title: Andrew Gabel

text: In late February 2013, speedskater Bridie Farrell, 31, "allege she was 15 when she and Gabel, then in his 30s and a teammate, first had improper sexual contact that she said occurred multiple times in 1997 and 1998. Gabel told the Tribune in a statement … that he had a 'brief, inappropriate relationship with a female teammate', made no excuses for his behavior and apologized to her for it". Farrell had informed the U.S. Olympic Committee what had happened the day before the public statement. Farrell, who said "neither rape nor sexual intercourse had taken place", said she appreciated the apology from Gabel, but replied: "Adults who abuse children should not have access to children. They shouldn't be allowed in the skating rink, they shouldn't be allowed in the gym, they shouldn't be allowed on the soccer fields, the softball fields." USOC CEO Scott Blackmun "said he was glad chose to tell her story because it would help others in similar circumstances hear they are not alone". Farrell said, "For me to receive a phone call from Scott at the USOC meant the world to me, not because he was calling me but because maybe the U.S. Olympic Committee is understanding the amount of devastation this wreaks within our sport.… Maybe it is finally time for true, true change."


title: Tessa Noël

text: In 1992, the immortal Slan Quince (Richard Moll) comes to the shop to challenge Duncan to a duel. He is immediately followed by Connor MacLeod (Christopher Lambert). After Slan flees to continue the battle another time, Duncan explains that Connor is from his clan and also immortal, born almost 90 years earlier. When Connor learned that another member of the Clan MacLeod had recovered from death, he found Duncan, taught him about immortals, and trained him in how to survive. Tessa then learns about the Game and that Duncan will repeatedly have to battle for his life against those immortals who desire more power. The two discuss what this means for their relationship but Tessa decides to stay with Duncan. During this time, the two of them meet 17-year-old petty thief Richie Ryan (Stan Kirsch), who learns from witnessing the MacLeods fight and behead Quince that they are immortals. Wanting to watch over the young man and believing he is not an inherent criminal but simply someone who needs guidance, Duncan and Tessa hire Richie to work in their shop, forging a friendship.


title: Tessa Noël

text: Reviewer Rob Lineberger called Tessa "beautiful and spirited," and said "she is the perfect mortal foil for MacLeod's heavy concerns. She lightens and strengthens him." He added, "Together, they are a model couple. They have healthy banter, intense arguments, plenty of romance, and an easy comfort with each other." Reviewer Abbie Bernstein of the Audio Video Revolution website wrote that Tessa was "depicted not as a screechy, in-the-dark Lois Lane but rather as a woman who handles her lover's supernatural aspects with remarkable pragmatism." Berstein added Tessa was "an unusually gutsy love interest (not to mention a refreshing sexually active heroine, as opposed to the coy 'sexual tension'-generating females who usually populate the genre)." Reviewer Gord Lacey of TVShowsOnDVD.com "found her rather annoying." Reviewer Doug Anderson of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that Tessa was "too arty and sympathetic to serve any purpose other than an emotional spur for the hero's vengeance." Joanne Ostrow of The Denver Post wrote that "Paul and Vandernoot don't look like typical American TV-style bimbos and hunks, and for good reason. They were cast to appeal internationally."


title: Tessa Noël

text: Tessa's death occurred in the fourth episode of the second season, "The Darkness." To surprise audiences and not make the death seem formulaic, the creative staff decided Tessa would die in a random mugging incident rather than be murdered by an enemy of MacLeod's or as part of the episode's main storyline. Horvath said "losing a loved one to a random act of violence is something that happens totally unexpectedly, at a moment that makes no sense dramatically". As originally written, Tessa's death scene shows MacLeod kneeling beside her and cradling her. Richie then revives from his fatal wounds and speaks with MacLeod. During the filming of the episode, no dialog was recorded and the final broadcast version shown in North America did not show Richie revive. The European version showed Richie reviving, but not that he speaks to MacLeod. For the season finale "Counterfeit Part Two," this scene reshot in Paris, this time including the dialog. However, this footage was not seen in the final broadcast version. The footage was eventually used in the season four episode "Leader of the Pack," when Richie finds Tessa's killer.


title: Tessa Noël

text: Lineberger wrote that "I was taken aback by the dark tone and emotional range generated by this episode. Highlander is a fantasy series, yet I cared about the characters as though I know them... Vandernoot gave Tessa such vitality and charm that her death left me reeling." Abramowitz said that Tessa's death strongly angered many viewers and "people hated me for killing her." There was further audience anger and criticism when in the episode immediately following, "Eye For An Eye," MacLeod spends the night with an old lover, the immortal Annie Devlin. Abramowitz justified the scene saying "someone once told me that death was an aphrodisiac. It's a thing that pushes you to life and the greatest thing in life, that's 'seize life', is sex." In his review of "Eye For An Eye," Lineberger wrote "This one caused an uproar— one I feel is justified... When Duncan rolled into Annie's arms, part of me smirked in appreciation of Duncan's magnetic charm. But the rest of me found his actions cruel to the viewers." Adrian Paul also reported an angry reaction from the audience when the seventh episode of season two, "The Return of Amanda," depicts MacLeod sleeping with Amanda less than a month after Tessa's death.


title: Universal Epic Universe

text: Super Nintendo World will be themed to various Nintendo-owned franchises, with a primary focus on the Mario franchise. Its entrance from Celestial Park will be themed as a Warp Pipe. Like the version of the land constructed in Universal Studios Japan, it will feature Mario Kart: Bowser's Challenge, an augmented reality racing simulator based on the Mario Kart series, as well as Yoshi's Adventure, an omnimover attraction themed to the character Yoshi from the Mario franchise. The land's layout will be less compact than its Japanese equivalent, however, with the courtyard area being more spread out. The land will also feature an additional section themed to the Donkey Kong franchise, which will include a new type of roller coaster patented as the "Boom Coaster". The coaster will run over a false track while being attached to a hidden track underneath, allowing designers to implement gaps in the false track to create the illusion that the trains are jumping over the gaps. The land is divided into two sections: Super Mario Land and Donkey Kong Country.


title: Elina: As If I Wasn't There

text: In the 1950s, nine-year-old Elina lives with her younger siblings and her mother in the Torne Valley in the north of Sweden, near the Finnish border. Her father, whom she loved dearly, died of tuberculosis a few years ago. Elina finds consolation in wandering out on the dangerous marshlands to have imaginary conversations with her dead father. Elina also contracted tuberculosis, but recovered. Because she was ill for so long, Elina is obliged to repeat a whole year at school. However, since she missed so much schooling as a result, she has been put in a new class with a different teacher, the strict Tora Holm. Tora Holm sees it as her mission to protect her pitiable charges from the pitfalls of life, believing that only those who speak perfect Swedish have any chance of a happy and successful life. Elina's family belongs to a Finnish-speaking minority frowned upon by a staunch schoolmistress who starts hounding Elina for speaking Finnish in class and questioning her authority. Elina's mother, sister, and a liberal young male teacher all try to mediate the ensuing battle of wills between Elina and Miss Holm. Especially when Elina exercises the sense of justice she learned from her father and stands up for one of her schoolmates. Although nobody is willing to take her side, little Elina proves far stronger than teacher Tora Holm reckoned. The conflict comes to a head when Elina flees to the dangerous moor.


title: Andrew R. Wheeler

text: In 2018, after a National Climate Assessment report about the impact of climate change in the United States was released by the Trump administration (which had been in the works for several years, stretching into the Obama presidency), the EPA under Wheeler's tenure dismissed the report's findings. The EPA falsely claimed that the Obama administration had pushed the authors of the report to focus on the worst-case scenario. In doing so, the EPA cited a story by the Daily Caller, a conservative website founded by Fox News pundit Tucker Carlson. FactCheck.Org wrote about the Daily Caller story that there was no evidence for the claims made, the report focused both on lower and higher scenarios, and much of the report looked at climate change impacts that had already occurred. FactCheck.Org noted that the report underwent multiple reviews, both internally and externally, and that the report was available for public review for three months. The Daily Caller cited as evidence for its claims a memo that allegedly showed that the Obama administration pushed the authors of the report to include worst-case scenarios; FactCheck.Org noted the memo "does not show that the Obama administration pushed for certain scenarios".


title: Andrew R. Wheeler

text: In 2019, Wheeler argued in favor of a proposed EPA rule that would prohibit the EPA from using studies that do not make raw data publicly available, a rule first proposed under Wheeler's predecessor, Scott Pruitt. Wheeler framed the proposal as a "transparency" rule; scientists opposed the rule, stating that it would seriously limit the research available to the EPA, because studies do not tend to make personal and confidential information available. The proposal could prevent EPA from using many important studies underpinning various regulations, including regulations on air pollution. The proposed rule was denounced by 69 scientific and medical groups (including the American Lung Association, American Medical Association, and American Psychological Association) and the editors of five leading scientific journals (Nature, Cell, PLOS One, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). A bipartisan group of former EPA administrators, testifying before the House Energy Subcommittee on Oversight, also criticized proposals to restrict the use of science in EPA decision making. The EPA's Science Advisory Board also pushed back against the proposal.


title: Lissanthe brevistyla

text: Lissanthe brevistyla is a spreading shrub that typically grows to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high and 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) wide, its branchlets covered with short, soft hairs. The leaves are sharply-pointed, lance-shaped, 10–25 mm (0.39–0.98 in) long and 1.8–3 mm (0.071–0.118 in) wide on a petiole 0.8–1.5 mm (0.031–0.059 in) long. The flowers are borne in upper-most leaf axils on a spike up to 25 mm (0.98 in) long, with 18 to 26 bisexual flowers, with a round bract and 2 bracteoles at the base of the flower. There are five, broadly egg-shaped sepals 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) long and 0.5–0.8 mm (0.020–0.031 in) wide. The petals are white or pink and joined at the base to form an urn-shaped tube 1.8–2.6 mm (0.071–0.102 in) long with 5 triangular lobes 0.7–0.9 mm (0.028–0.035 in) long with long, curved hairs inside. The anthers are 0.4–0.6 mm (0.016–0.024 in) long and the style is 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) long and much shorter than the petal tube. Flowering has been observed in November and is followed by spherical fruit 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter.


