title: Carlos Enrique Prado Herrera

text: Carlos has received numerous awards and honors in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of visual arts. Notably, the Mayor of Miami-Dade County and the Board of County Commissioners issued an official proclamation declaring Carlos Enrique Prado Day in 2022, acknowledging his significant impact on public art projects. His achievements also include a Reconocimiento (Recognition) at the Biennial of Cuban Contemporary Ceramics in 2022, the Second Prize for installation at the Biennial of Ceramics "The Vessel" at the National Museum of Ceramics in Havana in 2007, and the Third Prize in the VIII Biennial of Ceramics "Amelia Pelaez" in 2006. Additionally, he received a Mention in the VII Biennial of Ceramics "Amelia Pelaez" in 2004 and the Sculpture Prize in the Salon de la Academia 1996 at the International Event of Schools of Arts held at the San Alejandro National Academy of Fine Arts in Cuba. Furthermore, Carlos was honored with the Prize of the International Triennial of Ceramics Elit-Tile in 2003, hosted by the Museum of Modern Arts in Santo Domingo, The Dominican Republic. These accolades underscore the recognition Carlos Enrique Prado has harvested throughout his career.


title: Carlos Enrique Prado Herrera

text: Carlos Enrique's profound impact on public art is exemplified through his diverse contributions to installations commissioned by Miami-Dade County. These include the Serafin Sanchez Valdivia Monument, a bronze sculpture located in General Serafin Sanchez Park in Olympia Heights, Florida; the Rogelio Gonzalez Corzo "Francisco" Monument, adding cultural significance to Francisco Human Rights Park, Florida; "Rising Above the Horizon," a large-scale public sculpture at Medley Town Hall Monument Plaza, Florida; the iconic President Reagan Equestrian Monument at Tropical Park in Miami, Florida, a major sculpture in bronze symbolizing the connection between man and horse; and the Dulce María Loynáz Monument in Taoro Park, Puerto de la Cruz, Spain, commissioned by the City of Puerto de la Cruz. Each artwork, ranging from 2002 to 2022, showcases Carlos's ability to weave narratives that resonate with the cultural and historical context of diverse locations, enriching public spaces with his artistic vision.


title: Carlos Enrique Prado Herrera

text: Carlos Enrique Prado has showcased his artistic evolution through solo exhibitions, with notable presentations such as "Tautologies" at Kendall Art Cultural Center in Miami, FL . This recent exhibition featured 3D-printed ceramic sculptures, providing a glimpse into Carlos's contemporary approach and his mastery of the ceramics medium. Another significant solo exhibition, "Preludio y Fuga," took place at the Convent of San Francisco de Asis in Havana , where Carlos presented digital prints and installations as part of the Biennial X of Ceramics of Havana. Over the years, Carlos has consistently presented solo exhibitions, including "El icono escamoteado" at the Hispanic-American Center of Culture in Havana , "Terapia sanitaria" (Sanitary therapy) at the Ludwig Foundation of Cuba , "Re-Visiones" at the National Museum of Contemporary Cuban Ceramics , "Todo para llevar," featuring portable sculptures at the Galiano Gallery in Havana , and "Otra forma más de mirar lo mismo" at the Gallery of the Cultural Center ICAIC , among others.


title: Dermot Barnes-Holmes

text: Dermot Barnes-Holmes is a Professor of psychology at the School of Psychology, Ulster University and was Foundation Professor at the Department of Psychology at National University of Ireland, Maynooth. He is known for an analysis of human language and cognition through the development of Relational Frame Theory with Steven C. Hayes, and its application in various psychological settings. He was the world's most prolific author in the experimental analysis of human behaviour between the years 1980 and 1999. He was awarded the Don Hake Basic/Applied Research Award at the 2012 American Psychological Association Conference in Orlando, Florida. He is a past president and fellow of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, is a recipient of the Quad-L Lecture Award from the University of New Mexico and most recently became an Odysseus laureate of the Flemish Science Foundation and a fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International. In 2015 he accepted a life-time senior professorship at Ghent University in Belgium. He originally conceptualized and programmed the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP).


title: Plaza de Puente Alto metro station

text: The station's surroundings are dominated by municipal buildings like the civil registry office of Puente Alto, the Provincia Cordillera (Cordillera Province) building, and the old municipality building. There is a very active community of independent retail stores along with department stores that opened after the arrival of the metro station. In Plaza de Puente Alto square there is a statue of Manuel Rodríguez, a Chilean independentist hero. The station and square are a popular pick-up and connection point for taxis, share taxis, buses that go to different parts of south Santiago and throughout Cordillera Province, of which Puente Alto is the capital. Puente Alto is one of the most densely populated communes in the country, which is one of the reasons for the construction of the metro line and Plaza de Puente Alto metro station. In recent years, Puente Alto has had one of the fastest growing real estate sectors of all the Chilean communes, seeing 20% of total Santiago real estate sales. This rise is mainly due to the construction of houses for middle-class sectors, partly influenced by the extension of the metro network into this part of the city.


title: Free indirect speech

text: Irish author James Joyce also used free indirect speech in works such as "The Dead" (in Dubliners), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses. Scottish author James Kelman uses the style extensively, most notably in his Booker Prize winning novel How Late It Was, How Late, but also in many of his short stories and some of his novels, most of which are written in Glaswegian speech patterns. Virginia Woolf in her novels To the Lighthouse and Mrs Dalloway frequently relies on free indirect discourse to take us into the minds of her characters. Another modernist, D. H. Lawrence, also makes frequent use of a free indirect style in "transcribing unspoken or even incompletely verbalized thoughts". Lawrence most often uses free indirect speech, a literary technique that describes the interior thoughts of the characters using third-person singular pronouns ('he' and 'she') in both The Rainbow and Women in Love. According to Charles Rzepka of Boston University, Elmore Leonard's mastery of free indirect discourse "is unsurpassed in our time, and among the surest of all time, even if we include Jane Austen, Gustave Flaubert, and Hemingway in the mix."


title: Pea

text: Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of Early Modern Europe. In England, the distinction between field peas and garden peas dates from the early 17th century: John Gerard and John Parkinson both mention garden peas. Sugar peas, which the French called mange-tout, because they were eaten pods and all, were introduced to France from the market gardens of Holland in the time of Henri IV, through the French ambassador. Green peas were introduced from Genoa to the court of Louis XIV of France in January 1660, with some staged fanfare. A hamper of them was presented before the King. They were shelled by the Savoyan comte de Soissons, who had married a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. Little dishes of peas were then presented to the King, the Queen, Cardinal Mazarin and Monsieur, the king's brother. Immediately established and grown for earliness warmed with manure and protected under glass, they were still a luxurious delicacy in 1696, when Mme de Maintenon and Mme de Sevigné each reported that they were "a fashion, a fury".


title: English Football Hall of Fame

text: Also in 2007, the Football for All Award was created, with its inaugural holder being Stephen Daley, a Northern Irish-born English footballer whose professional career was ended by loss of vision at 18, and later became the captain of the partially sighted England national team. In 2008, Steve Johnson, a regular member of the England squad for amputee football and the leader of Everton's charity venture, Everton in the Community, won the award. In 2009, Ronnie Watson, a footballer who has learning disabilities, won the award. He had been training with Oldham Athletic, in preparation for the 2008 European Learning Disability Championship, where he would captain the England LD side. In 2010, George Ferguson won the award. Ferguson is a long-time member of Everton's blind football team and secretary of the Visually Impaired Football League. 2013 saw David Clarke, captain of Great Britain blind football team, win the award. From 2014 to 2017, members of the England cerebral palsy team were honoured, with Matt Dimbylow, Gary Davies, Martin Sinclair and Alistair Patrick-Heselton winning.


title: English Football Hall of Fame

text: The presentation of a special award would happen sporadically over the years. In 2007, Sheffield, the world's oldest football club was commemorated for reaching its 150th anniversary. In 2008, Michel Platini, then president of UEFA, became the second figure outside the English game to be honoured by the Museum in a one-off European Hall of Fame ceremony. Two years later, Jimmy Hill was honoured with a special lifetime achievement award. In 2013, the special award was used three times. Firstly, to Civil Service, the only surviving club of those represented at the official formation of the Football Association in 1863. Secondly, to Ebenezer Cobb Morley, the first secretary of the Football Association and often considered to be its founding father, inducted to mark the governing body's 150th anniversary. Thirdly, to William McGregor, the founder of the Football League was inducted to commemorate the organisation's 125th anniversary. In 2014, the Football Battalion, a group of professional footballers and fans who fought in the Battle of the Somme, were honoured. In 2015, Sun Jihai, the first Chinese player in the English game, was made "Anglo-Chinese Football Ambassador". His surprise induction was announced as part of the state visit to the United Kingdom by Chinese President Xi Jinping. The decision caused controversy on social media with Labour's shadow minister for sport Clive Efford suggesting that the award had been bought by the office of Prime Minister David Cameron. A spokesman for the museum explained that Sun had been recognised for his "ambassadorial role in enhancing the profile and popularity of English football to a Chinese audience". In 2016, two clubs were honoured: Cambridge University, for their unofficial claim to be the world's oldest club; some documents in their archive suggest a foundation year of 1856, the year before Sheffield began, and Notts County for their status as the world's oldest club currently playing at a professional level; founded in 1862.


title: Skulduggery Pleasant (novel)

text: Because of the power that can be held over people by sorcerers who know that person's real name, Stephanie starts going by Valkyrie Cain. Aided by boxer/tailor Ghastly Bespoke and the librarian/informant China Sorrows, Skulduggery and Stephanie meet with the strong Mr. Bliss and the professional swordswoman Tanith Low in the hopes that they can help keep the Sceptre away from Nefarian Serpine, who want to bring back their retired evil gods. Serpine, the originator of the plot and murder of Gordon, once served under the evil wizard Mevolent and worshiped the Faceless Ones. In an attempt to spread the evil religion and possibly bring back the Faceless Ones from their extra-dimensional banishment, Mevolent waged a secret war on the wizard community. Skulduggery opposed Mevolent in this war four hundred years ago, when he was still alive. He became ensnared in a trap Serpine set by murdering Skulduggery's wife and child, then suffered days of torture until he was finally killed by Serpine. Due to his extreme desire for revenge, rage and ties with unfinished business, Skulduggery resurrected himself. Now being made entirely out of bones, Skulduggery put himself back together and finished the war.


