title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: When the true offensive began the 14th Guards manned security positions in a 15km-wide sector, concealing the forward deployment of the 47th Guards and 119th Rifle Divisions into their jumping-off positions for the assault. The division had four tank destroyer regiments attached to support and protect its advance and there was a total of 138 tanks in the bridgehead in the infantry support role. It was on the Army's right (west) flank in much the same positions it had won in August. The attack began between 0848 and 0850 hours Moscow time and during the first hour the rifle divisions overcame the Romanian first defensive positions with relative ease. Following this the 14th Guards found the going much more difficult. With no armor support the division's multiple assaults were broken up by intense flanking artillery, mortar and machine gun fire from a Romanian strongpoint on Hill 228, 4km northwest of Sovkhoz No. 3. The commander of 1st Guards Army to the west attempted to assist with an attack by his 203rd Rifle Division but this failed in the face of determined resistance by the Romanian 11th Infantry Division. By now Romanian resistance was stiffening throughout 5th Tank's sector, evidence that the artillery preparation had not been as effective as planned.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: By noon the commander of 5th Tank, Lt. Gen. P. L. Romanenko, decided that if the offensive was to succeed he would have to commit his 1st and 26th Tank Corps. These corps stepped off at 1400 hours, east of the 14th Guards' sector, and effectively obliterated two regiments of the Romanian 14th Infantry Division. While two regiments of the division remained stalled in front of the Romanian defenses, its left-wing regiment managed to exploit the tank-assisted success of 47th Guards with an advance of up to 2km. Over the course of the next day the division continued to slowly move ahead as 9th Romanian refused its right flank to the west and 47th Guards and 8th Cavalry Corps exploited into the gap in the Romanian defenses. The Romanian resistance was so stout that Romanenko was forced to commit his reserve 159th Rifle Division to the fight. In addition a desperate counterattack by the 9th and elements of the 11th Romanian Divisions compelled Romanenko to further reinforce his flank with the 21st Cavalry Division of 8th Cavalry Corps; this reinforced Soviet grouping, supported by a handful of tanks from 1st Tank Corps, forced the two Romanian divisions to withdraw.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: On November 21, as most of Romanian 3rd Army was being encircled between 5th Tank and 21st Armies the 14th Guards, along with its reinforcements, continued to push the 9th Romanian west and southwest toward the Krivaia River. In the course of this the 21st Cavalry, many mounted on tanks, overran the headquarters of the Romanian division. Farther to the right the 14th Guards got into its stride, crushing the Romanians' right wing 12-14km east of Verkhnyi Gorbatovsky. The division encircled and captured most of a Romanian infantry regiment during the day, pursuing its remnants and liberating the village before nightfall. The next day General Romanenko was ordered to transfer the division and its supporting artillery to the 1st Guards Army effective on November 23. During the day it conducted local attacks and raids east of the Krivaia in cooperation with the 203rd and 278th Rifle Divisions, penetrating the defenses of the Romanian 9th and 11th Divisions and liberating the towns of Dubovskoi, Rubashkin, Bakhmutkin and Yagodnyi on the Krivaia, 50-55km west-southwest of Serafimovich. Late on the same day forces of the Southwestern and Stalingrad Fronts met and sealed the encirclement of the German forces at Stalingrad.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: 1st Guards Army set out to encircle and destroy the Romanian 7th and 11th Divisions on November 24, which were defending a wedge of territory between the Don and Krivaia Rivers. The 14th Guards and 203rd Divisions were tasked with attacking westward across the Krivaia on a 6km-wide sector from Gorbatovskaia to Ushakov against the 11th Romanian. At about midday the 266th Rifle Division was ordered into the boundary between the two divisions to fend off any German counterattacks that might materialize. Although most of the attack failed to develop as planned, the division, reinforced by the 266th during the day, penetrated the Romanian defenses and during the day advanced westward up to 16km. By nightfall General Gryaznov reported that his division "attacked the enemy along the 2nd Section State Farm - Ilin - Dulensky line and advanced from 5-16 kilometres, reaching the Konkov, Vislogubov, and Nizhnye Luchki line before being halted." However, Gen. K. A. Hollidt, commander of the German XVII Army Corps, soon dispatched his 62nd and 294th Infantry Divisions with orders to reinforce the Romanians and drive the Soviet forces back across the Krivaia. The next day the 159th Rifle Division of 5th Tank Army moved to tie in closely to the left flank of 14th Guards. The German counterstroke began on November 27 and was successful; the 14th Guards was forced back across the Krivaia.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: The offensive began on December 16 and the 14th Guards, supported by the 114th Separate Tank Regiment and leading the 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, crashed through the defenses of the German 294th Infantry at Astskhov. Although Army Group Don recorded that the Soviet force lost 17 tanks destroyed and four damaged, it also admitted that "the heights from east of Kriuscha Tal to Hill 156 are in enemy hands." The German division brought up reserves which stalled further advance that day, but on the 17th the 1st Guards Mechanized was committed to complete the breakthrough. This was successful, and allowed the division to re-occupy Dulensky by the end of the day. On December 18 the two Soviet units, now joined by 203rd Division, continued to attack and by the end of the day recaptured Konkov, as well as Bokovskaya and Staryi Zemtsov, which broke the last German fortified line. Over three days the Soviet grouping had advanced 15-20km and began to pursue the German 294th and 62nd Divisions, plus the Romanian 7th and 11th, striving to complete their encirclement and destruction in the Kruzhilin area. During the day of December 19 the 14th Rifle and 1st Guards Mechanized Corps, advancing from the south, met the 197th Rifle Division advancing from the north in the Kruzhilin area, completing 3rd Guards Army's immediate task. However on the previous day and overnight the Axis managed to pull out a significant portion of its forces from the pocket and consolidate along the south bank of the Chir. The 3rd Guards commander, Lt. Gen. D. D. Lelyushenko, was ordered to immediately turn the Army's main forces to the south and organize an unremitting pursuit.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: On December 21 General Gryasnov took over command of the 14th Rifle Corps while remaining in command of the 14th Guards. On January 24, 1943, he was given command of the 15th Rifle Corps and handed the division over to Col. Vladimir Rusakov. By the beginning of February the 3rd Guards Army held a bridgehead over the Northern Donets River south of Voroshilovgrad from which it broke out in a drive to liberate that city. In the plan for the offensive the 14th Rifle Corps (now consisting of the 14th and 61st Guards Rifle Divisions) was not part of the Army's shock group but was instead to reach a line from Georgievskoe to Orekhova to Semeikino to guard its flank from any attack from the southwest. By February 4 the 14th Corps, supported by the 169th Tank Brigade, was operating in the area of heights 207, 202.8 and 206.9. Two days later German forces counterattacked the 61st Guards but were repelled; on February 7 a more powerful attack was made by elements of the 3rd SS Panzer Division supported by 40 tanks which broke through the Soviet front and captured Orlovka, Belo-Skelevatyi and Nizhnii and Verkhnii Gabun. This attack brought the advance on Voroshilovgrad to a halt.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: After regrouping his Army General Lelyushenko decided to go over to a decisive offensive on the morning of February 12 to take Voroshilovgrad and subsequently carry out the Army's main task of reaching the Stalino - Ordzhonikidze area. East of the Luganchik River at 0500 hours the 61st Guards' 558th Rifle Regiment, with the 14th Guards' training battalion and two battalions of the 229th Rifle Brigade, defeated the German garrisons in Orlovka and Belo-Skelevatyi. Simultaneously Popovka was seized by the main body of the division, backed by support elements of the 14th Corps, and continued advancing, reaching the Lutugino area by the end of February 14. That morning other units of the 3rd Guards Army, chiefly the 59th Guards and 243rd Rifle Divisions and elements of 2nd Tank Corps, had cleared the city. After this victory the 3rd Guards and 5th Tank Armies pressed on towards Stalino, but on February 20 the German 4th and 1st Panzer Armies began the counteroffensive that would become the Third Battle of Kharkov. While this was primarily aimed at Voronezh Front, Southwestern Front also faced attacks and the overall crisis made any further Soviet advance impossible.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: Zhadov launched his attack at dawn on April 16 after a two-hour artillery and airstrike preparation; 14th Guards was in the second echelon. After about two hours of fighting the first echelon divisions with armor support overpowered the German 320th Infantry Division's forward security belt and by 0930 hours had torn a hole up to 2km wide and 3km deep in the German defenses. The most significant gains were made in a sector 3-6km south of the village of Delacău where the German second defensive position was breached up to 2km deep. However at 1030 hours the German forces replied with their own intense artillery fire and airstrikes and a wave of counterattacks that halted 5th Guards Army in its tracks. Further attacks at 1500 hours by 4th Mountain and 294th Infantry and 13th Panzer Divisions did considerable damage to 95th and 13th Guards Divisions. When the fighting finally died down late on April 17 both sides were thoroughly exhausted and the 5th Guards was back to its starting point. A renewed attack on the 18th, which likely had 14th Guards in the first echelon, made no progress. The bridgehead was reinforced over the following days and a new effort was mounted on April 25 and this time expanded the area of the bridgehead by about one-third; 33rd Guards Corps had advanced 8-10km by May 6. By now it was clear that no successful advance on Chișinău would be made on this axis and 5th Guards was replaced in the bridgehead by 8th Guards Army while the former was redeployed to the northwest for a new assault on Iași in mid-May.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: About the beginning of August the personnel of the division were noted as being 25 percent Russian, 50 percent Ukrainian, 15 percent Moldovan, and 10 percent several Asian nationalities. Under 1st Ukrainian Front the division took part in the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. In early August the 5th Guards Army entered the bridgehead over the Vistula that had been created by the 6th Guards Tank Corps near Baranów Sandomierski. In September the division was moved to the 101st Rifle Corps of 38th Army in the same Front. It was under these commands when the bridgehead was hit by heavy German counterattacks from October 14-18. In the Draganovo and Palatsuvka region for a short time the German forces managed to encircle several Soviet divisions including the 14th Guards. During its escape the division destroyed 22 enemy guns, 40 mortars, 125 machine guns, while killing up to 2,000 German soldiers and officers and capturing another 27. During the five-day battle the division lost 770 men killed and 2,590 wounded. Later that month the division returned to its previous corps and army.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: Following the death of General Skryganov the division would be commanded by a succession of colonels: Aleksey Yakovlevich Goryachev (January 26 - March 14); Sigismund Adolfovich Losik-Savitzkii (March 15 - April 20); and Pavel Ivanovich Sikorsky (April 21 - May 11). Beginning on February 8 the 5th Guards Army took part in the Front's Lower Silesian Offensive with its main objective of encircling the German garrison of Breslau. On its sector the offensive was based on the bridgehead seized by 14th Guards in January. The German defense was based on the 269th Infantry Division with several battlegroups, five independent battalions, two panzer battalions and an NCO school. The Army's attack was led by 32nd Guards Rifle Corps and developed slowly over the first three days in large part due to the large number of fortified villages to be overcome and the ammunition shortage faced by all Soviet forces after the breakneck advance through Poland. On February 11 Marshal Konev shifted the 31st Tank Corps from 21st Army and committed it on the sector of 33rd Guards Corps the next day with the immediate objective of capturing the Bogenau area.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: On February 13 the Army's offensive developed more successfully than in the preceding days. German resistance did not abate and if anything increased as further forces entered the Breslau area but despite this the 4th Guards and 31st Tank Corps linked up with the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps of 6th Army to complete the encirclement. Konev chose to leave 6th Army to maintain the siege while the 32nd and 33rd Guards Corps of 5th Guards Army were ordered to make a decisive attack from the Magnitz area toward Koberwitz and then to the southwest. The former Corps was reinforced with the 14th Guards, whose former sector was taken over by forces from 21st Army. During the fighting on February 15 the width of the cordon between Breslau and the main German forces was increased to up to 13km. By the end of February 17 the 32nd Guards Corps had arrived in the Liegnitz area, relieving the 3rd Guards Tank Army's 9th Mechanized Corps which then undertook a forced night march which brought it to Bober River in the Lewenberg area. By the beginning of March the division had returned to 33rd Guards Corps.


