title: Proverb

text: There is a longstanding debate among proverb scholars as to whether the cultural values of specific language communities are reflected (to varying degree) in their proverbs. Many claim that the proverbs of a particular culture reflect the values of that specific culture, at least to some degree. Many writers have asserted that the proverbs of their cultures reflect their culture and values; this can be seen in such titles as the following: An introduction to Kasena society and culture through their proverbs, Prejudice, power, and poverty in Haiti: a study of a nation's culture as seen through its proverbs, Proverbiality and worldview in Maltese and Arabic proverbs, Fatalistic traits in Finnish proverbs, Vietnamese cultural patterns and values as expressed in proverbs, The Wisdom and Philosophy of the Gikuyu proverbs: The Kihooto worldview, Spanish Grammar and Culture through Proverbs, and "How Russian Proverbs Present the Russian National Character". Kohistani has written a thesis to show how understanding Afghan Dari proverbs will help Europeans understand Afghan culture.


title: Proverb

text: However, a number of scholars argue that such claims are not valid. They have used a variety of arguments. Grauberg argues that since many proverbs are so widely circulated they are reflections of broad human experience, not any one culture's unique viewpoint. Related to this line of argument, from a collection of 199 American proverbs, Jente showed that only 10 were coined in the USA, so that most of these proverbs would not reflect uniquely American values. Giving another line of reasoning that proverbs should not be trusted as a simplistic guide to cultural values, Mieder once observed "proverbs come and go, that is, antiquated proverbs with messages and images we no longer relate to are dropped from our proverb repertoire, while new proverbs are created to reflect the mores and values of our time", so old proverbs still in circulation might reflect past values of a culture more than its current values. Also, within any language's proverb repertoire, there may be "counter proverbs", proverbs that contradict each other on the surface (see section above). When examining such counter proverbs, it is difficult to discern an underlying cultural value. With so many barriers to a simple calculation of values directly from proverbs, some feel "one cannot draw conclusions about values of speakers simply from the texts of proverbs".


title: Proverb

text: Grigorii Permjakov developed the concept of the core set of proverbs that full members of society know, what he called the "paremiological minimum" . For example, an adult American is expected to be familiar with "Birds of a feather flock together", part of the American paremiological minimum. However, an average adult American is not expected to know "Fair in the cradle, foul in the saddle", an old English proverb that is not part of the current American paremiological minimum. Thinking more widely than merely proverbs, Permjakov observed "every adult Russian language speaker (over 20 years of age) knows no fewer than 800 proverbs, proverbial expressions, popular literary quotations and other forms of cliches". Studies of the paremiological minimum have been done for a limited number of languages, including Ukrainian, Russian, Hungarian, Czech, Somali, Nepali, Gujarati, Spanish, Esperanto, Polish, Spanish, and Croatian. Two noted examples of attempts to establish a paremiological minimum in America are by Haas and Hirsch, Kett, and Trefil , the latter more prescriptive than descriptive. There is not yet a recognized standard method for calculating the paremiological minimum, as seen by comparing the various efforts to establish the paremiological minimum in a number of languages. "No really convincing criteria have been offered for the size of a paremiological minimum."


title: Proverb

text: A seminal work in the study of proverbs is Archer Taylor's The Proverb , later republished by Wolfgang Mieder with Taylor's Index included . A good introduction to the study of proverbs is Mieder's 2004 volume, Proverbs: A Handbook. Mieder has also published a series of bibliography volumes on proverb research, as well as a large number of articles and other books in the field. Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa, published on a CD, including reprints of out-of-print collections, original collections, and works on analysis, bibliography, and application of proverbs to Christian ministry . Paczolay has compared proverbs across Europe and published a collection of similar proverbs in 55 languages . There is an academic journal of proverb study, Proverbium , many back issues of which are available online. A volume containing articles on a wide variety of topics touching on proverbs was edited by Mieder and Alan Dundes . Paremia is a Spanish-language journal on proverbs, with articles available online. There are also papers on proverbs published in conference proceedings volumes from the annual Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Proverbs in Tavira, Portugal. Mieder has published a two-volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology, with a topical, language, and author index. Mieder has also published a bibliography of collections of proverbs from around the world. A broad introduction to proverb study, Introduction to Paremiology, edited by Hrisztalina Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Melita Aleksa Varga has been published in both hardcover and free open access, with articles by a dozen different authors. In 2023, Wolfgang Mieder produced a new bibliography volume with 6,364 entries, available for free download from the Web: International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology .


title: Proverb

text: From the 20th century onwards, proverb scholars were involved in not only collecting proverbs, but also analyzing and comparing proverbs. Alan Dundes was a 20th century American folklorist whose scholarly output on proverbs led Wolfgang Mieder to refer to him as a "pioneering paremiologist". Matti Kuusi was a 20th century Finnish paremiologist, the creator of the Matti Kuusi international type system of proverbs. With encouragement from Archer Taylor, he founded the journal Proverbium: Bulletin d'Information sur les Recherches Parémiologiques, published from 1965 to 1975 by the Society for Finnish Literature, which was later restarted as an annual volume, Proverbium: International Yearbook of Proverb Scholarship. Archer Taylor was a 20th century American scholar, best known for his "magisterial" book The Proverb. Dimitrios Loukatos was a 20th century Greek proverb scholar, author of such works as Aetiological Tales of Modern Greek Proverbs. Arvo Krikmann was an Estonian proverb scholar, whom Wolfgang Mieder called "one of the leading paremiologists in the world" and "master folklorist and paremiologist". Elisabeth Piirainen was a German scholar with 50 proverb-related publications.


title: Proverb

text: Current proverb scholars have continued the trend to be involved in analysis as well as collection of proverbs. Claude Buridant is a 20th century French scholar whose work has concentrated on Romance languages. Galit Hasan-Rokem is an Israeli scholar, associate editor of Proverbium: The yearbook of international proverb scholarship, since 1984. She has written on proverbs in Jewish traditions. Joseph G. Healey is an American Catholic missionary in Kenya who has led a movement to sponsor African proverb scholars to collect proverbs from their own language communities. This led Wolfgang Mieder to dedicate the "International Bibliography of New and Reprinted Proverb Collections" section of Proverbium 32 to Healey. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett is a scholar of Jewish history and folklore, including proverbs. Wolfgang Mieder is a German-born proverb scholar who has worked his entire academic career in the US. He is the editor of Proverbium and the author of the two volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology. He has been honored by four festschrift publications. He has also been recognized by biographical publications that focused on his scholarship. Dora Sakayan is a scholar who has written about German and Armenian studies, including Armenian Proverbs: A Paremiological Study with an Anthology of 2,500 Armenian Folk Sayings Selected and Translated into English. An extensive introduction addresses the language and structure, as well as the origin of Armenian proverbs (international, borrowed and specifically Armenian proverbs). Mineke Schipper is a Dutch scholar, best known for her book of worldwide proverbs about women, Never Marry a Woman with Big Feet – Women in Proverbs from Around the World. Edward Zellem is an American proverb scholar who has edited books of Afghan proverbs, developed a method of collecting proverbs via the Web.


title: College Basketball Crown

text: Two automatic qualifiers from each of the Big East, Big Ten and Big 12 conferences as well as ten at-large teams will be selected from the pool of teams that did not qualify for the NCAA tournament. Although the official announcement of the launching of the tournament provided no details regarding selection criteria, a September 2023 proposal for the tournament indicated that NET rankings would be used to select teams, which, at the time, were expected to include only Big East, Big Ten and Big 12 squads. Further, the proposal indicated that teams selected from those three conferences would be required to participate in the College Basketball Crown, which would make it impossible for them to also participate in the National Invitation Tournament, should they be selected or receive an automatic bid. Note that, while the NCAA does not allow schools invited to an NCAA championship tournament to decline and then compete in another postseason event, currently this rule does not apply to the Men's NIT, even though it is run by the NCAA.


title: Svoboda Diaries

text: Among Antone's sons was Joseph Mathia Svoboda . In 1862, Joseph began working as a clerk with the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company, traveling by steamship along the Tigris River between Baghdad and Basra. During this time, he began recording a daily diary that he would keep until his death in 1908. The diaries primarily concern his everyday affairs, including meticulous notes on shipments and weather conditions, as well as his personal interactions with his family and the local Christian community in Baghdad. Joseph's diaries provide a unique vantage point for the interplay of the diverse cultures, governments, and forces of nature competing for influence in Ottoman Iraq. Roughly bookended by the start of the Tanzimat era and the Young Turk Revolution, Joseph's life in Baghdad at once reflects the rapid changes taking place in the period of the late Ottoman Empire and the immutable character of the ancient land between rivers. In her original article on the diaries, Margaret Makiya writes that Joseph's life "covers almost exactly the period of 'Victorian Baghdad' if we may use such a term, and the diaries reveal as much about himself and the generation to which he belonged as they do about the great empire and society through which he moved.".


title: Armageddon Holocaust

text: Stylistically, the band has been described as playing a very raw, primitive style of black metal. Its first release, Into Total Destruction, was described as being extreme black metal similar to Horde or early Kekal, and received mixed reviews from critics. The production quality was severely criticized by HM Magazine journalist Matt Morrow, as well as the programmed drumming, which Morrow considered inferior to Kekal's much better drum machine programming. The poor and inconsistent production was one of the main reasons for the album's re-release, which was digitally re-mastered in 24-bit format. Jeff commented on this when talking with HM Magazine, stating "I think this album needed to be re-mastered, because we recorded it under a very poor condition. We had no monitor speakers, just used a cheap headphone for me to master it. But now I have better equipment to improve the sound of the album." The second album, Radioactive Zone 245, branched out from the extreme style of the first. Matt Morrow described it as a mix of "older metal like Bathory, Celtic Frost, and Venom along with a touch of Kekal", saying "his band mixes so many influences on this record that it almost sounds like a different band every song. The strange thing is, it maintains a cohesive feel throughout." Morrow also noted the dark, raw sound of the album and its influence from early thrash. The vocals were described as harsh and ranging from "black to death to somewhat clean, to somewhat retarded."


