title: David Breskin

text: Breskin's sixth book of poetry, Campaign, was published in print and as an audiobook in late 2017. About the book, he wrote: "On February 1, 2016, the date of the Iowa Caucus, the traditional onside kick which begins every presidential scrum, I decided to write a single poem "about" the election, with the vague idea I might write another. To allow for the possibility that something serial, tight, and deliberate might actually happen, I knew I needed a form—an existing form or one of my own. Having toiled (happily) upon the sweltering rack of the ghazal for my last project (DIRTY BABY), I thought it would be more fun to just concoct something. I didn't want anything symmetrical or pleasant. I wanted something wrong-footed and corrugated, but self-contained. So: I created a deliberately awkward, rollickingly restrictive form—seven beats per line, eleven lines per poem, one stanza fits all. And given our country's preference for the convenience of sound-bite news and junk-food polls over more nutritious fare, I decided to call them '7-Elevens.' Slurpee Heaven, 7-Eleven. Seventy-seven beats per poem, no exceptions: it's got a beat and you can't dance to it."


title: Classics Illustrated

text: In September 2008, Classic Comic Store, based in the U.K., began publishing both the original Gilberton Classics Illustrated regular and Junior lines for distribution in the U.K., Republic of Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The issue number sequence is different from the original runs, although the Junior series was in the same sequence as the original, but with numbering starting at 1 instead of 501. The covers were digitally 'cleaned up' and enhanced, based on the original US covers. In September 2009, Classic Comic Store Ltd announced that although they would continue to publish the Classics Illustrated titles, they were no longer publishing the Junior series after issue 12, but rather importing the issues from Canada. This meant that the numbers used would be as per the Canadian issues (i.e. the first one imported would be issue 513). In October 2012 (when issue 44 had been dispatched), Classic Comic Store Ltd no longer continued with a subscription service in the UK, because of the costs involved. The company told subscribers that they were planning on producing four issues at a time, but not on a specified time scale. The first of these batches (issues 45–48) was produced in October 2013. The second batch (49, 57–62) was available in August 2016 . The gap (50–56) was a result of the artwork for them being unavailable to Classic Comic Store in refreshed form, the intention being to publish them at a future date; this was completed by March 2019, after which issues continued to be produced in order from the last previously-published issue.


title: Withlacoochee State Trail

text: In 1892, the Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf Railroad (SSO&G) built the original railroad line through Inverness and Hernando and the South Florida Railroad built from Inverness south. In 1902, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) acquired both the SFR and the SSO&G. The segment was officially declared as the DuPont—Lakeland Line, part of a passenger rail route that afforded a more direct path from Georgia to Gulf Coast tourist destinations. From the 1920s up to 1957, the ACL carried the daily Southland over this line. South of Trilby the route split and there were two different western Florida destinations: train 33 (train 32 northbound) via Atlantic Coast Line tracks to Tarpon Springs, Dunedin, Clearwater, St. Petersburg; and train 37 (train 38 northbound) splitting off the route at Trilby to Zephyrhills, to Tampa and then to Bradenton and Sarasota. Additionally, an unnamed train ran from Jacksonville over this route, also to St. Petersburg. In 1946, an overpass was built to carry a realigned US 301 at Owensboro over both the Seaboard Air Line Railroad and Atlantic Coast Line Railroad tracks.


title: Withlacoochee State Trail

text: As it enters Floral City, it runs much closer to and parallel to US 41. South of Inverness across from Citrus County Speedway and the Inverness Airport, there is a paid access trail leading to Fort Cooper State Park. Within Inverness itself, the trail runs under State Road 44, with access trails on both sides running east. North of there, the trail runs through Cooter Pond Park, Wallace Brooks Park and Liberty Park, then uses a former railroad bridge over a section of Lake Henderson. Beneath the bridge under US 41, another trail leads to Whispering Pines Park, and from there it makes a right curve around White Lake. Just south of the intersection with East Arlington Street, it runs relatively close to the west side of US 41. In Hernando, the trail is briefly detoured around County Road 486 for one block, then resumes its use of the former railroad right-of-way. Before reaching Holder, it has an intersection with another trail leading to the Central Ridge District Park. North of there it continues through Citrus CR 491 in Holder, and Citrus Springs, where it finally ends at Gulf Junction just south of Dunnellon.


title: Benode Behari Mukherjee

text: Mukherjee was born with a severe eye problem. Despite being myopic in one eye and blind in the other, he continued to paint and do murals even after he lost his eyesight completely following an unsuccessful eye cataract operation in 1956. In 1919, he took admission in Kala Bhavana, the art faculty of Visva-Bharati University. He was a student of Indian artist Nandalal Bose, and a friend and associate of Ramkinkar Baij, a sculptor. In 1925, he joined Kala Bhava Bijn as a member of the teaching faculty. His notable students included painter Jahar Dasgupta, Ramananda Bandopadhyay, K.G. Subramanyan, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, sculptor & printmaker Somnath Hore, designer Riten Majumdar and filmmaker Satyajit Ray. In 1949, he left Kala Bhavan and joined as a curator at the Nepal Government Museum in Kathmandu. From 1951 to 1952, he taught at the Banasthali Vidyapith in Rajasthan. In 1952, he along with his wife Leela, started an art training school in Mussoorie. In 1958, he returned to Kala Bhavan, and later became its principal. In 1979, a collection of his Bengali writings, Chitrakar, was published.


title: Ty Gibbs

text: On the Daytona Road Course, Gibbs held off Austin Cindric in overtime to win, becoming the sixth driver to win in their Xfinity debut (after Dale Earnhardt, Ricky Rudd, Joe Ruttman, Terry Labonte, and Kurt Busch) and the first to do so without prior experience in the NASCAR Cup Series. He is also the only driver in the modern era to win their first NASCAR national series race. At 18 years, four months, and 16 days of age, Gibbs surpassed Cindric as the youngest driver to win an Xfinity road course race. Gibbs later won again at Charlotte Motor Speedway in May. At Road America, one of Gibbs's races, Kyle Busch ran the No. 54, leading JGR to put Gibbs in the No. 81 with Monster Energy as a sponsor. Gibbs would end up 33rd after a broken transmission. At Watkins Glen International in the No. 54, Gibbs led the most laps and won after holding off Austin Cindric and A. J. Allmendinger. He later led the most laps in the race at Richmond Raceway in September before ending up 7th. Gibbs got his fourth win of the season in the Kansas Lottery 300 in October and finished the season 13th in the final standings, despite only having started 18 of the season's 33 races in addition to winning Rookie of the Year honors.


title: Ty Gibbs

text: For 2022, Gibbs moved into the series full-time, driving the No. 54. He won early in the season at Las Vegas, Atlanta, and Richmond. At the Martinsville spring race on April 8, Gibbs led 196 laps but was passed by teammate Brandon Jones on the final lap and finished eighth after a bump from Sam Mayer in the final turn. After the race, Gibbs ran into Mayer's car during the cool-down lap before both drivers engaged in a fistfight on pit road. Following this incident, Gibbs was fined US$15,000 for hitting Mayer's car on pit road after the race. Gibbs scored his fourth win at Road America in July by passing Kyle Larson on the final lap and claimed his fifth win of the season a month later at Michigan. At Watkins Glen, Gibbs fiercely battled William Byron for the lead throughout most of the race until they both spun off-course during the final restart, resulting in Gibbs finishing 27th after Byron spun Gibbs again later on in the lap. At the Martinsville playoff race, Gibbs made contact with Jones which sent him spinning towards outside wall on the final overtime lap to win the race despite having already clinched a spot in the Championship four on points. After the race, he compared himself to Jesus in an interview on the SiriusXM NASCAR channel, which earned him criticism from sections of the NASCAR fanbase. Nonetheless, Gibbs dominated at Phoenix to become the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion.


title: Ty Gibbs

text: On July 24, 2022, 23XI Racing announced that Gibbs would make his NASCAR Cup Series debut at the 2022 M&M's Fan Appreciation 400 at Pocono the same day, driving the No. 45 car as a fill-in for the original driver, Kurt Busch. Busch was not cleared by NASCAR to race after suffering from concussion-like symptoms following a crash during qualifying. Gibbs finished 16th in the race. Three days later, he would be announced to fill in again for Busch in the Verizon 200 at Indianapolis, where he finished 17th. In the FireKeepers Casino 400 at Michigan, Gibbs scored his first career top-10 with a 10th place finish, but finished 36th the following week at Richmond after an engine failure, but he surpassed his late father Coy. Gibbs filled in for Busch during the last two regular season races at Watkins Glen and Daytona, in which he finished 26th and 13th respectively. On August 31, it was announced that he would swap rides with teammate Bubba Wallace and drive the No. 23 car starting at Darlington; Wallace went to the No. 45 to help the team's owners' championship efforts. At the Texas playoff race, Gibbs veered into Ty Dillon on pit road, nearly sending Dillon towards a NASCAR official and a group of pit crew members; he was subsequently fined US$75,000 and the No. 23 was docked 25 owner points. Gibbs would end up missing the last race of his fill-in role for 23XI, the 2022 NASCAR Cup Series Championship Race, due to the death of his father Coy and was replaced by Daniel Hemric.


title: Davidson Building (Sioux City, Iowa)

text: The Davidson Building is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. It was constructed by local businessmen and real estate developers Ben and Dave Davidson. They saw the need for an upscale office building for professionals. They hired prominent local architect William L. Steele to design the Early Commercial-style structure. It was built by the leading contractor in the city, Lytle Construction Company. Completed in 1913, it was Sioux City's first office building. The exterior of the L-shaped, six-story building is composed of terra cotta panels separated by vertical bands of Roman style brick, and capped with an ornate cornice. It is Sullivanesque in its design. Commercial space is located on the first floor, and office space occupies the upper floors. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. In 2016 plans were unveiled to convert the building and the adjacent Warrior Hotel into a boutique hotel and apartments. The Davidson Building houses The Warrior Apartments, as well as 56 guest rooms for The Warrior Hotel on its second, third and fourth floors.


