title: Band of Gypsys

text: On January 12, 1970, Hendrix and recording engineer Eddie Kramer began the task of deciding which songs to include on the new album (Cox and Miles did not participate in the process). The review and subsequent audio mixing was undertaken at Juggy Sound Studios in New York, where the trio had started rehearsing in October. Excluding Experience and cover songs, there were multiple versions of thirteen new, previously unreleased songs from which to choose. Among those that received Kramer's and Hendrix's attention were "Machine Gun", "Earth Blues", "Burning Desire", "Ezy Ryder", "Who Knows", and "Hear My Train A Comin'". Early on, Hendrix chose to include the Buddy Miles songs "Changes" and "We Gotta Live Together". He also decided on "Power of Soul" and "Message to Love", studio versions of which had been considered for release as a single (these studio recordings were later included on South Saturn Delta and West Coast Seattle Boy: The Jimi Hendrix Anthology). Songs with recording problems and those Hendrix wished to complete as studio recordings were withheld (studio versions of "Izabella" and "Stepping Stone" were released as a single in March; "Ezy Ryder" and "Earth Blues" were included on his first posthumous albums).


title: Band of Gypsys

text: One of Miles' songs, "We Gotta Live Together", was pared down from fifteen to a little over five minutes and "Changes" was also trimmed, because, as Murray puts it, "a little of goes an extremely long way". This editing also provided some lighter moments. One of Jeffery's assistants recalled, "Hendrix played me a tape and prefaced it by saying it represented the new direction in his music. He had made up this long loop of tape of the portions edited out of 'We Gotta Live Together'. I flipped out and he started cracking up". After several more editing and mixing sessions at Juggy Sound, the material for the album was readied on February 17. The following day, Hendrix and Kramer met with Bob Ludwig, who supervised the final mastering. Hendrix chose to work with his own mastering engineer because he had been dissatisfied with his record company's results on Electric Ladyland. The task was completed on February 19, 1970, and the final track listing included two songs from the third show and four from the fourth and last show.


title: Band of Gypsys

text: For the album cover, Capitol Records used a grainy photograph of Hendrix taken during the Fillmore East shows illuminated by the multi-colored liquid light show projected by the Joshua Light Show. However, Track used album cover art which proved controversial, as they had done with Electric Ladyland. It depicted puppets or dolls that resembled Hendrix, Brian Jones, Bob Dylan, and John Peel huddled next to a drab, corrugated backdrop. The significance of posing the three with Hendrix was not evident as they had no known association with the Band of Gypsys nor the group's material. Hendrix was an admirer of Dylan and recorded some of his songs; Jones, who had died the year before, had participated in a recording session for Hendrix's "All Along the Watchtower" (a Dylan composition); and Peel had hosted BBC's Top Gear radio show when Hendrix performed there in 1967. Jeffrey remarked, "If ever there is an award for the worst taste album cover it must go to this". Responding to pressure, Track later replaced it with a photograph of Hendrix performing at the August 1970 Isle of Wight Festival.


title: Band of Gypsys

text: By the time of the album's release, the trio had already broken up. Their first show after the Fillmore East engagement was at the Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1970. There they struggled through "Who Knows" and "Earth Blues" before leaving the stage. Jeffery, who reportedly was never happy with the lineup, fired Buddy Miles on the spot. Gerry Stickells, Hendrix's tour manager, points to "Jimi's own lack of commitment to the Band of Gypsys concept as its fatal flaw". Two songs, "Stepping Stone" and "Izabella", that the trio had recorded, were issued as a single by Reprise Records two weeks after Capitol released Band of Gypsys. Hendrix was dissatisfied with the mix and the single was quickly withdrawn without ever appearing in the charts. Three other songs that were recorded with Cox and Miles were later used for early posthumous Hendrix albums, including The Cry of Love and Rainbow Bridge. Additional studio recordings by the trio in various stages of development were released on South Saturn Delta, The Jimi Hendrix Experience box set, Burning Desire, West Coast Seattle Boy, and People, Hell and Angels.


title: Band of Gypsys

text: According to Sean Westergaard of AllMusic, Band of Gypsys is one of the best live albums of all time and an important recording for Hendrix, who played with a remarkable degree of focus and precision on what were "perhaps his finest performances." Sputnikmusic's Hernan M. Campbell believed that it departed from his more psychedelic recordings with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, but still retained their intensity, particular on "Machine Gun", which Campbell called one of Hendrix's most captivating performances. On the other hand, Robert Christgau felt that the "overrated" album was decent by live rock standards, but unexceptional in Hendrix's discography. Christgau also believed that Hendrix was limited by the straighter, simpler rhythm section, but added that "Who Knows" and "Machine Gun" "are as powerful if not complex as anything he's ever put on record". He stated that Hendrix was more reliant on wah-wah guitar lines for the second half of the album, except for the "rapid fire" "Message to Love".


title: Band of Gypsys

text: Writer Rickey Vincent describes Band of Gypsys as "a never-heard-before amalgam of punishing guitar riffs over crisp rhythm and blues grooves ... The funk-rock sound would change the face of black music, setting a template for the spectacular glam-funk of the 1970s". Murray sees their influence in the early 1970s radio hits "Freddie's Dead" by Curtis Mayfield and "That Lady" by the Isley Brothers. (Hendrix was influenced by Mayfield early in his career and was a member of the Isley Brothers' touring band before the Experience). George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic, who defined funk for the 1970s, were also influenced. P-Funk's "Maggot Brain", a ten-minute guitar opus by Eddie Hazel, draws on "Machine Gun" and bassist Bootsy Collins identified Hendrix as a chief innovator in the liner notes to his What's Bootsy Doin'? album. Later funk-influenced artists Larry Blackmon (singer for Cameo) and Nile Rodgers (guitarist for Chic and record producer) also cite the album's importance and influence.


title: Arthur "Smokestack" Hardy

text: Smokestack was unique in that he was voracious in his appetite for fire arcana, especially black fire memorabilia. He wrote to people all over the country then around the world. Everyone in fire service knew him and received his missives. Mostly his inquiries were to find out where the black firefighters were. He was prolific, and dated all of the replies he got in return, amassing a collection of letters that filled black binders in his home in West Baltimore on McCulloh st. He allegedly knew every black fire chief in the country and he followed the careers of firemen in over 500 cities. A new Book on firefighters integration struggles mentions one such letter, sent to then Battalion Chief Wesley Williams of the FDNY Vulcan Society in 1941. Another fire buff, Mike Legeros, reserved a section in his online history of black firefighters for Smokestack and his ring in, the system he used to acknowledge a return correspondence (m-d-y). He had seen the history of firefighting go from horse-drawn steam equipment to motorized vehicles and when the IABPFF was formed he was called on as the foremost historical authority on black firefighters. He filled his house with the items that firemen sent him until there was no room for a visiting reporter to sit during an interview. Documentaries were produced in which he played a major part. Twice he was a featured article in Ebony and in 1954 the Negro History Bulletin by Carter G. Woodson called him "A Real American Fire Fan". When He died he was considered one of the greatest fire buffs in America, and the Baltimore fire dept named a fire house after him. In 2004 the renamed The Arthur "Smokestack" Hardy Station of Engine Company No. 13 and Truck Company No. 16 on McMechen Street was dedicated. After he died, He passed the care of his collection to a new generation of fire buffs in the person of Guy Cephas, an auxiliary firefighter who mentored over at Fire Station No. 36 by Hardy and other firefighters. Along with a board of directors Cephas hosts the modest museum which opens 2 days each week and by request.


title: Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri

text: In the 47-minute recording, Ayman al-Zawahiri said the drive by France and other European nations to ban the veil amounted to discrimination against Muslim women. He slammed France's push to ban the Islamic full-face veil and urged Muslim women to be "holy warriors" in the defense of their headdress against the "secular Western crusade" in a new audio message released Wednesday on militant websites. Al-Qaida's deputy leader also eulogized the network's No. 3 official, Mustafa al-Yazid, who was killed along with his family in a U.S. strike in Pakistan in May. Al-Zawahiri praised what he called al-Yazid's achievements in Afghanistan and claimed that although killed al-Qaida militants in Iraq outnumber U.S. soldiers 100-to-1, it is the U.S. that is withdrawing its troops from Iraq. He said the latest terror attacks against the United States, including a May 1 attempted car bombing in New York city's busy Times Square, were in response to the presence of foreign troops in Muslim nations like Iraq and Afghanistan. In his audiotape, al-Zawahiri also talked about a wide range of topics in the Middle East such as democratic reforms in his native Egypt. He said that holy war was the only way to achieve reforms, not peaceful calls for reforms or elections. Al-Zawahiri also addressed Yemenis, urging them to wage attacks against U.S. targets and the Yemeni government.


text: Al-Zawahiri incites Muslims to rise up against both NATO and Muammar Gaddafi's forces in a newly released video apparently taped before the Western intervention in Libya. Zawahiri, wearing a white robe, was speaking in a one-hour and nine minute video produced by Al-Qaeda's media arm, as-Sahab, according to the US-based SITE Intelligence Group, which monitors Islamic extremist websites. SITE said Zawahiri split his lecture into three distinct parts, addressing in turn the uprisings in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia. Zawahiri stated Al-Qaeda's backing for the ousted Tunisian and Egyptian presidents and also accused the Egyptian government of "separation from Islam" and "subservience to the West," the monitoring group said. The video was the fifth installment in Egyptian-born Zawahiri's series titled "A Message of Hope and Glad Tidings to Our People in Egypt. Zawahiri's latest video concluded with an excerpt of a previously-released video message from US-Yemeni cleric and terror suspect Anwar al-Awlaqi, SITE said.


text: Ayman al-Zawahiri, Al-Qaeda's long-time number two to Osama bin Laden, has in his latest audio message backed the wave of Arab revolts and called for sharia law in Egypt. In a three-part audio message which the jihadist network's media arm Al-Sahab said was recorded before US forces killed bin Laden on May 2, Zawahiri addressed the populations of Libya, Syria and Egypt in turn. SITE Intelligence, which monitors jihadist Internet forums, said the Egyptian militant warned Libyans the NATO-led aerial bombing campaign against Moamer Kadhafi seeks to replace the strongman with its own tyrannical regime. He also called upon the Muslims of North Africa to join the fight against Kadhafi and to obtain weapons, while criticising Egypt's military for not coming to the aid of Egyptian expatriates residing in Libya. He also briefly addressed Syrians, calling on them to continue their uprising against President Bashar al-Assad's regime and to ignore the words of support offered by Americans, whom Zawahiri argues have been allied with the regime in the war on terror.


