in Cheltenham Township. Betty is of German ancestry. Betty attended Bryn Mawr College, an exclusive Seven Sister college majoring in anthropology, after which she briefly modeled in Italy before moving to Manhattan. It was during this time that she met Don Draper: he was writing ad copy for a fur company, and she was one of their models. He began courting her by buying her the fur coat she wore at a shoot. Betty and Don were married in May 1953. Betty's mother Ruth died early in 1960, three months before the events of the episode "Ladies Room". Her father, Gene (Ryan Cutrona), has a girlfriend named Gloria (Darcy Shean), whom Betty dislikes and whom her father marries sometime in the 18 months between seasons 1 and 2; Gloria leaves Gene when he begins showing signs of mental deterioration in Season 3. He moved in with the Drapers during season 3 and later died in that season, set in 1963. Betty has a brother, William (Eric Ladin), who is married to Judy (Megan Henning) and whose daughters Don and Betty consider to be "rowdy." Betty's confidantes have included her neighbor Francine Hanson (Anne Dudek) and Glen Bishop (Marten Holden Weiner), the young son of divorcée Helen Bishop (Darby Stanchfield). Ill-suited for parenting, Betty has a strained relationship with her children, particularly with her daughter Sally (Kiernan Shipka).


title: Betty Draper

text: During the second season episode "A Night to Remember", Betty and Don seem to have reached an agreement, but after a dinner party where Betty is embarrassed to be considered a "demographic" by Don and his associates, she confronts her husband for the first time about his adultery, specifically with Bobbie Barrett (Melinda McGraw). Don, however, denies having an affair. The next day, with a glass of wine in hand, Betty searches through Don's belongings for proof of his indiscretions but does not find any. Betty awakens Don - who is sleeping on the couch - that night and explains that she doesn't want things to "be like this." He repeats that he did not do anything, and when she asks if he hates her, he insists that he loves her and doesn't want to "lose this." When preparing dinner the next day, an Utz commercial featuring Jimmy Barrett (Patrick Fischler) airs on television, reminding Betty of Don's infidelity. After seeing this, Betty calls Don at work and tells him she doesn't want him to come home.


title: Betty Draper

text: Betty's presence in season five is further reduced due to January Jones' pregnancy. In the episode, "Tea Leaves", Betty and her family are now shown to be living in a large Victorian estate in Rye, New York. Since the season four finale, she has put on a significant amount of weight and dislikes leaving the house. Her mother-in-law, Pauline (Pamela Dunlap), advises Betty to take diet pills since Pauline believes Henry is unhappy in the marriage, even though he repeatedly tells Betty that he loves her regardless of her appearance. Betty goes to her doctor to get a prescription, but he finds a lump in her throat that could be cancerous. When it turns out to be benign, Betty is barely relieved and returns to focusing on her physical condition. By the episode "Dark Shadows", Betty attends Weight Watchers meetings to attempt to regain her old form but receives mixed results; she notes that it is difficult to take the weight off. Betty is often seen eating very little in an attempt to lose weight but appears to weaken when she consumes whipped cream directly from the can and occasionally sneaks sweets. Betty regresses further when she goes to Don's NYC apartment to pick up her kids and becomes jealous and bitter over the lovely, modern accommodations and Megan's lissome beauty. She then tries to stir up rancor by mentioning Don's deceased friend Anna Draper (Melinda Page Hamilton) to Sally, but after Megan and (particularly) Don tell Sally more about Anna, Betty is defeated; Sally expresses visible contempt for her mother, further straining their relationship. However, when Sally begins menstruating for the first time while visiting her father in New York, she immediately returns to Rye and seeks out her mother for help. Here, Betty is finally shown to be a caring mother to Sally; showing what is at this point uncharacteristic warmth, Betty recognizes that Sally needs her and provides comfort and guidance to her daughter.