title: Edmund Pearson Dole

text: He resigned as attorney general on February 1, 1903, to argue a case in the U.S. Supreme Court at the request of Philander C. Knox who was US Attorney General. Federal District Court Judge Morris M. Estee had overturned the conviction of Osaki Mankichi because he was never indicted by a grand jury, and was convicted by a simple majority of a jury instead of unanimously. Estee ruled the court proceeding denied the accused rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution. The case had the implication of invalidating many legal procedures during the time between July 1898 when the Newlands Resolution annexed Hawaii by the United States, and April 1900 when the Hawaiian Organic Act established a territorial government. The Supreme Court voted 5 to 4 that the continued operation of the Republic of Hawaii legal system was valid during the transition period. Dole lived in Washington, D.C., for two years, then moved back to Seattle and practiced law again there. He died December 31, 1928, in Keene.


title: James Ongwae

text: He started his work in the public service as a District Officer. He then became an Immigration Officer, then Management Analyst and lastly served as Director of Civil Service Reform Programme. He later served as a Permanent Secretary in the Office of the President and a director of Personnel Management (DPM). He was also the Secretary for the Teachers Service Commission and Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture in the government of Kenya. As he served in the public service, he spearheaded various government initiatives served and managed various government committees and policy projects. Among them were the councils of University of Nairobi, Maseno University, Egerton University and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. He served in the commissions of Higher Education, Adult Education and Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC). He also worked at the Directorate of Industrial Training and served as an associate member of the Kenya Institute of Management (K.I.M). He retired from his professional work in December 2005 to pave way for his political ambitions.


title: Abigail Bush

text: On the morning of August 2, 1848, in the Rochester Unitarian Church, Amy Post called the Rochester Women's Rights Convention to order and read the suggested slate of officers. The proposal for a woman to be the president of the convention met with immediate opposition. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Ann M'Clintock and Lucretia Mott were strongly against the idea of a woman president, not wanting a poor showing by women officers to give a bad public image to the new women's rights movement. They had been among the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention, which had followed tradition by electing a man to preside. Stanton asked how could a woman, without knowledge of parliamentary procedure and without experience in holding public meetings, serve as president? Stanton, Mott and M'Clintock "were on the verge of leaving the Convention in disgust" when Post, Fish and DeGarmo convinced them that it could work. Bush was elected after a vote was taken among the audience, making her the first woman to preside over a public meeting composed of both men and women in the U.S.


title: Abigail Bush

text: In 1898, NWSA celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Seneca Falls and Rochester conventions, and honored Bush's early courage and strength during a session entitled "Pioneer's Evening". Bush was then 88 years old and still living in California; she wrote to Susan B. Anthony regarding her role at the 1848 convention in Rochester to say "I had not been able to meet in council at all with the friends, on account of sickness in my family until I met them in the hall as the congregation were gathering & then fell into the hands of those who urged me to take part with the supporters of a woman serving as the president of the meeting. They had James Mott, a fine-looking man, to preside at Seneca Falls, but his head fell at the hands of my old friends Amy Post, Rhoda DeGarmo and Sarah Fish, who at once commenced laboring with me to prove the hour had come when a woman could preside and led me into the church. Amy proposed my name as president. It was accepted at once, and from that hour I seemed endowed as from on high to serve through two day's meetings and three sessions per day."


title: Luso-Indian

text: Korlai is central to a small thriving community of Indo-Portuguese Christians, settled for nearly 500 years on the western coast of India at Chaul near Mumbai. This is one of the only unique 16 century Portuguese speaking community in India today, where the language has over the decades metamorphosed to Korlai Portuguese creole, a variant mix of the 16th century Portuguese & local Indian languages. The Portuguese left Korlai & Chaul around 1740 & the language also survived due to Portuguese speaking priests, as the priestly diocese was under Goa till early 1960s. It has vigorous use and it is also known as Kristi ("Christian"), Korlai Creole Portuguese, Korlai Portuguese, or Nou Ling ("our language" in the language itself). The small surviving community of a 1,600 strong population is an excellent example of the cultural diversity, integrity and the extensive trade links of historical India. The place also boasts to be an area where Christian, Hindus, Muslims & Jews have been living together in harmony since centuries within the same region & yet proudly relate themselves as Indians today.


title: Luso-Indian

text: During Portuguese governance in parts of today's Republic of India, many Luso-Indian, Luso-Goan mestiços left the Indian subcontinent for other Portuguese territories and colonies for purposes of trade. Some also became Roman Catholic missionaries in Macau, Indonesia and Japan. One such mestiço was Gonsalo Garcia, a Catholic saint who was martyred in Japan in 1597. Other Luso-Indians went to Macau, then a Portuguese colony, where they intermarried into the local Macanese population. Goan mestiços are among the ancestors of many Macanese today. Before heading to Macau, Luso-Indians migrated to Malacca, Singapore, and Indonesia, where they intermarried with Malay and other native settlers, and descendants of Chinese settlers. Still other Luso-Indians went to Portuguese Mozambique. Known members of the Luso-Indian Mozambican community are Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, a leader of the Carnation Revolution against the Estado Novo in Portugal, and Orlando da Costa, a writer who was born in Mozambique and lived until the age of 18 in Goa.He is the father of António Costa.


title: Eastern green mamba

text: The eastern green mamba is a large snake, with a slightly compressed and very slender body with a medium to long tapering tail. Adult males average around 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) in total length, while females average 2.0 metres (6 ft 7 in). This species rarely exceeds lengths of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in). In general, the total length is 4–4.3 times the length of the tail. The adult eastern green mamba has bright green upperparts—occasionally with isolated yellow scales—and a pale yellow-green belly. Sometimes they are duller-coloured before moulting. Juveniles are blue-green, becoming bright green when they are around 75 centimetres (2 ft 6 in) long. The coffin-shaped head is long and slender, with a prominent canthus which is slightly demarcated from the neck. When threatened or otherwise aroused, the eastern green mamba is capable of flattening its neck area into a slight hood. The medium-sized eyes have round pupils, the borders of which have a narrow golden or ochre edge; the irises are olive green, becoming bright green posteriorly. The inside of the mouth may be white or bluish-white.


title: Brendan Clarke-Smith

text: Following an interim report on the connections between colonialism and properties now in the care of the National Trust, including links with historic slavery, Clarke-Smith was among the signatories of a letter to The Telegraph in November 2020 from the "Common Sense Group" of Conservative Parliamentarians. The letter accused the National Trust of being "coloured by Cultural Marxist dogma, colloquially known as the 'woke agenda'". He has expressed concern over plans to close the mental health facilities at Bassetlaw Hospital and move provision to Mansfield, campaigned for the Robin Hood train line to be extended to Retford and was a signatory to the successful East Midlands bid to be one of ten Freeports. In June 2021, Clarke-Smith opposed the England football team's intention to take the knee at the forthcoming European championship, saying: "Fans understand perfectly well – they are just sick and tired of being preached and spoken down to. They are there to watch a football match, not to be lectured on morality." In November 2021, he became an advocate of the Down Syndrome Bill, which would recognise people with Down syndrome as a specific minority group.


title: Brendan Clarke-Smith

text: Brendan Clarke-Smith briefly served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister without Portfolio and Minister of State from 11 February 2022 to 8 July 2022 and as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Children and Families) at the Department for Education between 8 July and 7 September 2022. In February 2023, Clarke-Smith was part of a delegation of UK Parliamentarians consisting of several MPs and members of the House of Lords who visited Northern Cyprus and met with the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) government. Clarke-Smith was one of 10 parliamentarians personally named in a Commons Select Committee of Privileges special report on the "Co-ordinated campaign of interference in the work of the Privileges Committee", published 28 June 2023. The report detailed how said parliamentarians "took it upon themselves to undermine procedures of the House of Commons" by putting pressure on the Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson. Clark-Smith was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party on 28 November 2023. He resigned on 16 January 2024 along with Lee Anderson in order to vote for an amendment on the Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill. The amendment, put forward by Bill Cash, would "ensure UK and international law could not be used to prevent or delay a person being removed to Rwanda."