title: Ripheus

text: João de Barros, who later became one of the main Portuguese historians of the 16th century, while still a young man of the court of King Manuel, wrote a chivalry romanche called A Chronica do Emperador Clarimundo (The Chronicle of Emperor Clarimundo), in which it is reported that Tróia, Portugal was founded by a Trojan called Ripheus (in 16th-century Portuguese Riphane), who escaped the destruction of his city with the group of Aeneas, from which it split, and moved across the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic until reaching the Setúbal Peninsula. There, Ripheus/Riphane's group engaged in a war with a party of Greeks led by Ulysses that established itself in what now is Lisbon, on the opposite side of the Tagus river. This 'transplanted' Greek-Trojan war continued for some generations after the death of this Ripheus. It is unclear if this Ripheus/Riphane is the same as the one of Virgil, and the authors previously referred to, or just a similarly named Trojan countryman of the most famous Ripheus (the fact that de Barros makes no clear references to the known deeds of the Trojan war past of Ripheus in his book and that in the original myth Ripheus fell in the Greek conquest of the town seems to go against it, but possibly de Barros is basing himself in the Boccaccio tradition of Ripheus having been taken as prisoner by the Greeks having possibly escaped subsequently, and the fact that de Barros refers to Riphane as being morally impressive seem to make an identification of Riphane and Ripheus possible. It could be also debated that post-classical versions of myths making characters dead in the Trojan War survive after it is not unusual, being also told about Hector's son Astyanax to make him survive to found the ancient Gauls and Franks).


title: Amina Lawal

text: The affair exposed civil and religious tensions between the Christian and Muslim regions of Nigeria. The sentence also caused widespread outrage in the West, and a number of campaigns were launched to persuade the Nigerian government to overturn the sentence. Several contestants of the Miss World beauty contest, to be held in Nigeria in 2002, pulled out of the contest to protest against Amina Lawal's treatment. Miss Norway condemned the sentence and called it "utterly revolting" and stated she would not attend until Lawal was acquitted. Miss Ivory Coast said, " not going to Nigeria, and I hope my decision will help save Amina Lawal." Miss Togo added, "Stoning this woman is not right. All of society should rise up to end this sort of practice." Several other beauty queens representing different countries also criticised the sentence and refused to compete. The Oprah Winfrey Show had a special report on Amina Lawal and encouraged viewers to send protest e-mails to the Nigerian Ambassador to the United States: over 1.2 million e-mails ensued.


title: Lorian Hemingway

text: Lorian Hemingway is from Mississippi, the daughter of Gloria Hemingway and Shirley Jane Rhodes, a former Powers model. She grew up in numerous places throughout the South, including Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Hemingway is one of 12 grandchildren of American novelist and Nobel Prize-laureate Ernest Hemingway. She claims to be the great-granddaughter of a Cherokee chief on her mother's side. Her maternal grandfather, Henry L. Rhodes, was a farmer in Golddust, Tennessee, and an accomplished guitarist. During the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, Rhodes played his guitar to his children as the floodwaters rose and eventually engulfed their farmhouse. The family was forced to flee in a rowboat. Hemingway's maternal aunt, Freda Lassiter, an accomplished artist, would later paint scenes of the farmhouse and the flood, a theme that would run through her work throughout her life. Lassiter was a great influence on young Lorian, teaching her that the choices she made in life were hers alone. Lassiter also instilled in Hemingway, by example, a great love of nature and of all animals. Because of this early imprint Hemingway became an advocate of the Feral Cat Project, and actively rescues feral cats.


title: Fly My Kite

text: Grandma's son-in-law returns to the house, purposely breaks her glasses (she thinks it is accidental) and pretends to read a letter that her bonds are worthless. She tells him that the bonds are on the tail of Chubby's kite. He runs outside and tries to take the kite away from Chubby. Grandma then reads the letter (magnified through a goldfish bowl) and learns the truth. She sends the Gang out to help Chubby keep her son-in-law from getting the kite. In the scuffle Dan lets go of the kite string and it gets picked up by Pete who, thinking they're playing, runs away from them with it. The Gang runs out and beats Grandma's son-in-law to a pulp (Including dragging him over a board studded with nails). They bust his watch (tit-for-tat for him breaking Grandma's glasses). After breaking free he chases Pete trying to get the kite away but in the chase the string breaks, blowing the kite away. Everyone gives chase but due to Dan being an adult is able to outrun everyone and finds it first, trapped on a power pole.


title: Naylor TF 1700

text: The two-seater steel roadster bodywork was an unusually faithful replica of the celebrated MG TF. As with the MG TF, the TF 1700 had a front engine and rear-wheel drive. The Naylor was also uncommonly well-equipped (and as a result expensive), with Connolly leather interior and real spoked wheels. Its price in 1985 was GBP13,950, only forty pounds less than the considerably more powerful Morgan Plus 8 Injection. Like the Morgan, the Naylor has a body constructed from metal panels attached to a wooden body-frame constructed from ash wood (not to be confused with the chassis, which is steel in both the Naylor and the Morgan). Most of the car's mechanicals came straight from the Morris Marina/Ital, including the 1.7 litre SOHC O-series engine with 77 hp (57 kW) and the four-speed manual transmission. The rear axle was the Marina's live unit with coil springs. The front suspension is independent, with coil sprung MacPherson struts, and a rack-and-pinion steering. Top speed is 94 mph (151 km/h). The TF 1700 was fully type-approved and came with a warranty from the Austin Rover Group.


title: Copyright law of France

text: Debates continued throughout the 19th century – notably, between Lamartine and Proudhon – and the inter-war period. As early as August 1936 during the Popular Front, the Minister of National Education and of the Beaux-Arts Jean Zay proposed a draft law based on a new philosophy of the author as an "intellectual worker" (travailleur intellectuel) rather than as an "owner" (propriétaire). Jean Zay placed himself in a moral continuum with Alfred de Vigny, Augustin-Charles Renouard and Proudhon, defending the "spiritual interest of the collectivity". Article 21 of his draft divided the 50 years post-mortem protection period into two different phases, one of 10 years and the other of 40 years which established a sort of legal licence suppressing the right of exclusivity granted to a specific editor. Zay's draft project was particularly opposed by the editor Bernard Grasset, who defended the right of the editor as a "creator of value", while many writers, including Jules Romains and the president of the Société des Gens de Lettres, Jean Vignaud, supported Zay's draft. The draft did not succeed, however, in being voted in before the end of the legislature in 1939.


title: Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy

text: Having no other option, the gang travel to Transylvania via an express train. When pressured by the gang, Velma reveals the truth – her actual surname is Von Dinkenstein, and the baron's ghost is likely her ancestor, Basil Von Dinkenstein, who was said to have created a monster, which inspired Mary Shelley to write her novel, Frankenstein. When the train suddenly starts to pick up speed as the gang gets its passengers to safety in the last car, they find the Baron at the front of a train instead of its conductor as he sabotages the train's control panel before disappearing. The gang manage to save the last car, everyone on it and themselves just as the train derails and is destroyed after crashing into a clock tower. As the gang arrive in town, they are introduced to Inspector Krunch, its burgermeister and Iago, who takes them to the castle, where they meet its housekeeper, Mrs. Vanders. They arrive in the Baron's laboratory and find the supposed monster preserved in a block of ice. Perturbed by this revelation, Velma vows to recreate the experiment in order to prove that the monster is fake. As the rest of the gang leave, Vanders shows Velma a machine, which hypnotizes her.


title: Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy

text: When they return, Velma has appeared to have indeed lost her sanity and succeeded in bringing the monster back to life. Shaggy and Scooby decide to capture the monster themselves in light of their newfound bravery, but Velma then sedates the monster and reveals a plan to take Shaggy and Scooby's brains and implant them into the monster, stating the two of them together have almost one complete brain. Things eventually start to become better for the gang – Fred finds a workshop and builds a new carriage-styled version of the Mystery Machine. Daphne discovers that the dirndl has an inflatable suit cunningly built into it, revealing that her apparent obesity was being fabricated. Shaggy and Scooby's lederhosen are torn off, causing their loss of appetite and apparent courage to dissipate; these are later revealed to be the result of injections from Acupuncture needles embedded in the lederhosen. They break free of their restraints and flee, but Velma releases the monster in order to recapture them. When the monster does so, it accidentally hits the lever of the machine that hypnotized Velma, returning her to her usual personality. Iago appears and tells them that they need to leave the castle because it is about to explode as a result of a gas leak. They manage to escape in the nick of time as they fake their deaths.


