title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: A disadvantage of using nanocrystals for drug delivery is nanocrystal stability. Instability problems of nanocrystalline structures derive from thermodynamic processes such as particle aggregation, amorphization, and bulk crystallization. Particles at the nanoscopic scale feature a relative excess of Gibbs free energy, due to their higher surface area to volume ratio. To reduce this excess energy, it is generally favorable for aggregation to occur. Thus, individual nanocrystals are relatively unstable by themselves and will generally aggregate. This is particularly problematic in top-down production of nanocrystals. Methods such as high-pressure homogenization and bead milling, tend to increase instabilities by increasing surface areas; to compensate, or as a response to high pressure, individual particles may aggregate or turn amorphous in structure. Such methods can also lead to the reprecipitation of the drug by surpassing the solubility beyond the saturation point (Ostwald ripening). One method to overcome aggregation and retain or increase nanocrystal stability is by use of stabilizer molecules. These molecules, which interact with the surface of the nanocrystals and prevent aggregation via ionic repulsion or steric barriers between the individual nanocrystals, include surfactants and are generally useful for stabilizing suspensions of nanocrystals. Concentrations of surfactants that are too high, however, may inhibit nanocrystal stability and enhance crystal growth or aggregation. It has been shown that certain surfactants, upon reaching a critical concentration, begin to self-assemble into micelles, which then compete with nanocrystal surfaces for other surfactant molecules. With fewer surface molecules interacting with the nanocrystal surface, crystal growth and aggregation is reported to occur at increased amounts. Use of surfactant at optimal concentrations reportedly allows for higher stability, larger drug capacity as a carrier, and sustained drug release. In a study using PEG as a stabilizer was found that nanocrystals treated with PEG enhanced accumulation at tumor sites and had greater blood circulation, than those not treated with PEG. Amorphization can occur in top-down methods of production. With different intramolecular arrangements, amorphization of nanocrystals leads to different thermodynamic and kinetic properties that affect drug delivery and kinetics. Transition to amorphous structures is reported to occur through production practices such as spray drying, lyophilization, and mechanical mechanisms, such as milling. This amorphization has been reportedly observed with or without the presence of stabilizer in a dry milling process. Using a wet milling process with surfactant, however significantly reduced amorphization, suggesting that solvent, in this case water, and surfactant could inhibit amorphization for some top-down production methods that otherwise reportedly facilitate amorphization.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: Liposomes are typically synthesized with naturally occurring phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine. Cholesterol is often included in the formulation to adjust the rigidity of the membrane and to increase stability. The molecular cargo is loaded through liposome formation in aqueous solution, solvent exchange mechanisms, or pH gradients methods. Various molecules can also be chemically conjugated to the surface of the liposome to alter recognition properties. One typical modification is conjugating polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to the vesicle surface. The hydrophilic polymer prevents recognition by macrophages and decreases clearance. The size, surface charge, and bilayer fluidity also alter liposome delivery kinetics. Liposomes diffuse from the bloodstream into the interstitial space near the target site. As the cell membrane itself is composed of phospholipids, liposomes can directly fuse with the membrane and release the cargo into the cytosol, or may enter the cell through phagocytosis or other active transport pathways. Liposomal delivery has various advantages. Liposomes increase the solubility, stability, and uptake of drug molecules. Peptides, polymers, and other molecules can be conjugated to the surface of a liposome for targeted delivery. Conjugating various ligands can facilitate binding to target cells based on the receptor-ligand interaction. Altering vesicle size and surface chemistry can also be tuned to increase circulation time. Various FDA-approved liposomal drugs are in clinical use in the US. The anthracycline drug doxorubicin is delivered with phospholipid-cholesterol liposomes to treat AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma and multiple myeloma with high efficacy and low toxicity. Many others are undergoing clinical trials, and liposomal drug delivery remains an active field of research today, with potential applications including nucleic acid therapy, brain targeting, and tumor therapy.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: Viruses can be used to deliver genes for genetic engineering or gene therapy. Commonly used viruses include adenoviruses, retroviruses, and various bacteriophages. The surface of the viral particle can also be modified with ligands to increase targeting capabilities. While viral vectors can be used to great efficacy, one concern is that may cause off-target effects due to its natural tropism. This usually requires replacing the proteins causing virus-cell interactions with chimeric proteins. In addition to using viruses, drug molecules can also be encapsulated in protein particles derived from the viral capsid, or virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs are easier to manufacture than viruses, and their structural uniformity allows VLPs to be produced precisely in large amounts. VLPs also have easy-to-modify surfaces, allowing the possibility for targeted delivery. There are various methods of packaging the molecule into the capsid; most take advantage of the capsid's ability to self-assemble. One strategy is to alter the pH gradient outside the capsid to create pores on the capsid surface and trap the desired molecule. Other methods use aggregators such as leucine zippers or polymer-DNA amphiphiles to induce capsid formation and capture drug molecules. It is also possible to chemically conjugate of drugs directly onto the reactive sites on the capsid surface, often involving the formation of amide bonds. After being introduced to the organism, VLPs often have broad tissue distribution, rapid clearance, and are generally non-toxic. It may, however, like viruses, invoke an immune response, so immune-masking agents may be necessary.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: An ideal drug delivery system should have effective targeting and controlled release. The two main targeting strategies are passive targeting and active targeting. Passive targeting depends on the fact that tumors have abnormally structured blood vessels that favor accumulation of relatively large macromolecules and nanoparticles. This so-called enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) allows the drug-carrier be transported specifically to the tumor cells. Active targeting is, as the name suggests, much more specific and is achieved by taking advantage of receptor-ligand interactions at the surface of the cell membrane. Controlled drug release systems can be achieved through several methods. Rate-programmed drug delivery systems are tuned to the diffusivity of active agents across the membrane. Another delivery-release mechanism is activation-modulated drug delivery, where the release is triggered by environmental stimuli. The stimuli can be external, such as the introduction of a chemical activators or activation by light or electromagnetic fields, or biological - such as pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure which can vary widely throughout the body.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: For polymeric nanoparticles, the induction of stimuli-responsiveness has usually relied heavily upon well-known polymers that possess an inherent stimuli-responsiveness. Certain polymers that can undergo reversible phase transitions due to changes in temperature or pH have aroused interest. Arguably the most utilized polymer for activation-modulated delivery is the thermo-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). It is readily soluble in water at room temperature but precipitates reversibly from when the temperature is raised above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), changing from an extended chain conformation to a collapsed chain. This feature presents a way to change the hydrophilicity of a polymer via temperature. Efforts also focus on dual stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, which can be harnessed to control the release of the encapsulated drug. For example, the triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(3-aminopropyl-methacrylamide)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PEG-b-PAPMA-b-PNIPAm) can self-assemble to form micelles, possessing a core–shell–corona architecture above the lower critical solution temperature. It is also pH responsive. Therefore, drug release can be tuned by changing either temperature or pH conditions.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: Drug delivery strategies of inorganic nanoparticles are dependent on material properties. The active targeting of inorganic nanoparticle drug carriers is often achieved by surface functionalization with specific ligands of nanoparticles. For example, the inorganic multifunctional nanovehicle (5-FU/Fe3O4/αZrP@CHI-FA-R6G) is able to accomplish tumor optical imaging and therapy simultaneously. It can be directed to the location of cancer cells with sustained release behavior. Studies have also been done on gold nanoparticle responses to local near-infrared (NIR) light as a stimuli for drug release. In one study, gold nanoparticles functionalized with double-stranded DNA encapsulated with drug molecules, were irradiated with NIR light. The particles generated heat and denatured the double-stranded DNA, which triggered the release of drugs at the target site. Studies also suggest that a porous structure is beneficial to attain a sustained or pulsatile release. Porous inorganic materials demonstrate high mechanical and chemical stability within a range of physiological conditions. The well-defined surface properties, such as high pore volume, narrow pore diameter distribution, and high surface area allow the entrapment of drugs, proteins and other biogenic molecules with predictable and reproducible release patterns.


title: Nanoparticle drug delivery

text: Some of the same properties that make nanoparticles efficient drug carriers also contribute to their toxicity. For example, gold nanoparticles are known to interact with proteins through surface adsorption, forming a protein corona, which can be utilized for cargo loading and immune shielding. However, this protein-adsorption property can also disrupt normal protein function that is essential for homeostasis, especially when the protein contains exposed sulfur groups. The photothermal effect, which can be induced to kill tumor cells, may also create reactive oxygen species that impose oxidative stress on surrounding healthy cells. Gold nanoparticles of sizes below 4-5 nm fit in DNA grooves which can interfere with transcription, gene regulation, replication, and other processes that rely on DNA-protein binding. Lack of biodegradability for some nanoparticle chemistries can lead to accumulation in certain tissues, thus interfering with a wide range of biological processes. Currently, there is no regulatory framework in the United States for testing nanoparticles for their general impact on health and on the environment.


title: Crinoline and Romance

text: As described in a film magazine, Colonel Charles E. Cavanaugh (Gillingwater) lives in a secluded district of North Carolina with his orphaned granddaughter Emmy Lou (Dana). He has raised her in utter ignorance of life beyond this one spot and she still wears crinolines. The old home of the Cavanaughs is now in the hands of the Colonel's niece, Mrs. Kate Wimbleton, a middle-aged society woman who likes to surround herself with young people. She invites Emmy Lou to visit her but the grandfather refuses, so she sends Davis Jordan (Bowers) to help rescue the niece from her plight. When Jordan finds Emmy Lou, the servants force him off the place. Emmy Lou decides to runaway and visit her aunt. Her old fashioned ideas and costume win over the men and she proves a great success. Then she learns of her grandfather's illness and returns home to be with him. Jordan and Augustus Biddle (Forrest) follow her. Both men are in love with her and she cannot decide which she would like to marry. The bitter feeling between the two leads to a fist fight, and the Colonel decides it would be better settled with pistols in a duel. When Biddle cheats, Emmy Lou has no difficulty in making her choice.