title: Tigre Blanco

text: By 1999 Kid Guzmán had signed with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and changed his ring persona. He became an enmascarado (masked wrestler) under the name Tigre Blanco, wearing an outfit and mask patterned after a white tiger. Tigre Blanco made his first pay-per-view appearance on July 18, 1999, as he participated in CMLL's 1999 Ruleta de la Muerte. The match saw Satánico, Zumbido, Valentin Mayo, Virus, and Rencor Latino defeat Tigre Blanco, Starman, Astro Rey, Jr., El Oriental, and Mr. Águila in an elimination match. On December 17, 1999, Tigre Blanco teamed with El Felino to win the second 1999 Tornero Gran Alternativa, defeating Máscara Año 2000 and Sangre Azteca in the first round, Ringo Mendoza and Ricky Marvin in the second round, and Scorpio, Jr. and Fugaz in the finals to win the tournament. On March 17, 2000, the team of Arkangel de la Muerte, Dr. O'Borman, Jr., Último Guerrero, Zumbido, Rencor Latino, Mr. Mexico, Violencia and Rey Bucanero defeated Tigre Blanco, Máscara Mágica, Astro Rey Jr., Starman, Antifaz, Tony Rivera, Safari, and Olímpico in an elimination match as part of CMLL's March 2000 pay-per-view. Tigre Blanco eliminated Doctor O'Borman, Jr. but was himself eliminated by Zumbido. On April 17, 2001, Tigre Blanco defeated Karloff Lagarde, Jr. to win the Mexican National Welterweight Championship. Following his title win, Tigre Blanco teamed with Ricky Marvin and Sicodelico, Jr., losing to Doctor X, Virus and Mr. Mexico on CMLL's 68th Anniversary Show. On December 14, 2001, Tigre Blanco made another PPV appearance, teaming with Volador Jr. and Tony Rivera, in a loss against Venero, Dr. X and Hijo de Pierroth. In 2001 Tigre Blanco once again participated in the annual Torneo Gran Alternativa, teaming with Black Tiger, losing to Black Warrior and Sangre Azteca in the first round. Tigre Blanco held the Mexican National Welterweight title for almost two years, making only one title defense in that time before losing the title to Doctor X on March 11, 2003. In 2005 Tigre Blanco participated in the inaugural Reyes del Aire tournament, eliminating Stuka, Jr. before being eliminated by Alan Stone. In 2006 Blanco was teamed up with Tigre Metalico (Metal Tiger) and rookie Rey Tigre (King Tiger) to form the group Los Tigres del Ring (The Tigers of the ring). The trio worked together throughout 2006 until Rey Tigre was repackaged as Eclipse. The Tigres del Ring officially disbanded in 2007 when Tigre Metalico changed his ring name to Metalico; however Tigre Blanco and Metalico continued teaming, working lower card matches together. On October 18, 2009, Tigre Blanco lost his mask as he was pinned by Pólvora in a 12-man Luchas de Apuestas cage match. After the match he was forced to unmask and announce his real name per lucha libre tradition.


title: Operation Branchform

text: The police's tactics in their search of Sturgeon and Murrell's home, especially the erection of a forensic tent over the front door, were questioned by Scottish Nationalists. Noel Dolan, a former special adviser to Nicola Sturgeon, said: "I believe the police behaviour in the use of tents outside and invading the former First Minister's home has been very heavy handed. It was completely over the top." Dolan called for the issue of police powers to be raised in the Scottish Parliament. His comments were criticised by Calum Steele, general secretary of the Scottish Police Federation, as "based on theory rather than fact". Police Scotland declined to comment on an ongoing investigation. SNP MSP James Dornan accused the police and media of having "some kind of collusion about making sure the media are in attendance when the slightest thing happens", and described the search of the Sturgeon-Murrell home as "like Fred West's house". Police Scotland denied any suggestion that the media was informed of the search ahead of time.


title: Operation Branchform

text: In November 2023, two former sheriffs, Kevin Drummond KC and Douglas Cusine, of the legal group Quis, warned that the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service raised questions over the "protracted period of time" taken by the investigation. Drummond and Cusine said that; "The Crown is likely to have been kept up to date with the nature of the inquiry. If that is correct it can only be conjectured that either the Crown has instructed further investigation of elements of that report, or the delay is not on the part of the police but on the part of the Crown." They further added that; "In the absence of any explanation by Police Scotland or the Crown Office, the delay in such a high profile case is capable of stimulating perceptions of cover-up. For that reason alone, it can be said that the Crown Office should offer a public explanation for the lack of progress." The Crown Office said that Police Scotland had yet to submit a report to them. Sean Clerkin, who made the original report to the police, claimed that the police were "dragging their heels".


title: Operation Branchform

text: In January 2024, it was reported that the SNP had failed to declare to the Electoral Commission two loans worth a total of £15,000 made by Peter Murrell to the party in 2018. The loans were only declared in October 2023. Both loans were for £7,500. One was paid back within two days, while the other was paid back within two weeks. At the time the loans were made, parties were obliged to report donations higher than £7,500. Smaller donations from a single donor which exceed the reporting threshold when taken together also needed to be reported. The SNP accepted that "as both loans were in the same calendar year, they should have been reported". The Electoral Commission said that it would consider enforcement action over the late reporting of the loans, but would not act until the police investigation had concluded. The same month, Police Scotland was investigating claims that signatures were forged on documents related to SNP finances, with the named person denying that they had written the signature, or having any knowledge of the documents.


title: Operation Branchform

text: On 14 August, in an interview with Sky News, Chief Constable of Police Scotland Jo Farrell confirmed that Operation Branchform was still ongoing and that Nicola Sturgeon and Colin Beattie remain under investigation. Sky News reported that Farrell said that the police were unable to "say when Operation Branchform will end". In response, SNP MP for Glasgow Cathcart, James Dornan, shared the post on Twitter and wrote: "I have May 2026 in the draw." As the next Holyrood elections are due to be held on 7 May 2026, Dornan's comments were interpreted by many as implying that the police investigation was politically-motivated. Dornan further denounced the investigation as a "farce" in conversation with other Twitter users: "The minute we're seen to even attempt to interfere in police business we would, rightly, be slaughtered. The whole thing is a farce imo and there are questions for the police to answer but we need to keep our distance... I don't think it's affecting party members much, they see it for what I see it, but it does allow others to use it as a weapon whilst pretending they care about truth and honesty."


title: Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli"

text: In 1957 the army decided to concentrate its forces in the North-Eastern region of Friuli near the Yugoslav border. As first step of this realignment a Cavalry Brigade was activated in Gradisca d'Isonzo on 1 April 1957. The brigade consisted of the armored cavalry regiments "Piemonte Cavalleria", "Genova Cavalleria", and "Lancieri di Novara". Each of three regiments fielded two armored squadrons groups with M26 Pershing tanks. The remaining units of the brigade were the 8th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment, an engineer company, and a signal company. The brigade was part of the V Army Corps, which was tasked with defending North-Eastern Italy against a possible attack by either Yugoslav or Warsaw Pact forces. As next steps the army began the drawdown of forces of the Armored Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli" in Rome: on 1 May 1958 the 4th Tank Regiment was transferred to the Infantry Division "Legnano" and on 1 December 1958 the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment to the Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna". The 1st Armored Artillery Regiment's four groups were transferred to four different artillery regiments and on 31 December 1958 the regiment itself, along with the "Lancieri di Firenze" Armored Cavalry Squadrons Group and the Armored Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli" Command, were disbanded.


title: Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli"

text: In January 1997 the brigade lost the 84th Infantry (Recruits Training) Battalion "Venezia" and on 1 December 2000 the brigade received the Lagunari Regiment "Serenissima" in Venice and the 3rd Engineer Regiment in Udine from the disbanding Projection Forces Command. On 30 September 2001 the brigade disbanded the 8th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment, whose name was given to 11th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Teramo" of the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi" on 1 October 2001. As replacement the brigade received the 52nd Self-propelled Artillery Regiment "Torino" in Vercelli from the Armored Brigade "Centauro" on 1 January 2002. and the 21st Mechanized Infantry Regiment "Cremona" on 5 October 2002. The Cremona was disbanded one year later on 13 October 2003. On 31 December 2004 the 52nd Self-propelled Artillery Regiment with its heavy tracked M109 howitzers left the brigade and was replaced on 1 January 2005 by the Field Artillery Regiment "a Cavallo" in Milan, which fielded lighter FH-70 towed howitzers.


title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series

text: By September 2018, Marvel Studios was developing several limited series for Disney's new streaming service Disney+, to be centered on "second tier" characters from the MCU films who had not and were unlikely to star in their own films; the actors who portrayed the characters in the films were expected to reprise their roles for the series. Feige was taking a "hands-on role" in each series' development, focusing on "continuity of story" with the films and "handling" the returning actors. The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special , a television special, was the first project Marvel Studios began planning for Disney+. Loeb said Marvel Television would continue to develop new MCU series, including their own Disney+ series. In March 2019, Feige said the Marvel Studios series would take characters from the films, change them, and see those changes reflected in future films; new characters introduced in the series could also go on to appear in films. By September 2019, many of Marvel Television's existing series were cancelled or ending, and several developing projects did not move forward. Variety reported that Marvel Television was likely being phased out in favor of the new Marvel Studios series, which had access to well-known MCU characters. The new series also had reported budgets of $100–150 million each, much larger than those of the Marvel Television series. Disney gave Marvel Studios an initial mandate to create as much content as it could, as quickly as it could, to bolster the new streaming service. Feige was named Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment in October 2019. Marvel Television moved under Marvel Studios and its executives began reporting to Feige. Loeb was expected to leave Marvel by the end of the year.


text: In December, Feige referred to the Marvel Studios series as "a new type of cinematic that we haven't done before", going on to say, "for the first time ... the MCU will be on your TV screen at home on Disney+ and interconnect with the movies and go back and forth". The next day, Marvel Television announced that it would complete work on its existing television series but would stop developing new projects. The division was set to shut down, with several executives moving to Marvel Studios to oversee the completion of existing series including executive producer Karim Zreik. Other staff were laid off, while Loeb was set to remain with the company until the handover was completed. Zreik left his role as the senior vice president of original programming and production for Marvel Television Studios in June 2020 to become the head of television for Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, whose projects included several Marvel-based series for Sony Pictures Television that were intended to connect to the superhero films of Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU). After the shut down of Marvel Television, ABC executives said they remained committed to featuring Marvel content. In January 2020, ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke said talks were beginning with Feige and Marvel Studios about what a Marvel Studios series on ABC would be, but she noted that Marvel's focus at that time was on the Disney+ series. Television specials from Marvel Studios are marketed as "Marvel Studios Special Presentations".