title: Faith (Battlestar Galactica)

text: Back on Galactica, Roslin talks again with Emily who apologizes for her earlier outburst. She tells Roslin that she doesn't agree with Baltar's political stance, but agrees with his religious beliefs saying that she feels a single loving presence from God just as Baltar describes it. She says she had a dream of standing on a ferry boat, crossing the river that Baltar says separates their world from the afterlife. Back on the Basestar, Starbuck finds the Hybrid, and listens to her strange rant of technical information and nonsensical statements. Athena and a Number 8 arrive to disconnect the Hybrid. A Centurion guarding the room quickly reacts and shoots the Number 8 in the ensuing confusion. As Kara and Athena disable the Centurion, the Hybrid tells Starbuck: "Thus shall it come to pass. The dying leader will know the truth of the opera house. The missing three will give you the five who have come from the home of the thirteenth. You are the harbinger of death, Kara Thrace. You will lead them all to their end. End of line."


title: Faith (Battlestar Galactica)

text: Roslin explains that Baltar is speaking only of the Cylon God, but Emily believes he is the god of all and argues that the metaphysical stories of the Lords of Kobol are inconceivable. Roslin tearfully harks back to when her mother was dying and how she believed Aphrodite would take her away, but in the end, there was nothing but darkness. Back on the Basestar, Natalie solves the Hybrid's riddle by answering that "the three" is a reference to D'anna, and that she knows who the final five Cylons are. The five have come from the 13th tribe and they will know where Earth is. Starbuck's team and the Cylons prepare to rendezvous with the Demetrius. Roslin has the dream that Emily described, and then awakens to find that Emily has died. Gaeta's health steadily declines, and he requests that Helo prevent Doctor Cottle from amputating his leg if it comes to that. Helo refuses to depart early, no matter the consequences to Gaeta. By the time that Starbuck's group has figured out their next move, the clock has run out and Helo prepares to jump back to the fleet. Suddenly, the Basestar appears right on top of them. Athena calls Helo and tells him they have successfully secured the Basestar. Roslin talks to Admiral Adama, discussing the shared dream which she had with Emily. Adama doesn't know what to make of it, and is more focused on Lee turning in his wings for a political career, and Starbuck's sudden reappearance from the dead. Knowing the Demetrius is overdue, Adama wonders if he will ever see Starbuck and her crew again. Roslin explains that she is with him now and that they will find Earth. Roslin asks why he now believes in Earth, and he replies, smiling, she made him believe.


title: Joe Elliott

text: Joseph Thomas Elliott was born in Sheffield to Joseph William Elliott and Cynthia Gibson. He was educated at King Edward VII School. Elliott met Pete Willis (a member of a local band called Atomic Mass) in November 1977 after missing a bus. Upon finding out that they were both musicians, Willis invited Elliott to meet the rest of the Atomic Mass members. The band spent hours talking and listening to records in Elliott's bedroom. Elliott tried out as a guitarist and, though the band had not heard Elliott sing, they were impressed by "his attitude and his ideas about being in a band" and he became the band's vocalist instead. The other members also took Elliott's suggestion to change their name to "Deaf Leopard." Elliott had invented the name for a band in his youth. Bandmate Tony Kenning suggested they change the band name to "Def Leppard" to distinguish them from contemporary punk bands like The Flying Lizards and the Boomtown Rats. The band claims that any apparent similarity of the name Led Zeppelin to Def Leppard was unintentional.


title: Random Acts of Comedy

text: Random Acts of Comedy is an American comedy game show hosted by David Alan Grier. The show was co-created and executive produced by John Cervenka. It premiered October 8, 1999, on the Fox Family Channel. Two contestants had to identify "The Who", "The What", and "The Where" in a scene performed by improv actors. For example, the actors could be asked to act out Santa Claus (The Who) serving hot dogs (The What) at a Boy Scout meeting (The Where). None of the actors were informed of "The Who", "The What", or "The Where" of each round prior to the show. As each scene was being performed, the contestants could buzz in and identify any of the three elements of the scene for points. Five rounds were played, with the last round being a musical round. Correct answers were worth ten points in round one, twenty points in rounds two and three, thirty points in round four, and fifty points in round five. If at any time, the actors accidentally revealed a clue, it was thrown out and both players get the points. At the end of the game, the contestant with the higher score won a prize package.


title: Percy Lane Oliver

text: The removal of payment from the equation also encouraged Oliver to institute more humane practices for the treatment of donors. The Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service banned the common, but painful and dangerous technique of "cutting down"—making a large incision in the arm to access the vein—and required that the donor be lying down during the blood collection. Oliver eschewed the perception of blood donors as heroes subjecting themselves to a dangerous ordeal,: 155–6 and forbade contact between donors and patients, as he believed that "every donor should realise that he or she is a unit of an organisation created and functioning for the benefit of humanity generally, at the direction of surgeons, and not at the behest of a single individual".: S97–8 In 1932, the Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service founded the Voluntary Blood Donors Association, which provided insurance for its donors,: 157 organised social events and published a newsletter. By 1938, the service counted approximately 2700 donors among its ranks.


title: Afro-Portuguese people

text: Black Portuguese citizens are primarily descendants or migrants issuing from the five former Portuguese colonies in Africa: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The colonies were abolished in 1951, transformed into overseas provinces by the Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar and became integral parts of Portugal. A minority also originate from other Sub-Saharan African countries. These communities arrived in continental Portugal after the independence of the African overseas provinces in the mid-1970s and after the Portuguese economic growth in the late 1980s. They should not be confused with the population - of overwhelming white European descent - that "returned" from the colonies immediately after their independence. This different ethnic group is the one formed by the so-called retornados (meaning "those who came back") — Portuguese settlers and descendants of Portuguese settlers born in former African colonies who relocated to continental Portugal after their independence and in the first half of the 1980s.


title: Afro-Portuguese people

text: For instance, if a person holding a citizenship of a Sub-Saharan country marries a Portuguese national (regardless of their "ethnic origin"), the children of this union are not detected in official statistics. This means that, even if a person is of pure African descent (for example, a daughter of a Portuguese mother of Cape Verdean descent and a recently arrived Angolan father) they would not appear amongst the 318,832 people of "recent" Sub-Saharan background, as the Portuguese nationality law privileges jus sanguinis. Moreover, a person born in Portugal to non-citizens acquires citizenship at birth if at least one parent has been resident in the country for at least one year prior to the time of birth, or was born in Portugal and resident in the country at the time of birth, a fact that is quite common amongst long-established communities such as the African one: again, these Portuguese individuals, although of African descent, do not appear in official statistics as there are no data aiming at portraying the ethnic diversity of the country.


title: Musa ibn Zurara

text: It is known that Musa had five brothers: Sulayman, Ahmad, Isa, Muhammad, and Harun. In common with other Arab leaders in Armenia, Musa married the sister of a Christian Armenian prince, Bagrat II Bagratuni, whose province of Taron bordered Musa's own domain of Arzanene. His ties to the powerful Bagratuni prince certainly strengthened Musa's own position against other rivals, both Christian and Muslim, but it did not stop him from developing a certain enmity towards Bagrat and taking up arms against him. Thus, when the Abbasid governor, Abu Sa'id Muhammad al-Marwazi, sought to reduce the power and autonomy of the Armenian princes, that had grown greatly during the previous years, he chose Musa and another local Arab lord, al-Ala ibn Ahmad al-Azdi. Musa invaded Taron, while al-Ala attacked the other great southern Armenian principality of Vaspurakan, ruled by Ashot I Artsruni. Ashot defeated al-Ala and evicted him from his territory, and then went to the assistance of Bagrat. The Armenian armies faced and defeated Musa near the capital of Taron, Mush, and pursued him until Baghesh, stopping only after the entreaties of Musa's wife, the sister of Bagrat.


title: Sir Last Chance

text: The story begins with the members of the private detective office led by Detective Last Chance. The office consists of six male detectives and five female detectives. Meanwhile, Mister Producer decides to recruit two Bollywood actresses for his latest film production due to force from his wife and daughter. Later he revealed that the film can earn good income as well. With that, Sri Lankan movie stars strongly protest against Bollywood actresses and make plans to kidnap the two foreign actresses with the help of Don Ladan. Mister Producer reveals the story of kidnap and he ask help from Detective Chance. The Detective selected two of his best men Arti and Viti to protect two actresses. The two detective safely bring two actresses to their home. Arti and Viti dressed up as two actresses and start to act like them. Meanwhile, Sri Lankan stars seek to kidnap fake actresses and make muhurath ceremony a funny act. However, after series of incidents, Ladan kidnap two fake actresses and demand a ransom of Rs. 50 million dollars, for their release. However, Arti and Viti reveal their actual appearance and catch all the gangs with the help of fellow detective and Sri Lanka stars, who later realized their mistakes. Finally, at the contract sign, two real Bollywood actresses reveal their presence and they ask to do the film with your own film stars. Arti and Viti had a ceremony and gifted with medals for the contribution. Finally Arti ask Detective Chance to give permission to marry his fiancée and detective gives the permission.


title: Blind Date (1987 film)

text: After leaving the dinner, David repeatedly stalks and attacks Walter in vain attempts to reunite with Nadia. Upset at the encounters, Nadia asks Walter to stop the car so she can use a bathroom but she runs off to a disco. Walter follows and the pair reconcile while dancing together. David again finds them and instigates a bar brawl, during which Walter and Nadia escape. Nadia requests to be taken to a friend's party but Walter insists on taking her to her accommodation. Arriving at the address Nadia provides, the house is towed away on the back of a truck, Walter's car is stripped of parts while he is distracted, and he is accosted by muggers. They conceal a gun inside his car and flee when the police arrive who force the panicked Walter to undertake a sobriety test. Nadia sobers up and expresses regret for her actions before David returns; Walter rams David's car off the road. Manic from the night's events, Walter insists on taking Nadia to the party, where he embarasses her with his dishevelled appearance as he excessively drinks alcohol, plays with the food, and trips a waiter into the pool. David arrives and fights Walter until the latter finds the gun. He threatens David but the police arrive and arrest the bloody and bruised Walter.