title: Skulduggery Pleasant (novel)

text: After a race against Serpine to find the Sceptre in the caves, Mr. Bliss betrays them, handing it to Serpine. Sagacious Tome, one of the Elders of the Magical Sanctuary that heads Ireland's wizard government, also reveals himself to be a traitor, and allows the two other Elders, Eachan Meritorious and Morwenna Crow, to be murdered by Serpine. Serpine invades the Sanctuary and enters the Repository, a storage of magical objects. Serpine's original plan was to use the Book of Names housed there to control the world, thus being able to simultaneously enforce Faceless One worship while searching unhindered for one who could show him how to bring them back. However the spell protecting the book is too strong, and only all three Elders' consent - or their deaths - would allow anyone to even approach it. In response to this, Serpine murders Tome. Mr. Bliss has been playing against Serpine all along, but is repelled when he tries to stop Serpine. Skulduggery and Stephanie, having snuck into the Sanctuary, witness the unfolding double and triple-crossing. Skuldggery attacks Serpine, with the Book of Names being destroyed in the ensuing struggle. Angered at his loss, Serpine tortures Stephanie with his Red Hand, but Skulduggery destroys him with the Sceptre, breaking its power in the process.


title: Skulduggery Pleasant (novel)

text: In the novel, Skulduggery Pleasant is a detective, magician, and warrior. He fought against Mevolent under Grand Mage Meritorious during the secret war as one of the leaders, and is in a group called The Dead Men but was caught in a deadly trap by Nefarian Serpine under Mevolent's command. He killed Skulduggery's wife and child in front of him. Furious, Skulduggery grabbed a dagger to kill Serpine with, but Serpine had planned this, and the handle of the dagger was poisoned. Serpine tortured Skulduggery for a few days then killed him. After Skulduggery's death, his body was impaled on a spike and burned as an example to Mevolent's other enemies. Though as a result of a necromancer's experiment, Skulduggery did not move on after his death, but stayed and watched the war progress; to his horror, the tide turned and Mevolent gained advantage. In the books, Skulduggery's past life name (given name) has not been revealed, though author Derek Landy says his taken name was "Skulduggery Pleasant" before he died. Skulduggery accepts the sacrifice of individuals as a necessary part of war, but he is highly reluctant to allow this to happen to Stephanie (aka Valkyrie Cain). He protects her diligently throughout the novel.


title: Skulduggery Pleasant (novel)

text: Stephanie is a twelve-year-old girl, who, in the book, lives in the quiet Irish seaside town of Haggard. With the events of the books she is forced into maturing at a much faster pace. She is also the niece of Gordon Edgley, a recently deceased horror novelist, whose novels, she discovers, were not completely fictional. She first meets Skulduggery at Gordon's funeral; Gordon was a friend of Skulduggery. Skulduggery tells Stephanie how Gordon once described her as "strong-willed, intelligent, sharp-tongued, doesn't suffer fools gladly", traits Gordon himself possessed. Stephanie proves herself to have all these qualities in spades, clashing wits with Skulduggery and annoying him to no end. She refuses to be left behind by Skulduggery after he saves her, despite his advice that she keep out of danger. He later comes to respect her abilities, recognizing them when she herself does not. Stephanie despised her boring, ordinary life; she did not have anything in common with her peers, and though not disruptive at school, has a healthy disregard for authority. She takes great enjoyment in Skulduggery's more criminal escapades, such as breaking into a museum vault. She constantly proves herself to be every bit the equal of the adults, though some people underestimate her – her pet peeve is being called "child".


title: LGBT rights in Colorado

text: In 1860, sodomy was made illegal in Colorado, then the Jefferson Territory, under its first criminal code, which indirectly prohibited sodomy by expressly recognizing common law, under which the maximum penalty for sodomy was death. In 1861, the U.S. Congress created the Colorado Territory, whose government enacted a criminal code that punished sodomy (as defined by common law) with penalties ranging from one year to life in prison. In 1922, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that the ban did not prohibit fellatio (oral sex), even though the court felt that the behavior was "more vile and filthy than sodomy". The law was revised in 1939 to expressly cover anal intercourse and oral sex, whether heterosexual or homosexual, and the maximum penalty was reduced to fourteen years. In 1953, Colorado enacted a psychopathic offender law that provided for indefinite institutionalization for committing sex crimes, thus putting homosexuals in the same category as rapists and child molesters. The law was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 in Specht v. Patterson, holding that the law was "unconstitutional because the defendants were not afforded basic due process of law in the proceedings". In 1970, the Colorado Supreme Court ruled that the sodomy ban also included cunnilingus.


title: LGBT rights in Colorado

text: On February 19, 2014, nine same-sex couples, some unmarried and some married in other jurisdictions, filed a lawsuit in state court challenging the state's definition of marriage and arguing that civil unions created a "second-class level of citizenship" for gays and lesbians. The suit, McDaniel-Miccio v. Hickenlooper, named Governor Hickenlooper and the Denver City Clerk as defendants. The clerk expressed support for same-sex marriage. Attorney General John Suthers, a Republican, announced he would defend the state's definition of marriage. On October 6, Suthers asked the Tenth Circuit to dismiss his appeal and lift the stay after the U.S. Supreme Court left in place as binding precedent other Tenth Circuit decisions holding bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional in Oklahoma and Utah. Same-sex marriage became legal on October 7, 2014 after the Colorado Supreme Court lifted the last legal barriers and Attorney General John Suthers told clerks around the state to begin issuing licenses.


title: LGBT rights in Colorado

text: In December 2022, it was reported that Colorado Springs Police Department have charged the gay bar shooter and perpetrator within Colorado Springs is facing 305 charges and ongoing court trials. The FBI law enforcement Colorado team is also investigating all the websites as well (both visited and created) by the perpetrators (himself and possibly others) - in the connection to the shootings at Colorado Springs. In April 2023, several "emergency clause" bills on restricting and toughening up guns and firearms - was signed into law effective immediately and implemented by the Governor of Colorado, that passed the Colorado General Assembly in March 2023. In June 2023, a lawsuit against the Sheriff's Department was filed - because Colorado was meant to enforce the infamous 3 year old "red flag law", that was invalidated and declared null and void by a federal judge in Oklahoma (part of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit), because a criminal got too easy access to a firearm (immediately just before the Club Q shooting happened).


title: Yury Skuratov

text: Supported with an audit of the financial and economic activities of the office of the Prosecutor-General of Russia which was investigated by Nikolai Yemelyanov (Russian: Николай Емельянов), Skuratov spearheaded a corruption investigation into the former acting Prosecutor-General of Russia Alexey Ilyushenko and his friend Pyotr Yanchev (Russian: Петр Янчев). Ilyushenko was forced to resign on 8 October 1995 because of a 97 volume indictment on him involving the theft of 25 million tons of Russian oil, which was worth 2.7 billion rubles, from the Balkar Trading company (Russian: СП "Балкар-Трейдинг") which was formed in Balashikha, was one of the largest Russian oil traders in the early to mid 1990s and was in competition with Boris Berezovsky's interests. BAM-Credit (Russian: банк «БАМ-кредит»), which had Balkar Trading accounts, was the dominant financier of gold mining in the Irkutsk and Magadan regions. Because of a Swiss criminal investigation, the Geneva investigator S. Esposito froze the Swiss accounts of Balkar Trading's Swiss branch known as "Balcar Trading Sari", which was a 28 June 1994 established shell company owned by both his wife Tatiana Vladimirovna Ilyushenko (Russian: Татьяна Владимировна Ильюшенко), who was also an attorney for the Balkar Bank (Russian: "Балкар-банка"), and Pyotr Golovinov who was Yanchev's right-hand man and organized the movement of the foreign assets of Balkar Trading, BAM-Credit, and the Russian House of Selenga (RDS) (Russian: АОЗТ «Русский Дом Селенга» (РДС)) to the Swiss firm "Balcar Trading Sari". On 1 November 1996, the Geneva Prosecutor indictments upheld the frozen Swiss accounts and Ilyushenko was detained in a pre trial jail for the next two years. However, on 11 May 2001, these charges on Alexey Ilyushenko and his friend Pyotr Yanchev (Russian: Петр Янчев), who was the head of Balkar Trading, were dropped by Vladimir Ustinov.


title: Yury Skuratov

text: In April 1999, then FSB Chief Vladimir Putin and Interior Minister Sergei Stepashin held a televised press conference in which they discussed a video that both Mikhail Shvydkoy and Mikhail Lesin agreed to release and that had aired nationwide on 17 March on the state-controlled RTR channel which showed a naked man very similar to Skuratov, in bed with two young women. This video was released after he had been investigating numerous corrupt officials including Alexander Mamut and both Pavel Borodin and Vladimir Putin and had begun looking into charges of corruption by President Boris Yeltsin and his associates: the video was said to serve as kompromat. Skuratov's dismissal occurred just days before a second search of the owner of Mabetex the Albanian businessman Behgjet Pacolli linked interests during an ongoing money laundering investigation which had begun in 1992 in Bern involving Pacolli and Yakutiya (Russian: Якутия) officials involved in gold and diamonds especially the Mayor of Yakutsk Pavel Pavlovich Borodin who was Putin's architect for the transfer of the Presidential Property Management Department assets to LLCs, JSCs, and Joint Ventures during early 1997.


title: Holy Trinity Church, Ryde

text: Most construction work took place between 1844 and 1846, and the building was still unfinished when it was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester, Rt. Revd. Charles Sumner on 28 October 1845: the transepts and spire had yet to be added. The following year, by Order in Council, a district called The Chapelry District of the Holy Trinity, Ryde was assigned to the new church. Although it was still part of Newchurch parish, Holy Trinity Church was now ecclesiastically responsible for a large part of Ryde town and was licensed for burials, baptisms and the solemnisation of marriages. A separate parish was created for the church in 1863. At this point Holy Trinity became Ryde's first Church of England parish church. The parish was the first to be created from the territory of Newchurch; subsequently, separate parishes were also formed for Ashey, Ventnor and Wroxall. The first service was held on the day of consecration, 28 October 1845; at that time, 500 of the 800 sittings were free and 300 were subject to pew rents, although all seats were later made free.


