title: Otto Hahn

text: In 1924, Hahn was elected to full membership of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, by a vote of thirty white balls to two black. While still remaining the head of his own department, he became Deputy Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in 1924, and succeeded Alfred Stock as the director in 1928. Meitner became the director of the Physical Radioactivity Division, while Hahn headed the Chemical Radioactivity Division. In the early 1920s, he created a new line of research. Using the "emanation method", which he had recently developed, and the "emanation ability", he founded what became known as "applied radiochemistry" for the researching of general chemical and physical-chemical questions. In 1936 Cornell University Press published a book in English (and later in Russian) titled Applied Radiochemistry, which contained the lectures given by Hahn when he was a visiting professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1933. This important publication had a major influence on almost all nuclear chemists and physicists in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s.


title: Otto Hahn

text: The radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy said that beta decay causes isotopes to move one element up on the periodic table, and alpha decay causes them to move two down. When Fermi's group bombarded uranium atoms with neutrons, they found a complex mix of half lives. Fermi therefore concluded that the new elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (known as transuranium elements) had been created. Meitner and Hahn had not collaborated for many years, but Meitner was eager to investigate Fermi's results. Hahn, initially, was not, but he changed his mind when Aristid von Grosse suggested that what Fermi had found was an isotope of protactinium. "The only question", Hahn later wrote, "seemed to be whether Fermi had found isotopes of transuranian elements, or isotopes of the next-lower element, protactinium. At that time Lise Meitner and I decided to repeat Fermi's experiments in order to find out whether the 13-minute isotope was a protactinium isotope or not. It was a logical decision, having been the discoverers of protactinium."


title: Otto Hahn

text: Between 1934 and 1938, Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann found a great number of radioactive transmutation products, all of which they regarded as transuranic. At that time, the existence of actinides was not yet established, and uranium was wrongly believed to be a group 6 element similar to tungsten. It followed that first transuranic elements would be similar to group 7 to 10 elements, i.e. rhenium and platinoids. They established the presence of multiple isotopes of at least four such elements, and (mistakenly) identified them as elements with atomic numbers 93 through 96. They were the first scientists to measure the 23-minute half life of uranium-239 and to establish chemically that it was an isotope of uranium, but were unable to continue this work to its logical conclusion and identify the real element 93. They identified ten different half lives, with varying degrees of certainty. To account for them, Meitner had to hypothesise a new class of reaction and the alpha decay of uranium, neither of which had ever been reported before, and for which physical evidence was lacking. Hahn and Strassmann refined their chemical procedures, while Meitner devised new experiments to shine more light on the reaction processes.


title: Otto Hahn

text: In May 1937, they issued parallel reports, one in Zeitschrift für Physik with Meitner as the principal author, and one in Chemische Berichte with Hahn as the principal author. Hahn concluded his by stating emphatically: Vor allem steht ihre chemische Verschiedenheit von allen bisher bekannten Elementen außerhalb jeder Diskussion ("Above all, their chemical distinction from all previously known elements needs no further discussion"); Meitner was increasingly uncertain. She considered the possibility that the reactions were from different isotopes of uranium; three were known: uranium-238, uranium-235 and uranium-234. However, when she calculated the neutron cross section, it was too large to be anything other than the most abundant isotope, uranium-238. She concluded that it must be another case of the nuclear isomerism that Hahn had discovered in protactinium. She therefore ended her report on a very different note to Hahn, reporting that: "The process must be neutron capture by uranium-238, which leads to three isomeric nuclei of uranium-239. This result is very difficult to reconcile with current concepts of the nucleus."


title: Otto Hahn

text: In her reply, Meitner concurred. "At the moment, the interpretation of such a thoroughgoing breakup seems very difficult to me, but in nuclear physics we have experienced so many surprises, that one cannot unconditionally say: 'it is impossible'." On 22 December 1938, Hahn sent a manuscript to Naturwissenschaften reporting their radiochemical results, which were published on 6 January 1939. On 27 December, Hahn telephoned the editor of Naturwissenschaften and requested an addition to the article, speculating that some platinum group elements previously observed in irradiated uranium, which were originally interpreted as transuranium elements, could in fact be technetium (then called "masurium"), mistakenly believing that the atomic masses had to add up rather than the atomic numbers. By January 1939, he was sufficiently convinced of the formation of light elements that he published a new revision of the article, retracting former claims of observing transuranic elements and neighbours of uranium.


title: Otto Hahn

text: As a chemist, Hahn was reluctant to propose a revolutionary discovery in physics, but Meitner and Frisch worked out a theoretical interpretation of nuclear fission, a term appropriated by Frisch from biology. In January and February they published two articles discussing and experimentally confirming their theory. In their second publication on nuclear fission, Hahn and Strassmann used the term Uranspaltung (uranium fission) for the first time, and predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening up the possibility of a nuclear chain reaction. This was shown to be the case by Frédéric Joliot and his team in March 1939. Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson used the cyclotron at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory to bombard uranium with neutrons, and were able to identify an isotope with a 23-minute half life that was the daughter of uranium-239, and therefore the real element 93, which they named neptunium. "There goes a Nobel Prize", Hahn remarked.


title: Otto Hahn

text: On 24 April 1939, Paul Harteck and his assistant, Wilhelm Groth, had written to the Armed Forces High Command (OKW), alerting it to the possibility of the development of an atomic bomb. In response, the Army Weapons Branch (HWA) had established a physics section under nuclear physicist Kurt Diebner. After World War II broke out on 1 September 1939, the HWA moved to control the German nuclear weapons program. From then on, Hahn participated in a ceaseless series of meetings related to the project. After the Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, Peter Debye, left for the United States in 1940 and never returned, Diebner was installed as its director. Hahn reported to the HWA on the progress of his research. Together with his assistants, Hans-Joachim Born, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Götte, Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and Strassmann, he catalogued about one hundred fission product isotopes. They also investigated means of isotope separation; the chemistry of element 93; and methods for purifying uranium oxides and salts.


title: Otto Hahn

text: Life became precarious for those married to Jewish women. One was Philipp Hoernes, a chemist working for Auergesellschaft, the firm that mined the uranium ore used by the project. After the firm let him go in 1944, Hoernes faced being conscripted for forced labour. At the age of 60, it was doubtful that he would survive. Hahn and Nikolaus Riehl arranged for Hoernes to work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, claiming that his work was essential to the uranium project and that uranium was highly toxic, making it hard to find people to work with it. Hahn was aware that uranium ore was fairly safe in the laboratory, although not so much for the 2,000 female slave labourers from Sachsenhausen concentration camp who mined it in Oranienburg. Another physicist with a Jewish wife was Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg . Hahn certified that his work was important to the war effort, and that his wife Maria, who had a doctorate in physics, was required as his assistant. After he died on 19 September 1944, Maria faced being sent to a concentration camp. Hahn mounted a lobbying campaign to get her released, but to no avail, and she was sent to the Theresienstadt Ghetto in January 1945. She survived the war, and was reunited with her daughters in England after the war.


title: Otto Hahn

text: As they recovered from the shock of the announcement, they began to rationalise what had happened. Hahn noted that he was glad that they had not succeeded, and von Weizsäcker suggested that they should claim that they had not wanted to. They drafted a memorandum on the project, noting that fission was discovered by Hahn and Strassmann. The revelation that Nagasaki had been destroyed by a plutonium bomb came as another shock, as it meant that the Allies had not only been able to successfully conduct uranium enrichment, but had mastered nuclear reactor technology as well. The memorandum became the first draft of a postwar apologia. The idea that Germany had lost the war because its scientists were morally superior was as outrageous as it was unbelievable, but struck a chord in postwar German academia. It infuriated Goudsmit, whose parents had been murdered in Auschwitz. On 3 January 1946, exactly six months after they had arrived at Farm Hall, the group was allowed to return to Germany. Hahn, Heisenberg, von Laue and von Weizsäcker were brought to Göttingen, which was controlled by the British occupation authorities.


title: Otto Hahn

text: Allied Control Council Law No. 25 on the control of scientific research dated 29 April 1946 restricted German scientists to conducting basic research only, and on 11 July the Allied Control Council dissolved the KWS on the insistence of the Americans, who considered that it had been too close to the national socialist regime, and was a threat to world peace. However, the British, who had voted against the dissolution, were more sympathetic, and offered to let the Kaiser Wilhelm Society continue in the British Zone, on one condition: that the name be changed. Hahn and Heisenberg were distraught at this prospect. To them it was an international brand that represented political independence and scientific research of the highest order. Hahn noted that it had been suggested that the name be changed during the Weimar Republic, but the Social Democratic Party of Germany had been persuaded not to. To Hahn, the name represented the good old days of the German Empire, however authoritarian and undemocratic it was, before the hated Weimar Republic. Heisenberg asked Niels Bohr for support, but Bohr recommended that the name be changed. Lise Meitner wrote to Hahn, explaining that:


title: Otto Hahn

text: In September 1946, a new Max Planck Society was established at Bad Driburg in the British Zone. On 26 February 1948, after the US and British zones were fused into Bizonia, it was dissolved to make way for the Max Planck Society, with Hahn as the founding president. It took over the 29 institutes of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society that were located in the British and American zones. When the Federal Republic of Germany (or West-Germany) was formed in 1949, the five institutes located in the French zone joined them. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, now under Strassmann, built and renovated new accommodation in Mainz, but work proceeded slowly, and it did not relocate from Tailfingen until 1949. Hahn's insistence on retaining Ernst Telschow as the general secretary nearly caused a rebellion against his presidency. In his efforts to rebuild German science, Hahn was generous in issuing persilschein (whitewash certificates), writing one for Gottfried von Droste, who had joined the Sturmabteilung (SA) in 1933 and the NSDAP in 1937, and wore his SA uniform at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, and for Heinrich Hörlein and Fritz ter Meer from IG Farben. Hahn served as president of the Max Planck Society until 1960, and succeeded in regaining the renown that had once been enjoyed by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. New institutes were founded and old ones expanded, the budget rose from 12 million Deutsche Marks in 1949 to 47 million in 1960, and the workforce grew from 1,400 to nearly 3,000.