title: 1986 Memorial Cup

text: The Platers offense was led by Lonnie Loach, who scored 41 goals and 83 points in 65 games, leading the team in scoring. [[Mike Murray (ice hockey) |Mike Murray]] scored 28 goals and 65 points in 56 games for the Platers. During the season, the club acquired Gary Roberts from the Ottawa 67's, who would play a big part in Guelph's success. In 23 games with Guelph, Roberts, a Calgary Flames prospect, scored 18 goals and 33 points. In the post-season, Roberts led Guelph in scoring, as he scored 18 goals and 31 points in 20 games. Marc Tournier led the Platers on the blue line, scoring eight goals and 50 points in 58 games. Fellow defenseman Steve Chiasson scored 12 goals and 41 points in 54 games. In goal, the Platers were led by Steve Guenette, who posted a 26-20-1 record with a 3.40 GAA and a .895 save percentage in 50 games. Guenette was awarded the Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy as the Overager of the Year in the OHL. Platers head coach Jacques Martin won the Matt Leyden Trophy as OHL Coach of the Year.


title: 1986 Memorial Cup

text: The Olympiques offense was led by Guy Rouleau and Luc Robitaille. Rouleau was awarded the Jean Beliveau Trophy after he led the league in scoring with 91 goals and 191 points in 61 games with Hull, after being acquired by the club from the Longueuil Chevaliers very early in the season. Rouleau also was awarded the Michel Briere Memorial Trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the QMJHL. Robitaille also scored 191 points during the regular season, as he scored 68 goals and 123 assists in 63 games. Robitaille led the club in post-season scoring, as he had 17 goals and 44 points in 15 games, while Rouleau scored 23 goals and 43 points in 15 playoff games. Joe Foglietta scored 39 goals and 117 points in 59 games. On defense, Stephane Richer led the club with 14 goals and 66 points in 71 games. The Olympiques defense received a big boost when Sylvain Cote was sent to the club by the Hartford Whalers midway through the season. Cote spent the entire 1984–85 season with the Whalers in the NHL and began the 1985–86 with the club. In 26 games with Hull, Cote scored 10 goals and 43 points. In the post-season, Cote scored six goals and 34 points in 13 games. Cote and Robitaille would share the Guy Lafleur Trophy as the QMJHL Playoff MVP. Cote also was awarded the Emile Bouchard Trophy as QMJHL Defenseman of the Year. In goal, Robert Desjardins saw the majority of action. In 42 games, Desjardins earned a record of 29-12-0 with a 3.32 GAA, as he won the Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy for having the lowest goals against average in the QMJHL. His backup was Eric Bohemier, who had a 25-6-0 record with a 3.95 GAA in 32 games.


title: 1986 Memorial Cup

text: Kamloops offense was led by Rob Brown, who scored 58 goals and 173 points in 69 games to lead the league in scoring, winning the Bob Clarke Trophy. Brown was awarded the Most Valuable Player Award for the West Division. In the post-season, Brown scored 18 goals and 46 points in 16 games, leading the Blazers in playoff scoring. Mike Nottingham scored 61 goals and 131 points in 70 games, finishing eight in WHL scoring. Ken Morrison was acquired by the Blazers from the Prince Albert Raiders early in the season. In 57 games with Kamloops, Morrison scored 69 goals and 123 points. Overall, Morrison scored a league high 83 goals for both the Raiders and Blazers during the season. Morrison was named the Most Sportsmanlike Player in the WHL. Greg Evtushevski returned to Kamloops during the season after beginning the year with the Maine Mariners of the American Hockey League. In 34 games with Kamloops, Evtushevski scored 29 goals and 76 points. On defense, Greg Hawgood scored 34 goals and 119 points in 71 games, leading the blue line in scoring. Ron Shudra scored 10 goals and 50 points in 72 games, and was named a co-winner of the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as WHL Rookie of the Year. In goal, Rob McKinley was the Blazers starting goaltender, as in 54 games, he posted a GAA of 3.92.


title: 1986 Memorial Cup

text: The Winter Hawks offense was led by Ray Podloski, who led the club in scoring with 59 goals and 134 points in 66 games. Podloski finished in seventh place in WHL scoring. Dave Waldie scored a team high 68 goals, while earning 126 points in 72 games. Waldie was named a co-winner of the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the WHL Rookie of the Year. Waldie led the Winter Hawks in post-season scoring, as he had 13 goals and 19 points in 15 games. Dan Woodley emerged as a top prospect for the 1986 NHL Entry Draft, as he scored 45 goals and 92 points in 62 games with Portland. On defense, Glen Wesley was the Winter Hawks leader, as he scored 16 goals and 91 points in 69 games. Wesley was named the West Division winner of the Bill Hunter Trophy as the Best Defenseman in the WHL. Wesley was emerging as a top prospect for the 1987 NHL Entry Draft during this season. Goaltending duties were split between Lance Carlson, who posted a 4.48 GAA in 40 games, and Chris Eisenhart, who had a 4.82 GAA in 36 games.


title: Greater Mexico City

text: Greater Mexico City spreads over the valley of Mexico, also called the valley of Anáhuac, a 9,560 km2 (3,691 sq mi) valley that lies at an average of 2,240 m (7,349 ft) above sea level. Originally, a system of interconnected lakes occupied a large area of the valley, of which Lake Texcoco was the largest. Mexico City was built on the island of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the lake. During conquest of the Aztec Empire the dikes that protected the city from recurrent floods were destroyed and colonial authorities preferred to drain the water of the lake, which was, for the most part, shallow. In 1900 president Porfirio Díaz inaugurated the Valley's System of Drainage that hinders the growth of water bodies in the valley (and prevents floods). The basin of the valley of Mexico was thus integrated artificially to the Moctezuma river basin which connects to the Pánuco River. The last remnants of the system of lakes are found in the boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac, and in the municipality of Atenco.


title: Greater Mexico City

text: There are several environmental programs in operation in all municipalities of Greater Mexico City. One of them is Hoy No Circula (known in English as "One Day without a Car"), whereby some vehicles with certain ending numbers on their license plates are not allowed to circulate on certain days in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. The program groups vehicles by their ending license plate digits and every weekday vehicles having any of the day's two Hoy no circula digits are banned from circulating. For instance, on Fridays, vehicles with plates ending in 9 or 0 may not drive. This program is controversial since it has resulted in households buying additional vehicles: new cars for higher-income families, or very old and cheap —and thus more polluting— vehicles. Moreover, newer vehicles are exempt from complying with the program—in that they are manufactured with stricter pollution-reduction equipment—a move said to have been pushed by automakers to boost sales of new vehicles.


title: Greater Mexico City

text: From 1940 and until 1980, Greater Mexico City experienced an intense rate of demographic growth concurrent with the economic policy of import substitution. Mexican industrial production was heavily centralized in Greater Mexico City during this period which produced intense immigration to the city. Close to 52% of the economically active population of Greater Mexico City worked in the industry sector in 1970. This situation changed drastically during the period of 1980 to 2000, in which the economic based shifted to the service sector which in 2000 employed close to 70% of the economically active population in the conurbation. The annual rate of growth decreased sharply as well as the regional and national patterns of immigration: residents are moving out of the core city to the suburbs or to nearby cities, whereas the northern states now receive a larger number of immigrants as new hubs of industrial production. Greater Mexico City's main industries are now related to trade, financial services, insurance companies, telecommunications, informatics and transportation. In spite of the recent shifts in economic production and the decentralization of the economic activity promoted by the government, Greater Mexico City's share of total economic activity in the country is still high, though decreasing. Mexico City proper alone produces $170 billion or 17% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product, larger than any of the states.


title: Einsatzgruppe H

text: On 14 March 1939, the Slovak State proclaimed its independence under the protection of Nazi Germany. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the persecution of Jews was "central to the domestic policy of the Slovak state". Between 26 March and 20 October 1942, about 57,000 Jews, two-thirds of the Jews in Slovakia at the time, were deported. Only a few hundred survived the war. In 1943, the defeat at Stalingrad turned many Slovaks against the Axis-aligned regime, and the government refused to continue with deportations. It was now evident to the Slovak population that Germany would not win the war, and high casualties on the Eastern Front caused many ordinary Slovaks and large sections of the army to turn against the fascist regime; many retreated to the mountains and formed partisan groups. Concerned about the increase in resistance and suspecting the loyalty of the Slovaks, Germany invaded Slovakia, precipitating the Slovak National Uprising, which broke out on 29 August 1944.


title: Einsatzgruppe H

text: Einsatzgruppe H was organized hierarchically as were other Einsatzgruppe units. It was run from a central headquarters in Bratislava, where Witiska maintained an office at Palisády 42 with about 160 personnel. At its peak, the unit had six subunits with stationary headquarters: Sonderkommando 7a, Einsatzkommandos 13 and 14, and zb-V Kommandos 15, 27, and 29. Of these, Einsatzkommandos 13 and 14 and zb-V Kommando 27 were newly formed, while the other units had been transferred from other duties. Not all were subordinated to Einsatzgruppe H for the entirety of their activities in Slovakia; for instance, zb-V Kommando 27, which operated in eastern Slovakia from September 1944, was subordinated to the SD office in Kraków until January 1945. Except for zb-V Kommando 15, dissolved in February, the units continued to exist until the occupation of Slovakia by the Red Army, at which point most of the personnel fled into Moravia. More than 700 soldiers served in Einsatzgruppe H at one point, although the exact numbers cannot be determined.