title: Holy Trinity Church, Ryde

text: A small bell was hung in the tower in 1846. On 31 October 1852 it suddenly cracked without warning while being rung during a service. Rev. Arthur Wade, who belonged to the Isle of Wight Philosophical and Scientific Society, reported the events at a meeting the following day, noting that the crack had occurred "without any unusual violence taking place". This was then reported in the Isle of Wight Observer the following week. A letter appeared in the next edition of that newspaper, written by "The Cracked Bell of Trinity Church" of "The Belfry, Trinity Church, Ryde". It noted that the Society had been "mightily puzzled at" what had happened, and went on to say "please ... tell him ... I die of a broken heart, brought on by hearing myself outdone by the silvery tones from a neighbouring steeple. I was never fit for my place; and ... I warn my successor expiring groans". A larger replacement bell was hung in 1854; it was moved to an "unusual position" below the spire in 1863, from the original bell-chamber in the tower. It was cast by George Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry.


title: Holy Trinity Church, Ryde

text: Holy Trinity Church is built of rag-stone dressed with ashlar; the roof is of slate. It is a cruciform building in the Early English Gothic Revival style, and has an aisled nave, chancel with an apse, north and south transepts, an entrance porch and a tall, prominent west tower with buttresses and a stone spire which rises to 134 feet 8 inches (41.05 m). Despite its size, it has a "delicate" form and elegant proportions matched with detailed architectural features, and has been called a "masterpiece" and the church's "crowning glory". It is one of two spires (along with that of All Saints) visible for miles around as landmarks of the town. The nave was restored in the 20th century, and screens were installed to separate it from the transepts. The aisles are demarcated by arcades of seven bays. A new altar was placed in the nave in the 1970s, but the original high altar remains. The windows are all lancets: narrow pairs in the aisles, a triple window in the tower, and single lights in the apse. A side chapel dedicated to St Martin, the patron saint of soldiers, is dedicated as a war memorial.


title: HMS Amazon (1799)

text: Amazon went on to join Nelson in the chase to the West Indies and back of Pierre-Charles Villeneuve's fleet during the Trafalgar Campaign. During the voyage across the Atlantic, Nelson wanted to pass on specific instructions to his captains about how he wished to engage the French, but did not want to lose time by ordering his ships to stop. Instead he gave the plans to Parker, who the naval officer Pulteney Malcolm described as the 'best frigate captain in the service', and Parker sped along the line in Amazon, delivering the instructions so efficiently that the fleet lost 'hardly a yard of ground'. Once more in European waters after the fleet's return, Amazon captured the Spanish privateer Principe de la Paz off Ushant on 17 September 1805. Principe was armed with twenty-four 9-pounder guns and four swivels. Her crew of 160 men were principally French. She had been out five weeks and had captured the packet Prince of Wales from Lisbon, and the letter of marque Lady Nelson, which had been sailing from Virginia to Glasgow. A number of Lady Nelson's crew were aboard Principe, as was a considerable amount of specie.


title: The 23rd Psalm

text: Years later, Eko has become a powerful warlord. He meets with a drug dealer who is trying to get his heroin out of the country. Eko offers to do him a "favor," buying the drugs at a low price and spiriting them out of the country. The drug runner agrees, but is killed after saying that he believed Eko had no soul. Later, Eko visits the church of his hometown, where Yemi has become a priest. Eko asks him for a plane, because only United Nations relief and missionary aircraft are allowed to fly out of Nigeria, saying he will fly the drugs away from the Nigerians and give his brother money for a polio vaccine. Yemi refuses to help. Later, Eko approaches his brother again, asking simply for Yemi to sign ordination papers that make Eko and two associates priests so that they can arrange the flight themselves. His brother refuses, but reluctantly signs after Eko says that his two friends will burn the church to the ground if Yemi does not collaborate. Eko also buys Virgin Mary statues to hide the heroin within.


title: The 23rd Psalm

text: During the production of "Deus Ex Machina", which introduced the Nigerian airplane, a corpse dressed as a priest with a gun, and Virgin Mary statues filled with heroin, the Lost writers decided that the story of the Beechcraft would coincide with one of the characters' flashbacks. They decided to use one of the tail section characters to be introduced in season 2, "essentially a bad guy who was forced to disguise himself as a priest, and how would that come about, and could he now be presenting himself as a priest". Since Eko and Locke are both spiritual leaders on the island - but with Locke having a "paganistic, ritualistic appreciation" for the island's powers and Eko, "pure religious faith" - writers Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof decided to write in this episode parallels with "Deus Ex Machina", where Locke and Boone find the Beechcraft. The biggest similarity is Charlie unwillingly become Eko's "acolyte", just like Boone was being Locke's follower in their expedition to the airplane.


title: Dutch nationality law

text: In December 2008, a new proposal was presented to the House of Representatives, and in January 2010 Legislative bill 31.831 passed a majority vote amending the Kingdom Act on the Netherlands nationality to allow the so-called 'latent Dutch' to opt to receive Dutch nationality, regardless of their current age and marital status, and without requirement to renounce their original nationality. In June 2010, the Dutch Upper House approved the legislation. It was signed into law in July 2010 by Minister of Justice Mr Hirsch Ballin and H.M. the Queen, and published in the official Gazette issued by the Dutch Government (Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), with effect 1 October 2010. Latent Dutch now have the opportunity to receive Dutch nationality by option. Many latent Dutch regard themselves as having been Dutch since birth. However, while latent Dutch are by definition descended from a Dutch mother, nationality granted through the option procedure is not retroactive to the date of their birth. Under the law, these individuals are not considered to be Dutch since birth (van rechtswege), but rather are legally 'Dutch by option' from the date that the requirements of the 'option procedure' are fulfilled.


title: Crimewave

text: Raimi and the studio clashed several times during production. The first disagreement between the director and the executives stemmed from the latter's insistence on casting a "Hollywood" actor in the lead role instead of Raimi's long-time collaborator and friend Campbell. In his 2002 autobiography If Chins Could Kill: Confessions of a B Movie Actor, Campbell commented about how difficult it was working with more established producers; "jumping into the big time meant dealing with the excruciatingly specific and alternately vague demands of a studio, ... Hollywood executives took an interest in everything." Campbell was surprised that he had to audition for the lead role, as he did not have to test for The Evil Dead. Campbell and his photographer friend Mike Ditz used a 16 mm film camera and shot a scene to show to the producers. Upon viewing it, the producers asserted that "Campbell will not star in this film". In retaliation, Raimi lengthened a supporting role and gave it to Campbell: the character of Renaldo "The Heel". This allowed for Campbell to be present through the production, which Campbell later noted was a good thing, as due to the constant studio interference "Sam needed all the help he could get".


title: Crimewave

text: Along with Raimi and Campbell, film critics were largely dismissive of the film. A writer for Time Out gave a negative review, writing "despite its ambition and a Coen Brothers script credit, Raimi's second film was a disappointment after his astonishing debut The Evil Dead." The writer did however compliment some of the set pieces featured in the film, ultimately commenting that only people interested in the early work by Raimi would be interested. Film Junk writer Sean Harley commented that if the same filmmakers had released a movie today, "based on their impressive filmographies and the cult followings that both have amassed, a collaboration of this magnitude would be a cinematic event like no other." However, he said that this film was "not a particularly brilliant movie, and it's easily one of the weakest projects that any of these great filmmakers have been involved in." He noted that fans of Raimi's films would likely find it interesting and gave the film a weak recommendation.


title: Lazo Lipovski

text: He started playing with FK Krofma Strumica before being brought by Serbian giants FK Partizan in 1983. He stayed in Belgrade with Partizan until 1986 however he made no league appearance and spent most time as reserve goalkeeper. During the winter-break of the 1985–86 season, he, along two other Partizan players, Slobodan Krčmarević and Ljubiša Milačić, joined FK Bor, playing in the Yugoslav Second League. But at the end of the season, he left Bor and joined FK Pobeda. Between 1987 and 1989 he spent two seasons playing with another Serbian club, OFK Kikinda. In 1990, he returned to Macedonia and joined FK Skopje playing at that time in the Yugoslav third level. In 1992, he moved to Switzerland and played 3 seasons with FC Winterthur until summer 1995. He then returned to Macedonia, which by then had become independent, and played with FK Sloga Jugomagnat in the Macedonian First League. In 1998, he joined FC Anzhi Makhachkala and played the following two seasons in the Russian First Division. In the seasons 2000 and 2001 besides being registered in the squad, he became also the teams goalkeeping coach. He finished his playing career because of a serious clash that provoked him a knee injury.


title: Mummification in the Philippines

text: "A large quantity of salt is dissolved in water and poured into the mouth of the deceased to prevent the early decomposition of the internal organs. The corpse is stripped and bathed with cold water. With the Kolebao (death blanket), the corpse in a sitting position is I-asal (tied to the death chair, that has high stilts and that is set in front of and beside the stairs of the house). Soon, the ends of a piece of cloth ban across the mouth is knotted at the back of the chair - further measure to keep the corpse stay on the chair for at least a week or for until such time fluid oozes from the swollen body; in this condition, the corpse is brought down and placed on the floor in a lying position. Close relatives peel off the epidermis or the outer skin all over the body - the process is called Duduan. After being peeled of its skin, the corpse is washed with cold water, covered with the same blanket, and then returned to the death chair. The process is followed by Begisan (deworming), that is removing the worms that infest the skin. The peeled off skin is placed in an earthen jar which is afterwards buried in the yard - this is dug later and placed beside the coffin during the burial. Beginning to dry, the corpse is applied allover with the juice of pounded guava and patani leaves. The process is repeated everyday until the body is totally dry. Regulated heat from a fire built below the death chair smokes the dead. When the body begins to shrink, the position of the corpse is changed by tying the legs and hands up to the chest in a crouched position. The legs and hands are tied. The string is removed only when both hands and legs are in their desired position. When dried, the corpse is placed under the sun during the day and smoked during the night. The juice of patani and guava leaves is applied twice a day until the body is hardened, intact and smoothly dried. For as long as two months or even one year, the body is alternately sun dried and smoked - interment time is decided by the nearest kin and after he has decided, carried to its final resting place in the cave of his ancestors or in another cave..."