text: Osama has been described as "tender" and "kind" in a video released by the new head of al-Qaeda. The video (called "Days with the Imam: Part One") lasts about 30 minutes. It has been posted on jihadist websites. al-Zawahiri said that he'd created the video to show bin Laden's "human side" and tell people about his great loyalty. "People don't know that this man was tender, gentle, kind, with refined feelings, even when life was hard," al-Zawahiri says in the video, dressed in a white robe and turban and sitting in front of a green curtain. He recalls how Osama reacted when he received the news that some members of al-Zawahiri's family had been killed. With tears in his eyes, Osama came to see Ayman and hugged him. He adds that Osama was devoted to his children, paying great attention to ensuring that they were well-educated, despite constantly moving from place to place. Osama, he said, didn't want those who carried out the September 11 attacks to be forgotten. "Everyone close to him saw the fine and noble education in his children," he said, adding that Osama employed a teacher who would threaten to beat the children with a stick to teach them the Koran.


title: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

text: Identical setting of the machines at the transmitting and receiving ends was achieved by key setting procedures. These varied from time to time and across different networks. They consisted of setting sheets in a codebook. which were distributed to all users of a network, and were changed regularly. The message key was transmitted in an indicator as part of the message preamble. The word key was also used at Bletchley Park to describe the network that used the same Enigma setting sheets. Initially these were recorded using coloured pencils and were given the names red, light blue etc., and later the names of birds such as kestrel. During World War II the settings for most networks lasted for 24 hours, although towards the end of the war, some were changed more frequently. The sheets had columns specifying, for each day of the month, the rotors to be used and their positions, the ring positions and the plugboard connections. For security, the dates were in reverse chronological order down the page, so that each row could be cut off and destroyed when it was finished with.


title: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

text: With a combination of probable plaintext fragment and the fact that no letter could be enciphered as itself, a corresponding ciphertext fragment could often be tested by trying every possible alignment of the crib against the ciphertext, a procedure known as crib-dragging. This, however, was only one aspect of the processes of solving a key. Derek Taunt has written that the three cardinal personal qualities that were in demand for cryptanalysis were (1) a creative imagination, (2) a well-developed critical faculty, and (3) a habit of meticulousness. Skill at solving crossword puzzles was famously tested in recruiting some cryptanalysts. This was useful in working out plugboard settings when a possible solution was being examined. For example, if the crib was the word WETTER (German for "weather") and a possible decrypt before the plugboard settings had been discovered, was TEWWER, it is easy to see that T with W are stecker partners. These examples, although illustrative of the principles, greatly over-simplify the cryptanalysts' tasks.


title: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

text: Eventually, after a long period of being unable to decipher U-boat messages, a source of cribs was found. This was the Kurzsignale (short signals), a code which the German navy used to minimise the duration of transmissions, thereby reducing the risk of being located by high-frequency direction finding techniques. The messages were only 22 characters long and were used to report sightings of possible Allied targets. A copy of the code book had been captured from U-110 on 9 May 1941. A similar coding system was used for weather reports from U-boats, the Wetterkurzschlüssel, (Weather Short Code Book). A copy of this had been captured from U-559 on 29 or 30 October 1942. These short signals had been used for deciphering 3-rotor Enigma messages and it was discovered that the new rotor had a neutral position at which it, and its matching reflector, behaved just like a 3-rotor Enigma reflector. This allowed messages enciphered at this neutral position to be deciphered by a 3-rotor machine, and hence deciphered by a standard bombe. Deciphered Short Signals provided good material for bombe menus for Shark. Regular deciphering of U-boat traffic restarted in December 1942.


title: Cryptanalysis of the Enigma

text: In May 1941, the British deciphered some messages that gave the location of some supply ships for the battleship Bismarck and the cruiser Prinz Eugen. As part of the Operation Rheinübung commerce raid, the Germans had assigned five tankers, two supply ships, and two scouts to support the warships. After the Bismarck was sunk, the British directed its forces to sink the supporting ships Belchen, Esso Hamburg, Egerland, and some others. The Admiralty specifically did not target the tanker Gedania and the scout Gonzenheim, figuring that sinking so many ships within one week would indicate to Germany that Britain was reading Enigma. However, by chance, British forces found those two ships and sank them. The Germans investigated, but concluded Enigma had not been breached by either seizures or brute force cryptanalysis. Nevertheless, the Germans took some steps to make Enigma more secure. Grid locations (an encoded latitude and longitude) were further disguised using digraph tables and a numeric offset. The U-boats were given their own network, Triton, to minimise the chance of a cryptanalytic attack.


title: Splendrillia suluensis

text: (Original description) smooth, shining, white shell is shortly fusiform. It contains 6 to 7 whorls, of which about 2 form a smooth, convexly-whorled protoconch. The subsequent whorls are slightly convex, with a narrow depression below the simple suture. The lower part shows rather strong, rounded ribs from suture to suture, about 10 on penultimate whorl, fainter in the excavation, which latter as well as the ribs disappear on body whorl, with the exception of a strong rib behind the peristome. This latter whorl is moreover slightly compressed, with a trace of a second rib or indistinct varix on the left side of the whorl, which is contracted below, with a few indistinct spiral lirac near the base. The whole shell is covered with very fine growth-striae. The aperture is short, oval, with a broad, rather deep, rounded sinus at the suture, narrower by a strong columellar tubercle. The peristome is thin, though strongly ribbed exteriorly. The columellar marginis concave, strongly enamelled. The base of the aperture ends in a short, wide siphonal canal.


title: Sidney H. Horner House

text: Ivey Gladin was a well-known photographer in the Mississippi Delta, starting his own photography studio in 1939. He served in the US Navy during World War II. His wife, Morvene, operated the studio while he was performing military service. After his return from the war, they purchased the house with another couple with a loan that was referred to as a "GI Bill partnership home loan." Local historians suggest that this was the first loan of this type made in the United States after the war. The home was changed to a duplex in order to qualify for the loan. This particular program was set up after World War II to encourage returning veterans to find and purchase multi-family housing in an effort to reduce the shortage of housing in the initial post war years. After a few years, the Gladin family bought out the interest of the James family. The home was then converted into their photography studio as well as making it the residence for their family. The Gladin Photography Studio remained open in the house for almost 50 years. A collection of approximately 100,000 of Mr. Glavins photos is now part of a collection held by the University of Mississippi at Oxford, Mississippi . Ivey Gladin is well known among blues enthusiasts for his photographs of Sonny Boy Williamson performing on the King Biscuit Time radio program. Ivey and Morvene Gladin lived in the house until 1999. The house sat vacant for two years and deferred maintenance caused damage to the home.


title: Interfin Bank

text: In June 2012, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe placed Interfin Bank under "recuperative curatorship" for a period of six months. This followed the determination by the central bank that Interfin was not in a safe and sound financial condition. Specifically,...."the unsafe and unsound condition of Interfin Bank Limited is attributable to inadequate capitalisation, concentrated shareholding and abuse of corporate structures, high level of non-performing insider and related party exposures, chronic liquidity and income generation challenges, poor board and senior management oversight, as well as violation of banking laws and regulations,"..... The primary purpose of the curatorship is to protect depositors, preserve the assets of Interfin Bank Limited and protect the stability of the financial system, according to the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Peter Bailey of KPMG Chartered Accountants was selected as Curator for the bank. He will determine how the affairs of Interfin will be administered and eventually resolved. Zimbabwean press reports indicate Interfin's capital deficit exceeds US$106 million.


title: Catharina Elisabeth Goethe

text: Catharina Elisabeth was born to Johann Wolfgang Textor and Anna Margaretha Lindheimer , daughter of lawyer Cornelius Lindheimer and his wife Elisabeth Catharina Lindheimer on 19 February 1731. Johann Wolfgang was a wealthy lawyer involved with Frankfurt politics. She married Johann Caspar Goethe , on 20 August 1748, who was 21 years older than her, after which she moved into his house on Großer Hirschgraben. Three months later, she became pregnant aged 18, and her son Johann Wolfgang was born at the house on 28 August 1749. Goethe was soon pregnant again, and gave birth to her second child, Cornelia, on 7 December 1750. 5 more children followed, but none survived to adulthood. After the death of Georg Adolf in 1761, the Goethes did not try for any more children; each birth posed a great risk to both the mother and child. Catharina Elisabeth's role in the Goethe household primarily involved looking after her children; the Goethes had a servant, a cook and two maids who did most of the household tasks.


title: Tucker Rountree

text: An only child who was raised by his father Philip Rountree in Utah who is a songwriter and painter, Tucker attributes much of his creativity from him. Rountree grew up in a Pentecostal, semi-communal group where he lived in many different homes throughout his childhood and is said to have learned music by ear in that environment playing in church. A chance meeting with Grammy award-winning artist Eric Johnson, eventually lead to a mentorship where Rountree learned and played with him on stage for 2 years touring the United States. Moving to New York in 2008, he started Total Slacker with Emily Oppenheimer. Since then, Rolling Stone declared Rountree as: "hype of the underground with praise to the skies.." Describing Rountree's voice as: "hovering vocals...Listless and languid phrasing". The Village Voice said: "Front man Tucker Rountree manages to echo Lou Reed with languid, fuzzed-out jams." With an album released in London and Japan in 2011, Pitchfork Media described Rountree as: "...An adept guitarist...Giving mood-setting one-note solos that act as complete earworms." "


title: A Curse So Dark and Lonely

text: Karis Luran, the Queen of Syhl Shallow has been encroaching on Emberfall's borders, sending soldiers to seize land and say they are doing so for the crown. With Emberfall's army dissolved due to the absence of a monarch's involvement in the kingdom's affairs, Rhen partners with Harper to claim that she is the princess of a distant kingdom called Disi. They bluff an alliance that will grant Emberfall Disi's fictitious troops to scare Karis Luran into backing down. As the season progresses, feelings bud between Rhen and Harper, but the kingdom's situation is too dire for things to develop further. Throughout the season, Lilith makes appearances to torture Rhen with her magic. Harper tries to stop her and is shown a vision of her family back in D.C. Jake, her older brother, is given one more day to pay off the loan shark their family is indebted to, and their mother is near death from cancer. Harper begs to be allowed to return home, and Lilith grants Grey the power to travel between worlds at will rather than only at the start and end of the season. Rhen agrees to let her go, knowing that if Harper leaves, she will take any chance of breaking the curse with her. Harper makes Grey promise to return to D.C. for her in one day so she can go back to Emberfall and try to fix things before it is too late.


title: A Curse So Dark and Lonely

text: Emberfall is under attack. Karis Luran has her soldiers marching on Ironrose Castle and people are unable to evacuate due to attacks from Rhen, who has turned into a winged monster. Harper comes up with a plan to get Rhen's people out, and in the process, finds out that even in his monster form he recognizes and listens to her. She leads a march against Syhl Shallow's overwhelming forces, using the monster to drive them back over the mountains. Lilith returns, ready to run a sword through monster Rhen, but Harper takes the strike for him. Grey steps in and transports Lilith to the real world where he will be able to kill her. Rhen's curse is broken, but it is unclear if this is due to Harper's act of love or if it happened because Lilith was killed. Grey doesn't return, and without him to take Harper, Jake, and Noah home, they are stuck in Emberfall helping to rebuild the kingdom. It is assumed that Grey is dead, but he fled after Lilith revealed to him that he is the true heir to Emberfall, and the product of an affair the king had with an enchantress before Rhen was born.