title: 14th Guards Rifle Division

text: Prior to the start of the Berlin offensive the 14th Guards was again reassigned within 5th Guards Army, now to the 34th Guards Rifle Corps where it joined the 15th and 58th Guards Rifle Divisions. The Army was deployed along the eastern bank of the Neisse River on a 13km front and planned to launch its main attack with its right wing on the 8km sector from Gross Saerchen to Muskau. 34th Guards Corps was in the first echelon with its divisions in a single echelon, but the 14th Guards was not on the attack sector. When the offensive began on April 16 the Army's main forces crossed the Neisse under the cover of massed artillery fire. The first task of 34th Guards Corps was to eliminate a German bridgehead on the eastern bank in the Muskau area. This done, the 15th and 58th Guards Divisions advanced as much as 6km into the German defenses on the west bank. Early the next day the 15th Guards helped clear the passage of the 14th Guards by advancing into the rear of the German forces it was facing.


title: First Nephi

text: Multiple scholars have noticed parallels between Nephi's journey in first Nephi and the Exodus story in the Bible. Nephi consciously encourages Laman and Lemuel to compare their situation to Moses's. He compares their situation to that of Moses after failing to get the plates from Laban in 1 Nephi 4:2-3. When a miracle provides them with food, Nephi writes that it was like when the Israelites were fed with manna (1 Nephi 17:28). He compares their being led by God to when the Israelites were led by a light at night (1 Nephi 17:13, 30). In one of the first examinations of the Exodus type in the Book of Mormon, George S. Tate, a professor of comparative literature at Brigham Young University, argues that Nephi uses parallels to Moses' Exodus as a rhetorical technique to encourage and unify his people. Nephi's use of the Exodus type sets up other Exodus patterns in the Book of Mormon, which is also a pattern of personal conversion. S. Kent Brown, a professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University, states that Nephi uses the Exodus type to prove God's power, and by extension, his own prophetic power. Nephi writes that God gave power to Moses to part the Red Sea, so he could give Nephi a similar power to know "the judgements that shall come" (1 Nephi 8:12). Brant Gardner, an LDS scholar of Mesoamerican ethnohistory with previous publications in FARMS, wrote in his commentary on the Book of Mormon that Nephi likely wrote first Nephi to fit the pattern of Exodus in the Old Testament, as a way to create a foundational narrative for his people. In his book The Testimony of Two Nations published with the University of Illinois Press, Michael Austin examines 1 Nephi 17:33-35 passage. Nephi refutes the logic of the Deuteronomists and Laman and Lemuel, who believe that the Exodus story proves God loves His chosen people more than other people. Nephi says that the Exodus story proves that God "esteemeth all flesh in one" and favors those who keep his commandments.


title: First Nephi

text: The LDS teaching of a Great Apostasy implies that the Catholic church is no longer true. Early Saints believed that the "great and abominable church" described the Catholic church. LDS general authority Bruce R. McConkie famously identified the "great and abominable church" as the Catholic church in his book Mormon Doctrine . After its publication, church leaders at the time recognized McConkie's problematic claims and pushed for discontinuation of the book. When a second edition came out, many of McConkie's opinions of Catholicism were moderated. Official LDS publications discourage the identification of the great and abominable church with the Catholic Church, as well as with any other specific religion, denomination or organization. According to a 1988 article by Stephen E. Robinson in Ensign, an official magazine of LDS Church, "no single known historical church, denomination, or set of believers meets all the requirements for the great and abominable church... Rather, the role of Babylon has been played by many different agencies, ideologies, and churches in many different times."


title: First Nephi

text: In First Nephi, the only named woman in the narrative is Nephi's mother, Sariah. Ishmael's wife and daughters are not given names. The existence of Nephi's sisters is not mentioned until 2 Nephi. Nephi refers to Ishmael's daughters as Ishmael's daughters or the wives/women of him and his brothers, showing that their social relation to other men is what gives them importance for Nephi. Similarly, Sariah is always referred to as a mother or wife, not as an individual. The two scenes of female resistance—Sariah worrying that her sons have not returned because they have died and Ishmael's daughters wishing to return to Jerusalem after their father's death—create a type scene with instructive differences between the two. For Spencer, the latter story illustrates how treatment of women has changed after the "Nephite-Lamanite" divide. In Sariah's story, she reconciles with Lehi after she sees that the Lord protected her sons. In contrast, no one attempts to comfort the daughters of Ishmael and instead, Laman and Lemuel conspire with the sons of Ishmael to kill Lehi and Nephi, silencing the women and using their discontent for their own designs.


title: Pavel Haas

text: In 1941, Haas was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp (Terezín). He was one of several Moravian-Jewish composers there, including Viktor Ullmann, Gideon Klein and Hans Krása. Prior to his arrest, he had officially divorced his wife Soňa in order that she and their young daughter, Olga, would not suffer a similar fate. In 1938, in desperation, he wrote to relatives of his wife in New Jersey, and also to Frank Rybka in New York, who was a former student of Janáček. An attempt was launched by these Americans to help Haas secure passage, but this came too late to help. On his arrival at Theresienstadt, he became very depressed and had to be coaxed into composition by Gideon Klein. Haas wrote at least eight compositions in the camp, only a few of which have survived. They include a set of Four Songs on Chinese Poetry for baritone and piano, a work for men's choir titled "Al s'fod" (his first and only work in Hebrew), and the Study for String Orchestra which was premiered in Theresienstadt under the Czech conductor Karel Ančerl and is probably Haas's best-known work today. The orchestral parts were found by Ančerl after the liberation of Theresienstadt and the score was reconstructed.


title: Valley of the Kings

text: The usual tomb plan consisted of a long inclined rock-cut corridor, descending through one or more halls (possibly mirroring the descending path of the sun god into the underworld) to the burial chamber. In the earlier tombs, the corridors turn 90 degrees at least once (such as KV43, the tomb of Thutmose IV), and the earliest ones had cartouche-shaped burial chambers (for example, KV43, the tomb of Thutmose IV). This layout is known as "Bent Axis", After the burial, the upper corridors were meant to be filled with rubble and the entrance to the tomb hidden. After the Amarna Period, the layout gradually straightened, with an intermediate "Jogged Axis" (the tomb of Horemheb, KV57 is typical of this layout and is one of the tombs that is sometimes open to the public), to the generally "Straight Axis" of the late Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty tombs (Ramesses III's and Ramesses IX's tombs, KV11 and KV6 respectively). As the tombs' axes straightened, the slopes also lessened. They almost disappeared in the late Twentieth Dynasty. Another feature that is common to most tombs is the "well", which may have originated as an actual barrier intended to stop flood waters from entering the lower parts of the tomb. It seems to have developed a "magical" purpose later as a symbolic shaft. In the later Twentieth Dynasty, the well itself was sometimes not excavated (by the builders), but the well room was still present.


title: Valley of the Kings

text: The modern abbreviation "KV" stands for "Kings' Valley". In 1827, Wilkinson painted KV numbers over the entrances to the 21 tombs that lay open in the East Valley at that time, beginning at the valley entrance and moving southward, and labeled four tombs in the West Valley as WV1 through WV4. The tombs in the West Valley were later incorporated into the East Valley numbering system as WV22 through WV25, and tombs that have been opened since Wilkinson's time have been added to the list. The numbers range from KV1 (Rameses VII) to KV64 . Since the early 19th century AD, antiquarians and archaeologists have cleared and recorded tombs, with a total of 61 sepulchers being known by the start of the 20th century. KV5 was only rediscovered in the 1990s after being dismissed as unimportant by previous investigators. Some of the tombs are unoccupied, others remain unidentifiable as regards to their owners, and still others are merely pits used for storage. Most of the open tombs in the Valley of the Kings are located in the East Valley, and this is where most of the tourist facilities are located.


