title: Denver Nuggets

text: For the 2003–04 season, the Nuggets made another uniform change, coinciding with Carmelo Anthony's debut, with a color scheme of powder blue, gold (yellow) and royal blue. The primary logo, featuring a snow-capped mountain, curved ribbon with a "Denver" wordmark and an enlarged western-style "Nuggets" workmark (see previous section), was modified, with the mountain royal blue, the ribbon powder blue and the "Nuggets" wordmark a golden yellow. Like the 1990s uniforms, the Nuggets' revised jerseys also had the "Aachen" typeface across the chest—it was "Nuggets" in powder blue, with royal blue and gold trim on the home white jersey, while the powder blue road jerseys had "Denver" in white, with gold and royal blue trim. These jerseys, along with the team logo, were tweaked prior to the 2008–09 season, with the royal blue replaced by the shade of navy blue that was part of the team's color scheme from 1993 to 2003. These jerseys were used until the 2014–15 season, while the snow-capped mountain logo would serve as the team's primary logo until the 2017–18 season. In the 2005–06 season, the Nuggets also introduced an alternate logo, as well as an alternate navy blue uniform. The alternate logo featured twin intersecting gold pick-axes in a powder blue circle, with a half-white/half-yellow "mountain peaks" at the top of the circle and a basketball with gold outlining and navy blue accents at the bottom of the circle. The navy blue jersey featured an alternate "Nuggets" script in gold, with navy blue interior trim and powder blue outlining. This uniform was used until the end of the 2011–12 season, while the circular "pick axe" logo would become the team's new primary logo for the 2018–19 season.


title: Denver Nuggets

text: For the 2018–19 season, the Nuggets modified their logos and uniforms, featuring various color schemes that the team has worn in their history. The current color scheme consists of midnight blue (navy), sunshine yellow, flatirons red (maroon) and skyline blue (royal)—the latter color is only featured on the "Statement" jersey and two of the team's new alternate logos. Powder blue, which had been part of the team's color scheme since 2003, was eliminated from all logos and uniforms. The white "Association" jersey features "Nuggets" in flatirons red, with sunshine yellow trim and midnight blue numbers with sunshine yellow trim, while the midnight blue "Icon" jersey features "Denver" in sunshine yellow, with flatirons red trim and white numbers with flatirons red trim. Both sets also include mountain peak striping on the shorts and the pick axe logo on the waistline. The skyline blue "Statement" jersey features "Mile High City" in white surrounding sunshine yellow numbers, plus a midnight blue mountain peak silhouette and a sunshine yellow pick axe logo on the sides of the shorts. A modernized version of the skyline logo adorns the waistline. The circular "pick axe logo," which had served as the Nuggets' alternate logo since 2005, became the team's new primary logo, replacing the snow-capped mountain/enlarged western-style wordmark logo that had served as the team's primary logo (in three different versions) since 1993. The colors on the circular pick axe logo were also modified with the team's new color scheme.


title: Blue Disc Trail (Harriman State Park)

text: After meeting up with the gas line at milepost 1.35, the Blue Disc Trail continues and ends crossing the same gas line again at milepost 1.5. The trail splits into two parts here, one higher than the other, and continues for 0.15 of a mile to Elbow Brush. Elbow Brush is a tight crevice made out of rocks. The trail continues without any notable mentions until milepost 2, where it crosses the Tuxedo - Mt. Ivy Trail at the higher base of Claudius Smith Rock. Claudius Smith Rock is named after Claudius Smith, a convict who used the rock as a hideout from the law. He was hanged in Goshen in 1779. The next section of the Blue Disc Trail, continuing north, goes over the Big Pine Hill. The White Cross Trail, which starts 250 feet (76 m) away from the Blue Disc, is a safer route down the hill in the winter when the Blue Disc is icy. At the base of the hill, the Blue Disc Trail crosses a dam made of rocks and finally ends at Tri-Trail Corner, which is the meet of the Ramapo-Dunderberg Trail, Victory Trail and Blue Disc Trail. This point is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) away from the Johnsontown Road cul-de-sac.


title: Mahmoud Shokraye

text: Shokraye drew a cartoon of local politician Ahmad Lotfi Ashtiani for Nameye Amir, a city newspaper in Arak. The cartoon depicts Ashtiani in a football stadium, dressed as a footballer, with a congratulatory letter in one hand and his foot resting on the ball. Ashtiani sued Shokraye for insulted him. The Markazi provincial court then found in favor of Ashtiani and sentenced the cartoonist to 25 lashes. The punishment was unprecedented for an Iranian cartoonist and prompted a backlash in Iran's online community and social media with calls for cartoonists to draw new caricatures of the MP. Nikahang Kowsar, a prominent Iranian cartoonist who was also punished for caricaturing a prominent official told the Guardian newspaper: "This verdict is a direct threat to each and every cartoonist working inside Iran. From now on, if this sentence is not set aside, any public official could sue the cartoonists for portraying him/her in a cartoon.". Iranian journalist Masih Alinejad thought the sentence notable as a sign of Iranian authorities' lack of tolerance towards any form of criticism, and noted the very mild nature of the caricature. "He has drawn the MP exactly the way he is, even with his prayer mark. Actually the MP's cartoon looks better than the MP himself." Amnesty International also protested the lashings.


title: Mu ren zhuang

text: The Wing Chun wooden dummy is the most popular form of wooden dummy. A popular legend says it came about when 108 separate wooden dummies from the Shaolin Temple were combined into one by the nun Ng Mui to make training more efficient and effective. The Wing Chun wooden dummy uses an arm and leg configuration designed to cultivate fighting skill and chi simultaneously. The Hong Kong wooden dummy is a wall mounted version of the Wing Chun Wooden Dummy that hangs using two wooden slats through the body of the wooden dummy. Older versions of the Wing Chun wooden dummy were originally placed in the ground. The modern design was created by Ip Man in Hong Kong to fit the needs of living in an apartment. The Wing Chun version of the muk yan jong has three arms and one leg, which represents an opponent's body in various positions and the lines of force the body can give out. The wooden slats on which the muk yan jong is mounted has a springiness that is similar to a human opponent's involuntary reaction and allows the user to practice absorbing energy into his/her stance. Due to this springiness, this type of dummy is considered an "alive" dummy. Therefore, the older version of the dummy without mounting is commonly called a "dead" dummy.


title: Lazar Lazarević

text: On 5 September 1888, the clergy of Trebinje-Mrkan again asked Galimberti for the new bishop and requested Bishop Buconjić respect the boundaries of Trebinje-Mrkan as established in the Papal decree Ex hac augusta of 1881. On 17 June 1889, the Austrian-Hungarian government in Sarajevo and the Joint Ministry of Finance presented their proposal to Galimberti, in which they suggested the Bishop of Mostar-Duvno should administer Trebinje-Mrkan. The main motive for the proposal was to avoid dissatisfying the Eastern Orthodox population. The Austrian-Hungarian government also requested the Bishop of Mostar-Duvno, who was an apostolic administrator, should have a regular jurisdiction in Trebinje-Mrkan and that he could appoint Franciscans to priestly duties. Simeoni and Rampolla agreed with the first proposal but rejected the latter two. The Austrian-Hungarian government was informed about their decision on 23 September 1889. The Propaganda ordered the Bishop of Mostar-Duvno to administer Trebinje-Mrkan on 16 June 1890, a decision confirmed by the Pope on 8 July 1890. With the new decree, Buconjić extended his jurisdiction over the whole of Herzegovina.


title: Archibald Bruce (mineralogist)

text: Bruce was born in New York City in February 1777 and graduated from Columbia College in 1795 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. His father, William Bruce, head of the medical department of the British army at New York, on being ordered to the West Indies, specially directed that his son should not be brought up to the medical profession. From the medical lectures of Nicholas Romayne, the teachings of Dr. Hosack, and attendance on the courses of medical instruction of Columbia, he attained a knowledge of the science. He went to Europe in 1798, received an M.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1800, and, in a tour of two years in France, Switzerland, and Italy, collected a mineralogical cabinet of great value. He married in London, and in the summer of 1803, returned to New York city and began practice. In 1807, he was appointed professor of materia medica and mineralogy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, being the first to fill such a chair in the United States. On the reorganization of the college in 1811, he was superseded on account of some disagreement with the management, and after 1812, filled the same chair in Queen's, now Rutgers, College, New Jersey. He projected the American Mineralogical Journal in 1810, and edited it until 1814. His chemical analysis "of native magnesia from New Jersey" made known to science the mineral now called after him, Brucite. He also detected and correctly analyzed the zincite of Sussex County, New Jersey, and published a valuable paper "On the Ores of Titanium occurring within the United States." Dr. Bruce was one of the original members of the New York Historical Society, and at the time of his death, was a member of many learned societies both in this country and in Europe. He died in New York from apoplexy on February 22, 1818.


title: Vera Prasilova Scott

text: Once in Houston, Prasilova opened a photography studio on San Jacinto St. and soon became well known for her portraits, whose "highlights and shadows, finished in oil or gum print have the effect of a rich charcoal. Her subjects (were) not posed in a 'look pleasant' stereotype, but their moods are caught and held and veiled just enough to capture their allurement," Much of Prasilova's clientele included faculty of the Rice Institute, locals of social and political stature and their families as well as visiting celebrities, including Bertrand Russell and Maurice Ravel. Several of Prasilova's portraits were included in the Pacific International Salon of Photographic Art, which hung at the Museum of Art, Portland, Oregon and Art Galleries of Oregon at Eugene in the fall of 1930. Her work was also exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston in 1931 and 1932. She also showed her work in the "27th Convention" in Schenectady, NY, 1932, where her work received an Award of Merit. In 1989, Prasilova's photographic portraits were included in the exhibition Frantisek Drtikol and His Pupils at the Museum of Czech Literature in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Her work is also in the permanent collections of the Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Oregon and the Museum of Czech Literature in Prague, Czechoslovakia.