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Most of the stories in the series deal with people using the cursed objects' magic for personal gain or for revenge. To use the objects' magic powers, a human sacrifice is required, and the victim must be killed by the object itself or in some particular manner related to the object's history. In many episodes, the benefits are only temporary and owner is forced to keep using the object to regain or retain them ("A Cup of Time", "Master of Disguise", "Spirit of Television", "Face of Evil", "Better Off Dead", "The Sweetest Sting"). In some cases, attempting to abandon the object subjects the owner to some unendurable or fatal affliction ("Stick It in Your Ear", "Read My Lips"). Some objects are sentient and intelligent, such as the doll ("The Inheritance") and the radio ("And Now the News"). Others do not actually speak but demonstrate intelligence and awareness in other ways ("Spirit of Television", "The Playhouse") or confer intelligence on other inanimate things ("Read My Lips", "Double Exposure", "Wax Magic"), or summon intelligent, malevolent entities ("The Pirate's Promise", "Femme Fatale", "Shadow Boxer", "Demon Hunter"). Still others function without intelligence, mechanically dispensing a certain benefit in response to human sacrifice ("Root of All Evil", "The Mephisto Ring", "The Prisoner", "Brain Drain"). Occasionally, there would be an object-free episode in which the trio would confront their uncle's spirit or some other Satanic evildoer ("The Prophecy", "Hellowe'en", "Wedding in Black").


title: Friday the 13th: The Series

text: Friday the 13th: The Series was created by Frank Mancuso Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour; the series ran for 72 episodes. Mancuso Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the Friday the 13th film series, but utilize "the idea of Friday the 13th, which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses". The creators wanted to tie-in Jason's trademark hockey mask to the series, but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own. Mancuso Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from "the new world that we were trying to create". The decision to name the show Friday the 13th, over the original title, was made because Mancuso Jr. believed a "Friday the 13th" moniker would better help to sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Friday the 13th: The Series aired in first-run syndication, initially in a late-night spot; the success of the series as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to prime time. Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind Paramount's Star Trek: The Next Generation. In addition, the first season placed fifth in the female 18- to 49-year-old demographic. The composer Fred Mollin wrote the music for the series. Friday The 13th The Series - Music From The Original Television Scores was released in 1989 by GNP Crescendo Records.


title: Bacha Nagma

text: Bacha Nagma is one of the major folk dance forms found in the Kashmir valley. It is also referred to as Bacha Gyavaun in certain parts of Kashmir. Afghans of Kabul are credited with the parentage of this dance. It is a derivative of the Hafiza Nagma. During the Bacha Nagma, a teenaged boy dressed as a girl dancer, who is trained in the Hafiza style of dancing sings Kashmiri Ballad and dances. This dance is popular in the villages, mainly at the harvest time. It is also popular for being performed in social gatherings and parties by young boys who disguise themselves as women in long skirts. Bacha Nagma is common in Kashmir during wedding celebrations and when the wedding processions are taken out on boats on the Jhelum river. This dance form is much appreciated and has the ability to engage large audiences. It is accompanied by instruments like rabab, sarangi, and drums. It involves quick spinning movements just like in the Hafiza dance form and some may even resemble those of kathak. The song-dance proceeding is known as Bach Nagma Jashan - Kid Dancer's Celebration. The dancer is known as The Bacha - the Kid - usually a thin and graceful boy/man who dances, sometimes comically, is always attired like a woman in a multi-colored frock-like dress.


title: Bacha Nagma

text: The valley of Kashmir is appreciated for its rich culture and the various folk dance forms which can still be seen. Kashmir was predominantly populated by Muslims and has remained aloof from the main cultural currents of India, but the ancient caves and temples of Kashmir reveal a strong link with Indian culture at the beginning of the Common Era. At one time the classical dances of the south are believed to have been practiced. When Islam was introduced in the 14th century, dancing and theatrical arts were suppressed, being contrary to a strict interpretation of the Qurʾān. These arts survived only in folk forms and were performed principally at marriage ceremonies. The history of the Bacha Nagma folk dance form says that the dance evolved many years ago as a dance form that was being performed during the harvest season to celebrate the joy of harvesting. However, it gradually gained popularity among the people and is now being performed at social gatherings, parties, and get-togethers, as well as during religious occasions and festivals.


title: Bacha Nagma

text: Another dance form is known as the Hafiz Nagma- 'Female dancer's Song' was prevalent before the Bacha Nagma. Its performance was similar to Bacha Nagma, and the songs were usually set to Sufi lyrics or Sufia Kalam, but the dancer who performed on these songs was always female and known as Hafiza. These dancers were much celebrated at weddings and festivals. This dance form was eventually replaced by the Bacha Nagma, with different reasons given for this happening. A belief among the locals is that the concept of boys dancing in female attire had a historical significance which dates back during the rule of the Mughal emperor Akbar. After Kashmir was captured by Akbar, he wanted to diminish the gallantry of the men residing in the place. To accomplish it, he enforced the men to dress up like the women, to prevent them from disclosing their heroism and bravery. Kashmiris believe that Mughal Emperor Akbar, in an attempt to counter manly valor of its people and remove any possible future trouble, decree-forced Kashmiri men to were feminine gown like dresses - pheran. Then, in 1920s Hafiz Nagma was banned officially in Kashmir by the ruling Dogra Maharaja. The ruler felt this dance was losing its Sufi touch and was becoming too sensual and hence amoral for the society. With songs being the same, the female Muslim dancers were replaced by young Muslim boys who dressed as women, giving the origin of Bacha Nagma. Few studies by the respected academic personnel reveal that this dance form was mainly promoted by the Afghans in Kabul. The dancers did not only wear the dress of a woman but they also beautified themselves with various ornaments and jewelry. The dance movements are performed with such dignity and expertise that it is almost impossible to distinguish the boys with that of the dance performances of girls. It is a distinct credit of the young boys, dancing and singing simultaneously with the music. These young boys are trained as soon as they reach their adolescent age to maintain the sweetness and the shrillness in their voice. During the modern era, there have been several alterations in the song and the dance.


title: Bacha Nagma

text: The dance is usually performed by highly skilled and brilliant young performers. Each one of them is skilled and accomplished in their genre of dance. These extremely well talented young boys are made to look like women with local traditional women's attire and make-up. The dancers follow the Hafiza style of dance. They receive adequate and expert training to adopt the Hafiza dance form of Kashmir. A common feature noticed in these young teenagers is that they have the supple body so that they can easily adapt the flexible moves like that of female dancers in Hafiza. Since these boys are of tender age they have sweeter voice and thus, they can as well sing while dancing. They are trained to retain that voice too. The sweetness in their voice makes the music very much soothing and creates a very nice ambiance. It consists of six to seven members (maximum) and there is no particular singer, one of the dancers himself is the lead singer among the dancers that sings in a melodious voice and the other members join him in the chorus, this creates a very soothing effect as most of the singers are young in age. The dresses worn by dancers somewhat resemble those worn by Kathak dancers. Their face is beautifully adorned to represent that of a girl. The dancers move around the dance stage with wonderful dignified movements. The poised nature of the dance, simple yet lively, enthralls the audience.


title: Mary Lovelace O'Neal

text: O'Neal's involvement with civil rights movements, and how they are represented in her art, can not be fully understood without mentioning the influence of Stokley Carmichael (O'Neal's former boyfriend) who coined the terms "Black Power" and "Black Panther" meaning "Power to the People". O'Neal traces her activism to Stokley, and in an interview with Bomb Magazine, O'Neal recalls how a chance encounter living in Morocco with other printmakers and creatives inspired her famous 1984 series Panthers in my Father's Palace, a likely homage to her experience being a Mississippi native. Akin to O'Neal's experience with abstract layering, she began collecting torn sheets of paper from printmaking studios in the early 1990s, breathing new life into another man's trash- reconstructing waste into experimental collage paintings. Along with Toro, who introduced new mediums and experimented with O'Neal, they displayed their original works Troisieme Triennale Mondiale d'Estampes at the Musee d'Art Contemporaine de Chemalieres, France from 1994 to 1997.