title: Valley of the Kings

text: By the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt had entered a long period of political and economic decline. The priests at Thebes grew more powerful, and they effectively administered Upper Egypt, while kings ruling from Tanis controlled Lower Egypt. Some attempt at using the open tombs was made at the start of the Twenty-first Dynasty, with the High Priest of Amun, Pinedjem I, adding his cartouche to KV4. The Valley began to be heavily plundered, so during the Twenty-first Dynasty the priests of Amun opened most of the tombs and moved the mummies into three tombs in order to better protect them. Most of the treasure was removed from the tombs. Most of these were later moved to a single cache near Deir el-Bahari (known as TT320). Located in the cliffs overlooking the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, this mass reburial contained a large number of royal mummies. They were found in a great state of disorder, many placed in other's coffins, and several are still unidentified. Other mummies were moved to the tomb of Amenhotep II, where over a dozen mummies, many of them royal, were later relocated.


title: Peter Fend

text: The Offices and the Ocean Earth Construction and Development Corporation firm has come to be a vehicle for gathering authoritative evidence, such as detailed maps and satellite images, for what is described in the 1989 scientific conference Global Monitoring and Assessments: Towards the 21st Century as "ocean-basin monitoring and management." Precise maps mosaiced from aeronautical charts have been produced to include what UNEP documents call "land-based sources of pollution", or all possible terrain for drainage, for each regional sea. This would include, as shown in Documenta in 1992, the Black Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, and both the entire Mediterranean Sea and subsets thereof, like the Adriatic. The practice of basin mapping has been continued with bays, relying on an Irish law from 1959 defining "hydrometric areas" as any drainage basin for a bay including all bay waters extending out six miles beyond the outermost points of the bay. Such detailed hydrometric-area mapping has been conducted for the British Isles, New Zealand, Italy, parts of the Eastern Europe and both North and South America.


title: Keshiary

text: According to Binoy Ghosh, the southern portion of Medinipur district, being adjacent to the Baleswar district of Odisha, had a long-standing cultural interaction with the neighbouring state. Moreover, as the area stands along the path of powerful political forces, it has been facing continual turmoil from the 12-13th century right up to the middle of the 18th century. Whenever local forces gathered some strength, peace reigned for a while, to be overwhelmed again and again by external powers. The Ganga dynasty and others who followed in ruling Odisha, had control over this area for a long time. They extended their limits of their empire to around Mandaran and Saptagram in Hooghly district on one side and up to the Damodar River on the other. In the period around the junction of the Hindu and Muslim periods of rule, the Odisha kings were a powerful force. The Muslims took time to consolidate their rule in Bengal, after their capture of Nadia district in the 13th century, and the independent kings of Odisha stood in the way of the Muslim advance. During the rule of Anangabhima Deva III , his general Vishnu, even ventured into the Rarh region and captured Lucknowur (later known as Rajnagar). Sultan Ghiasuddin Khilji recaptured Lucknowur and pushed back the invading forces. In a way, the turmoil of the period of changeover from Hindu to Muslim rule in Bengal, helped the Odisha kings to retain control over this area. The period of turmoil continued till the 16th century when the Mughals arrived on the scene.


title: Ross Hamilton

text: As a member of the minority party in the Virginia House of Delegates, during his first three terms, Hamilton only was appointed to low level committees, such as the "Committees on Executive Expenditures" and the "Committee on Manufactures and Mechanic Arts." A much more capable party leader than legislator, in 1882, Hamilton unsuccessfully sponsored a bill which prevented people who did not live in Virginia from attending the county's tax-payer-supported public schools. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1872 and 1876. Unlike most African American political leaders in Virginia during his time, he did not initially support the Readjuster party, and remained a "straightout" Republican. This ended up costing him his seat in the Legislature, as the Readjusters who were at the height of their political power, ran an African American man (Amos Andre Dodson) to challenge Hamilton for the nomination. Dodson ended up winning the Republican nomination for the Mecklenburg County seat in the House of Delegates, and thus denied Hamilton his 8th term. However, Dodson lost his re-election bid, and two years later Hamilton threw his support to Britton Baskerville Jr. who won. Hamilton would run again in 1889 for his seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, winning the primary when Baskerville withdrew, then outpolled J.N. Hutcheson, a white man 2248 votes to 2194. But, just a month into the subsequent Virginia General Assembly session, the House declared Hamilton's election improper, and seated his opponent.


title: History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: Archaeological evidence indicates that the first natives in the Broward County area arrived approximately 4,000 years ago. At the time of initial European exploration, the area was occupied by the Tequesta tribe of Native Americans. Contact by Spanish explorers beginning in the 16th century proved disastrous for native tribes, including the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases to which the native populations possessed no resistance, such as smallpox. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris , which ended the Seven Years' War. Bernard Romans reported sighting many abandoned Tequesta villages when he visited the area in the 1770s. Subsequently, Florida returned to Spanish control under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War.


title: History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: On 3 January 1836, Cooley led a large shipwrecking expedition from the settlement to free the Gil Blas, a ship that had beached the previous September; the scale of the operation required most of the settlement's able men. The following day, a group of 15 to 20 Seminoles invaded the Cooley house, killed Cooley's wife and children, scalped the children's tutor, and burned the house to the ground. Although the Indians did not attack any other families, the massacre triggered the departure of the white settlers from the area. During the second Seminole War, Major William Lauderdale led his Tennessee Volunteers into the area. In 1838, Lauderdale erected a fort on the New River at the site of the modern city of Fort Lauderdale (where SW 9th Avenue meets SW 4th Court). Lauderdale left after one month, but his name remained. The Seminoles destroyed the fort a few months later. Two more forts were built sequentially, each closer to the ocean. After the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842, the fort was abandoned, and the area remained largely empty, as the remaining Seminoles withdrew to Pine Island (near present-day Hollywood Seminole Indian Reservation), and only a handful of settlers were known to live in all of what eventually became Broward County. While the area was technically a part of the Confederacy during the US Civil War, the only known white settlers in the area during the war was pro-unionist Isaiah Hall and his family, who had been run out of Miami by pro-confederacy sympathizers in 1863, and settled on the New River.


title: History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: By mid-1942, the United States Navy had converted Merle Fogg Field into Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, and had constructed two satellite landing fields, one at West Prospect Field, and the other in Pompano Beach (which later became Pompano Beach Airpark, home of one of the Goodyear Blimps). By the end of the war, the station had trained thousands of Navy pilots, including future congressman, UN Ambassador, Director of Central Intelligence, and President of the United States George H. W. Bush. Additional facilities in the city included radar and range finding schools and a base at Port Everglades. On 5 December 1945, the five planes of Flight 19 departed on a routine training mission from NAS Fort Lauderdale and were never seen again. It is presumed that the flight leader became disoriented and led the other planes out of range of land, causing the planes to run out of fuel and crash, but no wreckage has been found. The strange disappearance of the flight and the coincidental explosion which destroyed Training 49, a plane involved in a search for the missing squadron, contributed to the Bermuda Triangle myth.