title: The Roads

text: The Roads is also an entire off-grid plan section of the city of Miami. The streets and avenues in Miami-Dade County are aligned to a grid, where streets run east–west and avenues run north–south. The roads that run from Broadway to SW 32nd Road are roughly 45 degrees out of alignment with the grid-plan. The avenues running perpendicular to these roads are also 45 degrees out of alignment with their respective avenues coming from the north. The avenues in this section run northeast–southwest rather than the standard north–south that the ones in the rest of the county follow. This causes an abrupt change in numerical designation as they cross SW 12th Avenue (SW 5th Avenue turns west and becomes SW 18th Street, SW 4th Avenue turns west and becomes SW 20th Street, SW 2nd Avenue turns west and becomes SW 22nd Street, etc.) The most well known example of this confusion is when historic Coral Way being SW 3rd Avenue, makes a 45 degree turn onto SW 22nd Street as it crosses over SW 12th Avenue.


title: 2023 Zamfara State gubernatorial election

text: Ahead of the May primary, reports emerged that Aliyu Mohammed Gusau—former Defence Minister, father of Mahdi, and de facto leader of the Zamfara PDP—along with other Zamfara PDP figures backed banker Dauda Lawal instead of Mahdi or other candidates. On the initial primary date, Mahdi Aliyu Mohammed Gusau abruptly withdrew and endorsed Lawal while the other four candidates continued to an indirect primary that resulted in Lawal's victory after results showed him winning about 98% of the delegates' votes. After announcing the results, primary committee chairman Adamu Maina Waziri labeled the election as fair and thanked the delegates for the peaceful primary. However, the three losing candidates petitioned against Lawal's victory using claims of illegal interference from state party PDP Chairman Bala Mande to appeal to national party chairman Iyorchia Ayu. After Ayu did not act, the losing candidates took their case to the judiciary in an attempt to annul the primary; their case was successful and the primary was annulled on 16 September by a Federal High Court based on electoral irregularities. Within days, the state PDP declined to appeal and instead scheduled a new primary for 23 September; in the days before, the party held its candidate screening exercise and conducted a mini congress to add women to the list of delegates. In the rerun primary, Lawal won again by a similarly wide margin. However, on 8 November, another Federal High Court ruling nullified the rerun primary due to further irregularities and barred the party from fielding a nominee in the gubernatorial election. On November 23, a Court of Appeal panel sitting in Sokoto dismissed Lawal's appeal. However, another appeal was successful in January, reinstated Lawal as the legitimate nominee. The decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court on 6 March in a unanimous panel judgment.


title: Inquest

text: In the United States, inquests are generally conducted by coroners, who are generally officials of a county or city. These inquests are not themselves trials, but investigations. Depending on the state, they may be characterized as judicial, quasi-judicial, or non-judicial proceedings. Inquests, and the necessity for holding them, are matters of statutory law in the United States. Statutes may also regulate the requirement for summoning and swearing a coroner's jury. Inquests themselves generally are public proceedings, though the accused may not be entitled to attend. Coroners may compel witnesses to attend and give testimony at inquires, and may punish a witness for refusing to testify according to statute. Coroners are generally not bound by the jury's conclusion, and have broad discretion, which in many jurisdictions cannot be appealed. The effect of a coroner's verdict at common law was equivalent to a finding by a grand jury, whereas some statutes provide that a verdict makes the accused liable for arrest. Generally, the county or city is responsible for the fees of conducting an inquest, but some statutes have provided for the recovery of such costs. Whether the evidence presented at an inquest can be used in subsequent civil actions depends on the jurisdiction, though at common law, the inquest verdict was admissible to show cause of death. Coroners' reports and findings, on the other hand, are generally admissible.


title: Iron Road (opera)

text: Led by Andrew Onderdonk, the first Chinese labourers began to work on the Canadian Pacific Railway 14 May 1880. Canadians were generally suspicious of these immigrant labourers. Many argued citizens would lose labour opportunities from the Chinese, who they believed had no long-term investment in their lives in Canada as they had often come without their wives or children. However, Onderdonk supported this immigrant labour as he had needed approximately ten thousand labourers to complete the railway; at the time, only about thirty-five thousand inhabitants of British Columbia were of European descent. Macdonald was especially supportive of Chinese labour for he understood his goals for political unification would not be achieved without them, saying "t is simply a question of alternatives: either you must have this labour or you can't have the railway." Many of these labourers would work in the Frasier River Valley, one of the most difficult areas of terrain to surmount. Conditions working the railway were poor and Chinese labourers made no more than $1 per day doing the most dangerous work. This is the environment in which Chan would set his opera.


title: Iron Road (opera)

text: The elements yin and yang, the two basic forces that represent the contrary, but interdependent elements of the natural world, are exemplified in Chan's juxtaposition of Eastern and Western features. Relationships between husband and wife, master and worker, and father and daughter reveal these traditional elements more deeply. There are many scenes in which both yin and yang are presented, including Prologue — The New World, in which Ama and Lai Gwan embody divergent but dependent manifestations of their role as a woman in traditional Chinese society. Ama, a traditional Chinese female character, assumes her societal role passively, while Lai Gwan, who is also traditional, accepts her role more actively. Juxtaposition of Eastern and Western elements are found especially in the opera's orchestration, where Chan employs both Eastern and Western instrumentation. His orchestra includes more traditional instruments like violins, trumpets and horns, while also incorporating erhu, guzheng and yangqin, and many Chinese auxiliary percussion instruments. Certain Chinese instruments are employed especially when supporting the voice of a Cantonese character, whose melodies are often set to the pentatonic mode. Chan thought this setting "...seemed to be a natural consequence of the speeches ... these words ... tend to form the pentatonic scales." Likewise, melodies sung by the white characters are sometimes built on Irish folk and work songs, allowing for the emphasis of Taoist dualism, whose influence stems from Chinese culture.


title: Andy Frampton

text: Frampton progressed through the youth system at Crystal Palace before breaking into the first team and making his Football League debut at the age of 19 on 3 April 1999 in a 1–0 win over Norwich City at Carrow Road. He went on to make five more appearances for the club during the 1998–99 season, with the club ultimately finishing 14th in the league. During the 1999–2000 season he made 10 league appearances, including a 4–0 win over Portsmouth on 2 October 1999, with the club once again ending the season having achieved a mid–table league ranking of 15th. The 21-year–old defender made another ten league appearances in the 2000–2001 season. Crystal Palace struggled throughout the season however and only prevented relegation to the Second Division on the final day, beating Stockport County 1–0 on 6 May 2001. Frampton found his first-team opportunities limited during the 2001–02, playing just two matches in April 2002, as he proved unable to compete with Craig Harrison as first choice left-back. The defender made two appearances for Crystal Palace during the 2002–03 season, however, having failed to cement his place in the first-team, Frampton subsequently joined Football League Second Division club Brentford on a free transfer on 28 October 2002.


title: Museum of Portuguese Music

text: A large part of the museum's collection of popular string, wind and percussion musical instruments used in Portugal was put together by the Corsican musician and ethnologist Michel Giacometti, who spent much of his life studying Portuguese folk music. The collection of 381 instruments was acquired by the Cascais Municipality in 1981, together with some ethnographic items. Giacometti was on the committee to set up the museum, with the collaboration of the Portuguese Institute of Cultural Heritage and the Portuguese Museum of Ethnology in Lisbon. Giacometti's library was also acquired, allowing the creation of the documentation centre of the museum. In 1994, the composer Fernando Lopes Graça, who had previously worked closely with Giacometti on his research, left many items to the Municipality of Cascais in his will and these were incorporated in the museum in 1995. At this time the museum took on its present name. More recently, it has also incorporated a collection acquired from the conductor Álvaro Cassuto.


title: Mullard–Philips tube designation

text: Special quality tubes were sometimes identified by placing the numerical part of the designation between the heater rating and the tube type. The special quality could be anything, from rugged designs for military and industrial use, through devices with exceptionally low noise and microphony, to designs primarily optimised for long life without cathode poisoning when used for switching in a digital computer (but not necessarily with exceptional qualities as an amplifier). For example, an ECC81 manufactured as a special quality (SQ) tube would usually be designated 'E81CC'. The system was not universal as other special quality designation systems existed. An EF91 in its special quality version was designated 'M8083' (the 'M' meant Military) as in this case the standard EF91 was derived from the M8083 military design. Also, the SQ tube was not always designed for the same tasks or given the same Maximum Ratings (for example the E80F was more suitable for audio and electrometer applications, lacking the RF screening of the EF80, with anode and screen grid power ratings roughly half the EF80.


title: Thillalangadi

text: Meanwhile, Shaam, who played a vital role in the Telugu version, took up the same the role in Tamil, whilst Prabhu was hired for a "significant role" and Vadivelu and Santhanam were hired for the film's comedy portions. Prabhu Ganesan would be playing the role of Ravi's father, which was played by Sayaji Shinde in the original version. It was said, that yesteryear actor Karthik was initially considered and approached for the role, before Prabhu Ganesan was finally confirmed. Suhasini Maniratnam was hired to enact Ravi's mother character. Unlike in Raja's earlier remakes, which all had music scored by the composer who scored the original version and the same songs as well (except for M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi), composer Yuvan Shankar Raja was hired for the musical score this time, replacing Thaman S, who composed the music of Kick. Apart from Vadivelu and Santhanam, the film stars an array of comedians such as J. Livingston, Mayilsamy, Ganja Karuppu, Manobala, Thyagu and Sathyan as well.


