title: Claude List

text: List was then selected for Auckland's first representative match of the season against Taranaki. The New Zealand Herald was blunt with their assessment saying "List, Marist, seems to have lost all form and is lucky to gain a place. Last season the marist centre was an outstanding success against the Englishmen. It is evident the selectors are relying upon past form". He was picked at centre with Bill Turei and Roy Bright on the wings, with Albert Laing at fullback. Auckland won the match 32–20 at Carlaw Park before a crowd of 10,000. List was said to have not given Turei good passes and "was inclined to go too far before getting rid of the ball, but he was solid in defence". The Herald said it was List's "best game this season". In a 35–9 win over Devonport for Marist on June 17 List scored 3 tries and kicked a conversion. The Star said "for the first time this season List was well in the firing line, proving to some of his critics that he has the quality of a good centre. Two of his tries were the best he has produced for quite a long time". Then a week later in a win over Ponsonby he scored 2 more tries and "gave a good display, right up to his best form".


title: Claude List

text: List was named in the reserves for a match on June 9 but did not play, and then most of the players were suspended by the Marist club. The Auckland Rugby League had declared that the suspensions were "out of order" but the Marist club appealed to New Zealand Rugby League and they upheld the suspensions. List was one of those suspended. The New Zealand Council then said that the 4 who had been suspended (Wilf Hassan had left to join Marist rugby already) could apply for a transfer. However the Marist club refused to grant them permission. List then did not play for months through the suspension before eventually being granted a transfer in August to Mount Albert United who had been in existence since 1928 but had been a lower grade side in the following years. Several of his fellow suspended players followed along with G. Flannagan. Mt Albert had been seeking senior grade status and they were allowed to enter a team in the Roope Rooster along with the Papakura club. Mount Albert lost the match 19–11 to Ponsonby on Carlaw Park #2 field on August 18. List "at centre performed well apart from faulty handling on one or two occasions".


title: Claude List

text: The 1935 season saw List play the entire season for Mount Albert, playing 15 games and scoring 4 tries, and kicking 1 conversion. He was now aged 32 and moved into the forwards, playing lock in their opening match against City on April 27. The following week against Richmond in a 27–15 loss his tackling was mentioned along with other forwards. They then had a high scoring 22–22 draw with Newton on May 11. For Mount Albert in a "hard working pack Flanagan, Gunning, Shiro and List were frequently prominent and were always dangerous when handling the ball". After 3 further matches he then scored his first points for Mount Albert in a 27–14 win over City Rovers on June 15. He scored 3 tries and kicked a conversion in the win in the match which was played at Onehunga. Interestingly a week later after a 5–3 win over Richmond the New Zealand Herald said List "was but a shadow of the player of two or three seasons ago". A week later he was moved back to centre and was involved in the only try of the match which Mount Albert won 3–0 over Newton. List was said to have "showed a distinct improvement and gained useful ground by strong, straight running". Against Devonport on July 13 he "played fairly well at centre". On July 20 in a 18–6 win over Marist he scored a try and was "in form at centre for Mount Albert, and frequently showed up for solid running". Although he "spoiled a good game by dropping passes when tries looked possible". Against Ponsonby in round 14 List was forced into the forwards when Richard Shadbolt was injured and List then played well there. Following the match, won 17-11 by Mount Albert it meant that they were tied in their inaugural first grade season with Richmond for the championship after the last round. A final was required to find the 1935 champion between the two sides on August 10. Mount Albert lost the match 15–9 at Carlaw Park. The Auckland Star said "List was always going great guns at centre for Mount Albert, his one failing being weak handling at times". Both List and Schultz proved "tough nuts to crack" for Ted Mincham in the centres for Richmond.