title: Intelligence Bureau of the Joint Staff Department

text: In 1996, Chinese Lieutenant Colonel Liu Chaoying, an executive at China Aerospace International Holdings princeling daughter of Admiral Liu Huaqing ("Father of the Chinese Navy", former Navy Commander-in-Chief, former Vice-Chairman of the CMC, and member of the Politburo Standing Committee) introduced Taiwanese-born naturalized American Johnny Chung to the then head of the PLA's 2nd Department Major General Ji Shengde, the princeling son of Ji Pengfei, China's foreign minister during U.S. President Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972. In violation of U.S. campaign finance laws, Ji provided Chung $300,000 USD of 2nd Department funds to donate to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in support of incumbent President Bill Clinton's 1996 election campaign and told him "We like your president very much. We would like to see him reelect . I will give you $300,000 US dollars. You can give it to the president and the Democrat Party." After providing testimony to the FBI and a House Committee, Chung was eventually convicted of bank fraud, tax evasion, and two misdemeanor counts of conspiring to violate election law in one of the more prominent cases of the 1996 campaign finance controversy. Both the Chinese government and Liu Chaoying flatly denied the accusations and faced no apparent consequences from the incident. Ji, however, was quietly reassigned from his role as director of the 2nd Department to a lower position at a military research center. Ji's exact role or whether he was authorized to spend the Department's money on Clinton's campaign were never clarified.


text: In February 1999, Chinese citizen Yao Yi, who was in the employ of the PLA's 2nd Department, was arrested by U.S. federal agents for attempting to smuggle back to China fiber-optic gyroscopes vital to missile guidance systems with his Chinese-Canadian associate Collin Xu. Though the U.S. had cut off transfers of fiber-optic gyroscopes to China in an effort to stem the nation's rapid missile developments, Yao Yi twice attempted in May 1998 to file to transfer the gyroscopes to China and was twice denied by the U.S. Department of State. Yi then allied with Collin Xu to request the desired gyroscopes from the Massachusetts defense contractor Fibersense Technology Corporation in Canton, MA. Aware of the current export controls on fiber-optic gyroscopes transfers to China, a federal complaint was filed leading the Customs Service in collaboration with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to set up a sting operation involving a dummy corporation from which Yi and Xu would later attempt to purchase the same gyroscopes, unaware that all but one purchased gyroscope was fake. Although Xu had been arrested two weeks later in Boston, Yi was arrested while attending a conference on fiber optics in San Diego claiming to be working on behalf of the Beijing firm Lions Photonics and that the gyroscopes were intended to be used by a Chinese university working on a railroad project. A federal official anonymously joked that using those fiber-optic gyroscopes with infrared sensors on a railroad project "would be like flying an F-14 to the grocery store." Yi's arrest occurred just hours after the Clinton administration had decided in a major decision to prevent Hughes Electronics from exporting a $450 million USD communications satellite to an organization with links to the People's Liberation Army fearing the technology would improve the accuracy of Chinese missiles. News of Yi's arrest took place while Secretary of State Madeleine Albright was visiting Beijing. Yi was escorted to a nearby federal court in San Diego where he agreed to be transferred to Boston for trial. Both Yao Yi and Collin Xu were sentenced to 30 months in prison and 36 months supervised release.


text: Also in 2007, an operative of the 2nd Department tricked a cleared American intelligence analyst into providing classified information on planned weapons sales to Taiwan. The Taiwanese-born naturalized American citizen Tai Shen Kuo who had been living as a furniture salesman in Louisiana for more than 30 years convinced Gregg W. Bergersen, a cleared weapons systems policy analyst and director of C4ISR programs at the United States' Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA), to share information on all planned sale of weapons and military technology to Taiwan for the next five years and details of Taiwan's Po Sheng communications and defense systems thinking he was providing the information to the Republic of China though Kuo forwarded all the information back to the 2nd Department. In a video shot by a concealed FBI camera within Bergersen's vehicle and published by CBS' 60 Minutes in 2010, Bergersen said to Kuo "I'm very, very, very reticent to let you have it because it's all classified, but I will let you see it. You can take all the notes you want, but if it ever fell into the wrong hands, and I know it's not going to, but if it ever, then I would be fired for sure. I'd go to jail, because I violated all the rules." In the same video, Kuo is shown placing around $2,000 USD in Bergersen's breast pocket. The FBI only learned of the case while investigating another instance of Chinese espionage. In 2008, Bergersen was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment and Kuo to 15 years.


title: Woodlawn Commercial Historic District

text: The Woodlawn Commercial Historic District is roughly L-shaped along 1st Avenue North, running northeast to southwest, and along perpendicular 55th Place. All buildings were constructed between 1908 and 1935. It was noted that the district contains "a wide range of building types associated with a small, early twentieth-century suburban community; such as a church and church-related school (inventory #2, 1), a city hall (inventory #12), a fraternal lodge (inventory #3), and a variety of small commercial and professional buildings (inv. #9-11,13-18). Most all of the buildings located within the district are constructed in brick. One building has been covered in smooth stucco (inventory #11). Stone and terra cotta is used throughout the district as decorative elements (inventory #2, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18). Many of the buildings are highlighted by decorative brick corbelled cornices (inventory #3, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17). The buildings within the district range in height from one, two, and three stories. All of the commercial buildings have flat or parapet roofs. Because of the urban location of the district, all of the buildings are situated close to the street and are either attached to one another or are separated only by an alley." It includes Beaux Arts, Gothic Revival, and Commercial Style architecture.


title: Vi Senior Living

text: In 2014, six residents at Vi's Palo Alto community filed a class action lawsuit against Vi, alleging refundable entrance fees were improperly being transferred out of state to its parent company without establishing a reserve fund as required by state law. In February 2019, the case was dismissed by a US District Court judge, who ruled that the plaintiffs (Vi residents) "lack standing in their civil claim" because they did not show that harm was done or was imminent. The residents appealed; and the California Continuing Care Residents Association together with the California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform filed a joint amicus brief in support of their appeal. The Appeals Court, in April 2020, found that "the statutory violation of failing to maintain a refund reserve harms Residents by putting them in the distressing position of choosing between vacating the Vi and potentially risking non-repayment, or continuing to live at the Vi in a state of perceived financial insecurity." Subsequently, a proposed class action settlement was reached at the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, which will hold its final hearing in September 2022.


title: Rob Anderson

text: Anderson started his personal TikTok account, @Heartthrobert, in late 2019 while living in New York City. He also posted TikTok videos for the food review company The Infatuation, one of which, about granola bars "going everywhere", was posted in 2020 and became popular. His parody of Charlotte Awbery singing the song "Shallow" from the movie musical A Star Is Born went viral and he was soon signed to United Talent Agency. He was nominated for the award for Favorite TikToker at the 2021 Queerties. He started doing stand-up comedy in May 2022. By June 2022, he had over two million followers on TikTok. That same month, he narrated an advertisement for Postmates's "bottom menu" for Pride Month. He released his debut single, "Nothing for You", a comedy song about sexual submission, in September 2022. He went on a national comedy tour, the Heartthrob Live tour, throughout 2022. Also in 2022, he released his second single, "Is Your Boyfriend Single?", and published the satirical picture book The Fergamerican National Anthem, about Fergie's performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 2018 NBA All-Star Game. He was also nominated for the award for Best Comic at the 2023 Queerties.


title: Google Dashboard

text: The main purpose of Google Dashboard is to provide a central place for people to see what data has been collected about them. Google Dashboard also provides users with a way to manage their account for each service they use. Links are located next to each service, meaning that if a user wanted to manage their Gmail account, a direct link to their account management page will be located in their Google Dashboard. Using that link will enable users to manage their privacy settings or sharing options on the video site. Google Dashboard enables users to gain access to the company's most often used services, such as Google+, Google search, Google Maps, YouTube and many more. These items are all supported by Dashboard and as the user scroll through them, Dashboard displays all the account settings for each service and any recent activity. For example, Dashboard will show appointments on the Google Calendar, messages in the Gmail inbox, recently shared or viewed documents from Google Docs, and status in Google Chat, among other updates.


title: 1951 Maryland Terrapins football team

text: The game started with both teams exchanging several punts in the first quarter. Maryland gained good field position after Lauricella kicked a short punt. Running backs Ed Modzelewski and Ed Fullerton then led an 11-play, 56-yard rushing drive for a touchdown. On the kickoff, Bob Ward hit Lauricella and forced a fumble that Maryland recovered on Tennessee's 13-yard line. After four plays, Jack Scarbath pitched to Fullerton who then threw a six-yard forward pass to Bob Shemonski in the end zone and expanded the Maryland lead to 14–0. Scarbath then engineered a 48-yard drive and ran it in himself for the Terrapins' third touchdown within seven minutes. Late in the second quarter, Tennessee back Bert Rechichar caught a four-yard pass for a touchdown, but the extra point was no good. At the end of the first half, Maryland had stunned Tennessee by gaining a 21–6 lead. In the third quarter, Fullerton intercepted a pass and returned it 46 yards for a touchdown. In the final minutes, Tennessee's goal-line quarterback Herky Payne ran it in from the one-yard line. Maryland won the game with a final result of 28–13.


title: Garda Emergency Response Unit

text: The Special Task Force (STF) was formed on 15 December 1977 following an agreement on international terrorism at the European Council meeting in Brussels, Belgium in July 1976 on responding to terrorism. Garda officers had earlier conducted a study tour of the special units of the German Federal Police GSG 9 and Belgian Gendarmerie Speciaal Interventie Eskadron (SIE). The Special Task Force was based out of Harcourt Street, Dublin (where it is still headquartered today), under the umbrella of the Garda Special Branch (now Special Detective Unit). Many of the unit's first challenges were in combating the increasing threat of the Provisional IRA paramilitary group during The Troubles. On 17 March 1984, Special Task Force detectives captured Dominic McGlinchey, then considered leader of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), at a house in Newmarket-on-Fergus, County Clare following a gun battle in which an officer was seriously injured. In 1984, STF members underwent training with the Army Ranger Wing (ARW) forming the Anti-Terrorist Unit. The Anti-Terrorist Unit was renamed to the Emergency Response Unit (ERU) in 1987 to better reflect its role.


