title: Reconfigurable computing

text: The granularity of the reconfigurable logic is defined as the size of the smallest functional unit (configurable logic block, CLB) that is addressed by the mapping tools. High granularity, which can also be known as fine-grained, often implies a greater flexibility when implementing algorithms into the hardware. However, there is a penalty associated with this in terms of increased power, area and delay due to greater quantity of routing required per computation. Fine-grained architectures work at the bit-level manipulation level; whilst coarse grained processing elements (reconfigurable datapath unit, rDPU) are better optimised for standard data path applications. One of the drawbacks of coarse grained architectures are that they tend to lose some of their utilisation and performance if they need to perform smaller computations than their granularity provides, for example for a one bit add on a four bit wide functional unit would waste three bits. This problem can be solved by having a coarse grain array (reconfigurable datapath array, rDPA) and a FPGA on the same chip.


title: Reconfigurable computing

text: Coarse-grained architectures (rDPA) are intended for the implementation for algorithms needing word-width data paths (rDPU). As their functional blocks are optimized for large computations and typically comprise word wide arithmetic logic units (ALU), they will perform these computations more quickly and with more power efficiency than a set of interconnected smaller functional units; this is due to the connecting wires being shorter, resulting in less wire capacitance and hence faster and lower power designs. A potential undesirable consequence of having larger computational blocks is that when the size of operands may not match the algorithm an inefficient utilisation of resources can result. Often the type of applications to be run are known in advance allowing the logic, memory and routing resources to be tailored to enhance the performance of the device whilst still providing a certain level of flexibility for future adaptation. Examples of this are domain specific arrays aimed at gaining better performance in terms of power, area, throughput than their more generic finer grained FPGA cousins by reducing their flexibility.


title: Reconfigurable computing

text: Configuration of these reconfigurable systems can happen at deployment time, between execution phases or during execution. In a typical reconfigurable system, a bit stream is used to program the device at deployment time. Fine grained systems by their own nature require greater configuration time than more coarse-grained architectures due to more elements needing to be addressed and programmed. Therefore, more coarse-grained architectures gain from potential lower energy requirements, as less information is transferred and utilised. Intuitively, the slower the rate of reconfiguration the smaller the power consumption as the associated energy cost of reconfiguration are amortised over a longer period of time. Partial re-configuration aims to allow part of the device to be reprogrammed while another part is still performing active computation. Partial re-configuration allows smaller reconfigurable bit streams thus not wasting energy on transmitting redundant information in the bit stream. Compression of the bit stream is possible but careful analysis is to be carried out to ensure that the energy saved by using smaller bit streams is not outweighed by the computation needed to decompress the data.


title: Banjarmasin War

text: In vain, Sultan Adam and many nobles in 1853 sent an emissary to Batavia, pointing out iniquities perpetrated by the Dutch-designated heir and appealing for the Dutch to recognise instead Hidayat, a younger but legitimate son. In his testament, probably written in late 1853 or early 1855, Sultan Adam appointed Hidayat as his successor, and that anyone who failed to respect his wished was to be put to death. The Dutch Indies Government continued to reject Hidayat's nomination, however, offering him the position of governor instead. In this impasse, a brother of the deceased heir-apparent, Prabu Anom, proclaimed himself the new sultan in Martapura in 1855, asserting that he was now a better candidate than the other two. The Government responded by sending a warship to Martapura in 1856, demanding Adam in a letter to respect the contract, the choice of governor, providing Tamjid with an act of recognition as successor, and imprisoning his rival Prabu Anom. Under this pressure, Adam agreed to name Tamjid his successor and support Hidayat's nomination for the governorship.


title: Federalist Party (Argentina)

text: Argentina's Federalist party was primarily led by landowning caudillos, a class of wealthy rural elite who benefited from protectionist trade and tariff policies due to their dependence on agriculture and exports for wealth and influence. Pioneering figures, many caudillos became symbols of Argentina's wild pampas and generated their own cults of personality. These personalistic leaders governed through patron-client relationships, relying on rural masses for income and, in return, granting a measure of power and influence through association. These regional strongmen regularly used their patron status to mobilize huge numbers of nomadic gauchos to form both agricultural labor forces and large-scale militias. Typically divorced from politics in the metropolitan capital of Buenos Aires, caudillos disdained the rising tide of urban liberalism and sought to form their own autonomous fiefdoms in the Argentine interior using the region's history of violence and anarchy to justify swift and brutal repression. Juan Facundo Quiroga of the La Rioja region and Juan Manuel de Rosas and Manuel Dorrego of Buenos Aires were prominent caudillo leaders and used their personalistic influence to consolidate rural bases of power. These caudillo leaders rejected the unitary power structure and market liberalism in Buenos Aires as a threat to the existing power structure in Argentina. Foreign investment from the United States and European powers and foreign ownership of Argentine assets were seen as analogous to the spread of European ideas while at the same time undermining the caudillos' share of the export and agriculture economy. Tariffs and strict price controls allowed them to remain powerful economic actors. Until unification pacts were signed in order to fight the Unitarians under Juan Manuel de Rosas, caudillos were primarily independent with their influence confined to their regional bases of power.


title: Federalist Party (Argentina)

text: Led by the caudillos were the Argentine gauchos, a group demographically defined by their nomadic lifestyle in Argentina's interior as well as by their mixed heritage. Typically illiterate and lacking formal education, the gauchos remain a romanticized figure in the mythology of Argentina and were immortalized in José Hernández' epic poem, Martin Fierro. Similar in lifestyle to American cowboys or the Iberian vaqueros, gauchos were itinerant horsemen of the pampas with their own customs and folklore. Due to Argentina's chronic labor shortages, the caudillos' ability to galvanize the large gaucho population was vital to their economic interests and to their capacity to field armies and militias. Living outside of the national census and only occasionally joining the traditional labor force, gauchos were ideal soldiers in the Argentine civil wars due to their knowledge of the terrain, their culture of violence, and a pervasive lack of knowledge in Buenos Aires about the actual number of gauchos in the countryside. The prospect of monetary reward, as well as long-standing patron-client relationships and adherence to various cults of personality regarding the caudillos, fueled these mobilizations. As caudillos began increasingly rounding up gauchos for work on their estancias and as the pampas were settled, the nomadic gaucho lifestyle grew strained. Many retreated to the wilds of Argentina's west or joined Rosas' army in Buenos Aires following the civil war. Gauchos culture, with no domesticity to anchor, soon disappeared and the free-roaming cattlemen became the subject of predatory labor policies issued from Buenos Aires.


title: Federalist Party (Argentina)

text: Federalism was a dominant force in Argentina, and especially in the La Rioja region of the country, through much of the early and mid-nineteenth century, yet had almost entirely disappeared by the late 1870s. The wars of the 1860s had decimated the Federalist leadership, with numerous high and mid-ranking party leaders dead, imprisoned, exiled, or having defected. Rural populations had also begun to resist the caudillos' efforts at mass mobilization which had a dramatic impact on the size of Federalist armies. The success of the national state, and the lack of free labor as a result of the newly formed national army, contributed significantly to the fall of the Federalist party and political movement. Much of the Federalist leadership became convinced that the new Argentine order, based around a strong central power, was inevitable and sought accommodation and political settlement with the Unitarians. Lacking the military numbers or the economic clout to put up a fight, much of the Federalist power structure collapsed in these later years. Some caudillos and former generals were allowed to stay in Argentina, though many were exiled to Chile in the 1880s.


title: Philip of the Crozier-men

text: Philip of the Croziermen was a 13th-century Norwegian Earl and Anti-king. Along with Erling Stonewall and Ingi of the Crozier-men he was a leader of the Croziermen. He seems to have spent most of his time in Tønsberg acting as the ruler of that city during his tenure as king of the Croziermen. Sometime around 1206 AD. he was chosen to be the new king of the Crozier-men following the death of Erling Stonewall.: 8–9 Around 1207 he led an army to Bergen where Prince Haakon IV of Norway was staying and were going to take the castle by force but it was given to them on the advice of the Archbishop Thorir.: 8–9 Many of the Crozier-men thought it would be a good idea to replace Philip with Haakon (a young boy) who they could control more.: 8–9 Philip was not aware of these plans.: 8–9 Soon Philip heard that Earl Haakon the Crazy was on his way to Bergen with an army and the crozier-men decided to flee from the city.: 8–9 Philip departed and left Prince Haakon (the boy) with the Archbishop Thorir per his request.: 10 Some time after this he married King Sverre of Norway's daughter Lady Christine.: 13


title: Zevri Abseitov

text: Zevri Abseitov (Ukrainian: Зеврі Абсеітов, Russian: Зеври Абсеитов) along with Remzi Memetov, Rustem Abiltarov, and Enver Mamutov are united by a common criminal case of the so-called first "Bakhchysarai Hizb-ut-Tahrir case". Islamic "Hizb-ut-Tahrir" organization is lawful in Ukraine, but illegal in Russia. All four men have been arrested in Crimea and imprisoned in Russia after annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. All of them were charged with the article 278 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation ("violent upheaval and violent retention of power"). Enver Mamutov, Remzi Memetov, Rustem Abiltarov , and Zevri Abseitov – have been termed "Hostages of the Kremlin" by the Open Dialog Foundation and political prisoners by the Memorial Human Rights Center. US Mission to the OSCE has called on Russia to end its campaign of repression and harassment of ethnic Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and other groups in Crimea for their peaceful opposition to Russia's occupation and to release all of those individuals it has wrongfully imprisoned.