title: Plebejidea loewii

text: This species lives very locally on dry stony meadows and other xerophytic biotopes or subalpine meadows. One generation per year. Flight time in June - early August. Female are much less common than males and practically do not leave their habitats. After mating, the female lays one egg each on the stems and leaves of the forage plants of caterpillars - Astragalus spp. Egg discoid, with pronounced cells on the surface. Its color is white with a greenish tinge, the micropyle is green. Eggs hibernate with the already formed caterpillar inside. Caterpillars of the first age are yellowish-green with dark dots and a brownish-black head. They eat up the parenchyma of the leaves, scrape off the juicy inner parts of the stipules, but especially prefer to penetrate into the young buds and eat in them. Caterpillars of the senior, the fifth, age are bright green with a black head. They feed on buds and flowers. By the end of their development, they sometimes acquire a reddish hue. Puppies in shelters - under the bushes of a forage plant or in cracks in the soil, attaching to the substrate a spider's loop. The length of the pupa is 11–12 mm. It is elongated, light green with a dark green dorsal stripe and white spiracles, covered with very short white hairs. The pupa stage is 12–15 days


title: Maria Riccarda Wesseling

text: Born Maria Riccarda Schmid in Wattwil, she studied with Hedwig Vonlanthen in Solothurn, with Elisabeth Glauser at the Musikhochschule Bern, and with Margreet Honig at the Sweelinck Conservatory in Amsterdam. She appeared as Rossinis La Cenerentola on a tour with the Orchestre National de Lille. She was a regular guest at the Stadttheater Bern, where she performed roles such as Kassandra in Aribert Reimann's Troades, Fenena in Verdi's Nabucco, Enrichetta in Bellini's I puritani, Olga in Tri Sestri by Péter Eötvös, Idamante in Mozart's Idomeneo, Cesare in Handel's Giulio Cesare, and the title role in Bizet's Carmen. She sang leading roles by Handel also at festivals, the title role of Rinaldo at the Lucerne Festival, the title role of Amadigi di Gaula at the Handel Festival Halle and the Festival de Radio France et Montpellier, Sesto in Giulio Cesare at the Festival de Beaune, Medea in Teseo in Halle, and Dejanira in Hercules in Potsdam. Several of these performances were recorded. Wesseling received international attention in 2006, when she stepped in at the Paris Opera for the title role of Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride, staged by Krzysztof Warlikowski and conducted by Marc Minkowski. She was Iphigénie again in 2011 also at the Teatro Real in Madrid, now conducted by Thomas Hengelbrock. She appeared as Orpheus in Orfeo ed Euridice, staged by Pina Bausch and conducted by Hengelbrock, which was broadcast live by arte and recorded for DVD, and presented not only in Paris but also the Greek theatre in Epidauros, Lincoln Center in New York, and the Teatro Real. Wesseling appeared in Madrid also as Ottavia in Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea, conducted by Sylvain Cambreling. At the Ruhrtriennale 2015, she was Fricka in Das Rheingold under the batton of Teodor Currentzis. Since she created the title role in the world premiere of the opera "Annas Maske" by David Philip Hefti, sang Herodias in the Serebrennikow production of "Salome" at Staatsoper Stuttgart, debuted as Amneris in Aida and Klytämnestra in "Elektra".


title: Ground-effect vehicle

text: By the 1920s, the ground effect phenomenon was well-known, as pilots found that their airplanes appeared to become more efficient as they neared the runway surface during landing. In 1934 the US National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics issued Technical Memorandum 771, Ground Effect on the Takeoff and Landing of Airplanes, which was a translation into English of a summary of French research on the subject. The French author Maurice Le Sueur had added a suggestion based on this phenomenon: "Here the imagination of inventors is offered a vast field. The ground interference reduces the power required for level flight in large proportions, so here is a means of rapid and at the same time economic locomotion: Design an airplane which is always within the ground-interference zone. At first glance this apparatus is dangerous because the ground is uneven and the altitude called skimming permits no freedom of maneuver. But on large-sized aircraft, over water, the question may be attempted ..."


title: Lance Storm

text: Lance Storm was trained by Ed Langley and Brad Young of the Hart Brothers Wrestling Camp at the Silver Dollar Action Centre in Calgary, where he became friends with fellow student Chris Jericho. Jericho has stated that despite the name of the school, the only involvement any of the Hart brothers had in their training was a "thirty-minute cameo" by Keith Hart to collect the student's fees. Lance would later debut against Jericho in 1990 as "Lance T. Storm". Early on, he mainly wrestled in Calgary but also spent time in Japan in Wrestling Association "R". Along with Jericho, Storm debuted in Smoky Mountain Wrestling in 1994, forming a tag team known as the Thrillseekers. After Jericho was injured, Storm continued to compete in singles competition for a few months, even winning the "Beat the Champ" TV Title. He then left SMW and moved on to a Winnipeg-based West Four Wrestling Alliance, where he teamed once again with Jericho. In 1995, he began wrestling in Japan for WAR. He formed a tag team with Yuji Yasuraoka (with whom he held the WAR International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship numerous times), as well as forming a trio with Nobutaka Araya and Koki Kitahara, with whom he held the WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship.


title: Lance Storm

text: Storm left ECW in May 2000 to join WCW, where he became a singles wrestler. He made his first appearance on the June 19, 2000 episode of Nitro and quickly became one of WCW's most prominent stars, winning the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship, the Cruiserweight Championship, and the WCW Hardcore Championship in rapid succession, resulting in Storm becoming the first and only wrestler in WCW history to hold three titles simultaneously. As an affront to the fans, he renamed the titles to the Canadian Heavyweight Championship, 100 kg and Under Championship, and Saskatchewan Hardcore International Title (S.H.I.T.), respectively, complete with large Canadian flag stickers that covered the belts' faceplates. Storm then formed the group called Team Canada in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada during New Blood Rising on August 13, where he defended the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship in a match with Mike Awesome. The match was refereed by the Canadian Jacques Rougeau, who enabled Storm to defeat Awesome and retain his title by constantly changing the rules. Following the match, the semi-retired Canadian wrestler Bret Hart came to the ring and hugged Storm and Rougeau. At Fall Brawl, Storm defeated General Rection with Jim Duggan as the referee, with Duggan turning on M.I.A and joining Team Canada. He also attempted to win the World Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by champion Booker T on each occasion. Storm eventually awarded the Cruiserweight and Hardcore titles by presenting them to his Team Canada stablemates Elix Skipper and Carl Ouellet, respectively. At Halloween Havoc, Storm and Jim Duggan lost to General Rection in a Handicap match losing the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship and to free Major Gunns from Team Canada. On the November 13 edition of Nitro, Storm defeated General Rection to win the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship back. At Mayhem, General Rection defeated Storm for the title. At Starrcade, Storm defeated Ernest Miller.


title: Lance Storm

text: Storm's stable Team Canada feuded with General Rection's stable, the Misfits In Action, for several months. At Sin, Team Canada (Lance Storm, Mike Awesome and Elix Skipper) (with Major Gunns) defeated The Filthy Animals (Konnan, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Billy Kidman) (with Tygress) in a Penalty Box match with Jim Duggan as special guest referee, In particular, Storm and Rection feuded with each other over Storm's "Canadian" Heavyweight Title, which Rection finally won and promptly returned to the United States Heavyweight Title name. At SuperBrawl Revenge, Storm faced The Cat where he lost and The Cat became the new Commissioner of WCW. At WCW's final PPV Greed, Team Canada (Lance Storm and Mike Awesome) defeated Konnan and Hugh Morrus. The pay-per-view event took place eight days before the final episode of Nitro and three days before the final episode of Thunder. On the final episode of Nitro, Team Canada (Lance Storm and Mike Awesome) challenged for the WCW World Tag Team Championship against Sean O'Haire and Chuck Palumbo but failed to win the titles.


title: Lance Storm

text: When WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001, Storm's contract was kept and he became a WWF employee. Storm, portrayed as a serious, humourless heel, was in The Alliance and was the first WCW superstar to ever invade a WWF program, where he debuted on the May 28, 2001 episode of WWF Raw is War. At Invasion, Storm and Mike Awesome faced Edge and Christian in a losing effort. Storm received a modest push during the Invasion angle, as he would go on to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship from Albert on the July 23 episode of Raw is War. He lost the title a month later to Edge at SummerSlam. Storm formed a tag team with The Hurricane and feuded with the Hardy Boyz over the WWF and WCW Tag Team Titles for the next few months; at Unforgiven, Storm and The Hurricane competed in a Fatal Four-Way Elimination match for the WWF Tag Team Championship but failed to win, this later included a match for the WCW Tag Team Championship against the Hardy Boyz at No Mercy, which Storm and Hurricane lost. Eventually, at Rebellion, Storm and Justin Credible faced Billy and Chuck in a losing effort. At Survivor Series, Storm competed in an Immunity Battle Royal that was won by Test, where the winner could not be fired for a year. However, Team Alliance lost in the main event and Storm was fired (in storyline) along with the rest of the Alliance roster by Vince McMahon. Storm eventually got his job back officially on the December 17 edition of Raw when he defeated The Rock with help from Test in a match that earned him a WWF contract. On the December 27 episode of SmackDown!, Storm and Kurt Angle lost to The Rock and Rob Van Dam.


title: Lance Storm

text: In June 2002 he formed The Un-Americans along with Christian, Test, and later William Regal. During this angle, Storm and Christian won the WWE Tag Team Championship on July 21 at Vengeance by defeating Hollywood Hulk Hogan and Edge. On the August 5 edition of Raw, Storm and Christian retained the WWE Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz by disqualification. On the August 12 edition of Raw, The Un-Americans and Triple H defeated Booker T, The Undertaker, Goldust and The Rock in an 8-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, Storm and Christian defeated Booker T and Goldust to retain the titles. On the September 9 edition of Raw, Storm and Christian defeated Kane and Bradshaw when Regal hit Bradshaw with a pair of brass knuckles and joined the group. At Unforgiven, The Un-Americans (Storm, Christian, Regal, and Test) faced Kane, Goldust, Booker T, and Bubba Ray Dudley in a losing effort. Storm and Christian lost the WWE Tag Team Championship to Kane and The Hurricane on the September 23 episode of Raw. Eventually, the Un-Americans broke apart on the September 30 episode of Raw after they each lost their respective matches, leading to a brawl involving all the members of the group.


title: Lance Storm

text: Storm continued teaming with Regal as a regular tag team with the same anti-American gimmick; Storm would represent Canada and Regal represented England. At Armageddon, Storm and Regal competed in a fatal-four-way tag team elimination match for the World Tag Team Championship but failed to win the titles. The next month, the duo won the World Tag Team Championship on two separate occasions. The first was by defeating Booker T and Goldust on the January 6, 2003 episode of Raw with help from Chief Morley, who was appointed "Raw Chief of Staff", but they lost the title at the Royal Rumble to The Dudley Boyz. Storm and Regal began their second reign as World Tag Team Champions the next night on Raw by defeating the Dudley Boyz with help from Morley again. At No Way Out, Storm and Regal defeated Kane and Rob Van Dam to retain the titles. On the March 24 episode of Raw, Morley announced that since the belts had not been defended in 30 days due to Regal's legitimate health problems, the duo would be stripped of the title. He immediately named himself and Lance Storm the new World Tag Team Champions starting Storm's fourth tag team title reign. The following week on the March 31 episode of Raw, Storm and Morley faced Kane and Rob Van Dam and The Dudley Boyz in a 3-Way Elimination match, dropping the titles to Kane and Van Dam. At Judgment Day, Storm competed in a Battle Royal for the vacant WWE Intercontinental Championship which was won by Christian.