title: History of Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: After a rowdy 1985 spring break season, in which an estimated 350,000 college tourists caused disruption for several weeks in the spring, the city passed a series of restrictive laws in an effort to reduce the mayhem caused by the spring break throngs, and the mayor, Robert Dressler, appeared on Good Morning America to tell college students they were not welcome any longer in Fort Lauderdale. Overnight parking was banned near the beach and an open-container law prohibiting the consumption of alcohol in public places was enacted. The following spring, the city denied MTV a permit to set up their stage on the beach, and approximately 2,500 people were arrested as the new laws were strictly enforced. In 1985, 350,000 college students spent about $110 million during the nine-week spring break season; by 2004, 700,000 visitors, mostly families or European tourists, spent $800 million during the same period. By 2006, the number of college students visiting for spring break was estimated at approximately 10,000.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: By 1990, SweMix Records had begun to sign several artists, including Kayo, Leila K, The Cool Runnings, Dayeene and Dr. Alban, the latter of which granted Denniz Pop his first chart entry as a producer with "Hello Afrika", peaking at number 7 in the Swedish Singles Chart. The song was later made part of Dr. Alban's debut album Hello Afrika, which was entirely produced by Pop. In 1991, Remixed Records was sold and made into an official label, signing artists like Solid Base and Sonic Dream Collective. Furthermore, SweMix was split in two: SweMix Productions and SweMix Record & Publishing. SweMix Productions most notably went on to sign on Swedish DJ StoneBridge and received international acclaim when he released his remix of "Show Me Love" by Robin S. and put Sweden on the international map for club music. SweMix Records & Publishing eventually got sold to Bertelsmann Music Group and became SweMix's parent label. As a result, Denniz Pop and Tom Talomaa took over as chairman and creative directors and renamed it Cheiron and began working in the studio.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 1992, when Cheiron was established, Denniz Pop had parted ways with the SweMix collective, due to creative differences, and wanted to concentrate solely on the operations behind Cheiron. During that time, Pop received a demo from Danish company Mega Records of a song recorded by then-unknown band Ace of Base. He was not initially impressed by the demo, but was stuck with it for a while when he decided to listen to it over and over until he said "I gotta do something with this" and the solution was to make a reggae tune out of it. The song was eventually recorded at the SweMix Studio and was given the title "All That She Wants". The track was an unexpected hit and catapulted both Ace of Base and Denniz PoP into stardom. Later on that same year, record producer Douglas Carr was employed at Cheiron Studios to help carry Denniz's initial sound and mix it with other genres, as well as just dance music. The music that they created together would eventually be used to form the basis of Leila K's second album Carousel in 1993, which was also when Cheiron was introduced to British songwriter Herbie Crichlow.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 1995, Herbie Crichlow who had already been writing with the team a couple years prior, began writing material with Denniz and Max for his debut album Fingers, which included the songs "Right Type of Mood", "Big Funky Dealer" and "I Believe". The basis of the album formed a working partnership between Herbie and the Cheiron team in the years to come. They also produced the song "Wish You Were Here" by Rednex, which reached number 1 in several countries around Europe and, therefore, became Max's first certified hit as a producer. This eventually led to Max leaving his band It's Alive to pursue a full-time producing career under Cheiron. Around the beginning of the year, Zomba welcomed then-unknown boy band Backstreet Boys and flew them to Sweden to record material at the studio. Three songs were recorded, one of these being their debut single "We've Got It Goin' On", produced by Denniz and Max. The song became a huge success and dominated European charts, peaking in the top 5 in several countries, and was only a minor success in the United States, peaking at a contrasting number 69. This led to most of the band's promotion being held in Europe.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: Alongside the artists mentioned, Denniz was reunited with Ace of Base when he had the chance to record and produce material with Max for their third album The Bridge and also with singer-songwriter Robyn on her song "Do You Know (What It Takes)". One of Denniz's dreams was to work with Michael Jackson, a dream at which he fulfilled with 3T's song "I Need You" with Jackson providing featured vocals. In 1996, Cheiron helped record album material for Papa Dee and E-Type and a few songs from Leila K's third album Manic Panic, including the hit single "Electric". Most successfully, Max and Lundin produced "Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)" by Backstreet Boys, which kickstarted the boy band's success in their home country of United States, despite the poorly received debut. Additionally, Denniz and Max produced NSYNC's debut single "I Want You Back", which became an instant sensation. In 1997, then songwriter Andreas Carlsson was hired to the team and began working with them on Denise Lopez's second album I Do. Cheiron also worked on other projects for Solid HarmoniE and Robyn, as well as Denniz and Max producing Backstreet Boys' song "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)", which was and currently stands as one of the band's most successful singles to date.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In November 1997, Denniz PoP revealed that he had been diagnosed with stomach cancer and began to fall ill. At the time, he was working with Max Martin and Kristian Lundin on material for Five, as well as his then-girlfriend Jessica Folcker's self-titled debut album, who previously appeared as a backing vocalist in previously released Cheiron songs for Ace of Base, Dr. Alban and Leila K. In the turn of the year, Max began to take creative control for most of the records being produced in Denniz's absence, however, whilst in hospital, Max would frequently visit him to get feedback on the songs he was working on. When released, Jessica's album became an instant Swedish hit with the singles "Tell Me That You Like" and "How Will I Know (Who You Are)" and gained Folcker a nomination for Best Newcomer and Best Female Artist at the Grammis. Furthermore, Denniz and Max received a "Special Grammis Award" and "Special Honor Award" for restoring the world popoularity of Swedish pop music and making Sweden the third largest music exporting country in the world. Denniz however, could not attend the ceremony due to his illness. Denniz PoP died of cancer in August 1998, aged 35, and wasn't until after his death that people started to recognize his achievements over the years.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: During the time that Denniz was absent from Cheiron, Max began getting closely affiliated with record producer Rami Yacoub, who was already known for his work with Lutricia McNeal, and was hired just before Denniz's death. Rami cited him as his music industry "godfather" and mentor throughout his career and stated that it was an honor to finally get to work with Max and the people we was surrounded by the most at Cheiron. Rami began working directly on numerous projects, beginning with Solid HarmoniE's single edit of "To Love Once Again" and also producing "...Baby One More Time" with Max, which kickstarted and skyrocketed the career of Britney Spears. Some of the sessions with Britney in particular were done in collaboration with Denniz, recording a number of six songs for her debut album ...Baby One More Time, but none of them made the final cut. The song became the most successful song in Max's career and in Cheiron history and peaked at number 1 in every country it charted in, which made it one of the best-selling singles of all time, as well as the greatest debut single of all time.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 1999, they contributed to four other tracks from Britney's album, including the equally successful singles "(You Drive Me) Crazy" and "Born to Make You Happy", and worked on album material for Gary Barlow and Westlife. Max, Lundin and Andreas Carlsson also took part in Backstreet Boys' hit single "I Want It That Way", which became known as one of the boy band's most signature songs and was even quoted "genre-transcending", compared to their previously released hits, and Celine Dion's hit "That's the Way It Is", which sonically took to a different direction than most of her other hit songs over the century to where some critics labelled it as being "more uptempo". In the turn of the century, Max and Rami recorded and produced more material for what would be Britney's second album Oops!... I Did It Again, spawning hits like "Stronger", "Lucky" and, of course, its title track, which was made the lead single. Cheiron's final projects covered artists like Jessica Folcker, Westlife and Backstreet Boys until Max and Tom Talomaa decided that the studio should close its doors. In August 2000, they announced on the studio's website, "Cheiron was created with the intention of having fun, making a few hits and not getting too serious about it. We feel the 'hype' of Cheiron has become bigger than itself and it's time to quit while we're ahead."