title: Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy

text: The gang then lure the burgermeister, Krunch, the gypsy proprietor of the clothing store Daphne visited and Vanders to the express train. They trap them in an express car as the train departs, leaving the locked car behind. Just as the mystery seems to be solved, the monster reappears, which is revealed to be a robot controlled by Iago, who then reveals he is actually Shimidlap, an undercover agent from the United States Department of Defense. He states that one of their exoskeletons was stolen from their research labs and traced to Transylvania, meaning it was used to portray the monster following its theft. It is soon revealed that instead of a culprit, there is actually a conspiracy group of past villains seeking revenge on the gang. Krunch is revealed to be Crawley, who is actually Cuthbert Crawls, the partner of Cosgood Creeps, both of whom attempted to seize the fortune of Colonel Beauregard Sanders. The burgermeister is revealed to be C.L. Magnus, who posed as the ghost of Redbeard, and the gypsy is revealed to be Lila, a musician who was one of the masterminds behind the Mamba Wamba case. Finally, Vanders is revealed to be Mama Mione, who posed as Old Iron Face and that the mask used for the Baron disguise was reused from that persona. The quartet reveal that they have been wanting to take revenge on the gang and, once they discovered the history of Velma's ancestry, they bought the castle in order to lure the gang there and carry out their plot. However, they were unaware that the castle was sitting on a natural gas buildup and that they could have instead made a fortune by selling the property. They are soon arrested once again and the gang celebrate with the townspeople as Shimidlap presents Fred with a fully restored Mystery Machine. After leaving, Velma explains to the gang about how she realized that the Von Dinkenstein curse was only a myth – the only thing they truly cherish is their friendship, since it kept persisting throughout the mystery. The gang then experiment with some new features added to the Mystery Machine.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: On the sea-bed, offshore of this site, are remains of prehistoric and Roman activity. Hampton means "home farm", and before the development there were two farmhouses, a beerhouse, a few cottages containing the Mount and Quick fishing families, and the West Brook which was also known as Hampton Brook. The settlement had a reputation for a wild life, and Hill Farmhouse was said to have cellars or caves underneath for smuggling. Some cottages were built of old boats and wreckage; Hampton Farmhouse was then 300 yards from the sea and dated back to the 17th century. A low sea cliff made of soil edged the coast west of Hampton Pier, and coastal erosion was already an acknowledged problem for the farmers by 1836. Altogether the coastline at this site receded by 175 metres (574 ft) in the years between the completion of Hampton Pier in 1865, and the start of construction of modern coastal defences in 1958. Sea floodings have been officially recorded on this coastline since the great storm of 1897.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: Oysters had thriven in the Thames Estuary since the Romans promoted them; they were sold in city streets and eaten raw. The Herne Bay, Hampton and Reculver Oyster Fishery Company was incorporated with £10,000 capital in £10 shares on 25 July 1864 with Frank Buckland as chairman and Mr Cholmondeley Pennell as deputy. 1860–1864 had been a boom year for oyster farming, especially in nearby Whitstable, and the government supported the trade in 1866 by passing an Act to promote cultivation. The company's proposals included five oyster smacks or yawls, a pier with storehouses, housing for workers and five freshwater breeding ponds. In spite of objections from local business competition, the company acquired an Act of Parliament and land at Hampton. According to the Act of 25 July 1864, the company had sole rights to dredge for oysters for seven miles (11 km) from Swalecliffe to Reculver and up to three miles (5 km) – but mainly one and a half miles – from shore. The total area under its jurisdiction was nine square miles, of which a third was foreshore, and it employed thirty-three regular men; sometimes up to a hundred. In 1865 and 1866 their chairman Cholmondeley Pennell applied unsuccessfully for extensions to these rights. Before selling the oysters dredged from the estuary, the company obtained brood oysters from Essex, France, the Netherlands and Portugal. The smacks took the oysters twice a week on Tuesdays and Fridays to Billingsgate.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: The company was successful at first, although stressed by underfunding and the cost of the pier, and by 1866 an enquiry commission stated: "The Company have already cleared about five square miles, and culched about one square mile of their grounds, and have laid down on parts of their beds many millions of oysters". However, as the company was still relatively new, they had not yet developed their oysters to quite the same market value as the long-established Whitstable ones. A sideline for the Hampton fishermen was cement stones, because they were found on the Hampton fishing grounds. These were boulders the size of a man's head, sold to manufacturers of Roman cement. There was a dispute with the rival Whitstable Oyster Company, and Whitstable was fined £1 per oyster taken from Hampton's grounds, while Hampton was accused of not fully exploiting its breeding ponds and of importing foreign oysters for resale. In 1869, local inshore fishermen complained that their traditional territory was now defended on the company's behalf by HMS Buzzard and that the company employed outsiders for long hours and low pay. In the 1870s the oyster trade went into decline and suffered over-fishing, and in 1876 the Government set up a select committee to enquire into scarcity and price. The result was the 1877 Act which prevented sale of dredged oysters in June to August, and freshwater pond oysters between May and August. In the following three severe winters, oysters died in the shallow estuary waters and the company went into liquidation. The business passed into the hands of hotel owner Major Davis who closed it down when his operation went to Faversham. Company assets were sold on 20 July 1881 and it officially wound up in 1884.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: The tramway began and ended with the oyster fishery from 1864 to 1884. So that cargo could begin its journey to Kent and London on a horse-tram, the tramway was built due south from the pier to the railway which had been built in 1861. This track, which was later to become Hampton Pier Avenue, was straightened at its northern end and raised above risk of flood for the tram. By 1866 the tracks were still not laid along the pier itself, but according to the OS map of 1878, it had been completed by then. At the southern end, the tramway curved westward, running beside Westbrook, and reached the railway line just east of the point where Westbrook crosses it, and to the west of where Hampton Close is today: see 1878 map, pictured. One Judah Downs won £900 in a dispute over land crossed by the tramway, and the company later bought him out as well. After the company went into liquidation, the tramway was removed in the 1880s. For much of the 20th century it was possible to see where the tramway reached the railway line.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: By the date of the second marquee-auction of 126 more plots, the Land Company had built roads and was repairing the pier. Plots were advertised more energetically than before and promoted on the basis of Herne Bay's smallness, cheapness, ripeness for speculation and its proximity to the railway line. Sales were aimed at landlords wanting to buy cheaply and rent at profit, because at that time house-ownership was uncommon and tenancy was the norm. Prospective purchasers were promised trams and buses to take tenants to the railway station, or even an extra railway station close to the estate. The empty and rural nature of this spot was translated into promises of botanising, shooting, bathing, sailing and angling. Although no cheap train was provided on this occasion, plots sold at £8 to £32, making the Land Company £1,370. During 1889 sales were promoted by newspaper advertisements rather than auctions, and the pier's repairs were said to be ongoing. According to these advertisements there were croquet lawns and tennis courts plus a spring.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: Hampton pier was built of wood and concrete by the oyster company in 1865 at cost of £28,000; it was 1,050 feet (320 m) long so that the landing stage was in deep enough water to allow for the two-fathom draught of the smacks. It curved slightly westwards to allow the company's oyster smacks and European oyster trading boats to berth on the lee side in a north-easterly wind. Its purpose was threefold: a landing stage for oysters and materials, a shelter for the oyster smacks and a breakwater for fishing grounds. The Lord Mayor of London Thomas Gabriel arrived in a special train to open it on 15 September 1866. After the collapse of the oyster fishery, the pier was said to be under repair by land agent Frederick Francis Ramuz in October 1888. Thereafter, the pier became derelict. In the great storm of 28–29 November 1897 it was badly damaged, and then partially demolished in 1898 to halt erosion and save the houses of Hampton-on-Sea. In 1901, the Council bought it and at a cost of £2,000 the Surveyor to the Council F.W.J. Palmer rebuilt the stub in 1903–1904 as it is today, at 350 feet (110 m) long. The remaining piles and ruins of the old pier were a shipping hazard and had to be buoyed with large warning notices.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: The cause of the erosion and flooding which eventually drowned this development was the original Hampton Pier. The ebb and flow of tidal streams is powerful in the shallow Thames Estuary, where its tidal waters are caught in the vortex of the tidal push from Atlantic waters via both the north and south of the British Isles. Off Herne Bay, the running ebb current moves at 10.15 knots, and the flow at 9.14 knots (16.93 km/h). Where strong currents meet and divide, or are disrupted by uneven coastal features, there are eddies. After Hampton Pier was first built, the flow running west along Herne Bay beach dropped its sand and pebbles on the east side of the pier instead of replenishing beach material in front of the new development. Subsequently, after being forced into a loop around the pier-end it was possibly forced into a shoreward eddy by deep-water currents. That means that at a certain point in the flow-tide it could have continued briefly westward past Hampton-on-Sea, then turned inshore and looped back strongly eastwards along the beach towards Hampton Pier Avenue, eroding land at Hampton-on-Sea and then turning north along Hampton Pier Avenue and the pier, carrying soil with it. It is said that the later shortening of the pier was not enough and that erosion will continue, so such an eddy may explain the need for today's shore defences along the north end of Hampton Pier Avenue. An additional possibility is related to the strong ebb flow's history of removing the headlands of Herne Bay's original bay before the 19th century. This current moving east, being baulked and turned north suddenly by the new sea defences of Hampton Pier Avenue and Hampton Pier, might easily erode the little Hampton-on-Sea bay in default of the Hampton Pier headland. Both the above theories allow for scoured coastal material to be removed to deeper waters to the north of Hampton-on-Sea by the ebb tide and by the occasional eddy, besides being dropped at Long Rock by an alternate normal east-west flow tide. When there are exceptional conditions on top of these tidal streams, for example a low pressure system causing higher water level coinciding with strong north-westerly winds, coastal flooding can occur.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: Hampton Terrace was built for the oyster company's workers in 1866, and it later became part of Herncliffe Gardens which no longer exists. The Hampton Oyster Inn, today the Hampton Inn, was built by a brewer opposite the pier entrance. Only eight plots bought from the Land Company were developed: Hampton Terrace in Herncliffe Gardens was extended by three villas; four villas were built in Eddington Gardens alongside the old Hampton Farmhouse; lastly Pleasant Cottage, later called Hampton Bungalow, was built in Swalecliffe Avenue in the late 1890s. Of the roads and plots created by the Land Company, only Swalecliffe Avenue and Hampton Pier Avenue survive today. Wave damage in the great storm of 28–29 November 1897 damaged the three Herncliffe Garden houses, and brought coastal erosion closer to the properties. In 1899, a wall of faggots and four 250-foot (76 m) groynes were ineffectual against the onset of the sea. John Davis and W.H. Banks abandoned numbers One and Two Herncliffe Gardens in July 1899, while numbers Three to Twelve remained tenanted until at least 1902, and in 1899–1900 a sea wall was built to protect the houses. By 1901 number Three had been abandoned, though officially listed as occupied, and the high-water mark had reached the corner of number One. By 1905 Hampton Grand Parade and half of Marine Drive had been eroded away; then a storm broke through the sea wall and scoured out the land from behind it. In spite of having had to buy back land from worried investors, the Land Company continued to advertise empty houses in Herncliffe Gardens for sale. By 1910 the two seaward-end houses had been demolished, and by the end of 1911 all twelve houses of Herncliffe Gardens terrace were abandoned and then demolished with the sea at the back doors. In 1916, Eddington Gardens was abandoned by its last resident, Edmund Reid. By the 1920s only Hampton Farmhouse and numbers One and Two Eddington Gardens were left of Hampton-on-Sea, and the latter two were demolished in 1921. It is at that point that Hampton-on-Sea is said to have been finally drowned. In 1934, the old farmhouse was the last to go.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: By the 1920s and 30s on the higher land of Hampton, the first houses on Hampton Pier Avenue and Swalecliffe Avenue were being built; this time as a suburb of Herne Bay. Houses eventually filled Hampton Hill to the east of Hampton Pier Avenue, and Studd Hill to the south of the Hampton-on-Sea site. From 1929 to 1966 there was a boating lake in place of the landward oyster pond; it is now a playground. Besides the stub of Hampton Pier and the Hampton Inn, the curved shape of the Land Company's 1900 sea wall, visible at low tide, is all that is left of Hampton-on-Sea. From the 1990s to 2005 this object, known as The Rocks, was considered a shipping hazard, mainly with respect to the jetskiers who ignored and vandalised safety notices about jetskiing near The Rocks. Some chunks of it were removed by contractors until local objections prevented further loss of this landmark which now shelters rockpools, mussels and feeding birds. The coast was conserved in 1959 to 1960 with a new sea defence, and in the same years the landscaping that followed a cliff drainage scheme running down from the Studd Hill estate replaced sea poppies and summer crickets with lawn.