title: Garda Emergency Response Unit

text: Training is carried out at the Garda Tactical Training Unit, established in 1983 under the authority of the Garda Síochána College in Templemore, County Tipperary. The Army Ranger Wing "Tactical Town" or "Tac Town" in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also routinely used by the ERU, and operators receive further specialised training at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy in Quantico, Virginia in the United States. An officer's journey into the ranks of the ERU begins with a notorious two-week initiation dubbed "hell week", where candidates are both physically and mentally assessed. Examinations include tasks to be completed within a set amount of time both on land and in water. Failure during the recruitment process is extremely high (95%), but those who complete the tests successfully are then put through a number of more specific, rigorous exercises, where their suitability for the unit is determined. Aspiring ERU officers must have at least 4 years experience as a uniformed Garda with an unblemished disciplinary record before attempting to join the unit. The unit is admittedly male-dominated, but there are understood to be a number of women who have worked and work in the ERU.


title: Garda Emergency Response Unit

text: In order for the Emergency Response Unit to be deployed in the Dublin Metropolitan Region (DMR), a request must be made by the Divisional Officer to either the Detective Chief Superintendent of the Special Detective Unit, or the Assistant Commissioner in charge of the Crime & Security Branch. For operations in the other five Garda regions (Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern and Western), the Divisional Officer would make the request to the appropriate Assistant Commissioner of that region. Outside of Dublin, the relevant Regional Support Unit (RSU) is usually deployed first, and may then request support from the ERU. The ERU aims to respond to any incident within the mainland of Ireland within 60 minutes of being dispatched, and within 2 hours outside of this (islands, watercraft, oil platforms, at sea, etc.), this may be achieved through the use of vehicles, watercraft or aircraft. The ERU may assume responsibility from the Irish Prison Service in the event they are not able to bring under control prison riots and may also be deployed to assist with escorting dangerous prisoners.


title: Natufian culture

text: Natufian culture (/nəˈtuːfiən/) is a Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Neolithic prehistoric Levant in Western Asia, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago. The culture was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. Natufian communities may be the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world. Some evidence suggests deliberate cultivation of cereals, specifically rye, by the Natufian culture at Tell Abu Hureyra, the site of earliest evidence of agriculture in the world. The world's oldest known evidence of the production of bread-like foodstuff has been found at Shubayqa 1, a 14,400-year-old site in Jordan's northeastern desert, 4,000 years before the emergence of agriculture in Southwest Asia. In addition, the oldest known evidence of possible beer-brewing, dating to approximately 13,000 BP, was found in Raqefet Cave on Mount Carmel, although the beer-related residues may simply be a result of a spontaneous fermentation.


title: Natufian culture

text: Settlements occur mostly in Israel and Palestine. This could be deemed the core zone of the Natufian culture, but Israel is a place that has been excavated more frequently than other places hence the greater number of sites. During the years more sites have been found outside the core zone of Israel and Palestine stretching into what now is Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, the Sinai Peninsula and the Negev desert. The settlements in the Natufian culture were larger and more permanent than in preceding ones. Some Natufian sites had stone built architecture; Ain Mallaha is an example of round stone structures. Cave sites are also seen frequently during the Natufian culture. El Wad is a Natufian cave site with occupation in the front part of the cave also called the terrace. Some Natufian sites were located in forest/steppe areas and others near inland mountains. The Natufian settlements appear to be the first to exhibit evidence of food storage; not all Natufian sites have storage facilities, but they have been identified at certain sites. Natufians are also suggested to have visited Cyprus, requiring travel over significant distances of water.


title: Natufian culture

text: Contact between Natufians and other Neolithic Levantines, Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG), Anatolian and Iranian farmers is believed to have decreased genetic variability among later populations in the Middle East. Migrations from the Near-East also occurred towards Africa, and the West Eurasian-like ancestry among populations in the Horn of Africa being best represented by the Levant Neolithic, and may be associated with the spread of Afroasiatic languages. Lazaridis et al. did not find a greater genetic affinity between Natufians and sub-Saharan Africans than that existing between sub-Saharan Africans and other ancient populations of Western Eurasia, and also stated that the ancestry of a primitive population from North Africa could not be tested because modern North Africans are largely descended from late migrant populations from Eurasia. However, Daniel Shriner , using modern populations as a reference, found 28% autosomal African ancestry in Natufian samples, with 21.2% related to North Africa and 6.8% related to Omotic-speaking populations in southern Ethiopia, which reveals a plausible source for haplogroup E in Natufians; still according to Shriner, the Natufian samples had 61.2% ancestry related to Arabs and 10.8% ancestry related to West Asians.


title: Ruby-throated hummingbird

text: A variety of animals prey on hummingbirds given the opportunity. Due to their small size, hummingbirds are vulnerable even to passerine birds and other animals which generally feed on insects. On the other hand, only very swift predators can capture them and a free-flying adult hummingbird is too nimble for most predators. Chief among their predators are the smaller, swifter raptors like sharp-shinned hawks, merlins, American kestrels and Mississippi kites as well as domestic cats, loggerhead shrikes and even greater roadrunners, all of which are likely to ambush the hummingbird while it sits or sleeps on a perch or are distracted by breeding or foraging activities. Predatory lizards and bird-eating snakes may also prey on the species, especially on its tropical wintering grounds. Even large, predatory invertebrates have preyed on ruby-throated hummingbirds, including praying mantises (which have been seen to ambush adult hummingbirds at hummingbird feeders on more than one occasion), orb-weaver spiders, and green Darners. Blue jays are common predators of nests, as are several other corvids in addition to some icterids, bats, squirrels and chipmunks.


title: John Nathan Cobb

text: Cobb sought to improve his position, as he continually did, and in November 1913 the commercial fishing trade magazine Pacific Fisherman, based in Seattle, hired him, although at a significantly lower salary than that paid by the Union Fish Company. In his letter of acceptance, Cobb agreed to move to Seattle about 15 November 1913 and to accept a salary of $40 a week "for the present." His salary at the Union Fish Company was $200 a month. This monthly publication was the preeminent voice for the fishing industry of the west coast. He was hired as the editor of the journal and his particular experience in fisheries for the Bureau of Fisheries and the Union Fish Company brought rare skills to the magazine. The owner of the periodical, Leigh Miller Freeman , became a power in the commercial fisheries industry and in fisheries conservation efforts. The Pacific Fisherman was a large format magazine devoted to all aspects of the fishing industry on the west coast. It paid particular attention to fishing developments in Alaska, and Cobb's experience in that territory was likely valuable to the magazine.


title: John Nathan Cobb

text: In Seattle in 1914, Cobb also helped found the Pacific Fisheries Society. Patterned after the American Fisheries Society, the new organization was directed toward the interests of fisheries workers, mainly scientific but also for members of the commercial industry of the U.S. west coast. Active membership in this new organization enabled Cobb to meet and to socialize with the leading men in both the scientific and commercial aspects of the Pacific coast fisheries. He longed, however, for a return to the Bureau of Fisheries. But a position with the latter agency was not forthcoming, so in 1917 he joined the Alaska Packers Association (APA) of San Francisco, California, at a salary nearly twice what he was receiving from the Pacific Fisherman. The Association was the largest and most influential commercial fishing enterprise in Alaska. At that time the APA operated the most fishing boats, employed the most workers, and canned the most salmon of any Alaska cannery. His move to the APA seemed part of his continuous desire to improve his status, economic and otherwise.


title: John Nathan Cobb

text: During the salmon fishing season in Alaska in the summers of 1917 and 1918, Cobb traveled north to visit the various APA concerns. His work involved inspecting the working and sanitary conditions in the canneries. Because of his previous work in Alaska with the Bureau of Fisheries, Cobb was familiar with most of the APA packing operations there. He was apparently satisfied with his work with the APA, but he again sought another position of advancement. Cobb's experience in the fisheries of Alaska, his former position at the Pacific Fisherman, and his involvement with the Pacific Fisheries Society placed him at the forefront of a burgeoning movement to establish a "school of fisheries" at the University of Washington. He was not an unwitting observer of this movement. Indeed, he kept his name always fresh to the University administration and the result was that Cobb resigned from the APA in January 1919 to accept the founding directorship of the College of Fisheries at the University of Washington. This new position would serve him well and allow him to use his diverse talents in the fisheries field.


title: John Nathan Cobb

text: At the University of Washington, planning for a school of fisheries continued at a more rapid pace. In October 1918, UW President Henry Suzzallo wrote Cobb that through Miller Freeman he had heard that Cobb "might like to participate in the organization of such a school as a member of this faculty." Suzzallo was most concerned about the salary Cobb would require, noting that "Until this year our maximum salary has been $3,000." Cobb responded to Suzzallo on December 26, 1918, with his application for the position of director, and he noted that he had merely a common school education. He listed some 35 publications on fisheries topics in his application. Suzzallo answered Cobb on January 4, 1919, appointing him Professor of Fisheries, administrative head of the Department of Fisheries, and Director of the College of Fisheries, at a salary of $4,000 per year. Cobb's initial appointment was for a four-year period. Two weeks later, on 17 January 1919, Suzzallo recommended to the Board of Regents that a College of Fisheries be established at the University of Washington. The Board agreed and the establishment of the College was authorized. This event was duly reported in the Pacific Fisherman.


title: Hellenic State (1941–1944)

text: After the fall of Greece, the puppet government of General Georgios Tsolakoglou was appointed Prime minister of the new Greek government on April 30, 1941. His main qualification for the position was that he surrendered to the Wehrmacht the week before 20 April 1941, against the express orders of his commanding officer Alexandros Papagos. As King George II with the legitimate Greek government-in-exile were stationed in Crete, the new regime avoided all reference to the Greek monarchy and used Hellenic State as the country's official, generic, name. The collaborationist regime lacked a precise political definition, although Tsolakoglou, a republican officer, considered the Axis occupation as an opportunity to abolish the monarchy, and announced its end upon taking office. The existence of a native Greek government was considered necessary by the Axis powers, in order to give some appearance of legitimacy to their occupation, although it was never given more than an ancillary role. The country's infrastructure had been ruined by the war. Raw materials and foodstuffs were requisitioned, and the government was forced to pay the cost of the occupation, giving rise to inflation, further exacerbated by a "war loan" Greece was forced to grant to Nazi Germany. Requisitions, together with the Allied blockade of Greece, resulted in the Great Famine (Greek: Μεγάλος Λιμός) during the winter of 1941–42, which caused the deaths of an estimated 300,000 people.