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In the beginning of 2004, Max Martin started to get acquainted with recording engineer Michael Ilbert, who is responsible for contributing to some of Max's future records, and introduced him to new artists that he hoped would help inspire him for more musical projects. Max eventually moved to New York City for a short while to help him find more inspiration and also learned the foundations of how to play a guitar. He then met record producer Dr. Luke, who was deejaying at a house party at the time, and gave Max a tour of New York clubs. They both began to work on material together back in Maratone Studios, writing for the likes of Pink and Hilary Duff, when they were approached by Kelly Clarkson and her team. She flew over to the studio in Stockholm, Sweden to meet them both and recorded what would eventually be the song "Since U Been Gone". The song managed to peak at the top 5 in United States and was cited as a breakthrough for a song like it to be even in the top 40, especially considering its heavy rock influences. From that point on, Dr. Luke was hired by Max to join the Maratone team.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: Maratone Studios had their most successful year on record in the late 2000s. In March 2008, Max Martin formed and signed a seven-piece alternative rock band called Carolina Liar, which was fronted by Chad Wolf. He also executively produced their debut album Coming to Terms. A couple years previous and in the wake of Rami Yacoub's departure, Max also met then-16-year-old Shellback through a mutual friend, who was working in the death metal scene and was not interested in mainstream pop music whatsoever. However, Max invited Shellback to record demos with him and was eventually made a member of the Maratone team in 2007. However, their first production contributions as a pair weren't made until 2008, when producing material for the likes of Pink and Britney Spears. They also began working with Sophia Somajo during that time, who commented about the first time she encountered Shellback. "He was so young and brilliant and could play every instrument, and he talked non-stop. I was like, 'Is this some kind of savant wunderkind that Martin's found somewhere?'", she said. The biggest success of the year ended up being with Katy Perry with her debut single "I Kissed a Girl". Worked on by Max and Dr. Luke, the song became Maratone's biggest achievement and Max's biggest hit single since Britney's "...Baby One More Time", released ten years previous. The song in later years has also been praised as the beginning of LGBT awareness in music.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In the turn of the decade, Kesha released her debut album Animal, which alongside Dr. Luke, also featured contributions from Max and Shellback. The album itself marked a significant milestone in the direction of Maratone's production style from pop rock to dance pop and electropop and, in some cases, a combination of the two. This was solidified when they worked with Usher on the song "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love", which became one of the team's first recordings that was influenced prodominantly around club music. Max and Dr. Luke had a hand in working with Katy Perry on her second album Teenage Dream, after the success of her debut One of the Boys, with Katy referring to the experience as "a wonderful collaborative effort", despite public concerns of Dr. Luke's work ethic with other artists. Max and Shellback also worked with Pink on the songs "Raise Your Glass" and "Fuckin' Perfect", which became instant hits. The pair follow a strong pop style, which was reminiscent in other releases contributed by the Maratone team. During the time that Shellback spent with Max, he also began to develop working partnerships with Benny Blanco and Kristian Lundin. Shellback even worked with Blanco on Maroon 5's song "Moves like Jagger", alongside Christina Aguilera, which was his first song he produced without Max and became an instant hit, topping the charts in over 18 countries. The song was also certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2021.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 2011, Max and Shellback worked with numerous artists, including Britney Spears, Cher Lloyd and Avril Lavigne. They also produced two original songs for the cast of renowned TV series Glee. Adam Anders, who executive produced the songs recorded for show, hired Max after being exposed to how popular Glee was, whilst working on Spears' seventh album Femme Fatale. Anders said, " owns radio right now. He's had, like, seven No. 1s in the last year, and so if we wanna go to radio with anybody tagging along, I think he's the guy you want. We've done like 30 of his songs on Glee." Maratone signees Carolina Liar also worked on their follow-up album with Shellback, prior to being dropped by Atlantic Records, which performed disappointingly after their debut. The instrumentalists of the group, Johan Carlsson, Peter Carlsson and Rickard Goransson were hired by Max after the album's release to write and produce music under Maratone. Meanwhile, Savan Kotecha reunited with Rami Yacoub after the founding of Rami's Kinglet Studios, which he ran alongside Carl Falk. The site of the studio used to be the site of A Side Studios, run by David Kreuger and Per Magnusson, before it was shut down. They both began working on songs for One Direction, including their hit debut single "What Makes You Beautiful", as well as half of the band's debut album Up All Night.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In the late months of 2011, Max Martin got acquainted with one of Shellback's old friends Julius Petersson, who is a consultant and A&R executive for Warner Chappell Music. He expressed a mutual interest in expanding Maratone Studios and its team of producers and wanted to help Max find more people to hire and work with long term. He offered him a publishing deal with the label, which lead to the decision to rebrand Maratone as MXM Music & Productions at the start of 2012. From that point, the team began to grow exponentially. In the early months of 2012, Peter Svensson was signed to Kobalt Music Group and, shortly after, was hired by Max after working together previously for Carolina Liar. They both wrote together for Vicci Martinez's self-titled album and, later on, contributed to One Direction's second album Take Me Home with Savan Kotecha. Shellback was also introduced to the work of Oscar Holter when recording the song "Let There Be Love" by Christina Aguilera, who was being mentored by Swedish record producer T.I. Jakke. This was also when he met recently signed production duo The Struts, composed of Jakob Jerlstrom and Ludvig Soderberg, when they started working with long-time MXM affiliate Alexander Kronlund. With all artists sharing a publishing deal with Sony Bertelsmann Music Group in common, Julius Petersson followed their work and slowly started working with Shellback during their spare time.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 2013, Carolina Liar's Rickard Goransson began working with numerous artists, such as Zara Larsson and Fifth Harmony. The MXM collective as a whole also worked on material for the band Emblem3. In the later half of the year, The Struts began working with singer-songwriter Tove Lo, after being recruited and signed to Warner Chappell by Julius Petersson. For her first project, they were both introduced to fellow Swedish production duo Mattman & Robin, who were being mentored by producer Jason Gill, and began working frequently with Julius' team of newly hired producers. Shellback also got acquainted with two producers Ilya Salmanzadeh and OzGo from production trio Crossfade, alongside Ferari Zand, and worked with him frequently on new material – their first being with Cher Lloyd on her song "I Wish". Additionally, in the early months of the year, the Denniz Pop Awards were founded and established by former members, co-workers, friends and family of the late Cheiron Studios with the goal of helping new songwriters, producers, and artists continue the legacy Denniz Pop once started. Max Martin was automatically made a member of the jury, alongside Jorgen Elofsson, Per Magnusson and John Amatiello. Max's daughter Doris "Daga" Sandberg is also among those who decide the winners.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: Max and Dr. Luke contributed to the majority of Katy's fourth album Prism, with the sessions with Dr. Luke being in California, United States and the ones with Max in Stockholm, Sweden. When the album was released in late 2013, two of its singles "Roar" and "Dark Horse" experienced a horrific amount of plagiarism and copyright infringement allegations, which carried on into the following year and sparked the beginning of Dr. Luke's downfall. Furthermore, after Dr. Luke contributed to Kesha's hit collaboration with Pitbull "Timber", he was accused of stunting Kesha's growth as an artist and, in the new year, she was admitted to rehab for bulimia nervosa, something which was said to have been imposed on Kesha by Dr. Luke. Throughout 2014, Kesha began suing him for countless abusive behaviours and, as a result, caused his music career to sink and MXM Music decided to ban him from working with the collective and was stripped off from any future mentioning of his co-written contributions with Max Martin.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: Going into 2014, it was revealed that MXM Music had already began working alongside top artists, putting the team on track for one of their biggest years to date. One of the first songs that marked this milestone was "Problem" by Ariana Grande. Max Martin and Shellback originally contributed to the song, with additional help from Ilya Salmanzadeh, who started working directly with Max throughout Ariana's music career. The team also worked on the songs "Break Free", being the team's second collaboration with Zedd, "Bang Bang", a collaboration with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj an became the third largest sales debut so far that year, "Love Me Harder", which became Ali Payami first breakout recording with MXM Music, and "One Last Time", worked on by Ilya Salmanzadeh and Savan Kotecha. All of these songs ended up making Ariana's second studio album My Everything. Max and Shellback also worked with Taylor Swift on 12 tracks for her fifth studio album 1989, marketed as the musician's "first documented, official pop album". As well as Max and Shellback, the album also delivered additional contributions from Wolf Cousins producers Mattman & Robin and Payami. After the success of her previous album, her management wanted to ensure a smooth transition to pop and, since working with them previously, Max and Shellback were hired to produce more material with her. Swift described them both as "absolute dream collaborators", due to pushing her ideas to a different direction, which in turn challenged her as a songwriter.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In early 2015, Savan Kotecha contributed to Madonna's thirteenth album Rebel Heart from sessions with Rami Yacoub and Avicii. The team collaborated heavily on album material for artists, such as Demi Lovato, Ellie Goulding and Tori Kelly, and executive produced Adam Lambert's third album The Original High. Mattman & Robin got acquainted with Justin Tranter, after he signed to Warner Chappell Music, who later met Julia Michaels, and all started writing music together for the likes of Selena Gomez and Hailee Steinfeld. After the success of Ariana and The Weeknd's collaboration the previous year, Max and Payami started working regularly for the latter and contributed to the hit single "Can't Feel My Face", which became The Weeknd's most successful release so far, alongside two other songs for his second album Beauty Behind the Madness. Oscar Holter began to get affiliated with more Wolf Cousins producers through Shellback and, when Ilya started working with Max, got together with OzGo, producing songs for DNCE, and Mattman & Robin on Carly Rae Jepsen's "Run Away with Me" and Hailee Steinfeld's "Love Myself". In the later months of 2015, Max and Shellback contributed to Adele's song "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)", after Adele expressed interest in working with them when overhearing their work with Taylor Swift. They worked on the record that Adele said was a song she wrote when she was 13 years old.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: The following year saw album material recorded for the likes of Sabina Ddumba, Britney Spears and The Weeknd. In the early months of 2016, Max Martin served as executive producer for Ariana Grande's third album Dangerous Woman and recorded the backbone of the project with Ilya Salmanzadeh. Its title track and lead single was worked on by Max, alongside Johan Carlsson. However, before given to Ariana, the song was pitched to many other artists, including Rihanna and Alicia Keys. Johan Carlsson got hugely affiliated with Meghan Trainor whilst recording her second album Thank You and wrote together for other artists, such as Jason Derulo, Michael Buble and Little Mix. The Wolf Cousins team contributed to the majority of DNCE's self-titled debut album and Tove Lo's second album Lady Wood. Tove's album spawned moderately successful hits, including its hit single "Cool Girl" and "True Disaster", which was the first published song produced and recorded entirely by Oscar Holter. Towards the middle of the year, Max and Shellback were recruited by Justin Timberlake to record material for the soundtrack of the 2016 film Trolls, with one of these songs being the hit single "Can't Stop the Feeling!". Upon release, it became Timberlake's biggest best-selling song of 2016.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 2017, MXM Music worked on comeback albums for Pink, Katy Perry and Taylor Swift, all of which peaked at number 1 on Billboard Hot 100. Mattman & Robin and Justin Tranter worked on numerous projects, including Imagine Dragons on their breakthrough single "Believer", which became the band's first top 5 hit in the United States since their 2013 single "Radioactive", and on Julia Michaels' major-label debut extended play Nervous System. OzGo began to get acquainted with songwriter James Alan Ghaleb, who previously worked with Ilya on material for DNCE, and began writing together for the likes of The Script and Maroon 5. Additionally, both members of The Struts started to work with other artists independently, with Ludvig Soderberg going by the moniker "A Strut". More specifically, Soderberg started frequently working with production duo Jack & Coke, after producing alongside each other for Tove Lo's third album Blue Lips, and also worked with artists Dagny and PrettyMuch. Going into 2018, MXM and Wolf Cousins worked with various new artists, as well as affiliates. OzGo and Oscar Holter worked on material with Troye Sivan and Leland for a week, one of the songs being "My My My!". During that time, both producers also met Allie X, who together worked on music for Troye and also The Vamps. Max Martin and Ilya Salmanzadeh contributed to Ariana's fourth album Sweetener, including its lead single "No Tears Left to Cry", which was made in response to a concert she held at the night and location of the Manchester Arena bombing. Ariana said that she hoped it would bring light and comfort to everyone the song touched and encouraged people to dance and "live ya best life!". Johan Carlsson also got affiliated with Charlie Puth when working on his second album Voicenotes and went on to produce further material in the year for Macy Gray, Michael Buble and Sabrina Carpenter.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: After working with 5 Seconds of Summer on their third album Youngblood in 2017 and going into 2018, Rami Yacoub took a break from music to focus more on family and looking after his son and expressed to Max Martin the interest of wanting to come back to MXM and Wolf Cousins Studios. He said, "I took time off with my wife and to look after my son. But then I felt I wanted to come back to the family and Max is like 'the door is always open'. They had a great group of people, 95% of whom are Swedish, so it felt like home!" As a result, Rami and Carl Falk decided to shut down operations and productions at Kinglet Studios in 2018, after running for almost ten years, and both went their separate ways. Rami started getting familiar at working with Wolf Cousins and made his first contributions with the team in 2019, writing the song "Don't Worry Bout Me" by Zara Larsson, in sessions with Tove Lo and The Struts. He also participated in the soundtrack of the 2019 film Charlie's Angels, which was executively produced by Ariana Grande and the MXM/Wolf Cousins team.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 2019, Max contributed to album material for Ariana Grande and Pink. Max wrote and produced the lead single from the Charlie's Angels soundtrack "Don't Call Me Angel" by Ariana, Miley Cyrus and Lana Del Rey, which was described as "lukewarm" and "less potent" when compared to that of Destiny's Child's own Charlie's Angels theme. Max and Shellback worked with Ed Sheeran for the first time amongst other artists on his collaborative album No.6 Collaborations Project. Ilya Salmanzadeh started working alongside Labrinth on material for his second album Imagination & the Misfit Kid and alongside Sam Smith on his pop-infused song "How Do You Sleep?". Describing his change in direction musically from ballads to pop, Smith elaborated "I feel like I have recently shown a side of me which I normally keep to myself or for my family and friends. I showed everyone it and everyone loved it. It's almost given me permission to kinda' do what I've always dreamed of doing but I was always scared to do, which is pop music." Johan Carlsson contributed to Avril Lavigne's sixth album Head Above Water and also worked further, alongside Charlie Puth, on Katy Perry's songs "Small Talk" and "Harleys in Hawaii". OzGo contributed to Marina's fourth album Love + Fear and began working on album material with Allie X. British band Coldplay got introduced to Max and his team when they worked together on two songs for the band's eighth album Everyday Life and also started working exclusively alongside Oscar Holter for the first time on The Weeknd's hit single "Blinding Lights"., which went on to become to longest charting song on Billboard Hot 100 of all time.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In the turn of the decade, then-upcoming songwriter and musician Elvira Anderfjard graduated from the Songwriters Academy of Sweden at Musikmakarna and got signed directly to MXM Music to work with Max Martin. She started working with Tove Lo on material for her Paw Prints edition of her fourth album Sunshine Kitty, including the single "Sadder Badder Cooler", written alongside Max. Within the year, Max and Holter worked on four other songs for The Weeknd's fourth album After Hours. Max also contributed to two songs for the soundtrack to the film Trolls World Tour, which was also executive produced by Justin Timberlake. Savan Kotecha was made executive producer of the soundtrack to the film Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga, which included contributions from Rami, Johan Carlsson, Rickard Goransson and even reunited the team with old Maratone Studios member Arnthor Birgisson. Rami Yacoub saw his biggest credit since working with One Direction, which was writing six songs for Lady Gaga's comeback album Chromatica. This included all three of its collaborations. The song "Rain on Me", done in collaboration with Ariana Grande, was the first female-collaborative recording to debut at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as being the first female duet in history to win a Grammy at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards. Johan Carlsson contributed to the bulkhead of Katy Perry's sixth album Smile, as well as Oscar Holter, OzGo and Elvira handing their assistance on a few other tracks. In the later half of the year, the team contributed to three singles from Sam Smith third album Love Goes, being "I'm Ready", "My Oasis" and "Diamonds". Both "I'm Ready" and "How Do You Sleep?" were intended to be on the album's original track list, then titled To Die For, to be released in May 2020, before it got pushed back and renamed.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In 2021, Max Martin, with Oscar Holter, produced the entirety of Coldplay's ninth album Music of the Spheres and became Max's first album to do so. This included the hit single "My Universe", done alongside Korean boy band BTS, which became the first recording by two co-billed lead groups to top the charts and the first song by a British group to debut at number 1 in United States history. Holter and Mattman & Robin wrote and produced the song "Good Ones" by Charli XCX and, later on, she also teased a song called "Sweat" that she had recorded and co-wrote with Rami Yacoub as part of the soundtrack for her featured Pandora ME campaign. Rami also began working frequently with Ilya Salmanzadeh for artists, such as Justin Bieber and Westlife. Max and Ilya also teamed up with the Jonas Brothers, with additional assistance from Rami Yacoub, to record and produce the song "Who's In Your Head" for their upcoming tour and became Rami's first new song to be credited alongside Max since he departed from Maratone Studios 14 years previous. When Taylor Swift began to release new versions of her albums, Max, Shellback and Elvira Anderfjard were credited as writers on new material and producers on both new and re-worked material on her re-recorded album Red (Taylor's Version). Specifically, the song "Message in a Bottle" was revealed as the first song she ever wrote in sessions with Max and Shellback back in 2012. In the later months of the year, Rami made two songs with Swedish DJ and record producer Alesso called "Somebody to Use" and "When I'm Gone", in collaboration with Katy Perry. Alesso said about the collaborative record, "I feel like a song like this hasn't been made in a while. The world needs a fun energetic dance record again. We worked on this song for more than a year and are so pleased with how it came out."