title: St Peter's College, Adelaide

text: The origins of the school lie in the ambition of the early colonists to establish for their sons an institution equivalent to the public schools from which they benefited in Great Britain. They founded the Church of England Collegiate School of South Australia, or "The Collegiate School", as a proprietary school on 15 July 1847 in the schoolroom of Trinity Church on North Terrace. The name Sancti Petri Schola Collegiata (SPSC) was given. The school's foundation was followed by the arrival of the first Bishop of Adelaide Augustus Short in December 1847. Short brought with him an endowment of £2,000 from the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge with which he was expected establish an institution for the Church of England. He intended to use the Trinity School as the basis for this institution and had his chaplain T. P. Wilson appointed as its Head Master. He also purchased the school's current estate in Hackney. A similarly large endowment was contributed by William Allen, who through an early investment in the South Australian Mining Association had become wealthy.


title: 12:01 P.M.

text: It is 12:01 PM and Myron Castleman, an executive in New York City, finds that he is reliving the same hour of the same day, over and over. His time loop starts at 12:01 PM and lasts until 1:00 PM, when he is somehow returned to the same place where he began the hour. All the people around him are unaware of the loop, and everyone repeats their actions exactly over the course of the hour, except insofar as they interact with Castleman. In one of his loops, Castleman learns of a local physicist's theory that appears to describe his situation. The physicist, Nathan Rosenbluth, theorized a "disfiguration of time" that could cause the universe to snap backward and repeat the period of one hour. Over his next three time-loops, Castleman tries desperately to contact Rosenbluth and ask him for advice. In the last of these attempts, Castleman collapses, suffering a heart attack. He realizes he is dying, but is grateful that this will finally break the loop and free him. He dies, and the hour of 1:00 PM arrives. Castleman awakens and sees he has been returned to the place where he begins every hour. The time is 12:01 PM.


title: Björn Bjuggren

text: Bjuggren was commissioned as an officer in 1924. He attended the Artillery and Engineering College from 1926 to 1928 and various flight schools in 1928, 1930 and in 1933. Bjuggren participated in competitions in modern pentathlon in Germany in 1927 and in Finland in 1929. He studied aeronautics at the Royal Institute of Technology from 1931 to 1932 and studied in aircraft industries in Germany, France, Italy, England and in the Netherlands from 1932 to 1933. Bjuggren was an expert in the 1930 Defense Commission from 1933 to 1936 and studied at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1934 to 1936. He also conducted trials and experimentation of dive bombing methods in 1934 and served during French bomb preparations in 1935. Bjuggren was promoted to captain in the Swedish Air Force in 1937 and was a teacher at the Royal Military Academy the same year. He was also an instructor in dive bombing in Finland and Denmark in 1937 and 1939. Bjuggren was also a teacher at the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in 1939.


title: Björn Bjuggren

text: During 1939-1940, he acted as chief of staff to the Flying Regiment 19, Finnish Air Force during the Winter War. In 1940-1941 he conducted test flights of dive bombers in Germany, France and the Netherlands and was headed the Swedish Air Force commission in Italy that carried out purchases of Caproni Ca.313 and Reggiane Re.2000. Bjuggren was promoted to major in 1941 and was head of the Operation Department at the Air Staff from 1941 to 1942. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1943 and was commanding officer of Jämtland Wing (F 4) from 1943 to 1947. Bjuggren became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1945 and was promoted to colonel the following year. He was then head of the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College from 1947 to 1949 and was Inspector of Flight Security (Inspektör för flygsäkerhetstjänsten) from 1949 to 1952. Bjuggren was Commanding General of the 1st Air Command (E 1) from 1952 to 1964 and was then War Materials Inspector and head of the National Swedish War Materials Inspectorate from 1 January 1965 until his death on 4 April 1968.


title: 1982 Mexican general election

text: 1981 and 1982 were particularly difficult years for the Mexican economy. At the time of De la Madrid's nomination in September 1981, the public finances of the nation had already begun to experience the first ravages as a consequence of the fall in oil prices in June. Nonetheless, at first the discourse of De la Madrid's campaign, while not denying the crisis, preferred to focus on other subjects and didn't deviate significantly from the traditional "nationalist" and "revolutionary" tone of previous PRI campaigns. De la Madrid proposed seven central theses as the centrepiece of his campaign: "Revolutionary nationalism", "integral democratization", "egalitarian society", "decentralization of the national life", "development, employment and fight against inflation", "democratic planning" and, the most famous of them all, "moral renovation of the society". The latter, which emphasised stopping and fighting government corruption, had a particular impact on voters, since the López Portillo administration had been mired in grave corruption scandals at all levels, involving officials appointed by the President (the more infamous cases were those of Arturo Durazo Moreno aka "El Negro Durazo", Jorge Díaz Serrano and Carlos Hank González) and even members of the president's family (many of whom also held government positions during his presidency). In this context, according to a poll from October 1981, 70% of the respondents considered that corruption in Mexico had reached "gigantic levels".


title: Archibald Strachan

text: When Montrose did land, in April 1650, Strachan made good his words. By Leslie's orders he advanced with two troops to Tain, and was there joined by three other troops, making 230 horse in all, and by thirty-six musketeers and four hundred men of the Ross and Munro clans. On 27 April he moved west, along the south side of the Kyle of Sutherland, near the head of which Montrose was encamped, in Carbisdale, with 1,200 foot (of which 450 men were Danes or Germans), but only forty horse. By the advice of Andrew Munro, Strachan, when he was near the enemy, hid the bulk of his force, and showed only a single troop. This confirmed the statement made by Robert Munro to Montrose, that there was only one troop of horse in Ross-shire, and Montrose drew up his men on open ground south of the Culrain burn, instead of seeking shelter on the wooded heights behind. About 5 P.M. Strachan burst upon him with two troops, the rest following close in support and reserve. Montrose's men were routed and two-thirds of them killed or taken, and he himself hardly escaped for the time. After giving thanks to God on the field, the victors returned with their prisoners to Tain, and Strachan went south to receive his reward for winning the Battle of Carbisdale. He and Robert Hackett (the second in command) each received £1000 sterling and a gold chain, with the thanks of the Scottish Parliament. He had been hit by a bullet in the fight, but it was stopped by his belt and buff coat.


title: Meropenem

text: Meropenem exhibit poor permeability across the gut and low oral bioavailability because of its hydrophilic properties, which inhibit its passive diffusion across the intestinal epithelium. The challenges related to research of oral delivery of meropenem are related to high susceptibility of meropenem to degradation through hydrolysis of the amide bond in the β-lactam ring, even at relatively low temperatures and humidity. This instability can result in the loss of meropenem's antibacterial activity. Besides that, neropenem is unstable in the acidic environment of the stomach, leading to extensive degradation and loss of the drug after oral administration. In addition, intestinal efflux (secretory) transport can pump the drug back into the gut: efflux transporters, particularly P-glycoprotein (P-gp), present in the gastrointestinal tract can actively pump meropenem back into the gut lumen, limiting its absorption and reducing oral bioavailability; in the attempts of oral administration bacteria can develop resistance to meropenem by enhancing the active efflux of the antibiotic through efflux transporters, such as the MexAB-OprM tripartite efflux system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. That's why meropenem is administered intravenously.


title: Guaycuru peoples

text: In 1542, Cabeza de Vaca responded to the request of the Guaraní to punish the hostile Guaycuru. He dispatched a large expedition of Spaniard and Guaraní soldiers from Asunción and attacked an encampment of Mbayas, also called Eyiguayegis. The Spanish and Guaraní killed many and took 400 prisoners. In the aftermath of the battle, however, the Guaycuruans retained their control of the Chaco and gradually acquired horses, a taste for Spanish beef, and iron weapons and tools. In the 17th century, Guaycuruan raids forced the abandonment of Concepción del Bermejo, Argentina and the relocation of Santa Fe, Argentina. In retaliation, in 1677, the Spanish massacred 300 Mbayan traders who were camped near Asunsción. By the early 1700s, bands of up to 400 Guaycuruan warriors were attacking Spanish settlements in Tucuman and other nearby Argentine provinces. Their raids forced the Spanish to abandon some frontier areas. Frequent Spanish military expeditions against the Guaycuruans were only temporarily successful if at all.


title: Ramayan (1987 TV series)

text: Writing for the Indian Express upon completion of the airing of the series' final episode, former bureaucrat S. S. Gill wrote that it was during his tenure as the secretary with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in September 1985 that he contacted Ramanand Sagar in association with the project. He added that in a letter to Sagar, he had written about the Ramayana as a subject for the television series was ideal in that it was "a repository of moral and social values" and that its message was "secular and universal". He further wrote that he had noted in the letter that Sagar's "real challenge would lie in seeing the epic "with the eyes of a modern man and relating its message to the spiritual and emotional needs of our age". Gill recalled that he had written a similar letter to B. R. Chopra over the production of the series Mahabharat based on another epic of the same name, and mentioned that both Sagar and he accepted his suggestions and constituted panels of experts and scholars to conceptualize the production.


title: Suicide of Bill Sparkman

text: On September 12, 2009, Sparkman's body was discovered by attendees of a family reunion who had been paying a visit to Hoskins Cemetery in rural Clay County, Kentucky, within Daniel Boone National Forest. He had been reported missing from work three days earlier while working on the American Community Survey for the U.S. Census, which covered a local five-county area. Sparkman was reportedly found with a rope around his neck, tied to a tree while in contact with the ground, wearing only socks, and with the word "fed" written on his chest in felt-tip marker. It was reported in the media that the word had been written upside-down, or from an upside-down point of view. The orientation of how the text was written led the police to the eventual conclusion that Sparkman had written "fed" himself. Additionally, his census ID was taped to the side of his neck. He was gagged, with duct tape around his hands and feet, and over his mouth and eyes. Kentucky State Police criticized many media reports of the death, such as ones that asserted that he was hanging from a tree, when he was actually tied to a tree with a rope around his neck.