text: Marvel Studios formed several production partnerships in 2021: in February, Ryan Coogler's production company Proximity Media was set to work with the studio on new Disney+ series as part of a deal with Walt Disney Television; that May, WandaVision head writer Jac Schaeffer signed a three-year deal with Marvel Studios and 20th Television to develop Disney+ series; and in December, Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings director Destin Daniel Cretton signed a multi-year deal with Marvel Studios to develop television projects for Disney+. In February 2023, Disney CEO Bob Iger said the company was re-evaluating the volume of content it output as a way to cut costs over the next few years. Shortly after, when reflecting on the amount of Disney+ content released for the MCU's Phase Four in a short time frame, Feige anticipated that Marvel Studios would look to space out the releases of the Phase Five and Six Disney+ series so each one could "get a chance to shine". This shift in philosophy necessitated Marvel Studios to delay some previously announced series to spread out their release dates. In May 2024, Iger said Disney planned to release two Marvel series a year moving forward, down from around four series being released a year, as part of the company's larger strategy to reduce its content output and focus on quality. He said some upcoming series, including Agatha All Along, were "a vestige" of Disney's previous desire to increase Marvel's content output.


text: In June 2021, Marvel Studios executive Victoria Alonso said the studio's expansion to animation with the series What If...? was an opportunity to make the MCU more diverse, and the medium of animation allowed Marvel Studios to work with new companies around the world. Marvel Studios was creating an animation division, eventually named Marvel Studios Animation, to focus on animated content beyond What If...?. They were building infrastructure to handle a slate of Disney+ animated series and looking to hire around 300 new staff for production roles. What If...? director Bryan Andrews said each additional animated series would exist on its own terms and explore different elements of the MCU. Head of streaming Brad Winderbaum said the studio would only tell stories that they felt needed to be told in animated form, and Marvel Studios was open to working with corporate siblings Pixar Animation and Walt Disney Animation under the right circumstances. During Marvel Studios Animation's panel at the 2022 San Diego Comic-Con, the slate of animated series were described as the "Marvel Animated Multiverse". Winderbaum said the MCU's Multiverse Saga and its exploration of the multiverse allowed the studio to look at alternate versions of MCU characters and this had become their "guiding light" for animated projects. This includes X-Men '97, a revival and continuation of the 1990s series X-Men: The Animated Series, which Winderbaum said has the potential to connect to the MCU through the multiverse.


text: In November 2023, Marvel Studios announced their "Marvel Spotlight" banner for select series that focus on more grounded, character-driven stories and are less about impacting the larger MCU narrative. Winderbaum explained that the banner was created during post-production on Echo as a way to indicate to audiences that they did not need to watch any other MCU projects to understand the series. The banner was inspired by the Marvel Spotlight anthology comics from 1971 to 1981 and features a new opening logo with a musical fanfare composed by Michael Giacchino. The first series under the banner is Echo, which was also the first Marvel Studios series to be simultaneously released on Hulu along with Disney+ when it was released in January 2024. When X-Men '97 debuted that March, it did so under a new "Marvel Animation" banner (not to be confused with the Marvel Animation subsidiary). In May, Marvel Studios revealed that its live-action Disney+ series would be released under a new "Marvel Television" banner, separate from the previous company of the same name, starting with Agatha All Along later in 2024. Winderbaum explained that Marvel Studios was now using the "Marvel Television", "Marvel Animation", and "Marvel Spotlight" banners to indicate to audiences that they did not have to watch all of the studio's projects to understand the overall story and could choose which storylines and characters under these banners to follow.


text: By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest. Disney announced the next month that it would provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading to a crossover miniseries based on the Defenders. In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher as a spin-off from Daredevil. Netflix had canceled all of the series by the end of February 2019; the characters could not appear in any non-Netflix series or films for at least two years following the cancellations. Loeb said in August 2019 that Marvel Television categorized the Netflix series internally as the "Marvel Street-Level Heroes" or "Marvel Knights". All series were no longer available on Netflix starting March 1, 2022, due to Netflix's license for the series ending and Disney regaining the rights. They all began streaming on Disney+ from March 16, 2022, where they were collected under the title "The Defenders Saga".


text: Hulu ordered two series based on Ghost Rider and the siblings Daimon and Ana Helstrom in May 2019, intending to build an interconnected universe in a similar fashion to Marvel's Netflix shows. Marvel announced the series as the cornerstone of the "Spirits of Vengeance", and Loeb said they were moving into a new, "chilling" corner of the Marvel Universe. Loeb revealed in August that Marvel was now referring to these series collectively as "Adventure into Fear", and said more series under the banner were in development. A month later, Hulu decided not to move forward with Ghost Rider due to creative differences. When Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios in December, the studio said production on Helstrom would be completed but no further series would be developed. Upon Helstrom's release in October 2020, showrunner Paul Zbyszewski said the series was "our own separate thing" and not part of the MCU, having been "siloed off" in part because of its darker themes. Zbyszewski called it "freeing" to not be part of the MCU. He also said there were Easter eggs in the series that hinted towards the planned Adventure into Fear universe. Unlike Marvel Television's other series, each episode of Helstrom does not begin with the Marvel logo. The series was canceled in December 2020.


text: Loeb reiterated in July 2016 the issue of scheduling, questioning how a television series actor could have a major role in a film when they had to spend six or eight months filming the series. He said this would be less of an issue for minor cameo appearances, but Marvel was not interested in cameos and Easter eggs just for the sake of fan service which could detract from the story. He added, "Our feeling is that the connection isn't just whether or not somebody is walking into a movie or walking out of a television show. It's connected in the way that the shows come from the same place, that they are real, that they are grounded." Eric Carroll, producer on the film Spider-Man: Homecoming , felt it would be fun to mention the Manhattan-based Defenders following the introduction of Spider-Man, who lives in Queens, to the MCU. In January 2017, Vincent D'Onofrio, who portrays Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in Daredevil, said he was open to appearing in the films, but believed it would most likely not happen. D'Onofrio cited Feige's previous reasoning as well as the fact that the films already had difficulty handling the large number of characters they had. In March 2017, Anthony Mackie, who portrays Sam Wilson / Falcon in the films, felt a crossover between the films and television series "wouldn't work at all" given they are "different universes, different worlds, different companies, different designs" and that "Kevin Feige is very specific about how he wants the Marvel Universe to be seen in the film world". That May, Feige noted that a character appearing in a television series would not necessarily exclude them from appearing in a film, adding that "at some point, there's going to be a crossover. Crossover, repetition, or something." Regarding the potential for the Avengers to learn in the films that Phil Coulson, who died in The Avengers , is alive in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Loeb stated that this was "certainly something that will get resolved, and it may get resolved in a very surprising way."


text: Loeb said in July 2017 that Marvel Television had no plans for series to cross over across networks. Specifically, for the similarly themed Cloak & Dagger, New Warriors, and Runaways, which all deal with young heroes, Loeb noted, "You'll see things that comment on each other; we try to touch base wherever we can... things that are happening in L.A. are not exactly going to be affecting what's happening in New Orleans ... It's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense." He added in October that the scheduling of each series factors into why crossovers between them are more difficult to pull off, and that network "feelings" need to be considered. He also spoke on why the television series do not show Avengers Tower as it appears in the films when they depict New York City and stated that Marvel Television wanted to be "less specific" about the television characters' relationships to the tower because that "helps the audience understand that this could be on any street corner" and that the characters could be in an area of the city where you would not be able to see the tower, even though it exists. In June 2018, speaking to how the MCU television series would be affected by the events of Infinity War, Loeb noted that "For the most part our stories will take place before Thanos clicked his fingers. A lot of that has to do with production and when we are telling our stories versus when the movies come out." When Avengers: Endgame was released in April 2019, actor James D'Arcy was revealed to be reprising his role of Edwin Jarvis from the television series Agent Carter. This marked the first time a character introduced in an MCU television series appears in an MCU film. Marvel Studios' executive Brad Winderbaum acknowledged that during the development of Infinity War and Endgame, the two companies were in communication with each other and Marvel Television series included easily integrated references to the films, but to try and include references to the television series in those two films "was just too much for us to wrap our minds around at the time".


text: Following the introduction of the multiverse to the MCU in the first-season finale of the Disney+ series Loki, Jack Shephard of Total Film suggested that Marvel Studios announce that the Marvel Television series take place on a different timeline within that multiverse since he felt the studio was not taking the events of those series into account as part of the main timeline. In December 2021, Feige confirmed that Charlie Cox would reprise his role as Daredevil in future Marvel Studios productions, and Cox first reprised the role in the film Spider-Man: No Way Home . Additionally, D'Onofrio first reprised his role as Kingpin in the Disney+ series Hawkeye , and stated that he was playing the same character from Daredevil. Inhumans star Anson Mount portrayed a version of his character Blackagar Boltagon / Black Bolt from an alternate universe in Multiverse of Madness. Following Cox's appearance on She-Hulk: Attorney at Law , Marvel.com described the character as "very much the same Matt Murdock audiences have come to know and love".


text: With the release of The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline in October 2023, Feige wrote in its foreword that Marvel Studios only considered, at that time, projects developed by them in their first four phases as part of their "Sacred Timeline", but acknowledged the history of other Marvel films and television series that would exist in the larger multiverse given they were "canonical to Marvel"; Marvel Television's series were not included as part of the timeline. In January 2024, Winderbaum acknowledged that Marvel Studios had previously been "a little bit cagey" about what was part of their Sacred Timeline, noting how there had been a corporate divide between what Marvel Studios created and what Marvel Television created. He continued that as time has passed, Marvel Studios has begun to see "how well integrated the stories are" and personally felt "confident" in saying the Netflix Daredevil series was part of the Sacred Timeline. Marvel Studios began looking at the Netflix series as a more integral part to the MCU once Daredevil: Born Again underwent a creative overhaul in September 2023. Footage from Daredevil was used in promotional material for Echo. James Whitbrook at Gizmodo felt this was "vindication" for Daredevil, but also "empty vindication". He questioned if Marvel Studios' seal of approval was necessary and whether these steps revealed anything new that could not have already been inferred from the appearances of Netflix characters in Marvel Studios projects. Shortly after, to coincide with Echo's release, all of the Netflix series were added to the MCU Disney+ timeline, primarily alongside the MCU's Phase Two content. When told that Echo had some slight discrepancies with Kingpin's backstory as shown in Daredevil, D'Onofrio felt that everyone involved moving forward had to be "very savvy" with the characters, explaining that some things would change slightly to keep the stories interesting, and that approaching the characters tonally from what came before was most important. In August 2024, Winderbaum was asked about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s place in the franchise. He praised the series' connections to the films and acknowledged that Marvel Studios could consider it part of the Multiverse Saga but he was unwilling to confirm that at the time.