title: Vera Prasilova Scott

text: In 1937, the Scotts moved back to Portland, Oregon, where Dr. Arthur F. Scott had accepted a professorship in Chemistry at Reed College. By this time, the Scotts had a family of three girls. Prasilova Scott interrupted her artistic activities to care for her husband and three daughters and to be more involved with the academic and social elements of the city of Portland. While at Reed, Prasilova Scott studied calligraphy with Mr.Lloyd Reynolds and began her career in sculpture. In 1962–64, when Dr. Scott was on sabbatical at the National Science Foundation, Vera studied sculpture at the Corcoran Museum School in Washington D.C., under Hans Warnecke. Upon returning to Portland, she continued her studies in metalwork and jewelry making with Fredric Littman and bronze casting with James L. Hansen at Portland State University. While at Reed, Mrs. Scott started switched to sculpture as her artistic outlet and began to produce works in bronze and wax that reflected her humanitarian response to social, political, and emotional events of the time. In the series Migrations, the scriptures Bangladesh, The Road from Phnom Penh, and Exodus, Mrs. Scott represents "the nameless, faceless families of refugees leaving their homeland." Soon Mrs. Scott's sculptures garnered a similar reputation to her photographs and received commissions from agencies to produce artistic pieces. For instance, the sculpture Exodus was commissioned by the International University of Miami(now Florida International University) to accompany The Jordan Davidson Humanitarian Awards.


title: Bhoodan Pochampally

text: On 18 April 1951, the historic day of the very genesis of the Bhoodan movement, Vinoba Bhave entered the Pochampally Mandal in Nalgonda district, the center of Communist activity. The organizers had arranged Vinoba's stay at Pochampally, a large village with about 700 families, of whom two-third were landless. Pochampally villagers gave Vinoba a warm welcome. By early afternoon villagers began to gather around Vinoba at Vinoba's cottage. The villagers asked for eighty acres of land, forty wet, forty dry for forty families that would be enough. Then Vinoba asked," If it is not possible to get land from the government, is there not something villagers themselves could do?" To everyone's surprise, Pochampally Zamindhar Rao Bahadur Gopal Rao Pochampally got up and said in a rather excited voice: "I will give you 1000 acres for these people". his promise to offer 1000 acres of land to the villagers. This incident which is neither planned nor imagined was the very genesis of the Bhoodan movement and it made Vinoba think that there in lay the potentiality of solving the land problem of India. This movement later on developed into a village gift or Gramdan movement. As the huge, massive and magnificent movement called Bhoodan Movement was born in this Pochampally, the village was renamed to Bhoodan Pochampally.


title: Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

text: Under the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (section 139), the act as it applies in England and Wales was updated to provide new rehabilitation periods – with most convictions becoming spent in a shorter amount of time. For adults, the rehabilitation period is one year for community orders, two years for custodial sentences of six months or less, four years for custodial sentences of over six months and up to and including 30 months, and seven years for custodial sentences of over 30 months and up to and including 48 months. Custodial sentences of over four years will never become spent and must continue to be disclosed when necessary. Under the 2012 Act, the rehabilitation period starts on the date of conviction in the case of fines, but for custodial sentences it starts after the offender has completed the sentence (including time on licence) and for community orders it starts when the order ceases to have effect. For example, an offender who received a two-year prison sentence will see the conviction spent six years from date of conviction (two year sentence plus four year rehabilitation period). For offenders who are under the age of 18 when convicted, the rehabilitation period is half that of an adult.


title: Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

text: For purposes of employment in a field that is covered by the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 and not subject to the Exceptions Order, once a conviction is spent, the person is considered rehabilitated and the act treats the person as if they had never committed an offence. As a result, the conviction or caution in question does not need to be disclosed by the person when applying for most jobs, educational courses, insurance, housing applications or other purposes, unless the role applied for is exempt from the act. If a role is covered by the act, it is unlawful for an employer to refuse to employ a person (or dismiss an existing employee) because the individual has a spent caution or conviction. It is also unlawful for an organisation to knowingly carry out (or enable someone else to obtain) a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check on a person for a role which is covered by the act. If a role is covered by the act, the employer is only legally entitled to carry out a basic criminal check known as a Basic Disclosure (provided by DBS) which will reveal only unspent convictions.


title: Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

text: As noted by some academic scholars, this provision creates "obvious tension". For instance, while this section indicates that a court is bound ('must') to treat each previous conviction as an aggravating factor, the mandatory words are somewhat softened by the later phrase, "if the court considers that it can reasonably be so treated". This provision in the Criminal Justice Act 2003 is also in tension with its "limited retributivism" theory of punishment, which underpins the sentencing framework in England and Wales. This is because, generally, increased punishment for subsequent offences based on previous offending is contrary to retributive principles of punishment and is more closely aligned with utilitarian theories of punishment. Further, in practice (and in contrast to the United States Sentencing Guideline grid, which governs sentencing practice and policy in the federal system) previous convictions, whether spent or unspent (and there is a ten-year time limit for consideration of adult convictions), do not lead to a linear increase in sentencing in England and Wales.


title: Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974

text: Applicants to university courses are only required to declare their relevant criminal convictions, cautions and verbal bind overs on their UCAS forms. UCAS applicants are required to declare only 'relevant' criminal convictions, 'relevant' being defined as offences against the person, whether of a violent or sexual nature, or offences involving supplying controlled drugs or substances where the conviction concerns commercial drug dealing or trafficking. Non-relevant criminal convictions, i.e. those not specifically defined as relevant, should not be declared unless specifically required on the application; applications which require disclosure of non-relevant criminal convictions are medicine, teaching and jobs related to or involving children. Criminal convictions are divided into two categories, relevant and non-relevant, and both can be considered spent under the act; once a conviction is spent, whether a conviction is relevant or non-relevant, it should not be disclosed on the UCAS application. More recently, the question concerning criminal convictions is no longer mandatory on UCAS forms and will not generate a hold. The impetus for this change is to broaden the availability of education and access to education. Spent criminal convictions are protected by s. 2 and s. 56 of the Data Protection Act 1998 and it is also a criminal offence to disclose an individual's spent criminal conviction.


title: Jumpgate Evolution

text: Other nations include The Hyperial Protectorate, The Amananth and Conflux. The Hyperial Protectorate were once a rival to the Quantar nation but were defeated by them in an earlier war. The Shift has left the Protectorate without any planet further reducing the nation's might and they now only own a single station The Amananth, the creators of a single fully automated station in pre-Shift space. The Amananth is a dead nation - in post-Shift space many abandoned stations have been found and the Amananth are now believed long dead. Many also believe post-Shift space to be the birthplace of the Amananth nation and that the Amananth were somehow responsible for the Shift itself. The Conflux are an alien race that ignores any form of communication and is aggressive to all nations. A war between the Conflux and the Humans brought the Humans almost to the brink of extinction. Although the humans fought them off the eventual outcome of the war is matter for speculation as at the height of the struggle the Shift pulled the human race away. The Conflux are also present in post-Shift space but the significance of their presence is not yet known.