title: Suicide of Bill Sparkman

text: Because of Sparkman's status as a Federal Census Bureau worker, in addition to the word "fed" written on his body, the incident drew national attention. On MSNBC's The Rachel Maddow Show, Maddow speculated that a dislike among area residents of the U.S. federal government may have contributed to Sparkman's death. Some scholars disagreed, saying there wasn't "an outpouring of anti-government sentiment in the region," and that "distrust of government" in the area is comparable to the rest of the country. However, an Associated Press report stated the area " a reputation for mistrusting government, dating back to the days of moonshiners and 'revenuers,'" and that it is a top marijuana producer, where federal agents have held drug and corruption raids numerous times. Among those locally convicted for drug and corruption charges were: a former mayor, former city councilmen, an assistant police chief, a county clerk, a magistrate, and an election commissioner. Other city officials, such as the county's school superintendent and the circuit court judge, were indicted for voter fraud in March 2009. The Christian Science Monitor also reported on possible connections to nearby drug activities and anti-government motives. Clay County is one of the poorest counties in the United States, and residents feared the incident would add to its negative stereotype, despite progress in education and efforts against crime.


title: Mar Thoma Sleeha Syro-Malabar Church, Thulappally

text: History of Christians here starts from the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle. The apostle reached Nilakkal at 52 AD and started a Christian Community here. At that time, Nilackal was a 'Trade City' having trade relations with "Pandi-chola" states and 'Venadu'. There were 'Palace Roads' from their countries to 'Nilackal Thavalam' which were illumined by great lights (ex. Keralachaitram : K.P. Padmanabhan P. 145. Thiruvithamcore State mannel Vol. 1-p. 665 Vol. 2-p. 128) Since Nilackal was a vast region, there were many Christian churches here. Place here were known after the churches there. Even now places in the forests are called Plappally, Thulappally etc. The head Church of all these small churches was called 'Thalappally and later as Thulappally. (cfr. History of Christianity in Kerala by Nagamayyas P. 136). Old tombs of Christians are seen even now in the forest area near the present church unfortunately the invasion of some alien force called 'Vakkrippali attack' the inhabitants of Nilackal fled to other places such as Kanjirappally, Aruvithura, and other parts of the Meenachil . Nilackal is also called 'Chayal' since the place slopes towards the River 'Pampa'.


title: Som Ranchan

text: Ranchan was born in Lahore, British India. His father was an employee of the Accountant General's Office in Lahore which was shifted to Shimla (Himachal Pradesh) following the India-Pakistan partition in 1947. He had to migrate to India along with his mother, father, three brothers and a sister. This displacement ruined the family fortunes; the siblings had misgivings about career and education which made them anxious and restless. One of the brothers, Vijay Ranchan, qualified in Civil Services and retired as an Additional Chief Secretary, Gujarat. Ranchan absented from college and worked in Delhi picking up some odd jobs like insurance agent, marketing and reporting for an English magazine, Delhi Mirror (although a very short-lived magazine). He himself describes the year 1951–1954 as the "Struggle Period" of his life. During the struggling years, Ranchan completed his MA (Eng) as a private candidate. If one has to know more about Ranchan one needs to read and understand his works better, as he proclaims: "All my poetry is autobiographical" . The author however, feels that the above quote doesn't truly represent him as it is decontexualized. The critical consensus is that Ranchan's poetry is many-layered, it is personal, experiential of life and times and thus truly archetypal. The consensus further is that he is an epic poet and especially an inventor of dialogue epics on secular and spiritual Wisdom Figures.


title: Som Ranchan

text: In 1954, Ranchan started teaching and established himself as a teacher. One after the other, Ranchan taught in four different colleges (including Vaish College, Bhiwani, Hisar and Malerkotla, Erstwhile Princely State, (PEPSU). Finally, he taught in Govt. Mahindra College, Patiala, from which he went to the United States of America on a Fulbright Fellowship . His first four years' stay in the USA (as a fellow for three years and an instructor for a year at California State University, Northridge) resulted in a prose book sojourn in America. Later on, at California State University, Fullerton, he gave courses in American and English literature in addition to Group Process, Dream Work, Basic Principles of Jungian Psychology and team-taught with a certified Jungian psychologist, Pan Coukoulis. He created many new courses in literature and interdisciplinary studies such as "Search for Self: East and West", "Yoga", "Graduate Seminar in Walt Whitman", "Senior Seminar in J. D. Salinger", and "Seminar in R. K. Narayan and Raja Rao," to name only a few. He was an immensely popular teacher whose classes where always packed and who was known for his care for and attention to students. During this period, he wrote much outstanding poetry, including "Me and Columbia" (later called "America with Love"), "Christ and I", "Mother Sarada and I" and many other brilliant poems.


title: Som Ranchan

text: Ranchan's interest in writing poetry started when he had just begun his college studies. During his sojourn in America he stayed with Raja Rao in Austin, Texas, (for almost a week) with whom he shared a lot of spiritual experiences, which he described in one of his lectures delivered at Himachal Pradesh University. On Walt Whitman, he did his PhD from the University of Wisconsin. Thereafter, the passion for writing had taken a path never trod by anyone as the impact of Walt Whitman and his writings, somehow, prevails in a latent form. As Kirpal Singh describes it: "the libidinous nature of touch in Whitman…equally pronounced in Ranchan". The impact of such stylistics could be seen in his "America with Love." Ranchan's Ph.D. dissertation substantially advanced the understanding of Whitman as a pre-eminent poet of the soul. He brought to his work on Whitman an insight and understanding only an Indian steeped in Tantra could reveal. Ranchan defends these claims with a note of relative vitality: "I am not a clone of Walt Whitman but do use chant, catalogue style." However, it is a noteworthy feature of his poetry that it has a lyricism rarely felt in Whitman.


title: Som Ranchan

text: He came back from America and taught for three years as an Associate Professor of English at Punjabi University, Patiala . Soon after, he went back to the United States and taught there for almost six years at California State University, Fullerton, where he held many administrative responsibilities: the Executive Council , Comparative Literature Committee , Asian Studies Committee , Interdisciplinary Studies where he worked as a professor and Membership of C.G. Jung Club of Southern California, U.S.A. Ranchan's diaspora was full of joy, cheers and a learning experience for him. It was in California that his interest in comparative literature developed him as a writer. The experience of which, he claims: "shows in my writings." He became, as he quotes: "an Indo-American, mediating, relating across the board." More than anything, Ranchan's range in poetry displays a remarkable mind with both profound curiosity and a nature with the deepest desire to explore the spiritual. The range of his poetry and its multiple voices is likewise quite rare. His poetry displays mastery of both Indian esoteric traditions of Vedanta and Tantra and Western depth psychology and religious figures. More than anything, Ranchan perceives and reveals the myth that operates in everyone's lives.


title: Som Ranchan

text: Som Ranchan is known for his elaborate style; mythical, mystical allusions, burrowing the deep layers of culture and personalities. His voice in his poetry is neither of an extrovert or an introvert but consists of the polyphonic echoes, predominantly of a centrovert. Ranchan claims that obscure poetry discourages the "common reader" but is essential to sustain a variety of "multi-culturism, mythical and archetypal reverberations and metaphysical experiences" (Kirpal Singh). Orrington Ramsay, Professor of English, California State University (USA), opines: "Som P. Ranchan's lyrical tongue is the ultimate universal love of earth, of man, and of the gods…he incorporates the lush cadences of our own English verse and the mystic vision of India" . For the readers of Ranchan, a collection of papers by the most prominent scholars of India, Ved Sharma's A Profile in Creativity is an ever-illuminating endeavor. Usha Bande opines that: "Som P. Ranchan's 'Blind Beggar', sitting astride a Shimla road is perceptive enough to know the passers-by. He as the narrator, is quite intelligent and far from being a pathetic, stinking presence." Citing some rhetorical questions, Kirpal Singh opines: "Is Ranchan's poetry derivative or idiosyncratically original? Does it belong to any tradition?" Besides these, there is a long list of subsequent criticism and interviews:


title: Iain Rankin

text: On February 23, 2021, Iain Rankin became the 29th Premier of Nova Scotia, succeeding Stephen McNeil following a competitive leadership election. Following his election, he called a legislative session to pursue his legislative agenda, including an increase of $100 a month for all adults on income assistance, the largest single increase in the program's history, and efforts to address systemic racism and advance equality issues. These included passage of the Emancipation Day Act, which formally recognizes the day the British Parliament abolished slavery, and the Land Titles Initiative Acceleration Act, a bill that will help speed up the process of settling land titles for people living in historically Black communities. Rankin also appointed Andrea Anderson as the province's public service commissioner, the first person of colour to head the commission. Rankin created new Offices for Equity and Anti-Racism Initiatives, as well as Mental Health and Addictions. Rankin signed a $605 million agreement with the federal government to establish $10 per day childcare in Nova Scotia, by 2026.


title: Garden Mountain Cluster

text: The Appalachian Trail passes through the full length of the cluster for 26.6 miles. From north to south, the trail crosses Va 615, Suiter Road, to enter the cluster at Hunting Camp Creek Wilderness. The trail climbs Brushy Mountain, then descends to cross Hunting Camp Creek, passes by Jenkins Shelter, climbs Garden Mountain, continues along the ridge of Garden Mountain with views of Burke's Garden, passes by Davis Farm Campsite, and crosses Va 623. The trail then enters Garden Mountain Wilderness continuing along the ridge of Garden Mountain. After leaving Garden Mountain Wilderness, the trail passes by Chestnut Ridge Shelter, goes along the boundary of Beartown Wilderness then turns south, descends through Beartown Wilderness Addition B, crosses USFS road 222, Poor Valley Road, to reach Lick Creek. Now the trail enters Lynn Camp Creek Wilderness Study Area, crosses over Lynn Camp Mountain reaching Lynn Camp Creek, then ascends Brushy Mountain passing Knot Maul Branch Shelter before descending to VA 42 to exit the cluster at the boundary of the wilderness study area.


title: Emma Pérez

text: Her second novel, published in 2009, Forgetting the Alamo, Or Blood Memory, is a historical fiction set against the backdrop of the 1836 battles of the Alamo and of San Jacinto. It is a tale of travel and adventure that narrates the story of a young cross-dressing tejana and her romance with a mixed race woman, both of whom are witnesses to the racial complexities of the southwest during this turbulent period. It is suggested that the novel "inverts the traditional Alamo narrative" in order to highlight the racial violence of that historic event. Forgetting the Alamo won the Christopher Isherwood Writing Grant in 2009, the National Association for Chicana/Chicano Studies Regional Book Award for fiction in 2011 and was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Awards in 2010. According to Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association "Forgetting the Alamo, Or Blood Memory" proposes that sexuality and gender are inextricably linked to language, culture, and race, something that has been under-theorized in many articulations of queer and feminist theory".


title: Emma Pérez

text: In 2020, Emma Pérez updated her initial academic contribution, The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into History to The Imaginary as Will to Feel: Beyond the Decolonial Turn in Chicanx/Latinx Feminism. Perez revamped her original work to better represent and further the idea of equality in history regarding gender and the gender experience by taking a more internal, individual approach. Perez argues that her old theory was too broad, generalized, and borrowed as well as did not leave enough room for the individual imaginary. Perez states her new stance will have its own hermeneutics, as well as its own method and theory in comparison to her previous 1999 book, The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into History. The updated book develops on Perez's new point and idea of the "will to feel" in which she presses the question of whether or not the world can have the "will to feel" differently about the unjustness of Chicanx/Latinx individuals enough to cut them a space into public history and taken out of the interstitial spaces they currently reside in. Perez's updated theoretical formation offers new insight and problem-solving ideas from the influence of Michael Foucault, Emmanuel Levinas, Gloria Anzaldua, and other postcolonial theorists.