title: Hellenic State (1941–1944)

text: The Hellenic State lacked the infrastructure and latitude for action to face the great difficulties of the Occupation period; it was also devoid of any political legitimacy, and was widely considered a puppet government. Tsolakoglou demanded greater political rights for his government, and soon threatened to resign. The proclamation of a mandatory work service in Germany for Greek citizens proved widely unpopular and hastened the fall of Tsolakoglou; on 17 November 1942, he was sacked and replaced by his deputy, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos. The new government announced that 80,000 Greek citizens were to be sent to Germany. This led to widespread demonstrations and strikes, and the decision was eventually revoked. Logothetopoulos, who had protested against the measures taken by the Axis occupation authorities, was himself sacked on 6 April 1943. Against the wishes of the Italians, who favored Finance Minister Sotirios Gotzamanis, he was replaced by Ioannis Rallis, a monarchist politician. Rallis, who was looking beyond the German withdrawal from Greece to the restoration of the post-war political order, and who was alarmed by the growth of the mostly Communist-dominated Greek resistance, obtained German consent for the creation of the Security Battalions, armed formations that were used in anti-partisan offensives.


title: List of Iron Man: Armored Adventures episodes

text: Rhodey becomes concerned over Tony's plans to increasingly weaponize the Iron Man armor using reverse engineered captured tech. Obadiah Stane offers to bail out Anton Harkov and Project Pegasus in return for the Crimson Dynamo armor which is upgraded to capture Iron Man, resulting in a pitched battle in the middle of the city that leaves Stane furious at the reckless endangerment of innocent lives. Having lost the battle and fallen unconscious, Tony is brought to Project Pegasus. Harkov and Stane then begin to analyze the Iron Man armor. With the help of Rhodey and Pepper, Tony manages to escape, only to return in the Dynamo Buster armor (which resembles the Hulkbuster Armor). He then uses a virus called 'Technovore' to destroy Pegasus' advanced AI Delphi, both to defeat the Dynamo and prevent Stane from acquiring detailed technical data on Iron Man. Tony is excited that he finally defeat one of his enemies, saying that what they need to win is better tech, weapons, and to stay ahead. Rhodey, on the other hand, reminds Tony that there is a line between good and evil, and that he just came close to crossing it. Though successful, there is an unexpected consequence, back at Project Pegasus having consumed all available data, the Technovore is close to burning itself out just as Tony planned. When Obadiah Stane is informed by his secretary that Anton Harkov is on the other line, Obadiah has her tell Anton Harkov that the offer is rescinded. But unknown to Tony one of Pegasus' projects were computer-controlled nano-mites. Using the connection Technovore takes control of the Nano-mites abandoning the computer, it forms a body and says one word "Consume".


text: The Technovore virus that Tony unleashed against Project Pegasus didn't burn out as intended. It has acquired the nanotechnology and is running loose in the Project Pegasus complex, assimilating any technology it can gets its hands on. It has taken on the shape of a robot, which bears resemblance to Spider-Man villain, Carnage. Meanwhile, Nick Fury sends some S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents to bring Tony to repair the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier's engines. It is also revealed that the Living Laser is dying and that S.H.I.E.L.D. intends to let him waste away as he was a villain. Rhodey goes to the Pegasus facility to check out a disturbance only to run into Technovore, when it gets a hold of Rhody's earpiece, it calls Tony so it can absorb the Iron Man armor. After the Pegasus scientist who was hiding in the building fled, Tony arrives. After exhausting every option, Tony activates the armor's self-destruct sequence, and abandoned the armor and ran for it. The explosion destroys both Technovore and the facility. Meanwhile somewhere in Russia, Anton Harkov leaves a plane. But unknown to him, a microscopic cell of Technovore's nanomite body still remains inside the fabric of his coat.


title: Taylor v. Taintor

text: In 1866, sureties made an $8,000 cash bond for Edward McGuire in Connecticut, after he was charged with grand larceny. While awaiting trial in Connecticut, McGuire returned to his home in New York. Unknown to the bondsmen in Connecticut, McGuire was wanted in Maine for another felony. Upon request from the Governor of Maine later in 1866, the Governor of New York extradited McGuire to Maine, where he was convicted of burglary in 1867 and imprisoned for fifteen years. When McGuire failed to appear for trial in Connecticut in October 1866, the cash bond was forfeited. The Connecticut bondsmen sought relief from the forfeiture on grounds that they were not at fault in failing to secure McGuire's appearance, but rather that his nonappearance was the result of his extradition to Maine—an intervening "act of law" under the Extradition Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme Court, by a vote of 4 to 3 (two justices recused themselves) held that the sureties were at fault and were not protected by the Extradition Clause. The sureties' "supineness and neglect" in failing to keep up with McGuire and to inform the New York authorities of the pending Connecticut case caused McGuire's nonappearance.


title: Taylor v. Taintor

text: When bail is given, the principal is regarded as delivered to the custody of his sureties. Their dominion is a continuance of the original imprisonment. Whenever they choose to do so, they may seize him and deliver him up in their discharge; and if that cannot be done at once, they may imprison him until it can be done. They may exercise their rights in person or by agent. They may pursue him into another State; may arrest him on the Sabbath; and if necessary, may break and enter his house for that purpose. The seizure is not made by virtue of new process. None is needed. It is likened to the rearrest by the sheriff of an escaping prisoner. In 6 Modern it is said: "The bail have their principal on a string, and may pull the string whenever they please, and render him in their discharge." The rights of the bail in civil and criminal cases are the same. They may doubtless permit him to go beyond the limits of the State within which he is to answer, but it is unwise and imprudent to do so; and if any evil ensue, they must bear the burden of the consequences, and cannot cast them upon the obligee.


title: Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)

text: Music critic Dave Marsh suggests that "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)" may have been lost to history had the Beatles not heard it and recorded a cover version of it. He writes that the song was mostly forgotten until a bootleg of the Beatles' recording emerged in the late 1970s. Marsh describes Alexander's version of the song as having an "off-center Latin rhythm" and his vocals as having a country and western music sound. Marsh rates it as one of the top 1,001 singles of all time, praising its "inexorable rhythmic flow" and the way the lyrics and music combine to create a "metaphor in which strife among lovers becomes a cry for universal peace." Allmusic critic Richie Unterberger suggests that the mixing of love and martial metaphors is almost overdone, although the song manages to avoid sounding gimmicky. Unterberger attributes this to the song's "fine sad" minor key melody, the "dignity" of Alexander's vocal, the exchanges between Alexander and the backup singers and the "restrained" string instruments.


title: Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)

text: As early as 1962, The Beatles had been playing live versions of the songs on both sides of Alexander's single, with "Where Have You Been (All My Life)" being unofficially recorded at the Star-Club in December that year. They recorded a cover of "Soldier of Love" on July 2, 1963, the day after recording the "She Loves You"/"I'll Get You" single. Unterberger rates the Beatles' performance of the song as "fabulous," calling it probably "the greatest gem" on Live at the BBC. Unterberger enumerates a number of ways in which the Beatles' recording differs from the original, such as the Beatles playing the main riff on guitar, while on Alexander's recording the riff was played on piano. The Beatles also add vocal harmonies, which Unterberger describes as "excellent," and eliminate Alexander's "somber" violins. Unterberger states that the cumulative effect of the differences is to make the Beatles' version "exuberant," compared to Alexander's sad version, claiming that it sounds "as if the Beatles expected to win over the woman as a matter of course, whereas there was a sense of desperate last-hope begging in Alexander's vocal." Critic Robert Christgau calls it one of the Beatles greatest covers. Rolling Stone critic Anthony DeCurtis uses John Lennon's "crooning" on the song as an example of why Lennon was a great rock 'n' roll singer. Author Ian MacDonald describes it as an "ideal vehicle for Lennon," who sings the lead vocal. MacDonald also suggests that three songs from the Beatles 1963 album With the Beatles—"Not a Second Time", "It Won't Be Long" and "All I've Got to Do"—were influenced by "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms)."


title: Netherlands–United Kingdom relations

text: The treaty returned the colonial possessions of the Dutch as they were at 1 January 1803 before the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars, in the Americas, Africa, and Asia with the exceptions of the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, where the Dutch retained trading rights. In addition, the British ceded to the Dutch Bangka Island in the Indonesian Archipelago in exchange for the settlement of Kochi and its dependencies on the coast of Malabar, in India. The Dutch also ceded the district of Barnagore, situated close to Calcutta, in exchange for an annual fee. The treaty noted a declaration of 15 June 1814, by the Dutch that ships for the slave trade were no longer permitted in British ports and it agreed that this restriction would be extended to a ban on involvement in the slave trade by Dutch citizens. Britain also agreed to pay £1,000,000 to Sweden to resolve a claim to the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe (see Guadeloupe Fund). The British and the Dutch agreed to spend £2,000,000 each on improving the defences of the Low Countries. More funds, of up to £3,000,000, are mentioned for the "final and satisfactory settlement of the Low Countries in union with Holland." Disputes arising from this treaty were the subject of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.


title: Christopher Smitherman

text: Smitherman was elected to Cincinnati City Council on November 4, 2003, as a member of the Charter Committee. Smitherman ran on a platform of fiscal responsibility, racial reconciliation, improved community-police relations, and improved transportation and employment opportunities. During his first term on council, Smitherman served as the vice-chair of the Arts & Culture Committee. He also served on the Law and Public Safety Committee, Neighborhood and Public Services Committee, the Community Development Committee, and the Education & Intergovernmental Affairs Committee. During his term, Smitherman focused on neighborhood improvements including authoring a motion to allow part of drug-related dollars seized by police to be returned to the affected community. He introduced motions to pioneer regional economic cooperation via Joint Economic Development Districts (JEDD) and Cooperative Economic Development Agreements (CEDA). Smitherman worked to firm up the city's working capital fund and also played a leading role in ending Fire Department brownouts. Smitherman did not win reelection in 2005.