title: Zevri Abseitov

text: The prosecution in the court was based solely on the testimonies of three secret witnesses and an examination commissioned by the FSB. One of the witnesses claimed, he had to see Abseitov at his dental office and then they were gone to a café where Abseitov told him that he was involved in Hizb-ut-Tahrir. Under cross-examination, this witness gave a completely wrong description of Abseitov's office and could not describe the café, he had purportedly visited with Abseitov. The court ignored evidence that witnesses were giving inconsistent testimonies and their charges were unfounded. On December 24, 2018 judges of the North Caucuses Military Court in Rostov-on-Don Roman Plisko, Anatoly Kolesnik and Igor Kostin convicted all four Crimean Tatars and sentenced Enver Mamutov to 17 years in a high-security prison and 1 year and 6 months of supervised release. Zevri Abseitov, Remzi Memetov, and Rustem Abiltarov were sentenced to 9 years in a high-security prison and 1 year of supervised release.


title: Zevri Abseitov

text: The highly politicized "Bakhchysarai Hizb-ut-Tahrir case" has resonated in Ukraine and worldwide. Official Kyiv added Zevri Abseitov to a list of the Prisoners of the Kremlin. The Ukrainian Helsinki Group has considered this case a politically-motivated persecution exercised by the occupying authorities against disloyal individuals. Kharkiv Human Rights Protection group and the Memorial Human Rights Center consider Zevri Abseitov a Political Prisoner of War. According to Amnesty International, "Bakhchysarai Hizb-ut-Tahrir case" has been a repressive tactic employed by the Russian authorities against the Crimean Tartar community. Muslim Crimean Tatar community has been subjected to systematic persecution by the Russian authorities since the occupation and illegal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The European Parliament called on Russia to release immediately all illegally and arbitrarily detained Ukrainian citizens, both in Russia and in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine, and to provide for their safe return.


title: Albert Edmunds Cahlan

text: Cahlan was the son of Albert (Bert) Wallace Cahlan a prominent Reno, Nevada, newspaperman in his own right, and Marion Elizabeth Edmunds a Virginia City school teacher and for whom the Marion E. Cahlan Elementary School was named. Cahlan had one brother three years his junior, John Francis Cahlan with whom he would work with in the newspaper business his entire life, for whom the Cahlan Research Library in Las Vegas is named. He attended Reno High School and sought an Electrical Engineering degree from University of Nevada at Reno. However, his ultimate path led him in the printing and publishing business, and he never used his engineering education as an occupation. In his early years, he took various jobs from working on the railroad to the Nevada Highway Department. He, also like his mother, had a penchant for teaching, and when he first moved to Las Vegas he did indeed teach math at the Las Vegas High school in the mid-to-late 1920s. It was there he met his wife, also a school teacher at the old Las Vegas Grammar School. He married Ruth Estella Schuyler, daughter of William Norton Schuyler and Emma Mary Schaefle, on October 22, 1922, in Las Vegas. The Cahlan's had two children. A daughter, Ruth Marion, was born in Las Vegas, she married one Milton M Henderson, and the family subsequently removed to Iowa and made their home there. They also had a son John "Frosty" Forest Cahlan an attorney in Pahrump, Nevada, until his death. He had three children.


title: Goethite

text: Goethite often forms through the weathering of other iron-rich minerals, and thus is a common component of soils, concentrated in laterite soils. nanoparticulate authigenic goethite is a common diagenetic iron oxyhydroxide in both marine and lake sediments. The formation of goethite is marked by the oxidation state change of Fe2+ (ferrous) to Fe3+ (ferric), which allows for goethite to exist at surface conditions. Because of this oxidation state change, goethite is commonly seen as a pseudomorph. As iron-bearing minerals are brought to the zone of oxidation within the soil, the iron turns from iron(II) to iron(III), while the original shape of the parent mineral is retained. Common goethite pseudomorphs include pyrite, siderite, and marcasite, though any iron(II)-bearing mineral could become a goethite pseudomorph if proper conditions are met. It may also be precipitated by groundwater or in other sedimentary conditions, or form as a primary mineral in hydrothermal deposits. Goethite has also been found to be produced by the excretion processes of certain bacteria types.


title: Ebolavirus

text: The genus Ebolavirus (/iˈboʊlə/- or /əˈboʊləˌvaɪrəs/; ee-BOH-lə- or ə-BOH-lə-VY-rəs) is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae (filament-shaped viruses), order Mononegavirales. The members of this genus are called ebolaviruses, and encode their genome in the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. The six known virus species are named for the region where each was originally identified: Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus (originally Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus), Zaire ebolavirus, and Bombali ebolavirus. The last is the most recent species to be named and was isolated from Angolan free-tailed bats in Sierra Leone. Each species of the genus Ebolavirus has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate. The Reston virus has caused EVD in other primates. Zaire ebolavirus has the highest mortality rate of the ebolaviruses and is responsible for the largest number of outbreaks of the six known species of the genus, including the 1976 Zaire outbreak and the outbreak with the most deaths .


title: Ebolavirus

text: The genus Ebolavirus has been organized into six species; however, the nomenclature has proven somewhat controversial, with many authors continuing to use common names rather than species names when referring to these viruses. In particular, the generic term "Ebola virus" is widely used to refer specifically to members of the species Zaire ebolavirus. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name "Ebola virus" be adopted for a subclassification within the species Zaire ebolavirus and that similar common names be formally adopted for other Ebolavirus species. In 2011, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) rejected a proposal to formally recognize these names, as they do not designate names for subtypes, variants, strains, or other subspecies level groupings. As such, the widely used common names are not formally recognized as part of the taxonomic nomenclature. In particular, "Ebola virus" does not have an official meaning recognized by ICTV, and rather they continue to use and recommend only the species designation Zaire ebolavirus.


title: The Keep on the Borderlands

text: In September 2010, the module was re-released for D&D 4th Edition by Wizards of the Coast for use in the weekly D&D Encounters sessions as Keep on the Borderlands: A Season of Serpents. Like the original, this revised module was designed for use with the contemporaneously released Dungeons & Dragons Fantasy Roleplaying Game boxed set for D&D Essentials, which is oriented towards the beginning player. This time, The Keep on the Borderlands is set in the D&D base world of the Nentir Vale, in an area known as the Chaos Scar. The module is "a multi-week adventure as a set of individual encounters, each of which is meant to be run as a single session lasting 1.5 to 2 hours. 'Season of Serpents' is the longest Encounters season ever, with five chapters of four encounters each, resulting in 20 total sessions of play. Considerable effort is expended to differentiate the chapters and the overall play experience; thus, PCs adventure in broadly different areas during each chapter of play. Nonetheless, many GMs found the adventure too long—mainly because it made it hard to bring in new players late in the season, something that matters more in an organized play environment".


title: Sholinghur

text: Reference is made to a ghatika in the Tiruvallam inscription of Nandivarman Pallavamalla dated in his 61st year. Again an arbitrator having the title Trairjyua ghatika madhyasthan is mentioned in three inscriptions of Parthivendradhipathi from Brahmadesam in North Arcot District (Kanchipuram district) of Tamil Nadu This ghatika was presumably a different one from the famous one at the Pallava capital Kanchipuram. It was probably the Ghatikachala at the Sholinghur hill. This place is referred to as Kadigai in the siriya thirumadal and periya thirumoli of Vaishnava saint Tirumangai Alvar, a contemporary of Nandivaraman Pallavamalla. During the Pallava period it was a well-known centre of Sanskrit learning and stronghold of Vaisnavism. The early Vaisnava saint Peyalvar refers to this temple as Pungatikai in his Iyarpa third Andadi. Pallava influences are traceable in the neighbourhood of this place. A cave temple belonging to Mahendravarma I who reigned early in the seventh century is from Kanchipuram bearing the name Mahendravisnugrha is found in Mahendravadi. It is not unlikely that a ghatika was founded there by the successors of Mahendravarman and the place was named Ghatikachalam. In his hymns on the Tirukkannapuram on the hill of Ghatikai. The ghatika is Sholinghur hill consisted of Vaisnava Brahmans who carried on a programme of higher studies specially drawn up for the institution. The institution presumably attracted its students from several places around Ghatikachalam. The ghatika was probably located the hill temple itself dedicated to Narasimha. Sholinghur which a Kadigai was seat of Great learning in the later Pallava age continued to be an educational centre in subsequent days during the chola age. Even to this day there is a Sanskrit College at this place.


title: Anniversary (Bryson Tiller album)

text: Tiller first teased a new album in the video for the album's lead single "Inhale", released on September 3, 2020. The visual ends with the message: "New album this fall". On September 25, a "deluxe" edition of Trapsoul was released, in preparation for Anniversary, featuring two songs that were previously released on SoundCloud during the Trapsoul era, as well as The Weeknd's remix of Trapsoul cut "Rambo" (titled "Rambo: Last Blood"). He officially announced the album and its title on September 28, posting a short trailer on Twitter. Two days before the album's release, he held a special Zoom listening session with fans, during which he played the entire project for the first time. It was also revealed that the album would include a feature from Canadian rapper Drake. During the session, Tiller said the album was created after "digging through the Trapsoul archives" during a 2020 trip to Los Angeles. He proceeded to work on ideas that he started five years before when making Trapsoul. Tiller called Anniversary the "first wave", stating that he has a lot of new music coming, hinting at his previously-announced album, Serenity. That album was put on hold as he felt that his life at the time did not reflect the album's theme. Tiller described Anniversary as having a "different" energy than True to Self, an album he said he did not want to make due to legal and personal matters. Anniversary is dedicated to his late grandmother.


title: Anglo-Irish Treaty

text: The contents of the treaty divided the Irish Republic's leadership, with de Valera leading the anti-treaty minority. The Treaty Debates were difficult but also comprised a wider and robust stock-taking of the position by the contending parties. Their differing views of the past and their hopes for the future were made public. The focus had to be on the constitutional options, but little mention was made of the economy, nor of how life would now be improved for the majority of the population. Though Sinn Féin had also campaigned to preserve the Irish language, very little use was made of it in the debates. Some of the female TDs were notably in favour of continuing the war until a 32-county state was established. Much mention was made of "700 years" of British occupation. Personal bitterness developed; Arthur Griffith said of Erskine Childers: "I will not reply to any damned Englishman in this Assembly", and Cathal Brugha reminded everyone that the position of Michael Collins in the IRA was technically inferior to his.