title: Betty Draper

text: Betty Draper appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters. TV Guide named her one of the most fashionable TV characters. She was also included in Glamour's list of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters. While the characterization of Betty Draper won highly positive reviews in the early Mad Men seasons, she proved to be particularly divisive in the later Mad Men seasons. HuffPost named her as one of the Worst TV Characters in 2012, saying "her unchanging narcissism and her selfish petulance simply bore us to tears". However, her role on the show received more positive reviews in season 6, with critics highlighting Jones's performance in the episode "The Better Half" as a season highlight. January Jones won critical acclaim for her performance as Betty in the final episodes of the seventh season, particularly in the episodes "The Milk and Honey Route" and the series finale, "Person to Person" , with critics highlighting her increased prominence and character development. In the years following the finale, Betty has been mentioned as one of Mad Men's best characters, with critics highlighting her character development and overall arc.


title: Grain trade

text: As Britain and other European countries industrialized and urbanized, they became net importers of grain from the various breadbaskets of the world. In many parts of Europe, as serfdom was abolished, great estates were accompanied by many inefficient smallholdings, but in the newly colonized regions massive operations were available to not only great nobles, but also to the average farmer. In the United States and Canada, the Homestead Act and the Dominion Lands Act allowed pioneers on the western plains to gain tracts of 160 acres (0.65 km2) (1/4 of a square mile) or more for little or no fee. This moved grain growing, and hence trading, to a much more massive scale. Huge grain elevators were built to take in farmers' produce and move it out via the railways to port. Transportation costs were a major concern for farmers in remote regions, however, and any technology that allowed the easier movement of grain was of great assistance; meanwhile, farmers in Europe struggled to remain competitive while operating on a much smaller scale.


title: Conductive polymer

text: The conductivity of such polymers is the result of several processes. For example, in traditional polymers such as polyethylenes, the valence electrons are bound in sp3 hybridized covalent bonds. Such "sigma-bonding electrons" have low mobility and do not contribute to the electrical conductivity of the material. However, in conjugated materials, the situation is completely different. Conducting polymers have backbones of contiguous sp2 hybridized carbon centers. One valence electron on each center resides in a pz orbital, which is orthogonal to the other three sigma-bonds. All the pz orbitals combine with each other to a molecule wide delocalized set of orbitals. The electrons in these delocalized orbitals have high mobility when the material is "doped" by oxidation, which removes some of these delocalized electrons. Thus, the conjugated p-orbitals form a one-dimensional electronic band, and the electrons within this band become mobile when it is partially emptied. The band structures of conductive polymers can easily be calculated with a tight binding model. In principle, these same materials can be doped by reduction, which adds electrons to an otherwise unfilled band. In practice, most organic conductors are doped oxidatively to give p-type materials. The redox doping of organic conductors is analogous to the doping of silicon semiconductors, whereby a small fraction of silicon atoms are replaced by electron-rich, e.g., phosphorus, or electron-poor, e.g., boron, atoms to create n-type and p-type semiconductors, respectively.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Undoped conjugated polymers are semiconductors or insulators. In such compounds, the energy gap can be > 2 eV, which is too great for thermally activated conduction. Therefore, undoped conjugated polymers, such as polythiophenes, polyacetylenes only have a low electrical conductivity of around 10−10 to 10−8 S/cm. Even at a very low level of doping (< 1%), electrical conductivity increases several orders of magnitude up to values of around 0.1 S/cm. Subsequent doping of the conducting polymers will result in a saturation of the conductivity at values around 0.1–10 kS/cm for different polymers. Highest values reported up to now are for the conductivity of stretch oriented polyacetylene with confirmed values of about 80 kS/cm (8 MS/m). Although the pi-electrons in polyacetylene are delocalized along the chain, pristine polyacetylene is not a metal. Polyacetylene has alternating single and double bonds which have lengths of 1.44 and 1.36 Å, respectively. Upon doping, the bond alteration is diminished in conductivity increases. Non-doping increases in conductivity can also be accomplished in a field effect transistor (organic FET or OFET) and by irradiation. Some materials also exhibit negative differential resistance and voltage-controlled "switching" analogous to that seen in inorganic amorphous semiconductors.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Conductive polymers show promise in antistatic materials and they have been incorporated into commercial displays and batteries. Literature suggests they are also promising in organic solar cells, printed electronic circuits, organic light-emitting diodes, actuators, electrochromism, supercapacitors, chemical sensors, chemical sensor arrays, and biosensors, flexible transparent displays, electromagnetic shielding and possibly replacement for the popular transparent conductor indium tin oxide. Another use is for microwave-absorbent coatings, particularly radar-absorptive coatings on stealth aircraft. Conducting polymers are rapidly gaining attraction in new applications with increasingly processable materials with better electrical and physical properties and lower costs. The new nano-structured forms of conducting polymers particularly, augment this field with their higher surface area and better dispersability. Research reports showed that nanostructured conducting polymers in the form of nanofibers and nanosponges exhibit significantly improved capacitance values as compared to their non-nanostructured counterparts.