title: List of films banned in Chile

text: In 1974, under General Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship , a decree was issued that allowed the banning of films in Chile. Over the years, 1,092 films were banned. The Chilean film censorship system remained largely unchanged until November 1996 when United International Pictures requested a rating for The Last Temptation of Christ, which was ultimately approved for audiences over 18. However, an ultra-conservative religious group filed an injunction to reverse the decision, and in June 1997, the Supreme Court banned the film. In September 1997, a civil liberties group took the case to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which ruled in February 2001 that Chile was in violation of the American Convention on Human Rights and should lift the ban on the film and modify its legislation to comply with the convention. In August 2001, a constitutional reform eliminated film censorship, and the film appeared in video stores. In January 2003, a new film rating law was published, and the film was given an "over 18" rating. It finally premiered on March 13, 2003, at a theater in Santiago.


title: Echinophryne mitchellii

text: Echinophryne mitchellii has a short, moderately compressed, deep body with a short caudal peduncle and a large head. The eyes are small and the upturned mouth is large, filled with many small recurved teeth. The small gill opening is to the rear and below the base of the pectoral fin. There are no scales and the body has a dense covering of bifurcate spinules, the length of the spines on each spinule is three to four times distance between the points of the spines. There is a ring around the eye made up of spinules in tight clusters. There are three dorsal spines, the first is the illicium and this is located on the tip of the snout and does not have an obvious lure, or esca, being tipped with a cluster of spinules and sometime cutaneous appendages. The second dorsal spine is almost the same length as the illicium, is positioned above the eye, is not connected to the skin on the head by a membrane and is also tipped with clusters of spinules and cutaneous appendages. The small third spine is connected to the skin on the nape by a membrane. The dorsal fin is supported by 13 or 14 soft rays while the anal fin 8 or 9 soft rays, these fins do not reach the caudal peduncle. The pectoral fins are arm-like and the caudal fin is rounded. The overall colour is beige, light pinkish-brown, yellow to yellowish-brown, the upper part of the head and body is typically slightly darker than the lower head and body. There are irregular, dark-brown to black mottles, particularly on the face and upper surface of the head. The face, the upper surface of thehead, including the dorsal spines and dorsal fin greyish may be greyish. This species has a maximum published standard length of 11.1 cm (4.4 in).


title: Typhoon Dujuan (2003)

text: Typhoon Dujuan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Onyok, was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the Pearl River delta since Typhoon Hope in 1979. The 13th storm and 7th typhoon of the 2003 Pacific typhoon season, Dujuan developed on August 27 to the east of Taiwan. It initially moved to the northwest, slowly intensifying into a tropical storm while drawing moisture and rainfall over the Philippines. On the island of Luzon, one person was killed and areas were flooded. Dujuan quickly intensified after turning and moving quicker to the west-northwest, developing an eye. It reached peak winds of 150 km/h (93 mph) on September 1, and shortly thereafter passed just south of Taiwan. There, Dujuan left 590,000 people without power, killed three, and caused NT$200 million (NWD, $115 million USD) in crop damage. While moving through the South China Sea, the typhoon developed concentric eyewalls. Dujuan weakened to severe tropical storm status before making landfall on September 2 in southern China, just east of Hong Kong near Shenzhen, Guangdong. The storm dissipated the next day after causing 40 deaths and ¥2.3 billion (CNY, US$277 million) in damage. Most of the deaths were in Shenzhen where the storm moved ashore, and the city experienced a near-total power outage.


title: Typhoon Dujuan (2003)

text: Shortly after it was named, Dujuan quickly intensified after an upper-level low to the northwest improved outflow to the north. On August 30, the ridge to the north built eastward, causing the storm to slow and turn more to the northwest. That day, an eye developed in center, and the JMA upgraded Dujuan to typhoon status. Subsequently, the typhoon accelerated to the west-northwest and later to the west. On September 1, the JMA estimated Dujuan attained peak 10–minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph). Around the same time, the JTWC assessed peak 1–minute winds of 230 km/h (140 mph), making it the equivalent of a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. While near peak intensity, the center of Dujuan passed about 45 km (28 mi) south of the southern tip of Taiwan. While moving westward through the South China Sea, the typhoon weakened slightly after its peak intensity due to an eyewall replacement cycle. Radar from the Hong Kong Observatory indicated an inner eye about 20 km (12 mi) in diameter, and an outer eye about 100 km (62 mi) in diameter. At around 1200 UTC on September 2, Dujuan made landfall just east of Hong Kong, near Shenzhen. The JMA estimated the typhoon had weakened into a severe tropical storm by the time of landfall, while the JTWC estimated winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). It was considered the strongest typhoon to strike the Pearl River Delta since Typhoon Hope in 1979. Dujuan rapidly weakened while continuing westward through China, dissipating on September 3 over Guangxi.


title: Typhoon Dujuan (2003)

text: On August 31, officials in Taiwan issued a sea warning, advising for boats to avoid the Bashi Channel. Schools in southern Taiwan were closed, and transport was disrupted. The Ministry of National Defense canceled a military exercise due to the storm. In Taiwan, the typhoon dropped heavy rainfall that reached 628 mm (24.7 in) in Pingtung County, and several other locations reported over 200 mm (7.9 in). Sustained winds reached 176 km/h (109 mph) on Orchid Island offshore southeastern Taiwan, where gale-force winds were recorded for 13 hours and gusts reached 271 km/h (168 mph). The typhoon was so strong that it destroyed the anemometer there. On the island of Taiwan, winds peaked at 87 km/h (54 mph) at Dongshi, while gusts peaked at 184 km/h (114 mph) in a mountainous region of Nantou County. The typhoon left about 590,000 people without power at some point on the island. Transport was disrupted, and there was about NT$200 million (TWD, US$115 million). Dujuan killed three people and injured eight in southern Taiwan; one was a drowning in the Penghu islands, and another occurred when a man was blown out of his window in Taipei.


title: Typhoon Dujuan (2003)

text: Before Dujuan made its final landfall, the Hong Kong Observatory initially issued a standby warning signal, and eventually raised it to a number 9 signal, the second-highest out of 10, for the first time since Typhoon York in 1999. The threat of the storm caused 360 flights to be canceled or delayed at Hong Kong International Airport, and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange was closed. Officials opened 27 shelters for residents, housing over 120 people. Winds in the territory briefly reached typhoon status, or 120 km/h (75 mph), at Lau Fau Shan. Rainfall reached over 90 mm (3.5 in) on Lantau Island. Dujuan caused minor flooding and two small landslides In Hong Kong, the typhoon knocked down 85 trees and caused a power outage affecting 300 people in Yuen Long. Dujuan injured 24 people in the territory, and four fishermen were missing and presumed drowned after their boat sank. Despite the close passage, damage was minor in Hong Kong. During the height of the storm, three people stole $1.3 million (USD) worth of jewelry, watches, and clothing from a store.


title: Typhoon Dujuan (2003)

text: On the Chinese mainland, Dujuan produced 183 mm (7.2 in) of rainfall in Puning in Guangdong, of which 131 mm (5.2 in) fell in 24 hours. In Fujian province, winds reached 144 km/h (89 mph) in Quanzhou, and in Guangdong, winds peaked at 179 km/h (111 mph) in Shenzhen. In Shenzhen near where Dujuan made landfall, 90% of residents lost power, after strong winds knocked down power lines, although it was quickly restored. Also in the city, 20 people were killed, 16 of whom due to the collapse of a half-finished building that they were constructing. Officials had opened 272 emergency shelters before the storm's arrival, housing 4,950 people. In Huizhou, nine people were killed, and another three people died in Shanwei from the storm. Across Guangdong, the typhoon damaged roads, water and power systems, and telecommunication networks. About 139,000 ha (340,000 acres) of crops were damaged in the province, and 54,000 homes were destroyed. In Macau, 30 flights were delayed at Macau International Airport, and two bridges were closed. In Fuzhou in Fujian province, the storm knocked down 500 trees. Overall damage in China was estimated at ¥2.3 billion (CNY, US$277 million), and across Guangdong, the typhoon injured about 1,000 people and killed 40 people.


title: List of HNK Hajduk Split seasons

text: After World War II, Hajduk soon established themselves as one of the so-called "Big Four" of Yugoslav football (along with Dinamo Zagreb, Partizan and Red Star), a quartet of teams who dominated in SFR Yugoslavia, by winning three league titles in first ten years. The following fifteen years were less successful and the only trophy that Hajduk won was their first Yugoslav Cup title in 1967. The final was played at their home stadium Stari plac; it was the only single legged final played outside Belgrade in the history of the cup. The club's most successful period was between 1970 and 1980, during which they won three league titles and five consecutive Yugoslav Cups, all of them but one cup under the guidance of manager Tomislav Ivić. The club also had successful campaigns in the European Cup during this period, reaching the quarter-finals twice, their best result in the club's history. They also reached the semi-finals of the 1972–73 European Cup Winners' Cup, being eliminated by Leeds United. Hajduk were never relegated from top level until leaving the league in 1991 following Croatia's independence. During the Yugoslav era Hajduk won seven league titles and nine Yugoslav Cups. In the Yugoslav era four Hajduk players were top league scorers on five occasions: Frane Matošić in 1949 (who is the best goalscorer in the history of the club), Bernard Vukas in 1955, Petar Nadoveza in 1966 and 1971, and Zlatko Vujović in 1985.