title: Anglo-Irish Treaty

text: The Dáil approved the new treaty after nine days of public debate on 7 January 1922, by a vote of 64 to 57, but it was not the assembly specified in the treaty. Therefore, its approval of the treaty was not enough to satisfy the requirements of the treaty. The "meeting" required under the terms of the treaty was therefore convened. It formally approved the treaty on 14 January 1922. The "meeting" itself had a somewhat ambiguous status, not being convened or conducted in accordance with the procedures established for the House of Commons, nor being declared a session of Dáil Éireann. Anti-treaty members of the Dáil stayed away, meaning only pro-treaty members and the four elected unionists (who had never sat in Dáil Éireann) attended the meeting. Those assembled overwhelmingly approved the treaty, nominated Michael Collins for appointment as chairman of the provisional government and immediately dispersed with no parliamentary business taking place. This was the nearest that the House of Commons of Southern Ireland ever came to functioning; no other meeting ever took place, but the vote on 14 January, in strict compliance with the treaty wording, allowed the British authorities to maintain that the legal niceties had been observed.


title: Anglo-Irish Treaty

text: On 15 December, Robert Barton was questioned by Kevin O'Higgins about his notes on Lloyd George's statement about signing the agreement or facing a renewal of war: "Did Mr Lloyd George single Mr Barton out as the left wing of the delegation and did he say, 'The man who is against peace may bear now and forever the responsibility for terrible and immediate war?'" Barton replied: "What he did say was that the signature and the recommendation of every member of the delegation was necessary, or war would follow immediately and that the responsibility for that war must rest directly upon those who refused to sign the Treaty". This was seized upon by opponents of the treaty as a convenient proof that the Irish delegates had been subjected to duress at the last minute, and "terrible and immediate war" became a catch-phrase in the debates that followed. The next day, de Valera took up this point: "therefore what happened was that over there a threat of immediate force upon our people was made. I believe that that document was signed under duress and, though I have a moral feeling that any agreement entered into ought to be faithfully carried out, I have no hesitation in saying that I would not regard it as binding on the Irish nation."


title: Thomas Sidney Cooper

text: Unable to afford to continue living in London he was forced to return to Canterbury, where he earnt a living as a drawing master and by the sale of sketches and drawings. In 1827 he and friend went to Brussels and through some luck and perseverance, Cooper started to make a living through painting portraits and also becoming a drawing master. Here he met and married Charlotte Pearson. He also met Eugène Joseph Verboeckhoven who was to have a great influence on his painting. The Belgian Revolution of 1830 saw Cooper and Charlotte returning to London with their first child. Cooper tried his luck in London again, selling sketches and teaching and showed his first picture at the Royal Academy in 1833, beginning a long and prolific career as an exhibitor at the Royal Academy and British Institution among others. His 'Intercepted Raid, Ettrick Shepherd', exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1842, an oil on canvas, sold at Sotheby's for £37,500 making it, at that time, the most valuable work to be sold at auction.


title: Thomas Sidney Cooper

text: He was a great philanthropist in Canterbury, and used some of his wealth to help the poor in the city. In 1868, he purchased the house where he had been born on St Peter's Street and where his mother had lived, and the block of buildings around it, building the portico as the entrance, to establish the Sidney Cooper Gallery and Art School. This was partly as a memorial to his mother Sarah but also to provide free tuition to poorer local students who wished to study art, providing the teaching that was missing during his early years. The students were charged only one penny to cover the cost of lighting and fire in the winter. His fellow Academician friends donated casts, statues and drawings for students to study and some donated their time to act as examiners, including Alma-Tadema, William Morris and Poynter. The school was affiliated with the Science and Art Department in South Kensington led by Henry Cole, the first director of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Amongst Cooper's more well-known students was Mary Tourtel, creator and illustrator of the Rupert Bear books for children. Cooper himself came regularly to teach often staying late in the evenings to help those boys and girls who could not come during the day.


title: Ginger (1935 film)

text: The New York Times praised the film as "a fresh, human and warm photoplay, rich in natural values, sensitively directed by Lewis Seiler (who used to teach school in Brooklyn and should know children) and played for all it is worth by an excellent cast". Though the review said the script borders on a Cinderella fable, it called the dialogue "bright" and the plot elements "cleverly selected for their comic or sentimental values". The New York Daily News agreed that the film had a Cinderella-like storyline, but reported that the theater audience heartily enjoyed hearing the stream of slang issue from the mouth of the "charming" Withers, who "refers to people as guys, muggs and lugs" and "calls her Park Ave. benefactress 'sourpuss' and her stiff-necked friends 'a bunch of frozen pans'". This review also described Searl's comedic performance as "excellent". The Akron Beacon Journal took a less complimentary view of the script, calling it "a story of extreme improbabilities and sentimental frills".


title: Mary Leapor

text: Bridget Freemantle continued her quest to publish Leapor's work. In 1748 she arranged for the posthumous publication of Poems upon Several Occasions with some 600 subscribers, for the benefit of Philip Leapor. A second volume of poetry and drama was published three years later by Samuel Richardson and edited by Isaac Hawkins Browne. Mary Delany, Stephen Duck, Elizabeth Montagu, and Sarah Scott were among the subscribers. These volumes secured Leapor's reputation as "one of the most interesting of the natural poets." John Duncombe praised her in The Feminead , and Bonnell Thornton and George Colman included her in their Poems by Eminent Ladies . Leapor herself seems not to have welcomed her status as a "natural" poet "untainted" by artifice. She worked hard to acquire a literary education as best she could and embraced the neoclassical ideals of her period. At the time of her death she had accumulated 17 volumes and several volumes of plays: a considerable library for someone with a limited income. There are many grammatical errors in Leapor's work, for which Freemantle apologises in the Preface to the "Poems Upon Several Occasions", assuring readers that had Leapor lived to edit them, the poems would have been flawless. She adds that they are, nevertheless, entertaining.


title: Shade avoidance

text: Plants can tell the difference between the shade of an inanimate object (e.g. a rock) and the shade of another plant, as well as the presence of nearby plants that may compete with and shade it in the future. In the shade of a plant, far red light is present in a higher irradiance than red light, as a result of the absorption of the red light by the pigments involved in photosynthesis, while a nearby plant forms an intermediate ratio. This is known as far red enrichment. Phytochrome can be used to measure the ratio of far red to red light, and thus to detect whether the plant is in the shade of another plant, so it can alter its growth strategy accordingly (photomorphogenesis). In Arabidopsis, phytochrome B is the predominant photoreceptor that regulates SAS. Phytochromes exist in two forms: PR and PFR. It is synthesised as PR, but red light triggers a conformational change, producing PFR. Far red light causes the phytochrome to be converted back into PR. For a given red:far red light ratio, there will be a dynamic equilibrium in the relative quantities of PR and PFR present. Far red enrichment causes a build-up of PR. If PR is present above a species-specific threshold, shade avoidance signal transduction pathways will be activated.


title: Shade avoidance

text: Studies using Brassica rapa indicate that the light quality and ratio available to seedlings is sensed in the cotyledons, which upregulates the production of auxin. Arabidopsis was used to demonstrate PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) involvement in auxin production. PIFs are transcription factors that regulate thousands of genes related to germination repression and shade avoidance, and PIF4, PIF5, and PIF7 directly regulate genes that code for the enzymes required in auxin synthesis. Other PIF proteins are thought to be involved in regulating auxin and the plant's response. In shade conditions, PR induces the dephosphorylation of PIF proteins, which strengthens their ability to bind DNA and promote transcription of genes involved in shade avoidance response, including in the production of auxin and its receptors. Where the auxin lay, the plant grows on that side which causes it to bend in the opposite direction. Auxin is transported to the hypocotyl to promote elongation, although the mechanism it uses to do so remains unclear.


title: Shade avoidance

text: Like seedlings, adult plant shade avoidance involves several mechanisms acting together. Petiole elongation is both a result of cell expansion and cell division, though not at the same stage in petiole and leaf formation. In newly growing leaves, cell division is the primary factor, while fully formed leaves and petioles rely on cell expansion. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are a family of cell wall modifying proteins. In shade conditions, the genes coding for XTH9, XTH15/XTR7, XTH16, XTH17, and XTH19 are up-regulated and these proteins act to hydrolyze and weaken the cell wall, allowing for expansion of the petiole cells. Like in seedlings, PIF7 is involved in the regulation of petiole and leaf growth due to low R:FR, by up-regulating auxin-related and brassinosteroid-response genes which promote growth. Auxin signalling is also essential to hyponasty, though its role is not yet fully understood. Leaf curling is primarily a response to phytochrome B converting to PR in shade conditions, which promotes unequal proliferation and growth of cells on the upper and lower leaf sides. Two redundant genes, ATHB4 and HAT3, code for transcription factors that regulate leaf curling, with loss of function mutants having plants with leaves that curl downwards, and plants with over-expressive copies of these genes having leaves that curl strongly upwards. By changing expression of these genes, plants can straighten their leaves in response to shade.


title: 1963 Intercontinental Cup

text: As both teams had won a game each, a play-off game was necessary. The game took place two days later at the Maracanã again, as stated by the regulations, with Brozzi named as the referee again. Milan contested the latter decision, but the federation ignored the Italian's protests and confirmed Brozzi's appointment. The game began in the same manner as the previous one ended, with Santos pushing forward and attacking strongly. They also continued their physically aggressive play of the previous game, with their fouls again going largely unpunished. After half an hour, Brozzi awarded Santos a penalty for what a lot of reporters judged as being simulation by Dorval Rodrigues. Milan captain Cesare Maldini was sent off for his protests about the decision. The penalty kick was converted by Dalmo Gaspar to put Santos 1–0 up. Milan's subsequent attacks forward to the Santos box were fruitless, and Santos ran out winners in a controversial but undoubtedly legendary final. Afterwards, Juan Brozzi was kicked out by his same federation because of that events, and opened a luxurious flower and gardening shop in Buenos Aires.