title: Conductive polymer

text: Most recent emphasis is on organic light emitting diodes and organic polymer solar cells. The Organic Electronics Association is an international platform to promote applications of organic semiconductors. Conductive polymer products with embedded and improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection have led to both prototypes and products. For example, Polymer Electronics Research Center at University of Auckland is developing a range of novel DNA sensor technologies based on conducting polymers, photoluminescent polymers and inorganic nanocrystals (quantum dots) for simple, rapid and sensitive gene detection. Typical conductive polymers must be "doped" to produce high conductivity. As of 2001, there remains to be discovered an organic polymer that is intrinsically electrically conducting. Recently , researchers from IMDEA Nanoscience Institute reported experimental demonstration of the rational engineering of 1D polymers that are located near the quantum phase transition from the topologically trivial to non-trivial class, thus featuring a narrow bandgap.


title: Kadhalithal Podhuma

text: Ravi is separated from his father Somasundaram, when he is barely three years old. He is reared by a kind widow and grows into a fine young man. He falls in love with Geetha, who reciprocates his love. They get engaged and are to be married soon. However, Mohana, a friend of Ravi's, is in love with him too. She tries to win him over, but Ravi does not harbour any feelings other than friendship for her. Realizing that her attempts are failed, Mohana is about to give up, but she sees a rays of hope, when she meets Thangaraj. Thangaraj is in love with Geetha and therefore he teams up with Mohana and hatches a plan to break the bond between Ravi and Geetha. The plot thickens when Mohana appears on the day of Ravi's wedding and announces that she is already married to him. Ravi denies that, but no one including his mother, believes him. Shattered by this development, Ravi moves in with his friend Mani meanwhile, Mohana makes herself comfortable at Ravi's home. Ravi's mother develops a soft corner for her and reveals to her a secret about Ravi's past. She also says to her that this will help Ravi unite with his parents. Thangaraj learns of this and tries to use this secret to his advantage. Ravi, on the other hand, is trying to prove to Geetha that Mohana's story is false. Do Thangaraj and Mohana succeed in their wicked plans and separate Ravi and Geetha? Does Geetha realise Mohana's true colours and unite with Ravi again?


title: Heroic Age (TV series)

text: The show is set in a futuristic universe, controlled by a few races or "tribes" that possess the capabilities for interstellar travel. The universe had once been ruled by a "Golden Tribe" (黄金の種族 Ougon no Shuzoku), who had since left the current galaxy long ago; they passed on their knowledge to the humanoid "Silver Tribe" (銀の種族, Gin no Shuzoku), the insectoid "Bronze Tribe" (青銅の種族, Seidou no Shuzoku), and the gigantic "Heroic Tribe" (英雄の種族, Eiyuu no Shuzoku). The latter was later punished by the Golden Tribe for causing havoc in the universe and made to serve the other tribes as 'Nodos' (ノドス, Nodosu) - extremely powerful beings that play a key role in the story. Before the Golden Tribe departed, Humanity answered the call of the Golden Tribe and was dubbed the "Iron Tribe" (鉄の種族, Tetsu no Shuzoku). Viewed as a threat to the order of things, the Silver Tribe decided to annihilate the Iron Tribe with the aid of the Bronze Tribe. However, humanity survived their assault on Earth and scattered their numbers across the stars in order to preserve their race.