title: Einsatzgruppe H

text: Einsatzkommando 29 and local collaborators committed the 28 September roundup in Bratislava, organized by Alois Brunner. On 26 September, the Germans raided the Jewish Center, obtaining a list of Jews, with which they prepared the operation. On the night of 28 September, 1,600 or 1,800 Jews in Bratislava were arrested and held in the Jewish Council's headquarters until 6 am, when they were loaded onto freight cars and transported to Sereď, arriving at 2 am on 30 September. They were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp later that month, where most were murdered. Notably, the victims included most of the leadership of the Working Group, a Jewish resistance organization. This was the largest roundup in Slovakia and an example of Slovak collaboration. After the September operation, Einsatzkommando 29 established an office in the former Jewish Center (Edelgasse 6) to hunt down Jews in hiding. When Jews were captured, they were interrogated and tortured if they did not give the names and addresses of other Jews in hiding. The bodies of victims who were tortured to death were thrown into the Danube. This was staffed largely from members of the Heimatschutz.


title: Einsatzgruppe H

text: Fifteen judicial proceedings relating to the unit were opened in West Germany, mostly relating to the deportation and murder of Slovak Jews. Only one man, Silvester Weiss, was ever indicted by a German court for crimes committed as part of the unit; he was born on 27 November 1925 in Slovakia and prosecuted under juvenile law in 1964. After being convicted for his role in the murder of a hostage, he was conditionally released and did not serve any time in prison. According to Czech historian Lenka Šindelářová, part of the failure to hold the perpetrators accountable was the lack of will on the part of German investigators, although the difficulty of obtaining evidence 20 years after the fact and statute of limitations also prevented cases from coming to trial. A few other members of Einsatzgruppe H were convicted as accomplices to murder for crimes committed with other units, but these sentences were typically light; one person was sentenced to six years in jail for the murder of 28,450 people. Heuser, responsible for Einsatzkommando 14's massacres, rose to a senior position in the West German police service before being convicted for assisting in the murder of 11,000 people in and around Minsk as a member of the Gestapo. He was released after serving six years of a 15-year sentence.


title: Yamboree

text: The East Texas Yamboree, a four-day event held annually during the third weekend of October in Gilmer, Texas, celebrates the sweet potato (called a "yam" in the United States) as a former cash crop, drawing thousands of tourists to the city for the occasion each year. The event has been held in Gilmer since 1935. Festivities at the event include the Queen's Coronation Pageant, a carnival held around the town square, two parades--the first being the school parade with floats built by the different Upshur County Schools and different East Texas marching school bands. There is a marching contest for the high school bands on Friday. School floats are also judged, and the floats that earn first, second and third places are in the Queen's Parade, which takes place on Saturday. Other activities include a barn dance and livestock shows for the area FFA participants. Gilmer, Texas is the County seat of Upshur County and during this one week, the population of Gilmer grows in size from 5,000 to over 100,000 people. There have only been two times that they have not held the East Texas Yamboree and that was during wartime during World War II and recently when the COVID-19 pandemic started.


title: Murtle River

text: There are no records about the Murtle River being known by First Nations. The river was discovered by Joseph Hunter, a surveyor working for the future Canadian Pacific Railway, on May 25, 1874. Hunter's expedition rafted across the Clearwater River near The Horseshoe, headed east for about 13 kilometres (8 mi), and reached the Murtle River upstream from Majerus Falls. He named the river and, a few days later, Murtle Lake for his birthplace in Scotland, Milton of Murtle, near Aberdeen. Between 1872 and 1881, about 20 survey parties fanned out across British Columbia trying to find the best route for the new railway between Yellowhead Pass in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. Three survey parties visited what is now Wells Gray Park. When the more southern Kicking Horse Pass was chosen instead in 1881, all of these meticulously examined routes across the Canadian Cordilleran, including Hunter's, were abandoned. Only three place names in the park recognize those 10 wasted years of surveys: Murtle River and Lake, Mahood River and Lake, and Marcus Falls. The latter two refer to James Adam Mahood and Marcus Smith, leaders of two other railway surveys during the 1870s.


title: Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park

text: The Emscher Landscape Park was identified to be the 800 km2 of "open space" in the region – agricultural land, forests, brownfields with plant carpet, vegetation at railway embankments, slag heaps, and other more or less green structures. The classical meaning of a park was not visible here, so the aim was to connect fragmented green structures, develop new ones and make the open spaces accessible for public. For example, within the Emscher Landscape Park a huge number of previous railway lines were located that lost their meaning and function with the decline of the mines. With support of the IBA and public funding these railway dams were converted to work as regional bike path network. The Kommunalverband Ruhrgebiet (today Regionalverband Ruhrgebiet, RVR) took over the responsibility for the development and coordination of the Emscher Landscape Park and worked in cooperation with the municipalities in 7 "sub-parks" (green belts A to G), with Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband and other public players like the owner of slag heaps RAG AG on the quality and quantity of green connections. From 1991 on the government of North Rhine-Westphalia supported the Emscher Landscape Park projects with the "Ökologieprogramm Emscher-Lippe", a funding instrument fed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and Federal State funds, co-financing measures with 80% to 90%. Within 20 years around 680 Mio. € funding have been invested in more than 400 Emscher Landscape Park projects, mainly by municipalities and RVR. The Regionalverband Ruhrgebiet is still responsible and caring for the Emscher Landschaftspark.


text: The river Emscher with its approximately 80 km and some hundred kilometres of tributaries was since the 19th century a symbol for the rust belt and ecological problems as the network was working like an open waste water collection and discharge system. The construction of "normal" sewers was in most areas impossible due to mining-induced subsidence. With the decline of the mines the Emschergenossenschaft started in the 1980s first tests for restoration and with the beginning of the IBA processes the Emschergenossenschaft set up a programme for pilot projects. Besides the very technical measures (construction of new decentralised waste water treatment plants, construction of about 350 km of new sewers) it was necessary to start as well with the renaturation of open water courses to show the ecological potential and urban development chances such projects can bring. One of the first IBA projects was the 9 km Dorneburger Mühlenbach/Hüller Bach in Bochum, jointly developed by the Emschergenossenschaft and the municipality of Bochum in cooperation with neighbouring cities and many private land owners. Regarding the above-mentioned effects for investments and structural changes in the long run the restoration was for example leading to the construction of a new quarter at the banks. In the frame of the IBA the Emschergenossenschaft started to change the waste water fee system. It was the first catchment area in Germany that had a split of the fees, charging both for domestic waste water and paved areas with the consequence that disconnection and infiltration of rain water from roofs etc. was economically interesting for everybody.


title: Cross-deck (naval terminology)

text: Cross-deck (or cross-decking) is naval jargon which may refer to either informal, ad-hoc sharing of resources between naval vessels (historical usage), or the use of carrier decks (or vessel borne helipads) to host aircraft of foreign allies, aircraft from other ships in the same navy, or as re-fueling platforms for naval aircraft to extend flight operations beyond the range of the aircraft type. The operations may be entirely within a single navy, or between allied navies such as defined in the HOSTAC agreement. This may be required for ferrying aircraft or supplies, power projection operations involving fixed or rotary-wing aircraft, or to provide flexibility in operating limited numbers of specialized aircraft (such as the EA-6B Prowler electronic warfare aircraft) over a wide theatre of operations. Spare parts that can be lifted by helicopter are often crossed decked between ships operating compatible equipment (especially if they are the same ship class), to reduce redundancy in carrying spares.


title: Cross-deck (naval terminology)

text: Entire naval air units, up to and including naval air squadrons, may be transferred to re-balance a task force. For example, during WWII, carrier task groups might suffer more severe attrition in a single carrier air group, leaving an under-utilized support crew (which, unlike air crews, generally do not suffer casualties unless the ship itself is attacked). Re-distribution of air-group units allow the individual carriers in a group to better use the fixed assets of each ship (hangar space, maintenance crews, repair facilities, etc.). Alternately, a damaged fleet unit might disperse its air units to intact fleet units. For example, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, when the USS Hornet suffered critical damage, its surviving air group landed on USS Enterprise. In turn, when Enterprise suffered damage, part of its air group operated temporarily from Henderson field on Guadalcanal (though technically not a "deck") and contributed in the sinking of the battleship Hiei. Unplanned cross-decking often arose from aircraft in a critical fuel situation choosing any available landing place. Notably, during the aftermath of the Battle of the Philippine Sea, naval fliers returning at night with minimal fuel landed on whichever carrier in the task force was able to bring them in first, randomly scrambling the air groups throughout the carriers of the fleet.


title: After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie

text: Her family's disapproval extended back to Rhys's Edwardian chorus girl career, which she embarked on against parental wishes after exiting Cambridge's Perse School for Girls to enrol at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she lasted just two terms. Showbusiness led to her demimondaine phase, financed by wealthy first lover Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, until he ended the affair. A backstreet abortion followed, with Smith subsidising her London boarding house life. She became a nude art model in the prelude to World War I. Her post-war Europe jaunts with first husband Jean Lenglet ended when he served prison time in France and was deported to Holland. Rhys's failure to keep their daughter Maryvonne, who spent much of her infancy in care, seemed another stain on her character. Her extramarital affair in Paris with Ford Madox Ford compounded this. The Ford affair's aftermath is what After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie explores, with Julia Martin lightly slapping her ex-lover's face with an empty glove in a Paris bar, as Rhys had to Ford.


title: Luc-Normand Tellier

text: In 1971, he found the first analytical (direct non iterative) numerical solution of the Fermat and Weber triangle problems. Identified long before Von Thünen's contributions, which go back to 1818, the Fermat triangle problem can be seen as the very beginning of space economy. It was formulated by the famous French mathematician Pierre de Fermat before 1640. More than 330 years later, it still had no analytical numerical solution. As for the Weber triangle problem, which is a generalization of the Fermat triangle problem, it was first formulated by Thomas Simpson in 1750, and popularized by Alfred Weber in 1909. In 1971, that problem still had no analytical numerical solution. The Fermat triangle problem consists in locating a point D with respect to three points A, B, and C in such a way that the sum of the distances between D and each of the three other points is minimized. The Weber triangle problem consists in locating a point D with respect to three points A, B, and C in such a way that the sum of the transportation costs between D and each of the three other points is minimized.