title: Hampton-on-Sea

text: Coastal erosion at Hampton-on-Sea has been estimated at 2 m (2.2 yd) per annum between the construction of the old Hampton Pier in 1865 to 1959 when the Council built the sea wall. The direction and rate of influential currents is unknown, but it is calculated that 180 m3 (240 cu yd) of coastal sediment per annum is scoured by the sea from the Hampton-on-Sea coast and deposited 2 km (1.2 mi) to the west at Long Rock, Swalecliffe. This area with a defensive frontage of 220 m (240 yd) is now known as the Hampton Flood Basin and Hampton Brook, now officially Westbrook, is still prone to floodlocking, as occurred in 2001. Although the 1959 sea wall and groynes were updated in 1983, and Hampton Pier Avenue's rock armour revetment was upgraded in 1994, it is thought that eventually the sea defences would need to be raised. Nevertheless, although sea-damage was done by the great 1953 and 1978 storms, the upgraded defences protected this coast from the severe 1996 storm. Costs of increasing flood defences here are estimated at £1–7 million, especially as the work has to be modified because this area is a SSSI and SPA. Cost and limitations meant that a short-term solution of £635,000 capital works was recommended by the Council Steering Group on 29 June 2009 to be implemented from winter 2011 to spring 2011. The recommendation was to hold the line with replacement and improvement of six timber groynes, importing a new beach of 12,000 m3 (15,700 cu yd) partly taken from Long Rock, raising and extending the rear wall and closing off openings with floodgates. Beach replenishment and groyne replanking would continue at intervals.


title: Green growth

text: While the related concepts of green growth, green economy and low-carbon development have received increasing international attention in recent years, the debate on growing environmental degradation in the face of economic growth dates back several decades. It was for example discussed in the 1972 report The Limits to Growth by the Club of Rome and reflected in the I = PAT-equation developed in the early 1970s. The consequent understanding of the need for a sustainable development was in the focus of the 1987 Brundtland Report as well as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), or Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), theorizing that environmental pressure from economic growth first increases, then automatically decreases due in part to tertiarization, is disputed. Further influential developments include work by the economists Nicholas Stern and William Nordhaus, making the case for integrating environmental concerns into economic activities: The 2006 Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change assessed the economic costs and risks of climate change and concluded that "the benefits of strong and early action far outweigh the economic costs of not acting".


title: Friedrich von Hügel

text: Hügel was a Baron of the Holy Roman Empire, an inherited title, and a frequent visitor to Rome. A self-taught biblical scholar, he was fluent in French, German, and Italian, as well as his adopted English. A master of many subjects, he never held office in the church, nor any academic post, nor did he ever earn a university degree. However, he is often mentioned alongside John Henry Newman as one of the most influential Roman Catholic thinkers of his day. The scope of his learning was impressive, and the list of his correspondents reads like a "who's who" of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century European religious leadership (for example, Louis Duchesne, Alfred Loisy, Germain Morin, Maurice Blondel, Henri Brémond, John Henry Newman, William George Ward, Wilfrid Philip Ward, Lord Halifax, Cuthbert Butler, Claude Montefiore, George Tyrrell, Maude Petre, Evelyn Underhill, Antonio Fogazzaro, Ernesto Buonaiuti, Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Hans Vaihinger, Franz Xaver Kraus, and Ernst Troeltsch). In Italy, Hügel frequently met two future popes, Achille Ratti and Eugenio Pacelli, later Pius XI and Pius XII. In Milan in 1901 Ratti helped him with his research at the Ambrosiana for The Mystical Element of Religion. Hügel did much to bring the work of the philosophers Eucken and Troeltsch to the attention of the English-speaking public, despite the hostility during and after the First World War to all things German.


title: Friedrich von Hügel

text: Baron von Hügel was deeply engaged in theological discussions with a wide group of scholars associated with the turn-of-the-century Modernist controversy. "He shared with other modernists a belief that science had raised new questions for religious faith and that undermined any naïve suppositions that believers could rely purely on dogmatic authority as a source of truth." His scholarly concerns included the relationship of Christianity to history, ecumenism, mysticism, the philosophy of religion, and the rejection of much of the immanentism in nineteenth-century theology. Von Hügel supported Alfred Loisy in his troubles with ecclesiastical authorities because he understood Loisy's biblical criticism as valid historical apologetics for the Catholic Church. He was a close friend of George Tyrrell, and the two would exchange and proof each other's writing. Under Pope Pius X, prompted by conservatives such as Cardinal Merry del Val y Zulueta, there was a backlash against many of the Modernist thinkers, and Hügel attempted to negotiate a middle way of restraint, while remaining true to the principles of intellectual rigour and free enquiry.


title: Friedrich von Hügel

text: It is quite arguable that this is the most important theological work written in the English language during the last half-century. Its greatness, like all true greatness in this field, consists in its combination of qualities usually found in separation from each other. It is a masterpiece of detailed critical study, yet it is a massive presentation of fundamental principle. It is a penetrating piece of psychological analysis, while it is also a great achievement in constructive philosophy. The most striking section of it — the introduction — has so deeply permeated the thought of our time that its leading conception has become a commonplace among many who have never read the book, or even who have never heard of it. This leading conception is, of course, the necessity of three elements in any religion which is to be both full and living — the mystical, the intellectual, the institutional. His statement of the necessity of each of these, and of the consequent need to harmonize and balance them, is unanswerable.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: Inspired by one of his mentors, Dr. Robert E. Cooke, the Johns Hopkins pediatrician behind the creation of the Hopkins hospital's Kennedy Institute for Handicapped Children, Sia helped establish Hawaii's Variety School for Learning Disabilities in 1967 and served as chairman of its board of directors for many years. Sia broadened the scope of his community work to address all children with special health care needs. In the early 1970s, he invited Dr. C. Henry Kempe, founder of the Denver-based National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, and Dr. Ray E. Helfer of Michigan—two pioneers in the identification and treatment of child abuse—to help him and a small group of child advocates develop a plan to prevent and treat child abuse and neglect in the islands. That effort netted one of the first 12 demonstration grant awards by the newly created National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect in 1975, with $1 million going to establish the first Hawaii Family Stress Center. The center, later renamed the Hawaii Family Support Center, established several child abuse and neglect programs on Oahu, including a home-visiting program based on Kempe's effective use of "lay therapists." These were home visitors from the community, properly trained and supervised by public health nurses and social workers who could earn the trust of at-risk families and focus on family strengths to reduce environmental risk and prevent child abuse and neglect. The center's goal was to identify vulnerable families before their day-to-day stresses, isolation, and lack of parenting knowledge and good role models gave rise to abusive and neglectful behavior.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: The center's operations coincided with an effort launched by Dr. Vince L. Hutchins and Dr. Merle McPherson of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau in 1977 to revise and update the mission of the federal agency's Title V and companion "crippled children's" programs to address child development and the prevention of developmental, behavioral and psychosocial problems. McPherson took note of Sia's call for a continuous system of care originating with the primary care pediatrician. The AAP collaborated in this effort by asking each state's AAP chapter to develop a Child Health Plan that set priorities for using MCHB block grants. Sia spearheaded the Hawaii planning effort, bringing together representatives from the Hawaii AAP Chapter, the UH medical school, the Hawaii Medical Association, and Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children. Armed with anecdotal evidence showing home visitors were able to promote effective parenting and ultimately improve outcomes, the group wrote a plan that incorporated a coordinated system of care that emphasized wellness and prevention for children, especially those with special needs.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: This was the birth of the Medical Home concept for primary care, to which Sia attached the slogan, "Every Child Deserves a Medical Home." Under this idea, which the American Academy of Pediatrics adopted as a policy statement in 1992, the medical care of all infants, children and adolescents should be accessible, continuous, comprehensive, family-centered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally effective. It should be delivered or directed by well-trained physicians who provide primary care and help to manage and facilitate essentially all aspects of pediatric care. The physician should be known to the child and family and should be able to develop a partnership of mutual responsibility and trust with them. As Sia and his co-authors of a 2006 monograph on the Medical Home noted, this new model broadens the traditional focus on acute care to include prevention and well care at one end of the continuum and chronic care management of children with special health care needs at the other. One expert observed, for example, that for a child born with spina bifida, Sia's Medical Home model would have the family and its health care provider compose a list of specialists and therapists who would be caring for the child and a timeline of anticipated surgeries and interventions. The aim would be to have as few emergencies and unanticipated events as possible.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: By 1984, Sia had begun to implement the Medical Home concept in Hawaii. As chairman of an ad hoc state legislative task force on child abuse, he persuaded Hawaii lawmakers to authorize the Hawaii Healthy Start Home Visiting Program for the prevention of child abuse and neglect. This state-funded pilot program, carried out by Hawaii Family Support Center in collaboration with the Hawaii Department of Health, focused on a neighborhood in the Ewa community on Oahu, a community with relatively high rates of child abuse and neglect. A year later, he spearheaded the Hawaii Medical Association's effort to obtain a grant from the U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, under the Special Projects of Regional and National Significance (SPRANS) initiative, to train primary care physicians to provide a "Medical Home" for all children with special health care needs. The demonstration project—which sought to help first-time families give their newborn children the best start in life—was so successful it was expanded from a small part of Oahu to other areas of Hawaii, and as word of the demonstrated positive outcomes spread, Hawaii's Healthy Start became a model for parenting education programs nationwide. In the early 1990s, Healthy Families America and the National Healthy Start Association began to standardize and credential programs to ensure effectiveness and research-based practices. Across the United States, according to the MCHB, the home visiting program has shown that it can reduce child maltreatment and increase children's readiness for school.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: Sia, serving as chairman of the American Medical Association's Section Council on Pediatrics and other AMA- and AAP-related posts, used those platforms and his network of contacts with other groups to help introduce the Medical Home concept into the care of adults as well as children, although his primary focus has remained on pediatric care. In 2007, the AAP, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Physicians and the American Osteopathic Association adopted the Joint Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home that set a standard definition of a Medical Home. A year later, the AMA adopted the principles, which have since received support from over 700 member organizations of the Patient Centered Primary Care Collaborative, including primary care and specialty care societies, all major health plans and consumer organizations. In addition, the term Medical Home now regularly shows up in the literature of parent groups such as Family Voices, in family practice journals and on the websites of state public health and medical agencies.