title: Claude List

text: 1937 saw List playing the entire season in reserve grade. In a June 12 match he was listed in the reserves with his brother Francis. In 1938 he again began the season in reserve grade with his brother Francis. By this point in his career he was 36 years old and had been playing senior rugby league for 14 seasons. On June 10 he was named in their June 11, round 9 side to play Papakura at Carlaw Park. This was possibly the first time that both List brothers played together in the senior side. Claude was involved in a try to Bert Leatherbarrow while "F. List, a junior … did good work in the forwards". A week later in a 10–8 win over Ponsonby Francis scored a try but Claude was not "impressive" on the wing with Campbell the Ponsonby wing beating him for a try. Claude was playing right wing three-quarter but was playing closer in to the forwards and was involved in his brothers try, making a run before passing to Wilson who passed to Bert Leatherbarrow who sent it on to Francis to score. After the match it was suggested he should move back to the wing. The following week against Newton, in an 18–13 win he was involved in a try to Jack Tristram after List had first passed to Ernie Pinches. In a 9–3 win over North Shore the next weekend the Herald said that List, "the veteran international, can still make his presence felt, and he was hard to stop. His all round play on the wing was good". He then spent a few weeks in the reserves before again playing for the senior side on August 13 against City in a 28–13 win on Carlaw Park #2. He set up Wilson and McNeil's tries with "strong running" beating the City backs twice. He along with Wilson were said to be Mount Albert's "outstanding backs" with Lists "straight running a good feature of their back play".


title: Claude List

text: A short article then appeared in an Auckland Star supplement on September 6 about List's career. It said "few, if any, players in the rugby league code can boast a playing record of 29 years continuous football. This goes to the still fit and active Claude List, who in turn shines as a back, or a forward, for Mount Albert. List made his debut in the league code in Auckland for the old Kingsland club in 1921, and since then he has gained both New Zealand and Auckland representative honours. He first got into an Auckland team in 1927, and actually was picked to represent New Zealand in 1928, while still a senior B grade player… His greatest success came in 1932 when he played all three tests for New Zealand against England. At Christchurch, in the second match, with Bert Cooke (rugby)|A. E. Cooke badly hurt, Claude played the greatest game of his career. Many times his powerful fend came into action, and he stood out as the best of the New Zealand backs. Jim Sullivan, the English captain, reckoned that List was next to A. E. Cooke, the most dangerous attacking back his team had met in the Dominion, besides which his tackling was always a great asset. Claude first played football for a league team in Queensland as a schoolboy in 1912. Nearly every Saturday List can be seen at Carlaw Park giving assistance, and he is still up to the best first grade standard".


title: Claude List

text: The 1942 season was to be List's last. Due to the reduction in senior players the Auckland Rugby League made the decision to combine several of the sides during the middle of the war. Mount Albert was merged with Newton Rangers and ultimately finished 4th of the 6 sides. List did not play their initial matches but made his season debut on June 6 in their round 4 match with Manukau. They lost 10–5 with the Auckland Star reporting that "the Newton-Mount Albert XIII against Manukau was strengthened by the addition of H. Leatherbarrow, international hooker, and C. List. Both are experienced Mount Albert forwards". Against Richmond on June 6 he was a "prominent forward" in a 23–17 win. He played a match against Ponsonby on June 13 and then it appears that the final game of his career came on June 20 against the City-Otahuhu side. For the final time in his career he was said to be "prominent" among the forwards in the 16–10 win. List was not mentioned in any of their remaining games and retired from the sport that he had played for 30 seasons.


title: Insurrection of 1847 in the Two Sicilies

text: The revolt in the district of Gerace, which started at the same time as the Reggio revolt, lasted until the 6th of September with the main leaders being captured only on the 15th. Starting in the villages of Sant'Agata del Bianco and Bianco, the insurgents then marched on Caraffa del Bianco, Bovalino, Ardore, Siderno, Gioiosa Ionica and Roccella Ionica, covering a distance of more than 45 kilometers. In each of these towns, they proclaimed the repeal the taxes on imports and exports, and a reduction by half of the costs of salt and tobacco. They also captured the Intendant of the district of Gerace, Antonio Bonafede, a known reactionary. However, on the 6th of September—due to the arrival of a warship and news of the imminent arrival of Royal military troops directed by general Ferdinando Nunziante—the insurgents disbanded and the leaders of the revolt fled northward to the mountains, hiding in a cave in the valley of Caulonia. On the 15th of September, a local peasant named Nicola Ciccarello informed the authorities of the insurgents' hiding place, leading to their capture. The five main leaders of the Gerace revolt—Rocco Verduci, Michele Bello, Pietro Mazzoni, Gaetano Ruffo and Domenico Salvadori—were arrested, and after a trial they were executed in Gerace on the October 2, 1847. They are today remembered as the Five Martyrs of Gerace (in Italian: Cinque Martiri di Gerace).