title: Lance Storm

text: From there, Storm was briefly involved in a storyline in which Stone Cold Steve Austin, an authority figure, encouraged the fans to chant "boring" during Storm's matches including one with Storm losing to newcomer Garrison Cade on June 16, 2003, thanks to Austin bringing out a pillow and blanket and snoring loudly into the microphone, and other distracting antics. Storm eventually found help from Goldust who helped improve Storm's charisma, which eventually turned Storm into a face and Storm started dancing. He soon rejoined Morley, who had also become a face and reverted to his Val Venis character. Their reformed team began entering the ring with very attractive women but this time their tag team never got a push. Storm and Goldust then began teaming together for a short period of time. At Armageddon, Storm and Val Venis competed in a Tag Team Turmoil match for the World Tag Team Championship which was won by Ric Flair and Batista. From December 2003 to March 2004, Storm mainly competed on Sunday Night Heat.


title: Barton Creek Square

text: In June 1977, Melvin Simon & Associates announced the development of a shopping mall on a 104-acre (42 ha) tract of land along Texas State Highway Loop 360 in southwest Austin. Initial plans called for over 1 million sq ft (93,000 m2) of retail space and parking capacity for nearly 6,000 cars, which would make the mall the largest in Austin. Finalization of plans to extend Texas State Highway Loop 1 ("MoPac") to intersect with Highway 360 adjacent to the planned site delayed construction, but clearing and grading of the land was begun by late October 1977. Continued delays in the MoPac extension caused further delays in the mall's construction and negotiations between the developers and potential tenants. Designs for Barton Creek Square were finalized in 1978; Gordon Sibeck, designer of the Windsor Park Mall in San Antonio, was selected as the mall's designer. During construction of the mall, worsening water quality on the nearby Barton Creek and the possibility that the mall's construction could do further damage to the creek prompted daily municipal surveillance of the site in 1980. Erosion control measures were approved for the site after the City of Austin's Environmental Board found the site in violation of city standards.


title: Same-sex marriage in Colima

text: On 4 July 2013, the Congress of Colima approved an amendment to article 147 of the State Constitution to establish same-sex civil unions (Spanish: enlace conyugal, pronounced ). Within 30 days, seven of Colima's ten municipalities had approved the constitutional change. A group of citizens filed a lawsuit challenging the reform, arguing that providing only civil unions to same-sex couples and marriage to opposite-sex couples was discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. On 18 March 2015, a district court judge declared that "separate but equal treatment is discriminatory" and unconstitutional. The decision also stated that section 201 of the Civil Code, which defined gendered roles for men and women, was discriminatory and reiterated that adoption open to heterosexual married couples must also be open to same-sex couples. Shortly after the ruling, a local LGBT group announced it would help any couple who joined in a civil union to receive a marriage license. The state appealed the ruling, and on 17 June 2015 the Mexican Supreme Court agreed that the "separate but equal" union laws violated the Constitution of Mexico. The state subsequently announced that it would repeal article 147 and pass a same-sex marriage law.


title: Schindler & Schill GmbH

text: PCB-Investigator is a CAD (computer-aided design) software for pcb (printed circuit board) development and manufacturing. The foundation for this project was the combination of hardware acceleration with software rendering. Using GDI, the PCB-Investigator is optimized for windows but has its own graphic data processing. After this basis, a software interface was added to the program, which allows creating own analysis algorithms or programming new import/export possibilities. The next step was implementing a full featured plug-in system. Like this, PCBI can create fitting customized packages and is suitable for various application areas, ranging from AOI (automated optical inspection) to boundary scan. A special function of PCB-Investigator is the possibility to put pictures behind the CAD data. Furthermore, PCBI offers an embedded function, which enables every department of the PCB development process license-free access to all needed data. Possible formats are ODB++, DXF, Catia, SolidWorks, X-File, BOM, Gerber, Excellon, Sieb & Meyer, GenCAD 1.4 and DXF. Upcoming format is IPC2581.


title: First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge, Massachusetts)

text: First Church of Christ, Scientist is an historic redbrick 6-story domed Christian Science church building located at 13 Waterhouse Street, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was designed in 1917 by church member Giles M. Smith of the noted Boston architectural firm of Bigelow and Wadsworth (later Bigelow, Wadsworth, Hubbard and Smith), who patterned it after Thomas Jefferson's The Rotunda at the University of Virginia and the Pantheon in Rome. Due to cost constraints it was built in two phases between 1924 and 1930. The basement and ground floor levels topped by a belt course comprised the first phase, while the additional four stories and the massive dome comprised the second and final phase. The dome itself was designed and built by the noted Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company, which in 1898 had done the reconstruction of the dome in The Rotunda at UVA and the construction in 1906 of the dome of the Mother Church Extension in Boston. Guastavino used its patented tile arch system consisting of Akoustolith, a porous ceramic material resembling stone, on the interior, with limestone on the exterior. The tile was manufactured at its plant in nearby Woburn. In 1933 copper flashing was added to the exterior of the dome in order correct a leakage problem. An oculus provided light to the interior. The first services in the completed building were held on April 30, 1930, and after becoming debt free, it was dedicated on May 23, 1937.


title: Bonanza Peak (Alaska)

text: Bonanza Peak hosted five mines: Bonanza, Jumbo, Mother Lode, Erie, and Glacier. The Bonanza ore body was discovered August 1900 by prospectors "Tarantula" Jack Smith and Clarence L. Warner. Bonanza Mine was located on a ridge south of the summit, and was in the early 1900s, confirmed by Stephen Birch as the richest known concentration of copper in the world. Glacier Mine, which is really an ore extension of the Bonanza, was an open-pit mine and was only mined during the summer. Jumbo Mine was in the west cirque below the summit. The Mother Lode mine was located in a cirque on the east side of the summit. The Erie mine was perched on the northwest slope above the Root Glacier. The Bonanza, Jumbo, Mother Lode and Erie mines were connected by tunnels. From 1909 until 1938, the mines produced over 4.6 million tons of ore containing 1.183 billion pounds of copper mainly from the Bonanza, Jumbo and Mother Lode, as well as several million ounces of silver.: 260 The Kennecott operations reported gross revenues above $200 million and a net profit greater than $100 million.


title: Sanduk Ruit

text: The nearest school from his village was fifteen days' walk away in Darjeeling. His father, a small-time businessman, sent Ruit to St Robert's School in Darjeeling at the age of seven, and provided financial support for his early medical career. Ruit's life in Darjeeling was hard as he was away from his parents and home for about four-five years. After a few years he returned to Nepal and continued his study. In 1969, Ruit graduated from Siddhartha Vanasthali School in Kathmandu, Nepal, and later was further educated in India. He studied a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery from King George's Medical College, Lucknow with scholarship from 1972 to 1976. Ruit then returned to Nepal and worked as a General Physician in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu for three years. Later he wanted to specialize in ophthalmology, so he continued his studies from 1981 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi with a scholarship and achieved his Master's Degree. After three years in 1984 he returned to Nepal and worked in an eye hospital in Tripureshwor for eight years. Meanwhile Australian ophthalmologist Fred Hollows was in Nepal as a mentor, selected by WHO. He noticed Ruit's work and determination and offered him further study about cataract surgery in Australia in 1986. Ruit further studied in Australia, Netherlands and the United States.


title: Sanduk Ruit

text: Working in Australia in 1986, Ruit and Fred Hollows developed a strategy for using inexpensive intraocular lenses to bring small-incision cataract surgery to the developing world. However, the lenses remained too expensive for many cataract patients. In 1995, Ruit developed a new intraocular lens that could be produced far more cheaply and which, as of 2010, is used in over 60 countries. Ruit's method is now taught in U.S. medical schools. Despite being far cheaper, Ruit's method has the same success rate as western techniques: 98% at six months. In 1994, Dr. Ruit founded the Tilganga Eye Center, now called the Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, in Kathmandu. It aims to provide eye care at an affordable price. The institute works closely with the Himalayan Cataract Project and other organizations to give cataract surgery to people in some of the world's most perilous and inaccessible locations, frequently for free. Tilganga has performed over 100,000 operations and trained over 500 medical personnel from around the world, and produces Ruit's intraocular lenses at a cost of less than US $5 each. It also produces prosthetic eyes for US $3, compared to imports that cost $150. For those unable to reach the center, or who live in otherwise isolated rural areas, Ruit and his team set up mobile eye camps, often using tents, classrooms, and even animal stables as makeshift operating rooms.


title: Glow by JLo

text: On April 2, 1998, it was announced during a press conference that Lopez would be launching a clothing line, entitled J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez, in time for the holiday season. The line, which would eventually also include eyewear, swimwear, accessories and a fragrance, was backed up by an investment group led by Andy Hilfiger and Larry Stemmerman. Of the fragrance, Lopez said: "I wanted Glow to be fresh and clean, but still sexy and sensual – something that feels like you just came out of the shower and are the sexiest person in the world." Glow by J.Lo contains notes of: orange, grapefruit, jasmine, orris, irises, vanilla and musk. Lopez said the fragrance was created to fit what she would want to wear herself. The perfume is a combination of Lopez's favorite scents. The fragrance is packaged in a clear white bottle, with curvaceous lines to look like a woman's body. Lopez's "J.Lo" logo is written in rhinestones on the bottle. It comes with a complimentary chain inspired by Lopez's style.