title: Lego Fortnite

text: Before entering, players can select the Lego Fortnite game mode option while in the lobby. Upon doing so, the player's existing outfit, if compatible, will be converted into a minifigure. They can then select a world, with some options including turning on or off hunger, hostile mobs, and dying, as well as having the ability to invite up to eight players in a single world. After this is done and the game has started, players can roam around the map, and collect materials, such as wood, by punching trees, while also being able to build buildings and tools. They will also have to keep an eye out for enemy mobs, if this option was activated, such as spiders, wolves, and skeletons. When dealt with damage, players can heal themselves by consuming items such as pumpkins, corn, eggs, raspberries, meat, etc. Fireflies will also appear from time to time, and are unable to be caught due to their speed. Instead, players can follow them, which will lead to them discovering chests and loot llamas, the latter of which will explode with items after being pet.


title: Lego Fortnite

text: To facilitate the fishing experience, several new tools and items have been introduced. The Fishing Rod, Food Processor, Bait Bucket, and Spyglass are among the notable additions. The Fishing Rod allows players to cast their lines into the waters and reel in their catches, while the Food Processor enables them to turn their fish into valuable resources such as Fish Filets. Additionally, the Bait Bucket enhances the fishing process by attracting fish to specific locations, increasing the chances of successful catches. The Spyglass, on the other hand, aids in exploration by allowing players to scout distant areas and landmarks. Players can craft different tiers of Fishing Rods and Bait Buckets using crafting benches and specific materials. The rarity of these items determines their effectiveness in fishing endeavors, with higher-tier rods and buckets offering improved performance and capabilities. By gathering the necessary materials and utilizing crafting benches, players can customize their fishing equipment to suit their preferences and playstyles.


title: Kurt Luedtke

text: Luedtke left the Free Press and quit journalism altogether in 1978. He moved to Hollywood to break into the film business, where his only entry was as a screenwriter. His intention was to write a book, but his idea for a book about reporting came to the attention of Orion Pictures, which optioned it before it was written for $20,000 and pitched it to director George Roy Hill, who liked it but was unavailable to help on the screenplay. Luedtke offered to write the screenplay for free providing that he could have his idea back if Orion didn't proceed with the movie. Ultimately, Sydney Pollack was available to direct the movie, which became Absence of Malice, beginning the working relationship between the two men. Luedtke received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, a rare accomplishment for a first-time screenwriter. He again collaborated with Pollack in Out of Africa . The film won seven Oscars (from 11 nominations), including Luedtke's award for Best Adapted Screenplay. His final partnership with Pollack came in Random Hearts, released in 1999.


title: Mill Creek Nature Park

text: Mill Creek Nature Park is located south of the former Canadian Forces Station Coverdale, which was constructed by the Royal Canadian Navy in 1944. The station conducted operations pertaining to high-frequency direction finding, which was used to monitor German communications during World War II. During its early years, the base was referred to as Special Wireless Station Coverdale and was operated by the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service. In the late 1940s, the base was renamed to Her Majesty's Canadian Ship (HMCS) Coverdale, which it is still often referred to as today. In the early 1960s, new facilities were installed which necessitated an increase in the base's water supply. To accommodate this, a concrete buttress dam was built on the nearby Mill Creek, creating a 5 hectare reservoir which still exists today. In 1966, the base was designated as Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Coverdale, a title that it maintained until its closure in 1971. While most have undergone renovations, many of the original buildings still remain, including the Coverdale Centre and the Victory Life Centre. The dam and reservoir are now owned by the Town of Riverview and are located within the present-day Mill Creek Nature Park.


title: Pulmonology

text: Pulmonary rehabilitation has been defined as a multidimensional continuum of services directed to persons with pulmonary disease and their families, usually by an interdisciplinary team of specialists, with the goal of achieving and maintaining the individual's maximum level of independence and functioning in the community. Pulmonary rehabilitation is intended to educate the patient, the family, and improve the overall quality of life and prognosis for the patient. Interventions can include exercise, education, emotional support, oxygen, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, optimization of airway secretion clearance, promoting compliance with medical care to reduce numbers of exacerbations and hospitalizations, and returning to work and/or a more active and emotionally satisfying life. These goals are appropriate for any patients with diminished respiratory reserve whether due to obstructive or intrinsic pulmonary diseases (oxygenation impairment) or neuromuscular weakness (ventilatory impairment). A pulmonary rehabilitation team may include a rehabilitation physician, a pulmonary medicine specialist, physician assistant and allied health professionals including a rehabilitation nurse, a respiratory therapist, a speech-language pathologist, a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a psychologist, and a social worker among others. Additionally, breathing games are used to motivate children to perform pulmonary rehabilitation.


title: Peter Reith

text: Despite the fact that Reith was the incumbent deputy leader, he had five challengers to his position, including Wooldridge, and Reith did not win enough votes to make it to the final ballot. Following the landslide victory of John Howard at the 1996 election, Reith was appointed Minister for Industrial Relations, and Leader of the House. He was one of the best-known and most influential members of Howard's cabinet. His responsibilities involved drafting and implementing the government's industrial relations policy, and he is perhaps best known for the significant productivity reforms which followed the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute. Reith's handling of the dispute, which included the failed attempt to use Australian Armed forces personnel, trained in Dubai to take over waterfront jobs and later the use of balaclava clad hired security guards with dogs, to remove working waterside workers from the work site. He strongly supported Patrick Corporation in its contest with the Maritime Union of Australia, which led to bitter opposition from the unions and the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The dispute was eventually settled in the courts with the decision going in the unions' favour and new enterprise agreements being negotiated in accordance with the court's directions.


title: William L. Slayton House

text: The house's original owner, William Slayton, met Pei in 1958 when they were both working in the office of William Zeckendorf. Zeckendorf developed rather utilitarian buildings such as parking garages, apartment complexes, and office buildings, but he had developed a love of architecture. In 1948, he wanted to become the patron of "the greatest unknown architect in the country", so he consulted with Nelson Rockefeller and embarked on a search which ended in his hiring I.M. Pei, who was then an assistant professor at Harvard University. Slayton was the vice-president in charge of the redevelopment of Washington's Southwest Urban Renewal Area. Slayton asked Pei in 1958 to design a home for him. Slayton recalled in his memoirs, "...on Ieoh Ming's and my next flight together, I asked if he would design us a house... He said he would be honored...but that I had to understand that it would have a major design feature that would be expensive." Slayton later served as the commissioner of the Urban Renewal Administration's Housing and Home Finance Agency during the John F. Kennedy administration.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: In Book VII Euclid introduces, as another type of magnitude alongside his geometric ones of line, angle and figure, the concept of "arithmos". This is to be understood as "a multitude of units" where a unit is "that by which we call something a one". With some reservations about the status of singletons and the empty set, the Greek notion of "arithmos" is thus essentially the modern notion of "set". Mayberry notes that it struck him with the force of a revelation that the significance of Euclid's Common Notion 5,—"the whole is greater than the part"—when applied to arithmoi is that an arithmos cannot be congruent, where this word is understood following Heath as "can be placed upon with an exact fit", to any proper part of itself, or, in other words, that a set is finite in the modern sense of there being no 1-1 correspondence between the set and a proper subset of itself. The fact that Greek arithmetic, and in particular Euclid Books VII-IX, is really the study of finite sets has been obscured by the ubiquitous translation of "arithmos" as "number" and the transformation in the notion of number from its original "arithmos" meaning to "ratio" that occurred in the 17th century. The transformation in meaning was given clear expression by Newton in his Lectures.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: Dedekind, whom Mayberry greatly admired, showed that the natural numbers could be established without any dependence on a Kantian intuition of time or reliance on indefinitely repeated operations. He did so however on the basis of an explicit acceptance of Cantor's Axiom of Infinity, which, as Mayberry points out, is best understood as simply a contradiction of Euclid's Common Notion 5 as applied to arithmoi. Dedekind's work did not however cause the view that the natural numbers and iterative processes have a special foundational status to lose credit among most mathematicians. The Intuitionist movement, while sharing with Mayberry a rejection of a Platonist understanding of the meaning of mathematics, resorted to an operationalist understanding of the subject, driving an acceptance of indefinitely protracted iterative processes to the very heart of their thinking. The Formalist movement, following Hilbert's program of saving the mathematical fruits of Cantor's Axiom of Infinity via finitary consistency proofs, likewise, in the very definitions of formal systems and the establishment of their properties, accorded a special status to indefinite iteration and associated definitions by recursion and proofs by induction.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: The science that Mayberry concerns himself with is Arithmetic, understood both in a purified version of the sense Euclid gives the word in Books VII – IX, and also, as he claims, in the sense that Cantor has given the word. The first of Mayberry's core positions is agreement with Aristotle that the Arithmetician studies things and certain pluralities of things qua units and arithmoi in an essentially analogous way to the entomologist's study of things and certain pluralities of things qua insects and insect colonies. He accepts Euclid's lapidary definition of "unit", demurring only from Heath's translation of "εκαστον των οντων" as "each of the things that exist" as philosophically overloaded In regard to the definition of "arithmos" Mayberry would crucially prefix the word "multitude" in Euclid's definition—" An arithmos is a multitude composed of units"—with the word "definite". By this he means that arithmoi have definite objectively existing, bounds or limits – not in the sense that arithmoi are constrained in size or are amenable to any operational procedure such as counting out, or comprise exactly those things for which some linguistically formulated condition holds, but only in the sense that it is true of any individual thing that it is either in the arithmos or not in it. In particular conformity to Common Notion 5 (whole greater than the part) is not implied in the very concept "arithmos" but merely a judgement that all arithmoi possess, as it happens, this property. For pluralities defined by conformity to some condition or correspondence with some common noun – e.g. "arithmoi with more than three units" or "horses" – Mayberry uses the Aristotelian word "species". A species exists merely because we can conceive it: it is not an objective thing in the world but a thought in our heads, while the things that fall into a species may or may not coincide with an arithmos. Similar remarks apply to other conceptions such as "property"—e.g. that of being and ordinal or "global function" e.g. the Power Set and Union operators. Mayberry writes :