title: Heroic Age (TV series)

text: During the many attacks on the Argonaut the crew begins to warm up to Age, they had been fearful of his powers as a Nodos. The Silver tribesman Phaetho O assigns himself the role of "testing" Age, destroying the Argonaut and all the Iron Tribe on it. After Age drives Phaetho O away and saves his tribe they all begin to accept him. Iolaous Oz Mehelim of the Yunos knights is jealous of Age but warms up to him after the attack on Titarros. Once they escape the battle against Phaetho O at Titarros the Argonaut crew arrives near the Cemetery belt where they are again attacked by Phaetho O and the Bronze Tribe accompanying him, here Age fights another Nodos whom had visited him on Titarros. During the fight the Argonaut manages to escape however in order to do so Age had to stay behind to fight. The Argonaut warps to what they think is an unoccupied place and end up running into stragglers from the Bronze Tribe, rather than fight they attempt to run only to be cornered by an enormous fleet. the fleet is also Iron Tribe, after saving the Argonaut that fleet accompanies them and they leave to help Age.


title: Wii Sports Club

text: Wii Sports Club is a remaster of Wii Sports with HD graphics. Similarly to Wii Sports, Club consists of five minigames that replicate real-world sports: Tennis, Baseball, Bowling, Golf, and Boxing. Each game uses the Wii Remote Plus and its motion controls, which the player uses to replicate the motions involved in its associated sport; Boxing is the only sport that also uses the Nunchuk. For example, the player holds and swings the Wii Remote to mimic swinging a tennis racket, baseball bat, and golf clubs. Each game can be played in single-player, or local multiplayer supporting 2 or four player depending on the sport. Gameplay is generally the same as its predecessor, although Baseball and Golf utilize the Wii U GamePad; in Baseball, the player uses the GamePad to aim and pitch at the batter, and in Golf, the GamePad is set on the ground and displays a ball, which the player uses to aim and hit. Each sport has additional side modes focus on the sport's gameplay, such as playing whack-a-mole using tennis controls and playing a game of Bingo by hitting golf balls on a golf field.


title: Wii Sports Club

text: When the Wii U was released, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata, a fan of Wii Sports, emailed Eguchi requesting for the game to be made playable for the Wii U. There were two main reasons why a remake for Wii Sports was made was because they wanted to see Wii Sports utilize the Wii U GamePad and the Wii Remote Plus, a traditional Wii Remote with the Wii MotionPlus accessory built in. They also wanted to see if online play was possible for the title, a mode frequently requested by fans of Wii Sports. Online play was the first and prioritized focus of Wii Sports Club for this reason. Iwata enforced that online play should be possible for Golf and Boxing, and for other sports is possible. Tennis proved to be the most challenging to create online support for, and since Tennis was the representative title of Wii Sports, it was worked on first. The difficulty came from synchronizing gameplay in real-time between players and processing the specific motions made from the Wii Remote. An idea from a programmer at Bandai Namco was used as the foundation of the online gameplay's functionality. With the Wii Remote Plus they were able to make gameplay more diverse, such as allowing the player to be able to hit the ball overhand or underhand with its motion controls. Golf controls were also designed to be more realistic; the Wii U GamePad displays a ball that the player sets on the ground, and the hit depends on the angle and force the Wii Remote is swung based on the GamePad. Iwata delayed personally playtesting the game so he could play the game for the first time during an Iwata Asks interview with the Wii Sports Club team in 2013; he personally enjoyed the Tennis demo.


title: Wii Sports Club

text: Iwata also requested that the game support Miiverse, a social network made by Nintendo for the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS. The developers feared that Miiverse would become a toxic community because of this; they believed only people who won would want to use the network, discouraging those who did not. In order to create a sense of community, they grouped up players on the network into their local states, provinces, and prefectures, to encourage competition against regions instead of individual people. This function, referred to as clubs, became the center focus of the game. Competing clubs were organized in a stats board that changed in real-time; the developers used the clubs' winning percentage over games won overall for this stat so there wouldn't be favoritism to regions with larger populations. Other stats that were kept track of, such as the total amount of pins knocked over in Bowling, that didn't involve winning to encourage the player to keep playing if they lost. Handwritten Miiverse posts from a players' club would also show up during gameplay, congratulating and encouraging them, for this reason. During an online match, the developers included a feature called "Online Banter", where players can send each competitive remarks to each other in between gameplay, to encourage further competition between clubs.