title: Glow by JLo

text: The release of Glow by JLo succeeded expectations, becoming the second-highest seller in the American market. In 2004 Lopez's clothing lines J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez and Sweetface, and her fragrances Glow by JLo and Still Jennifer Lopez together brought in more than $300 million in revenue, making her the nineteenth richest person under 40, according to Fortune magazine. The release of Glow by JLo "spawned a wave of new celebrity fragrances". Collectively with her fragrances Glow By JLo and Still Jennifer Lopez, the fragrance brought in over $100 million in the space of 2005 alone. Julie Naughton and Pete Born of WWD noted that Benrd Beetz, Coty's CEO, said that with Glow by JLo, Lopez started the trend of celebrity-endorsed fragrances, writing: "Beetz credits the successful Lopez project for laying the groundwork for the company's other celebrity brands, which include Halle Berry and Beyoncé, and the upcoming Lady Gaga and Madonna fragrances. While some have been sounding a death knell for the celebrity category over the past few years, Beetz remains adamant that it is a sustainable business model. "We're going to prove it again with Madonna. We're going to prove it again with Lady Gaga. The fragrance is a defining tool to create an image for an artist or a celebrity. It is not an afterthought. It is a central part of building a brand. And if you build it one way it's going to extend in other areas." Lopez has been credited with the resurrection of celebrity's endorsement of fragrances. Chief executive of Coty, Bernd Beetz, stated that he believes Lopez could last longer than Elizabeth Taylor and her fragrance, White Diamonds.


title: Glow by JLo

text: Lopez released a limited edition of Glow, entitled Miami Glow by JLo, on December 17, 2004, at select department stores. Speaking about the theme of the perfume, Lopez stated: "Besides my home town of New York, Miami is my favorite city in the whole world. I love the air when you get off the plane. I love being next to the ocean. I love the cultural mix of people". It was created by Caroline Sabas. The fragrance was officially launched at her first Runway Show on February 17, 2005, where she also introduced her "Sweetface" clothing line. A runway special dedicated to the new fragrance and her clothing line, Jennifer Lopez: Beyond The Runway aired on MTV and featured Lopez's process in making Miami Glow. The fragrance is a summer perfume, and contains notes of passionfruit, coconut, amber, orange flower and vanilla. The perfume bottle is the same shape as the Glow by JLo bottle, it has gold flip-flop charms on it. Collectively with her fragrances Glow by JLo and Still Jennifer Lopez, the fragrance brought in over $100 million in the space of 2005 alone.


title: Glow by JLo

text: Sunkissed Glow by JLo is the fourth flanker endorsed by Lopez. It is inspired by a tropical scent of breeze and the steamy sun; it has notes of flowery and fruity orange blossom, water lilies and passion flowers. It was created by Caroline Sabas. Robin from Now Smell This said "Sunkissed Glow is nicely done and gets a plus in my book for not smelling like candy ... despite the fact that I'm not usually a huge fan of coconut in perfume, I prefer the original Miami Glow. It was just more fun. I understand it can still be found at some of the discount chains, so you might want to try both scents before you make up your mind." It is available in 30, 50, and 100ml Eau de Toilette. Blue Glow by JLo is the fifth flanker of Glow endorsed by Jennifer Lopez. Released in Spring 2010, it is a "refreshing watery fragrance" and has notes of water lily, vanilla orchid, sea wood, cedar and mangosteen; the bottle comes with a complimentary silver anklet. L.A. Glow by JLo was released in early 2011, as the sixth flanker of Glow. It is also Lopez's sixteenth fragrance. It contains notes of cherry, purple plum, blackberry, jasmine, peony, magnolia blossum, musk and amber. According to Lopez's parfum website, the fragrance is inspired by the hip, high energy Los Angeles nightlife. The fragrance appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during a hidden camera prank DeGeneres and Lopez did. Rio Glow by JLo is the seventh flanker of Glow, endorsed by Jennifer Lopez. The fragrance is limited edition. Released in Summer 2013, it is inspired by the city of Rio de Janeiro, therefore continuing the line's reoccurring theme of interesting cities (L.A Glow & Miami Glow). The perfume has notes of peach, apple, pear, vanilla and orange blossom. The fragrance does not come with any removable charms, unlike the other fragrances in the line, which all have a charm of some sort attached to their bottles. Wild Glow by JLo is the eighth flanker of Glow, endorsed by Jennifer Lopez. The fragrance is a limited edition that was released in December 2014. The perfume's inspiration was the "upbeat rhythm of the music that pulses through the club and bright lights that represent the joys of life". The perfume has notes of blackcurrant, tropical fruits, heliotrope and jasmine. Like Rio Glow before it, the fragrance has no charms attached to its bottle.


title: Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: As the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created on the principle of decentralisation, the cantons have strong autonomy which is guaranteed by a long list of exclusive jurisdictions in the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including police, education, cultural policy, housing policy, public services, local economic policy, energy policy, media policy, welfare, tourism and the right of the cantons to introduce taxation and borrow money. Other jurisdictions are shared with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including enforcement of human rights, health and environmental policy, infrastructure, social welfare, tourism and natural resources. Although in some areas the constitution foresaw a mixed jurisdiction between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the cantons, such as tourism and energy policy, the cantons are the dominant actors. The principle of decentralisation is especially emphasised in the two mixed cantons, where the decisions regarding core issues, such as education, are left in the jurisdiction of the municipalities.


title: Camp Lamont

text: Camp Lamont also called Lamont Prisoner of War Base Camp was a World War II German Prisoners of War camp in the City of Lamont, California, 12 miles southwest from Bakersfield in Kern County. It was formed on December 2, 1944 by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) transferring 16 acres of land to the US War Department for the US Army. Built at the camp were housing, a mess hall, fencing, guard towers and flood lights. In 1944, Japanese and German prisoners came to Camp Lamont from Camp Cooke, northwest of Lompoc, California. More came the next year from Camp McCoy in Wisconsin and Camp Clarinda in Iowa. Those not seen as a risk were given the option of volunteering to work crops in exchange for coupons they could spend in the camp exchange. They worked on cotton farms, picking the crops. Their labor was used to fill the labor shortage caused by the draft. Prisoners were taken each day by bus or truck to the fields to work. About 4494 German and Japanese POWs were housed at the camp. A German POW committed suicide in camp in early February, 1945. Camp Lamont ran two sub camps: Boswell Ranch, which opened in December 1944 in the city Corcoran, California in Kings County with 499 prisoners and closed October 5, 1945, and Camp Lakeland, also called the Corcoran Prisoner of War Branch Camp in Corcoran, with 631 prisoners, which opened May 14, 1945 and closed October 5, 1945. Camp Lamont itself closed on July 31, 1946. After the war the Camp Lamont land was returned to the USDA. The land is now private property, with only a few foundations marking the spot of the former camp.


title: King of Change

text: After a break of over four months King of Change returned to the track in the Listed Fortune Stakes over one mile at Sandown Park on 16 September in which he was matched against older horses for the first time. After tracking the leaders he went to the front approaching the final furlong and won by one and a quarter lengths from Turgenev. On 19 October King of Change faced fifteen opponents in the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes on heavy ground over the straight mile course at Ascot Racecourse. Benbatl started favourite while the other contenders included Magna Grecia, The Revenant (Prix Daniel Wildenstein), Lord Glitters, Accidental Agent, Phoenix of Spain and Veracious. King of Change raced in mid-division as Veracious set the pace before breaking through the pack to take the lead a furlong from the finish. Despite hanging to the left in the closing stages he kept on strongly to win by one and a quarter lengths from The Revenant. Sean Levey commented "When he ran in the Guineas people thought it was a bit of a fluke. But when he came in the autumn he was a massive stamp of a horse. We were worried about the ground but the way he's been working all he had to do was handle it. I said to Richard that I'd ridden Toronado and Sky Lantern at home and neither of them gave me a feel like him."