text: Feige described Marvel Studios' approach to their television series in January 2021, explaining that streaming on Disney+ gave Marvel Studios flexibility with the formats for each series. He said some were being developed as one-off miniseries that were intended to lead into feature films, though additional seasons could be added to these in the future. Other series were always intended to cover multiple seasons while still being connected to the films, such as Loki. These could have several years between the release of seasons, similar to series like Game of Thrones and Stranger Things. Feige added that each miniseries or season was intended to be around six hours of content, but this would be split in different ways depending on the story being told, such as six hour-long episodes, or nine or ten half-hour episodes. Marvel Studios intended to make each of their series an event. Many of the first series from the studio were approached with a feature film structure that gave the characters an arc across the series and felt like standalone limited series. Marvel Studios' earliest series were directed by a single person, but later series have multiple directors taking on different numbers of episodes. Feige said this happened due to a combination of logistics, the needs of each story, and the studio's "own internal learnings of making longform television". He said the studio would continue varying the number of directors on future series as needed. Following the release of the Phase Four series, Feige said Marvel Studios was open to experimenting with more episodic series rather than each series always having a larger story; he pointed to Daredevil: Born Again as a particular example where they would try this.


text: Marvel Studios initially used the term "head writer" instead of the traditional showrunner title, since they were approaching their television series as long films. They encouraged the series' directors to be in the writers room and part of the creative process, much like their feature films, alongside Feige and the Marvel Studios executives assigned to each series. Junior executives were also assigned to each series, many of whom had been production managers on previous MCU films and were able to act as production leads and liaisons between head writers and Feige and the Parliament executives. This approach was confirmed by WandaVision head writer Jac Schaeffer, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier director Kari Skogland, and Loki season one director Kate Herron. Skogland described the approach as "effective and efficient", feeling that the series are too much for a single showrunner to take on. Each series had multiple writers and a writers room that the head writer led, and they also used "created for television by" credits for the head writers. Explaining the decision-making process and hierarchy for Marvel Studios' first three series, Loki season one head writer Michael Waldron said the head writer of each series would have final say on creative decisions before filming began. At that point, the series shifted to a "more feature centric model" where the director takes on the role that a traditional showrunner might have and has the final say for creative decisions while on set and in post-production. The head writer was still present on set and during post-production for any necessary rewrites. Additional examples of directors taking more creative control on series from writers included Mohamed Diab with Moon Knight (after head writer Jeremy Slater quit) and Kat Coiro with She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, though She-Hulk head writer Jessica Gao was brought back to oversee that series' post-production, "the rare Marvel head writer" to do so. Marvel Studios relied on their executives to shepherd each series and, as with their films, heavily relied on reshoots during post-production to fix any issue with the series. The series were described as being "shot... on the fly"; an example of this was Secret Invasion, which underwent extensive reshoots after several crew members, including head writer Kyle Bradstreet and the series' production and development executive Chris Gary, were replaced during production.


text: By October 2023, Marvel Studios was planning to change their approach to television, moving away from their head writer model and instead hiring showrunners for their series. The showrunners would develop television pilots and create series bibles to have a creative throughline throughout the entire production process. The studio began to come around to this idea after Gao returned to aid She-Hulk: Attorney at Law in post-production, and after the critical and commercial failure of Secret Invasion. Winderbaum said the studio was trying to "marry the Marvel culture with the traditional television culture", and he felt this would help separate their streaming content from their theatrical films. The studio planned to hire dedicated executives to focus on television, and to create more multi-season series so audiences could form relationships with characters rather than the series just being set up for big crossover events. These changes allowed the studio to develop more content than they would actually produce, in line with how a "traditional" studio works, and Winderbaum said they had started this development approach in 2022. Sam Barsanti from The A.V. Club discussed this philosophy change, saying it could be that Marvel Studios was "recognizing its faults and acknowledging that its attempt to turn its Disney+ shows into stretched-out movies was a failure", and he felt it was good for the studio to rethink its approach following recent failures, but he also noted that WandaVision and She-Hulk: Attorney at Law had fit the television formula well so it was possible to have that kind of success under the previous approach. /Film's Ben Pearson called the previous approach "seriously flawed" and said "tried-and-true methodologies work for a reason"; Pearson was hopeful that other Hollywood studios would not try to replicate Marvel's initial approach. Agatha All Along was the first series to alter the credits of its head writer, Schaeffer, to showrunner. The untitled Vision series that was announced in May 2024 was the studio's first live-action series pickup in nearly two years and the first to move forward under the studio's new development approach.


title: Virtual queue systems at Disney Parks

text: FastPass+ was a system that allowed guests to reserve and plan a visit in advance to parks at Walt Disney World. Reservations were available for select attractions, Character Greetings, entertainment, and viewing areas for parades and fireworks. The system allowed guests to make reservations up to 60 days in advance, and change at any time. FastPass+ was a reservation and scheduling system, unlike the old paper FastPass system, which was a virtual queuing concept. Additionally, guests were encouraged to reserve FastPass+ sections with their group and were allowed to change the group's FastPass+ reservation. Guests that stayed at an onsite Disney resort could make reservations up to 60 days in advance while all other guests could schedule reservations up to 30 days in advance, assuming tickets were linked to their account. Annual Passholders could hold FastPass+ reservations for up to 7 different days in the 30-day window. If a Passholder stayed at a Disney resort onsite, they also had 60 days to make reservations for the entire length of the stay.


title: One Deep Breath

text: Bill Binkelman of Wind and Wire Magazine writes, "One Deep Breath is an album with two distinct 'feels' to it: the more serene new age/ambient soundscapes that bookend the inner tracks and the more radio-friendly and mainstream music in-between. While I doubt fans of Liquid Mind or other mainly electronic new-age music artists would wholly embrace the overt romanticism of piano-led tracks like 'Dancers Waltz' or 'Dreamer's Lullaby', there is definite appeal on the album for fans of adult contemporary piano pieces as well as for lovers of the more minimal approach to new-age music." Reviewing for Solo Piano Publications, Kathy Parsons describes the album as "...a fascinating combination of structured melodic pieces and free-form, ambient compositions". Allmusic's, Jim Brenholts views One Deep Breath as a set of smooth adult contemporary pieces in which Joseph adds "world music flair and inspirational touches". "The vocal expressions by Clystie Whang and Joseph have devotional qualities that weave through the atmospheres and soundscapes smoothly." "One Deep Breath opens with a fairly quiet and unassuming tone, and gradually reveals a highly sophisticated soundscape that keeps your attention for the full duration of the album", states Instrumental Weekly.


title: One Deep Breath

text: The opening track, "Is This A Dream?", is a simple but "lovely" piano melody supported by various, understated synth elements. "Wildflowers" has been called "sweeping and romantic", and "rich sonic tapestry". "The wistful piano brings images of brightly-colored wildflowers gracefully bending in a gentle breeze." "A Moments Rest" borders on melancholic, which serves as illustration of the range of emotions to be found on One Deep Breath. "Dance of Life" was inspired by Antonín Dvořák's "Rusalka". Parsons describes it as being both joyful and pensive - almost anthemic in places. It is a bit more straightforward in its piano presentation, and will probably appeal the most to hardcore fans of solo instrumental music, says Instrumental Weekly. Joseph reveals his jazzier side with "Water Voyage", giving way to some "slick synth work" along with "fantastic and moving vocalizations". "Inside the Sky" opens with floating synth chords fused with ethnic percussion samples and twinkling bell trees, but soon develops into a reflective piano tone poem enhanced with discrete use of synth strings and keyboard textures here and there. It is rhythmic and mysterious at the opening, and then becomes a much more ambient and free-form piano solo that floats among the clouds and mists of the sky until the rhythm re-enters, perhaps symbolizing gentle winds. "If I Could Fly" is an "upbeat and positive" four-minute blend of piano and synth with an "almost angelic chorus" providing some "colorful" vocal backgrounds.


title: One Deep Breath

text: One Deep Breath closes with its title track and is "breathtaking in its subtle beauty"; it floats and meanders for more than ten minutes, bringing in ocean sounds. It is far and away the most ambient of everything else to be found here, and is "stunning", both in its execution and how radical a change it is from what has come before. Binkelman writes, "Fantastic Liquid Mind-like ultra lush synth washes serenely caress the air while muted background keyboard textures add soft 'coloring' (along with water sounds/waves crashing on the shore). As the lushness wears away, a simple pleasant drone courses underneath a sustained bell-tone, but after a brief music-less (just the waves) interlude, another ambient texture is introduced, spacier and yet also just as beautiful as the earlier passages (again reminiscent of Liquid Mind as those lush choral effects re-emerge). Another interlude with just waves occurs, followed by gentle sparkling high tone bells and lower register warm drones and synth chords. More melodic stretches of elegant synthesizer washes lends an air of contentment to the later stages of the track. As the song concludes, the music fades farther and farther into the background until only the sound of waves remains.".