title: Thillalangadi

text: The film was shot at various locations, including Chennai (India), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Bangkok (Thailand) and Singapore. The crew, including director Raja, Jayam Ravi, manager Senthil, cinematographer B. Rajasekar and art director Milan had been looking for locations in Malaysia in August 2009, after which the film shooting began. At first, shooting was held in Chennai for nearly 20 days, following which the crew flew to Malaysia, where a major portion of the film was to be shot, where the original film was shot as well. By mid-November, the crew had completed a 30-day schedule in Malaysia. The shoot in Malaysia involved an action sequence, filmed by three cameras simultaneously, which was shot on busy roads with special permissions from the local police authorities and a song sequence featuring Ravi and Tamannaah. Shooting was held also at the famous Petronas Towers and on the Singapore-Malaysian railway line. During the 30-day filming, the September 2009 Sumatra earthquakes occurred, which the team luckily survived. In late January 2010, a special song ("Solpechu Ketkadha Sundari"), widely publicized as the "360 degree song" was shot. It was filmed using a Nero motion control camera that revolves on a 360 degree angle set, which was handled by an Australian specialist Scott and would later look like a single shot. This song, choreographed by Shobi, which would feature 15 Jayam Ravis and 5 Tamannaahs, was completed in around 45 hours, on which alone nearly Rs. 75 lakhs was said to be spent.


title: Joseph Kiwele

text: Kiwele was born in Mpala, near Baudouinville at the shores of Lake Tanganyika on the side of the Belgian Congo. The son of a catechist of the Mpala mission, he went to primary school in his native town, before going to the small seminary of Lusaka in 1926, then to the major seminary of Baudouinville for his philosophy and theology studies. In Lusaka, he was first introduced to Western-style composing and in 1934, he authored his first compositions. In Élisabethville, he replaced an organist who fell ill. Struck by his musical gifts, Benedictine father Anschaire Lamoral gave Kiwele the permanent position of organist at the Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral of Élisabethville, and as a maths, sciences and music instructor at the St. Boniface school. Kiwele conducted Lamoral's boys' choir Croix de cuivre (Copper cross). At that time, he was considered one of the greatest African composers. In 1956, Monseigneur Jean-Félix de Hemptinne sent Kiwele to the Royal Conservatory of Liège in Belgium. When he returned to Élisabethville, he founded, with the help of the city's music school, another music school, but for Congolese people.


title: Joseph Kiwele

text: Before independence from Belgium, Kiwele was a member of the UMHK-backed Union congolaise. With his party's delegation, he participated at the Luluabourg conference in 1959. When Congo gained its independence from Belgium, Kiwele was elected as a provincial MP for the Baudouinville territory, now on a list of CONAKAT, political party of Moïse Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo. Eleven days after Congo's independence, Tshombe declared the independence of Katanga from the Congo. Kiwele became the Minister of National Education in the government of the new State of Katanga. Like all Katangese government Ministers, he had a Belgian chef de cabinet, in his case Marcel Petit. Kiwele composed the national anthem for the state, called La katangaise ("The Katangan"), in 1960. When Tshombe and Minister of Foreign Affairs Évariste Kimba were arrested at the Conference of Coquilhatville at the end of August 1961, Kiwele formed a triumvirate with Munongo and Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Kibwe to temporarily replace Tshombe at the helm of the country.


title: Ljubiša Stojmirović

text: He received the fifty-sixth position on the Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vučić — For Our Children electoral list in the 2020 parliamentary election and was elected to a fifth term when the list won a landslide victory with 188 mandates. He continues to serve on the education and science committee and is a member of the subcommittee on the information society and digitalization, a deputy member of the stabilization and association committee, and a deputy member of the committee on the diaspora and Serbs in the region. He is still the leader of Serbia's friendship group with Cuba and is a member of the friendship groups with Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, the Holy See, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, the Netherlands, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.


title: PCO (wrestler)

text: On April 27 at the 2019 Crockett Cup event, PCO and King won the eight-team tournament (winning three matches in the same night) to not only win the Crockett Cup Trophy, but also win the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship as well. At War of the Worlds, PCO challenged ROH World Champion Matt Taven for the championship, however he was defeated. The following night, PCO continued his feud with Taven by attacking Taven following his win over Mark Haskins. PCO would then compete in a Four Corner Survival match to determine the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship which was won by Jeff Cobb. At State of the Art, PCO competed in a DEFY or DENY match for the ROH World Championship which was won by Taven. At Death Before Dishonor XVII, PCO defeated Kenny King in a First-round match in the Final Battle ROH World Championship #1 contender tournament. At Glory By Honor XVII, PCO defeated fellow member of Villain Enterprises Marty Scurll in the finals of the tournament to become the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship. At Final Battle, PCO defeated Rush to become the ROH World Champion, in the process once again becoming a double champion in ROH, as well as becoming a world champion for the first time in his career. After his title win, Villain Enterpraises feuded with Rush's La Facción Ingobernable, retaining the World title against Dragon Lee, but losing against Rush on February 29. at Best in the World, PCO and Danhausen defeated The Bouncers (Brian Milonas and Beer City Bruiser).


title: PCO (wrestler)

text: In the summer of 2024, PCO began a kayfabe relationship with Steph De Lander. On the May 30 episode of iMPACT, PCO gave De Lander a "Love Note". On the June 20 episode of iMPACT, In an in-ring date segment, De Lander explained how it was nice to meet a "normal" guy for once and that she has dated so many "weirdos". The two went on to eat black spaghetti before being interrupted by First Class (reigning TNA Digital Media Champion, A.J Francis, and Rich Swann). Francis would then throw champagne at PCO and Swann would superkick him. De Lander would try to intervene, but Francis would then slam De Lander through a table, sparking a feud between PCO and A.J Francis. On the July 11 episode of iMPACT, After Francis successfully defended the TNA Digital Media Championship against Rhino, PCO appeared to attack Francis but was unsuccessful. PCO was then booked against Francis for the TNA Digital Media Championship and Canadian International Heavyweight Championship at Slammiversary. At the event, PCO defeated Francis to win the TNA Digital Media Championship and the International Heavyweight Championship for the first time in his career. After the match, Steph De Lander proposed to PCO, to which he responded, "Oui" ("Yes" in French). On the August 1 episode of TNA Impact, PCO and De Lander wedding was interrupted by a returning Matt Cardona, who attacked him and ruined their wedding.


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: William, the only son, was put to school at The King's School, Grantham, and then Stamford School, which he later saved and endowed. In May 1535, at the age of fourteen, he went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he was brought into contact with the foremost scholars of the time, Roger Ascham and John Cheke, and acquired an unusual knowledge of Greek. He also acquired the affections of Cheke's sister, Mary, and was in 1541 removed by his father to Gray's Inn, without having taken a degree, as was common at the time for those not intending to enter the Church. The precaution proved useless and four months later Cecil committed one of the rare rash acts of his life in marrying Mary Cheke. The only child of this marriage, Thomas, the future Earl of Exeter, was born in May 1542, and in February 1543 Cecil's first wife died. On 21 December 1546 he married Mildred Cooke, who was ranked by Ascham with Lady Jane Grey as one of the two most learned ladies in the kingdom, (aside from another of Ascham's pupils, Elizabeth Tudor, who was later Elizabeth I) and whose sister, Anne, was the wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon and mother of Sir Francis Bacon.


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: William Cecil's share in the Religious Settlement of 1559 was considerable, and it coincided fairly with his own Anglican religious views. Like the mass of the nation, he grew more Protestant as time wore on; he was happier to persecute Catholics than Puritans; and he had no love for ecclesiastical jurisdiction. His prosecution of the English Catholics made him a recurring character in the "evil counsellor polemics", written by Catholic exiles across the channel. In these pamphlets, polemicists painted a black picture of Burghley as a corrupting influence over the queen. "The Queen will listen to none but unto him", exiled Catholic intelligencer Richard Verstegan wrote, "and somtymes, she is faine to come to his bedsyde to entreat him in some-things." He warmly remonstrated with John Whitgift, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, over his persecuting Articles of 1583. The finest encomium was passed on him by the queen herself, when she said, "This judgment I have of you, that you will not be corrupted with any manner of gifts, and that you will be faithful to the state."


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: William Cecil sought to ensure that policy was commensurate with the royal finances, which often led him advocating a cautious policy. His economic ideas were influenced by the Commonwealthmen of Edward VI's reign: he believed in the necessity of safeguarding the social hierarchy, the just price and the moral duties due to labour. In his economic policy he was motivated by a variety of factors, including those of national independence and self-sufficiency, as well as seeking to balance the interests of the Crown and the subject. Cecil did not believe that economics and politics were separate or that there was a dichotomy between power and plenty. One of his biographers asserted that, for Burghley, "power was for defence from external enemies; plenty for security at home. Cecil pursued both power and plenty. They were the foreign and domestic aspects of his economic nationalism". He deplored the reliance on "foreign corn" and during an economic depression sought to ensure employment due to his fears of "tumults". Cecil used patronage to ensure the loyalty of the nobility.