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: In quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential. A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–orbit interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion, and the electrostatic field of the positively charged nucleus. This phenomenon is detectable as a splitting of spectral lines, which can be thought of as a Zeeman effect product of two relativistic effects: the apparent magnetic field seen from the electron perspective and the magnetic moment of the electron associated with its intrinsic spin. A similar effect, due to the relationship between angular momentum and the strong nuclear force, occurs for protons and neutrons moving inside the nucleus, leading to a shift in their energy levels in the nucleus shell model. In the field of spintronics, spin–orbit effects for electrons in semiconductors and other materials are explored for technological applications. The spin–orbit interaction is at the origin of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the spin Hall effect.


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: We shall deal with the magnetic field first. Although in the rest frame of the nucleus, there is no magnetic field acting on the electron, there is one in the rest frame of the electron (see classical electromagnetism and special relativity). Ignoring for now that this frame is not inertial, we end up with the equation B = − v × E c 2 , {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {E} }{c^{2}}},} where v is the velocity of the electron, and E is the electric field it travels through. Here, in the non-relativistic limit, we assume that the Lorentz factor γ ⋍ 1 {\displaystyle \gamma \backsimeq 1} . Now we know that E is radial, so we can rewrite E = | E | r r {\textstyle \mathbf {E} =\left|E\right|{\frac {\mathbf {r} }{r}}} . Also we know that the momentum of the electron p = m e v {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m_{\text{e}}\mathbf {v} } . Substituting these and changing the order of the cross product (using the identity A × B = − B × A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \times \mathbf {B} =-\mathbf {B} \times \mathbf {A} } ) gives B = r × p m e c 2 | E r | . {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ={\frac {\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {p} }{m_{\text{e}}c^{2}}}\left|{\frac {E}{r}}\right|.}


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: In crystalline solid contained paramagnetic ions, e.g. ions with unclosed d or f atomic subshell, localized electronic states exist. In this case, atomic-like electronic levels structure is shaped by intrinsic magnetic spin–orbit interactions and interactions with crystalline electric fields. Such structure is named the fine electronic structure. For rare-earth ions the spin–orbit interactions are much stronger than the crystal electric field (CEF) interactions. The strong spin–orbit coupling makes J a relatively good quantum number, because the first excited multiplet is at least ~130 meV above the primary multiplet. The result is that filling it at room temperature (300 K) is negligibly small. In this case, a (2J + 1)-fold degenerated primary multiplet split by an external CEF can be treated as the basic contribution to the analysis of such systems' properties. In the case of approximate calculations for basis | J , J z ⟩ {\displaystyle |J,J_{z}\rangle } , to determine which is the primary multiplet, the Hund principles, known from atomic physics, are applied:


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: The S, L and J of the ground multiplet are determined by Hund's rules. The ground multiplet is 2J + 1 degenerated – its degeneracy is removed by CEF interactions and magnetic interactions. CEF interactions and magnetic interactions resemble, somehow, the Stark and the Zeeman effect known from atomic physics. The energies and eigenfunctions of the discrete fine electronic structure are obtained by diagonalization of the (2J + 1)-dimensional matrix. The fine electronic structure can be directly detected by many different spectroscopic methods, including the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) experiments. The case of strong cubic CEF (for 3d transition-metal ions) interactions form group of levels (e.g. T2g, A2g), which are partially split by spin–orbit interactions and (if occur) lower-symmetry CEF interactions. The energies and eigenfunctions of the discrete fine electronic structure (for the lowest term) are obtained by diagonalization of the (2L + 1)(2S + 1)-dimensional matrix. At zero temperature (T = 0 K) only the lowest state is occupied. The magnetic moment at T = 0 K is equal to the moment of the ground state. It allows the evaluation of the total, spin and orbital moments. The eigenstates and corresponding eigenfunctions | Γ n ⟩ {\displaystyle |\Gamma _{n}\rangle } can be found from direct diagonalization of Hamiltonian matrix containing crystal field and spin–orbit interactions. Taking into consideration the thermal population of states, the thermal evolution of the single-ion properties of the compound is established. This technique is based on the equivalent operator theory defined as the CEF widened by thermodynamic and analytical calculations defined as the supplement of the CEF theory by including thermodynamic and analytical calculations.


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: Hole bands of a bulk (3D) zinc-blende semiconductor will be split by Δ 0 {\displaystyle \Delta _{0}} into heavy and light holes (which form a Γ 8 {\displaystyle \Gamma _{8}} quadruplet in the Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } -point of the Brillouin zone) and a split-off band ( Γ 7 {\displaystyle \Gamma _{7}} doublet). Including two conduction bands ( Γ 6 {\displaystyle \Gamma _{6}} doublet in the Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } -point), the system is described by the effective eight-band model of Kohn and Luttinger. If only top of the valence band is of interest (for example when E F ≪ Δ 0 {\displaystyle E_{\text{F}}\ll \Delta _{0}} , Fermi level measured from the top of the valence band), the proper four-band effective model is H KL ( k x , k y , k z ) = − ℏ 2 2 m [ ( γ 1 + 5 2 γ 2 ) k 2 − 2 γ 2 ( J x 2 k x 2 + J y 2 k y 2 + J z 2 k z 2 ) − 2 γ 3 ∑ m ≠ n J m J n k m k n ] {\displaystyle H_{\text{KL}}(k_{\text{x}},k_{\text{y}},k_{\text{z}})=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left} where γ 1 , 2 , 3 {\displaystyle \gamma _{1,2,3}} are the Luttinger parameters (analogous to the single effective mass of a one-band model of electrons) and J x , y , z {\displaystyle J_{{\text{x}},{\text{y}},{\text{z}}}} are angular momentum 3/2 matrices ( m {\displaystyle m} is the free electron mass). In combination with magnetization, this type of spin–orbit interaction will distort the electronic bands depending on the magnetization direction, thereby causing magnetocrystalline anisotropy (a special type of magnetic anisotropy). If the semiconductor moreover lacks the inversion symmetry, the hole bands will exhibit cubic Dresselhaus splitting. Within the four bands (light and heavy holes), the dominant term is H D 3 = b 41 8 v 8 v [ ( k x k y 2 − k x k z 2 ) J x + ( k y k z 2 − k y k x 2 ) J y + ( k z k x 2 − k z k y 2 ) J z ] {\displaystyle H_{{\text{D}}3}=b_{41}^{8{\text{v}}8{\text{v}}}}


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: where the material parameter b 41 8 v 8 v = − 81.93 meV ⋅ nm 3 {\displaystyle b_{41}^{8{\text{v}}8{\text{v}}}=-81.93\,{\text{meV}}\cdot {\text{nm}}^{3}} for GaAs (see pp. 72 in Winkler's book, according to more recent data the Dresselhaus constant in GaAs is 9 eVÅ3; the total Hamiltonian will be H KL + H D 3 {\displaystyle H_{\text{KL}}+H_{{\text{D}}3}} ). Two-dimensional electron gas in an asymmetric quantum well (or heterostructure) will feel the Rashba interaction. The appropriate two-band effective Hamiltonian is H 0 + H R = ℏ 2 k 2 2 m ∗ σ 0 + α ( k y σ x − k x σ y ) {\displaystyle H_{0}+H_{\text{R}}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}k^{2}}{2m^{*}}}\sigma _{0}+\alpha (k_{\text{y}}\sigma _{\text{x}}-k_{\text{x}}\sigma _{\text{y}})} where σ 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}} is the 2 × 2 identity matrix, σ x , y {\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{x}},{\text{y}}}} the Pauli matrices and m ∗ {\displaystyle m^{*}} the electron effective mass. The spin–orbit part of the Hamiltonian, H R {\displaystyle H_{\text{R}}} is parametrized by α {\displaystyle \alpha } , sometimes called the Rashba parameter (its definition somewhat varies), which is related to the structure asymmetry.


title: Spin–orbit interaction

text: Above expressions for spin–orbit interaction couple spin matrices J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } and σ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} to the quasi-momentum k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } , and to the vector potential A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } of an AC electric field through the Peierls substitution k = − i ∇ − e ℏ c A {\textstyle \mathbf {k} =-i\nabla -{\frac {e}{\hbar c}}\mathbf {A} } . They are lower order terms of the Luttinger–Kohn k·p perturbation theory in powers of k {\displaystyle k} . Next terms of this expansion also produce terms that couple spin operators of the electron coordinate r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } . Indeed, a cross product ( σ × k ) {\displaystyle ({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\times {\mathbf {k} })} is invariant with respect to time inversion. In cubic crystals, it has a symmetry of a vector and acquires a meaning of a spin–orbit contribution r SO {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}_{\text{SO}}} to the operator of coordinate. For electrons in semiconductors with a narrow gap E G {\displaystyle E_{\rm {G}}} between the conduction and heavy hole bands, Yafet derived the equation r SO = ℏ 2 g 4 m 0 ( 1 E G + 1 E G + Δ 0 ) ( σ × k ) {\displaystyle {\mathbf {r} }_{\text{SO}}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}g}{4m_{0}}}\left({\frac {1}{E_{\rm {G}}}}+{\frac {1}{E_{\rm {G}}+\Delta _{0}}}\right)({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\times {\mathbf {k} })} where m 0 {\displaystyle m_{0}} is a free electron mass, and g {\displaystyle g} is a g {\displaystyle g} -factor properly renormalized for spin–orbit interaction. This operator couples electron spin S = 1 2 σ {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} ={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} directly to the electric field E {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} } through the interaction energy − e ( r SO ⋅ E ) {\displaystyle -e(\mathbf {r} _{\text{SO}}\cdot \mathbf {E} )} .