title: Wii Sports Club

text: The game was announced during a September 2013 Nintendo Direct presentation focused on another game in the Wii series for Wii U, Wii Fit U. The first screenshots and gameplay videos were shown, along with various details about new features to the sports. It was detailed that the game will launch with Bowling and Tennis, with the remaining sports from Wii Sports to be released at a later date. A free 24-hour trial was offered following initial download and installation of the software, after which the fees were required. The game was released initially on the Nintendo eShop to push Nintendo's digital distribution strategy, with some shared ideas as Wii Fit U. The first set of sports, Bowling and Tennis, were released in Japan on 30 October 2013, and in Europe and North America on 7 November 2013. Golf was later released following a Nintendo Direct presentation on 18 December 2013, which later received an update including 9 courses from Wii Sports Resort, and Baseball and Boxing were released on 27 June 2014, worldwide. A bundle containing a Wii U and a copy of the game containing all five sports was released in Japan 27 March 2014. The complete version was physically sold separately starting in 2014 on 11 July in Europe, 12 July in Australia, 17 July in Japan, and 25 July in North America. According to Iwata, the game got a physical release to help boost sales.


title: Lou Spence

text: On 1 January 1942, having converted to P-40 Kittyhawks, No. 3 Squadron attacked sixteen Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers and their escort of six Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters near Agedabia in Cyrenaica; Spence was credited with shooting down a Ju 87. He landed his single-seat fighter in the desert on 26 January to pick up another No. 3 Squadron pilot, Sergeant Walter Mailey, whose Kittyhawk had been forced down. On 14 February, No. 3 Squadron and No. 112 Squadron RAF intercepted over thirty Italian and German aircraft attempting to raid Tobruk. The Allied pilots claimed twenty enemy aircraft destroyed, one of which, a Bf 109, was credited to Spence. He claimed a probable Bf 109 on 15 March, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 April. In the first of his five sorties in the Bir Hacheim area on 16 June, Spence, along with Nicky Barr, bombed and strafed a column of German tanks and support vehicles, igniting fires that sent the smell of burning flesh into the cockpits of the low-flying aircraft – a "ghastly horror", according to Spence, that made him physically ill. His many ground-attack missions and two aerial victories earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross. Barr recalled Spence as being the "hottest dive bomber in the Desert" and "one of the rocks of the squadron".


title: Lou Spence

text: Returning to Australia in September 1942, Spence was posted as an instructor to No. 2 Operational Training Unit in Mildura, Victoria. The unit operated several types of aircraft including Kittyhawks, CAC Boomerangs and Supermarine Spitfires. Spence was promoted to acting squadron leader on 1 February 1944 and assumed command of No. 452 Squadron two days later. Based near Darwin, Northern Territory, No. 452 Squadron was one of three Spitfire squadrons comprising No. 1 (Fighter) Wing, whose role was to defend North-Western Area from Japanese air attack. On 8 March, No. 452 Squadron was urgently dispatched to the vicinity of Perth, Western Australia, in response to concerns that a Japanese naval force would raid the area, but it proved abortive; no attack ensued, and the squadrons were directed to return to Darwin on 20 March. The journey to Perth had taken No. 452 Squadron through bad weather, and Spence was mentioned in despatches for his efforts shepherding his Spitfires to their destination. From 9 to 21 May, Spence held command of No. 1 Wing in the absence of the officer commanding, Group Captain Peter Jeffrey. The next month, No. 452 Squadron transferred from No. 1 Wing to the recently formed No. 80 (Fighter) Wing, commanded by Group Captain Clive Caldwell. Spence was promoted to temporary squadron leader on 1 July. No. 452 Squadron completed conversion from Mk V Spitfires to Mk VIIIs the same month.


title: Fight the Silence

text: Fight the Silence received generally positive reception from the ratings and reviews of music critics. Danielle Deschamps of Outburn rated the album an eight-out-of-ten, saying that "Fight the Silence proves to be a heartfelt album saturated with sleepless guitars, honest lyrics, and a heavy sound guaranteed to stimulate the hearts and minds of listeners who battle the hard-hitting realities and bitter illusions that live within us all." In addition, Deschamps states that "Liberation and the means to release one's mind from looming fears and bitter agony thrive within Fight the Silence". At HM, Jordan Gonzalez rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, writing that the band "doesn't shine or break any new ground musically Its lyrical content redeems it, shedding light on modern-day struggles too often ignored by the music industry," noting "perhaps, in the end, the stale music is excusable." Matt.S of Kill Your Stereo rated the album a seventy-seven out of 100, calling this "a solid album worth of attention."