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: Beginning in 2000, Sia expanded his efforts related to early child development and the Medical Home to Asia. In 2003, he created the Asia-US Partnership, a think tank based at the University of Hawaii medical school whose mission is to improve child health in Asia and the United States through cross-cultural exchanges with leaders in pediatrics. That same year, Sia initiated and chaired the first of several AUSP Early Child Development and Primary Care conferences, bringing together pediatric and early childhood development experts from Asia and the United States to translate the science of early child development into policy and action. Participants have come from China (Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong), the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand and the United States. According to conference reports, these international exchanges have stimulated translation of the science on early child development and primary care into action programs in the broad areas of advocacy, service delivery, research, and training among the Asian early childhood professionals leadership. Sia has continued to serve as co-chairman of these events, including the sixth international conference, held in the Philippines capital of Manila, in May 2011. After hosting the earliest AUSP conferences in Hawaii, Sia decided to move the 2009 event to Shanghai and tapped a team of Chinese doctors to serve as conference host, signaling what he called a new phase of activity aimed at developing greater shared leadership and stronger "country teams."


title: Calvin C.J. Sia

text: While planting the seeds of the Medical Home concept in Hawaii, Sia embarked on a related advocacy campaign focused on emergency care for children. In 1979, as president of the Hawaii Medical Association, Sia urged members of the American Academy of Pediatrics to develop multifaceted Emergency Medical Services programs designed to decrease disability and death in children. By January 1981, AAP's executive board had approved formation of a Section on Emergency Medicine, with Sia as one of its seven charter members. He along with José B. Lee then-executive officer of the Hawaii Medical Association Emergency Medical Services Program began working closely with Senator Daniel Inouye, whom he happened to meet on a flight to Washington, D.C., to create a National Emergency Medical Services for Children System (EMSC) demonstration grant program to address acute injuries, illnesses and other childhood crises. The program was launched after the October 1984 enactment of EMSC legislation (Public Law 98-555), a bipartisan measure sponsored by Inouye and Republican Senators Orrin Hatch of Utah and Lowell Weicker of Connecticut and endorsed by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop. States receiving these demonstration grants established an emergency medical care service system for children that upgraded training and equipment for first responders and emergency departments to treat children. Hawaii ultimately received a grant to initiate its own emergency care system for children, which improved care coordination with the primary care physician. EMSC is now an established statewide system of care for children in all 50 states and territories.


title: Reactionary modernism

text: Reactionary modernism has been explored as a theme in the interwar literature and broader political culture of Great Britain. It has been examined in the context of other European countries during the interwar period, including Romania, Greece, Sweden, and Spain. It has even been examined in the context of fascism in Japan. Other historians acknowledge the term's recognition of an influential trend in European philosophical, cultural and political thought during the period when fascism was on the rise. Historian Nicolas Guilhot has broadened the scope of reactionary modernism, applying the term to trends in Weimar Republic industry, medicine (eugenics), mass politics, and social engineering. Reactionary modernism can be seen in the fascist concept of the New Man, as well as in art movements of Weimar culture that emphasized rationalism and embraced Futurism and the New Objectivity. Many Weimar period artists rejected the Futurists' fetishization of machinery and violence, for example the proponents of German Expressionism. Despite this, the return to order became a dominant theme in German culture and in that of other European countries.


title: Reactionary modernism

text: Thomas Rohkrämer criticized the concept of reactionary modernism, arguing "It is simply not strange or 'paradoxical to reject the Enlightenment and embrace technology at the same time', but a common practice in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany as well as in many other countries. Instrumental reason and technology are available for an endless number of different purposes, many of which are not humane or enlightened". Support for this view also came from Roger Griffin, who argued "fascism as an ideology and movement can be seen as proposing a radical alternative to liberal and socialist visions of what form modernity ideally should take. It represents an uncompromising rejection both of thorough-going liberalism and extreme 'modernism', whose logical culmination it sees as relativism, anomie, subjectivism, and the loss of definitive meaning and 'eternal' values. It is an attempt to re-anchor modern human beings within that highly modern phenomenon, the totalitarian state (a term used positively by Fascism) through consciously manipulated historical, national and racist myth (all deeply modern ideological constructs)".


title: The Star (Ballarat)

text: Mr D. D. Wheeler, a shareholder in the first Star co-partnership, wrote: "Its first number was printed and published in the middle of a hurricane and inundation, with the printers nearly up to their middle in water." This was at the first location in Bridge Street where the Yarrowee River ran through the low-lying Ballarat Flat which was a natural flood plain and often became a sea of mining sludge. It was at the heart of the alluvial mining activity in Ballarat East. The Star premises consisted of three small rooms, one behind the other. In the front room "copy" was produced, the second was the composing room, and the third was where the hand-worked press printed the newspapers. It was decided to move the operation to higher ground on the north side of lower Sturt Street, still in the centre of commercial activity, but in the municipal district of Ballarat West. By 1870 Ballarat's two morning papers, Star and Courier were near neighbours in lower Sturt Street and the columnists of both papers thrived on the rivalry with amusing references to the opposition.


title: Evangelisk Luthersk Mission – Bibeltrogna Vänner

text: ELM believes that Evangelical Lutheran doctrine is a correct interpretation of the Word of God. Theologically, the ELM emphasizes the infallibility of the Bible, stating it is "the infallible word of God with absolute authority" and stands for a conservative, Pietist and Moravian-coloured Lutheranism. It has never broken away from the Church of Sweden but is a revival movement within the church: a "church within a church". The ELM tends to have a more critical attitude towards the Church of Sweden than, for example, the Swedish Evangelical Mission. Among other things, the national board has expressed criticism of the Church of Sweden's demand that candidates for the priesthood should cooperate fully with women priests. This demand has been opposed and it has also pointed out that "the office of preacher is reserved for men" with justification from the Bible. Criticism of the church has also increased after its approval of same-sex marriages. Characteristic of the society's activities is missionary commitment and the struggle for biblical faith in Sweden and internationally. The ELM carries out missionary work in Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Peru.


title: James Peake

text: Peake served for four years as the United States Army Surgeon General. He also served as commander of several Army medical units. Previous key assignments include Commander, U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School and Installation Commander, Fort Sam Houston; Deputy Commander, U.S. Army Medical Command, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Commanding General, Madigan Army Medical Center/Northwest Health Service Support Activity, Tacoma, Washington; Commanding General, 44th Medical Brigade/Corps Surgeon, XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg; Deputy Director, Professional Services/Chief, Consultant, Office of the Surgeon General, Falls Church, Virginia; Commander, 18th Medical Command and 121st Evacuation Hospital/Command Surgeon, Seoul, Korea; Deputy Commander for Clinical Services, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Assistant Chief, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Staff General Surgeon/Chief, General Surgery Clinic, DeWitt Army Hospital, Fort Belvoir; and General Surgery Resident, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.