title: RAF munitions storage during World War II

text: In the summer of 1936 the RAF acquired a quarry at Chilmark in Wiltshire for its southern depot and an alabaster mine at Fauld in Staffordshire for its northern depot. Making Fauld suitable for use, including surface buildings, cost around £635,000. For the central depot the RAF was forced to create a store: in 1938 it bought a quarry at Harpur Hill in Derbyshire; concrete storage structures were built within the quarry and the hole then backfilled with waste stone. Difficulties with construction and the weather prevented Harpur Hill from opening until mid-1940. An additional pre-war site for underground storage was later created: a slate quarry at Llanberis was turned into another artificial cavern system with a large two-storey structure built for around £500,000 and opened in June 1941. In May 1941 Linley Caverns near Aldridge, Staffordshire was purchased, but, despite having over £1 million spent on it, Linley was never made useful and was relegated to the storage of obsolete munitions when it finally opened, in January 1943.


text: The main Air Ammunition Parks were: RAF Barnham, Suffolk (serving RAF Bomber Command), Brafferton, North Yorkshire (serving 4 Group North), Earsham (serving OTUs), Lords Bridge (serving 2 and 3 Groups), Mawcarse (serving Scotland), Norton Disney (serving 5 Group), Snodland (actually at Halling, serving 11 Group F), Southburn (serving 4 Group South), and Staple Halt (serving 11 Group F). All were completed in 1939–40; Staple Halt was closed in July, 1940 and its role was taken over by Snodland, which was itself replaced by a new park at Newdigate in May 1942. Two more were built during the war: South Witham (serving 1 Group F) was completed in July 1942 and Hockering (2 Group) in January 1943 some five months late. When the USAAF arrived new Forward Ammunition Supply depots were built for its needs at sites including Braybrooke (Northamptonshire), Bures (Suffolk), Melchbourne Park and Sharnbrook (both in Bedfordshire). Where it was rational the USAAF was given sub-sites at existing depots as well.


title: William Rea Keast

text: In 1965, he was selected as president of Wayne State University. He presided over Wayne State during a period of campus unrest in the late 1960s, during which he came under pressure from the Wayne State Board of Governors to clamp down on anti-war and other campus demonstrations, and to regulate the student newspaper, the name of which and editorial policies had been radically changed by students. He was considered a moderating figure who was able to relate well to students. During his tenure, Wayne State expanded significantly. Student enrollment increased from fewer that 30,000 to more than 35,000; general fund expenditures increased from $34 million to nearly $70 million; major buildings were constructed, including the Law School, Matthaei Physical Education complex, Physics Building and the Palmer Avenue Parking Structure; and new programs were established, including the Center for Urban Studies and the Commission on the Status of Women. He retired from Wayne State in 1971, citing as the reason for his resignation, "presidential fatigue".


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the Republic of Ireland are regarded as some of the most progressive in Europe and the world. Ireland is notable for its transformation from a country holding overwhelmingly conservative attitudes toward LGBT issues, in part due to the opposition by the Roman Catholic Church, to one holding overwhelmingly liberal views in the space of a generation. In May 2015, Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage on a national level by popular vote. The New York Times declared that the result put Ireland at the "vanguard of social change". Since July 2015, transgender people in Ireland can self-declare their gender for the purpose of updating passports, driving licences, obtaining new birth certificates, and getting married. Both male and female expressions of homosexuality were decriminalised in 1993, and most forms of discrimination based on sexual orientation are now outlawed. Ireland also forbids incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation. Article 41 of the Constitution of Ireland explicitly protects the right to marriage irrespective of sex.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: In July 2010, the Oireachtas passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010, recognising civil partnerships between same-sex couples. The bill passed all stages in the lower house (Dáil), without the need for a vote, and by a margin of 48 votes to 4 in the Seanad (Senate). The bill was supported by all parties, although individual politicians criticised the legislation. Since the civil partnership legislation has been fully enacted and implemented from the start of 2011, gay and lesbian couples have been able to register their relationship before a registrar. The bill was signed by President Mary McAleese on 19 July 2010. The Minister for Justice signed the commencement order for the act on 23 December 2010, and it came into force on 1 January 2011. Due to the three-month waiting period for all civil ceremonies in Ireland, it had been expected that the first civil partnership ceremonies would take place in April. However, the legislation does provide a mechanism for exemptions to be sought through the courts, and the first partnership, which was between two men, was registered on 7 February 2011. The first publicly celebrated Irish civil partnership under the Act took place in Dublin on 5 April 2011. On 6 April 2015, the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 was signed into law, amending (among other acts) the Adoption Act 2010, and on 19 July 2017 the Adoption (Amendment) Act 2017 was signed into law. These laws amended Irish adoption law to enable same-sex couples to adopt children.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: The Irish courts first dealt with the case of same-sex marriage in the case of Foy v. An t-Ard Chláraitheoir. In that case, Dr Lydia Foy, a transgender woman, sought a finding that she was born female but suffered from a congenital disability and claimed that the existing legal regime infringed her constitutional rights to marry a biological man. In support of her claim, she relied on case law from the ECHR. Judge McKechnie noted that in Ireland it was crucial that parties to a marriage be of the opposite biological sex. The judge noted that Article 12 of the ECHR is equally predicated. Accordingly, he found that there was no sustainable basis for the applicant's submission that the law which prohibited her from marrying a party of the same biological sex as herself was a violation of her constitutional right to marry. The judge concluded that the right to marry is not absolute and has to be evaluated in the context of several other rights including the rights of society. Therefore, the state is entitled to hold the view which is espoused and evident from its laws.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: The Supreme Court returned Foy's case to the High Court in 2005 to consider the issues in light of the Goodwin v United Kingdom decision of the ECHR. Foy had also issued new proceedings in 2006 relying on a new ECHR Act, which gave greater effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law. The two cases were consolidated and were heard in April 2007. Foy stressed the Goodwin decision where the European Court of Human Rights had found that the UK had breached the rights of a transgender woman, including her right to marry. McKechnie J was very reproachful of the government in his judgment and asserted that, because there is no express provision in the Civil Registration Act, which was enacted after the Goodwin decision, it must be questioned as to whether the State deliberately refrained from adopting any remedial measures to address the ongoing problems. He emphasised that Ireland is very much isolated within the member states of the Council of Europe with regards to these matters. The judge concluded that by reason of the absence of any provision which would enable the acquired identity of Foy to be legally recognised in this jurisdiction, the state is in breach of its positive obligations under Article 8 of the Convention. He issued a declaration that Irish law was incompatible with the ECHR and added that he would have found a breach of Foy's right to marry as well if it had been relevant.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: On 5 May 2016, James Reilly, Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, announced that the Irish Government had approved the publication of a new adoption bill. The bill would amend the Adoption Act 2010 and the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 and give legislative effect to the Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (the children referendum). The purposes of the bill are to allow children to be adopted by their foster carers, where they have cared for the child for at least 18 months, and to allow two people regardless of marital status to adopt children, thus granting married same-sex couples the right to adopt. The bill also allows for the adoption of a child by civil partners and cohabiting couples and gives children a greater say in the adoption process, among many other reforms to the adoption system. The bill passed the Dáil on 30 November 2016, and received approval by the Seanad on 13 June 2017. The bill was signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins on 19 July 2017, becoming the Adoption (Amendment) Act 2017. The commencement order was signed by the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, Katherine Zappone, on 18 October and the law went into effect the following day.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: In January 2019, the Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection, Regina Doherty, announced that the government had published a bill that would amend the Civil Registration Act 2004 and allow lesbian couples who have had donor-assisted children in an Irish fertility clinic to register as their parents. Under the changes, parents may choose the labels "mother" and "father" or instead the term "parents", meaning that the non-biological mother would be able to legally register as a co-parent. It passed the Daíl in March 2019, and the Seanad in May 2019. The Civil Registration Act 2019 was signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins on 23 May 2019, which is the fourth anniversary of the same-sex marriage referendum. It came into effect immediately. This legislation does not apply to Irish lesbian couples who have had donor-assisted children abroad or who have used reciprocal IVF (where one mother gives the eggs and the other mother carries the pregnancy; the non-birth mother is actually the biological mother). In these two cases, the couple must generally complete an adoption process. LGBT activist Ranae von Meding has two daughters with her wife Audrey through reciprocal IVF. She has been lobbying for legislation which would recognise all families regardless of how or where the child was conceived. Von Meding has started a petition on Uplift.ie which as of early September 2019 had received over 22,000 signatures in support. The Irish Independent reported in November 2019 that a fertility clinic in Dublin was offering reciprocal IVF services to lesbian couples.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: On 19 October 2007, Dr. Lydia Foy won her case in the High Court which ruled that the failure to allow her to obtain a new birth certificate recording her gender as female was in breach of her rights under the ECHR. The government appealed this decision but dropped its appeal in June 2010 and stated it would introduce legislation in the future. A new government took office in February 2011 and following the report of an advisory committee in July 2011, the Minister responsible announced that the government would introduce gender recognition legislation as soon as possible. No legislation had been introduced by February 2013 and Foy commenced new legal proceedings seeking to enforce the decision made by the High Court in 2007. In June 2014, a gender recognition bill was announced and in September 2014, the government stated that it would be published by the end of the year. The bill was introduced on 19 December 2014. On 15 July 2015, the Gender Recognition Act 2015 with major amendments passed both houses of the Oireachtas and President Michael D. Higgins signed the bill into law on 22 July 2015. The law allows legal gender changes without the requirement of medical intervention or assessment by the state. Such change is possible through self-determination for any person aged 18 or over, resident in Ireland and registered on Irish registers. The law came into effect on 8 September 2015.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: On 20 May 2019, Heneghan initiated a fresh legal challenge in the High Court against the blanket deferral on men who have had oral or anal sex with another man in the previous 12-month period. Heneghan argued that the questionnaire did not enable the IBTS to make a full evaluation of the level of risk presented by an individual donor due to their sexual behaviour. He also stated that according to the IBTS's own website, there was a window period following infection during which HIV and hepatitis may not be detected in the blood and that this window is seven days for HIV and 16 days for hepatitis. He claims that a far less onerous restriction could be imposed rather than the 12-month deferral, which would protect blood recipients. He claims the decision to place an "automatic deferral" on him was unlawful and in breach of EU law and European communities regulations on the quality and safety of human blood products and that the policy was disproportionate, discriminated against homosexual and bisexual men, and breached his constitutional rights and rights under the European Convention on Human Rights.