title: Love's Prisoner

text: A poor girl named Nancy (Olive Thomas) leaves to take care of her two younger sisters, Sadie (Ann Forrest) and Jane (Dolly Dare), while their father (Walter Perry), who is a former criminal, is sent to prison for a crime he did not commit and dies there. At that time Jonathan Twist, a quaint philosopher and their somewhat mysterious neighbor who operates a watch repair shop and part-time fence, offers them help, and Nancy finds with his help a job as a seller of Cocoa Climax. Nancy marries a British businessman and peer Lord Cleveland, and she becomes Lady Cleveland. However, Lord Cleveland dies very soon without a will. Nancy does not have enough income to keep up the estates of Lord Cleveland in England, which pass to his other relatives, but receives the palatial home in America. She manages to keep this home and its servants without any visible means of support, and during this time the activities of a crook called by the police "The Bird" are mystifying the authorities. On the night of a reception at her house, there is a large diamond theft, and Jim Garside is detailed to catch The Bird. Jim discovers that Nancy is The Bird and Jonathan is her fence for the jewels she has taken, where much of the moneys have gone to the poor. Jim maintains her works for charity while she serves out her prison term, and in the end they are married.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: On the planet, Krall captures Sulu, Uhura, and other survivors. Kirk and Pavel Chekov, accompanied by Kalara, locate the Enterprise's saucer section. Knowing that Kalara knew they would be attacked, Kirk tricks her into revealing herself as Krall's spy. She is killed when Kirk and Chekov escape Krall's soldiers and flip the Enterprise saucer, crushing her. Elsewhere on the planet, Dr. Leonard McCoy and a wounded Spock search for other survivors. Spock tells McCoy that he ended his relationship with Uhura and is leaving Starfleet to help the Vulcan survivors and continue the late Ambassador Spock's work. Jaylah, a scavenger who previously escaped Krall's encampment where her father was killed, rescues Scott and takes him to her makeshift home, the grounded USS Franklin, an early Starfleet vessel reported missing over a century earlier. Scott is reunited with Kirk, Chekov, McCoy and Spock. Krall coerces the captive Enterprise crew to hand over the Abronath, then uses it to complete an ancient bioweapon. With the device complete, Krall intends to kill Yorktown's inhabitants, then use the base to attack the United Federation of Planets. Kirk and the others free the crew as Krall launches into space with the bioweapon, leading his drones to Yorktown.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: The Enterprise survivors power up the Franklin and launch her in pursuit of Krall. Theorizing the swarm's system may be vulnerable to high frequencies such as VHF or radio, they jam and destroy the swarm by broadcasting the song "Sabotage" by the Beastie Boys. Krall is chased by the Franklin through Yorktown. Uhura, Kirk and Scotty discover from the Franklin's logs that Krall is actually Balthazar Edison, Franklin's former captain. A pre-Federation human soldier, Edison rejected the Federation's principles of unity and cooperation with former enemies like the Xindi and the Romulans. When he and his crew were stranded on Altamid by a wormhole, the survivors used the extinct natives' technology to prolong their lives at the cost of the others and re-purposed the ancient race's dormant mining drone workers into the swarm. Thinking the Federation had abandoned them, Edison planned to destroy the Federation and resume galactic conflict. Kirk pursues Edison into Yorktown's ventilation system, where Edison activates the bioweapon. Before it can spread, Kirk ejects it and Edison into space, where the weapon disintegrates Edison. Using a commandeered alien ship, Spock and McCoy save Kirk moments before he is also blown into space.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: In 2013, Orci had begun writing the script with Patrick McKay and J. D. Payne, with Payne saying of the script in March, "We really want to get back to the sense of exploration and wonder. The kind of optimistic sense of the future that Star Trek has always kind of had at its core. It's the Chicago Bulls in space, in terms of these people who are all awesome at their job." In January 2015, after Orci's departure as director, Simon Pegg and Doug Jung were hired to rewrite the screenplay, with Pegg saying about the previous draft that Paramount "had a script for Star Trek that wasn't really working for them. I think the studio was worried that it might have been a little bit too Star Trek-y." Pegg had been asked to make the new film "more inclusive", stating that the solution was to "make a western or a thriller or a heist movie, then populate that with Star Trek characters so it's more inclusive to an audience that might be a little bit reticent." Pegg and Jung used Memory Alpha, a Star Trek fan wiki, as a resource in the writing of the film.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: The first film's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals. In 2014, early in the film's development, William Shatner said that he was contacted by producer Abrams to see if he would be interested in a possible role, but as the process continued and the script changed hands, the role never materialized. Alice Eve was not included in the film despite her character having joined the Enterprise crew at the end of the last installment, because Pegg, in writing the script, did not have anything meaningful for her to do; however, he stressed that Eve could appear in a later installment. Joseph Gatt's cyborg Science Officer 0718 was dropped from the film after a rewrite. In March 2015, Idris Elba was in early talks to play the villain, and he was confirmed for the role in the following months. Pegg noted that the villain would be an original one, rather than a known antagonist from past stories in the Star Trek franchise. In April, Sofia Boutella joined the cast in a lead role, and in early July, Deep Roy was confirmed to reprise his role of Keenser. That month, Joe Taslim was added to the cast opposite Elba's villain, and by August, Lydia Wilson joined as well. In March 2016, Shohreh Aghdashloo was cast as Commodore Paris for reshoots on the film.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $50–60 million from 3,928 theaters in its opening weekend. It opened alongside Ice Age: Collision Course and Lights Out, but critics noted that the film did not face any direct competition with them. It opened across 3,928 theaters, of which 391 were IMAX. It made $5.5 million from Thursday previews from 3,100 theaters, an improvement over its two immediate predecessors. Of that, the film grossed $1.1 million on 387 IMAX screens. This includes revenues generated from Wednesday night, when Paramount screened all Star Trek films, which concluded with a 10pm screening of Beyond. On its opening day, it earned $22.3 million, which is the second-biggest among the franchise, only behind Star Trek ($30.9 million), the third-biggest opening day of the summer for a live-action film and the second-biggest opening day of the year for a non-comic book superhero live-action film, behind only The Jungle Book. It earned $59.3 million in its opening weekend, which is the third-biggest debut among the franchise but the lowest of the reboot series (behind Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness for both). Adjusted for inflation, it ranks fourth behind the aforementioned films and Star Trek: First Contact ($60 million). It performed exceptionally well in IMAX making $8.7 million in 387 IMAX screens. The film came in 14% lower than the opening of its immediate predecessor, Star Trek Into Darkness, but box office experts noted that the fall was mild in comparison to other sequels of 2016 and is still considered a hit. It dropped precipitously by 69% on its second Friday and was overtaken by newcomer spy film Jason Bourne, earning $6.75 million. By comparison, Star Trek dropped 56% on its first Friday while Star Trek into Darkness fell 53%. However, this was not the worst Friday-to-Friday drop for a Star Trek film, as Star Trek: Nemesis plunged 83% on its second Friday due to negative word-of-mouth and heavy competition from The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: Internationally, the film received a scattered release pattern and was released across approximately 76 markets. It opened in 37 markets in conjunction with its North American release in its first weekend, including in the United Kingdom, Germany and Australia — territories where the franchise has traditionally performed well. It earned a total of $30 million from the said number of markets, which is slightly lower than Star Trek Into Darkness' $31.7 million international debut in 2013. Paramount said that the heatwave in Europe negatively impacted the weekend's results. Beyond debuted at first place in 16 of them and recorded the biggest opening weekend ever for the franchise in 17 markets, including Russia, Taiwan and Thailand. It debuted in third place overall at the international box office, behind Skiptrace and The Legend of Tarzan. Beyond set numerous records in IMAX theaters. Led by very strong results in the UK and Russia, it grossed an estimated weekend of $3.2 million on 184 screens, besting Star Trek Into Darkness' $2.8 million debut. In its second weekend, it fell drastically by 57% earning $13 million. As a result, it slipped into sixth place at the box office. After fluctuating up and down the charts, it finally topped the international box office in its seventh weekend due to a robust debut in China and remained at the top for the second weekend in a row.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: The highest international tallies were recorded in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($6.1 million), South Korea ($5.6 million), Germany ($4.5 million), Russia and the CIS ($3.3 million), Australia ($3 million), France ($2.1 million), Mexico ($1.5 million), Brazil ($1.6 million), Venezuela ($1.4 million) and Taiwan ($1 million). In the United Kingdom, where the performance of the franchise has been consistently solid, it was edged out by the family film The BFG. Its £4.74 million ($6.2 million) opening from 535 theaters is the lowest among the rebooted series and a 31% decline from the £8.43 million ($11 million) opening posted by Star Trek Into Darkness, if previews are deducted. The Guardian cited J. J. Abrams's departure as the director and fans' unenthusiastic response to Idris Elba as the villain (in comparison to Benedict Cumberbatch in Star Trek Into Darkness) as some possible reasons why the film failed to generate lucrative revenue. The site also projected a total gross of around £20 million ($26 million+) for the film.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: It opened in China on September 2 and earned an estimated $9.30 million on its opening day (representing 66% of the total marketplace), including $370,000 in midnight preview showings (160% larger than the opening day of Star Trek Into Darkness), and $21.8 million in two days. In total, it had an opening weekend of $31.3 million according to Paramount and $30.7 million according to Chinese box office service Ent Group from 6,259 screens, marking the biggest Star Trek debut in the country, 105% bigger than the opening of Star Trek Into Darkness. It was the only one of five new releases to make any impression on the chart. It remained at the top of the box office for a second weekend by adding another $10.1 million (according to Chinese data provider Ent Group), or $11.37 million (according to Paramount) from 5,830 locations from Friday to Sunday, a steep decline of 62.6% from its previous weekend. It fell out of the top 10 in its third weekend, and has grossed a total of $64.2 million there. It is projected the film will end its run there anywhere around $70–100 million, a disappointing figure considering the robust marketing effort by investors Alibaba Pictures and Huahua Media. Thus, the film is the second Paramount film to underperform in that corner following Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows in July.


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and said, "Even with its big-screen pyrotechnics and its feature-length running time, Star Trek Beyond plays like an extended version of one of the better episodes from the original series, and I mean that in the best possible way." Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film 8.4/10, describing it as being: "terrific, a fun and exciting entry in the series that balances subtle fan service while also feeling fresh and modern; Star Trek Beyond is the perfect way to celebrate the series' 50th anniversary." David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter said the screenplay by Simon Pegg and Doug Jung "injects a welcome strain of humor that's true to the original Gene Roddenberry creation, delivering nostalgia without stiff veneration", and went on by saying, "While Beyond won't unseat 1982's thrilling The Wrath of Khan as the gold standard for Star Trek movies, it's a highly entertaining entry guaranteed to give the franchise continuing life." Owen Gleiberman of Variety, in an otherwise positive review, described the film being "a very familiar, old-fangled, no-mystery structure, and that's because it's basically the Star Trek version of an interplanetary action film, with a plot that doesn't take you to many new frontiers." Furthermore, he called Star Trek Beyond "a somewhat diverting place holder, but one hopes that the next Star Trek movie will have what it takes to boldly go where no Star Trek movie has gone before." Mark Hugues of Forbes said, "Star Trek Beyond is the third-best Star Trek film of all time, creating the sort of emotional connection and familiar, powerful characterizations we loved in the original series while delivering top-notch action and the best Star Trek movie villain since First Contact's Borg Queen."


title: Star Trek Beyond

text: Noah Hawley was hired to write and direct a new Star Trek film for Paramount in November 2019, based on his own vision for the franchise. This project was "very close" to production beginning in August 2020 when it was placed on hold by new Paramount Pictures president Emma Watts, whose top priority at the studio was to figure out the direction of the Star Trek franchise. Watts had several options, including Hawley's film, a new Beyond sequel attempt, and Tarantino's project with a new director. In March 2021, Paramount set Star Trek: Discovery writer Kalinda Vazquez to write a new Star Trek film based on her own original idea, while a separate script was developed by Beer and Geneva Robertson-Dworet. The studio scheduled the latter film for release on June 9, 2023, and hired Matt Shakman to direct it in July. Work was expected to move at "warp speed" ahead of a filming start in early-to-mid 2022, with Abrams producing. In November 2021, the film's release was pushed to December 22, 2023. The script was being re-written by Josh Friedman and Cameron Squires. Abrams and new Paramount Pictures CEO Brian Robbins announced in February 2022 that the main cast from the previous three Star Trek films would return, including Pine, Quinto, Pegg, Urban, Saldaña, and Cho. The announcement came as a surprise to the actors as negotiations had not yet begun for their return.