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: At the start of 2022, The Weeknd's released his fifth studio album Dawn FM, which was worked on by Max Martin and Oscar Holter, in collaboration with Oneohtrix Point Never. The album was described by the artist as "the album I always wanted to make". Rami contributed to Bastille's fourth album Give Me the Future and later with singer-songwriter Anitta on her album Versions of Me. Rami and Ilya Salmanzadeh also co-wrote a song on Charli XCX's fourth album Crash, which eventually included her previously released song "Good Ones", and the album became her highest-charting album in her music career, reaching number 1 in the Official UK Charts and debuting in the top 10 on Billboard Hot 100. In May 2022, Italian band Måneskin, who won the Eurovision Song Contest of 2021, revealed that they had been working on their upcoming debut international album with the MXM and Wolf Cousins team extensively after meeting Max Martin in Los Angeles the previous year. The band's single "Supermodel", which was worked on with Max and Rami Yacoub, was premiered on the live final of Eurovision Song Contest 2022. Justin Tranter, who wrote the song alongside the band said that it was to be the "first of many" they had written together also. The band also teased another song, which is aimed to be on the album called "Gasoline", in support of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, also made by the team. Additionally, Ali Payami who took a three year break from working on music, returned with the focus of expanding his clientele and trying to develop a signature sound, whilst still working under MXM and Wolf Cousins. This became official after working with Sorana on her second solo single "Karaoke" and later contributed to Fletcher's debut album Girl of My Dreams.


title: MXM and Wolf Cousins

text: In the latter half of the year, MXM and Wolf Cousins contributed to three songs off of Lizzo's album Special, including its promotional single "Grrrls", and, later, its second single "2 Be Loved (Am I Ready)". Additionally, the year saw the return of collaborative efforts between Ilya and OzGo for nearly eight years on Mabel's album About Last Night.... Wolf Cousins also contributed to multiple songs on Tove Lo's album Dirt Femme. In September 2022, Sam Smith released the single "Unholy", alongside Kim Petras, which was contributed by Ilya, and received a top position on the charts in nearly 20 countries worldwide. The song's explosive success was credited to the pair teasing the song on TikTok with a video of them dancing in the recording studio a little over a month before its release. British house duo Disclosure made a remix of the song and performed it live, posting their love for the song on social media as well. It was announced, simultaneously, that it is expected to appear on Smith's fourth album Gloria. Additionally, other notable contributions that took place by the collective include with acts, such as Beyoncé and Alma. Towards the end of the year, Max Martin partnered up with Simon Cowell of Syco Music, as well as record labels Universal Music Group and Republic Records, to create a talent-searching project for TikTok called "#StemDrop". Simon elaborated on the purpose of the project, "Imagine if some of the biggest songwriters in the world wrote a brand new song and, instead of giving it to a well-known artist, you gave it to the world to record?" The first song of the project called "Red Lights" was released on 26 October 2022 and was written by Max, as well as Savan Kotecha and Ali Payami.


title: Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)

text: Although fallen from the height of its power during the Golden Age of Pericles in the 5th century, Athens still had extensive financial resources at its disposal and a fleet numbering 240 or perhaps even 400 warships. Following the news of Alexander's death, the Athenians played a leading role in assembling a league to fight for the restoration of the city-states' autonomy. The allies first defeated the pro-Macedonian Boeotians and then—aided by the defection of the Thessalian cavalry—the Macedonian viceroy of Greece, Antipater, forcing him to retreat to the fortified city of Lamia, where the allies laid siege to him. Antipater called for military and naval reinforcements from the rest of the Macedonian empire. As a result, while Antipater remained besieged in Lamia, a naval campaign was fought in the Aegean Sea between the Macedonians under Cleitus the White and the Athenians under Euetion, who initially attempted to stop the Macedonian reinforcements to cross from Asia Minor into Europe at the Hellespont.


title: Operation Bolívar

text: Johannes Siegfried Becker (codename: Sargo) was the main figure in the operation and the man personally responsible for organizing most of the intelligence gathering in Latin America. Becker was first sent to Buenos Aires in May 1940, originally with orders to commit sabotage, along with his partner, Heinz Lange (Jansen), who arrived in the country shortly thereafter. After protests from the German embassy in Argentina in August 1940, the objective of the operation was revised to one of espionage only. Becker and Lange were soon discovered by Argentine authorities, so they moved their operations to Brazil, where they met with Gustav Albrecht Engels (Alfredo), another German spy and the owner of the General Electric Company in Krefeld. Engels was originally recruited by the Abwehr, the German military's intelligence agency, in 1939 to collect and transmit economy-related intelligence from the Western Hemisphere to Germany. Engels established a radio station in São Paulo, the CEL, and used a radio transmitter owned by his electric company to relay information acquired by agents in both Brazil and the United States. When Becker arrived in São Paulo, he transformed Engels' operation into an organization that reported on all subjects of interest to German intelligence. This meant that, in addition to collecting economy-related information, the agents collected information about shipping, war production, military movements in the United States, and political and military affairs in Brazil.


title: Operation Bolívar

text: The first clandestine information passed from Argentina to Germany concerned finances, the organization of the South American net, Argentine politics, and the establishment of a courier system between Argentina and Spain using crewmen aboard Spanish merchant vessels. Once the network entered full operation, traffic volume increased to as much as fifteen messages a day. In January 1944, the Argentine government arrested several German and Spanish agents, and Becker and Franczok were forced into hiding. Communications between Argentina and Germany were interrupted for about a month. When communications were reestablished, Becker asked Berlin for radio equipment, money, and secret ink materials. This request resulted in Operation Jolle, which eventually turned into a mission not only to resupply Becker's network in South America, but also to establish additional clandestine radio stations in Mexico, the United States, and Central America, which would pass information to Germany via the South American network.


title: Operation Bolívar

text: The plan was to have two agents named Hansen (Cojiba) and Schroell (Valiente) deliver the supplies to Buenos Aires via ship, and then travel to Mexico, where they would build a transmitter for communicating with the control station in Argentina. From Mexico, Schroell traveled to the Southwestern United States, where he was supposed to find work in a war plant, and then send the information collected to Hansen in Mexico. Additionally, Schroell and Hansen were to recruit new men for the expansion of the network into the Central American countries. Allied intelligence knew of the plan through intercepts, so in August 1944, shortly after Hansen and Schroell arrived in country, most of the German agents were arrested by Argentine authorities, permanently ending all effective espionage activity by Department VID 4 in the Western Hemisphere. The Germans that managed to escape continued to conduct minor espionage operations in Latin America until the end of the war in 1945, but never again did the amount of clandestine radio traffic return to its former level.


title: Operation Bolívar

text: In addition to revealing the identities of German spies and sympathizers, the interception of clandestine traffic allowed the Allies to maintain continuity on the agents operating in the Western Hemisphere. This information led to a number of arrests, the most celebrated at the time being that of Osmar Alberto Hellmuth on November 4, 1943. An Argentine naval officer, Hellmuth, unbeknownst to Argentina, was a German collaborator. His control, Hans Harnisch (Boss), claimed to be the personal representative of Heinrich Himmler and had extensive contacts in the highest reaches of the Argentine government. As a result of negotiations between Harnisch and various Argentine officials, including President Pedro Pablo Ramírez and various cabinet ministers, Hellmuth was appointed Argentine consul in Barcelona. This appointment served to cover his actual mission: to proceed to Germany to assure that country that Argentina had no intention of severing relations with her. He was also to confer with the Security Service and other German officials on matters of mutual interest and was to obtain German permission for the return to Argentina from Sweden on the Argentine tanker Buenos Aires, carrying a load of German-supplied weapons.