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: "William Cecil's public conduct does not present itself in quite so amiable a light. As his predecessor, Lord Winchester, said of himself, he was sprung "from the willow rather than the oak". Neither Cecil nor Lord Winchester were men to suffer for the sake of obstinate convictions. The interest of the state was the supreme consideration for Burghley, and to it he had no hesitation in sacrificing individual consciences. He frankly disbelieved in toleration; "that state", he said, "could never be in safety where there was a toleration of two religions. For there is no enmity so great as that for religion; and therefore they that differ in the service of their God can never agree in the service of their country". With a maxim such as this, it was easy for him to maintain that Elizabeth's coercive measures were political and not religious. To say that he was Machiavellian is meaningless, for every statesman is so, more or less; especially in the 16th century men preferred efficiency to principle. On the other hand, principles are valueless without law and order; and Burghley's craft and subtlety prepared a security in which principles might find some scope."


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: In February 1581, White demonstrated his independence in council, refusing to sign a letter to the queen regarding Nicholas Malby's actions in the Munster rebellion since he was away in England during the deliberations of the meeting. Again, on 28 August 1582 White was accused of withholding his signature to conciliar deliberations on the actions of the deputy during the Pale rebellion. He continued to demonstrate his valuable insights to Burghley in regular correspondence throughout the period, including letters of December 1581 on the miseries of war, the need for temperate government, and his fear that the wild Irish were glad to see the weakness of English blood in Ireland. In a missive of 13 September 1582 White complained of the unfriendly dealings of Lucas Dillon, his erstwhile companion and fellow Irish-born councillor, stating they had been for a long time of 'contrary minds'. In spite of his sympathies for the native Irish he was apparently the author of an extraordinary trial by combat in September 1583 in which Teig MacGilpatrick O'Connor and Conor MacCormac O'Connor died. His usefulness as an Irish speaker and a nominal protestant made White an essential privy councillor for two decades.


title: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

text: Richard Attenborough depicted him in the film Elizabeth , although the portrayal was inaccurate in many ways, including in regards to age and length of service. He was played by Ben Webster in the 1935 film Drake of England. He was a prominent supporting character in the 1937 film Fire Over England, starring Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh, and Flora Robson; Burghley (spelled Burleigh in the film) was played by Morton Selten. He also appears in the 2005 television mini-series Elizabeth I with Helen Mirren, played by Ian McDiarmid; was portrayed by Ronald Hines in the 1971 TV series Elizabeth R; by Trevor Howard in the 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots; and by Ian Hart in the 2005 miniseries The Virgin Queen. He is portrayed by David Thewlis in Roland Emmerich's Anonymous . Cecil is portrayed by Ben Willbond in the BAFTA Award-winning children's comedy television series Horrible Histories; in the spin-off film, Bill , he was played by Mathew Baynton. In the BBC TV miniseries Elizabeth I's Secret Agents , he is played by Philip Rosch.


title: The Man Who Came to Dinner

text: Kaufman and Hart wrote the play as a vehicle for their friend Alexander Woollcott, the model for the lead character Sheridan Whiteside. At the time the play was written Woollcott was famous both as the theater critic who helped re-launch the career of the Marx Brothers and as the star of the national radio show The Town Crier. He was well liked by both Kaufman and Hart, but that did not stop him from displaying the obnoxious characteristics displayed by Whiteside in the play. Kaufman and Hart had promised a vehicle for Woollcott but had been unable to find a plot that suited them until one day Woollcott showed up, unannounced, at Hart's Bucks County estate, and proceeded to take over the house. He slept in the master bedroom, terrorized Hart's staff, and generally acted like Sheridan Whiteside. On his way out he wrote in Hart's guest book, "This is to certify that I had one of the most unpleasant times I ever spent." Hart related the story to Kaufman soon afterwards. As they were both laughing about it, Hart remarked that he was lucky that Woollcott had not broken his leg and become stuck there. Kaufman looked at Hart and the idea was born.


title: The Man Who Came to Dinner

text: A 2000 revival, which ran for 85 performances, was produced by the Roundabout Theatre Company and directed by Jerry Zaks. The cast included Nathan Lane (Sheridan Whiteside), Jean Smart (Lorraine Sheldon), Harriet Sansom Harris (Maggie Cutler), and Lewis J. Stadlen (Banjo). In an interview prior to the opening, Lane said, "There's a danger in playing Whiteside. In the movie, Monty Woolley's portrayal at times came across as mean for mean's sake. It's when it gets nasty or bitchy that it goes off in the wrong direction." He suggested that his performance was influenced by Woollcott's repressed sexuality, stating, "He had a lot of...things he didn't want to deal with." The production received mixed reviews. Variety, The Advocate and Talkin' Broadway reviewed it positively, and Entertainment Weekly gave the production a B+, calling it "as fresh a send-up as an SNL sketch and an even more inspired plot" and singling out Smart's "swanning demonstration of ultimate showbiz phoniness" for praise. In The New York Times, however, Ben Brantley disliked the production, writing that "What should be a buoyant balloon of an evening more often an exercise in deflation." Brantley praised Stadlen but found most of the acting to be "a series of flourishes that sell individual jokes and epigrams without being anchored to character."


title: Open, Coma

text: The AllMusic review awarded the album 4½ stars stating "With its episodes of artful skronk lurking about, Open, Coma remains an uncompromising recording best suited for adventurous ears. But with its kaleidoscopic palette of colors and electric charge and groove conjuring up thoughts of Gil and Miles, this may be one of the best places for the uninitiated to begin investigating the world of Tim Berne". Pitchfork's Chris Dahlen said "it's no surprise that for all the colors and nuances of Berne's and conductor Ture Larsen's arrangements, this band is primarily an instrument of force. The great Basie and Ellington orchestras could get just as raucous, but they also had elements of swing and "cool" that Berne has mostly dispensed with. At turns rowdy, gorgeous, and frantically overstimulating, it's an exciting performance of Berne's catchy and intricate writing." The All About Jazz review said that "In many ways Open, Coma represents a new approach for Tim Berne. Never one to get too comfortable in any given place, he's taken a risk here by blowing up the size of the group and opening up its sound substantially. It pays off".


title: Canada–Venezuela relations

text: In February 1948, there was a Canadian Consulate General in Caracas and a Venezuelan Consulate General in Montreal. In that year, the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries; but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel for the manning of a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad. In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions. Finally, Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.


title: Coordinated Specialty Care

text: Psychopharmacological treatment, or medication management, is the process of assessing and prescribing medication for symptom management, and is a pivotal component of CSC. Long-term therapy with antipsychotics, however, is often associated with negative side-effects, low adherence, and high levels of medication discontinuation. Medication noncompliance is one of the many variables that lead to poorer outcomes among individuals with mental health issues and is even more so of an issue for individuals with schizophrenia, of which a third are noncompliant. Furthermore, studies have shown that medication alone is not enough, and is most successful in conjunction with psychosocial intervention: including psychoeducation, family interaction, skills training, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Medication management in CSC uses a shared-decision-making process combined with a harm reduction approach to encourage the individual to collaborate with their psychiatrist regardless of whether or not they choose to take medication.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Facebook has been criticized for making people envious and unhappy due to the constant exposure to positive yet unrepresentative highlights of their peers. Such highlights include, but are not limited to, journal posts, videos, and photos that depict or reference such positive or otherwise outstanding activities, experiences, and facts. This effect is caused mainly by the fact that most users of Facebook usually only display the positive aspects of their lives while excluding the negative, though it is also strongly connected to inequality and the disparities between social groups as Facebook is open to users from all classes of society. Sites such as AddictionInfo.org state that this kind of envy has profound effects on other aspects of life and can lead to severe depression, self-loathing, rage and hatred, resentment, feelings of inferiority and insecurity, pessimism, suicidal tendencies and desires, social isolation, and other issues that can prove very serious. This condition has often been called "Facebook Envy" or "Facebook Depression" by the media.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Social networks, like Facebook, can have a detrimental effect on marriages, with users becoming worried about their spouse's contacts and relations with other people online, leading to marital breakdown and divorce. According to a 2009 survey in the UK, around 20 percent of divorce petitions included references to Facebook. Facebook has given us a new platform for interpersonal communication. Researchers proposed that high levels of Facebook use could result in Facebook-related conflict and breakup/divorce. Previous studies have shown that romantic relationships can be damaged by excessive Internet use, Facebook jealousy, partner surveillance, ambiguous information, and online portrayal of intimate relationships. Excessive Internet users reported having greater conflict in their relationships. Their partners feel neglected and there's lower commitment and lower feelings of passion and intimacy in the relationship. According to the article, researchers suspect that Facebook may contribute to an increase in divorce and infidelity rates in the near future due to the amount and ease of accessibility to connect with past partners. The use of Facebook can cause feelings of sexual jealousy.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: In July 2018, a meta-analysis published in Psychology of Popular Media found that grandiose narcissism positively correlated with time spent on social media, frequency of status updates, number of friends or followers, and frequency of posting self-portrait digital photographs, while a meta-analysis published in the Journal of Personality in April 2018 found that the positive correlation between grandiose narcissism and social networking service usage was replicated across platforms (including Facebook). In March 2020, the Journal of Adult Development published a regression discontinuity analysis of 254 Millennial Facebook users investigating differences in narcissism and Facebook usage between the age cohorts born from 1977 to 1990 and from 1991 to 2000 and found that the later born Millennials scored significantly higher on both. In June 2020, Addictive Behaviors published a systematic review finding a consistent, positive, and significant correlation between grandiose narcissism and the proposed category of psychological dependence called "problematic social media use". Also in 2018, social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and FIRE President Greg Lukianoff noted in The Coddling of the American Mind that former Facebook president Sean Parker stated in a 2017 interview that the Like button was consciously designed to prime users receiving likes to feel a dopamine rush as part of a "social-validation feedback loop".