title: Elsayed Hafez

text: Elsayed Hafez graduated from Alexandria University in 1976, in the departments of philosophy and sociology at the Faculty of Education. He was in charge of the culture department of Sout Al-Khaleej magazine in Kuwait in 1976. From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a theatre specialist in Alexandria. From 1978 to 1986, he worked for the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Literature as a journalist, researcher, secretary in editing the Alem Al-maarefah (World of Knowledge) series, chairman of the committee to encourage local literature, head of the school theatre and heritage seminar, secretary in Al-Arabi exhibition in Kuwait, secretary of World Culture magazine. He worked at Al-Seyassah newspaper in Kuwait from 1977 to 1987 in the culture section, arts section, every day's supplement, Meraat Almaraah Magazine, Alhadaf newspaper, investigation department, Arab affairs department, society page, editorial secretary. He was an animation development consultant at Skhar Foundation in 1994. From 2006 to 2007, he worked at the AlSada foundation in Dubai as the managing editor of Alshashah magazine, managing editor of Almughamer magazine, and a media consultant. He was an office manager at Afkar magazine in Cairo, the director of the Arab World Center for publishing and media for five years, he worked for a Kuwait politics newspaper for seven years, and was a consultant of programs development for Joint Program Production Institution in Kuwait, he was the first Arab whom the British Kingdom published seven English plays for, he is also the first Arab writer for whom the University of Arizona in the United States published five works in English and three in Arabic. He was a chief editor of Roya magazine, which is published in Egypt, he is the first Arabic writer to print his work for children and adults online. He has many publications, including (plays for adults- plays for children), also he directed many other plays. He formed many experimental theatre groups, he also has many TV and radio series. Hafez has many books and theatrical studies. His works was published in many Arabic magazines and newspapers, he participated in the International Festival of Cartage, Tunisia, Baghdad (Iraq), Jordan, Abu Dhabi, Cairo, Alexandria, Matrouh.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts was part of a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The first confirmed case was reported on February 1, 2020, and the number of cases began increasing rapidly on March 5. Governor Charlie Baker declared a state of emergency on March 10. By March 12, more than a hundred people had tested positive for the virus. Massachusetts experienced a first wave of COVID-19 that peaked in late April 2020, with almost 4,000 people hospitalized with the disease, and a rolling seven-day average of 2,300 new confirmed cases and 175 confirmed deaths a day. A second wave began in the autumn of the same year and peaked in January 2021, seeing higher daily case numbers but fewer deaths and hospitalizations than the first wave. There was a smaller third spike of increased cases and hospitalizations in March and April 2021, which resulted in significantly fewer deaths than the first two waves. A fourth wave began in July and August 2021. Another wave occurred in the winter of 2021 to 2022, coinciding with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in the state, and exceeding the peak number of cases in any previous wave. As of January 13, 2022, Massachusetts was experiencing a rolling average of 13,314 new confirmed cases and 43 confirmed deaths per day.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: On April 30, 2021, the order was revised to require face coverings at indoor public places, at indoor or outdoor events in public or private spaces, or outdoors when unable to stay six feet apart. The previous order required face coverings in all public places, regardless of whether people could distance from others. Until May 29, 2021, face masks or cloth face coverings were required in all indoor public places, outdoors when unable to socially distance, or at events. On May 29, the mask requirement was lifted, though unvaccinated people were still advised to wear masks inside and when unable to physically distance. As of January 2022, fully-vaccinated people are advised to wear masks when indoors (outside of their own homes) if they have weakened immune systems, or if anyone in their household has a weakened immune system, is at increased risk of disease, or is an unvaccinated adult. Masks are still required for all people regardless of vaccination status in some venues, such as on public and private transportation systems and in healthcare facilities and congregate care settings. Beginning December 21, 2021, following the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants in Massachusetts, the DPH began advising fully-vaccinated individuals to also wear masks indoors, when not in their own homes.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: In early 2020, Massachusetts created five field hospitals to handle less critical patients, in case the expected surge in COVID-19 patients overwhelmed regular hospitals despite their efforts to increase intensive care capacity. The largest was Boston Hope, a field hospital established in the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center (BCEC). It cost $12 million and included 1,000 single rooms separated by sheetrock walls. 200 rooms were equipped with oxygen lines, and six were set up for intensive care. It received its first patient on April 10, and treated some 720 patients over seven and a half weeks, including homeless people and those who had begun the process of recuperating from COVID-19. A 200-bed field hospital at the DCU Center in Worcester saw 275 patients. Three other field hospitals in Bourne, Dartmouth, and Lowell never saw a patient. Following the first wave in cases, all field hospitals were closed. The Boston Hope facility at BCEC was sanitized and shrink-wrapped, ready for a possible future surge; other facilities were dismantled and placed in storage.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: On May 18, Governor Baker released the detailed version of the reopening plan, and began phase one by allowing places of worship, essential businesses, manufacturing businesses, and construction sites to reopen with strict restrictions. Also beginning May 18, hospitals and health centers were permitted to begin providing urgent preventive care and treatment services to high-risk patients. Beginning on May 25, additional businesses were able to open, also with restrictions. Massachusetts entered phase two of the reopening plan on June 8. On July 2, Governor Baker announced that Massachusetts would enter Phase 3, Stage 1 of its reopening plan starting on Monday, July 6, though some communities delayed entering. Some communities began to enter Stage 2 of Phase 3 on October 5, 2020. On December 8, 2020, Baker announced that all cities and towns in Massachusetts would be required to roll back to Phase 3, Step 1 of the state's reopening plan due to a second wave of the virus; the state returned to Phase 3, Step 2 on March 1, 2021. Massachusetts entered Phase 4 of reopening on March 22, and entered the second stage of Phase 4 on May 10.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: On December 9, 2020, Governor Baker announced a three-phased plan to prioritize access to COVID-19 vaccines among Massachusetts residents. The first doses of the vaccine arrived in Massachusetts on December 14, 2020. The first people to be given access to the vaccine, in phase one of the vaccine timeline, were healthcare workers, first responders, and long-term and congregate care facilities (including correctional facilities and shelters). Phase two included those with comorbidities, those in professions putting them at a high risk for exposure (such as K–12 teachers, grocery store employees, and sanitation and public works employees), and those 65 years of age and older. Massachusetts entered phase two on February 1, 2021. In phase three, which began on April 19, 2021, the vaccine became available to anyone sixteen years old or older. After the CDC voted to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in children 12 and older, Massachusetts made the vaccine available to children in that age group beginning on May 13.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: On April 7, 2020, there were around 200 cases of COVID-19 among homeless people in Boston, which was around 30% of the homeless people who had been tested. The city of Boston allocated 500 of the beds at the field hospital being created at the Boston Convention and Exposition Center to go to homeless people with COVID-19. A homeless shelter in Worcester found on April 17 that out of 114 shelter guests who were tested for SARS-CoV-2, 49 (43%) tested positive. Many of those who tested positive were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms; Dr. Erik Garcia, the medical director of the Homeless Outreach and Advocacy Project at the Family Health Center of Worcester, said that "there were some symptoms, but certainly none of the classic symptoms. And most people were complaining of a slight worsening of the chronic cough that they already had – no fevers and no other symptoms." After a cluster of COVID-19 cases were traced back to the Boston Pine Street Inn shelter in April, the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program tested all shelter guests for the virus and found that out of 397 people tested, 146 tested positive but had been experiencing no symptoms. On April 24, Boston Mayor Walsh announced that public health officials would be testing everyone in the city's shelter system for SARS-CoV-2. As of April 23, 1,340 people had been tested, and 453 (34%) of them tested positive.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: Panic buying, which spiked noticeably the week of March 11, 2020, led to shortages of some products, and there were crowds and long lines at grocery stores as early in the day as 7:00 a.m. Pandemic supplies like sanitizing supplies and masks remained difficult to get for weeks, as did toilet paper. Grocery retailers shortened their hours to allow employees more time to restock, and as later required by state law, to offer older and more vulnerable people a time in the early morning when they can shop separately. Later, emergency orders required grocery stores to implement stricter measures, including limiting the number of people allowed inside stores at a time and marking queues to maintain social distancing. Stores installed plastic guards to reduce contact between customers and cashiers, and designated some aisles one-way. By the end of May, grocery stores started expanding hours, with toilet paper back on shelves significant quantities but home baking supplies like yeast and flour with thin stocks.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: School closures began in early March, when Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced on March 9 that it was moving to only-online classes for the remainder of the spring semester. Also on March 9, three elementary schools were closed due to students and parents of students being tested for the virus. Northeastern University, which had already closed satellite campuses in San Francisco and Seattle, hesitated to close their main campus for fear of international students losing their F visa status, and on March 6 the university publicly called on the Department of Homeland Security to grant clemency for international students so the university could close. By early April, many colleges and state school districts had announced closures ranging from weeks to months in duration. On March 13, Boston announced that its public schools would close for six weeks from Tuesday, March 17 through April 26. On March 15, Governor Baker ordered all schools in Massachusetts to close for three weeks from March 17 through April 7. On March 25, he extended the closing through May 4. On April 21, he extended it to the remainder of the school year.


title: COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts

text: In July, Massachusetts schools were directed to prepare plans for three scenarios for fall 2020: entirely in-classroom teaching, entirely remote teaching, and a combined teaching model. Governor Baker said on July 27 that schools should anticipate needing to "pivot" from one scenario to another in response to local pandemic data. By August 21, around 30% of Massachusetts' 289 school districts had announced they would be teaching completely remotely to start the school year. State universities in Bridgewater, Fitchburg, Framingham, Salem, Westfield, and Worcester announced in June that they would be bringing students on-campus to attend classes. Private colleges in the state chose various models for the fall school semester. Some, including Berklee College of Music, College of the Holy Cross, and Smith College, decided to hold courses entirely remotely; others opted to offer a combination of online and in-person classes, such as Boston College, Brandeis University, and Roxbury Community College. Some colleges invited only some students to return to campus, such as MIT which only allowed seniors on-campus and Harvard University which only allowed freshmen and students who had been specially invited for academic reasons. By early September, several Massachusetts universities had received media attention when students disregarded social distancing rules imposed by the schools, and some schools in the state experienced outbreaks.


title: Museum of Black Joy

text: Walls opted for a virtual museum as opposed to an in-person experience to make her art more accessible. She stated that not everyone can visit an in-person museum for various personal reasons and didn't want anyone to miss out on experiencing her art. This digital museum began as a blog run by Walls in January 2020 where she would upload photographs of scenes from Philadelphia daily. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, she was unable to continue photographing as frequently as she used to, but continued working on what would become the digital museum. Walls choose Black joy as the focus for the digital museum to counteract how the Black experience is portrayed in the media. She told The Philadelphia Inquirer that she "was really looking for a way to make art that doesn't ignore" the "live-action murders" Black individuals face but wanted to do so without "a very traumatizing visual narrative". Walls describes Black joy as "a very particular and specific salvation. It's for me about endurance, possibility, creativity, grace, and a supreme kindness."


title: Museum of Black Joy

text: Andrea Walls is a 57-year-old poet, photographer, and Philadelphia native. Before creating the digital experience, she was a Pushcart Prize-nominated poet. After studying photography for 2 years, she began blogging photos of everyday activities concerning African-Americans outside her house in West Philadelphia. Walls grew up in Cobbs Creek, West Philadelphia, and many of her first blogged photographs were of images that evoked memories of her own childhood, such as kids playing in the streets, adults socializing in a park, and patrons at restaurants. More than 40% of Philadelphia's population is African-American, giving Walls great exposure to Black culture. Philadelphia is also the location of the African American Museum in Philadelphia, which opened in 1976 as the first city-funded institution in America to showcase the life of African-Americans. Walls hoped to be able to document Black life before the effects of gentrification disallowed her from doing so. In the past, she has worked with organizations such as the Writers Room at Drexel University and the Studio Museum in Harlem. Her work has been supported by organizations such as the Colored Girls Museum, the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Women's Mobile Museum, the Eastern State Penitentiary, and Mural Arts Philadelphia.


title: Museum of Black Joy

text: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the subsequent stay-at-home orders, meant that her ability to photograph everyday activities was hindered. In 2020, the United States would experience not only more than 345,000 deaths due to COVID-19, but also confronted highly publicized instances of police brutality against African-Americans, such as the murder of George Floyd. Philadelphia has experienced over 189,000 cases of COVID-19, with over 4,000 deaths from the illness. The first case in the city was reported on March 10, a stay-at-home order was issued for the city on March 22, and by April cases had started to decrease, despite speculation that the city would become the country's next hot spot. Soon after the murder of George Floyd, the city saw widespread protests and civil unrest break out on May 30, with Mayor Kenney instituting a curfew later that day. Thirteen police officers sustained injuries and more than 200 people were brought into police custody on the first day of protests, and on June 6 more than 50,000 people joined in protests in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Overall, the protests were some of the largest in the country, and they provided ample photography opportunities for Walls to incorporate into her museum. Hoping to counter the pain and sadness experienced by many in the Black community, Walls created the museum to be a source of healing and happiness, describing the digital experience as "counter-programming".