title: George Bain Cummings

text: George Bain Cummings was born February 11, 1890, in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, to John Wyman Cummings and Harriet (Boyce) Cummings. He was raised in Brooklyn, where he attended the public schools, graduating from Boys High School in 1907. He was educated at Cornell University, graduating in 1912. He worked for Carrère & Hastings in New York City until the United States entered World War I, when he enlisted in the United States Army Air Service. He spent the war in France, and was discharged in 1919. After his return to New York City he worked for Trowbridge & Ackerman before moving to Binghamton in 1920, where he joined the firm of Lacey & Schenck, which was renamed Lacey, Schenck & Cummings. In 1921 the partnership was dissolved, and Cummings succeeded to the practice. In 1923 he formed a new partnership with Fred Leonard Starbuck, known as Cummings & Starbuck. When Starbuck moved to Florida in 1926 this was dissolved, and Cummings merged his practice with that of architect Charles H. Conrad to form the new firm of Conrad & Cummings. Conrad and Cummings worked together for 35 years. Cummings retired in 1961, followed by Conrad in 1967. Thereafter the firm was directed by Cummings' son, John Butler Cummings, an employee since 1949, with the elder Cummings as consultant. In 1970 the younger Cummings reorganized the office as Cummings & Pash in association with George Harrison Pash, an employee since 1963. After the younger Cummings' retirement in 1987, the firm became Cummings, Pash & Hadsell, and was finally dissolved in 1998.


title: Observation car

text: This differs from non-revenue business cars or private varnish, which may have featured (starting with the A end;) the normally locked center communicating door to a corridor along one side, leading to the salon with doors to a pantry and small galley which was often convertible to a dormitory for the chef and porter/steward at night with cutting board covering a sink, a combination oven/stove/hot-water-tank/steam-heating-boiler and diminished side door for loading supplies, then a private restroom/bathing-room, one or two deluxe private rooms for a personal secretary perhaps and the line's vice president, a locked china/silver/liquor cabinet along the final dividing wall facing a large open multipurpose salon. The salon was often fitted with fold down overhead bunks above a retractable dining/conference table over sub-deck storage, a conductor's desk with secured storage for train log, wine log, and merchant's account books along with relevant gauges such as air pressure and speedometer at the track inspection viewing window recessed behind the expanded observation platform, which was fenced with opulent railing supporting an (optional) illuminated drumhead at the B end. Fresh drinking water, grey water, kerosene/fuel and other tanks crowded beneath the floor sill competed for space with heating/cooling, axle powered mechanical equipment, shore-power batteries and equipment/tool storage bins to support a self-sustaining/self-reliant car whether on the road or on a siding while making track orders. This variety of features is easy to spot with a variety of window placement and sizes, while observation car windows tend to be more uniform in size and placement.


title: Observation car

text: While the cars manufactured by companies such as Pullman-Standard conformed to somewhat standard designs, some railroads created their own distinctive designs for observation ends. For example, the Milwaukee Road's passenger trains were often rounded out with either a "Skytop Lounge" or a finned "Beavertail observation" the latter due to noted industrial designer Otto Kuhler. The Milwaukee's observations were easily recognizable as the observation end of the cars were not only rounded, but also slanted toward the front of the car, often with windows extending up from the normal window height to the roofline. The Milwaukee's observations, including the Skytops, lacked a drumhead, whose place was taken by a large oscillating rear light; instead, each tapered side carried the generic Milwaukee script name "Hiawatha" embossed on stainless steel trim flanking this light. The Milwaukee's Skytops—four parlor cars built in the railroad's own shops and six sleepers built by Pullman-Standard—were designed by noted industrial designer Brooks Stevens. Six railroads bought dome-observation cars from Budd — the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, and the Western Pacific Railroad for use on their joint California Zephyr, and the Canadian Pacific Railway for The Canadian and The Dominion. The WP touted this combination car type as "the best of both worlds" in passenger amenities. Budd also built observation cars for the Wabash Railroad for their Blue Bird trains between Chicago and St. Louis, and for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway for the Chessie which never went into service. The C&O cars were sold to the Denver & Rio Grande and ran on the Royal Gorge.


title: 2011 Indy Lights

text: After Peter Dempsey spun under the yellow, Duarte Ferreira brought out the third caution a lap after the restart, spinning in Turn 2 and collected the car of Brandon Wagner, ending the race for both drivers. After a waved off restart, again one lap was run before a caution period was necessitated; Clauson, Krohn and Krohn's Belardi team mate Jorge Goncalvez went three-wide into Turn 1, with Goncalvez clipping the rear-left tire of Clauson's car. Krohn spun in avoidance, as Goncalvez went into the barrier on the outside of Turn 1, before impacting the inside wall halfway down the straight between Turns 1 and 2. The impact broke the car into two pieces with the tub going onto its side along the track before hitting the retaining wall in Turn 2 and righted what was left of the car. Goncalvez was also transferred to Methodist, but was said to be alert and awake. The debris from the crash prevented the race from returning to green – resulting in an end tally of 22 of the race's 40 laps running under caution – and Newgarden took victory ahead of team mate Guerrieri, Víctor García, Wilson and Clauson, with only 10 of the 18 cars that started the race running at the flag.


title: List of miscellaneous works by G. E. Street

text: G. E. Street was an English architect and architectural writer, whose designs were mainly in High Victorian Gothic style. Born the son of a solicitor, he first worked in a law office, but was then articled to the architect Owen Browne Carter in Winchester. Two years later, in 1844, he moved to London and worked in the office of George Gilbert Scott. Here he also worked with George Frederick Bodley and William White. Street established his own architectural practice in 1849, initially in London, and later in Wantage (then in Berkshire). He was appointed as architect to the diocese of Oxford in 1850, and retained this position until his death. He married in 1852 and in that year moved to Oxford. He returned to London in 1856 and maintained an office there for the remainder of his career. He travelled extensively, visiting the Continent of Europe frequently. Street was also a prolific writer on architectural subjects. He was a member of the Royal Academy, and in 1874 was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, being its president in 1881.


text: Most of Street's works were in relation to churches; designing new churches, restoring and making additions and alterations to existing churches, and designing fittings and furnishings for them. He also designed domestic buildings, especially vicarages, and schools with houses for the schoolmaster. He designed little in the way of public buildings, although towards the end of his life he designed what has been described as his "greatest commission", the Royal Courts of Justice in London. Most of his works were in England, especially within and close to the diocese of Oxford, where he built or restored 113 churches, but examples of his work can be found throughout England, Wales and Ireland. He also designed some buildings abroad, including a church in Constantinople. Almost all his designs are in Gothic Revival style, in particular, in what is known as the High Victorian style. This style came chronologically after the use of "pure" and "correct" use of features of English Gothic architecture, which had been championed by A. W. N. Pugin and the Ecclesiological Society. High Victorian incorporated the use of polychromy, and elements of Continental forms of Gothic architecture. Street died in 1881, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.


title: Too Darn Hot (horse)

text: In all of his starts as a juvenile in 2018 Too Darn Hot was ridden by Frankie Dettori. The colt made his debut in a maiden race over one mile at Sandown Park on 9 August and was made the 8/11 favourite against four opponents. After disputing the lead from the start he drew away from his rivals in the last quarter mile and won by seven lengths from Rowland Ward. On 1 September the colt was stepped up in class for the Group 3 Solario Stakes over seven furlongs at the same track. He was made the even money favourite in a six-runner field which included Arthur Kitt (winner of the Chesham Stakes), Dunkerron (runner-up in the Vintage Stakes) and Watan (runner-up in the Acomb Stakes). After racing in third place, Too Darn Hot took the lead approaching the final furlong and "powered clear" to win by four lengths from Arthur Kitt. After the race Dettori said "I gave him as much experience as I could. I gave him a couple of flicks and he has put a very good field to bed in impressive fashion. He's got options. We know he can stay a mile but he also showed speed over seven today, he had the race won by the furlong-and-a-half. He's pretty special".


title: Too Darn Hot (horse)

text: Throughout the winter and the spring of 2019 Too Darn Hot was the ante-post favourite for the 2000 Guineas. He was expected to begin his season in the Greenham Stakes but was withdrawn from the race after developing a splint in training. Although the condition improved Gosden decided that the lost time made it impossible to bring the horse to peak form for the Guineas and ruled him out of the race. The colt eventually returned to the track in the Dante Stakes (a trial race for the Epsom Derby) over 10+1⁄2 furlongs at York Racecourse on 16 May in which started favourite but sustained his first defeat as he was beaten a length into second place by Telecaster. Nine days later he was dropped back in distance for the Irish 2,000 Guineas over one mile at the Curragh and was made the 6/4 joint favourite alongside the 2000 Guineas winner Magna Grecia. After racing in mid-division he made good progress in the straight but was unable to trouble the front-running Phoenix of Spain and was beaten three lengths into second place. At Royal Ascot on 18 June Too Darn Hot started 2/1 favourite against ten opponents for the St James's Palace Stakes. He produced a strong late challenge, but, in a closely contested finish he was beaten a neck and three quarters of a length by Circus Maximus and King of Comedy.


title: Too Darn Hot (horse)

text: On 7 July Too Darn Hot was sent to France and dropped back in distance for the Group 1 Prix Jean Prat over 1400 metres at Deauville Racecourse. He started the odds on favourite with the best-fancied of his eleven opponents being Space Blues, Graignes and Munitions (Prix Djebel). Dettori settled the colt just behind the leaders before going to the front 300 metres from the finish and Too Darn Hot pulled clear of his rivals to win "comfortably" by three lengths. After the race Gosden said "His proper distance is 1400 metres up to an easy mile and we'll play to his strengths rather than stupidly playing to his weaknesses. He's not a stamina horse, he's built like a sprinter. I probably should have been running him in the July Cup next week", while Dettori commented "he's blessed with so much speed. We tried to stretch him and every time he ran, he didn't finish his races off. Ireland was too soon, then Ascot is a really stiff mile, so today, he put everything to bed and he showed his old turn of foot".