title: LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland

text: Ireland is notable for its quick and drastic change in attitudes and public perception toward LGBT people, homosexuality and same-sex relationships. Up until the 1970s, the climate for LGBT people was one of high homophobia and public antipathy (and to an extent, this is still the case in certain contexts today, as many LGBT youth still experience bullying). LGBT individuals would mostly either stay in the closet, move to England, or commit suicide. In the 1970s, small LGBT groups began to emerge and organise politically. Among them was the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, founded by David Norris. The killing of Declan Flynn, a thirty-year-old gay man, on 10 September 1982 led to Ireland's first LGBT public march, held in Dublin's Fairview Park, the scene of the crime. Over the following years, LGBT groups and activists began to slowly enter the public eye and raise awareness of their cause and movement. In 1993, Ireland officially decriminalised homosexuality, celebrated as a landmark victory by LGBT groups, which had filed suit up to the European Court of Human Rights to strike down the ban. By the early 2000s, societal attitudes were becoming increasingly more accepting. Anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation were enacted, civil partnerships were legalised in 2011, granting same-sex couples several legal rights, and transgender transition laws were relaxed, allowing transgender people the right to change their legal gender on official documents. In May 2015, in a historic vote, the Irish people voted to legalise same-sex marriage, becoming the first country in the world to legalise it through a public vote. Societal change towards the LGBT community has been attributed to, among others, a decline in Catholicism in Ireland, which was previously "omnipotent" and played a big influence in both public and private life.


title: Pedrolino

text: Since his function is "to keep the play moving", Pedrolino seems to betray, in Storey's words, "a Janus-faced aspect": "He may work cleverly in the interests of the Lovers in one play—Li Quattro finti spiritati , for example—by disguising himself as a magician and making Pantalone believe that the 'madness' of Isabella and Oratio can be cured only by their coupling together; then, in Gli avvenimenti comici, pastorali e tragici , indulge his capricious sense of fun by compounding the young persons' misfortunes." So multiform is his character that his cleverness can often give way to credulity (as when he is tricked into believing that he was drunk when he learned of his wife's infidelity and so merely imagined the whole affair) and his calculation can sometimes be routed by grotesque sentimentality (as when he, Arlecchino, and Burattino share a bowl of macaroni, the three blubbering all the while). Despite such inconsistencies in character and behavior, he has (or at least had, for his Renaissance audiences) an "instantly recognizable" identity. "The recognizability came", as Richard Andrews writes, "from his costume; from his body language; and most of all from his style of speech, which for Italian audiences was based on a regional dialect as well as more personal idiosyncrasies." That recognizability also arose from his puckish love of mischief: "He takes a child-like delight in practical jokes and pranks", as a modern-day practitioner of the Commedia writes, "but otherwise his intrigues are on behalf of his master. ... At times, however, the best he can scheme for is to escape the punishment others have in store for him." Naively volatile, he can be moved to violence when angry, but, in obedience to the conventions of comedy, his pugnaciousness is usually deflected or foiled.


title: The Extraordinary Education of Nicholas Benedict

text: Nicholas Benedict, a nine-year-old orphan and genius, moves to the Rothschild Manor orphanage after being removed from his previous orphanage, Littleview, because of his narcolepsy, a condition that sends him into deep sleep at unexpected moments, and, in Nicholas' case, often whilst he is laughing or experiencing strong emotion. Because of his condition, he is forced to sleep in a room all by himself that is locked each night by the director, Mr. Collum, instead of in the dormitory with all the other boys. The room had a window that was blocked up to prevent Nicholas from sneaking about through it. Nicholas, however, is able to remove the mortar as it had not dried properly. He quickly becomes friends with a scarred-faced boy named John, and enemies with the orphanage bullies: Iggy, Breaker, and Moray, or as they are more commonly referred to, the Spiders. He outwits the Spiders when they try to harm him, causing their hatred to increase. Because of his intellect, Nicholas comes up with an idea to be able to let himself out of his room at night. When the director escorts him to the washroom one night to allow him to brush his teeth, Nicholas pretends he forgot his brush, and so the director gives him the key and allows him to run back to his room to fetch it. Instead, he takes a candle out of its sconce, and presses the key into the soft wax to make an impression of it, and runs back to the washroom with the key and his toothbrush. During metalworking class, he made the imprint into a key, which he finds is a skeleton key. This allows him to wander all around the manor during the night and access many places, which comes in handy, as Nicholas finds out of the legend of huge treasure being hidden in the Manor, and with his friends John and Violet (a deaf girl who lives on a nearby farm), he does his best to find it. When John gets adopted, and the Spiders burn John's letter, Nicholas escapes from the orphanage. He then discovers a government attorney who acts kindly to him. Wanting to be like the government attorney, he returns to the orphanage. He then discovers that John was adopted by Violet's family. Violet, who wants to go to art school, plans on giving up going to art school so that Nicholas can be adopted by them, too. Nicholas, however, refuses. He then discovers that the treasure was nothing more than a library.


title: List of most expensive albums

text: In the late 1950s, the cost of producing pop albums runs from $3,000 to $7,000. The average cost of producing an album climbed to $15,000 in the 1960s. Early examples of record-breaking expensive albums include Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band with a reported sum of £25,000, alongside Tommy and Pet Sounds each with a cost of $70,000, as well as unfinished album Smile whose single "Good Vibrations" alone had a budget between $50,000 and $75,000, more than most entire albums cost in those days. Multiple albums were budgeted with a cost between $350,000 and $500,000 by late 1970s, whereas popular rock albums had an average of $100,000 and as high as $500,000 by the midpoint of the decade. Some albums were produced on a $1 million budget by 1981. Accountant John McClain gave an estimated cost of $2.5 million for a Michael Jackson record in 1987. Nowadays, according to IFPI, production costs for popular albums are "generally budgeted for at least $200,000, and if much studio time is used, costs can soar well past $350,000". Some artist's sponsorships covered the cost of producing the album, most notoriously Mariah Carey between the Bahamas Board of Tourism with her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel .


title: Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant

text: The local plant, building a localized product, allows Volkswagen to avoid exchange rate fluctuations, monitor US automotive market trends, and potentially reduce vulnerability to extended supply chain issues. At its outset, Chattanooga Assembly manufactured 85% of the Passat's content, and about 85% of the content of the North American Passat comes from North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. The company initially had plans for an expansion that would increase capacity to 592,000 vehicles a year. Labor costs at the Tennessee plant, including wages and benefits, have been estimated to average $27 an hour, below those of Ford, GM, Chrysler, and some foreign automakers. As of late 2012, cars manufactured at the Chattanooga Assembly Plant have been exported to Mexico, Canada, South Korea, and the Middle East. The Chattanooga plant opened 23 years after the closing of the Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania, in 1988. The Westmoreland plant, which began operation in 1978, had been characterized by labor unrest and suffered from poor networking between Westmoreland and Volkswagen headquarters in then-West Germany.


title: Miss World riots

text: However, conservative Islamic groups turned even more strongly against the Miss World organisation when it took a stand in the case of the Nigerian woman Amina Lawal. Amina had been condemned to death by stoning by a regional Islamic court because of alleged adultery. First, Miss Côte d'Ivoire Yannick Azébian and Miss Norway Kathrine Sørland indicated at the end of August 2002 that they would boycott the beauty contest; other Misses expressed their doubts as well. Miss Belgium, Denmark, France and Spain too decided to stay away, Miss Holland ignored calls to do so; the chairman of the Miss Holland opined: "Then you are actually giving the people in the North what they want. They are stopping an event which is 'perverse' in their eyes and are just continuing their ridiculous legislation." Other Misses also found that exactly by showing up in Abuja they could make a statement against conservative beliefs about women. Civil rights activists eventually were able to persuade the Miss World organisation as a whole to plead for the release of Amina Lawal to the Nigerian federal authorities, eventually convincing them to promise that the stoning would not be permitted.


title: Citizen Schools

text: Citizen Schools is an American nonprofit organization that partners with middle schools across the United States to expand the learning day for children in low-income communities. Its stated mission is "educating children and strengthening communities". Currently, Citizen Schools serves over 5,000 students and recruits over 4,280 volunteers over 31 program sites in 13 cities across 7 states. The center pieces of the Citizen Schools model are its apprenticeship programs run by volunteers that culminate in public demonstrations called WOW!s, and partnering with some middle schools to expand learning time for students. Citizen Schools offers the AmeriCorps National Teaching Fellowship providing a 2-year paid service opportunity for citizens interested in using their personal talents to enhance life opportunities for middle school students. Fellows in their second year can participate in a residency program operated by one of three university partners to obtain teacher certification in California, Massachusetts and New York. In honor of its 20 anniversary in 2015, Citizen Schools honored 20 alumni of the Fellowship who continue to make a profound impact in the community today.


title: Citizen Schools

text: Citizen Schools was founded by Eric Schwarz and Ned Rimer who were college roommates at the University of Vermont. Concerned with the rise of youth crime, struggling neighborhoods, and challenges within public schools in Boston, Eric and Ned sought to educate middle school age children through hands-on apprenticeships in real-world fields. In 1994, they volunteered to teach apprenticeships based on their professional knowledge to 20 students at Dorchester's Paul A. Dever Elementary School. As a former reporter, Eric led an apprenticeship in journalism while Ned taught first aid after having run the EMT squad at the University of Vermont. In early 1995, Citizen Schools formally registered as a non-profit organization. The first full program was launched that summer, serving 63 children. Schwarz and Rimer's first employee, John Werner, led the first school partnership; Werner created and scaled the capstone 8th Grade Academy program, founded the writing coach program and oversaw the Expanded Learning Time pilot.