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: In the original Rome: Total War, the player took control of an empire, or "faction", of classical Europe, North Africa or the Middle East, with the aim of expanding their faction's territory and eliminating rival empires through military conquest and city-building. Europa Barbarorum retains this basic gameplay mechanic and sets itself in a similar time period and geographical area to the original game. However, as a total conversion the mod replaces the particular factions, military units, buildings, and other elements present in the original game, and adds a new soundtrack and several brand-new gameplay mechanics not present in the original, such as the installation of puppet rulers. The modification's development team's stated aim in making the changes that they have to Rome: Total War is to make the player's experience of the ancient world more historically accurate. For this reason, numerous parameters of the game at the start of the campaign in 272 BC, such as generals' names, the diplomatic relations between factions, and the particular understanding of the outside world that each faction has, have been set to correspond to the actual political situation in that year.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: Also for reasons of historical verisimilitude, factions, provinces on the campaign map and factions' family members have been given vernacular names in Europa Barbarorum, rather than having Latinized or Anglicized ones, as in Rome: Total War. So, for instance, the original game's Armenia faction is known as Hayasdan in Europa Barbarorum, and Germania as the Sweboz. Instead of having to play one's first campaign as a Roman faction and only subsequently unlock playable campaigns as non-Romans by defeating them in the Roman campaign, all twenty of Europa Barbarorum's playable factions can be accessed by the player from the start. Furthermore, the one unplayable and three playable Roman factions of the original have been combined into a single playable faction in Europa Barbarorum, the Romani. Dissatisfied with the homogeneity of the factions of the original Rome: Total War, the Europa Barbarorum development team has sought to differentiate the playing experiences of the game's different factions. So, for example, Rome: Total War's trait-acquisition system, where the player's faction's family members acquire certain characteristics and talents which make them more or less adept at certain tasks such as city management or military leadership, has been made more faction-specific in Europa Barbarorum, with Hellenic characters' traits, for instance, being based on Theophrastos' Characters and Aristotle's teachings on the Golden Mean, and Romans' traits being partially based on the moral tales of Valerius Maximus. There are sometimes additional requirements for a family member to be able to gain a new trait: in order for them to compete in one of the Panhellenic Games, for instance, the player must ensure that they are stationed in the appropriate city on the campaign map in the year that the competition is scheduled to take place. One reviewer has commented that Europa Barbarorum's expansions upon the original Rome: Total War's trait system have served to add a role-playing element to the game.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: As in the original Rome: Total War, Europa Barbarorum's strategic campaign sees the player take control of a particular faction and then compete for territory and resources against all the other factions, which are controlled by the game's artificial intelligence. The player is presented with a map of Europe, North Africa and the Near East in which territory is divided into 200 provinces, each of which contains a province capital, which will at any given point be controlled either by the player's faction, a rival playable faction, or the non-playable Eleutheroi faction, which represents the world's minor kingdoms, regional powers and rebel states. If a faction should at any point find itself not in control of any provinces, it is eliminated from the game. Gameplay is turn-based, each turn representing the passage of three months on the campaign map (unlike the six months of the original Rome: Total War) and alternating between the player managing their empire and the artificial intelligence making all the other factions' moves. A key game mechanic of the campaign map is the annexation of territory, which is done province-by-province, either by successfully besieging the province capital, or by acquiring it from another faction through diplomacy. Once a faction has acquired a province, they may construct buildings in the province capital that either enable the recruitment of certain military units or grant various bonuses to the city, such as greater resilience during a siege or a decreased likelihood of the province rebelling. Provided the city contains the appropriate buildings, the player may recruit military units in the city at the same time as undertaking construction projects. The aim of the game is to acquire a specified number of provinces and/or eliminate specified rival factions (in Europa Barbarorum particular victory conditions differ for each faction), whilst avoiding being eliminated by the other factions.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: The way in which factions enhance the provinces they own through the construction of new buildings in their province capitals has changed in Europa Barbarorum. The process of assimilating a newly conquered province into one's empire has become more differentiated in the modification than it was in the original game through the introduction of so-called "government buildings" and military–industrial complexes. Government buildings represent different degrees of central State intervention in a province, and range from a homeland government, which can only be built in a faction's traditional ethnic homeland and represents the highest possible degree of central State control, to an allied state government, which makes the province in question semi-autonomous and installs a puppet ruler to govern it on the controlling faction's behalf. The choice of government building in a province affects what other buildings can be constructed there: the greater the degree of autonomy granted to a province, the greater the shift in the make-up of the pool of buildings available for construction from the controlling faction's own buildings to native buildings; that is, buildings which are more closely associated with the faction that would make its traditional home in the province in question, rather than the one currently occupying it. Nomadic, desert- and steppe-dwelling factions have their own government buildings, which some say has helped differentiate between Europa Barbarorum's factions and make the differences between Europa Barbarorum and the original Rome: Total War more than just cosmetic. These government buildings also affect unit recruitment options in a province, through the mod's introduction of military–industrial complex ("MIC") buildings. The original Rome: Total War's system of constructing and subsequently upgrading different types of building in order to recruit different types of soldier (stables for horses, ranges for archers, and so on) has been replaced in Europa Barbarorum by the "factional MIC", which enables the recruitment of all the province-controlling faction's units, and the "regional MIC", which enables the recruitment of native types of soldier. How far the two types of complexes can be upgraded depends on the government of the province: the greater the autonomy of the province, the more the native MIC may be upgraded, and the less the factional MIC may be upgraded; and vice versa. In addition to buildings that can be constructed by the player, Europa Barbarorum also introduces a number of unique buildings or "wonders", which can either be man-made structures or features of the landscape, and which provide unique bonuses to the province.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: If, during their turn on the campaign map, the player should engage one of their armies in combat with another faction's army, or if their troops should be engaged by another faction during the AI's turn, the player then has the option of fighting a real-time battle or siege. In this gameplay mode, the player directs the troops they had brought with them on the campaign map to the engagement, ordering them to manoeuvre and attack the enemy's troops on a three-dimensional battlefield. Troops can either be killed outright on the battlefield or made to rout and flee the field if their morale falls below a certain threshold. Reviewers have noted of Rome: Total War that, during a battle, troop numbers do not outweigh all other considerations; other factors such as individual unit types' strengths and soldiers' morale and fatigue at the point of fighting are also taken into account. A battle is won when one side kills or routs the entire enemy army; a siege may be won by the attacking side through either dispatching the opposing forces or gaining control of the besieged city's central plaza for a certain number of minutes, and by the defending side either by killing the attackers or by destroying their siege equipment before they have managed to breach the city's defences.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: The make-up of the game's units is one of the areas in which the most change can be seen going from the original game to the mod. Reviewers have commented that the differences between Europa Barbarorum and its parent game are "immediate" and "striking" and that the modification is different from its parent game "in look and in play". Another reviewer described the mod as having a more "gritty, realistic look" than the original Rome: Total War. All the units that were present in the original game have been removed and replaced in Europa Barbarorum. Specific examples include the removal of several units that the Europa Barbarorum team considered to be historically doubtful or only marginally used in warfare, such as Arcani, incendiary pigs and Celtic head-hurlers from the original Rome: Total War. Nor was the modding team happy with the way more conventional forces were portrayed in the original game, for instance calling Rome: Total War's Egyptian soldiers "Mummy Returns Egyptians" and hence creating a new unit roster for the Egyptian faction in the game (named Egypt in the original Rome: Total War and the Ptolemaioi in Europa Barbarorum), in order to better correspond with the Ptolemaic period of history. The mod also features new custom battle formations in order to encourage more realistic behaviour from the AI.


title: Europa Barbarorum

text: A number of non-English language magazines have also reviewed Europa Barbarorum. The Italian PC Gaming magazine Giochi per il mio computer reviewed the modification in April 2005 and March 2008. The 2005 review reported that the modification, whose development team included two historians, was to replace the "economic system, equipment and the provinces" of Rome: Total War; the latter review praised the mod for having "altered and deepened" the gameplay of the original title, and wrote that Europa Barbarorum was the best substitute for a Rome 2: Total War game prior to the actual release of such a title. Dutch magazine PC Gameplay , reviewing the mod in March 2008, also wrote that the mod was "perhaps the best candidate for the title Rome: Total War II" "until the official announcement" and went on to note that the list of changes that the modification had made to the original game almost constituted "a history book of its own". The German magazine GameStar wrote in April 2007 that the Europa Barbarorum team had "banned all historical mistakes from the game"; in January 2011, another German publication, PC Games, also noted the mod's historical accuracy, singling out its "more realistic, more " battles for praise, although it did note that the mod was squarely aimed at experienced Rome: Total War players. Reviewing version 0.74 of the mod in November 2006, Romanian publication LeveL concurred that the mod was aimed at experienced players, adding that the modified version of the game put greater demands on the player's computer than the original Rome: Total War, requiring 512 MB of RAM, up from the original's 256. Despite this, the reviewer praised the mod's complexity, the "painstaking detail" that went into making the units and the mod's soundtrack.