title: Shaan (1980 film)

text: After diffusing a hostage situation, DCP Shiv Kumar (Sunil Dutt), an honest, brave and upright police officer, returns home to his wife, Sheetal (Raakhee Gulzar), and their young daughter, Guddi, announcing that he has been transferred to Mumbai. Shiv has two younger brothers, Vijay (Amitabh Bachchan) and Ravi (Shashi Kapoor), who reside in Mumbai. They are intelligent and capable youths, but spend their time indulging in crooked schemes and conning unsuspecting people. In one of their schemes, Vijay and Ravi convince a corrupt hotel manager (Yunus Parvez) that Vijay has stolen diamonds worth ₹2.5 lakh and Ravi, a police officer, is searching for him. The manager makes a deal with Vijay to purchase the diamonds stolen by him for ₹10,000, when Ravi returns and threatens to arrest him for helping a criminal. The manager pays an additional ₹5,000 as bribe to Ravi, who then pretends to arrest Vijay for his crime. Later, Vijay and Ravi meet a beautiful young girl, Renu (Bindiya Goswami), who owes money to a creditor whom she refers to as Chacha (Johnny Walker). The due date is past and Chacha threatens to initiate legal actions against Renu, but she offers her Porsche car against a loan of ₹30,000 as the car is worth at least ₹1 lakh. Vijay and Ravi (who falls in love with Renu) overhear the conversation and offer to help Renu by purchasing her car for ₹30,000, but it turns out that the car was stolen and Vijay and Ravi are arrested by the police.


title: Shaan (1980 film)

text: After their release from prison, Vijay and Ravi are helped by a legless beggar, Abdul (Mazhar Khan), in tracking down Renu and Chacha, who return them the ₹25,000 but have already spent the remaining ₹5,000. Vijay and Ravi are impressed with Renu's work and advise her and Chacha to join forces with them in conning people. Their next plan is to steal a diamond necklace from an erstwhile queen (Bindu) when she attends a party at a hotel, but a glamourous thief, Sunita (Parveen Babi), manages to steal the necklace before them. After the police begin a search of every individual at the hotel, Vijay notices Sunita hiding the necklace in his pocket and escapes by hiding it in his walking stick. He falls in love with Sunita and invites her to join their gang. However, Vijay and Ravi's following scam along with Sunita, Renu and Chacha as two godmen claiming to walk on water backfires as Shiv reads the advertisement posters and arrests his own brothers. However, he later releases Vijay and Ravi from prison and hopes to shape them into a much honourable life. Meanwhile, a mysterious man (Shatrughan Sinha) attempts to shoot Shiv twice in the city, but Shiv survives both times. After learning about the two attempts on Shiv's life, Vijay and Ravi advise him to find a different line of work, stating that his profession is unpredictable, dangerous and unsuitable for a family man. However, Shiv refuses to resign from his job, citing his undying patriotic commitment to his corps and his country.


title: Shaan (1980 film)

text: Meanwhile, Shiv is investigating a gang of international smugglers and it turns out that they are working for Shakaal (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), a sadistic international crime lord, who is operating from a remote island outside India while funding crime in Mumbai and rejoicing in pain of his enemies and traitors. The island of Shakaal is equipped with hidden cameras and all sorts of automatic gadgets, including a pack of hunting dogs and a man-eating crocodile in an artificial pond below a rotating table with seats. Shakaal kills Ranjeet (Sudhir), one of his own henchmen, by throwing him into the pond to be hunted by the crocodile on learning that Ranjeet was an informer to Shiv. Due to the fact that Shiv is progressively getting close to finding out the source of crime in Mumbai, Shakaal has Shiv kidnapped and brought to his island by his henchmen, where he reveals that he had only arranged the previous two attempts on Shiv's life. Shakaal also tries to influence Shiv to join his criminal forces in exchange of a wealthy and successful life, but Shiv attempts an escape from the island and is pursued by the pack of Shakaal's hunting dogs. Although he manages to evade them too, Shakaal eventually shoots Shiv fatally on the beach from his helicopter, and has his dead body dumped back to Mumbai.


title: Shaan (1980 film)

text: As Vijay, Ravi and Sheetal lament the tragic death of Shiv, the mysterious man finally approaches them and introduces himself as Rakesh, a marksman and former circus performer who used to shoot targets blindfolded. Sheetal identifies Rakesh as the one who attempted the murder of her husband twice, but Rakesh confesses that Shakaal had kidnapped his wife, Roma (Padmini Kapila), and blackmailed him to kill Shiv, and that he had deliberately missed on the two previous occasions in hopes of buying time to save his wife. However, Shakaal had already deduced this and released Roma in a car with failed brakes in retaliation, resulting in Roma's death in a fiery accident which Rakesh tried to unsuccessfully prevent. After learning this, Vijay and Ravi join hands with Rakesh with the resolve to destroy Shakaal's empire and gain justice for both Shiv and Roma. To that end, the trio seeks the aid of Abdul, who provides them information about Shakaal's contraband warehouse in Mumbai. Even though the trio manages to blow up the warehouse, Shakaal retaliates by having his henchmen target Sheetal and Guddi on a remote bridge, but Rakesh saves them with the help of some horses in the stable of a nearby farmhouse. Despite this, Abdul is pursued by Shakaal's henchmen in the middle of a night, and meets his death after being thrown off a bridge, causing a furious Vijay to break into the illegal bar of Shakaal's henchmen and thrash them all for killing Abdul.


title: Shaan (1980 film)

text: As a result, a frustrated Shakaal swears death on the trio, and now has Sheetal kidnapped and imprisoned by his henchmen at his island. Meanwhile, the trio is approached by one of Shakaal's henchmen, Jagmohan (Mac Mohan), who offers them his help to gain entry at Shakaal's island, as he was thrashed nearly to death by Shakaal for his previous failure. Posing as a dance troupe, the trio, along with Sunita, Renu and Chacha, manages to enter the island and performs for Shakaal, who later shockingly captures them all and reveals that he had only sent Jagmohan (who was faking his injuries) to trap them in reality. However, Chacha creates a commotion that allows the trio to be freed and thrash Jagmohan and the rest of Shakaal's henchmen to death. In the process, Vijay also kills the crocodile in the pond, while Ravi and Rakesh kill Shakaal's remaining two henchmen wearing gas masks in a poisonous gas-filled chamber. Just as the trio finally succeeds in capturing Shakaal after avoiding all the booby traps and is about to kill him, Sheetal intervenes and refuses to let them do so, pointing out that their action can be disrespectful to the law that Shiv upholds. In the arguing commotion, Shakaal frees himself and is about to attack everyone with a gun, forcing the trio to fatally shoot him down in self-defense and finally end the ignominious existence of Shakaal. However, Shakaal sets the island to self-destruct with his dying breath, stating that if he himself is unable to win, he would not let others achieve victory either. Despite this, the trio, their respective girlfriends and Chacha are all able to escape the exploding island on a helicopter to safety, satisfied that they have defeated Shakaal in his tracks for good.


title: Mervyn McCord

text: His first tour was in 1950/51 to Korea during the Korean War with the 1st Battalion, Royal Ulster Rifles. He was awarded the Military Cross for actions that occurred on the night of 1 to 2 January 1951. General Ridgway decided to withdraw behind the Han River to the south of their position following intense pressure from Chinese force. It was McCord's platoon that brought up the rear of the retreat. The valley through which they were retreating became a death trap when faced with a machine gun post. McCord rallied his troops to try and break through before finally charging the position with a comrade. They successfully destroyed the post making way for the continued retreat. He then lead his troops over the mountains to safety. His citation noted "In his first action, which took place at night, McCord showed great powers of leadership and disregard for personal danger" and "his personal action undoubtedly helped to extricate a number of men from a situation in which they would otherwise have been killed or captured".


title: Covalent bond

text: There are several types of structures for covalent substances, including individual molecules, molecular structures, macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures. Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together, but generally, there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules. Such covalent substances are usually gases, for example, HCl, SO2, CO2, and CH4. In molecular structures, there are weak forces of attraction. Such covalent substances are low-boiling-temperature liquids (such as ethanol), and low-melting-temperature solids (such as iodine and solid CO2). Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains, including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon, and biopolymers such as proteins and starch. Network covalent structures (or giant covalent structures) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets (such as graphite), or 3-dimensional structures (such as diamond and quartz). These substances have high melting and boiling points, are frequently brittle, and tend to have high electrical resistivity. Elements that have high electronegativity, and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds, often form such large macromolecular structures.


title: Braid (hairstyle)

text: In India, many Hindu ascetics wear dreadlocks, known as Jatas. Young girls and women in India often wear long braided hair at the back of their neck. In the Upanishads, braided hair is mentioned as one of the primary charms of female seduction. A significant tradition of braiding existed in Mongolia, where it was traditionally believed that the human soul resided in the hair. Hair was only unbraided when death was imminent. In Japan, the Samurai sported a high-bound ponytail (Chonmage), a hairstyle that is still common among Sumo wrestlers today. Japanese women wore various types of braids (三つ編み) until the late 20th century because school regulations prohibited other hairstyles, leaving braids and the bob hairstyle as the main options for girls. In China, girls traditionally had straight-cut bangs and also wore braids (辮子). The Manchu men have historically braided their hair. After conquering Beijing in 1644 and establishing the Qing Dynasty, they forced the men of the subjugated Han Chinese to adopt this hairstyle as an expression of loyalty, which involved shaving the forehead and sides and leaving a long queue at the back (剃髮易服). The Han Chinese considered this a humiliation as they had never traditionally cut their hair due to Confucian customs. The last emperor, Puyi, cut off his queue in 1912, marking the end of this male hairstyle in China, the same year when China became a republic.