title: Antyesti

text: Apart from the cremation method, several sects in Hinduism follow the practice of burial of the dead. In some sects, the important gurus, swamis or sadhus are buried. The preparatory rituals are more or less similar to cremation viz, washing the body, applying vibuthi or chandam on the forehead of the deceased etc., but instead of cremating, the deceased is buried. The body is either placed in sleeping position or in some Shaivite and tribal traditions is in Padmasana sitting position with legs folded and arms resting on the thigh simulating meditative position. The burial pit is prepared in the community burial ground called Shamshana, usually situated outside the city or village. Some affluent will bury their dead in their own field. The burial pit for sleeping position is generally three feet width and six feet in length and for sitting position it is three feet by three feet. As a thumb rule in all the sects invariable the saints are buried in sitting position in a separate place where later on a Samadhi is built which becomes a place of worship. For example, followers of Ayyavazhi sect bury the body, facing the geographic north in a padmasana position, without coffins and it is covered by sand or Namam (sacred soil) as an act austerity for the unfolding of Dharma Yukam.


title: Antyesti

text: In the United Kingdom, it was formerly illegal to conduct a traditional outdoors Hindu cremation under the 1902 Cremation Act, with Hindus having to cremate their dead in indoor crematoriums instead. In 2006, Daven Ghai, a British Hindu who had been refused the right to have a traditional funeral by Newcastle City Council, brought a case to court in which he claimed that the current law did in fact allow open air cremations, so long as they were in some enclosed building and away from the public. A High Court ruling disagreed with his claim, and the-then Justice Secretary Jack Straw stated that the British public would "find it abhorrent that human remains were being burned in this way." Nonetheless, upon taking it to the Court of Appeals in 2010, the judge, Lord Justice Neuberger, ruled that such a cremation would be legal under the 1902 Act, so long as it was performed within a building, even an open-air one. Upon his victory, Ghai told reporters that "I always maintained that I wanted to clarify the law, not disobey or disrespect it" and expressed regret at the amount that the trial had cost the taxpayer. He stated that he was thankful that he now had "the right to be cremated with the sun shining on my body and my son lighting the pyre" and he and other Hindus and Sikhs in the country had begun investigations into finding a site upon which they could perform the funerary ceremonies.


title: New Jersey's 7th legislative district

text: In the 1991 redistricting, the only change made to the district's boundary was the addition of Mount Holly. The district had been voting solidly Democratic until the anti-tax vote in 1991 brought in Republicans Bradford S. Smith in the Senate, who unseated Democratic incumbent Thomas P. Foy. In the Assembly race that year, Priscilla B. Anderson and José F. Sosa won the seats held by Jack Casey and Barbara Kalik. In the 1993 elections, the Republicans held on to their majorities in both houses of the legislature, but Democrats were able to retake the seats in the 7th district, with Jack Casey winning in the Senate and Steven M. Petrillo and George E. Williams in the Assembly. Williams would later switch parties in June 1995, after being denied support from local party leaders for re-nomination. In the 1995 general election, Diane Allen and Republican running mate Carmine DeSopo were elected, defeating Democratic incumbent Steven M. Petrillo and Williams's replacement on the ticket, newcomer Joseph P. Dugan. The $1.1 million spent in the 1995 Assembly race made it the first in New Jersey to cross the $1 million spending mark, as reported in the results of a study conducted by the Center for the Analysis of Public Issues of Princeton that analyzed campaign finance reports from candidates for all 80 Assembly seats.


title: New Jersey's 7th legislative district

text: In the 2001 reapportionment, Camden County's Merchantville and Burlington's Florence Township were added to the 7th district. Allen, Conaway, and Connors continued to win re-election through this decade's elections. As part of the 2011 reapportionment, municipalities that had been in the district since the 2001 apportionment were removed including Maple Shade, Merchantville, and Pennsauken (moved to the 6th district) and Mount Holly and Westampton townships (moved to the 8th district). Added to the district starting in 2011 were Fieldsboro and the city and township of Bordentown (added from the 30th district) and Moorestown and Mount Laurel (added from the 8th district). On March 29, 2011, Conners announced that due to redistricting, he would not seek another term to the Assembly in 2011. He announced his resignation on August 26, 2011, effective immediately to accept a position with Camden County as its director of veterans' affairs. Troy Singleton was selected by the Burlington and Camden County Democratic committees to fill the vacant seat in September 2011. Singleton won in the November general election and was sworn in on November 21, 2011, to finish the remainder of Conners' term, and was sworn into his first full term on January 10, 2012.


title: Stuart S. Stryker

text: He was a platoon runner, when the unit assembled near Wesel, Germany after a descent east of the Rhine. Attacking along a railroad, Company E reached a point about 250 yards from a large building used as an enemy headquarters and manned by a powerful force of Germans with rifles, machineguns, and 4 field pieces. One platoon made a frontal assault but was pinned down by intense fire from the house after advancing only 50 yards. So badly stricken that it could not return the raking fire, the platoon was at the mercy of German machine gunners when Pfc. Stryker voluntarily left a place of comparative safety, and, armed with a carbine, ran to the head of the unit. In full view of the enemy and under constant fire, he exhorted the men to get to their feet and follow him. Inspired by his fearlessness, they rushed after him in a desperate charge through an increased hail of bullets. Twenty-five yards from the objective the heroic soldier was killed by the enemy fusillades. His gallant and wholly voluntary action in the face of overwhelming firepower, however, so encouraged his comrades and diverted the enemy's attention that other elements of the company were able to surround the house, capturing more than 200 hostile soldiers and much equipment, besides freeing 3 members of an American bomber crew held prisoner there. The intrepidity and unhesitating self-sacrifice of Pfc. Stryker were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service.


title: South Alabama Jaguar Marching Band

text: The Jaguar Marching Band performs three different halftime shows each season. The band marches a modern, corps style, with a focus on velocity (often marching in the 180-200 beats per minute range). Shows range across a wide variety of musical eras and styles. The band's first ever halftime show was a Led Zeppelin tribute, featuring nine different songs by that band. Other past shows include the jazz-rock music of Bill Chase, Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, and progressive and alternative rock such as Radiohead, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Rush, and new pop music by Miley Cyrus and Billie Eilish. During the 2012 season, the band performed a Classical Music show, a "Tribute to the State of Alabama" production, and also a halftime show saluting the five branches of America's Armed Forces. The Jaguar Marching Band plays shows in alternating weeks first to the home side of the stadium and next to the opposite stands, home to the South Alabama student section. This is to ensure that both alumni and students experience the band, a tribute to the student body's initiative in bringing marching band and football to the University of South Alabama.


title: South Alabama Jaguar Marching Band

text: The Jaguar Marching Band performs at multiple exhibition and community performances each year. The band performs three to four exhibitions at high school marching band competitions and football games throughout the state and region each fall. In 2012, the Jaguar Marching Band performed at halftime in the New Orleans Super Dome during the New Orleans Saints vs. Atlanta Falcons game. The ensemble also performs in one Mobile Mardi Gras parade each year. Other community performances include the 2010 and 2012 Mobile Veterans' Day Parades, and the 2011 Senior Bowl held in Ladd–Peebles Stadium. The Jaguar Marching Band had a banner year in 2014, including performances at Governor Robert Bentley's 2015 Inauguration as well as the band's first bowl game performance at the inaugural 2014 Raycom Media Camellia Bowl. In addition, the JMB welcomed over 500 students at the 2014 Jaguar Marching Honor Band, the largest attendance at the event since its inception. In 2021 the Jaguar Marching Band performed at the Trussville Marching Invitational at Hewitt-Trussville High School in Trussville, AL. In 2022, the Jaguar Marching Band is performing at "The Swamp Classic", at Gautier High School in Gautier, MS.


title: Andrew RT Davies

text: In June 2018, Wales Online led an investigation into what they described as Davies keeping his "public constituency office hidden from the public". The piece stated the office was located in a "wooden cabin 50 yards beyond a vehicle security barrier on a rural farm estate". In a freedom of information response by the Assembly Commission, the address of the office was confirmed as Penllyn Estate, Llwynhelig, Cowbridge CF71 7FF, a 1,200-acre mixed farm operation. The information only came to light after the FOI request by a Conservative Party member. A spokesperson for Davies responded to the investigation by stating the arrangements had been made "following a security incident at Andrew's previous office on Cowbridge High Street where police attended to support a female employee", necessitating a more secure location. They continued stating that "Andrew regularly hosts constituents and organisations at his office and if he knew a Western Mail journalist had intended to visit he would've been there to welcome him with the kettle on".


title: Shreveport Symphony Orchestra

text: The much-anticipated first concert of the 2010 season was a rousing success, judging from the attendance at the RiverView Theater yesterday evening. This bodes well for the future of this arts organization, as long as the momentum is carried on to attract new audience members to upcoming SSO programs. The final concert of the abbreviated season took place on May 15, 2010. Instead of the traditional annual Picnic Pops concert, which was usually held outdoors on the riverfront, this year the SSO and the Ark-La-Tex Youth Symphony Orchestra (ALTYSO) joined together for a free indoor concert on May 30, 2010. Michael Butterman explained it this way, "We're doing much the same thing, but this time indoors," he said. "We will open with the youth orchestra playing a couple of things on its own and then the symphony will play on its own and then they will play together." The program included works by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Richard Wagner and Gustav Holst, as well as music from "Fiddler on the Roof," and "The King and I: A Symphonic Portrait."


title: Shreveport Symphony Orchestra

text: Lois Robinson was named as the new executive director of the SSO, starting on August 22, 2011. She had previously been general manager of the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra in New Orleans, especially helping to rebuild that orchestra after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. "I am so impressed by the energy and commitment I have seen to make the SSO the best it can possibly be, and am convinced that there will be many opportunities for the organization to serve the community better than ever," Robinson said in a news release. She was interviewed just before the first concert of the new season, and explained her plans to strengthen and expand the role of the orchestra in the community, while increasing the administrative capacity of the orchestra to support that expansion. September 24, 2011, was the beginning of a new era for this orchestra, and the variety of the programming included a guest appearance by one of America's most accomplished cellists, Zuill Bailey, in Elgar's famous Cello Concerto in E minor.