title: Santiago de Surco

text: This house-property was used as a shelter for Cáceres' troops in times of war. While sheltering at one point, Caceres didn't know from where the Chilean troops, who had just arrived a few hours earlier in Conchan, could attack the city. So he used the help of a young boy. There was an immense 300-year-old pine tree in the patio that divided the church from the house-property, and even though it fell in January 2001, it remains unbroken in the collective memory of Surco as a silent witness to what happened. Julio César Escobar, the young boy, became a hero at the age of 13 during the San Juan and Miraflores battle by giving his life for the sake of the country. Julio climbed up to the top of the pine tree, to be a lookout and warn Caceres about the Chilean troops' approach. When Julio saw the Chileans, he was too high to climb down to warn about the Chilean troops' arrival. The Peruvian troops fled from the shooting that had begun and Julio was not able to escape. Unfortunately, the patriots were defeated, and the kid hero was shot dead near the immense tree. The church was then sacked and burned by the Chilean troops, who later converted it into a stable.


title: Santiago de Surco

text: Surco, as it is commonly known, obtained the title of "garden district" four times in the management of Carlos Dargent. In its jurisdiction, families of high socioeconomic level largely reside (Monterrico and surrounding areas); while in the southern area there are homes from different socioeconomic strata, including: upper middle, middle and lower middle. The district covers the urbanizations of Valle Hermoso, Monterrico, Las Casuarinas, La Castellana, Los Álamos, La Floresta de Monterrico, Cerros de Camacho, Pancho Fierro, Santa Constanza, Chacarilla del Estanque, Higuereta, Neptuno, Tambo de Monterrico, El Dorado, Chama, Alborada, Liguria, Las Gardenias, Santa Teresa, Bella Luz, Vista Alegre, San Ignacio de Monterrico, Prolongación Benavides, Monterrico Sur, Los Rosales, La Capullana, Los Precursores, La Cruceta, Los Próceres, Santo Cristo, La Virreyna, San Roque, La Ensenada, San Pedrito, Sagitario, Surco Viejo or Surco Pueblo, Jorge Chávez, Santa María, Cercado de Surco, Los Parrales and Camino Real. In areas where per capita income is high, such as in Las Casuarinas, access is restricted. The price of a home in such an urbanization is usually very high. However, there are areas of this same socioeconomic level such as Chacarilla or other parts of Monterrico, where access is free. Santiago de Surco is characterized by being a large district with a large amount of green areas, being behind the San Borja district.


title: Dutch Honorary Debts Committee Foundation

text: On 10 January 2022, Dutch newspaper NRC published an opinion piece by Bonnie Triyana, Indonesian historian and guest curator at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, which called into question the usage of the term Bersiap in the then-upcoming exhibition "Revolusi! Indonesia Independent". In the Dutch historiography of the Indonesian Revolution, Bersiap ('get ready' or 'be prepared' in Malay) refers to a period of Indonesian revolutionary and ethnic violence lasting from August 1945 until at least November 1947, but Triyana claimed that the curation team had agreed to omit the word as it would "simplify" the narrative and reinforce stereotypes of "primitive, uncivilized Indonesians". In response, the Federation of Dutch Indos (FIN, Federatie Indische Nederlanders) accused Triyana of "runaway wokeism" and filed a police report against him for stigmatizing the survivors of the Bersiap killings and downplaying the extent of violence against Europeans, Indos, Chinese, Moluccans, and other demographies. At the request of the FIN, representatives of the political parties JA21, Party for Freedom, Farmer–Citizen Movement, and Christian Democratic Appeal also spoke out against "historical falsification" and "genocide denial" over the following days and the Rijksmuseum publicly distanced itself from Triyana's statements on 14 January.


text: On 21 January 2022, the Dutch Honorary Debts Committee Foundation became involved when it filed a police report against the Rijksmuseum, its director, and the lead curator of the exhibition for their intention to continue using the term Bersiap, which the KUKB too considers to have racist connotations. On 9 February, the Public Prosecution Service (OM, Openbaar Ministerie) dismissed the police reports of both the FIN and the KUKB, clarifying that Bonnie Triyana had exercised his right to free speech to contribute to the public debate, and that prosecutors concluded Bersiap to be a valid descriptor of historical events and that its use, too, is covered by the right to freedom of expression. The Dutch Honorary Debts Committee Foundation announced on 4 July it had filed a complaint with the Amsterdam Court of Appeal and chairman Jeffry M. Pondaag, secretary Dida Pattipilohy, and historian Marjolein van Pagee presented their arguments in a hearing on 13 October. On 5 January 2023, the court rejected the complaint of KUKB and reaffirmed the verdict of the OM.


title: Nanban trade

text: One of the many things that the Japanese were interested in were Portuguese hand-held guns. The first two Europeans to reach Japan in the year 1543 were the Portuguese traders António da Mota and Francisco Zeimoto (Fernão Mendes Pinto claimed to have arrived on this ship as well, but this is in direct conflict with other data he presents), arriving on a Chinese ship at the southern island of Tanegashima where they introduced hand-held guns for trade. The Japanese were already familiar with gunpowder weaponry (invented by, and transmitted from China), and had been using basic Chinese originated guns and cannon tubes called "Teppō" (鉄砲 "Iron cannon") for around 270 years before the arrival of the Portuguese. In comparison, the Portuguese guns were light, had a matchlock firing mechanism, and were easy to aim. Because the Portuguese-made firearms were introduced into Tanegashima, the arquebus was ultimately called Tanegashima in Japan. At that time, Japan was in the middle of a civil war called the Sengoku period (Warring States period).


title: Nanban trade

text: The intensive exchange with the "southern barbarians" did not remain without influence on the Japanese vocabulary. Some loanwords from Portuguese and Dutch have survived to this day: pan (パン, from pão, bread), tempura (天ぷら, from tempero, seasoning), botan (ボタン, from botão, button), karuta (カルタ, from cartas de jogar, playing cards), furasuko (フラスコ, from frasco, flask, bottle), marumero (マルメロ, from marmelo, quince), etc. Some words are now only used in scientific texts or in historical context, e.g. iruman (イルマン, from irmão, brother in a Christian order), kapitan (カピタン, from capitão, captain), kirishitan (キリシタン, from christão, Christian), rasha (ラシャ, from raxa, type of cotton fabric), shabon (シャボン, from sabão, soap). Some things from the New World came to Japan along with their names via the Portuguese and Spanish, such as: tabako (タバコ, from tabaco, tobacco derived from the Taíno of the Caribbean). Some terms only known to experts today only became extinct in the 19th century: porutogaru-yu (ポルトガル油, Portugal oil, i.e. olive oil), chinta (チンタ, from vinho tinto, red wine), empurasuto (エンプラスト, from emprasto, plaster), unguento (ウングエント, from unguento, ointment).


title: Nanban trade

text: In 1639, trade with Portugal was definitively prohibited and the Netherlands became the only European nation to be allowed in Japan. By 1650, except for the trade outpost of Dejima in Nagasaki, for the Netherlands, and some trade with China, foreigners were subject to the death penalty, and Christian converts were persecuted. Guns were almost completely eradicated to revert to the more "civilized" sword. Travel abroad and the building of large ships were also prohibited. Thence started a period of seclusion, peace, prosperity and mild progress known as the Edo period. But not long after, in the 1650s, the production of Japanese export porcelain increased greatly when civil war put the main Chinese center of porcelain production, in Jingdezhen, out of action for several decades. For the rest of the 17th century most Japanese porcelain production was in Kyushu for export through the Chinese and Dutch. The trade dwindled under renewed Chinese competition by the 1740s, before resuming after the opening of Japan in the 1850s.


title: WorkChoices

text: Significantly, the Act also excluded employees who were dismissed for "genuine operational reasons or reasons including genuine operational reasons". "Genuine operational reasons" were defined in the Act as "reasons of an economic, technological, structural or similar nature." Interpretation of this clause by the AIRC had created precedent for a broad application of this section of the Act. In Carter v Village Cinemas, the Full Bench of the AIRC decided upon appeal that an operational reason need only be a reason for dismissal, not the sole or dominant reason for dismissal. In another significant decision, Andrew Cruickshank v Priceline Pty Ltd, Mr Cruickshank was employed at Priceline on a package of $101,150. He was terminated and Priceline subsequently hired a new employee in the same position on a package of $65,000–$75,000. Priceline claimed, successfully, that they had not breached the unfair dismissal provisions of the Act, as the dismissal saved the business money, therefore was for a reason including a genuine operational reason.


title: WorkChoices

text: Employer associations such as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry had indicated they supported WorkChoices at the time, figures that ran counter to the 50 per cent of employers cited in a 2007 AC Nielsen poll as opposing the measures. The Australian labour movement, represented by the Australian Council of Trade Unions, ran a very effective media campaign attacking the proposed changes, and alternate models were proposed by the centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), who won the subsequent election in a landslide. The Liberal (center-right) Government at that time used federal funds to produce and air an advertising campaign promoting WorkChoices, a decision that which was criticised by the federal opposition and challenged in the High Court. In addition, the state governments of Australia (all of which were Labor at the time) used the High Court to challenge the legality of the Commonwealth using the Corporations power to sidestep the usual parliamentary oversight and implement WorkChoices, but were ruled against.


title: WorkChoices

text: Kevin Rudd took over the Australian Labor Party leadership on 4 December 2006, and in the process reaffirming his opposition to WorkChoices. As Labor won government at the 2007 federal election, it retained a federal rather than states-based system. Additionally, it planned to phase out Australian workplace agreements (AWAs) over a period of years with a preference of collective agreements and awards with an exclusion to those earning over $100,000. Unfair dismissal laws were to be restored to all businesses; however, employees joining companies with under 15 employees will be placed under a twelve-month probationary period. Restrictive right of entry rules in to workplaces for unions introduced under WorkChoices were to remain and secret ballots (rather than open ballots) to decide on carrying out strikes were to continue, which would become banned except during periods of collective bargaining. The dismantling of the group of industrial relations bodies created by the government would also occur, and in their place a service known as "Fair Work Australia" would be created.