title: Luc-Normand Tellier

text: In 1985, in a book entitled Économie spatiale: rationalité économique de l'espace habité, Tellier formulated an all-new problem called the "attraction-repulsion problem", which constitutes a generalization of both the Fermat and Weber problems. In the same book, he solved that problem for the first time in the triangle case, and he reinterpreted the space economy theory, especially, the theory of land rent, in the light of the concepts of attractive and repulsive forces stemming from the attraction-repulsion problem. That problem was later further analyzed by mathematicians like Chen, Hansen, Jaumard and Tuy , and Jalal and Krarup . Moreover, the attraction-repulsion problem is seen by Ottaviano and Thisse as a prelude to the New Economic Geography that developed in the 1990s, and earned Paul Krugman a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2008. In its simplest version, the attraction-repulsion problem consists in locating a point D with respect to three points A1, A2 and R in such a way that the attractive forces exerted by points A1 and A2, and the repulsive force exerted by point R cancel each other out.


title: Bernie Naylor

text: Naylor began his football career with Fremantle Christian Brothers College Old Boys of the WAAFL in 1940 and made his debut for South Fremantle in 1941. Naylor kicked sixty goals in his debut season, including nine in the first semi-final against Claremont, but the Second World War caused the WANFL to revert to an underage competition for three seasons. Owing to military service in Darwin Naylor did not wear the red and white again until 1946, when he scored 131 goals to head the WANFL goalkicking for the first of six occasions. The following season, Naylor played in the first of six South Fremantle premiership teams over an eight-year period that is generally regarded as the strongest team in WA(N)FL history, being one of three players present in all six Grand Final victories. Naylor naturally became the first choice full-forward for interstate games, but after having injury problems during the 1949 season was surprisingly played as a half-forward flanker for part of the next two seasons.


title: Bernie Naylor

text: In 1952, however, Naylor asserted himself as one of the greatest goalkickers in the history of Australian Rules with a tally of 147 goals, which beat George Doig's 1937 record of 144. Included in this was a haul of nineteen goals against East Fremantle that put the blue and whites out of the finals for the first time in thirty-seven seasons. The following season was even more brilliant as Naylor won South Fremantle's best and fairest award, an achievement none of the WANFL's previous great full forwards had ever managed, and broke his own record with 167 goals including eight in the Grand Final against West Perth. Against lowly Subiaco Naylor kicked a total of 48 goals in three games, including a still-standing WANFL record of 23 (including 12 in a quarter) in their third meeting, plus eighteen in their first despite leg problems. After the Grand Final South Fremantle played twice against the champion Footscray defence. The teams won one game each; with Naylor kicking a further 7 goals.


title: Chandrabir Kunwar

text: After 3 weeks of the earthquake on 8 September 1803, Gorkhali forces saw an opportunity to conquer Garhwal Kingdom. The Gorkhali forces marched toward Srinagar from three directions. Chandrabir Kunwar together with his co-commander Bhaktibir Thapa led the so-called second unit of Gorkhali forces through Langurgarh route. Eventually, King Pradyumna Shah escaped with Parakram Shah to Doon valley, however, the Gorkhalis also occupied the Doon valley in Ashwin 1860 . Governors Ranadhir Singh Basnyat and Hastadal Shah who had differences with Amar Singh Thapa were replaced by Surabir Khatri, Ranabir Khatri, Dhaukal Khatri and Chandrabir Kunwar. Chandra Bir was appointed as Subba (governor) of one-third territories of Garhwal and in replacement of Hasti Dal Shah. The appointment letter dated Ashadh Badi 2, 1862 Vikram Samvat states him to reach Srinagar and act according to the orders of Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa. According to the Bhasha Vamshavali, Chandrabir Kanwar also participated in the last battle of Garhwal which took place in 1862 Vikram Samvat. The war resulted in the defeat of King Pradyumna Shah.


title: Edward Kent Jr.

text: At the time of Kent's appointment to the Arizona bench, President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to appoint someone residing in the territory. Competing groups within the territorial Republican Party were unable to settle upon an in-territory candidate acceptable to all parties. Forced to look outside the territory, President Roosevelt nominated Kent to become Chief Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court on January 29, 1902, with senate confirmation occurring on March 3. He took his oath of office on March 21, 1902. During his time on the bench, Kent was assigned to judicial district three. At the time of his appointment the third district consisted of Maricopa and Yuma counties. In 1903, Yuma County was exchanged for Pinal County with Pinal being exchanged for Gila County two years later. Upon his arrival in Arizona Territory, Kent settled in Phoenix. Judge Kent was reappointed to additional four-year terms on February 26, 1906, by Roosevelt, and January 20, 1910, by William Howard Taft. His reappointments were confirmed by the senate on March 6, 1906 and January 25, 1910.


title: Charles Evans Whittaker

text: Whittaker was born on a farm near Troy, Kansas to Charles Edward Whittaker, a farmer, and Ida Eve Miller, a schoolteacher from Hagerstown, Maryland. He attended the nearby one-room Brush Creek School, and then the Troy High School until he dropped out in the ninth grade after his mother died on his sixteenth birthday. He spent the next three years working on a family farm, and also hunting and trapping. Whittaker developed an interest in law by reading newspaper articles about criminal trials. In the summer of 1920, he applied to the part-time evening program at the Kansas City School of Law (currently the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law) and gained admission with the condition that he would finish his high school education after personally pleading with Oliver Dean, the president of the law school. He immediately enrolled at Manual High School in Kansas City, Missouri and spent the next four years working during the day to support himself, while taking high school and law school courses in the evenings. Whittaker's law school classmates included future President Harry S. Truman. Whittaker graduated in the class of 1924 with a Bachelor of Laws having been admitted to the Missouri bar during his senior year. Whittaker joined the law firm of Watson, Ess, Marshall & Enggas in Kansas City, Missouri, where he previously worked full-time as an office boy, and built up a practice in corporate law with the Union Pacific Railroad, Montgomery Ward, and the City National Bank and Trust Company among his clients. He was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity and developed close ties to the Republican Party.


title: Liberty dollar (private currency)

text: A federal grand jury brought an indictment against von NotHaus and three others in May 2009 in United States District Court in Statesville, North Carolina, and von NotHaus was arrested on June 6, 2009. Bernard von NotHaus was charged with one count of conspiracy to possess and sell coins in resemblance and similitude of coins of a denomination higher than five cents, and silver coins in resemblance of genuine coins of the United States in denominations of five dollars and greater, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 485, 18 U.S.C. § 486, and 18 U.S.C. § 371; one count of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 and 18 U.S.C. § 2; one count of selling, and possessing with intent to defraud, coins of resemblance and similitude of United States coins in denominations of five cents and higher, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 485 and 18 U.S.C. § 2; and one count of uttering, passing, and attempting to utter and pass, silver coins in resemblance of genuine U.S. coins in denominations of five dollars or greater, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 486 and 18 U.S.C. § 2.


title: Liberty dollar (private currency)

text: On March 18, 2011, von NotHaus was convicted of "making, possessing and selling his own coins", after a jury in Statesville, North Carolina deliberated for less than two hours. The jury found him guilty of one count under 18 U.S.C. § 485 and 18 U.S.C. § 2, one count of violating 18 U.S.C. § 486 and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and one count of conspiracy, under 18 U.S.C. § 371, to violate sections 485 and 486. He faces up to 15 years in prison, a $250,000 fine, and may be forced to give $7 million worth of minted coins and precious metals to the government, weighing 16,000 pounds. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina, Anne M. Tompkins, described the Liberty Dollar as "a unique form of domestic terrorism" that is trying "to undermine the legitimate currency of this country". The Justice Department press release quotes her as saying: "While these forms of anti-government activities do not involve violence, they are every bit as insidious and represent a clear and present danger to the economic stability of this country."


title: Second Operational Phase (1942)

text: Second Operational Phase (第二段作戦 Dainidan Sakusen) (also: Second Operational Stage) refers to the invasion strategy detailed in the Greater East Asia War Second Stage Operation Imperial Navy Operation Plan (大東亜戦争第二段作戦帝国海軍作戦計画), presented to the Emperor of Japan, April 1942, by the Imperial General Headquarters. Whereas the objective of the First Phase (originally called the Southern Strategy) was to capture resource-rich areas of Southeast Asia needed by the Japanese military, the Imperial Japanese Army, having fully backed the First Operational Phase, was reluctant to assign troops to the Second. The objective of the Second Operational Phase was to threaten the supply line from the United States to Australia (Beigo Bundan Sakusen 米豪分断作戦 or Bego Shadan 米豪遮断) by occupying strategic points in eastern New Guinea, New Britain, the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji, and Samoa; occupying these points would also expand Japan's strategic depth. Occupying Hawaii then became a possibility; this, and severance of supply lines between Australia and the United States, offered the hope of early peace negotiations. The territory occupied in the Second Operational Phase could be bartered in exchange for an early end to the war.


title: HMS Carysfort (1914)

text: A few weeks after completion, Carysfort's 13-pounder anti-aircraft (AA) gun was replaced by an Ordnance QF three-pounder (1.9-inch (47 mm)) Vickers Mk II AA gun. Between August–October 1916, her forward pair of four-inch guns were replaced by another six-inch gun and a QF four-inch Mk V gun replaced her three-pounder AA gun. In 1917, her aftmost four-inch guns were replaced by another pair of 21-inch torpedo mounts. During 1917–1918, her pole foremast was replaced by a tripod mast that was fitted with a gunnery director. In November 1918 her AA gun and a pair of four-inch guns was replaced by a pair of QF three-inch (76 mm) 20-cwt AA guns abaft the bridge, where the four-inch guns had originally been located. An additional six-inch gun was added abaft the funnels in March–April 1919 in lieu of her last four-inch guns. Sometime between 1919 and 1924 the ship received a pair of two-pounder (1.6-inch (40 mm)) Mk II "pom-pom" AA guns on single mounts. All of these changes adversely affected the ship's stability and the additional 21-inch torpedo tubes and the aft control position were removed by the end of 1921.