title: Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg

text: On November 18 at 6:00 p.m., Abraham Lincoln and party (including his guest, Canadian politician William McDougall) arrived at the Gettysburg Railroad Station. Lincoln walked around the depot and uphill to the town square to spend the night in the Wills' house, where a crowd gathered in the adjacent town square and was addressed by Secretary of State William H. Seward (Everett got to bed about 11 p.m.). After Wills met with Lincoln about the ceremony c. 9:30; Lincoln's door guard, 1st Sgt Hugh Paxton Bigham of Company B (21st PA Cav.), provided a telegram to Lincoln that his son had improved—after which he asked his guard "at about 11 p.m." to take him to Seward.: 3 While meeting with Seward at the adjacent Robert Goodloe Harper house "around the corner", Lincoln was serenaded by the Baltimore Glee Club (National Union Musical Association) with We Are Coming, Father Abra'am (Bigham later "pushed" a return path through the crowd for Lincoln).: 5 Also posted through the night was a second military guard for Lincoln at the street-level door, Paxton's brother Rush Bigham.: 15


title: Teddy Cruz

text: Cruz is the founder and president of Estudio Teddy Cruz + Fonna Forman, a research-based political and architectural practice based in San Diego, in partnership with University of California, San Diego political theorist, Fonna Forman. Cruz and Forman lead a variety of urban curatorial initiatives, including The Civic Innovation Lab in the City of San Diego to rethink public space and civic engagement; the UCSD Cross-Border Initiative to promote research and practice focused on regional territories of poverty; and the UCSD Community Stations, to foster corridors of knowledge exchange between the university and marginalized communities. Additionally, they collaborated with former Bogota Mayor Antanas Mockus to develop the Bi-national Citizenship Culture Survey, an unprecedented protocol that surveyed cross-border civic infrastructure, public trust and social norms, to generate new shared urban policies between the municipalities of San Diego and Tijuana, as well as collaborative strategies for cross-border urban intervention.


title: American Drift

text: Crampton described both herself and American Drift as taking a transevangelistic approach. The title track, written for and spoken by her collaborator Money Allah (who also appears on "Wing"), is set as a transevangelistic prayer. Lyrically, it references Paul Claudel's poetic cycle "The Way of the Cross" and the Christian hymn "Rock of Ages", and depicts the "wildly disanthropocentric" transformation of natural settings. "Petrichrist"'s name is a portmanteau of petrichor and Christ, and musically documents Crampton herself driving in her Ford Ranger up the Shenandoah Mountain in Virginia, intended as a depiction of "an encounter between mountain and vehicle, interactions of non-human objects touching one another in a Worlding where all things have agency." "Wing" is a piece in two parts based on particular natural cycles in prehistory; it portrays an impact event, leading into "negative photosynthesis" and finally fern spikes; the track is also dedicated to black pianist Margaret Bonds, whose piano pieces were formulative on the album among Crampton's influences. "Axacan" is named for and musically depicts the Ajacán Mission, where the first Spanish settlement in Virginia occurred violently.


title: The Flowers of St. Francis

text: The Flowers of St. Francis (in Italian, Francesco, giullare di Dio, or "Francis, God's Jester") is a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini. The film is based on two books, the 14th-century novel Fioretti di San Francesco (Little Flowers of St. Francis) and La Vita di Frate Ginepro (The Life of Brother Juniper), both of which relate the life and work of St. Francis and the early Franciscans. I Fioretti is composed of 78 small chapters. The novel as a whole is less biographical and instead focuses on relating tales of the life of St. Francis and his followers. The movie follows the same premise, though rather than relating all 78 chapters, it focuses instead on nine of them. Each chapter is composed in the style of a parable and, like parables, contains a moral theme. Every new scene transitions with a chapter marker, a device that directly relates the film to the novel. On October 6, 1952, when the movie debuted in America, where the novel was much less known, the chapter markers were removed.


title: West Siberian petroleum basin

text: The sedimentary succession of the basin is composed of Middle Triassic through Tertiary clastic rocks. The lower part of this succession is present only in the northern part of the basin; southward, progressively younger strata onlap the basement, so that in the southern areas the basement is overlain by Toarcian and younger rocks. The important stage in tectono-stratigraphic development of the basin was formation of a deep-water sea in Volgian–early Berriasian time. The sea covered more than one million km 2 in the central basin area. Highly organic-rich siliceous shales of the Bazhenov Formation were deposited during this time in anoxic conditions on the sea bottom. Rocks of this formation have generated more than 80 percent of West Siberian oil reserves and probably a substantial part of its gas reserves. The deep-water basin was filled by prograding clastic clinoforms during Neocomian time. The clastic material was transported by a system of rivers dominantly from the eastern provenance. Sandstones within the Neocomian clinoforms contain the principal oil reservoirs. The thick continental Aptian– Cenomanian Pokur Formation above the Neocomian sequence contains giant gas reserves in the northern part of the basin.


title: Monte Cook

text: Cook left Wizards of the Coast in 2001. Cook wrote the adventure Beyond the Veil , one of the later releases in the "Penumbra" line of d20 System books from Atlas Games.: 258 Cook formed the new company Malhavoc Press in 2001 to work with the Sword and Sorcery Studios imprint of White Wolf, starting with the d20 The Book of Eldritch Might as his first product.: 225 The Book of Eldritch Might was the first commercial book sold exclusively as a PDF to be published by a print company.: 288 It was an immediate success and has been credited with demonstrating the viability of PDF publishing within the role-playing industry. This and other early Malhavoc products were initially released only in electronic format, though print versions of most of them have since been released by White Wolf, Inc. Malhavoc Press worked with Fiery Dragon Productions after Fiery Dragon ended their arrangement with Sword & Sorcery in 2002, and the majority of the licensed work from Fiery Dragon was through their arrangement with Malhavoc.: 226 Cook's work under the Malhavoc banner has included Arcana Unearthed: A Variant Players Handbook. Cook set the d20 rulebook Arcana Unearthed in his giant-dominated world of "The Diamond Throne".: 226


title: Timed out

text: Timed out is a method of dismissal in the sport of cricket. It occurs when an incoming batter is not ready to play within a given amount of time of the previous batter being either dismissed or retired. This is one case of a 'diamond' or 'platinum' duck, as the player is out without having faced a ball. The first and so far the only batter in international cricket to be dismissed by this method is Angelo Mathews, playing against Bangladesh in the ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023. The purpose of the law is to ensure there are no unnecessary delays to the game. It is easily avoided, and it is very unusual for a batter to get out 'timed out'. As of December 2023, there have been no instances of this type of dismissal in Test cricket, a single instance in one day international cricket, and six instances in first-class cricket as a whole. The first batter in Twenty20 International cricket to be dismissed by this method is Godfred Bakiweyem against Sierra Leone in the 2023 Africa Cricket Association Africa T20 Cup.


title: Renee Teppan

text: Teppan was born in Pärnu, and started his career in hometown club Pärnu VK at the age of 17. After two seasons he moved to Bigbank Tartu and won the Estonian Championship in 2014. He then moved to abroad and signed with Italian team Altotevere Città di Castello alongside compatriot Andri Aganits. He spent the next two seasons with Hypo Tirol Innsbruck winning two Austrian Championship titles. For the 2017–18 season Teppan moved back to Italy and played for Diatec Trentino. In May 2018 he signed a two-year contract with the Polish PlusLiga top team PGE Skra Bełchatów. In his first season with the team Teppan mostly played as a substitute for the club legend Mariusz Wlazły. His first trophy with the team was the 2018 Polish SuperCup when Bełchatów defeated Trefl Gdańsk 3–0. Teppan and the team also reached the semi-finals of the 2018–19 CEV Champions League making him the second Estonian after Oliver Venno to play in the semi-finals of the Champions League. He opted out of the second year of the contract and signed with French team Stade Poitevin Poitiers for the 2019–20 season. Teppan left the team in February 2020 and signed with Noliko Maaseik of the Belgian League where he was again united with compatriot Andri Aganits. For the next season he returned to native Estonia and signed with Selver Tallinn. He helped the team win the Estonian Cup and the Baltic League title and was also named MVP of the latter tournament. Teppan started the 2021–22 season in the Turkish Men's Volleyball League playing for Tokat Belediye Plevnespor. Mid-season in January 2022 he joined with Greek top team Olympiacos Piraeus.


title: Johnson Stokes & Master

text: Johnson Stokes & Master was established in 1863 in Hong Kong by Edmund Sharp as a sole proprietorship at a time when Hong Kong had less than a dozen practising lawyers. Later, an office in Shanghai, China was set up in 1893. In 1895, Alfred Bulmer Johnson became senior partner of the firm with Alfred Stokes and Godfrey Master as supporting partners. At that time, JSM was already legal advisor to The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, a major commercial establishment in Hong Kong. On December 1, 1896, Johnson retired from private practice at the firm and also resigned his position of Crown Solicitor which he had held from 1882. On this occasion, the succession of the Crown Solicitor-ship was passed not to the firm's next in command - Stokes who was in Shanghai, China running the local branch of the firm - but to the next most senior solicitor in the Colony, Henry Lardner Dennys. In July 1897, JSM engaged the firm's first local born solicitor - the Oxford-educated Wei Wah-on, son of a compradore of the Chartered Mercantile Bank. In 1936, JSM moved into the air-conditioned offices of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Building. After the Second World War, JSM resumed business in the Bank Building though Hong Kong was in a sorry state at that time. Since then, the firm's growth paralleled Hong Kong's rapid economic development and it further expanded into other major Asian cities.