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: The second of Mayberry's core philosophical doctrines is that things and arithmoi of things objectively exist and are part of the fabric of external reality. The ontological credentials of an arithmos are exactly those of its constituent units. It is not however the task of the mathematician to investigate or speculate whether things falling into a species – such as clouds in the sky, shades of red, human emotional states, men of the 22nd century – are sufficiently clearly individuated to constitute units of possible arithmoi or whether the boundaries of pluralities of things—e.g. should we count centaurs and mermaids as falling into the species "human kind"? is it exactly determined when shades of red end and shades of purple begin ?—are sufficiently clearly delineated as to constitute an arithmos. The work of the arithmetician can begin with the simple assumption that there are objective clearly individuated things which he can take as units and definite pluralities of such things that he can take as arithmoi. Mayberry writes:


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: The third of Mayberry's core philosophical doctrines is that definitions made, properties defined, and arguments constructed using the quantifies "For all" and "There exist" are only intelligible, as statements of objective fact, if the scope of each quantifier is restricted to a definite arithmos. So, for instance, if we are dealing with girls, qua units, and know how to compare two girls in respect of the property "clever" we can sensibly say "Joan is the cleverest girl in her class" but not "Joan is the cleverest girl" tout court, as the latter statement purports to quantify over all the things falling into the species "girl". This stance gives him an additional reason to reject the foundational pretensions of the two classical first order axiomatic systems of Peano Arithmetic and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Not only does he object to the operationalism inherent in the very construction of such formal systems, but he now also rejects the intelligibility of the free use of unrestricted quantifiers in the formation of predicates in the axiom schemata of Induction and Replacement.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: Mayberry's fourth core doctrine is connected with his third. He affirms that in dealing with units and arithmoi—i.e. with things—we can unproblematically use classical logic, whereas in dealing with thoughts – such as species, global functions, general constructions properties etc. – the appropriate logic is intuitionistic. In particular if we know that the assumption "All members of the arithmos a possess the property P" implies an absurdity, then we can legitimately infer "there exists some member of a, x, for which P(x) does not hold". However, if we make a statement using a quantifier over a species e.g. "there exists some thing possessing P" or "P holds of all things" we are no longer reporting an objective fact that must be either the case or not the case. The affirmer of such a statement has to be understood as making a claim that he has in mind a justification of it – i.e. in the case of a universal quantifier, grounds for believing that given any conceivable thing P holds of it, or in the case of an existential quantifier, he knows of an instance of the species for which P holds. Since statements incorporating unrestricted quantifiers must be understood subjectively, it is clear that Excluded Middle principle is then simply not valid. For instance if the meaning of "For all things P holds" is "I have in mind a general construction to produce for each thing an argument that P holds of that thing" and the meaning of "there exist a thing for which P does not hold" is "I have in mind a construction to produce a thing for which P fails to hold." then I cannot necessarily assert that the disjunction is true as I may, for instance, have no constructions at all in mind. On this topic Mayberry writes:


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: Mayberry's fifth core doctrine is that, broadly in analogy with Euclid's postulates for Geometry, postulates for Arithmetic can be laid down, making a good a defect in the Elements which, contrary to the expectations created by the structure Common Notions and Postulates for Geometry, do not contain any such postulates. Mayberry carries out this program in Chapter 4 of his book. His postulates follow, to some degree Euclid in form, but the axiomatic ideas about sets issuing from the 19th and early 20th centuries, in content. Broadly analogous to Euclid's postulates on the construction of a circle given a point and a line or the construction of a unique straight line given two points are the postulates to do with Union, Power Set and Cartesian product which posit global constructions producing new arithmoi from one or more given ones. Somewhat different however are his postulates on Replacement and Comprehension. These do not set out individual constructions which simply have to be grasped but rather make affirmations about all possible constructions and all conceivable properties. In a sense one can understand them as affirming the existence of general bridges from thoughts to things. Both however can, like the postulates concerning specific constructions, be understood as "finiteness principles" affirming the existence of new arithmoi. Mayberry's "corrected" Euclid would thus underpin the sister disciplines of Geometry and Arithmetic with Common Notions, applicable to both, supplemented by two sets of Postulates, one for each discipline. Indeed, in so far as Geometry does rely on the notion of arithmos – it does so even in defining triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons etc., but more exigently in some Propositions, e.g.. Book VI Prop. 31, which make affirmations about general polygons—the "corrected" Euclid would place the study of Arithmoi before that of Geometry.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: The final item of Mayberry's core philosophy is his belief that in Euclid's failure to recognise the force of Common Notion 5 – when applied to arithmoi a great historical opportunity was missed and, in his allowing himself definition by iteration, a huge misstep was taken whose consequences have ramified through the history of mathematics. Equipped with a proper appreciation of Common Notion 5 and eschewing iteration, a "corrected" Euclid would have pursued those parts of mathematics that are concerned with the finite – in addition to the actual modest content of Books 7–9, natural number theory, finite combinatorics, finite group and field theory and more generally the study of finite structures. Mayberry's calls this subject Euclidean Arithmetic and devotes a considerable part of his book to developing the basics of it. He is concerned in particular with establishing to what degree proof by induction and definition by recursion are at all warranted. He shows that, far from the Euclidean theory of arithmoi being a minor rework of modern natural number theory, in fact no viable notion of the natural numbers can be established in Euclidean Arithmetic. Complementing his view on Euclidean Arithmetic Mayberry takes the view that, just as an alternative Geometries were created by denying Euclid's axiom of parallels, an alternative Arithmetic is created by denying Common Notion 5 and affirming the existence of at least one arithmos for which the whole can be put in 1-1 correspondence with a part. This theory, which Mayberry would prefer to name Cantorian Arithmetic, is of course, modern set theory, which has shown itself capable (arguably) of subsuming all of mathematics and in particular the Geometry which, in the Euclidean dispensation of adherence to Common Notion 5, is a separate sister discipline of Arithmetic.


title: John Penn Mayberry

text: Mayberry's philosophy seeks to impose a new standard, flowing from his ontological and semantic convictions, of clarity and rigour on mathematics to be achieved in the first instance through a program of systematic separation of Euclidean from Cantorian mathematics. In the Euclidean case this standard would require practitioners both of Geometry and Arithmetic to eschew all appeal to iterative processes. The consequent most immediate challenge in Geometry is to "correct" Euclid by establishing the theorems of Book VI on the basis of the methods and techniques of Books I-IV, avoiding the use of the ratio concept introduced in Book V. For Arithmetic the corresponding challenge is to establish the results of Book VII-IX without resort to the sort of iterative procedure that Euclid allows himself in the definition of multiplication. (Book VII, Definition 15.) For Cantorian Arithmetic the main challenge would be to show that the great body of infinitary mathematics—the disciplines flowing in one way or another from the calculus—does not require unbounded quantifiers and consequently that the instances of the Replacement Schema of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms for set theory involving such quantifiers, are, as well as being disallowed by Mayberry's general philosophy, in any case technically redundant.


title: Maria Sebaldt

text: In 1953, Sebaldt made her film debut alongside Rudolf Prack in When The Village Music Plays on Sunday Nights. Since then, film and television have been her artistic focus. She played in music films like The Gypsy Baron, dramas like The Story of Anastasia (with Lilli Palmer in the title role), comedies like Helmut Käutner's The Zürich Engagement (with Lilo Pulver) and Father, Mother and Nine Children (with Heinz Erhardt), crime fiction like The Black Sheep after Gilbert Keith Chesterton (with Heinz Rühmann as Father Brown), and the gangster movie parody Oops, here's Eddie! (with Eddie Constantine ), westerns like Five Thousand Dollars on One Ace, and literary adaptations like Alfred Weidenmann's two-parter based on Thomas Mann's The Buddenbrooks and Helmut Käutner's adaptation of Carl Zuckmayer's The Captain from Köpenick. She often embodied sympathetic characters, but also cunning gangsters such as Virginia Peng in the real-life version of Manfred Schmidt's popular comic series Nick Knatterton.


title: Serious Sam

text: Croteam created a proprietary engine for use in both Serious Sam: The First Encounter and Serious Sam: The Second Encounter. At the time Croteam was making Serious Sam, licensing other engines was costly (upwards of US$1 million), so they made their own from scratch, following the feature set of the first Doom engine, which simulated 3D spaces in 2D, and did not include up or down targeting. As they were creating their own, both Duke Nukem 3D (which added up-and-down freelook) and Quake (a fully 3D rendered environment) were released, requiring Croteam to incorporate these features into their engine for their game to be competitive. Development was further complicated when the first 3D accelerators were released, prompting Croteam to develop for hardware rendering over software. Recognizing they needed to bring something new to what other games were pushing at that time, Croteam decided that they would make their Serious Engine support extremely large environments, with virtual view distances of over a kilometre, physics support, and capability of rendering up to a hundred enemies on screen at a time, and do this on the processing power of what current low-end computers using the original Pentium CPUs could handle. The team devised ways of doing object path caching so that they only had to perform collision detection with environmental features every few seconds rather than every cycle. Collision detection was also sped up by approximating the environment with spheres rather than boxes. This also enabled them to have multidirection gravity which was used for some of the game's secret areas.