title: HMS Carysfort (1914)

text: On 19 August, the Harwich Force sortied in an attempt to intercept a German raid on Sunderland. The British had decoded German radio messages and knew the High Seas Fleet had sailed, but not its target or purpose and failed to locate the Germans. In contrast, German reconnaissance Zeppelins spotted the Harwich Force several times, but reported it as a force of battleships and cruisers, when, in actuality, it consisted of cruisers and destroyers. These reports, however, did persuade Admiral Reinhard Scheer, commander of the High Seas Fleet, to abandon his attack and turn for home. Losses to submarines and mines during the operation persuaded the British that it was too risky to deploy major forces in the southern part of the North Sea. This left the defence of the southern part of the English coast solely to local defence forces like the Harwich Force. This policy was tested when Scheer attempted another raid on 18–19 October; Tyrwhitt's force was ordered to sea based on German radio signals, but did not locate the Germans. Scheer turned around after one of his cruisers was torpedoed by a British submarine and the High Seas Fleet never again made a sortie into the North Sea in force.


title: Butler County, Pennsylvania

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 174,083 people, 65,862 households, and 46,827 families residing in the county. The population density was 221 inhabitants per square mile (85/km2). There were 69,868 housing units at an average density of 89 units per square mile (34/km2). The racial/ethnic makeup of the county is 96.5% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, 0.7% from two or more races; and 0.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.0% German, 20.8% Irish, 13.1% Italian, 8.6% English, and 7.8% Polish. There were 65,862 households, out of which 32.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.80% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 24.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.04.


title: Societal impact of nanotechnology

text: According to Chris Phoenix and Mike Treder from the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology as well as Anders Sandberg from the Future of Humanity Institute the military uses of molecular manufacturing are the applications of nanotechnology that pose the most significant global catastrophic risk. Several nanotechnology researchers state that the bulk of risk from nanotechnology comes from the potential to lead to war, arms races and destructive global government. Several reasons have been suggested why the availability of nanotech weaponry may with significant likelihood lead to unstable arms races (compared to e.g. nuclear arms races): (1) A large number of players may be tempted to enter the race since the threshold for doing so is low; (2) the ability to make weapons with molecular manufacturing might be cheap and easy to hide; (3) therefore lack of insight into the other parties' capabilities can tempt players to arm out of caution or to launch preemptive strikes; (4) molecular manufacturing may reduce dependency on international trade, a potential peace-promoting factor; (5) wars of aggression may pose a smaller economic threat to the aggressor since manufacturing is cheap and humans may not be needed on the battlefield.


title: Societal impact of nanotechnology

text: On the structural level, critics of nanotechnology point to a new world of ownership and corporate control opened up by nanotechnology. The claim is that, just as biotechnology's ability to manipulate genes went hand in hand with the patenting of life, so too nanotechnology's ability to manipulate molecules has led to the patenting of matter. The last few years has seen a gold rush to claim patents at the nanoscale. Academics have warned that the resultant patent thicket is harming progress in the technology and have argued in the top journal Nature that there should be a moratorium on patents on "building block" nanotechnologies. Over 800 nano-related patents were granted in 2003, and the numbers are increasing year to year. Corporations are already taking out broad-ranging patents on nanoscale discoveries and inventions. For example, two corporations, NEC and IBM, hold the basic patents on carbon nanotubes, one of the current cornerstones of nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes have a wide range of uses, and look set to become crucial to several industries from electronics and computers, to strengthened materials to drug delivery and diagnostics. Carbon nanotubes are poised to become a major traded commodity with the potential to replace major conventional raw materials. However, as their use expands, anyone seeking to (legally) manufacture or sell carbon nanotubes, no matter what the application, must first buy a license from NEC or IBM.


title: Oldsmobile Toronado

text: The Turbo-Hydramatic heavy-duty three-speed automatic transmission became available during development of the Toronado. Called the TH425 in FWD form, the transmission's torque converter was separated from its planetary gearset, with the torque converter driving the gearset through a 2 in (51 mm) wide silent chain-drive called Hy-Vo, riding on two 7.5 in (19 cm) sprockets. The Hy-Vo chain drive was developed by GM's Hydra-Matic Division and Morse Chain Division of Borg-Warner. The chains were made from very strong hardened steel and required no tensioners or idler pulleys because they were pre-stretched on a special machine at the factory. Although the rotational direction of the transmission gears had to be reversed, a large number of components were shared with the conventional TH400. Use of the automatic also eliminated the need to devise a workable manual-shift linkage. No manual transmission was ever contemplated because performance was adequate with the automatic transmission and because virtually all U.S.-built luxury cars during this period came with automatic transmissions as standard equipment. The car's 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time was clocked at 9.5 seconds.


title: Oldsmobile Toronado

text: During most of the Toronado's second-generation run, two interior trims were generally offered each year. The standard interior trim consisted of a choice of cloth or vinyl upholstery and a Custom Sport notchback bench seat with center armrest. An optional Brougham interior available in cloth, velour or vinyl trims included cut-pile carpeting, door-mounted courtesy lighting and a split 60/40 bench seat with armrest. From 1971 to 1973, the Toronado's "Command Center" wrap-around instrument panel was similar to other full-sized Oldsmobiles featuring a large squared speedometer directly in front of the driver, heating/air conditioning and lights/wipers switches on the left hand side and the radio controls and cigar lighter on the right hand side. From 1974 to 1978, a flat instrument panel (again shared with Delta 88 and Ninety-Eight models) was used that featured a horizontal sweep speedometer flanked by a "Message Center" of warning lights, fuel gauge and shift quadrant, with the other controls in the same locations as in previous years.


title: NSDG

text: NSDG (National e-Governance Services Delivery Gateway) is a standard based messaging middleware for e-Governance services. This is classified under Integrated MMP (Mission Mode Projects) of Department of Information Technology, Govt. of India under NeGP(The National e-Governance Plan) and is the Second Mission Mode Project to enter operational phase starting from 14 August 2008. Apart from many path breaking innovations that NSDG has undertaken itself and the ambitious objective it has embarked upon, NSDG is probably the only one which has won its first appreciation three months before its golive. NSDG won The World is Open Award 2008 in the e-Governance category at The World is Open Award 2008 function organized by Skoch Consultancy Services and Red Hat. The solution is already ready and the Go-Live date is 14/08/08. The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) of the Govt. of India aims to cooperate, collaborate and integrate information across different departments in the Centre, States and Local Government. Government systems are characterized by islands of legacy systems using heterogeneous platforms and technologies and spread across diverse geographical locations, in varying state of automation, make this task very challenging.


title: Walter S. Leaming

text: In 1887 Leaming was elected to the New Jersey Assembly as a Republican. He gave a speech to the assembly in 1888 that helped Colonel Henry W. Sawyer become the Sinking Funk Commissioner. He was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1888 and served until 1891. He was nominated for president of the Senate in 1891. On December 22, 1889, he married his second wife Rebecca Bennett; he had three children between his two marriages: Nellie, Rebecca, and Henrietta. Leaming moved to Cape May, New Jersey, in 1891 and practiced dentistry. He was elected to the Cape May City Council in 1895 and was its president, serving a three-year term. His brother-in-law was city solicitor J. Spicer Leaming. In 1899, he became the city treasurer, and he also served as director of the Mechanics and Laborer's Building and Loan Association. Leaming later served as postmaster of Cape May. He died unexpectedly on March 29, 1903. Senator William J. Sewell praised his sense and character, stating "I have the warmest and deepest sentiments and friendship and affection for Senator Walter S. Leaming."


title: Law of attraction (New Thought)

text: As reported by Vox, "If 2020 was the year that TikTokers discovered The Secret – that is, the idea that you can make anything you want happen if you believe in it enough – then the two years that followed are when they've tried to rebrand it into perpetual relevance. Its most recent makeover is something rather ominously called "lucky girl syndrome..." The article also reported that "What lucky girl syndrome – and The Secret, and the 'law of attraction', or the 'law of assumption', and prosperity gospel, and any of the other branches of this kind of New Age thinking – really amounts to, though, is 'manifesting', or the practice of repeatedly writing or saying declarative statements in the hopes that they will soon become true." The Vox article concludes "It never hurts to be curious, though. When you come across a shiny new term on TikTok, it's worth interrogating where it came from, and whether the person using it is someone worth listening to. Often, it's not that they're any better at living than you are; they're just better at marketing it."


title: Hartley Colliery disaster

text: The vulnerability of such an arrangement had already been identified and publicised before the colliery was sunk. An explosion at the St Hilda pit in South Shields in 1839 had led (as the result of a public meeting) to the formation of a committee to consider the prevention of accidents in mines. The Shields Committee issued their report in 1843; it had found that mines in the North-East were unnecessarily at risk of explosions because they were generally inadequately ventilated with too few shafts for the size of the underground workings (a view supported by evidence from George Stephenson, amongst others). The committee's report had specifically argued against the practice for all new works (which it thought Parliament should legislate against), of sinking a single shaft and sub-dividing it by bratticing to separate in- and out-flowing ventilation air (since any explosion destroying the bratticing would destroy the ventilation of the mine and ensure the death by asphyxiation of those underground). It was later estimated that sinking two 8.5 feet (2.6 m) shafts instead of one 12 feet (3.7 m) would have cost an extra £900.


title: Hartley Colliery disaster

text: There were occasional falls of rock from the sides of the shaft below the high main workings. By Saturday night, the rescuers were about 4 fathoms (24 ft; 7.3 m) above the furnace drift. At this depth the shaft crossed a 'trouble'; when rubbish was removed below this there were massive rock falls, with the shaft expanding to up to 27 feet (8.2 m) across in some directions. It became necessary to timber up the sides to secure them before attempting to go lower in the shaft; this took about twelve hours. From Sunday morning onwards, a small hole was excavated through the fallen stone towards the furnace drift. As the men worked through the blockage they were inconvenienced by fumes of carbon monoxide from the upcast furnace and from measures it had ignited. When a small penetration was finally made (3 a.m. Tuesday) there was a release of noxious gas ('carbonic oxide' i.e. carbon monoxide) rendering some of the rescuers speechless; the entire working party had to be rescued and within half an hour the gas had risen to 4 fathoms (24 ft; 7.3 m) above the high main.