title: Cylindrical harmonics

text: The cylindrical harmonics for (k,n) are now the product of these solutions and the general solution to Laplace's equation is given by a linear combination of these solutions: V ( ρ , φ , z ) = ∑ n ∫ d | k | A n ( k ) P n ( k , ρ ) Φ n ( φ ) Z ( k , z ) {\displaystyle V(\rho ,\varphi ,z)=\sum _{n}\int d\left|k\right|\,\,A_{n}(k)P_{n}(k,\rho )\Phi _{n}(\varphi )Z(k,z)\,} where the A n ( k ) {\displaystyle A_{n}(k)} are constants with respect to the cylindrical coordinates and the limits of the summation and integration are determined by the boundary conditions of the problem. Note that the integral may be replaced by a sum for appropriate boundary conditions. The orthogonality of the J n ( x ) {\displaystyle J_{n}(x)} is often very useful when finding a solution to a particular problem. The Φ n ( φ ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{n}(\varphi )} and Z ( k , z ) {\displaystyle Z(k,z)} functions are essentially Fourier or Laplace expansions, and form a set of orthogonal functions. When P n ( k ρ ) {\displaystyle P_{n}(k\rho )} is simply J n ( k ρ ) {\displaystyle J_{n}(k\rho )} , the orthogonality of J n {\displaystyle J_{n}} , along with the orthogonality relationships of Φ n ( φ ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{n}(\varphi )} and Z ( k , z ) {\displaystyle Z(k,z)} allow the constants to be determined.


title: Pakistanis in Myanmar

text: Large-scale Muslim immigration from the South Asia to Burma began in the 1870s, when Burma, like modern-day Pakistan, was also under the British Raj. Many of these Muslims came from areas that were to become Pakistan, and settled in various parts of Burma, including the western regions which were predominantly populated by local Burmese Muslims. Following Burma's independence in 1948, the status of Muslims from the South Asia living in Burma was profoundly affected; they could no longer display links with their places of origin and were given the option of either applying for Burmese citizenship, be considered foreigners, or become stateless. At that time, various Muslim associations in the area together united to form the "All Burma Pakistan Association" (ABPA) – a federation which came to be known as representing the "largest South Asian Muslim ethnic group in Burma." The number of Pakistanis in Burma was estimated by the leaders of the ABPA to be between 300,000 and 500,000 people; however, the accuracy of this figure could never possibly be determined given the lack of official and reliable statistics.


title: Spirostomum

text: Characteristics of the eight morphospecies are outlined in Table 1, which provides a brief overview of specific characteristics. Two species, S. caudatum and S. semivirescens, have missing information in the table due to the limited amount of research completed. Spirostomum caudatum is characterized mainly by its long thin tail, while Spirostomum semivirescens is identified by the presence of zoochlorellae (endosymbiotic algae) in its cytoplasm, providing its bright green colour. Esteban et al. suggested that it is possible that S. semivirescens was able to survive in hypoxic environments due to the oxygenic photosynthesis performed by the endosymbiotic algae. Spirostomum yagiui has an elongated macronuclei that circle through three unique states. This differentiates it from Spirostomum dharwarensis that has a distinctive filiform macronucleus that is long and slender relative to the other single-type macronuclei. Spirostomum subtilis have the highest length:width ratios, which sets it apart from its counterparts. It also has a unique cortical granule pattern that consists of a single CG row.


title: Spirostomum

text: The micronuclei begin to swell, slowly moving away from the macronucleus. Then the moniliform macronucleus beings breaking up into isolated segments, at the points where the nodes were previously connected. Most of the segments move towards the anterior end of the cell, as do most of the enlarged micronuclei which position themselves between the macronuclei nodes. Then the micronuclei undergo meiosis first producing four daughter nuclei. Three of the daughter nuclei disappear while the fourth one undergoes mitosis and produces two haploid gametic nuclei. Reciprocal exchange occurs, the gametic nuclei fuse together, and then the conjugants separate. The duration from attachment to separation takes around 60–72 hours. The fused nuclei, called the synkaryon, divides twice into four daughter nuclei. Two of these nuclei fuse and elongate, then form a moniliform macronucleus. The other two nuclei become micronuclei. Some variations may occur in this process, such as the formation of six daughter nuclei to account for the different numbers of micronuclei in each specimen.


title: Spirostomum

text: The ability to adapt in hypoxic (low oxygen) or anoxic (no oxygen) habitats in an important aspect in protozoan ecology. Spirostomum has demonstrated their capability of living in these environments and the reason may be linked some genes they possess. Mukhtar et al. suggested that the rhodoquinol dependent pathway that had been previously reported in multiple heterotrichs could be responsible for the ability to survive in these conditions. By performing RNA sequencing and analyzing the data for the presence of rquA, a gene responsible for the synthesis of rhodoquinone (RQ), the presence of this pathway in Spirostomum could be investigated. This gene was used since its product, rhodoquinone, is an important cofactor in the fumarate reductase pathway. The species S. ambiguum, S. teres, and S. subtilis were collected from a freshwater pond for this study. Based on the analysis of the transcriptome, two or three RquA proteins were found in the species, providing evidence of the existence of the rhodoquinol dependent fumarate reduction pathway in these organisms. In another study, two Spirostomum species, S. semivirescens and an unidentified one, were also found to have the gene. The presence of the gene in the four species suggests that this anaerobic respiration pathway is present in the entire genus.


title: Waldorf School of Mendocino County

text: Founded in 1972 by Linda Valenziano as Mountain Meadow Country School, it was originally located in Potter Valley and operated only as a Preschool/Kindergarten. The following year a first grade class consisting of eight children was added, conducted under Waldorf education principles. Additional grades continued to be organized in subsequent years, eventually prompting the move to its current location on the west side of Third Street in Calpella in 1979. Ms. Valenziano remained on the school's faculty until 1995 and was chiefly responsible for it becoming fully accredited by the Association of Waldorf Schools of North America in 1990, the only school in Mendocino County to do so. It currently serves over 100 students, the majority staying only for pre-K and kindergarten. Those who stay for first grade and beyond are taught using a mixed-age format where students from two grade levels combine to form one class, their teacher remaining with them all the way through the eighth grade before finally "looping back" to begin again with a new class of first and second graders.


title: Flavoparmelia

text: The distributional ranges of Flavoparmelia species have been shaped by both long-distance dispersal and vicariance. A 2013 study identified more geographical structure within Flavoparmelia than previously recognized, with some species having wider distributions than others. The authors suggest that phenotypical species delimitation often underestimates true diversity. Flavoparmelia originated in southern South America, and its major radiation began in the late Oligocene. The splits in the genus occurred at different times, shaping the diversity of the main lineages within the genus. The South American ancestor of Flavoparmelia originated before the separation of southern South America and Australia from Antarctica, suggesting that vicariance could have played a role in shaping this distribution. Recent diversification in Australia resulted from recent diversification at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Group 3 (a cluster of Flavoparmelia species that have wider distributions, such as the subcosmopolitan F. soredians) is estimated to have originated in the Cape Region of South Africa during the late Miocene. Long-distance dispersal can account for the current distribution of some species, while evidence for vicariance has also been shown in Parmeliaceae.


title: Red Alert (novel)

text: During the filming of Dr. Strangelove, Kubrick learned that Fail Safe, a film with a similar theme, was being produced. Although Fail Safe was to be a realistic thriller, Kubrick feared that its plot resemblance would damage his film's box office potential, especially if Fail Safe were released first. Indeed, the novel Fail-Safe (on which the film is based) is so similar to Red Alert that Kubrick and Peter George sued on charges of copyright infringement. The case was settled out of court. What worried Kubrick most was that Fail Safe boasted acclaimed director Sidney Lumet and first-rate dramatic actors Henry Fonda as the American President and Walter Matthau as the advisor to the Pentagon, Professor Groeteschele. Kubrick decided to throw a legal wrench into Fail Safe's production gears. Lumet recalled in the documentary Inside the Making of Dr. Strangelove: "We started casting. Fonda was already set.... which of course meant a big commitment in terms of money. I was set, Walter was set.... And suddenly, this lawsuit arrived, filed by Stanley Kubrick and Columbia Pictures."


title: Science and technology in Nepal

text: Nepal was a late entrant into the modern world of science and technology. Nepal's first institution of higher education, Tri-Chandra College, was established by Chandra Shumsher in 1918. The college introduced science at the intermediate level a year later, marking the genesis of formal science education in the country. The college was not accessible to the general public but only to a handful of members of the Rana regime. Throughout the Rana regime that lasted for well over a century, Nepal was effectively isolated from the rest of the world. Owing to this isolation, Nepal was relatively untouched by and unfamiliar of social transformations brought about by the British invasion in India and the Industrial Revolution in the West. However, after the advent of democracy and abolition of Rana regime in 1951, Nepal ended its self-imposed isolation and opened up to the outside world. The opening marked the initiation of science and technology activities in the country, with Tribhuvan University, the first of its kind in the country, soon coming into being in 1959. By 1965, the university offered postgraduate programs in natural sciences, namely physics, chemistry, zoology, and botany.


title: Jácome Ratton

text: Jacques Ratton emigrated to Portugal soon after the birth of his son Jácome, who was brought up by his grandparents and educated in France, before joining his parents at the age of fourteen in Portugal – a pattern typical of the French mercantile community, which Jácome was to repeat with his own children. His Memoirs stress the importance of this – he is highly critical of the backwardness of the Portuguese mercantile classes, who he said hardly used double-entry bookkeeping and were generally unbusiness-like in their ways. In 1758, Jácome Ratton married Ana Isabel Clamous, daughter of the French Consul in Porto (again, a son would marry the daughter of another Consul), and in 1762, when France and Portugal were on opposite sides in the Seven Years' War, he was naturalised as Portuguese. However, the Introduction to the 1920 Coimbra edition of his memoirs mentions that, nearly fifty years later, his Portuguese has "irregularidades gramaticais". His father had moved to Lisbon and was in business, including a partnership with his brother-in-law in Oporto; after Jacome was established in business he retired to France. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, vividly described in the Memoirs, caused great losses for the business: 300,000 cruzados, according to the Memoirs.


title: Jácome Ratton

text: The French invasion of 1807 not only destroyed commerce but put the Franco-Portuguese community, of which Jacombe was the most prominent member, in a difficult position. It did not help that General Paul Thiébault, the chief-of-staff to Junot, the French commander, had billeted himself at Jacome's house, and they became friends. After they lost the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808, the French negotiated a withdrawal from Portugal with the British (to the fury of British public opinion). In June 1810 the Regency government in Lisbon persuaded the Prince-Regent in Rio de Janeiro to dismiss Jacome from the Junta after twenty-two years, and in September the same year he was arrested along with many "radicals" and exiled to the small island of Terceira in the Azores. He managed, perhaps through his Freemason connections, to convert this into exile in England, where he remained until ca. 1816, before moving to Paris, where he died. The King had invited him to return to Portugal, but though several of his children were there, he declined.