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Following the murder of George Floyd in May 2020 and the subsequent protests in his name, Civiqs and YouGov/Economist polls showed that while net support for Black Lives Matter among White Americans increased from –4 points to +10 points in early June 2020 (with 43 percent in support), falling to –6 points by early August 2020, and by April 2021, further Civiqs polls showed that support for Black Lives Matter among White Americans had reverted to roughly its level of support prior to George Floyd's murder (37 percent in favor and 49 percent opposed). In a February 2021 interview on Firing Line, journalist Charles M. Blow criticized a minority of young white protestors in the George Floyd protests in the United States whom he argued were using the protests for their own personal growth to substitute for social rites of passage (e.g. prom) and summertime social gatherings (e.g. attending movie theaters or concerts) that were precluded by COVID-19 lockdowns and social distancing measures, noting that as lockdowns began to be relaxed and removed, support for Black Lives Matter among whites began to decline.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: In February 2021, Psychological Medicine published a survey reviewing 14,785 publicly reported murders in English language news worldwide between 1900 and 2019 compiled in a database by psychiatrists at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and the Columbia University Irving Medical Center that found that of the 1,315 personal-cause mass murders (i.e. driven by personal motivations and not occurring within the context of war, state-sponsored or group-sponsored terrorism, gang activity, or organized crime) only 11 percent of mass murderers and only 8 percent of mass shooters had a "serious mental illness" (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder), that mass shootings have become more common than other forms of mass murder since 1970 (with 73 percent occurring in the United States alone), and that mass shooters in the United States were more likely to have legal histories, to engage in recreational drug use or alcohol abuse, and to display non-psychotic psychiatric or neurologic symptoms.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Survey coauthor psychiatrist Paul S. Appelbaum argued that the data from the survey indicated that "difficulty coping with life events seem more useful foci for prevention and policy than an emphasis on serious mental illness", while psychiatrist Ronald W. Pies has suggested that psychopathology should be understood as a three-gradation continuum of mental, behavioral and emotional disturbance with most mass shooters falling into a middle category of "persistent emotional disturbance". In 2015, psychiatrists James L. Knoll and George D. Annas noted that the tendency of most media attention following mass shootings on mental health leads to sociocultural factors being comparatively overlooked. Instead, Knoll and Annas cite research by social psychologists Jean Twenge and W. Keith Campbell on narcissism and social rejection in the personal histories of mass shooters, as well as cognitive scientist Steven Pinker's suggestion in The Better Angels of Our Nature that further reductions in human violence may be dependent upon reducing human narcissism.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Facebook is a Big Tech company with over 2.7 billion monthly active users as of the second quarter of 2020 and therefore has a meaningful impact on the masses that use it. Big data algorithms are used in personalized content creation and automatization; however, this method can be used to manipulate users in various ways. The problem of misinformation is exacerbated by the educational bubble, users' critical thinking ability and news culture. Based on a 2015 study, 62.5% of the Facebook users are oblivious to any curation of their News Feed. Furthermore, scientists have started to investigate algorithms with unexpected outcomes that may lead to antisocial political, economic, geographic, racial, or other discrimination. Facebook has remained scarce in transparency of the inner workings of the algorithms used for News Feed correlation. Algorithms use the past activities as a reference point for predicting users' taste to keep them engaged. However, this leads to the formation of a filter bubble that starts to refrain users from diverse information. Users are left with a skewed worldview derived from their own preferences and biases.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: In 2015, researchers from Facebook published a study indicating that the Facebook algorithm perpetuates an echo chamber amongst users by occasionally hiding content from individual feeds that users potentially would disagree with: for example the algorithm removed one in every 13 diverse content from news sources for self-identified liberals. In general, the results from the study indicated that the Facebook algorithm ranking system caused approximately 15% less diverse material in users' content feeds, and a 70% reduction in the click-through-rate of the diverse material. In 2018, social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and FIRE President Greg Lukianoff argued in The Coddling of the American Mind that the filter bubbles created by the News Feed algorithm of Facebook and other platforms are one of the principal factors amplifying political polarization in the United States since 2000 (when a majority of U.S. households first had at least one personal computer and then internet access the following year).


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Facebook has, at least in the political field, a counter-effect on being informed: in two studies from the US with a total of more than 2,000 participants, the influence of social media on the general knowledge on political issues was examined in the context of two US presidential elections. The results showed that the frequency of Facebook use was moderately negatively related to general political knowledge. This was also the case when considering demographic, political-ideological variables and previous political knowledge. According to the latter, a causal relationship is indicated: the higher the Facebook use, the more the general political knowledge declines. In 2019, Jonathan Haidt argued that there is a "very good chance American democracy will fail, that in the next 30 years we will have a catastrophic failure of our democracy." Following the 2021 United States Capitol attack, in February 2021, Facebook announced that it would reduce the amount of political content in users News Feeds.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: It has been admitted by many students that they have experienced bullying on the site, which leads to psychological harm. High school students face a possibility of bullying and other adverse behaviors over Facebook every day. Many studies have attempted to discover whether Facebook has a positive or negative effect on children's and teenagers' social lives, and many of them have come to the conclusion that there are distinct social problems that arise with Facebook usage. British neuroscientist Susan Greenfield stuck up for the issues that children encounter on social media sites, stating that these sites can rewire the brain, which caused some hysteria regarding the safety of social media usage. She did not back up her claims with research, but did cause quite a few studies to be done on the subject. When an individual's self-image is broken down by others as a result of badmouthing, criticism, harassment, criminalization or vilification, intimidation, demonization, demoralization, belittlement, or attacking someone over the site, it can cause much of the envy, anger, or depression users report feeling after prolonged Facebook usage.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Facebook has a real-name system policy for user profiles. The real-name policy stems from the position "that way, you always know who you're connecting with. This helps keep our community safe." The real-name system does not allow adopted names or pseudonyms, and in its enforcement has suspended accounts of legitimate users, until the user provides identification indicating the name. Facebook representatives have described these incidents as very rare. A user claimed responsibility via the anonymous Android and iOS app Secret for reporting "fake names" which caused user profiles to be suspended, specifically targeting the stage names of drag queens. On October 1, 2014, Chris Cox, Chief Product Officer at Facebook, offered an apology: "In the two weeks since the real-name policy issues surfaced, we've had the chance to hear from many of you in these communities and understand the policy more clearly as you experience it. We've also come to understand how painful this has been. We owe you a better service and a better experience using Facebook, and we're going to fix the way this policy gets handled so everyone affected here can go back to using Facebook as you were."


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: In 2010, Facebook reportedly allowed an objectionable page, deemed by the Islamic Lawyers Forum (ILF), to be anti-Muslim. The ILF filed a petition with Pakistan's Lahore High Court. On May 18, 2010, Justice Ijaz Ahmad Chaudhry ordered Pakistan's Telecommunication Authority to block access to Facebook until May 31. The offensive page had provoked street demonstrations in Muslim countries due to visual depictions of Muhammad, which are regarded as blasphemous by Muslims. A spokesman said Pakistan Telecommunication Authority would move to implement the ban once the order has been issued by the Ministry of Information and Technology. "We will implement the order as soon as we get the instructions", Khurram Mehran told AFP. "We have already blocked the URL link and issued instruction to Internet service providers yesterday", he added. Rai Bashir told AFP that "We moved the petition in the wake of widespread resentment in the Muslim community against the Facebook contents". The petition called on the government of Pakistan to lodge a strong protest with the owners of Facebook, he added. Bashir said a PTA official told the judge his organization had blocked the page, but the court ordered a total ban on the site. People demonstrated outside court in the eastern city of Lahore, Pakistan, carrying banners condemning Facebook. Protests in Pakistan on a larger scale took place after the ban and widespread news of that objectionable page. The ban was lifted on May 31 after Facebook reportedly assured the Lahore High Court that it would remedy the issues in dispute.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: The University of New Mexico (UNM) in October 2005 blocked access to Facebook from UNM campus computers and networks, citing unsolicited emails and a similar site called UNM Facebook. After a UNM user signed into Facebook from off campus, a message from Facebook said, "We are working with the UNM administration to lift the block and have explained that it was instituted based on erroneous information, but they have not yet committed to restore your access." UNM, in a message to students who tried to access the site from the UNM network, wrote, "This site is temporarily unavailable while UNM and the site owners work out procedural issues. The site is in violation of UNM's Acceptable Computer Use Policy for abusing computing resources (e.g., spamming, trademark infringement, etc.). The site forces use of UNM credentials (e.g., NetID or email address) for non-UNM business." However, after Facebook created an encrypted login and displayed a precautionary message not to use university passwords for access, UNM unblocked access the following spring semester.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Facebook's strategy of making revenue through advertising has created a lot of controversy for its users as some argue that it is "a bit creepy ... but it is also brilliant." Some Facebook users have raised privacy concerns because they do not like that Facebook sells user's information to third parties. In 2012, users sued Facebook for using their pictures and information on a Facebook advertisement. Facebook gathers user information by keeping track of pages users have "Liked" and through the interactions users have with their connections. They then create value from the gathered data by selling it. In 2009 users also filed a lawsuit for Facebook's privacy invasion through the Facebook Beacon system. Facebook's team believed that through the Beacon system people could inspire their friends to buy similar products, however, users did not like the idea of sharing certain online purchases with their Facebook friends. Users were against Facebook's invasion of privacy and sharing that privacy with the world. Facebook users became more aware of Facebook's behavior with user information in 2009 as Facebook launched their new Terms of Service. In Facebook's terms of service, Facebook admits that user information may be used for some of Facebook's own purposes such as sharing a link to your posted images or for their own commercials and advertisements.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: On August 19, 2013, it was reported that a Facebook user from Palestinian Autonomy, Khalil Shreateh, found a bug that allowed him to post material to other users' Facebook Walls. Users are not supposed to have the ability to post material to the Facebook Walls of other users unless they are approved friends of those users that they have posted material to. To prove that he was telling the truth, Shreateh posted material to Sarah Goodin's wall, a friend of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Following this, Shreateh contacted Facebook's security team with the proof that his bug was real, explaining in detail what was going on. Facebook has a bounty program in which it compensates people a $500+ fee for reporting bugs instead of using them to their advantage or selling them on the black market. However, it was reported that instead of fixing the bug and paying Shreateh the fee, Facebook originally told him that "this was not a bug" and dismissed him. Shreateh then tried a second time to inform Facebook, but they dismissed him yet again. On the third try, Shreateh used the bug to post a message to Mark Zuckerberg's Wall, stating "Sorry for breaking your privacy ... but a couple of days ago, I found a serious Facebook exploit" and that Facebook's security team was not taking him seriously. Within minutes, a security engineer contacted Shreateh, questioned him on how he performed the move and ultimately acknowledged that it was a bug in the system. Facebook temporarily suspended Shreateh's account and fixed the bug after several days. However, in a move that was met with much public criticism and disapproval, Facebook refused to pay out the 500+ fee to Shreateh; instead, Facebook responded that by posting to Zuckerberg's account, Shreateh had violated one of their terms of service policies and therefore "could not be paid". Included with this, the Facebook team strongly censured Shreateh over his manner of resolving the matter. In closing, they asked that Shreateh continue to help them find bugs.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: In February 2014, Derek Muller used his YouTube account Veritasium to upload a video titled "Facebook Fraud". Within three days, the video had gone viral with more than a million views . In the video, Derek illustrates how after paying US$50 to Facebook advertising, the "likes" to his fan page have tripled in a few days and soon reached 70,000 "likes", compared to his original 2,115 likes before the advertising. Despite the significant increase in likes, Derek noticed his page has actually decreased in engagement – there were fewer people commenting, sharing, and liking his posts and updates despite the significant increase in "likes". Derek also noticed that the users that "liked" his page were users that liked hundreds of other pages, including competing pages such as AT&T and T-Mobile. He theorizes that users are purposely clicking "like" on any and every page to deter attention away from the pages they were paid to "like". Derek claims, "I never bought fake likes, I used Facebook legitimate advertising, but the results are as if I paid for fake likes from a click farm".