title: National Football League Quarterback Challenge

text: NFL-licensed NFL Quarterback Challenge, created by ProAppSports and produced by Adisoft Studios is currently available on Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch devices. An officially NFL-licensed Quarterback Challenge appeared in 2 other different console video games. Both video game versions appeared in the same Quarterback Club series of games by Acclaim Entertainment. The Quarterback Challenge mode appeared in the first and last versions of the game series. The first was in the original Quarterback Club game released in 1994 on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. The second and final appearance of the challenge was in NFL QB Club 2002, published in 2001 for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube. The first version was a sprite-based 2D game, while the later version was fully 3D. Both of these games and all games in this series were developed by Iguana Entertainment in Austin, Texas. The 1994 SNES/Genesis version was produced by Russell Byrd. The 2001 PS2/GameCube version was produced by Charles Normann.


title: Mary C. Dunlap

text: In 1973, Dunlap co-founded of a non-profit law firm specializing in sex discrimination law, Equal Rights Advocates, with Wendy Webster Williams and Nancy Davis. In 1976 she debated Phyllis Schlafly on the Equal Rights Amendment at Mills College. In 1977, she represented a pregnant teacher forced to take maternity leave in Berg v. Richmond Unified School District. In 1984, she represented women in a class-action suit against laundries for discriminatory price differences between services for men's and women's clothing, saying "ring-around-the-collar ought to cost the same to remove, whether a man or a woman put it there". In 1987, she represented the Gay Games before the Supreme Court, in San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee. In 1989, she represented Eleanor Swift in her lawsuit against Boalt Hall over tenure. She supported Black firefighters in a civil rights challenge to the San Francisco Fire Department's hiring practices. She was involved in the early work of the National Center for Lesbian Rights.


title: Austregilde

text: The contrast in Gregory's portrayal of women of different status could have a few different reasons. Of course, Gregory may have very well have preferred to share a social sphere with those he saw as equals. For a woman of common decent to enter the social circle and influence it, Gregory may have had a hard time accepting the social mobility of women. More likely, however, Gregory was more critical of women from common backgrounds because they did not have blood ties to other nobility. As the nobility and Church relied on each other to hold power, it is unlikely that Gregory would have wanted to jeopardize those relationships by diminishing women from a line of nobility within his histories. By putting his emphasis on the common women who had grown to become powerful, Gregory is still able to build his narrative of women in power without offending any of the nobility. This is supported by Wood's theory that Gregory likely did not begin his histories until after the death of Chilperic, as it allowed Gregory to model Chilperic as a bad king, likely as a strategy to advise King Guntram.


title: Austregilde

text: Women of the Merovingian elite also had a surprising amount of political autonomy; however, this autonomy was conditional on the "exploitation of personal ties" to enter the political scene dominated by men. As Ian Wood contends, the power of a Merovingian Queen hinged primarily on a positive relationship with her husband, her ability to provide and raise heirs, and their control of wealth. In Austregilde's case, while we know little of her control of wealth, we do know she satisfied the other two conditions. Providing King Guntram with 2 heirs, and surviving childbirth four times in total, Austregilde served her role as an heir bearer well despite outliving her two sons. Wood also notes that "It was not sufficient to have high born relatives, or even to achieve the status of queen; it was also necessary to have an obedient husband or son." We see from the text of Gregory's histories that Austregilde was able to extend tremendous influence over King Guntram in the story of her death by having King Guntram follow through with her final request of executing her doctors. Guntram served to be the obedient king Austregilde needed to exercise her power. Austregilde's positive relationship with King Guntram is highlighted by the inscription of her epitaph, which was likely commissioned by the King himself. Though it is unclear whether Austregilde satisfied Wood's third condition in holding active control over wealth, it is hard to deny that Austregilde held power as an active political player within the Merovingian elite.


title: Gender pay gap in New Zealand

text: Until 1960, separate pay rates for men and women doing the same work were legal in both the public and private sectors. Now there is legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in employment. The Government Service Equal Pay Act 1960 abolished gender-based pay scales in the public service and in 1972 this was extended to the private sector in the Equal Pay Act. The Human Rights Act and the Employment Relations Act 2000 prohibit sex discrimination in all aspects of employment, including pay. New Zealand is signatory to international agreements with the International Labour Organization and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women that prohibit sex discrimination in employment. By international comparisons New Zealand is moderately placed on global pay equality indexes. There is a larger difference in the pay gap between men and women from Māori and Pacific ethnicities than those with European ethnicities. Two main sources of New Zealand's gender pay gap have been suggested: women are often clustered in lower paid occupations (occupational segregation) and women are under-represented in higher-level and managerial positions.


title: Influence of mass media

text: During the early 20th century, developing mass media technologies, such as radio and film, were credited with an almost irresistible power to mold an audience's beliefs, cognition, and behaviors according to the communicators' will. The basic assumption of strong media effects theory was that audiences were passive and homogeneous. This assumption was not based on empirical evidence but instead on assumptions of human nature. There were two main explanations for this perception of mass media effects. First, mass broadcasting technologies were acquiring a widespread audience, even among average households. People were astonished by the speed of information dissemination, which may have clouded audience perception of any media effects. Secondly, propaganda techniques were implemented during war time by several governments as a powerful tool for uniting their people. This propaganda exemplified strong-effect communication. Early media effects research often focused on the power of this propaganda . Combing through the technological and social environment, early media effects theories stated that the mass media were all-powerful.


title: Influence of mass media

text: Researchers, including Lazarsfeld, uncovered mounting empirical evidence of the idiosyncratic nature of media effects on individuals and audiences, identifying numerous intervening variables such as demographic attributes, social psychological factors, political interest, and different media use behaviors. With these new variables added to research, it was difficult to isolate media influence that resulted in any media effects to an audience's cognition, attitude, and behavior. As Berelson summed up in a widely quoted conclusion: "Some kinds of communication on some kinds of issues have brought to the attention of some kinds of people under some kinds of conditions have some kinds of effect." Though the concept of an all-powerful mass media was diluted, this did not determine that the media lacked influence or effect. Instead, the pre-existing structure of social relationships and cultural contexts were believed to primarily shape or change people's opinions, attitudes, and behaviors, and media merely function within these established processes. This complexity had a dampening effect upon media effects studies.


title: Influence of mass media

text: The third-person effect has two main components: perceptual and behavioral. The perceptual component suggests that individuals often mistakenly believe that they are less susceptible to media effects than others. Meanwhile, the behavioral component proposes that the perceptions of media impact on others will lead individuals to take action to protect the vulnerable others. In a study on perceived effects of violent and misogynistic rap lyrics, students at the University of Delaware reported that they were significantly less influenced by the lyrics than other students at the university, and were even less affected by the lyricis than New York/Los Angeles youth were. This is largely based on attribution theory, in which "the person tends to attribute his own reactions to the object world, and those of another, when they differ from his own, to personal characteristics." Standley tested the third-person effect and attribution theory, reporting people are more likely offer situational reasons for television's effect upon themselves, while offering dispositional reasons for other members of an audience.


title: Influence of mass media

text: Many theories assume reciprocal causal relationships between different variables, including characteristics of media users, factors in the environment, and outcomes of media . Transactional theories further support the selectivity paradigm (Feature 1), which assumes that the audience shapes their own media effects by selectively engaging in media use; transactional theories make an effort to explain how and why this occurs. Transactional media effects theories are the most complex among the five features. There are three basic assumptions. First, communication technologies (e.g., radio, television, internet) function as reciprocal mediators between information producers and receivers, who engage in transactions through these technologies . Second, the effect of media content is reciprocal between producers and receivers of media content, meaning they influence each other. Producers can be influenced by receivers because they learn from what the audience needs and prefers . Third, transactions can be distinguished as interpersonal.


title: Two-state solution

text: 57 states have expressed their desire for a two-state plan, notably not including Israel. Germany published specific wishes for such 'two states', with the "Palestinian state" "based on the 4 June 1967 borders" (comprising West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem), and Israel possessing the remaining 78% of the former Mandatory Palestine. The remaining G7 countries have also mentioned that "a Palestinian state" should be part of the plan, while the other 50 countries have given no specifications. Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The Palestinian Authority today supports the idea of a two-state solution; Israel at times has also supported the idea, but nowadays rejects the creation of a Palestinian state. Long-serving Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in 2015 rejected a Palestinian state. He again rejected a Palestinian state in June 2023. Former Israeli PMs Ehud Barak and Ehud Olmert in late 2023 expressed support for a two-state solution. Public support among Israelis and among Palestinians (measured separately) for "the concept of the two-state solution" etc. have varied between far above and far below 50%, depending partly on how the question was phrased.


title: Two-state solution

text: On 29 November 2012, the UN General Assembly voted by 138 to 9, with 46 abstentions to recognize Palestine as a "non-member observer state". On the following day, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu announced the building of 3,000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem, in an area referred to as "E-1". The move was immediately criticized by several countries, including the United States, with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, among others. Israel's decision to build the homes was described by the Obama administration as "counterproductive", while Australia said that the building plans "threaten the viability of a two-state solution". This is because they claim the proposed E-1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two, as the extent of the PNA's authority does not extend all the way to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Israel's Labor party has voiced support for the two-state solution, with Isaac Herzog stating it would be "in Israel's interests".


title: Two-state solution

text: In 2021, a poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 39% of Palestinians supported "the concept of the two-state solution", while 59% said they rejected it. Support is even lower among younger Palestinians; in 2008, then-U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice noted: "Increasingly, the Palestinians who talk about a two-state solution are my age." A survey taken before the outbreak of fighting in 2014 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea" compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work "to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two-state solution." WINEP says that "this is a new finding compared to similar (but not identical) questions asked in the past, when support for a two-state solution typically ranged between 40–55 percent". By 2020, 40% in Gaza and 26% in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two-state solution should solve the conflict. Another report, published also in 2021 by the RAND Corporation, found that also 60% of Israelis across the political spectrum were opposed to a two-state solution.