title: Education in Morocco

text: The higher education system consists of both private and public institutes. The country has fourteen major public universities, including Mohammed V University in Rabat and Al-Karaouine University, Fes, along with specialist schools, such as the Al-Zahrawi International University of Health Sciences, and the music conservatories of Morocco supported by the Ministry of Culture. The Karaouine University at Fes has been teaching since 859, making it the world's oldest continuously operating university. However, there are dozens of national and international universities like SIST British University that work along with the public universities to improve the higher education in Morocco. In addition, there are a large number of private universities. The total number of graduates at the tertiary level in 2007 was 88,137: the gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level is 11 percent and it has not fluctuated significantly in the past few years. Admission to public universities requires only a baccalauréat, whereas admission to other higher public education, such as engineering school, require competitive special tests and special training before the exams.


title: Six Characters in Search of an Author

text: An acting company prepares to rehearse the play The Rules of the Game by Luigi Pirandello. As the rehearsal is about to begin, they are unexpectedly interrupted by the arrival of six strange people. The Director of the play, furious at the interruption, demands an explanation. The Father explains that they are unfinished characters in search of an author to finish their story. The Director initially believes them to be mad, but as they begin to argue among themselves and reveal details of their story, he begins to listen. The Father and The Mother had one child together (The Son), but they have separated and Mother has had three children by another man – The Stepdaughter, The Boy and The Child (a girl). The Father attempted to buy sex from The Stepdaughter, claiming he did not recognize her after so many years, but The Stepdaughter is convinced he knew who she was the entire time. The Mother walked in on The Father and The Stepdaughter shortly after The Father's proposal and informs The Stepdaughter that he is her ex-husband; they both express their disgust and outrage. While The Director is not an author, he agrees to stage their story despite disbelief among the jeering actors.


title: Six Characters in Search of an Author

text: After a 20-minute break, The Characters and The Company return to the stage to perform some of the story so far. They begin to perform the scene between The Stepdaughter and The Father in Madame Pace's shop, which the Director decides to call Scene I. The Characters are very particular about the setting, wanting everything to be as realistic as possible. The Director asks The Actors to observe the scene because he intends for them to perform it later. This sparks the first argument between The Director and The Characters over the acting of the play because The Characters had assumed that they would be performing it, seeing as they are The Characters already. The Director continues the play, but The Stepdaughter has more problems with the accuracy of the setting, saying she doesn't recognize the scene. Just as The Director is about to begin the scene once more, he realizes that Madame Pace is not with them. The Actors watch in disbelief as The Father lures her to the stage by hanging their coats and hats on racks, and Madame Pace follows, "attracted by the very articles of her trade".


title: Tightlacing

text: Despite the efforts of dress reformers to eliminate the corset, and despite medical and clerical warnings, women persisted in tightlacing, although a number of design changes were made to the standard corset which purported to alleviate its effects on the wearer's health. By the 1910s and 20s, the corset had begun to fall out of fashion entirely, driven by both cultural and practical changes. The need for steel during World War I and World War II made corsets a luxury rather than a necessity. At the same time, first-wave feminism, the Artistic Dress movement, and the flapper subculture popularized less exaggerated silhouettes, and elasticated girdles and brassieres began to rise in popularity to create a less rigidly shaped figure. Although the structured, corseted wasp-waist made a resurgence after World War II in the form of the New Look, there was soon backlash with hippie culture; meanwhile, the rise of popular fitness culture meant that diet, liposuction, and exercise became the preferred methods of achieving a thin waist. Corsets were no longer fashionable, but they entered the underworld of the fetish, along with items such as bondage gear and vinyl catsuits, as well as alternative and runway fashions, as seen in the work of Vivienne Westwood or in the goth subculture. They are often worn as top garments rather than underwear. Historical reenactors often wear corsets, but few tightlace.


title: Facilities engineering

text: The term Facilities Engineer emerged in the 1990s from the already existing vocation of the Plant Engineer. This evolution occurred in order to match the rapid advancements in technology at the time. There was a need for a more specialized and dynamic type of engineer, while still having the general background knowledge and experience of a plant engineer or a stationary engineer. These skills consisted of, but were not limited to: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, environmental engineering, civil engineering, business management, statistical analysis, communications, and effective supervision skills. The result of this development was a jack-of-all-trades engineer who takes their specialization into a facility and helps it operate unhindered at its highest level of efficiency. That is to say that a facilities engineer is quite simply a plant engineer placed into a position where they must utilize a certain set of skills based upon the necessity of the employer. This need generally calls for hands-on maintenance but can also include managerial or even supervisory responsibilities. While the purpose of a facilities engineer may seem straight forward, the large variety in facilities within different industries calls for a very broad range of training.


title: Facilities engineering

text: Facilities engineers have the responsibility of establishing different projects in support of the plant's design and operation needs to be able to ensure an efficient and all the different aspects of safety are met up to standard. The industries that Facilities engineers can go into are the one that would typically require different plant layout plans, need organizational needs, and require different equipment and purchasing needs such as Health Care, Aerospace/Defense, and Energy/Utilities industries. They can also seek employment position such as operating engineer, a chief engineer, a facilities manager, maintenance foreman, or as a building maintenance supervisor. (learn.org) Facilities Engineers may be given management positions in the plants that they are working on to supervise the other facilities engineers and their license requirements, equipment provided, and getting the rights vendors hired to be able to meet the needs for the plant or facility. When working on certain projects, facilities engineers must meet the appropriate amount of resources such as hands and materials.


title: Facilities engineering

text: Due to a major advancement in industrial and commercial construction, in conjunction with a highly increased emphasis on energy efficiency, it is not uncommon for colleges and universities to have courses and degrees specifically allocated to facilities engineering. For example, in the late 1990s Purdue University created a graduate course with an emphasis on the various mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and control skills necessary to maintain and increase the efficiency of these facilities. These skills consist of: mechanical measurements, calculations, basics of HVAC, the piping included in systems and associated equipment, efficiency in electricity and power, induction motors and variable speed drives, electrical systems, wiring, and lighting. Since facilities engineering has such a broad scope due to its wide array of necessary skills, courses tend to include education and hands-on training in virtually every aspect of engineering. This includes principles from software engineering and basic programming and coding in at least one language. However, the main focuses of these facilities engineering degrees tend to be on HVAC and energy efficiency. Other methods of training are certification courses sponsored and offered by the Association for Facilities Engineers. The Association for Facilities Engineers (AFE) was created by the American Institute of Plant Engineers, which was consisted of a highly regarded group of like-minded engineers or aspiring engineers who shared a common goal. This goal was to create new methods in which facilities engineers, plant engineers, facilities managers, and facility supervisors could become more efficient and productive in their various trades. This in turn would not only benefit the prospective engineers and managers, but was also intended to help economically advance the industries in which these trainees work. These certifications help to train engineers, supervisors, and maintenance managers in accordance with the methods necessary to maintain and efficiently work in and/or run a plant operating based on modern technological standards. With all of this training facilities engineers are capable of working in just about any facility, which can come in some variety.


title: Facilities engineering

text: Facilities engineers are not required to have at least a bachelor's degree but most of them do for experience and it is not unusual to see many facilities engineers with master's degrees in the given fields. They must have that degree in either structural engineering, mechanical engineering, or manufacturing engineering. Most employers require one to have 3–10 years of experience before they will consider someone as eligible for the given job. Depending on how skilled the job is. Licensure and certification are required by a lot of employers, consisting of a professional engineer license, an EPA certification and boiler operator license, and an EPA certification. EPA also was known as Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of protecting human health and the environment, and the certificate for Facilities engineer makes sure the person receiving the certificate is well aware of these dangers. Most importantly all Facilities engineers must be able to problem. solve, be able to communicate there verbal and written skills, know the building process of the specific job, and know the specific code requirements for the given job. Some facilities engineers can the bachelors in science degree and required license but they can also receive an associate degree applied in science for Facilities engineering technology.


title: Barbara Steel

text: After her husband's death, Lady Steel became more involved in women's issues. Between 1904 and 1906, she served on the executive committee of the Scottish Women's Liberal Federation (SWLF), a women's branch of the Scottish Liberal Party. She also served on the Local Government and Women's Franchise committees of the SWLF and was a member of the Edinburgh National Society of Woman Suffrage. Lady Steel made international headlines from England to Australia and the United States in March 1907, when she refused to pay taxes without being allowed to vote. Her furniture was seized and sold to pay her tax bill. The same month, she led a protest at the Mercat Cross to demand women's suffrage. Later that same year, in October, she ran in the first town council meeting in which women were allowed to contest. On the eve of the election, a poem "The Suffragette's Nut Cracked" showing the conflict over votes for women and Steel's candidacy was published in the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch. Though she did not win a seat in the November election, because of her militant stance on taxation, she is remembered as "the first woman to stand for election to Edinburgh Town Council".


title: Birnawan, Dih, Raebareli

text: The 1991 census recorded Birnawan (as "Birnanan") as having a total population of 7,484 people (3,772 male and 3,712 female), in 1,492 households and 1,485 physical houses. The area of the village was listed as 1,554 hectares. Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 1,445, or 19% of the total; this group was 48% male (697) and 52% female (748). Members of scheduled castes made up 34% of the village's population, while no members of scheduled tribes were recorded. The literacy rate of the village was 16% (1,023 men and 203 women). 2,128 people were classified as main workers (1,963 men and 165 women), while 580 people were classified as marginal workers (54 men and 536 women); the remaining 4,766 residents were non-workers. The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 1,586 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 273 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 3 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 21 household industry workers; 6 workers employed in other manufacturing, processing, service, and repair roles; 3 construction workers; 37 employed in trade and commerce; 5 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 94 in other services.