title: Shoana Church

text: The church is constructed according to the Byzantine architectural tradition. It has three apses, which are a little bit narrower than naves (of which there are also three). It is a cross-domed building with four square pillars bearing three-stage arches and a cupola. The length of the building from west to east is 12.9 m., The height is equal to the length, the width along the western facade is 8.9 m. The church has two closed vaulted narthexes at the northern and southern end. It is not clear what was the original form of the roof. At the moment, there is a restored gable roof, but there is a theory about the original roof tiles being rested on semi-circular zacomari-gables. The tholobate is octahedral and has eight windows, each side of the tholobate is ended with the archivolt overhang on consoles rested on the corners. Modern tholobate being milti-faced does not rely on any scientific evidence. The plinthite, which is traditional for Georgian and Byzantine buildings, is used only in the arches. The rest of the building is composed of sandstone-with-lime blocks of rough processing, with a butoconcrete filling inside the wall. The windows are crowned not with an arch of plinthite, but with a stone with a semi-circular finish carved in it. Numerous holes for scaffolding are visible in the masonry, and in the hole in the western part of the southern wall there is even a piece of wood that the builders could not remove and just saw it off. For the construction of the church powerful substructions were required. The facade decor of the church is very modest: there is a cornice made of stone tiles, plinthite stones on the drum and stone cornice above some the windows. Outside the church was covered with a thin layer of plastering (can be seen in the voids between some stone tiles), and inside it was plastered and decorated with ornaments.


title: Shoana Church

text: The slope, on which the church is located, was previously densely populated, as evidenced by the remains of numerous ancient buildings. Although the original function of the church remains unknown, a large number of burials were found in the settlement, as well as inside the church itself. The Shoana church is essentially a smaller copy of North Zelenchuksky Church (besides Shoana having no narthex and western porch). Indisputable proof of copying is a characteristic combination of the eastern corner cells and the side bema into a single compartiment with one blind arch on the side wall. Russian historians A.Vinogradov and D. Beletsky believe that the church was built by a local builders, who repeated a known pattern, but they were technically better trained than previous builders and could freely interpret the chosen form. It is very difficult to associate the builders with a particular architectural school. There is no written evidence to accurately date the church. Only the picturesque scenery of the church sheds some light on its dating. The remains of the frescoes can be associated with the second layer of the painting in the Senty Church. Therefore, presumably the Shoana church was built in the late 10th – early 11th centuries. Thus, the Shoana church was built after the Central Zelenchuksky Church (950-960s), Senty (965) and North Zelenchuksky (late 960s - 970s) churches; it belongs to the third stage of the temple construction in Alania after returning to Christianity around 950. At the end of the 19th century, Shoana church was turned into the church of the Alexander-Athos monastery. The temple was re-plastered, the roof was replaced, and the chapels were rebuilt.


title: 1 Samuel 14

text: After Jonathan had caused panic in the Philistine garrison (verse 15), Saul finally brought his troops to engage in battle (verse 20). Believing that it will ensure success, Saul placed an oath on his troops to refrain from eating until evening, a rash act (as noted in verse 24 of the Greek Septuagint version, although not found in the Hebrew Masoretic Text), which would make the troops to be too famished to achieve a complete victory, and even become a threat to Jonathan's life (verses 24–26). Jonathan was unaware of the oath, so he ate some of the plentiful honey available and was refreshed ('his eyes brightened'), but he would face death penalty as the consequences from the oath. This led Jonathan to refer Saul as one who 'has troubled the land' and who had prevented a total victory (verse 30). Being very hungry for respecting the oath of refraining from eating the whole day, the Israel troops seized animals from the spoil, and ate them before carefully draining blood from the meat, as they slaughtered on the ground, not on a stone from where the blood could flow away (verses 33–34). 'Eating with blood' (as in NRSV) was forbidden by Torah (Deuteronomy 12:23–27; Leviticus 19:26). Nonetheless, Saul believed the failure to wipe out the Philistines was due to lack of divine support, so investigation was made by means of a sacred lot to find whose fault it was found. The lot fell to the king's family and specifically with Jonathan. Although Jonathan and Saul were willing to accept the verdict, the Israel soldiers insisted to spare Jonathan's life (verse 44). The account closes with a more positive note on Saul as a successful leader (verses 47–48) and the head of a household (verses 49–51).


title: Nahar Singh

text: During the 1857 uprising, under the "Delhi Agency" there were seven princely states, Jhajjar, Farrukhnagar, Ballabhgarh, Loharu, Pataudi and Dujana. The Chiefs of the last two estates remained loyal to the British and others rebelled. The Rajput rulers of Rajasthan also kept out of the rebellion except few like Thakur Kushal Singh of Pali. British forces were stopped outside Delhi by the forces of Nahar Singh. Nahar refused to extend any help to District Collector William Ford, who was collecting forces to curb the uprising. Nahar actively recruited sepoys of the native infantry or cavalry, who revolted against the British, in services of his Ballbhgarh forces with enhanced pay and promotional ranks. Munshi Jeevan Lal writes, "by 17 July 1857 the Raja had taken into his service 200 troopers who had lately been in the employ of the English." The number continued to swell in the subsequent period. Incidentally, one such sepoy who was granted rank of Naik, appeared as a witness to testify the fact before the British Military Commission, which was established to prosecute Raja Nahar Singh. To further fortify his armed strength, the Raja not only raised new levies but also collected as much as possible latest weaponry and other war material as was revealed from the recovery of large number of horses, bullocks, carts, English rifles and dresses from his fort after the British assaulted it.


title: Alfred Ely Beach

text: Beach's most famous invention was New York City's first subway, the Beach Pneumatic Transit. He received his first charter by the legislature in 1868, four years before Commodore Vanderbilt's attempt of building a subway in New York, which would have linked New York City Hall to Grand Central Station. Beach created his own enterprise using the pneumatic tube technology, naming it the Beach Pneumatic Transit Company, and made himself its President. This idea came about during the late 1860s, when traffic in New York was a nightmare, especially along its central artery of Broadway, as people were mostly traveling by foot and horse carriages during this time. "The city was ruled by the notoriously corrupt William "Boss" Tweed, who among many illegal doings was getting kickbacks from the city's steampowered train and horse-pulled bus lines." Beach was one of a few visionaries who proposed building an underground railway under Broadway to help relieve the traffic congestion. The inspiration was the underground Metropolitan Railway in London but in contrast to that and others' proposals for New York, Beach proposed the use of trains propelled by pneumatics instead of conventional steam engines, and construction using a tunnelling shield of his invention to minimize disturbing the street.


title: Alfred Ely Beach

text: Beach was also interested in pneumatic tubes for the transport of letters and packages, another idea recently put into use in London by the London Pneumatic Despatch Company. He refused to blackmail "Boss" Tweed to have his proposal approved. He set out a way to bypass the corrupt politicians by building his tunnel in secret during the night, carting away the dirt under the cover of darkness, with the city officials at City Hall just across the street. He put up $350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project, allowing him to bypass the corruption and extortion schemes of Tammany Hall, which included the Governor, the Mayor, the City comptroller, and countless of other corrupted officials. His thinking was that once the public will see the completed subway, the politicians would not dare to stop him. With a franchise from the state he began construction of a tunnel for small pneumatic tubes in 1869, but diverted it into a demonstration of a passenger railway that opened on February 26, 1870. It is most interesting to note that Beach's tunnel design was likely the first cylindrical tunnel design ever used in the Americas and built using a design inspired by James Henry Greathead's successful shield patents in London for construction of the Tower Subway project. Greathead invented and built his own design of a shield as the contractor for that project, under Peter W. Barlow who was the engineer. Since Beach was a patents lawyer, it is likely he discovered the 1869 Greathead patent and the patent application by Barlow from 1864, using an imitated Barlow's patent design for engineering the PTS tunnel design.


title: 2007 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game

text: In addition to the divisional race, the competition over the wild card continued to the last day of the season. Six teams in the 2007 National League finished within five games of one another: the aforementioned Diamondbacks, Padres, and Rockies along with the Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, and Chicago Cubs. The Diamondbacks, Phillies, and Cubs won the West, East, and Central Divisions respectively. Meanwhile, the 2007 Mets underwent what was described in The New York Times as "one of the biggest collapses in baseball history", becoming the first team with a seven-game divisional lead with only 17 games remaining to finish outside of first place, losing the East Division to the Phillies on the final day of the season. Also, at 88–74, the Mets finished a single game behind the Rockies and Padres' 89–73 record in the wild-card race. Had the Mets defeated the Marlins in their final game of the regular season and no other results changing, there would have been a tiebreaker between the Mets and Phillies for the NL East, and the loser taking part in a three-way tiebreaker for the NL wild card with the Padres and Rockies respectively.


text: The starting pitcher matchup saw eventual Cy Young Award and Major League Baseball Triple Crown winner Jake Peavy against the Rockies Josh Fogg, whom teammate Matt Holliday nicknamed "Dragon Slayer" for his strong performances against ace starters throughout the season. The Rockies opened the bottom of the first inning with a leadoff double by Kaz Matsui, followed by a Troy Tulowitzki single and a walk to Matt Holliday to load the bases. Matsui scored on a sacrifice fly by Todd Helton and Garrett Atkins made the game 2–0 with a single which scored Tulowitzki. Yorvit Torrealba later added to that lead, leading off the bottom of the second inning with a home run. The Padres took the lead in the top of the third, however, loading the bases via singles from Peavy and Scott Hairston and a walk to Brian Giles. Adrián González then hit a grand slam, making the score 4–3. This was González' first career grand slam. Khalil Greene then singled, advanced to third base on a double by Josh Bard, and scored on a ground out by Brady Clark. Helton homered in the bottom of the inning to close the gap to 5–4 in favor of San Diego.


text: During the final play Padres catcher Michael Barrett attempted to block home plate from Holliday's slide while receiving the ball on a throw from Brian Giles. Holliday arrived at the plate before the ball did and the ball bounced away from Barrett. Some controversy arose after the game as to whether Holliday had actually touched home plate or if Barrett had successfully blocked him. Several sportswriters, such as Jeff Passan of Yahoo! Sports and Mark Kiszla of The Denver Post, said outright that Holliday never touched the plate. Kiszla referred to the moment humorously, saying "When folks retell this story 100 years from now, he still will not have touched home plate." Padres manager Bud Black and first base umpire Ed Montague both agreed with McClelland's safe call. Barrett said he was unsure but "never, ever second-guessed Tim McClelland at home plate." While the throw got away from Barrett, he quickly retrieved the ball and went to tag Holliday, but stopped short after McClelland ruled Holliday safe and the game over. Holliday said after re-watching the play, he felt a review of the replay would have been inconclusive.