title: Fight the Silence

text: At Indie Vision Music, Lee Brown rated the album four stars out of five, affirming that the release "will definitely satisfy", but it is not a groundbreaking album by the band, which he writes that the release is "a powerful and passionate album that is lyrically bold, musically aggressive, and goes one-step further than just wearing its message on its sleeve." At Jesus Freak Hideout, they gave four opinions on the album. Michael Weaver rated it a perfect five stars, indicating that "For Today have created a masterpiece." John Choquette rated it four stars, highlighting this as yet "another excellent chapter in the band's ever-growing and impressive catalog." Timothy Estabrooks rated the album three-and-a-half stars, stating that the second half is better than the first, however he states that the band "continue to do what they do best: generic metalcore with lots of eerily similar breakdowns coupled with compelling and passionate lyrics." Mark Rice rated it four stars, calling the album "subversive" on which the band "displays legitimate versatility integrating rock, metalcore, and melodic elements, and the production quality continues to be eons better than their Facedown days."


title: Pucker Street Historic District

text: Marion was established as one of the first towns in Linn County in 1839, and it served as its first county seat until 1919. Its early development came about because of its status. There were three building booms in this neighborhood: a small one in the 1850s and the 1860s, a major one in the 1880s and 1890s, and a period of infill construction and remodeling from the 1910s to the 1930s. It was fully developed by the 1940s and has not seen significant construction in subsequent years. Because of the prominence of its residents, the popular architectural styles of the era are found here, especially the Italianate and Queen Anne. The primary buildings are houses while the secondary buildings are carriage houses and garages. Three retaining walls are the contributing structures and two mounting blocks are the contributing objects. Three houses are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Samuel M. Lane House , the James W. and Ida G. Bowman House , and the Glenn O. and Lucy O. Pyle House .


title: Lewitz

text: In the 13th century the Lewitz depression was still covered by oak, beech, black alder and birch. The expanding towns during the Hanseatic period obtained their wood from the Lewitz and other areas. From the early 16th century to the 18th century Neustadt-Glewe was one of the centres of bog iron ore smelting. The iron was surface-mined. The Lewitz was well suited to this wood-hungry industry with its river system and extensive woodlands. Charcoal was made from the wood and this in turn became fuel for the smelting ovens. In 1577 alone, 6,300 tonnes of coal and 8,300 cubic metres of wood were needed. In addition, so-called Holzdeputanten ("wood deputies") of the princely house and court, "wood taxes" paid to the surrounding towns and a flourishing timber trade led to a shrinkage of the stocks of timber. By the 17th century these stood at only 25% of their original size. In 1620 the last beech and oak trees were felled in Tuckhude for the construction of Kraaker Castle. The timber industry was unsustainable, with the result that the last iron smeltery in Neustadt closed in 1717 due to a lack of wood. At that time the forests of the surrounding area were almost entirely gone and in their place boggy pastures emerged that were harvested for hay. The Friedrichsmoor Forest Office (Forstamt Friedrichsmoor) that was established in the 18th century managed the reforestation of small areas of land in the years that followed. However, a complete restoration of the original forests was not carried out, because as early as the end of the 1820s, people expected that income from the management of pasture would exceed that of the timber industry.


title: Merism

text: Traditionally, a gift of real property was called a "devise", and a gift of other property was a "bequest". Nowadays, the words "bequeath" and "devise" are synonymous in most jurisdictions and so "I bequeath the rest of my property to..." is enough in both law and logic to achieve the same result. Many deeds frequently contain a traditional clause that says that the grantee is "to have and to hold" the property conveyed. That usage goes back to the days in which the instruments were drawn up in Latin, and is sometimes called a "habendam et tenendam" clause. The use of legal merisms seldom, if ever, adds legal effect to the documents that contain them, but it frequently increases their reading difficulty. However, the weight of tradition and the fear of a deviation from the established formula having unintended legal consequences make lawyers reluctant to revise the traditional formulae, and their clients, seeing them, at least draw the satisfaction of knowing that their documents appear to be written by a lawyer.