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: Under the United States' Fair Housing Act, it is illegal to show a preference for or against tenants based on specific protected classes (including race, ethnicity, and disabilities), when advertising or negotiating the rental or sale of housing. In 2016, ProPublica found that advertisers could target or exclude users from advertising based on an "Ethnic Affinity" – a demographic trait which is determined based on a user's interests and behaviors on Facebook, and not explicitly provided by the user. This could, in turn, be used to discriminate based on race. In February 2017, Facebook stated that it would implement stronger measures to forbid discriminatory advertising across the entire platform. Advertisers who attempt to create ads for housing, employment, or credit (HEC) opportunities would be blocked from using ethnic affinities (renamed "multicultural affinities" and now classified as behaviors) to target the ad. If an advertiser uses any other audience segment to target ads for HEC, they would be informed of the policies, and be required to affirm their compliance with relevant laws and policies.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: The change was described by Ryan Tate as Facebook's Great Betrayal, forcing user profile photos and friends lists to be visible in users' public listing, even for users who had explicitly chosen to hide this information previously, and making photos and personal information public unless users were proactive about limiting access. For example, a user whose "Family and Relationships" information was set to be viewable by "Friends Only" would default to being viewable by "Everyone" (publicly viewable). That is, information such as the gender of the partner the user is interested in, relationship status, and family relations became viewable to those even without a Facebook account. Facebook was heavily criticized for both reducing its users' privacy and pushing users to remove privacy protections. Groups criticizing the changes include the Electronic Frontier Foundation and American Civil Liberties Union. Mark Zuckerberg, CEO, had hundreds of personal photos and his events calendar exposed in the transition. Facebook has since re-included an option to hide friends lists from being viewable; however, this preference is no longer listed with other privacy settings, and the former ability to hide the friends list from selected people among one's own friends is no longer possible. Journalist Dan Gillmor deleted his Facebook account over the changes, stating he "can't entirely trust Facebook" and Heidi Moore at Slate's Big Money temporarily deactivated her account as a "conscientious objection". Other journalists have been similarly disappointed and outraged by the changes. Defending the changes, founder Mark Zuckerberg said "we decided that these would be the social norms now and we just went for it". The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada launched another investigation into Facebook's privacy policies after complaints following the change.


title: Criticism of Facebook

text: The company's way of handling scandals and criticism over fake news by diminishing its media company image is even defined as "potentially deadly" regarding the poor and fraught political environments like Myanmar or South Sudan appealed by the "free basics" programme of the social network. Serbian journalist Stevan Dojčinović goes further by describing Facebook as a "monster" and accuses the company of "showing a cynical lack of concern for how its decisions affect the most vulnerable". Indeed, Facebook had experimented with withdrawing media companies' news on user's newsfeed in few countries such as Serbia. Stevan Docjcinovic then wrote an article explaining how Facebook helped them "to bypass mainstream channels and bring stories to hundreds of thousands of readers". The rule about publishers is not being applied to paid posts raising the journalist's fears about the social network "becoming just another playground for the powerful" by letting them for example buy Facebook ads. Critics are also visible in other media companies depicting the private company as the "destroyer of worlds". LittleThings CEO, Joe Speiser states that the algorithm shift "took out roughly 75% of LittleThings" organic traffic while hammering its profit margins" compelling them to close their doors because they were relying on Facebook to share content.


title: Scrooge (1935 film)

text: When assessing various adaptations of A Christmas Carol, Christopher Cornell of The Gazette wrote in 1991 that "Vintage-film buffs may sing the praises of Seymour Hicks in 1935's Scrooge". In 1992, Jim Sulski of the Chicago Tribune described Scrooge as "probably the least known" feature film adaptation of A Christmas Carol and wrote, "That's unfortunate, because it's very loyal to Dickens' story, and it's nicely done." Sulski described the film as a "stately, moody version" of the story and appreciated Hicks in the title role. That same year, Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today described Scrooge as a commentary on the "Depression-era class conflicts" of the 1930s, pointing to the film's focus on "scenes of a sumptuous holiday ball paired with the sight of beggars clutching at scraps thrown by cooks preparing the feast". Wloszczyna noted that the film had little budget for special effects, but complimented the portrayal of Scrooge, writing of Hicks, "His portrayal is one of a tight-fisted terror, made believable from years playing the role on stage." In 1993, Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote that the best cinematic portrayal of Scrooge was by "the forgotten Sir Seymour Hicks in 1935." That same year, Marc Horton of the Edmonton Journal called Scrooge the second best film adaptation of A Christmas Carol, after the 1951 adaptation. Noting that Scrooge "might disappoint those who prefer a faster pace and a more sophisticated look", he nonetheless felt that the film contains "some delightful moments".


title: Scrooge (1935 film)

text: In 1996, Jim Beckerman of The Record described Scrooge as a "murky, antique-looking version of the Dickens story." Although he noted that "theater scholars may be thrilled to see Sir Seymour Hicks playing the role he made famous on the stage", he considered the film to be "stiff", "crudely made", and "a bit short on technical polish", criticising the use of disembodied voices to depict the ghosts. In 1999, Gary Mullinax of The News Journal compared the film to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, writing "The murky look of London makes the film kind of creepy". He considered some aspects of the film lacking though, describing the portrayal of Scrooge by Hicks as "just plain mean with few mitigating factors", criticising the omission of Fezziwig from the story, and writing that the "visits by the spirits get short shrift" in the film. That same year, Tunku Varadarajan of The Wall Street Journal called Scrooge's depiction of Jacob Marley "only as an eerie, disembodied voice" his favourite cinematic rendition of the character.


title: Scrooge (1935 film)

text: In 2008, Pat Craig of the Oakland Tribune ranked Hicks as the fourth best screen portrayal of Scrooge. That same year, Jay Ashley of the Times-News named Hicks as among his favourite screen portrayals of the character. He felt that Hicks and George C. Scott gave the two "most realistic" portrayals of the character on screen, writing, "Hicks is crotchety, eternally angry, pays no attention to personal hygiene, never combs his hair and doesn't leave a tip for his waiter. He is especially gruff with small children, apt to chase them with a stick. His is the most heartfelt "Bah! Humbug!" He is very good at counting his money", though he also opined that Hicks's rendition of the character was "the fastest reclaimed Scrooge". In 2009, Susan King of the Los Angeles Times described Scrooge as "definitely worth checking out because Hicks was the seminal Scrooge in the early part of the 20th century in England." In 2013, Dave Nordstrand of The Salinas Californian wrote, "Every year...I search the channels for the 1935 version of Scrooge", stating that none of the subsequent film adaptations of A Christmas Carol could "quite match the dramatic power of that flickering original."