title: Two-state solution

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, King Hussein of Jordan and his officials promoted the idea that "Jordan is Palestine and Palestine is Jordan," aiming to present Jordanians and Palestinians as one unified people with a shared destiny. Following the 1967 Six-Day War, which resulted in Jordan losing the West Bank to Israel, Israeli leaders Yigal Allon and Abba Eban presented King Hussein with the Allon Plan, which suggested returning parts of the West Bank to Jordan. However, disagreements over this plan led to a stalemate in negotiations. In 1986, PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat and King Hussein of Jordan reached an agreement advocating for a peaceful solution to the conflict based on a Jordanian-Palestinian confederation. This idea was further explored through the secret Peres–Hussein London Agreement of April 1987, resulting from covert discussions between Israel and Jordan. In 1988, King Hussein renounced Jordan's claims to the West Bank and Palestinian affairs. Despite Jordanian opposition to the confederation idea, leading to limited advocacy from Israeli leaders, renewed interest in the Jordanian option has emerged as a potential solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.


title: 1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont

text: National Republicans were eager to unseat Sanders, and had placed him on a list of 10 incumbent Representatives they would most heavily target in the 1996 cycle. The Republican nominee, state senator Susan Sweetser, was viewed as a rising star within the party and campaigned as a "social moderate and fiscal conservative", though she was viewed as a strictly conservative Republican. Sweetser's gender was viewed as a potential advantage by University of Vermont political analyst Garrison Nelson, who felt that it would prevent Sanders from utilising his traditional aggressive campaign style. There was also a prominent Democratic candidate in the form of Jack Long, former commissioner of the Vermont Environmental Conservation Department, who campaigned as a moderate alternative to the other major candidates. Long's campaign faced staunch opposition from national Democratic strategists, with Rob Engel, political director of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, accusing him of being a spoiler candidate attempting to throw the election to Sweetser.


title: Reid Duke (ice hockey)

text: During his final year of junior hockey in the 2016–17 season, he became the first player in franchise history to be signed by the Vegas Golden Knights after agreeing to a three-year entry-level contract on March 6, 2017. At the conclusion of his season and junior career with the Wheat Kings, Duke signed a professional try-out contract on April 7, 2017, with the Chicago Wolves in the American Hockey League, then serving as the affiliate to the St. Louis Blues, but did not appear in any games that season for the Wolves. The Wolves then became the affiliate for Golden Knights for the next three seasons. Duke did not make his professional debut with the Wolves until February 2018 as he injured his shoulder and required surgery after attending his first rookie camp with the Golden Knights in the 2017 offseason. Duke played in 99 games and scored 31 points over his three seasons with the Wolves. He then played for the Golden Knights' new AHL affiliate, the Henderson Silver Knights, in the shortened 2020–21 season.


title: Daniel Rose (real estate developer)

text: An essayist and speechwriter, Rose is a six-time winner of the Cicero Speechwriting Award given annually by Vital Speeches of the Day magazine. A 2015 collection of his speeches, "Making a Living, Making a Life" was named one of the Best Books of 2015 by Kirkus Reviews, which described it as "A wise, well-honed collection of speeches that address vital issues with fresh, penetrating insight." Covering subjects as diverse as economics, inner city education, racial problems, real estate, food & wine, and housing, his writings occasioned Fareed Zakaria's assessment that "Dan Rose has created a body of work that is philosophy at its most useful: how does one live a good life.". A second compilation, "The Examined Life", was published in 2019, containing more recent essays and speeches as well as personal vignettes of his life. In addition to his own works, Rose contributed to "The Vintage Magazine Consumer Guide to Wine", and Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s "America Behind the Color Line: Dialogues with African Americans".


title: Leinster Senior Hurling Championship

text: Following the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1884, new rules for Gaelic football and hurling were drawn up and published in the United Irishman newspaper. In 1886, county committees began to be established, with several counties affiliating over the next few years. The GAA ran its inaugural All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship in 1887. The decision to establish that first championship was influenced by several factors. Firstly, inter-club contests in 1885 and 1886 were wildly popular and began to draw huge crowds. Clubs started to travel across the country to play against each other and these matches generated intense interest as the newspapers began to speculate which teams might be considered the best in the country. Secondly, although the number of clubs was growing, many were slow to affiliate to the Association, leaving it short of money. Establishing a central championship held the prospect of enticing GAA clubs to process their affiliations, just as the establishment of the FA Cup had done much in the 1870s to promote the development of the Football Association in England. The championships were open to all affiliated clubs who would first compete in county-based competitions, to be run by local county committees. The winners of each county championship would then proceed to represent that county in the All-Ireland series. For the first and only time in its history the All-Ireland Championship used an open draw format. Six teams entered the first championship, however, this number increased to nine in 1888. Because of this, and in an effort to reduce travelling costs, the GAA decided to introduce provincial championships in Munster and Leinster.


title: Sheila Pepe

text: Pepe's break into the art world began with inclusion into a 1996 group exhibition of Boston area artists at Rose Art Museum and in "Gothic: Transmutations of Horror in Late 20th Century Art" at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston in 1997. Her more recent work can be exemplified by her installation "Mind the Gap," 2005, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. "Mind the Gap" was a site-specific sculptural work responding to the architecture of the gallery where shoelaces and nautical toe-line were intertwined and webbed throughout the space. This work instigated a dialogue between domestic and industrial materials and responded to a 1982 installation "Boa" by Judy Pfaff in the same place. Her 2007 piece, Mr. Slit, plays with binary notions of gender in its depiction of a giant vagina made from crocheted shoelaces, rubber, and hardware scraps. In 2014, her piece Put Me Down Gently was included in the show Fiber: Sculpture 1960-Present at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.


title: Twilight in the Wilderness

text: was his final solution to the heroic representation of the New World's classic image.... Church had learned what he could from Cole and from the Dusseldorf painters. Turner, Ruskin, and the Old Masters were the influences which would henceforth guide Church to his maturity.... in Twilight in the Wilderness, Church for the first time presented this all-important American subject at the level of history-painting in the Great Tradition—an Adamic Poussin. He caused the trees in this painting to act like the figures in the Old Masters he collected; yet the trees appear to be perfectly natural.... To create it, Church may well have heeded Ruskin's counsel that the artist should respond to the spiritual message suggested in nature's transcendent moments.... According to American doctrine, pure nature's "transcendent moments" should be accessible to all: no need for an Anglican "High Priest of Nature" to intercede between man and his universe.... As New World man and therefore "Nature's favorite," he was quite content with nature as she was.... His responsibility to humanity on this side of the Atlantic was not to manipulate but to re-create nature, quintessential nature.


title: Mitral annular calcification

text: Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a multifactorial chronic degenerative process in which calcium with lipid is deposited (calcified) in the annular fibrosa ring of the heart's mitral valve. MAC was first discovered and described in 1908 by M. Bonninger in the journal Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. In the majority of cases, affected patients are asymptomatic and the condition is only noted incidentally on echocardiography or computed tomography (CT) scans. However, mitral annular calcification remains clinically significant because while in many cases the calcification is limited to the annulus and proximal leaflet bases, it may also extend further into the valve structure. This may potentially cause mitral regurgitation (MR) or more rarely mitral stenosis (MS), which may produce the classic symptoms of these conditions over time. In addition, calcification of the annulus can inhibit electrical conduction of the AV node, consequently causing various degrees of heart block. While MAC does not usually necessitate treatment independently, the degree of calcification present in the annulus is an important factor in choosing the most appropriate treatment modality for several conditions that do require intervention, particularly those that cause symptomatic obstruction of left ventricular outflow (LVOT).


title: Mitral annular calcification

text: As in most types of calcific valve disease, echocardiography plays the major role in detecting MAC and grading its severity and complications, particularly mitral regurgitation and/or mitral stenosis as mentioned above. If mitral regurgitation is suspected clinically, transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) may be needed, as the shadowing of the left atrium seen in a transthoracic echocardiogram often impairs the assessment of the degree of calcification present. However, in both MS and MR, (preferably color) doppler flow gradients are used to estimate the degree of dysfunction caused by MAC. Because calcifications are highly radiopaque, MAC can also be well visualized on computed tomography. Typically, intravenous contrast is used to assist in the differentiation of valvular structures along with ECG-gating to correct for artifact from the heart's constant motion. In contrast, calcifications are relatively poorly visualized on MRI, so cardiac MRI is not typically used in the evaluation of MAC.


title: HMS Hazard (1794)

text: Neve was promoted to Post-captain in 1806 and command passed to Commander Charles Dilkes in February 1806. Hazard, with Growler, Conflict and the hired armed brig Colpoys, captured nine chasse-marées on 27 June 1807 in the Pertuis Breton. The captured vessels were: Deux Amis (armed with two 4-pounder guns), Trois Frères Horaces (armed with four swivels, Véronique (laden with wheat), Sans Pareil (laden with wheat), Marie Françoise (in ballast), Marie Louise (in ballast), Bon Janton (in ballast), Pascal (in ballast), and Gaulle (in ballast). Their crews escaped on shore with all their papers. The crew of a tenth chasse maree scuttled their vessel to prevent the British from capturing her. The British drove six on to the shore, one of which was armed with six guns. In addition, between 1 April and 10 June the small squadron captured and destroyed two sloops, Rosalie and Jeune Marie, and five chasse marees: Petite Marie, Patriote, Marianne, Belle Louise Josephine, and Marie Françoise. Colpoys escorted the prizes back to Plymouth. Lastly, French shore batteries sank one chasse maree, of unknown name, after the British had captured her.