title: Noritsu

text: However, since the 2000s, the spread of digital cameras has altered the business performance of Noritsu Koki, which is mainly in the film business. In 1996, Fujifilm released the Frontier, the world's first digital minilab, and in 1998, Konica released the QD-21, the world's first digital minilab compatible with memory cards. Noritsu was right behind to the digital market, so it partnered with Kodak and released the QSS-27 series of digital minilabs equipped with the DLS (Digital Lab System) software system developed by Kodak. In 2002, Noritsu partnered with Seiko Epson to develop the "dry minilab," which prints photos using the inkjet method without using a developing solution. Despite that, the incumbent president, Kanichi Nishimoto, died in 2005 at the age of 90. Under the leadership of the second president, Noritsu Koki sought to continue the minilab business by forming an alliance with rival Fujifilm in 2006 to jointly develop a digital minilab, but the founding family (wife and daughter of Kanichi Nishimoto), Noritsu Koki's major shareholders, dismissed all directors in 2008. Thereafter, Hirotsugu Nishimoto, former secretary and son-in-law of Kanichi Nishimoto, took over as president.


title: Noritsu

text: Noritsu Koki had been in the red since 2006, but as of 2008, the company had no debt, retained earnings of 70.7 billion yen, and sales of 62.6 billion yen, and was thought to be the world's largest company in the minilab business. However, in reality, the minilab industry has been in a rapid decline. In 2005, Copal, which had jointly developed minilabs with Agfa, withdrew from the minilab business following the bankruptcy of Agfa in Germany; in 2006, Konica Minolta transferred its minilab business to Noritsu (and withdrew from all camera and photo businesses at the same time); in 2010 In 2010, KIS, a French company under the KIS Photo-Me group (which also had a small market share in Japan), withdrew from the minilab business, and in 2012, Kodak, which had jointly developed the minilab with Noritsu, went bankrupt. Fujifilm, Noritsu's biggest rival in the minilab business, had also scaled back its imaging business and restructured its business portfolio to focus on the healthcare business and high-functional materials.


title: List of high commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom

text: The High Commission of Australia in London is Australia's oldest diplomatic posting, and was created through the passage of the High Commissioner Act 1909 on 13 December 1909, which established the role as appointed by the Governor-General and defined that they would "act as representative and resident agent of the Commonwealth in the United Kingdom, and in that capacity exercise such powers and perform such duties as are conferred upon and assigned to him by the Governor-General carry out such instructions as he receives from the Minister respecting the commercial, financial, and general interests of the Commonwealth and the States in the United Kingdom and elsewhere." After the appointment of Reid as High Commissioner, Collins continued to serve as Official Secretary to the High Commissioner until his retirement in 1917. On 24 July 1913, King George V laid the foundation stone of Australia House, the future site of the Australia mission, which he also officially opened five years later on 3 August 1918.


title: National Service League

text: The League was founded on 26 February 1902 at the instigation of Conservative politician Lord Newton, with the fourth Duke of Wellington as its first president. Initially the League was one pressure group among many, and made little impression. By October 1904, it had only 1,725 members with 2,000 in 1905. However, in November 1905 Field Marshal Lord Roberts agreed to become the League's president, becoming its figurehead and leading spokesman. This helped transform the League into a significant force in British public life. It accordingly grew in size, with a membership of 21,500 in December 1908, with a further 30,000 'adherents'. The circulation of the League's journal, The Nation in Arms, grew to 17,500. By 1910 the League had 60,000 members. The League's Annual Reports of 1908 and 1913 commented that the number of local branches in the country were 33 and 45 respectively. The Annual Report of 1913 stated that the 'total of subscribers', which included members and associates, was 96,526 and the 'number of adherents' was 163,746. Well known members included Field Marshal Lord Wolseley and Rudyard Kipling.


title: Kaikhosro II Jaqeli

text: In 1545, during the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-155, Samtskhe was under the attack of the main army of then incumbent Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Magnificent . Eventually, the Ottomans, assisted by Otar Shalikashvili, managed to overrun Samtskhe; Kaikhosro II was subsequently invested as a puppet atabeg by the Ottomans. In the same year, Kaikhosro (then aged 22) married Dedisimedi, a Georgian noblewoman of the House of Mukhrani. Ottoman aggression in Samtskhe alarmed Kaikhosro II; he subsequently appealed to then incumbent Iranian Safavid king Tahmasp I to drive the Ottomans off, and to assist him in regaining Javakheti (ever since the Samtskhe principality was disbanded, it had fallen under the rule of Luarsab I). In January 1547, Tahmasp I occupied the town of Akhalkalaki, despite a "severe winter", followed shortly by Javakheti and Lower Kartli. The Iranian army, however, was "decimated" by Luarsab I's mercenaries, and shortly after by those of Bagrat III of Imereti and Levan of Kakheti (who helped Luarsab I). Eventually though, both Bagrat III and Levan were paid off by Tahmasp I.


title: Kaikhosro II Jaqeli

text: Later in 1547, when the Ottoman threat flared up again, Tahmasp I summoned the kings of Imereti and Kakheti in order to secure tribute and military support from them. Kaikhosro II ended up watching the western part of his principality being assimilated by the Ottomans and formed into a paşalık, while the eastern moiety—where he preferred to stay—being subjected to Iran. The Ottomans would later periodically raid this eastern part of Samtskhe, which was under Iranian suzerainty; as a result, they managed to drive Kaikhosro in 1570 to the Iranian royal court at Qazvin, where he begged then incumbent king Tahmasp I to intervene. Kaikhosro II died three years later, in 1573, at Qazvin. He was succeeded by the eldest of his eight children with Dedisimedi, known by his dynastic name of Qvarqvare IV. However, since he was still young and inexperienced, the actual government of the country was taken over by his widow Dedisimedi and the nobleman Varaza Shalikashvili, whose sister was a favorite wife in king Tahmasp I's harem.


title: NeuN

text: Fox-3 is one of a family of three mammalian homologues of the Fox-1 protein, originally discovered as the protein product of a gene involved in sex determination in the nematode worm C. elegans. "Fox" is an acronym of "Feminizing locus on X". The mammalian genome contains three genes homologous to C. elegans Fox-1 (a.k.a. RBFOX1, A2BP, A2BP1 and HRNBP1), Fox-2, (a.k.a RBFOX2, RBM9, RTA and HRNBP2) and Fox-3 (a.k.a. RBFOX3 and HRNBP3). The HGNC names for the three proteins are RBFOX1, RBFOX2 and RBFOX3 respectively. The Fox proteins are each about 46kDa in size, and each includes a central, highly conserved ~70 amino acid RRM or RNA recognition motif. RRM domains are one of the most common in the human genome and are found in numerous proteins which bind RNA. The three mammalian Fox proteins function in the regulation of mRNA splicing and bind specific RNA sequences. An alternate name the three proteins is hexaribonucleotide binding protein 1, 2 and 3, (HRNBP1, 2 and 3), since all three bind the hexaribonucleotide UGCAUG, this binding being involved in their regulation of mRNA splicing.


title: Moldcell

text: On April 28, 2000, Moldcell opened its first sales office in Chisinau, at the address: 55, Tighina Street. The same year, the mobile operator launched for the first time in Moldova the SMS service and the first prepaid package. The first logo was representing a friendly deer and the first slogan, which subsequently became famous, was „Waiting for us? Here we are!". On its fifth anniversary, Moldcell launches the twenty four/seven Call Center service (dialing 444 from mobile phone and 022 444 444 from fixed phones). A plan for people with hearing impairments was launched by Moldcell in 2006. Alocard Alternativ was based on text and internet services and had a specialized Call Center Service. In 2007, Moldcell became the first mobile telephony operator to accept electronic payments. In less than a year, the percentage of electronic payments reached 17% and in 2014 – this figure grew to 63%. In 2008, Moldcell commercially launched the 3G services and also this year, it made the first video call from its network. In 2009, Telia, at that time by name TeliaSonera group, became the first operator at global level to commercially launch the 4G services. In 2012, Moldcell became the first 4G operator in Moldova. Also this year, the company launched, for the first time in Moldova the mSănătate (mHealth) services for several categories of beneficiaries, including pregnant women and young mothers. In 2012, Republic of Moldova became the eighth country in the world to introduce the mobile signature. Moldcell had a strategic contribution in this project, sharing with the local implementers the relevant experience of the Baltic companies from the TeliaSonera group. The communication platform „Născut în Moldova" (Born in Moldova) was launched by Moldcell in 2013, together with the introduction of the number portability service at national level. Also in 2013, Moldcell offered, for the first time on the local market, an option with unlimited national calls.


title: Moldcell

text: Cartelă Moldcell – prepaid tariff plans, where the subscriber does not have the obligation to sign contracts or to pay monthly fees. bum – it's a community where subscribers benefit from unlimited calls within the #bum community, free access to social networks, national minutes, SMS and included Internet traffic. Abonament Moldcell –offers unlimited on-net calls, national minutes that can be used for international calls and Roaming and Internet. According to National Regulatory Agency for Electronic Communications and Information Technology (ANRCETI), Moldcell is leader on the Abonament (subscription) segment in Moldova. At national level, the average market share of Abonament and Postpaid is 22.7%, Moldcell market share in this sector stands at 33.26%. Internet ca lumea – Moldcell offers mobile internet packages, as well as internet via routers and modems, in the 3G and LTE (4G) standards. Moldcell Business – communication solutions and support for corporate clients. Moldcell provides a wide range of services (Info line, Telemarketing, Telesales, bulk SMS, Transport Management) etc. supporting and developing local and international business.