title: Stille Hilfe

text: Princess Isenburg, a strict Catholic, tirelessly pleaded the criminals' cause in conservative circles and with high-ranking church representatives (even up to the Pope). Johannes Neuhäusler in particular, who not only had suffered detention/imprisonment by the Gestapo, but also had been held by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp as a special prisoner, was most effective in public opinion, even among western Allied officials. The motives of the bishops lay probably less in a conscious ideological identification with the war criminals, but rather in the effort regarding reconciliation with the German past and the start of the new post-war society in West Germany. Neuhäusler explained that he wanted to repay "the bad with good". The further connections of Princess Isenburg and Aschenauer led particularly to former SS organisations such as Gauleiterkreis under Werner Naumann, which was already partly formed in Allied prisoner-of-war camps. Princess Isenburg initiated a whole series of organisations as "The working group for the rescue of the Landsberger prisoners", who were essentially financed by the churches.


title: Stille Hilfe

text: For years they had a prominent symbol: Gudrun Burwitz, the daughter of Heinrich Himmler. Known to her father as "Püppi", she was an idol to Stille Hilfe and their affiliates. At meetings such as Ulrichsbergtreffen in Austria she appeared at the same time as a star and an authority. Burwitz campaigned intensively in the last few years for accused Nazis. This particularly showed up in the case of Anton Malloth, who had lived undisturbed for about 40 years in Meran. He was proven guilty for his acts as a supervisor in the Gestapo-prison "Kleine Festung Theresienstadt", which was part of the larger Theresienstadt concentration camp. In 2001 Malloth was convicted by the district court of Munich for murder and attempted murder and sentenced to life imprisonment after the public prosecutor's office in Munich had taken over the procedure of the public prosecutor's office in Dortmund, which for many years had hijacked the procedure. From 1988 to 2000, Malloth lived in Pullach near Munich. Gudrun Burwitz was instructed by Stille Hilfe to rent a comfortable room for him in a home for the aged, which was built on a lot formerly owned by Rudolf Hess. In common with the secretive nature of the organisation, Burwitz did not give press interviews.


title: Muramatsu Domain

text: Upon the death of Hori Naoyori, daimyō of Murakami Domain, a 30,000 koku portion of his holdings was separated out into a separate domain for his younger son, Hori Naotoki. This marked the start of Muramatsu Domain. However, to be more precise, Hori Naotoki built his seat at Yasuda in Echigo Province, and it was not until the time of his son, Hori Naoyoshi, that the jin'ya was moved to Muramatsu. The area of the domain was mostly mountainous and unsuited to the development of new rice lands. Its actual kokudaka was only around 40,000 koku. Although Hori Naoyoshi attempted a survey and land reform, he died before it could be completed and the domain was perennially in debt. During the time of the 8th daimyō, Hori Naoyasu, some fiscal reforms were initiated, which resulted in a peasant uprising in 1814. During the time of the 9th daimyō, Hori Naohide, a more successful reform was implemented, with woven goods, washi, green tea, and a form of ceramics known as Muramatsu-yaki developed to supplement the domain's income. The domain was also raised in status from a jin'ya domain to a castle domain in 1850.


title: Love Divine

text: In early 2000, Love Divine was affected by a viral infection which disrupted her training and prevented her from running in the early trial races. She did not appear again on a racecourse until 24 May 2000, two weeks before the Oaks, when she ran in the Listed Lupe Stakes over ten furlongs at Goodwood. Richard Quinn positioned the filly at the back of the six-runner field before moving forward in the straight. She took the lead a quarter of the mile from the finish and drew clear of her opponents to win by four lengths from the favourite Spinning Top. Following this performance, Love Divine's owners paid a supplementary entry fee of £15,000 to run the filly in the Oaks. At Epsom on 9 June, Love Divine started 9/4 favourite for the Oaks ahead of the Musidora Stakes winner Kalypso Katie, and Petrushka, the beaten favourite in the 1000 Guineas. In a slowly run race, Quinn placed the filly among the leaders from the start and turned into the straight in second place behind Lady Upstage. Two furlongs from the finish, Love Divine went to the front and opened up a clear lead. despite hanging slightly to the right, she ran on strongly in the closing stages to win by two lengths from Kalypso Katie, Melikah and Petrushka. The win gave Henry Cecil a fourth Oaks win in five years and was a second Classic success for Quinn, who had recently taken over from Kieren Fallon as the Warren Place stable jockey. After the race, Cecil described the winner as a very good filly who had done well to recover from the illness he described as "that lung thing". A recurrence of her earlier health problems meant that Love Divine was unable to race again for more than two months.


title: Rōnin

text: Because the former samurai could not legally take up a new trade, or because of pride were loath to do so, many rōnin looked for other ways to make a living with their swords. Those rōnin who desired steady, legal employment became mercenaries that guarded trade caravans, or bodyguards for wealthy merchants. Many other rōnin became criminals, operating as bandits and highwaymen, or joining organized crime in towns and cities. Rōnin were known to operate or serve as hired muscle for gangs that ran gambling rings, brothels, protection rackets, and similar activities. Many were petty thieves and muggers. The criminal segment gave the rōnin of the Edo period a persistent reputation of disgrace, with an image of thugs, bullies, cutthroats, and wandering vagrants. After the abolition of the Samurai, some of the ronin continued with their thuggery and their mercenary work and activities, such as participating in the infamous assassination of Korean Empress Myeongseong of the Joseon Dynasty in 1895, the Eulmi Incident.


title: Human vestigiality

text: Historically, there was a trend not only to dismiss the appendix as being uselessly vestigial, but an anatomical hazard, a liability to dangerous inflammation. As late as the mid-20th century, many reputable authorities conceded it no beneficial function. This was a view supported, or perhaps inspired, by Darwin himself in the 1874 edition of his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. The organ's patent liability to appendicitis and its poorly understood role left the appendix open to blame for a number of possibly unrelated conditions. For example, in 1916, a surgeon claimed that removal of the appendix had cured several cases of trifacial neuralgia and other nerve pain about the head and face, even though he stated that the evidence for appendicitis in those patients was inconclusive. The discovery of hormones and hormonal principles, notably by Bayliss and Starling, argued against these views, but in the early twentieth century, there remained a great deal of fundamental research to be done on the functions of large parts of the digestive tract. In 1916, an author found it necessary to argue against the idea that the colon had no important function and that "the ultimate disappearance of the appendix is a coordinate action and not necessarily associated with such frequent inflammations as we are witnessing in the human".


title: Human vestigiality

text: Some herbivorous animals, such as rabbits, have a terminal vermiform appendix and cecum that apparently bear patches of tissue with immune functions and may also be important in maintaining the composition of intestinal flora. It does not however seem to have much digestive function, if any, and is not present in all herbivores, even those with large caeca. As shown in the accompanying pictures however, the human appendix typically is about comparable to that of the rabbit's in size, though the caecum is reduced to a single bulge where the ileum empties into the colon. Some carnivorous animals may have appendices too, but seldom have more than vestigial caeca. In line with the possibility of vestigial organs developing new functions, some research suggests that the appendix may guard against the loss of symbiotic bacteria that aid in digestion, though that is unlikely to be a novel function, given the presence of vermiform appendices in many herbivores. Intestinal bacterial populations entrenched in the appendix may support quick re-establishment of the flora of the large intestine after an illness, poisoning, or after an antibiotic treatment depletes or otherwise causes harmful changes to the bacterial population of the colon.


title: Human vestigiality

text: In some animals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is part of a second, completely separate sense of smell, known as the accessory olfactory system. Many studies have been performed to find if there is an actual presence of a VNO in adult human beings. Trotier et al. estimated that around 92% of their subjects who had not had septal surgery had at least one intact VNO. Kjaer and Fisher Hansen, on the other hand, stated that the VNO structure disappeared during fetal development as it does for some primates. However, Smith and Bhatnagar asserted that Kjaer and Fisher Hansen simply missed the structure in older fetuses. Won found evidence of a VNO in 13 of his 22 cadavers (59.1%) and in 22 of his 78 living patients (28.2%). Given these findings, some scientists have argued that there is a VNO in adult human beings. However, most investigators have sought to identify the opening of the vomeronasal organ in humans, rather than identify the tubular epithelial structure itself. Thus it has been argued that such studies, employing macroscopic observational methods, have sometimes missed or even misidentified the vomeronasal organ.


title: Human vestigiality

text: Human vestigial structures also include leftover embryological remnants that once served a function during development, such as the belly button, and analogous structures between biological sexes. For example, men are also born with two nipples, which are not known to serve a function compared to women. In regards to genitourinary development, both internal and external genitalia of male and female fetuses have the ability to fully or partially form their analogous phenotype of the opposite biological sex if exposed to a lack/overabundance of androgens or the SRY gene during fetal development. Examples of vestigial remnants of genitourinary development include the hymen, which is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening that derives from the sinus tubercle during fetal development and is homologous to the male seminal colliculus. Some researchers have hypothesized that the persistence of the hymen may be to provide temporary protection from infection, as it separates the vaginal lumen from the urogenital sinus cavity during development. Other examples include the glans penis and the clitoris, the labia minora and the ventral penis, and the ovarian follicles and the seminiferous tubules.


title: Human vestigiality

text: In modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or vestigial structure. In 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns. He wrote, "It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function ... However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce, for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin." During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. "Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it's worth." The area of the outer foreskin measures between 7 and 100 cm2, and the inner foreskin measures between 18 and 68 cm2, which is a wide range. Regarding vestigial structures, Charles Darwin wrote, "An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection."