title: Kadıköy

text: Kadıköy is a busy shopping district, with a wide variety of atmospheres and architectural styles. The streets are varied, some being narrow alleyways and others, such as Bahariye Caddesi, being pedestrian zones. Turkey's biggest food market is there, starting next to the Osman Ağa Mosque, and has an immense turnover of fresh foods and other products from all around Turkey, including a wide range of fresh fish and seafood, olive oil soap, and so on. There are also modern shopping centres, most notably the large Tepe Nautilus Shopping Mall behind the center of Kadıköy, and pavements crowded with street vendors selling socks, unlicensed copies of popular novels, and other products. In the streets behind the main post office, there is a large number of well-known bookshops selling both new and second-hand books, craft-shops and picture-framers, and a number of shops selling music CDs and related ephemera such as film posters and T-shirts. Hard Rock and Heavy Metal music is sold in the arcade named Akmar Pasajı, where associated items are also sold. On Sundays this area becomes a large second-hand book and music street market. Being a crowded shopping district, Kadıköy has many buskers, shoe shine boys, glue sniffers and schoolchildren in the streets selling flowers, chewing gum and packets of tissues.


title: Kadıköy

text: Beyond this area, the huge stadium of Fenerbahçe Football Club dominates the skyline. From here, the long shopping street Bağdat Avenue heads east and there are many affluent neighbourhoods between the avenue and the coast. Until the 1950s these areas, such as Göztepe, Caddebostan, Erenköy, and Suadiye, were full of summer houses and mansions for the city's wealthy upper middle class. Since the Bosphorus Bridge was built, it has become easier to commute from here to the European side of Istanbul, and most of these summer houses have been demolished and replaced with modern apartment buildings. The coast here has a long stretch of seaside parks and yacht marinas, and the streets behind the coast in areas such as Caddebostan are lined with numerous bars and cafés. From Bostancı onwards the economic level progressively lessens, so there are more retired and working-class residents here. There are no more villas, excepting some on the coast at Dragos, and the apartment buildings are narrower and less widely spaced. Bostancı itself is a busy shopping district built around a railway station.


title: Kadıköy

text: Inland from the coast there is a great deal of housing development: Most are expensive, especially in areas such as Kozyatağı. These districts house many of Istanbul's upper-middle class residents. These neighbourhoods are mainly built around wide avenues and tree-lined streets, with four to six-storey apartment buildings that have sizable gardens and car-parking around them. Especially in Kozyatağı, there are old Ottoman houses nearly in every houses' garden. Kozyatağı, Suadiye and Kazasker used to be one of the most popular summer areas for wealthy Istanbul residents. Today, Kozyatağı has tree-lined streets, especially magnolia, linden and fruit trees such as medlar trees, plum trees, cherry, mulberry and quince trees, many large greenfields, parks, children parks. These areas, Suadiye, Bağdat Avenue, Kalamış, Kozyatağı, Fenerbahçe have today, upper-middle or upper class residents. There are many schools, hospitals, shops and restaurants in these areas. Another smart new neighbourhood is Acıbadem. This area has one of the best-known private hospitals in the city and a long avenue of cafés, restaurants and ice cream parlours. In the late 1990s, new luxury housing developments such as Ataşehir began to be constructed in the previously undeveloped area north of the E5 highway. These have their own shops, private colleges, sports centres and other facilities. Ataşehir separated from Kadıköy in 2009 elections.


title: Clan Innes

text: Clan Innes claims descent from a Berowald, a Flemish knight, who was given the lands of Innes by Malcolm IV of Scotland in 1160. Berowald's grandson, Walter, assumed the surname Innes and was granted a charter of confirmation by Alexander II of Scotland in 1226. In 1452, Robert Innes, the eleventh laird, fought under the Earl of Huntly at the Battle of Brechin. He later founded the Greyfriars of Elgin in an attempt to repay for his sins. The twentieth chief of Clan Innes, Sir Robert, was a Member of Parliament for Moray and was made a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1625. The third baronet, Sir James, married Lady Margaret Ker (whom through the sixth baronet inherited the Ker dukedom of Roxburghe. The twenty-fifth chief (and sixth baronet), Sir James Innes, claimed the dukedom of Roxburghe in 1805 when the previous duke died without a direct heir. Later, in 1812 the House of Lords ruled in favour of Sir James, rejecting claims by the heir female of the second earl and heir male whatsoever of the first earl. Because of the ruling Sir James took the surname Innes-Ker and was titled James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe. The present duke of Roxburghe is heir to the chiefship of the clan, however since he bears the surname Innes-Ker the Lord Lyon King of Arms will not recognise him as chief of the name Innes.


title: Mystikal (Wallace Roney album)

text: On All About Jazz, John Kelman noted "Mystikal continues Roney's progression. With the same core group as on Prototype ... it's not just about the evolution of the leader's approach, this time it's also about the evolution of a collective sound. ... As Roney's concept becomes more eclectic, it paradoxically becomes more focused. Mystikal continues his path towards combining past and present—with, most importantly, a clear eye on the future". Another review stated "Roney's playing on Mystikal is some of his most lucid on record. The greater achievement, however, is the way he develops a template for how modern jazz can be re-immersed in funk rhythms without sounding dated, and how he then successfully merging turntablism into that same context. ... While all of the last three Roney records have presented different angles, we can't be that conclusive about the quality and insight of his vision until an entire record presents the concept. Eclecticism is cool, but it can make you look tentative, too. Still, this is a good record and pretty fresh music overall".


title: Vladimir Manchev

text: He has also played for Bulgarian teams of Spartak Pleven, Yantra and Hebar, French side Lille OSC and Spanish teams Levante UD, Valladolid and Celta Vigo. He was the top goalscorer of the Bulgarian "A" Professional Football Group in 2001–2002 season with 21 goals netted for CSKA Sofia. He won the Bulgarian Cup in 1999 with CSKA. In October 2008 Manchev again became part of the most successful Bulgarian club's squad. In the last match for the autumn period of the 2008–09 season against Lokomotiv Mezdra he received an injury in his knee ligaments, which prevented him from playing football for about 9 months. He was expected to be back in play for the next season. On 30 August 2009, Manchev scored the third goal in the 4:0 home win against Lokomotiv Mezdra in his first game back from injury after coming on as a substitute for Rui Miguel. Manchev is a CSKA Sofia's fans' favourite. Although he was injured most of the season 2008–09, in which he played only 4 matches, he scored 4 goals and made a few assists, so on 16 June 2009 it was said that in the next few days he would sign a new contract, which would make him a CSKA player for the next two years. After all he signed a new one-year contract on 24 July 2009. In the summer 2010 Manchev was transferred to Akademik Sofia, but did not make any appearances in official matches for the team. In February 2012, Manchev signed a contract with Loko Sofia. He scored two goals in his return debut to help his team to a 2:0 win over Loko Plovdiv on 5 March 2012. In March 2015, Manchev was appointed as assistant manager of CSKA Sofia. On 17 September 2016, Manchev became assistant manager of Neftochimic Burgas. In June 2022, he joined the coaching staff of hometown club Hebar. He served as the head coach between September 2022 and March 2023.


title: Guido Knopp

text: After earning his doctoral degree in history and political science, Knopp worked as a newspaper editor at the Welt am Sonntag and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. In 1978 he took up employment at the German TV station ZDF. Since then, he has produced many documentaries about the Nazi dictatorship like Hitlers Helfer ("Hitler's Henchmen"), Hitler-Eine Bilanz ("Hitler-taking stock") or Die SS: Eine Warnung der Geschichte ("The SS: A warning from history"), but also, for example, Vatikan (about the power of the popes) or Kanzler: Die Mächtigen der Republik (about Germany's post-war federal chancellors). Knopp hosts a weekly German television program, usually broadcast on Sundays, called History. In 1999, he produced a series called 100 Jahre – der Countdown, which sums up the whole 20th century, year by year, and is still sometimes broadcast during holidays by the Phoenix television station. For the publication of his book Top Spies – Traitors in the Secret War , Knopp worked with the German Federal Intelligence Service and several retired spies to present their personal story and explain their work to a broad public.


title: Spectacular!

text: The next day at the carnival, Nikko arrives in time to see the Spectacular! show choir perform "Eye of the Tiger". Afterward, the ever-anxious Courtney once again attempts to persuade Nikko, who is less than impressed by the group's performance and style, to join the show choir and help them win a national contest, even offering him half the group's earnings from the contest in exchange for his consent. Nikko declines to join the group, stating that he isn't interested in choir. Soon, another show choir named Ta-da performs "Things We Do for Love". The lead singers are Royce (Simon Curtis), who used to be the lead singer for Spectacular! but quit after breaking up with Courtney, and Tammi (Victoria Justice), Royce's new girlfriend who is a snobby and selfish girl. It is hinted she was a member of "Spectacular!" because of the number of times Courtney calls her a backstabber and that the letter I in her name stand for the "ice in her veins". Later on, Nikko meets with and performs for a famous music producer named Mr. Dickenson (Matthew Bennett), who informs him that he has a shot at getting a record deal if he can raise enough money for equipment for his demo, which has to be excellent. Nikko recalls Courtney's offer of half the earnings from the contest Spectacular! plans to perform in, and decides to join the choir in order to get the money to pay for his demo. When he approaches the choir Courtney remembers his mockery of their carnival performance and initially refuses to let him join, but acquiesces after Nikko demonstrates his talent by performing "Break My Heart" in front of the whole group, who are impressed by his vocals. When they are practicing, however, Nikko finds out that dancing for show choir is not as easy as it looks and cannot easily pick up the dance routines. Nikko, who lives with his older brother Stavros (Christopher Jacot), does not inform his brother that he has joined show choir or that he is attempting to get a record deal because he knows Stavros would not approve.