title: Silas Bolden

text: In Bolden's first collegiate season with the Beavers in 2020, he only played in one game, returning one kickoff for 17 yards. In Bolden's second season in 2021, he played in ten games and hauled in three receptions for 25 yards, while also rushing for 13 yards. The 2022 season was his breakout season for Bolden. He got off to a hot start as in week two he scored his first career touchdown on a 36-yard rush, while also bringing in one reception for 15 yards, as he helped Oregon State take down Fresno State 35–32. In Week three Bolden caught his first receiving touchdown on a 24-yard catch, and also help set up a touchdown for the Beavers as he returned a kickoff for 80 yards, as the Beavers dominated Montana State 68–28. In week five, Bolden caught two passes for 19 yards and had a 29-yard rush for a touchdown in a 42–16 loss to Utah. The next week, Bolden caught two passes for 41 yards, as well as a touchdown on a fourth down, as he helped Oregon State beat Stanford 28–27. The next week against Washington State, Bolden returned a kick for 60 yards to set up an Oregon State touchdown, adding 14 rushing yards and one catch for four yards, as the Beavers won 24–10. In week 11, Bolden made five receptions for 54 yards, as he helped Oregon State beat Arizona State 31–7. In Oregon State's season finale, Bolden led the team in receiving, catching two passes for 23 yards, and rushing for 14 yards, as the Beavers would beat rival Oregon 38–34. In the 2022 Las Vegas Bowl, Bolden had the best game of his career bringing in six receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown as he helped Oregon State win 30–3 against Florida. Bolden finished the year with 23 receptions for 305 yards and four touchdowns, while also rushing for 105 yards and two touchdowns. He also returned 22 kickoffs for 599 yards. For his performance on the year, Bolden was named second team all Pac-12 as a return specialist. Bolden was named a preseason second-team all Pac-12 member as a return specialist.


title: William Henry Brookfield

text: According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Brookfield was an impressive preacher and attracted many cultivated hearers. His sermons, which show no special theological bias, had considerable literary merit. He had an original vein of humour, which made even his reports as a school inspector unusually amusing. He had extraordinary powers of elocution and mimicry. As a reader he was unsurpassable, and his college friends describe his powers of amusing anecdote as astonishing. He had the melancholy temperament often associated with humour, and suffered from ill-health, which in 1851 necessitated a voyage to Madeira. He was known to all the most eminent men of letters of his time, some of whom, especially Lord Tennyson and Arthur Hallam, had been his college friends. He was described by his friend Thackeray as Frank Whitestock in the Curate's Walk, and Lord Tennyson contributes a sonnet to his memory in the Memoir. In the same memoir, written by his old pupil and friend Lord Lyttelton, will be found letters from Thomas Carlyle, Sir Henry Taylor, Alexander William Kinglake, James Spedding, and others.


title: Collège Jean de la Mennais

text: The school is very well equipped and modern with recent computer labs, new science labs, a freshly renovated cafeteria, big classrooms, a dance studio, two sport complexes with a pool and three gyms including one synthetic grass gym for indoor soccer and golf. The school has earned popularity over the years in Montreal and Quebec with its high rankings in the L'actualité/Fraser Institute annual Québec high school ranking report. By calculating the average score of the school from 2002 to 2007, it is ranked second best school in the province with a score of 9.9 right behind Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and Collège Jean-Eudes both with scores of 10.0. As of 2007's report, Jean de la Mennais has a mark of 9.9 which makes it the fourth highest ranked high school out of more than 400 in the province and the best high school on the South Shore of Montreal for many years in a row. Jean de la Mennais is often regarded as one of the most prestigious secondary institutions on the South Shore of Montreal.


title: Wachenbrunn transmitter

text: Since 1988 the transmitter Wachenbrunn has also been the site of a medium wave transmitter of the Russian foreign radio service Voice of Russia (formerly Radio Moskau) on 1323 kHz. This transmitter is similar to the transmitter of "MDR info" run by Deutsche Telekom. In the afternoon and evening, a programme of the Voice of Russia was transmitted in German. With a power of 1000 kW, this transmitter was the third strongest in Germany. It used a directional aerial consisting of four 125.1 metre (407 feet) high guyed steeltube framework masts insulated against ground with triangular cross section. These masts, which were locally called the "Russian Quartet", were located 800 metres (½ mile) away from the other parts of the facility, in order to avoid undesirable interference. For the transmission of the radio frequency power a cage line from the transmitter, which was located close to the transmitter of "MDR info" and the "Russian Quartet", was used until the modernisation of the facility in 2002–2003. In the course of the modernization, a completely transistorized transmitter with a power of 1,000 kilowatts was installed in an old store building close to the "Russian Quartet". Therefore, the cage line was for its greatest parts obsolete and therefore shortened. By shortening the transmission line and installation of the new transmitter the efficiency was increased to 84%. During the modernisation the masts of the "Russian Quartet", which had until that point of time a grey colour, were painted red-white.


title: Anguilla

text: The economy, and especially the tourism sector, suffered a setback in late 1995 due to the effects of Hurricane Luis in September. Hotels were hit particularly hard but a recovery occurred the following year. Another economic setback occurred during the aftermath of Hurricane Lenny in 2000. Before the 2008 worldwide crisis, the economy of Anguilla was growing strongly, especially the tourism sector, which was driving major new developments in partnerships with multi-national companies. Anguilla's tourism industry received a major boost when it was selected to host the World Travel Awards in December 2014. Known as "the Oscars of the travel industry", the awards ceremony was held at the CuisinArt Resort and Spa and was hosted by Vivica A. Fox. Anguilla was voted the World's Leading Luxury Island Destination from a short list of top-tier candidates such as St. Barts, the Maldives, and Mauritius. The economy, including the tourism sector, suffered its biggest setback in late 2017 due to the effects of Hurricane Irma in September, which was the most powerful hurricane to hit the island and which caused major material damage of $320 million. A lot of infrastructure was damaged, which was repaired in 2018/19 and the economy began to recover in 2019. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020/21, caused a setback in the economy.


title: George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy

text: After the French and Indian War in the fall of 1770, Washington, his friend Dr. James Craik, and servants traveled to view lands Washington received for helping with the War. Washington saw these lands as valuable in agriculture and for mineral resources such as coal but also on this trip Washington renewed ties with Native Americans whom he previously met. Washington got a message from the chiefs of both the Conengayote and other Iroquois. Many of these chiefs remembered Washington from his previous visit in 1753, while others had not met him but only heard of him. Washington and Dr. Craik once again went to meet with the Conengayote however, they went on a canoe trip along the Ohio River with an interpreter, a Native American Guide, and a warrior and were able to go to many different Native American Villages. During this time there were rumors that Indians had killed two traders down the river. They were also able to view sixty Indians going to raid the Catawba tribe. Later after passing the mouth of the Kanawha Washington's group was able to find another Indian Hunting party.


title: Nicos Kouyialis

text: He was a member of the European Party (Cyprus), of which he was also Vice-President. On March 1, 2013, Nicos Kouyialis was appointed Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment of Cyprus in the government of Nicos Anastasiades. In August 2013, Cyprus signed an agreement with Greece and Israel to link the three countries' electricity grids via an underwater cable and enforce the Energy Triangle plan. On April 22, 2016, Nicos Kouyialis represented Cyprus in the United Nations and signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. He has led the government's remarkable changes in the public's perception of recycling for promoting programs aimed at the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste. During his term, he was actively involved with developing and applying EU policies to tackle water scarcity and climate change. Furthermore, he has shown a personal commitment and given real leadership to receive Protected Designation of Origin status for multiple Cypriot agriculture products and foodstuffs including Cyprus 'Χαλλουμι' (Halloumi)/'Hellim' cheese.


title: Germiston, Glasgow

text: Barmulloch Primary School (with its core community about one-half mile or one kilometre to the north) is located in Germiston on Forge Street, with the school previously based at that location, St Gilbert's RC Primary, having closed at the same time as the original incoming school (Berryburn Road, Barmulloch) in 2009 as part of a Glasgow City Council closure and re-alignment programme amid declining populations in both areas (St Gilbert's pupils were reassigned to St Philomena's in the Provanmill area, and to St Roch's in Royston). Barmulloch Primary is affiliated to Springburn Academy, but other local children who attend Royston Primary School would attend Smithycroft Secondary School in Riddrie, as do those from Wallacewell Primary which serves North Balornock and Robroyston further north of Barmulloch, although Riddrie is geographically closer to Germiston than Robroyston, North Balornock or Royston. Local Catholic pupils have a different issue, with those who attend St Roch's Primary transferring to the secondary school of the same name, but those going to St Philomena's Primary expected to move to All Saints Secondary in Barmulloch.


title: Pocket Card Jockey

text: How well the player performs in the card portion determines how successful their horse is in the race. The more cards left in the play field when the round ends, and the more times the player fails a round in a race, the more likely their horse will do poorly or potentially run amok. Successful rounds will increase the unity between the jockey and their horse, leading to better positioning in the forthcoming race. The more cards left over in the deck, the better unity gain they achieve, and excess unity is converted to energy. The player uses the Nintendo 3DS' touchscreen to determine their horse's position on the racetrack, needing to take into account positioning of other horses. After a few rounds of cards and positioning, the player enters the homestretch portion. All of the excess energy from unity is converted to enthusiasm for this; the more enthusiasm, the better potential the horse has to win. Due to the randomness of the cards and competing horses, some aspects of the race will come down to luck.


title: Pocket Card Jockey

text: CJ Andriessen of Destructoid said that he was addicted to the game, comparing its gameplay loop to Tetris and said that he hoped that the game was on every Nintendo console in the future. He praised it for its "wonderfully funny" script, though he found it strange how the game handles the motivations of the male and female protagonists. Andrew Webster of The Verge similarly found it addicting, noting that while it starts out "incredibly challenging" but becomes more manageable once the player gets used to it. PCMag writer Will Greenwald called it an "incredibly fun, accessible diversion" due to its JRPG-like features. Game Revolution writer Kevin Schaller praised it for how easy it is to get into, though they felt that the raising and breeding mechanic was too limited. GamesRadar+ writer Lucas Sullivan strongly recommended it for people who enjoy card games, stating that he was surprised that he found himself enjoying a horse-racing game. Sullivan praised the game for its art style and music. Nintendo Life praised the overall gameplay, but felt the game could be unfair to the player, saying that "It flirts with the line where difficulty is replaced by mean-spirited design".