title: Hartley Colliery disaster

text: The Queen's telegram of condolence, after expressing sympathy for the widows and orphans, had asked 'what is doing for them?'. An appeal was set up to raise enough money to save them from destitution; it was thought that the victims had left 407 dependents and that up to £20,000 would have to be raised to provide for them. The British public responded generously; despite attempts to persuade them to give instead to other worthwhile causes, £20,000 was raised in London alone; the total receipts of the Hartley Relief Fund came to £83,000. A fuller reckoning of dependents including 26 posthumous children brought their number up to 467, but even on the most pessimistic assumptions, only £55,000 was needed to provide for them, so in 1863 £20,000 was distributed between the districts covered by each mining inspector, to be administered by local committees and applied for the relief of suffering caused by colliery accidents. The money provided financial backing for the first miners' relief societies, providing insurance against death or injury, whether in a disaster or incidental to routine operations . The Hartley Relief Fund was wound up in 1909; after buying annuities for the ten surviving dependents £13,000 was left and went to the Northumberland and Durham Aged Miners' Homes Associations; the accommodation built with the money was to bear a suitable inscription.


title: Greeks in Bulgaria

text: Prior to the early 20th century, there was a small Greek minority in Southeastern Bulgaria, living largely between Varna to the north, Topolovgrad to the west and the Black Sea to the east, with a scattered rural population in the inland regions of the Strandzha and Sakar mountains. The Greek-inhabited places in Strandzha and Sakar were the towns of Topolovgrad (Greek: Καβακλί, Kavakli) and Elhovo (Greek: Κιζίλ Αγάτς, Kizil Agats), and 10 villages in that area. However, a large part of this population, the so-called Kariots (Greek: Καρυώτες), is regarded by some ethnographers (including Konstantin Josef Jireček) as having been only Greek-identifying, but of Bulgarian origin. Raymond Detrez deems this theory improbable, since the Kariots are a rural population. Greek communities also existed in Plovdiv (Greek: Φιλιππούπολη, Filippoupoli), Sofia (Greek: Σόφια, Sofia), Asenovgrad (Greek: Στενήμαχος, Stenimachos), Haskovo (Greek: Χάσκοβο, Chaskovo), and Rousse (Greek: Ρούσε, Rouse), among others. In 1900, the Greeks in Bulgaria numbered 33,650.


title: Pariah (video game)

text: Stockton attacks Mason to ensure that there is only one virus carrier, and Mason succeeds in killing him and retrieves Karina. Karina pleads with Mason to escape together with her far away from the conflict, but surprisingly Mason betrays her by turning her over to the Shroud. Mason is revealed as a traitor to the Alliance who has been collaborating with the Shroud from the start. His task was to retrieve Karina and deliver her to the Shroud. After turning Karina over, Mason questions the Shroud about his daughter, who had died some time prior to the game. The Shroud hint that they have the ability to bring the dead back to life but insist that Mason perform more "errands" for them before he will be allowed to see his daughter again. Mason then realizes that the Shroud will never honor their end of the bargain, and goes on a one-man rampage through the Shroud outpost using his viral powers and the "Titan's Fist". Mason defeats a few dozen Shroud soldiers, finally killing a mysterious viral-powered Shroud woman protected by several Shroud assassins. After finally reaching Karina, he finds her connected to medical equipment draining away her blood. Shroud soldiers close in on the area, and Karina tells Mason that he cannot rescue her, begging him to euthanize her. Mason cannot bring himself to kill Karina, and instead shoots himself. As Karina watches Mason die, her out-of-control emotions produce a massive energy wave that envelops Mason's body and obliterates the Shroud outpost killing everyone.


title: Puffball

text: The distinguishing feature of all puffballs is that they do not have an open cap with spore-bearing gills. Instead, spores are produced internally, in a spheroidal fruit body called a gasterothecium (gasteroid 'stomach-like' basidiocarp). As the spores mature, they form a mass called a gleba in the centre of the fruitbody that is often of a distinctive color and texture. The basidiocarp remains closed until after the spores have been released from the basidia. Eventually, it develops an aperture, or dries, becomes brittle, and splits, and the spores escape. The spores of puffballs are statismospores rather than ballistospores, meaning they are not forcibly extruded from the basidium. Puffballs and similar forms are thought to have evolved convergently (that is, in numerous independent events) from Hymenomycetes by gasteromycetation, through secotioid stages. Thus, 'Gasteromycetes' and 'Gasteromycetidae' are now considered to be descriptive, morphological terms (more properly gasteroid or gasteromycetes, to avoid taxonomic implications) but not valid cladistic terms.


title: Skirball Fire

text: The Skirball Fire was a wildfire that burned in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States, and one of multiple wildfires that broke out across Southern California in December 2017. The fire burned 422 acres (171 ha) of land on the slopes of the Sepulveda Pass on its east or Bel Air side, causing the closure of Interstate 405 (as well as the parallel Sepulveda Boulevard), a major traffic artery in the city. The Skirball Cultural Center, Bel-Air Country Club, Getty Center, Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District, and various private schools were closed as a result of the fire. Classes were cancelled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Santa Monica College, while Mount Saint Mary's University evacuated from its Brentwood campus to its downtown Los Angeles location. The fire destroyed six structures and damaged 12. On December 10, at about 1 p.m. PST, all evacuation orders and road closures for the Skirball Fire were lifted, as containment of the wildfire increased to 85%. Late on December 15, it was reported that the Skirball Fire had been 100% contained, at 422 acres (171 ha).


title: Ukrainian Sheriffs

text: Most of the film was shot from summer 2013 to summer 2014, which covered the period of the Euromaidan Revolution, the annexation of Crimea, and the beginning of the War in Donbas. Bondarchuk stated that the villagers initially avoided the cameras but later competed for the film crew's attention. From the extended shoots, nearly 200 hours of footage covered the sheriffs' investigations, duties, and daily lives. This was initially edited into small episodes with a first cut that was five hours in length and remained over two hours in length until its sixth cut. A preliminary version of the film was workshopped and developed with the guidance of expert documentary creators at the IDFAcademy Summer School in 2014. With additional funding, the crew returned to the village in May 2015 to record reactions to Kolya's arrest and imprisonment and the 70th anniversary Victory Day celebration, which concludes the film. A rough cut of the film was then developed through the dok.incubator program in 2015.


title: Ukrainian Sheriffs

text: Ukrainian film critic Sergey Trimbach , writing for The Day, praised Ukrainian Sheriffs and described Marunyak, Kryvoborodko, and Rudkovsky as role models for Ukraine. He compared the latter two to popular archetypes of American police officers with their weathered masculine looks, confident strength and sense of humour. He concluded that the film is about taking initiative to better one's life rather than waiting on the outcome of disputes between greater powers Anna Yakutenko wrote for Kyiv Post that the film portrays rural lives "in a semi-comic way sincere and heartwarming" but felt that it did not go far enough into examining attitudes toward the war and that the ending was too abrupt. Neil Young, in The Hollywood Reporter, described Ukrainian Sheriffs as "an episodic, wryly amusing affair, displaying considerable interest in and sympathy with human foibles." Fionnuala Halligan, chief film critic at Screen Daily, also praised the film and predicted that it would do well at international film festivals, but found that the subtitles left parts of the story unclear.


title: Pseudothelomma ocellatum

text: Pseudothelomma ocellatum is distributed widely in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in temperate to cool temperate areas. It was once believed to be confined to the western mountainous regions from southern California to British Columbia, extending as far inland as central Montana. Tibell first documented the species in 1978, with the next report coming from British Columbia in 1992. In 1995, McCune and Rosentreter noted that the species is rarely found west of the Cascade crest in Oregon and Washington and is absent from the extreme coastal regions. In California, the lichen seems to be prevalent in the northeast part of the state and becomes less frequent moving southward, occurring sporadically in both the Sierra foothills and the Coast Ranges. A significant discovery in 2013, however, extended its range to include the Yukon, marking a notable expansion of its distribution. A search of North America herbaria in the mid-1990s turned up a few specimens of Pseudothelomma ocellatum that had been stored under the name Cyphelium inquinans. In California, Pseudothelomma ocellatum has been observed growing on wooden corral boards adjacent to metal fence posts, a specific microhabitat thought to be influenced by nitrate enrichment caused by perching birds around these posts. The frequent occurrence of this lichen on bird perches, combined with its substantial tolerance for nutrient-rich environments, as well as its resilience to both desiccation and intense light, implies that birds may serve as a significant agent of dispersal.


title: Pseudothelomma ocellatum

text: In Italy, its distribution is restricted to the Alps; similarly, in Slovenia, it is known from a single record in the Slovenian Julian Alps. In Estonia, it has been classified as a vulnerable species because it is known from only a few records in restricted areas. The species also occurs in the Carpathians and the Sudeten Mountains. It was reported to occur in Tasmania, Australia, in 2022. Although this was claimed to be the first record of this species in the Southern Hemisphere, Tibell reported it as widely distributed in New Zealand in 1994. He suggested that it could be a recent accidental introduction. The lichen often grows on old weathered wooden fence posts, and sometimes wooden buildings. Tibell also reported it in 2000 from a single location in the Western Cape of South Africa. Thelomma ocellatum is found on both coniferous and hardwood wood in North America. Hardwood hosts include species such as Purshia and Robinia, while its coniferous partners encompass Abies, Juniperus, Larix, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, and Thuja. The lichen adapts well to open environments but is also found in partially shaded areas, particularly within open forests dominated by Pinus ponderosa, Pinus albicaulis, or Juniperus. Pseudothelomma ocellatum is sometimes found growing on the roots of tipped-over trees—but only those that also serve as bird perches.


title: Appalachian balds

text: The character and distribution of Appalachian balds remained stable from the time the first naturalists explored the region until forestry regulations no longer permitted annual pasturing of local cattle. How and why a summit develops into a grassy bald is unknown; they represent "an ecological enigma and a conservation dilemma". Weigl and Knowles note that "the presence of both rare, endemic plants and northern relicts requiring open habitat suggests a long evolutionary history" and offer a scenario in which grazing pressure of the giant herbivores of the Pleistocene retained the open tundra habitat as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated far to the north. With the arrival of the paleoindians and the disappearance of the megaherbivores, grazing pressure was maintained by deer and elk, and then by the grazing animals of European settlers. Some recent studies have attempted to uncover the vegetation history of some balds through analysis of the soil's organic component, since grasses leave a characteristic carbon-13 fingerprint. While there is some evidence that grassy balds have natural origins, the forest quickly started to reclaim the balds once large-scale livestock grazing was eliminated by the creation of national parks and national forests. Grassy balds such as Gregory Bald and Andrews Bald in the Great Smokies and the balds in the Roan Highlands are currently maintained as bald areas by the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service.