title: Spectacular!

text: Several days later the group, dressed in hideous cowboy costumes, goes to perform at the club Nikko and his old band, Flux, had performed at in the beginning of the movie. There Nikko runs into his old band members, leading to an awkward confrontation and a lot of mockery from Flux. Meanwhile, Ta-da, who are also at the club, performs their song "Lonely Love Song". Nikko discovers from the other Spectacular! members that Royce is Courtney's ex-boyfriend. Upon witnessing Ta-da's good performance and the snobby attitudes of Tammi and Royce, Nikko becomes determined to help Spectacular! win the upcoming competition and begins to think that the group should come up with new dance moves and new music. One day, before Courtney arrives for choir practice, Nikko encourages the other choir members to try things a different way, and performs "Your Own Way", persuading the others to join in, Nikko sang the beginning of the song, and ask the others to show some talents, Tajid (Avan Jogia) started beatboxing, then other members Janet (Shannon Chan-Kent), Caspian (Joel Ballard) and Robin (Andrea Lewis) showcase their singing talent. Though they are initially reluctant to go against Courtney's wishes, the rest of the group eventually agree that they need a new routine in order to win the competition. They later meet up at Nikko's house, unbeknown to Courtney, and Nikko begins to teach them new dance moves, stating that if they perform the song in front of Courtney she would be impressed and may agree to change the group's style. The choir assembles at Nikko's house every night to practice while still attending practices with Courtney every afternoon.


title: Spectacular!

text: Later that night, Nikko goes to Courtney's house to apologize and almost has a fistfight with Royce, who has come to ask Courtney to get back together with him. Courtney rejects Royce, who tauntingly tells Nikko that Ta-Da will beat Spectacular! at the competition in the "weirdest trash talk that ever heard." After Royce leaves, Nikko apologizes to Courtney for taking control of the group behind her back and offers to do things her way, but Courtney admits that the group needs a change. Courtney's mother tells Nikko that he can bring some good and change to the "Spectacular!" group and that Courtney will know how far they are actually able to push the envelope to win. The two of them decide to combine their talents and perform a song that everyone can agree upon, and Mr. Romano (Greg Germann), their music teacher, suggests a song called "Something to Believe In". Spectacular! begins intense rehearsals and all seems well ("Just Freak"), until Mr. Dickinson pays Nikko and Stavros a visit and informs them that his boss is offering Nikko and Flux a record deal after an audition and will only be available on Saturday night. Knowing that Spectacular! is scheduled to perform at the concert on Saturday night, Nikko is torn between his commitment to the choir and his one shot at getting a record deal. He tries to inform Courtney of his decision to audition for the record deal, but cannot bring himself to do it. Meanwhile, Amy informs Stavros that Nikko has joined choir and Stavros confronts Nikko in front of the members of Spectacular!, insisting that Niko drop out of choir and audition for the record deal instead. The other members of Spectacular! are upset at Nikko for bailing on them at the last minute, and Courtney feels that Nikko has betrayed her again.


title: Spectacular!

text: Mr. Romano visits Nikko, who is having a tough time deciding what to do, at his house and reveals that he was once in a famous band as Joey Rome that could have been more successful if he hadn't flopped and broke his contract due to his fear of taking risks. Before leaving to go audition for the record deal, Courtney shows up. Nikko fears that she is mad at him for turning his back on "Spectacular!" but instead she kisses him on the cheek and wishes him luck. On concert night, Ta-Da performs "On the Wings of a Dream" and earns much applause and acclaim from the audience. Meanwhile, Nikko and Flux perform at their audition for the record deal, but Nikko's heart is not in it and the producers notice and tell him they are not interested; Stavros says that Nikko is just warming up, and that he is better than what he is giving out. Nikko begs them to let him show where his "heart is." When it is Spectacular!s turn to sing "Something to Believe In" at the national competition, Nikko, much to Courtney's surprise and delight, arrives onstage right before the chorus, belting out a long note. Flux joins him, playing background music, and Mr. Romano reprises his dream as a rock star by playing a guitar during the song. Nikko and Courtney reconcile, and the group earns a standing ovation.


title: Meena

text: Nandini Sinha Kapur, a historian who has studied early India, notes that the oral traditions of the Meenas were developed from the early 19th century AD in an attempt to reconstruct their identity. She says of this process, which continued throughout the 20th century, that "The Minas try to furnish themselves a respectable present by giving themselves a glorious past". In common with the people of countries such as Finland and Scotland, the Meenas found it necessary to invent tradition through oral accounts, one of the primary uses of which is recognised by both historians and sociologists as being "social protest against injustices, exploitation and oppression, a raison d'être that helps to retrieve the image of a community." Kapur notes that the Meenas not merely lack a recorded history of their own but also have been depicted in a negative manner both by medieval Persian accounts and records of the colonial period. From medieval times through to the British Raj, references to the Meenas describe them as violent, plundering criminals and an anti-social ethnic tribal group.


title: Meena

text: The Raj colonial administration came into existence in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which caused the government of Britain to decide that leaving colonial administration in the hands of the East India Company was a recipe for further discontent. In an attempt to create an orderly administration through a better understanding of the populace, the Raj authorities instituted various measures of classifying the people of India. One such measure was the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, under the provisions of which Meenas were placed in the first list of the Act in 1872 in Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan and Punjab. Another such measure was the Habitual Criminals Act of 1930, under whose provisions the Meenas were placed. The community remained stigmatised for many years, notably by influential officials of the Raj such as Herbert Hope Risley and Denzil Ibbetson, and were sometimes categorised as animists and as a hill tribe similar to the Bhils. The Meenas remained an officially designated criminal tribe until 1952, three years after the Act had been repealed. Mark Brown has examined the impact and issues of the Meena community during British rule and the change in their status from being a higher social group to a criminal tribe.


title: Laws of Nature (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)

text: The episode makes mention of several MCU films, including Marvel's The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man, while the appearance of Sadler as President Ellis and his announcement of an anti-superhuman task force are the beginning of the series tying in with Captain America: Civil War. As Whedon says, "When we came into the Marvel Universe in the first films, there were very, very few people with powers. Now they are in a new world and the rules are going to have to change....a lot of those same themes will be addressed on our show. How they tie in is a question mark for all involved, but we would definitely be dealing with some of those same themes." The presidential address was broadcast by the fictional news station WHiH, which has been seen throughout the universe. The reveal in "Laws of Nature" that the Terrigen has spread into the Earth's ecosystem was further set-up for the Inhumans film that Marvel Studios had plans for.


title: Laws of Nature (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)

text: Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8.5 out of 10, praising the Lincoln and Daisy team up, Zimmer's portrayal of Rosalind and her dynamic with Coulson, Fitz's search for Simmons, and a quick resolution to where Simmons ended up. He also applauded the writing staff for not feeling the need to highlight all members of the team in the episode, noted by the absence of May and Ward. Brian Lowry of Variety was generally positive about the episode, stating, "Television obviously can't compete with the budgets and action found in summer blockbusters... but it has an advantage in being able to explore characters. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. obviously possesses a core audience drawn to those attributes, and showrunners Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen have admirably kept the plot moving ahead — engaging in larger serialized narratives — while grappling with the logistics of those ancillary considerations, which include plans for an Inhumans movie," though concluded with "there's still not a whole lot that feels particularly super about it." Kevin Fitzpatrick of ScreenCrush said, ""Laws of Nature" feels at once the show's most confident, ambitious swing yet, its action-packed opening minutes a clear mission statement with an even more specific focus than Season 2."


title: Laws of Nature (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)

text: Writing for Vulture, Scott Meslow gave "Laws of Nature" 4 out of 5 stars, saying "as the Marvel Cinematic Universe has gotten bigger and weirder, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has gotten bigger and better, and "Laws of Nature" is a strong premiere that shows off just how much this TV series has evolved." Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B−, with his highlights the reveal that Simmons is on another planet, which would allow the series interesting story opportunities. Conversely, Sava felt elements of the episode were too procedural and "a surplus of infodumps that drag the pacing," and, unlike Goldman, felt leaving out May and Ward was "a big reason why this premiere is an underwhelming reintroduction to this world." He concluded, "There's lots of potential for this season to address the moral complications of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s mission, and hopefully the writers will use the themes of Civil War to explore the murky ethics of capturing and holding superpowered people against their will ... the transition into the age of Inhumanity may be a little rocky, but there's enough substance in this premiere to suggest a promising season ahead." Meslow and Sava both indicated their pleasure in the introduction of Joey Gutierrez, who Meslow noted appeared to be the first openly gay character in the MCU.


title: Roselle (plant)

text: In the Caribbean, a drink is made from the roselle fruit (the calyces with the seed pods removed). It is prepared by boiling fresh, frozen or dried roselle fruit in water for 8 to 10 minutes (or until the water turns red), then adding sugar. Bay leaves and cloves may also be added during boiling. It is often served chilled. This is done in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, the US Virgin Islands and St. Kitts and Nevis where the plant or fruit is called sorrel. The drink is one of several inexpensive beverages (aguas frescas) commonly consumed in Mexico and Central America; they are typically made from fresh fruits, juices or extracts. In Mexican restaurants in the US, the beverage is sometimes known simply as Jamaica (Spanish pronunciation: hah-MY-cah). It is very popular in Trinidad and Tobago especially as a seasonal drink at Christmas where cinnamon, cloves and bay leaves are preferred to ginger. It is also popular in Jamaica, usually flavored with rum.