title: History of Cleveland Clinic

text: The Cleveland Clinic had its roots in the Lakeside Unit, an American First World War medical-surgical unit consisting of volunteers from Cleveland's Western Reserve University Lakeside Hospital, (now part of the University Hospitals medical system), organized and led by George W. Crile, MD the hospital's chief of surgery. The Lakeside Unit, formally designated U.S. Army Base Hospital No. 4, was part of the American Expeditionary Forces and attached to the British Army Medical Hospital near Rouen. The Unit served the American sick and wounded throughout WWI. The experience of caring for patients as a group appealed to Crile and two of his partners, Frank E. Bunts, MD, and William E. Lower, MD. Lower later wrote of his admiration for the "teamwork and efficient organization" of military medicine. The three began to explore the possibility of establishing a similar sort of practice together in Cleveland after their return from the war. Upon their return to Cleveland, Crile, Bunts and Lower asked a fourth Cleveland physician from Western Reserve Medical School, John Philips, MD, also a WWI veteran of the Army medical service, to join them in a group practice. Philips was an internist and a pediatrician and complemented the surgical expertise of the other three. The four of them together founded the Cleveland Clinic on February 5, 1921.


title: History of Cleveland Clinic

text: The four purchased land at the corner of Euclid Avenue and E. 93rd St in Cleveland and constructed a four-story building with facilities for outpatient clinics and inpatient hospitalization, along with a medical laboratory. The building, which still stands and is still used as part of the Clinic's mission, was dedicated at a private ceremony on February 26, 1921. William James Mayo, MD, of the Mayo Clinic, delivered the main address. On February 28, 1921, Cleveland Clinic opened its doors to the public and registered 42 patients. In April 1921, Cleveland Clinic had 60 employees, including 14 physicians, four nurses, a telephone operator, six cleaners, 22 clerical workers, an art department, and an unknown number of laboratory technicians. In 1922, the founders purchased four private homes nearby used for hospitalization, radiation treatment, and administration. A fifth house was acquired as a residence for patients with diabetes receiving insulin treatments. To meet rising patient volume, a 184-bed hospital was built in 1924, located at East 90th Street and Carnegie Avenue. A power plant, laundry, and ice plant were also built. A research laboratory was constructed in 1928.


title: Licancabur

text: Another site, Tambo de Licancabur or Tambo Licancabur, lies at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft) elevation on the northeastern foot of Licancabur. It consists of over a hundred man-made structures and a 70 metres (230 ft) long public square. More than a hundred people could stay at Tambo de Licancabur, which was not permanently inhabited. Both Inca and local pottery styles have been found there. From Tambo de Licancabur, a zig-zag path led up to the mountain, along which there are further Inca structures from which Tambo de Licancabur was visible; today the path is largely destroyed or blocked by landslides. Tambo de Licancabur has been interpreted either as a site where, during festivities, people who could not ascent the mountain congregated – a base camp, corpahuasi – or as a tambo, an Inca waystation, on the road between San Pedro de Atacama and Inca territories in present-day Bolivia. This interpretation is not mutually exclusive with the former. The whole Licancabur complex was one of the most important in the region, and may have been part of a wider regional religious centre. The archaeological sites on Licancabur are sometimes interpreted to be part of a lookout system for the region, or as a symbol of Inca dominance in the San Pedro de Atacama area. The Inca road passed at the foot of the volcano, making the site easily accessible.


title: Battle of Coștangalia

text: Miłkowski ordered the infantry under the command of Józef Jagmin to scatter across the valley. On the right wing, the insurgents had captured local houses, and on the left, they had hidden behind trees. Soon after that, the Romanian forces began firing at the insurgents. In response, Polish infantry charged at the enemy. At the same time, the Romanian cavalry charged at Polish forces, however, they were destroyed before their reached their target. One of the Romanian companies attempted to flank the enemy from the right wing, however they were defeated by soldiers with bayonets, while the central line of the Romanian forces had been breached by the insurgents. Due to the casualties and the chaos of the battlefield, most of the Romanian forces retreated. The exception was the left wing of the infantry, which charged at Polish forces. However, they were not able to reach their target, and under heavy fire, were forced to retreat as well. The Polish insurgents captured weapons and ammunition abandoned by retreating Romanian forces.


title: Zhang Gaoli

text: On 2 November 2021, Chinese professional tennis player Peng Shuai took to Weibo to accuse Zhang of sexual assault. Peng said that she first had sex with Zhang in 2011, and that she had been in a consensual extramarital affair with him for several years, until Zhang was appointed to the PSC of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and ceased contact with Peng. She also said that later, about three years ago after Zhang had retired from PSC, she and Zhang met again. Zhang invited her to his home and badgered her to have sex with him. Peng initially refused and wrote that she was "scared", "continuously crying" and "not agreeing", but after Zhang said that he hated her, and that he had never forgotten her in the past seven years, and promised he would be good to her, she agreed to have sex after experiencing fear and panic and her feelings towards him from seven years ago. Peng also said that during the incident another person "stood guard" outside the bedroom door. After the 2018 encounter, Peng became Zhang's mistress and she wrote that she "loved" him and was with him willingly. According to Peng, Zhang had told her that he loved her too but claimed it was politically impossible for him to divorce his wife. The extramarital affair broke down on 2 November 2021, after Zhang started to ignore Peng.


title: List of The Tick characters

text: Arthur is the Tick's sidekick. He is formally introduced in The Tick #4, but appears as a mysterious flying figure in the background of earlier issues of that series. Trained as an accountant, Arthur purchased his moth suit at an auction, and decided to pursue the life of a superhero (resulting in indefinite "psychiatric leave" from his accounting firm). After rescuing a powerful ninja artifact (the Thorn of Oblivion) and helping the Tick and Oedipus defeat the ninjas, Arthur decides to become the Tick's sidekick. As a running joke, Arthur is often mistaken for a bunny (owing to the shape and size of his costume's antennae, and the fact that his wings are usually folded up). His doughy physique, shy manner, lack of self-confidence, and hesitation in the face of danger is often played for comic contrast against the attitudes and tendencies of the other characters (especially the Tick himself). Arthur is ethnically Jewish , and his family would strongly prefer he leave the superhero lifestyle and return to accounting. Arthur's apartment serves as his and the Tick's superhero headquarters. The 2016 TV series reveals Arthur's full name to be "Arthur Everest", but it is unknown if this is his full name in any other media.


title: Jharel Cotton

text: After one year at East Carolina, Cotton was drafted by the Dodgers in the 20th round of the 2012 MLB Draft. He signed this time and made his professional debut with the Ogden Raptors. Cotton spent 2013 with the Great Lakes Loons, Rancho Cucamonga Quakes and Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts. Cotton missed the first two months of the 2015 season, recovering from a broken left wrist. He pitched in one game for the Great Lakes and four for Rancho Cucamonga before being promoted to the Double-A Tulsa Drillers. In late August, he was promoted to the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers and tried out for a potential bullpen callup to Los Angeles. Between the four levels, he appeared in 21 games (with 11 starts) and was 6–2 with a 2.45 ERA. The Dodgers added Cotton to their 40-man roster after the season. He began 2016 in the starting rotation for Oklahoma City, and was selected to participate for the world team at the 2016 All-Star Futures Game. During the game, Cotton only faced one batter, Phillies outfielder Dylan Cozens. Cozens flied out, and Cotton picked up the win after teammate Yoan Moncada hit a game-winning home run for the World Team.


title: Jharel Cotton

text: On August 1, 2016, the Dodgers traded Cotton, Grant Holmes, and Frankie Montas to the Oakland Athletics for Rich Hill and Josh Reddick. He was assigned to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. Cotton retired the first 26 Round Rock Express batters he faced on August 9, but allowed a triple with two outs in the ninth inning, just missing a perfect game. He was called up to the Athletics on September 7 to make his major league debut. Cotton began the season in the A's rotation, but after starting off slowly, he was sent down to AAA. He was soon after called up again, but was sent down back to AAA. Cotton's splits between home and road were drastically apart, as at home he was 4–6 with 6.98 ERA while on the road he was 5–4 with a 3.94 ERA. On March 22, 2018, Cotton underwent Tommy John surgery and missed the 2018 season. In 2019, Cotton began his rehab by pitching for the Single-A Stockton Ports but was set back in May by a hamstring injury and elected to have surgery to resolve the issue. Cotton returned to the mound in July and pitched for the Triple-A Las Vegas Aviators.


title: Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century

text: Recent research has revealed that the 12th century was a time of significant growth in the rural economy, with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production. The widespread construction of new rural churches is a strong indication that prosperity was being generated even in remote areas. A steady increase in population led to a higher population density in many areas of the empire, and there is good evidence that the demographic increase was accompanied by the return of a thriving network of revitalised towns and cities. According to Alan Harvey in his book Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900–1200, archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a "notable upsurge" in new towns. For example, Harvey explains that in Athens the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the 11th century and continuing until the end of the 12th century. The 'agora' or 'marketplace', which had been deserted since late antiquity, began to be built over, and soon the town became an important centre for the production of soaps and dyes. Thessaloniki, the second city of the Empire, hosted a famous summer fair which attracted traders from across the Balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls. In Corinth, silk production fuelled a thriving economy.


text: Further evidence is provided by the coinage of the empire in this period. After a long period in the early Middle Ages during which the only coins were struck in Constantinople, the 12th century saw the return of a provincial mint regularly operating at Thessaloniki. Yet the most convincing evidence for what Harvey calls a "substantial increase in the volume of money in circulation" comes from the quantity of coins found on archaeological sites. Thousands of coins have been found both at Athens and at Corinth. Some idea of the scale of the expansion that took place here can be gained from comparing the number of Corinthian coins dating from the reign of Theophilos (813–842), at the start of the expansion, with the number of coins dating from other periods. Harvey states that "About 150 coins can be attributed to this emperor compared with only twenty from the previous century". By contrast, excavations in 1939 revealed 4495 coins dating from the reign of Alexios I Komnenos and 4106 coins from that of Manuel I Komnenos . At Athens, coins from the Komnenian period have also been found in abundance (over 4,000 from Manuel's reign).