title: Fargo season 5

text: As an anthology, each season of Fargo possesses its own self-contained narrative, following a disparate set of characters in various settings and eras in a shared universe. This is the first season of the series to have no connection to either a previous season or the film, though it makes several homages to the latter. It is set in Minnesota and North Dakota in the fall of 2019 and stars Juno Temple as Dorothy "Dot" Lyon, a seemingly typical Midwestern housewife living in Scandia, Minnesota, whose mysterious past comes back to haunt her after she inadvertently lands herself in hot water with the authorities. Other cast members include Jon Hamm as Roy Tillman, a North Dakota sheriff who has been searching for Dot for over a decade; Jennifer Jason Leigh as Lorraine Lyon, Dot's wealthy and arrogant mother-in-law; David Rysdahl as Wayne Lyon, Dot's loving husband and Lorraine's only child; Joe Keery as Gator Tillman, Roy's loyal but feckless son and deputy; Lamorne Morris as Witt Farr, a North Dakota state trooper; Richa Moorjani as Indira Olmstead, a Scandia police deputy; Sam Spruell as Ole Munch, a mysterious drifter; Sienna King as Scotty Lyon, Dot and Wayne's nine-year-old daughter; and Dave Foley as Danish Graves, Lorraine's attorney and fixer.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: In February 1849, the Federal Council commissioned the city authorities to survey suitable locations for a central building. The building was to accommodate the halls of both chambers of parliament, rooms for the Federal Council, 96 offices and the chancellor's apartment. Based on several suggestions, the Federal Council decided in favor of the area of the municipal timber yard next to the "casino", on the southern edge of the Old City and on the upper edge of the slope down to the Aare river. An architectural competition hosted by the municipal council began on 8 April 1850 for the Federal Town Hall. In a desire to avoid burdening Bern's citizens with extra loans and special taxes, the tender was deliberately thrifty and focused on cost savings. The proposed building was to be dignified but still as functional and simple as possible. Competitors were asked to avoid "useless splendor and exaggerated dimensions" and to use Bernese sandstone since the "surroundings of Bern have a wealth of the best and most beautiful sandstone".


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: The losing competitors were assigned the central wing to the council chambers and the side wings to the administration. Dähler and Franel designed the larger National Council chamber in the form of an amphitheater. While Dähler had it protrude from the building as a roof crown, Franel planned a semicircular bulge in the facade. Kubly recognized that, unlike previous new European parliament buildings, two equal councils had to be considered and therefore abandoned the overly dominant semicircle in favor of two rectangular halls. A common theme in all three projects was the placement of both halls on the central axis, which led to unfavorable proportions of the central tract. Stadler, on the other hand, was able to convince a horseshoe-shaped layout. He allocated the central wing to the Federal Council and the administration and relegated the parliamentary chambers to the projecting side wings. In addition, he oriented himself stylistically not to classicism, but to the novel round-arched style of neo-Romanesque architecture. He used the buildings on Ludwigstrasse in Munich, in particular the Bavarian State Library, as a model.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: The federal government acquired Kleine Schanze west of the Hotel Bernerhof for a building site in 1876. It announced a competition for an administrative building to be used by the military, railroad and trade departments. Only a year later however, the project was abandoned; the Universal Postal Monument stands on the site today. In 1880, the federal government purchased the Inselspital building, which was separated from the Federal Town Hall by the casino. The initial plan was to rebuild the it, but the National Council demanded a new building. The Federal Superintendent of Buildings decided instead to erect a parliament building between the new building and the existing Federal Town Hall (i.e. instead of the casino) in a second stage. In accordance with this intention, the Confederation announced an architectural competition on 23 February 1885, with Louis Bezencenet, James Édouard Collin, Johann Christoph Kunkler , Heinrich Viktor von Segesser, and Arnold Geiser, as well as Arnold Flückiger, adjunct of the Superintendent of Buildings, serving as judges.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: Of 36 designs submitted, the one by Alfred Friedrich Bluntschli won first prize and Hans Wilhelm Auer second. Bluntschli weighted the architecture according to the task of the buildings. In this respect, the new Federal Palace East was to be a compact, modest administrative wing and the parliament building was to have the form of a strictly classical Greek round temple. Auer, on the other hand, did not adopt a hierarchical structure. He designed a symmetrical building complex that included the Federal Town Hall as the west wing. For the east wing he adopted its round-arched style, while for the main building he envisaged the neo-Renaissance style. In accordance with the prevailing architectural theory of the time, which was largely influenced by Gottfried Semper, the jury criticized Auer's symmetry as functionally incomprehensible. The dome was the subject of particular criticism as it was not situated above a dignified council chamber but above a 'profane' staircase. Auer had taken his cue from the United States Capitol, arguing that the dome crowns Parliament as a whole and does not favor either council.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: In 1991, the National Council commission charged with drafting parliamentary reform decided to examine a far-reaching expansion of the parliament's premises. In a project competition, Mario Botta's proposal for an extension in the form of a citadel-like structure on the slope below the parliament building prevailed. Massive historic preservation and urban planning concerns were however raised against the project, and it was abandoned by the National Council on 17 March 1993 at the request of the Parliamentary Reform Commission, on the grounds of the federal government's poor financial situation. Later that year, the National Council Chamber underwent extensive restoration for the first time since its inauguration. For this reason, the Councillors held a session outside Bern for the first time ever in Geneva. In 1999, at the suggestion of Council of States member Dick Marty, the Federal Assembly decided to hold the 2001 spring session in Lugano. This made it possible to restore the Hall of the Council of States as well.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: The differing demands of parliamentarians, media and the administration using the Federal Palace led to ever greater organizational problems. Parliamentarians complained about the lack of rooms for meetings and secretariats, and that their individual workplaces were located too far away from the council chambers on the top floor of the Federal Palace East. A complete renovation of the building services was put on the agenda. The renovation was aimed should satisfy the needs of the members of the council, and reinforce the architectural and artistic concepts of Hans Wilhelm Auer. The first stage was the relocation of the workplaces of the media representatives. To this end, a new media center was built between October 2003 and May 2006 in the buildings at Bundesgasse 8-12 (located opposite the Federal Palace West); the construction and equipping costs amounted to 42.5 million francs. Work on Federal Palace West began in February 2005 and lasted just over three years. The main focus was on renovating the facade and the roof. New workspaces were also added, the attic converted, and various security and fire protection measures improved.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: The National Council and the Council of States approved 83 million Swiss francs for this as part of the 2004 and 2006 civil construction programs. In June 2006, the first comprehensive renovation and restoration of the parliament building began under the direction of the architectural firm Aebi & Vincent. Taking inflation and various additional costs, the final cost was 103 million Swiss francs. On the third floor, workrooms for parliamentarians, meeting rooms for parliamentary groups and a multifunctional conference hall were created. The lunette windows (lit in the back by skylights) were also opened, interior walls cleaned, cracks repaired, and recent furnishings removed, transforming the domed hall once again into a bright daylight space . Extended spiral staircases and new elevators improved vertical access. A new visitors' entrance was built under the National Council Chamber, and a new technical floor with an IT room was constructed below. In general, the principle was to remove modern fixtures and emphasise the original furnishings. The building exterior was extensively renovated, including the sandstone facades, the cornices and figures, the roof and domes, the skylights, and the lighting. In the National Council Chamber, the building services, the voting system, the translation system and the surfaces were renewed. During the most intensive renovation phase, the National Council and the Council of States held their 2006 autumn session in Flims. The official inauguration of the renovated parliament building took place on 21 November 2008 with a ceremony.


title: Federal Palace of Switzerland

text: The central entry facing the Federal Square (Bundesplatz) and opening up to a domed hall carries the inscription Curia Confœderationis Helveticæ (Swiss Federal Assembly) underneath a pediment. The roof edge is topped by Auguste de Niederhäusern-Rodo's allegorical sculpture of Helvetia representing independence (center), with the executive on her left, and the legislature on her right. This arrangement was inspired by the Pallas Athena Fountain of the Austrian Parliament. The pediment is flanked by two griffins by Anselmo Laurenti symbolizing courage, wisdom, and strength. The female allegories in the second floor niches by James André Vibert represent freedom (left) and peace (right). Two commemorative plaques above refer to the years 1291 (Federal Charter and the legendary Rütlischwur) and 1848 (first Federal Constitution transforms Switzerland into a federal state). Finally, the male allegories in the first floor niches by Maurice Reymond represent the chronicler of the past (left) and the chronicler of the present (right).


title: USRowing Summer National Championships

text: As early as 1999, the USRA held separate "Club National Championships" ("Club Nats") and National Championships events. The National Championships was called "Elite National Championships" starting in 2007. Club Nationals was intended for youth, intermediate, and senior level athletes, while Elite Nationals was intended for elite athletes. Elite level events were added to Club Nationals in 2016 and the Elite Championship regatta was eliminated. The name of the regatta was changed to "National Championships" in 2019 to reflect the inclusion of elite events, and the regatta was expanded from five to six days. In 2021, the name was changed to "Summer National Championships." In 2022, USRowing split the regatta into separate "Youth Summer National Championships" and "Summer National Championships" in order to avoid a six-day long regatta, which had become exhausting to venues and participants. In 2023, the event will be recombined to a single USRowing Summer National Championships. In 2024, the event will be replaced by the RowFest Summer Championships, which will last ten days and include entertainment and development opportunities as well as championship racing. The program head at the time for USRowing, Derek P. Chytil, wanted to realize this change to prevent the national event from becoming one "based soly on a clubs ability to fund their operations".