title: Walther von der Vogelweide

text: In 1974, Helmut Hörner identified a farmhouse mentioned in 1556 as "Vogelweidhof" in the urbarium of the domain Rappottenstein. At this time it belonged to the Amt Traunstein, now within the municipality Schönbach in the Lower Austrian Waldviertel. Its existence had already been mentioned without comment in 1911 by Alois Plesser, who also did not know its precise location. Hörner proved that the still-existing farmhouse Weid is indeed the mentioned Vogelweidhof and collected arguments for Walther being born in the Waldviertel ("Forest Quarter"). He published this in his 1974 book 800 Jahre Traunstein (800 years Traunstein), pointing out that Walther says "Ze ôsterriche lernt ich singen unde sagen" ("In Austria , I learned to sing and to speak"). A tradition says that Walther, one of the ten Old Masters, was a Landherr (land owner) from Bohemia, which does not contradict his possible origin in the Waldviertel, because in mediaeval times the Waldviertel was from time to time denoted as versus Boemiam. Powerful support for this theory was given in 1977 and 1981 by Bernd Thum (University Karlsruhe, Germany), which makes an origin in the Waldviertel very plausible. Thum began with an analysis of the content of Walther's work, especially of his crusade appeal, also known as "old age elegy", and concluded that Walther's birthplace was far away from all travelling routes of this time and within a region where land was still cleared. This is because the singer pours out his sorrows "Bereitet ist daz velt, verhouwen ist der walt" and suggests he no longer knows his people and land, applicable to the Waldviertel.


title: Arthur Steele (SOE agent)

text: Steele was parachuted into France by No. 161 Squadron RAF on an SOE special duties mission on 19 June 1943, to act as network radio operator for the "MONK" network run by Charles Skepper who worked under the code name "Bernard" in the Marseille district. His code name was "Waiter" or "Laurent" and he was using the cover name Arthur Saulnier and later Arthur Clermont. He was active in the Barjols area where he lodged with the manager of a gasoline station. Steele installed six transmitters in the hills around Barjols and Saint-Martin-de-Pallières in places only accessible to knowledgeable local people. Each day from July 1943 to March 1944 he made contact with London passing and receiving about 400 messages. Steele arrange for a new agent Eliane Plewman to be parachuted in to Jura to join their team on the night of 13–14 August 1943. On several occasions Italian and German intelligence teams tried to locate the source of the radio signals but they had no effective local guides and were unable to reach his location on each attempt. The MONK circuit were able to carry out repeated acts of sabotage with explosives parachuted in from British bombers, (see article on Charles Skepper). In early March 1944 due to local changes he had to leave Barjols to join the group in Marseille.


title: Godfreys

text: Godfrey Cohen started the business in 1931 after buying 30 vacuum cleaners from auctions in the newspaper and putting them up for sale in his family's furniture store at a time when vacuum cleaners were typically only sold by door-to-door salesmen. It wasn't long before businessman John Johnston came across Godfrey Cohen's business, and the two quickly became business partners over a simple handshake, opening the first Godfreys store at the Prahran Market in Melbourne and forming a partnership that lasted for over 70 years. Over this period, the business rapidly expanded within Australia as demand from customers increased after World War II, and the product range grew from solely bagged vacuum cleaners to include steam mops, carpet shampooers, robotic vacuums, handstick vacuums, wet & dry vacuums, handheld vacuums, hard floor cleaners, garment steamers, backpack vacuums, floor polishers, carpet blowers, bagless vacuums, cleaning consumables and more including a range of anti-allergy, asthma and pet hair vacuum cleaners recognised by the National Asthma Council Australia as Sensitive Choice approved.


title: 2016 Dallas Wings season

text: The Wings began the season with three games on the road, and they won two, defeating Indiana and Washington but losing to New York. Their first game in their new home came against in-state rivals San Antonio on May 21. Dallas won 82–77 to mark their first win in their new home in front of a sell-out crowd. However, they would go on to lose their next two home games to finish May 3–3. Their losing streak extended into June, where they lost their first four games. Two of those losses were against eventual WNBA Finalists Minnesota and Los Angeles. The team extended its streaky performance by winning their next four games, including two wins, one in overtime, over Phoenix. The Wings lost two and won one game to finish June 5–6. Continuing to over around .500, Dallas lost its opening game of July and defeated Phoenix again in the second game. The team then hit a rough spot, losing its next six games to close out July. The streak did include an overtime loss to Minnesota and two five-point losses to Atlanta. The team's fortunes did not turn around after the Olympic break where they lost all three games in August and the first two games in September. They ended the losing streak at eleven by defeating San Antonio. They would only win one of their last three games, against New York. The Wings finished 11–23 overall and in 5th place in the Western Conference.


title: Hydrogen bond

text: In the IR spectrum, hydrogen bonding shifts the X−H stretching frequency to lower energy (i.e. the vibration frequency decreases). This shift reflects a weakening of the X−H bond. Certain hydrogen bonds - improper hydrogen bonds - show a blue shift of the X−H stretching frequency and a decrease in the bond length. H-bonds can also be measured by IR vibrational mode shifts of the acceptor. The amide I mode of backbone carbonyls in α-helices shifts to lower frequencies when they form H-bonds with side-chain hydroxyl groups. The dynamics of hydrogen bond structures in water can be probed by this OH stretching vibration. In the hydrogen bonding network in protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs), which are a type of phase change material exhibiting solid-solid phase transitions prior to melting, variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy can reveal the temperature dependence of hydrogen bonds and the dynamics of both the anions and the cations. The sudden weakening of hydrogen bonds during the solid-solid phase transition seems to be coupled with the onset of orientational or rotational disorder of the ions.


title: Hydrogen bond

text: An ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The simplest case is a pair of water molecules with one hydrogen bond between them, which is called the water dimer and is often used as a model system. When more molecules are present, as is the case with liquid water, more bonds are possible because the oxygen of one water molecule has two lone pairs of electrons, each of which can form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen on another water molecule. This can repeat such that every water molecule is H-bonded with up to four other molecules, as shown in the figure (two through its two lone pairs, and two through its two hydrogen atoms). Hydrogen bonding strongly affects the crystal structure of ice, helping to create an open hexagonal lattice. The density of ice is less than the density of water at the same temperature; thus, the solid phase of water floats on the liquid, unlike most other substances.


title: Constitution of Cuba

text: During the presidency of Federico Laredo Brú, a Constitutional Assembly was elected in November 1939 to write a new constitution. The Assembly debated publicly for six months and adopted the constitution at the Capitol in Havana. It was signed by the delegates on 1 July 1940, and took effect on 10 October 1940. It provided for land reform, public education, universal healthcare, minimum wage, and other progressive ideas, many of which were not implemented in practice. The constitution abolished capital punishment and established as national policy restrictions on the size of land holdings and an end to common ownership of sugar plantations and sugar mills, but these principles were never translated into legislation. The constitution ordained a presidency and a bicameral congress, both with a four-year tenure, with a ban on direct re-elections to the office of president (though non-consecutive re-election would be tolerated; similar to the current constitution of Chile) with executive power shared with a new, separate office of Prime Minister of Cuba, to be nominated by the president. Fulgencio Batista suspended parts of this constitution after seizing power in 1952. It was completely suspended after the Cuban revolution.


title: Constitution of Cuba

text: The new constitution was debated at the 8th Plenum of the Communist Party of Cuba's Central Committee which took place between 12 and 13 December 2018. At the meeting, the amended draft of the proposed constitution was drawn up by a group commissioned by the National Assembly of People's Power. However, details of what was amended would not be made public until it was approved by the National Assembly. On 18 December 2018, it was revealed that one of the changes to the new constitution which would have paved the way for same sex marriage was dropped. On 20 December 2018, another change to the new Cuban Constitution was dropped and its language once again reinserts direction to building a communist society. On 21 December 2018, the Cuba National Assembly approved the amended constitution, completing the final step for a referendum. On 24 February 2019, the new constitution was approved by 90.15% of voters, with a turnout of 84%. On 7 March, it was announced that the National Assembly would meet 10 April 2019 to determine the timeframe of when the new constitution would go into effect. On 28 March, it was announced the Council of State had held a meeting on 25 March and decided that the new constitution would be proclaimed by the National Assembly on 10 April. Upon being proclaimed, the new constitution would be adopted.


title: Frank Kendall III

text: During his tenure as Under Secretary, Kendall implemented policies that led to substantial improvements in the cost and schedule performance of the Defense Department's weapons acquisition programs. In 2016, he was recognized as Person of the Year by Aviation Week and Space Technology for his cost control efforts. In addition to the policy changes he initiated and executed under the "Better Buying Power" initiatives he directly oversaw over 50 of the largest defense weapons programs. Examples include the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program where he froze production for two years to incentivize efforts to stabilize the design, the GPS 3 ground system, OCX, where he led the effort to restructure and complete this troubled program. He oversaw the initiation of the development of the B-21 Long Range Strike Bomber which is currently executing to plan. He formulated and led the effort to acquire the Military Health System GENESIS (MHS GENESIS) program, modern healthcare management system that has been adopted by the Department of Veterans Affairs as well as the Defense Department. Kendall led the effort to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan with rapid acquisition programs and he led the effort to remove Syrian chemical weapons from that country and destroy them at sea. Kendall was a major sponsor for innovation, launching the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency led Aerospace Innovation Initiative. He raised alarms about Chinese military modernization and the threat it posed to U.S. conventional military superiority. While in office he authored the articles on defense acquisition that he compiled in his book "Getting Defense Acquisition Right".


title: Han Xizai

text: During the early Later Tang, Han Xizai's father Han Shusi (韓叔嗣) served as an assistant to military governor (Jiedushi) of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang), Fu Xi (符習). In 926, when many mutinies rose against Li Cunxu's rule and one of the most major was centered at Yedu (鄴都, in modern Handan, Hebei), Fu led his troops toward Yedu, preparing to combat the Yedu mutineers under the overall command of the major general Li Siyuan, an adoptive brother of Li Cunxu's. However, on the way, news arrived at Fu's camp that Li Siyuan's own army had forced him into joining the mutiny, so he tried to retreat back to Pinglu's capital Qing Prefecture (青州). When he reached Zi Prefecture (淄州, in modern Zibo, Shandong), however, the eunuch monitor of the Pinglu army, Yang Xiwang (楊希望), whom he had left in charge of the circuit in his absence, turned against him and tried to resist him from returning, so he took the army and fled west. The commander of the army left at Qing, Wang Gongyan (王公儼), then killed Yang and took over the city. Han Shusi was said to be a participant in Wang's plans.