title: Moldcell

text: On August 11, 2014, Moldcell purchased three licenses for the right to use resources of radio - frequency spectrum in 800, 900 and 1800 MHz for the provision of networks and mobile communications services of general use. The licenses were granted for 15 years. With an investment of 25.5 million euros for the purchase of these licenses. From 2000 to 2014, Moldcell spent 3.7 billion MDL on the development of telecommunication infrastructure. In the same period, the company paid over 1 billion 254 million MDL in taxes and state levies. From the launch of this service in July 2013, and till late 2014, Moldcell acquired in its network over 60% of the overall number of Moldovan users who decided to change their operator. Also in late 2014, Moldcell obtained the highest revenues from selling broadband internet services (35.92%). Moldcell is the single operator on the Moldovan market that continues to stably increase its turnover, from 25.41% in Q4 2012, to 30.39% in Q4 2014. In 2014, Moldcell became partner of the first innovation lab in Moldova. MiLab works as a multilateral platform to engage actors from different sectors (public, private, non-profit, etc.) to seek and experiment with innovative approaches to the society's problems. MiLab is a joint project of UNDP Moldova, e-Government Center, British Embassy in Chisinau, Moldcell, and other private partners.


title: Kingdom of Mrauk U

text: Arakan had close contact with Bengal, coming into full contact with it as it was expanding eastwards. Bengal captured Satgaon and later Sonargaon towards the beginning of the 14th century, and during the reign of King Min Hti of Arakan , Bengal invaded Arakan by sea, raiding the Hinya river at Chittagong. Following the collapse of Pagan power and the death of Min Hti, Arakan fell into an interregnum, and constant raids were conducted by both the Burmese and the Talaing. The new king who took power in 1404, Narameikhla, who was a great-grandson of Min Hti, was immediately ousted by the forces of the Burmese Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, who captured Launggyet and forced Narameikhla to flee to the court of the Sultanate of Bengal at Gour. During Narameikhla's 24-year exile, Arakan became an extensive battleground for the Ava Kingdom and the Pegu Kingdom. The King of Ava installed his son-in-law on the throne of Arakan, bestowing him the title of Anoarahtâ. Pegu forces later captured and executed him. The power struggle ended with Razadarit coming out on top, capturing Taunggyet and installing his own governor, who was in power until 1423.


title: Kingdom of Mrauk U

text: Following the death of Ahmed Shah in 1426, his son Nazir Shah took the throne of Bengal. After 24 years of exile, Narameikhla finally regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from Bengali commanders Wali Khan and Sindhi Khan. The Bengalis who came with him formed their own settlements in the region. Narameikhla ceded some territory to the Sultan of Bengal and recognised his sovereignty over the areas. In recognition of his kingdom's vassal status, the kings of Arakan received Islamic titles, despite being Buddhists, and legalised the use of Islamic gold dinar coins from Bengal within the kingdom. The kings compared themselves to Sultans and fashioned themselves after Mughal rulers. They also employed Muslims in prestigious positions within the royal administration. Narameikhla minted his own, with Burmese characters on one side and Persian characters on the other. Despite ruling parts of Bengal, it continued to remain a protectorate of the Sultan of Bengal up until 1531.


title: Kingdom of Mrauk U

text: The 1666 Mughal conquest of Chittagong marked a definite end of the Golden Age for most historians. Arakan lost control of end of western bank of the Naf River in southeast Bengal after the Mughal conquest of Chittagong. In 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, the governor of Mughal Bengal and a claimant of the Peacock Throne, fled to Arakan with his family after being defeated by his brother Emperor Aurangzeb during the Battle of Khajwa. Shuja and his entourage arrived in Arakan on 26 August 1660. He was granted asylum by King Sanda Thudhamma. In December 1660, the Arakanese king confiscated Shuja's gold and jewelry, leading to an insurrection by the royal Mughal refugees. According to varying accounts, Shuja's family was killed by the Arakanese, while Shuja himself may have fled to a kingdom in Manipur. However, members of Shuja's entourage remained in Arakan and were recruited by the royal army, including as archers and court guards. They were king makers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest. The Portuguese and Arakanese continued their raids of Mughal Bengal which includes a raid in Dhaka in 1625.


title: Kingdom of Mrauk U

text: The Mahamuni Buddha image, which is now in Mandalay, was cast and venerated some 15 miles from Mrauk U where another Mahamuni Buddha Image flanked by two other Buddha images. Mrauk U can be easily reached via Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State. From Yangon there are daily flights to Sittwe and there are small private boats as well as larger public boats plying through the Kaladan river to Mrauk U. It is only 45 miles from Sittwe and the seacoast. To the east of the old city is the famous Kispanadi stream and far away the Lemro river. The city area used to have a network of canals. Mrauk U maintains a small archaeological Museum near Palace site, which is right in the centre of town. As a prominent capital Mrauk U was carefully built in a strategic location by levelling three small hills. The pagodas are strategically located on hilltops and serve as fortresses; indeed they are once used as such in times of enemy intrusion. There are moats, artificial lakes and canals and the whole area could be flooded to deter or repulse attackers. There are innumerable pagodas and Buddha images all over the old city and the surrounding hills. Some are still being used as places of worship today many in ruins, some of which are now being restored to their original splendor.


title: Aranjanam

text: Aranjanam / Araijan Kodi (Malayalam: അരഞ്ഞാണം Tamil:அரைஞான் கயிறு) is a girdle-like ornament for the waist, worn around the waist by many south Indian adults and children. It is usually made of gold or silver, sometimes it may also be a red or black thread tied around the waist. Aranjanam are common among women and men in India south India. A traditional practice being followed even today by many women and men, it is believed wearing Aranjanam is considered as protection from negative energy. In Kerala, almost all newborns irrespective of the religious affiliation get a waist chain. Although many boys generally abandon waist chains during their teenage years, but most girls continue to wear waist chains as adults. In Tamil Nadu, it is known as 'Araijan Kodi' and 'Aranjana Charadu' in Kerala , It is made of gold, silver, or thick thread in red or black and wears it under clothes and usually keeps it on all the time, even when nude. Aranjanam can also fasten the cloth on the waist, similar to women using it to secure the folds of a sari. Some parents also believe that it will safeguard against evil spirits. Although in India, many women and men continue to wear them as adults as well. A follower of Shiva is expected to wear a chain, with Rudrakshas strung in a white chain with one hundred beads, around the waist. In Lakshadweep a silver thread is worn by both men and women.


title: Spring Lake (Omaha, Nebraska)

text: In the late 1990s the leaders of the Spring Lake Neighborhood Association (SLNA), Janet Bonet* and Kris (Larsen)Sandoval, formed the Spring Lake Park Habitat Restoration and Preservation Team and spearheaded a grant-writing effort for funding from the Nebraska Environmental Trust. As a result of that effort, three grants were obtained to bring together park neighbors and city officials to create conceptual designs for a large water feature in the park. Professor Wigfall of the Kansas State University Landscape Architecture Program and the University of Nebraska at Lincoln Water Resources Division assisted in creating the basic plan and triggered a City of Omaha feasibility study. There is currently a community motivated action to reestablish the lake in Spring Lake Park. The Clean Solutions for Omaha program, a government funded program for helping Omaha comply with the US Clean Water Act by separating storm and waste water discharges into public waterways, is carrying out design and engineering requirements for a project that will allow for storm water retention features in Spring Lake Park that incorporate wetlands, natural springs and ponds that will be available for public access and wildlife habitat.


title: Charles Robert Sanger

text: Sanger is best known for his work on arsenic poisoning of people exposed to arsenic-containing wallpaper, carpets and other house furnishings. Using his improved analytical methods, he showed that arsenic levels found in human tissues and excreta were directly correlated with exposure to arsenic-containing materials. The transfer of arsenic from arsenic to wallpaper to human beings was a further mystery. While removal of the wallpaper resulted in disappearance of toxic symptoms, painting over the wallpaper did not. The source of toxicity was arsine (arsenic hydride), an extremely toxic gas formed on reduction of the nonvolatile arsenates present in wallpaper. He thus confirmed the discovery by the Italian chemist Gosio that mold growing on an arsenic-containing substrate generated an arsenical gas the arsenine-forming fungus could live even on the painted surface, its cells reaching into the underlying wallpaper. "In attacking the subject he determined, with characteristic love, of truth, to place it on a secure experimental foundation by looking for arsenic in the excreta of people suffering from the disorders commonly attributed to poison from wallpapers."


title: Cordon sanitaire (international relations)

text: French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau is credited with coining the usage, when, in March 1919, he urged the newly independent border states (also called limitrophe states) that had formed in Eastern Europe after World War I to form a defensive union. Such a system would both isolate the Soviet Union from Western Europe, and thus quarantine the spread of communism, while simultaneously threatening Germany's eastern border in the event of war, guaranteeing French security. He called such an alliance a cordon sanitaire. France subsequently put this policy into practice by creating an alliance with Poland in 1921, followed by alliances with each member of the French-backed Little Entente alliance (Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania) starting in 1924. The alliance was further reinforced by bilateral treaties among Eastern European states such as the Polish–Romanian alliance. This is still probably the most famous use of the phrase, though it is sometimes used more generally to describe a set of buffer states that form a barrier against a larger, ideologically hostile state.


title: A Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1984 video game)

text: The game takes places in a massive, side-scrolling underground maze, throughout which is hidden 11 treasures. The goal is to find all of the treasures and return them to the surface. At the beginning of the game, the player character can run, jump, and climb. However, the player can obtain items that will expand their abilities, most of which are required to beat the game. They include dynamite to blow open walls, umbrellas to protect against falling rocks, oxygen pills to breathe underwater, a gun to shoot enemies, and more. The player has only 8 inventory slots, and each item and treasure occupies one; furthermore, the player cannot jump when carrying 6 or more, and cannot climb when carrying 8. Consequently, the player must backtrack to the surface several times over the course of the game to unload their currently-held treasure. The player can also drop unneeded items at any time. Items can be selected with the number keys on the keyboard and are used with the joystick's fire button.