title: Human vestigiality

text: It has been proposed that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier amphibian respiration. Amphibians such as tadpoles gulp air and water across their gills via a rather simple motor reflex akin to mammalian hiccuping. The motor pathways that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ventilation form. Additionally, hiccups and amphibian gulping are inhibited by elevated CO2 and may be stopped by GABAB receptor agonists, illustrating a possible shared physiology and evolutionary heritage. These proposals may explain why premature infants spend 2.5% of their time hiccuping, possibly gulping like amphibians, as their lungs are not yet fully formed. Fetal intrauterine hiccups are of two types. The physiological type occurs before 28 weeks after conception and tend to last five to ten minutes. These hiccups are part of fetal development and are associated with the myelination of the phrenic nerve, which primarily controls the thoracic diaphragm. The phylogeny hypothesis explains how the hiccup reflex might have evolved, and if there is not an explanation, it may explain hiccups as an evolutionary remnant, held-over from our amphibious ancestors. This hypothesis has been questioned because of the existence of the afferent loop of the reflex, the fact that it does not explain the reason for glottic closure, and because the very short contraction of the hiccup is unlikely to have a significant strengthening effect on the slow-twitch muscles of respiration.


title: Holy See–Japan relations

text: It was not until 1942 that full diplomatic relations between the two states were established, making Japan the first Asian country to have a legation to the Vatican. Emperor Showa established relations because the Vatican had significant moral authority in Western countries, gathered information from all over the world, and he believed that it could serve as mediator between Japan and the Allies. By that point in World War II, Japan had some 20 million Christians living on its territory (the largest group, 13 million, being in the occupied Philippines). This drew criticism against the Holy See from the United States and the United Kingdom, which claimed the move suggested that the Vatican approved of Japan's actions. Despite these protests, the Vatican went ahead and established full relations with Japan, accepting the diplomat Ken Harada, who formerly worked at the Japanese embassy in Vichy France, as the first country's ambassador to the Holy See. Meanwhile, the Vatican's apostolic delegate to Japan Paolo Marella was given full diplomatic status by the Japanese government (although remained only a delegate, to not inflame Buddhists). However, the Vatican did not give in to pressures by Japan and Italy into recognizing the Wang Jingwei Government, Japan's puppet state in occupied China. This was satisfied by an informal agreement with Japan that the pontiff's apostolic delegate in Beijing would visit Catholic missionaries in the Wang Jingwei regime's territory. In 1944 it was reported that Harada gave Pope Pius XII indications that Japan was ready to begin peace negotiations, though later Tokyo radio denied these claims.


title: Liber feudorum maior

text: Accepting the prologue at face value, Francisco Miquel Rosell assumed that the work was presented to Alfonso II and that it was therefore completed before the count's death in 1196. Thomas Bisson has argued that the work was presented to Alfonso complete in August 1194 at the same ceremony where Ponç III de Cabrera came to terms with the king. Since Ramon de Caldes's work on the LFM is last recorded in April that year, it is assumed that he pushed himself to complete the work in the following months. A third line of argument, pursued by Anscari Mundó, sees the LFM as complete by 1192, when the latest of its charters was issued. Three charters from the final four years of Alfonso's reign are contained in the LFM, but in a hand distinct from that of its two main scribes. All of these pertain to Ponç de Cabrera, his capitulation and his oath of fealty to Peter II in April 1196. Since the last document would have been added only after Alfonso's death, it is possible that the others were added simultaneously, that the completion of the cartulary was unrelated to Ponç's settlement, and that the work was in the main finished by 1192. Since documents of an earlier date than November 1192 appear to have been inscribed on blank folios after documents from that year, it is probable that 1192 represents the "finish" date of the original version (or the date of presentation).


title: Liber feudorum maior

text: The LFM introduced no "new principles of feudal organization", but it does represent "a more abstract notion of comital and royal power". It has been compared to the Usatges de Barcelona as a failure in "practical or bureaucratic terms". It is essentially an expression of power, conceived territorially and principally with regards to Catalonia. The cartulary is not a record of the union of Catalonia with Aragon. Rather, it is a record of a vast new authority including Aragon, parts of Occitania (Carcassonne, Razès, Béziers, and the County of Provence), and all the Catalan counties, including Ausona, Barcelona, Besalú, Cerdanya, Girona, Roussillon, and Pallars Jussà, which were all possessed by Alfonso II, as well as the Empúries and Urgell, which were not. Bisson writes that in the LFM "feudal principles, applied to serve administrative needs, remained subordinated to a conception of territorial sovereignty," yet he also says that the LFM was "exclusively a land book concerned with proprietary or reversionary right concerned with any systematic effort to strengthen suzerain rights or vassalic obligations." Kosto, to an extent, disagrees, arguing that the work is a combination of land book and case book, in which some charters are presented to explain the proper working of the feudal system. The rubrics and section headings are evidence of the ambiguity of Alfonso's position and that of the various regions. While Aragon is termed a regnum (kingdom, realm), Cerdanya and Roussillon are comitati (counties), Tarragona is listed as a civitas (city), and Provence and the County of Melgueil are not described. In other cases charters are named for the lord that issued them or confirmed them. .


title: Liber feudorum maior

text: A comital archive for the counts of Barcelona is only mentioned for the first time in 1180. Ramon de Caldes refers to omnia instrumenta propria et inter vos vestrosque antecessores ac homines vestros confecta ("all of your own documents and those drawn up between you and your ancestors and your men"), but the location of these documents is uncertain. The archive may have been centralised yet itinerant, or perhaps there were subsidiary archives at the various comital centres. The archive sent by Ramon de Gironella to Guillem de Bassa contained mostly documents pertaining to the County of Girona, for instance. The copyists of the LFM may have made use of an itinerant commission which collected or copied charters throughout Alfonso's domains, where needed. At least two charters in the LFM were definitely from outside sources: a grant by Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona to Santa Maria de l'Estany in 1152 and a privilege of Charlemagne held at the monastery of Sant Llorenç del Munt. Further, 109 documents from the archives of the County of Pallars Jussà, acquired by Alfonso on 27 May 1192, were incorporated into the LFM almost immediately.


title: Division Bus Rapid Transit

text: The Division Street corridor is identified in the High Performance Transit (HPT) section of the Connect Spokane plan as route "F1", and is part the plan's HPT-Frequent category, which stipulates a line that provides moderate speed, with high access and frequency, focused on multi-modal first/last mile connections. The route alignment is described to run from Downtown Spokane, northward along Division Street and Newport Highway to a terminus near the city's northern border at Hawthorne Road, following the alignment of a majority of the already-present bus route along Division Street. The three-phase HPT implementation strategy for the route included near, mid, and long-term development stages, beginning with improving capacity, expanding service hours, and improving passenger amenities. Mid-term strategies for the route included enhanced vehicles, improved frequency, and additional amenities and park and rides. Long-term strategies would transition the route to electric bus rapid transit vehicles in center-running transit-only lanes.


title: Richard A. Andersen (neuroscientist)

text: Early work centered on the discovery and elucidation of cortical gain fields, a general rule of multiplicative computation used by many areas of the cortex. Andersen and Zipser of UCSD developed one of the first neural network models of cortical function, which generated a mathematical basis for testing hypotheses based on laboratory findings. His research established that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in forming movement intentions—the early and abstract plans for movement. Previously this part of the brain was thought only to function for spatial awareness and attention. His laboratory discovered the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in the PPC and established its role in eye movements. He also discovered the parietal reach region, an area involved in forming early reach plans. His lab has also made a number of discoveries related to visual motion perception. He established that the middle temporal area processes the perception of form from motion. He found that the perception of the direction of heading, important for navigation, is computed in the brain using both visual stimuli and eye movement signals. His lab has also determined how eye position and limb position signals are combined for eye-hand coordination.


title: Aarne Lakomaa

text: Aarne Lakomaa was a Finnish aircraft designer. Born in Finland, Lakomaa graduated from Helsinki Polytechnics. He fought as an Army Lieutenant in the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviet Union. There he became famous for fitting captured Russian engines to the obsolete French fighter Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, thereby creating a first rate fighter, the Mörkö-Morane ("mörkö" being Finnish roughly for "bogeyman" or "hobgoblin"). Aarne Lakomaa first replaced the original Hispano-Suiza 12Y 31 liquid-cooled V-12 rated at 860 hp with a 1,100 hp Soviet engine— the Klimov M-105P—which was a war booty. This engine was installed under the cover of a more aerodynamic cowling and fitted with a different pitch propeller. The French M.S.406's airframe was strengthened, and an oil cooler from a Messerschmitt-109 replaced the old one. In this way over-heating problems was finally solved. As a result of these modifications, the improved version of Morane had a 36-mph speed advantage over all previous versions.


title: Ross McLean (cricketer)

text: McLean made his debut for the Northamptonshire Cricket Board (NCB) against the Essex Cricket Board in the 1999 MCCA Knockout Trophy. He made three further appearances in that competition in 2000, as well as making his List A debut for the NCB against Northumberland in the 2000 NatWest Trophy at the County Ground, Northampton. In a match which Northumberland won by 6 wickets, McLean ended the NCB's innings of 173/8 not out on 10. Bowling ten overs in Northumberland's innings, McLean took the wicket of Wayne Falla to finish with figures of 1/21. Two years later he made a fifth and final MCCA Knockout Trophy appearance for the NCB against Devon, as well as making a second and final List A appearance in the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy against the Yorkshire Cricket Board at the County Ground. In a match which the Yorkshire Cricket Board won by 57 runs, McLean bowled five wicketless overs which conceded 32 runs, while he ended the NCB's innings of 176 all out not out on 2. While attending the University of Leeds, McLean played for Leeds/Bradford UCCE before it gained first-class status.