title: Cosmic Odyssey (comics)

text: In Book One: Discovery, Darkseid finds a comatose Metron and takes him captive. After going over Metron's data, Darkseid makes a startling discovery. There is something out there more powerful than him and he needs help to conquer it. Darkseid goes to Highfather. An ambassador, Lonar, arrives on Earth and asks the President of the United States to help him contact Superman, Batman, Martian Manhunter, Starfire, Etrigan, Green Lantern and "lastly, an old man with the unusual name of Mr. Blood". Lonar takes them to New Genesis via Boom Tube, to meet Highfather. After they arrive, Orion and Lightray explain that New Genesis and Apokolips have formed an alliance. Highfather then informs the group about the origin of the Anti-Life Equation, New Genesis and Apokolips. Darkseid then tells the group that Metron was trying to discover new information about the Anti-Life Equation when his mind was shattered and he became comatose. The Martian Manhunter probes Metron's mind to find out what he discovered and learns that the Anti-Life Equation is alive. As Metron tried to escape the Anti-Life Equation's dimension, it attacked him and four "aspects" of the ALE were thrust into the DCU Earth's universe. Metron's Mobius Chair tracked the flight paths of the four aspects and Darkseid tells the heroes that they are currently located on Earth, Rann, Thanagar and Xanshi. If the aspects can destroy any two of those planets, then the Milky Way will collapse on itself. Darkseid then gives the heroes weapons he designed to capture the aspects and divides the group into teams. Orion and Superman will go to Thanagar, Lightray and Starfire to Rann, Batman and Forager to Earth and The Martian Manhunter and Green Lantern to Xanshi. The separate teams all arrive at their respective planets. Immediately upon arrival on Earth Batman makes a phone call to "a friend" requesting this unknown person keep an eye on Darkseid. Back on New Genesis, Mr. Blood asks what his part is in all this. Darkseid and Highfather then reveal an imprisoned Etrigan.


title: Cosmic Odyssey (comics)

text: In Book Two: Disaster, Superman and Orion arrive on Thanagar where they are met with force - the Anti-Life Aspect has seized control of the Thanagarians' minds. As they proceed towards the location of the ALA, they are again attacked. Meanwhile, Green Lantern and the Martian Manhunter arrive on Xanshi to discover that the population is suffering from an airborne communicable virus that's killing them, and meet a scientist who has been trying to discover a cure. Using his Power Ring, John Stewart creates a cure from the scientists' experiments. Later, John and J'onn discover that the ALA has tapped into the planet's core and controls the very planet itself. As they head to confront the ALA, it creates a hurricane in their path and strikes J'onn with a bolt of lightning, destroying the Anti-Life Catcher weapon built by Darkseid. During this time, John Stewart has become increasingly overconfident and builds a new Anti-Life Catcher with his ring. The two then move on to face the ALA. John places a protective bubble around J'onn and moves him away from the battle, telling him that he can handle it alone. He comes across the ALA and its bomb, only to discover that the bomb is yellow (which the Green Lantern rings are powerless against). The blast knocks GL into space and continues until the entire planet is destroyed. Due to the nature of the Power Ring, both heroes survive the blast. The Martian Manhunter finds Green Lantern on a piece of rock in space and tells him: "Thanks to your arrogance and stupidity, I have now seen two worlds die. I will never forgive you for this". Meanwhile on New Genesis, Darkseid and Highfather reveal to Jason Blood that in order to secure the barrier between our dimension and the ALE's, Blood must once more reunite with The Demon, Etrigan. On Earth, Batman and Forager arrive in the Batcave and discuss their strategy. Batman deduces that the ALA is going to use Earth's computer network to destroy our planet. Alfred makes Forager a new uniform and Batman discovers that the ALA is in Arizona. On Rann, Lightray and Starfire try to find Adam Strange and discover that the population of Rann is trying to kill one another. The two heroes meet up with Strange and the three of them begin the search for the ALA. They arrive at the loading docks and discover the ALA's bomb. They begin the search for the ALA by splitting up. Adam Strange is knocked out and Lightray and Starfire meet back up in an attempt to find the ALA. Back on New Genesis, Jason Blood and Etrigan become one again and Darkseid smiles.


title: Cosmic Odyssey (comics)

text: A huge explosion occurs and Dr. Fate, Highfather, Orion, Etrigan and Darkseid all return to New Genesis, with the ALE unable to follow them. Darkseid, released from control, is furious with Dr. Fate for "making a puppet out of him" and threatens retaliation, but Superman tells Darkseid he would have to take them all on to do so. Darkseid apologizes and walks away. Meanwhile in another area of New Genesis, John Stewart has used his power ring to pick up a yellow gun, then ordered his ring to travel 20 light years away and come back when he calls it - if he doesn't call it within one hour, he instructs it to find Hal Jordan. The ring flies away and with tears in his eyes, John Stewart puts the gun to his head, while the Martian Manhunter watches from a distance. Finally, he removes the gun from his head. J'onn asks him why he didn't do it and then begins to chastise him for being a failure and not being worthy of the ring. John looks up at him angrily, drops the gun, calls for his Ring, stands and says, "Screw you J'onzz!" The Martian Manhunter smiles as he watches John Stewart walk away. Later, Superman and Lightray appear carrying a badly beaten Batman and the body of Forager. When Orion insults Forager and refers to him as a "bug", an enraged Batman punches Orion and screams, "His name was Forager!" Orion walks away and as the heroes prepare to return to Earth, they discover that Darkseid is missing as are the weapons that had the imprisoned ALA's within them. On Apokolips, Darkseid shows Desaad a small piece of pure Anti-Life and on New Genesis, Highfather instructs Orion to escort Forager's body back to the Insect Empire in hopes that it will teach him about tolerance.


title: Alfons Bürge

text: Born in Winterthur, Switzerland, in 1947, Bürge studied the Classics at the University of Zurich. He received his Ph.D. in Classics from the University of Zurich in 1972 with a dissertation on the defense speech Pro Murena by Cicero (directed by Professor Heinz Haffter). His work on Cicero led him to scholarly interest in Roman law, and so he went on to study under Professor Max Kaser at the University of Salzburg and then he completed a doctorate at the University of Zurich in 1979 with a dissertation on Retentio in Roman law (directed by Professor Hans Peter). With the support of a fellowship from the Swiss National Science Foundation, he researched the development of French private law in the 19th century in Paris and at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg. From 1985 to 1988, he was post-doctoral assistant and academic advisor at the Leopold Wenger Institute for Ancient Legal History and Papyrus Research at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In 1987, Bürge received his Habilitation at the University of Salzburg under Professor Theo Mayer-Maly with a work on 19th century French private law.


title: The Musicians (Caravaggio)

text: A project that took place in 1997, by contemporary artists Kathleen Gilje and Joseph Grigely. Their project explored the history of this piece, and revealed information through X-rays and research of another history of the painting not previously known. Their work reveals that there was more than one copy of this painting, It also conveys the relationship between the first and second painting. Their research also explored the x-rays taken of Del Monte's version, which revealed Caravaggio had painted over an original scene that is described as an incident between the musicians. The project also included an installation created by the artists that displayed their research and resources such as x-rays, monographs and records related to the restoration of the painting. The installation was placed alongside the painting for its exhibition that ran from October 9 to December 28 of 1997. This project was also accompanied by a publication of the book Recovering lost fictions: Caravaggio's Musicians. The book was published by MIT List Visual Arts Center in 1997 and includes one essay by Joseph Grigely.


title: 2021 World Judo Championships

text: On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data that it provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA plans to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2021-2022 World Championships and 2022 Winter Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they will not be permitted to compete in team sports. The title of the neutral banner has yet to be determined; WADA Compliance Review Committee head Jonathan Taylor stated that the IOC would not be able to use "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes cannot be portrayed as representing a specific country. Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision. The Court of Arbitration for Sport, on review of Russia's appeal of its case from WADA, ruled on December 17, 2020 to reduce the penalty that WADA had placed. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but for a period of two years, the team cannot use the Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colors within the uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation.


title: Tianjin Massacre

text: The Tianjin Massacre (Chinese: 天津教案; pinyin: Tiānjīn Jiào'àn; lit. 'Tianjin Religion Case'), also spelled the Tientsin Massacre, was an attack on Christian missionaries and converts in the late 19th century during the late Qing dynasty. 60 people died in attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns. There was intense belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in Tianjin (Tientsin) in 1870. The incident nearly precipitated a war and marked an end to relative cooperation between foreign powers and the Tongzhi court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of the Treaties of Tientsin, first signed in 1858. French Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian protests led by the local gentry who saw the need to defend Confucianism. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.


title: Tianjin Massacre

text: The summer of 1870 was hotter and drier than usual, and the popular mood was unsettled. Angry and excited crowds assembled in the street from time to time in the neighborhood of the Mission buildings and demanded the release of the children. It does not appear that either the mission nor the French Consul took any steps at this time to allay the public's fears. On June 18, two Chinese kidnappers were arrested 30 li outside Tianjin, were investigated and executed forthwith. According to Chonghou, Commissioner for the Three Ports, "Talk about kidnapping became more and more widespread among the populace. Because of this, the streets and alleys were not tranquil." Subsequently, the populace apprehended and sent in a "reader" from the church, Chen Xibao. He was beaten and sent to the magistrate. Through the Tianjin prefect, Liu Jie, he was interrogated and it was found that, in reality, he was leading students home, and was not kidnapping them. He was subsequently released. There was also a case in which the residents of Taohuakou apprehended and sent in Wu Lanzhen, who had kidnapped Li Suo. From the prefect's interrogation, Wang San from the church was implicated. Upon further investigation, the Chinese authorities determined that Wu Lanzhen had lied.