title: Han Xizai

text: Upon his arrival at the Yang Wu court, Han Xizai submitted a petition in which he, describing his qualifications, used grand language that described himself as being learned in the Spring and Autumn Annals, military strategy from the Six Secret Teachings, having the capability of the Han dynasty strategist Chen Ping and the Warring States period debater Lu Zhonglian (魯仲連), and implicitly comparing himself to Fan Zeng and Jiang Ziya. At that time, dominant at the Wu court was the regent Xu Zhigao, who wanted to curb the officials in their behavior, but Han was young and carefree, which did not fit into Xu's ideals. Han therefore did not receive a high position — he was initially made Xiaoshulang (校書郎), a copyeditor at the Palace Library, and later three terms as assistant to the prefects of Chu (滁州, in modern Chuzhou, Anhui), He (和州, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui), and Chang (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu) Prefectures. This was despite the fact that at that time, Xu, wanting to entice capable people from the Central Plains, often promoted them quickly, but it was said that Han was not concerned about his being bypassed for promotions.


title: Han Xizai

text: Li Bian died in 943, and Li Jing became Southern Tang's emperor. He therefore immediately changed the era name (from his father's Shengyuan era to his own Baoda era). Han Xizai submitted a petition urging against doing so until the following calendar year, but Li Jing did not listen to him. Li Jing, however, did promote him to be Yubu Yunwailang (虞部員外郎), an official at the ministry of public works (工部, Gongbu), as well as an editor of the imperial history. Thankful for the promotion, he commented that it must have been that Li Bian understood his talent but wanted to wait to let Li Jing promote him, as the Eastern Wei regent Gao Huan did with his general Murong Shaozong (慕容紹宗) (whom he did not promote with the purpose of having his son Gao Cheng do so, so that Murong would be grateful to Gao Cheng). He thus offered many suggestions about governance, as well as various ceremonies, to Li Jing, not holding back. He therefore drew the suspicion of the senior chancellor Song Qiqiu and Song's associate Feng Yanji. It was Han who proposed, as Li Bian's funeral was being planned, that Li Bian's temple name be Liezu (using zu to signify a founder, even though Li Bian had ostensibly been claiming to be inheriting the Tang throne, as Han pointed that out that despite that ostensible connection, it was Li Bian who "restored" Tang rule which no longer existed by at point), a suggestion for which Li Jing was appreciative of, and he put Han in charge of drafting edicts. It was said that edicts that Han drafted were elegant, with style similar to those of the Yuanhe era of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.


title: Han Xizai

text: In 946, Later Tang's successor dynasty Later Jin was destroyed by the Khitan Liao Dynasty to the north. Han suggested to Li Jing that this was the opportune time to use the Khitan's unfamiliar with Chinese territory to attack north and "recover" Tang territory. However, at that time, Southern Tang's own main forces were stuck in a confrontation with Wuyue to the southeast, after having destroyed Min but not having been able to immediately seize all of Min territory, such that Li Jing could not open a second front to the north, a fact that caused him to regret the entire Min venture. After Song's associates Chen Jue and Feng Yanlu (Feng Yanji's brother) eventually were badly defeated by Wuyue forces during the Min campaign, causing Wuyue to be able to seize the former Min capital Fu Prefecture (福州, in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), Han proposed that they be executed, but Li Jing rejected the proposal, only exiling them. Han also continued to criticize Song's party, arguing that they would eventually bring disaster to the state. Song, in turn, accused Han of being wild and drunk, and had him demoted to be the personnel officer at He Prefecture. He was later promoted to be an assistant to the military governor of Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), and later restored his positions at Yubu Yuanwailang and editor of history. Shortly after, he was further promoted to be Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). He thereafter proposed minting money using iron, rather than the traditional copper. Li Jing agreed, and thereafter made him the deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang) as well as the director of the mint (鑄錢使).


title: Han Xizai

text: In 952, there was a rebellion by Later Zhou's general Murong Yanchao (a half-brother of Liu Zhiyuan, the founder of the predecessor Later Han, which succeeded Later Jin). Li Jing tried to aid Murong, but the Southern Tang army was repelled by Later Zhou, and Murong eventually was defeated, and then committed suicide. When subsequently there were still many proposals by others to attack Later Zhou, Han pointed out that Later Zhou's founding emperor Guo Wei was, by that point, firmly in control of his realm and that any attacks would be of dubious chance of success. Despite what Han pointed out, Southern Tang continued to frequently aid various rebellions against Later Zhou rule, causing irritation against Southern Tang at the Later Zhou court, such that, by the time of the reign of Guo's nephew and adoptive son Guo Rong (also known as Chai Rong), it did eventually launch a major attack against Southern Tang (which, incidentally, Han's old friend Li Gu initially commanded as a chancellor of Later Zhou, although Li Gu eventually had to resign before the end of the campaign due to illness) that greatly weakened Southern Tang by stripping it of its territory north of the Yangtze River. The only extent advice to Li Jing during the campaign from Han was in 956, when Li Jing put his brother Li Jingda (李景達) the Prince of Qi in charge of the operations resisting Later Zhou, but also made Chen (who had been restored to grace by that point) Li Jingda's army monitor. Han pointed out that there was no one more trustworthy than Li Jingda already, and that an army monitor was unnecessary, but Li Jing did not listen.


title: Han Xizai

text: Meanwhile, while Li Jing had apparently approved of Han's proposal to mint money using iron and copper, the proposal was apparently never carried out due to the strenuous objection of the chancellor Yan Xu, who believed that minting with iron was ill-advised.On one occasion, apparently after Li Yu's ascension, Han and Yan argued in front of the emperor on the matter, and Han's vehement argument apparently offended the emperor and/or Yan, causing him to be demoted to be Mishu Jian (祕書監, the head of the archival bureau). By 964, however, Han had apparently been restored to be deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang) and again put in charge of minting, with the intent that his iron-minting proposal be carried out. Upon the implementation, Li Yu awarded him with 2,000,000 of the new coins, and made him the minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu), as well as imperial scholar at Qinzheng Hall (勤政殿). However, it was said that the people lacked faith in the iron money, and secretly continued to hold on to copper money to preserve their wealth. When merchants travelled out of Southern Tang realm, they were exchanging 10 iron coins for one copper coin, and this could not be easily prohibited; as a result, prices for goods became greatly inflated. As a result, the Southern Tang government was forced to effectively legitimize this practice, using the iron money to only complement, not replace, the copper money. Han became regretful of his proposal.


title: Han Xizai

text: At Li Yu's court, Han developed a reputation for being talented, capable of speaking, and leading in fashion trend with his clothing.It was said that his hats, in particular, became famous, such that people from other states came from afar, seeking the hats and willing to pay large amounts of money for them. It was said that in his behavior, he did not pay attention to details, but was respectful to elders. He maintained 40 courtesans in his household, and did not guard their conduct, such that his male guests could come and go, associating with the courtesans freely, causing much murmur about the propriety of his household. When someone who was close to him asked him about this, he told that person, "I am doing this to dirty myself to avoid becoming chancellor. I am old, and I cannot become the laughing stock of history." At one point, Han was accused of not attending imperial meetings under false excuses, and was demoted to the purely honorary post of Taizi You Shuzi (太子右庶子) and sent out to the southern capital Nanchang. After receiving the demotion, Han dismissed his courtesans, pleasing Li Yu, who then kept him at the capital Jinling as Mishu Jian, and later then restored him as the minister of defense, planning to give him greater responsibilities. However, upon being restored to that post, Han summoned the courtesans back to his household, causing Li Yu to be exasperated at not knowing what to do with him and ultimately not making him chancellor. At one point, he offered five volumes of epigrams to Li Yu, who wrote him and thanked him, and then made him Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎, the deputy head of the legislative bureau) as well as chief imperial scholar at Guangzheng Hall (光政殿學士承旨).


title: Kevin Rudd (rugby league)

text: Rudd, a hooker, started his professional career as a player with Castleford in the late 1980s'. He was coached by the great Dennis Hartley. During his studies at Nottingham Trent University he played for the University student side, Midlands Universities (coached by the founder of Scotland Students R.L Malcom Reid), Nottingham City as well as for the Cambridge Eagles, playing in the fledgling London League, during his industrial placement year.: 150 After completing his studies in Nottingham, he returned to Garforth and represented Doncaster and Hull KR, as well as local amateur Club Lock Lane. From 1996, once he moved to Dunbar, on the east coast of Scotland for his first major engineering post,: 182 he played for several Scottish sides including the first club side in Scotland, the Forth & Clyde Nomads in 1996 and as captain for the Edinburgh Eagles in 1998 and 1999.: 203 He continued his studies in Scotland, graduating with an MBA at Edinburgh University in 1998. In 1996 he represented the Scottish National Student team at the Halifax Student World Cup, coached by former Welsh International John Risman, where Rudd was named player of the tournament for the Scottish side. He represented the Scottish team again at the 1999 Independent Student Rugby League World Cup: 205 as well as playing for Scotland 'A'. During the 1990s and 2000s he had played for so many different teams he became known in the rugby league world as 'a man who has played for more teams and countries than anyone known in the history of rugby league' as was quoted in Dave Hadfield's in book, Learning Curve: The story of Student Rugby League.: 150