title: Elaine Marley

text: The original script for The Secret of Monkey Island called for a character simply named "the Governor"; Monkey Island creator Ron Gilbert had envisioned her as a far more ruthless character. The name "Elaine" was created later in development by Dave Grossman, who wrote the final scenes of the game in which protagonist Guybrush Threepwood disrupts the wedding of antagonist LeChuck and the governor. One of Grossman's options for gatecrashing the wedding is having Guybrush scream "Elaine!" in a parody of a similar scene in the 1967 film The Graduate; Gilbert appreciated the reference, so Elaine was adopted as the governor's name. As development on the game further progressed, the character evolved from being a ruthless governor to the player character's love interest. When the player talks to a number of characters in The Secret of Monkey Island, a close-up portrait of the character is shown. Elaine's appearance in this portrait was based on Avril Harrison, an artist working at LucasArts. Gilbert always felt bothered by these close-up portraits, stating that "while they were great art, I never felt they matched the style of the rest of the game".


title: Elaine Marley

text: The Curse of Monkey Island was the first Monkey Island game to feature voice acting; in it, the part of Elaine Marley was given to British actress Alexandra Boyd. Boyd explains that she got the part of Elaine as she had worked with voice director Darragh O'Farrell previously; O'Farrell brought Boyd in to read for the part. Boyd joked that "I figured I got the part because I have red hair like her". Boyd was not contacted to return as the character for Escape from Monkey Island; Elaine was instead voiced by American actress Charity James. Nevertheless, Boyd reprised the role for Telltale Games' Tales of Monkey Island and the later enhanced remakes of the first two games. Boyd was glad to return, stating that the character "is very well written and it's fun doing all that shouting at LeChuck and Guybrush! Exhausting but fun". The development of Elaine's character was one of Gilbert's aims for Tales of Monkey Island; Gilbert wanted Elaine to "be better informed and more capable than most of the other characters". In Return to Monkey Island, Ron Gilbert told Eurogamer that "We actually had a very, very early incarnation of the game where their relationship was a little bit on rocky ground... they weren't divorced, but they were definitely not getting along. But when we did our first play test, man, people hated that! They absolutely hated that".


title: Grażyna Miller

text: In January 2003, she translated to Italian the "Trittico Romano.Meditazioni" (The Roman Triptych: Meditations) written in Polish by Pope John Paul II and published by the Vatican, with the presentation of Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger. The official inauguration took place the March 6, 2003 in the Sala Stampa of the Vatican in the presence of the author, Pope John Paul II. In 1998 she published her first collection of poems "Curriculum" which was presented in the International Book Showcase in Turin. The artist's second collections of works, "Sull'onda del respiro" (On breath's weave), was published in 2000 and presented for the first time in the honorary suite of the St.Mary of Angels Basilica, nearby Piazza Republica in Rome. The latest published collection of poems "Alibi di una farfalla" (A butterfly's alibi) was admitted to the Vatican Book Archives. This last book was presented and inaugurated in the Sicilian city of the most prominent regional authorities and the Mayor of Piazza Armerina in Sicily. In 2003 the book was also presented at the Book Showcase of Frankfurt, in Germany.


title: 11th Infantry Regiment (United States)

text: On 16 November 1812 the largest portion moved north under the immediate command of Maj. Gen. Henry Dearborn, then the senior officer of the army, and on 18 November encamped about half a mile south of the Canadian boundary line. The force there assembled numbered three thousand regulars and two thousand militia, while the entire British force on the northern frontier did not exceed three thousand, and of these not more than one thousand were within striking distance of the American army. When Dearborn was prepared to cross the line, the British Major Salaberry also prepared to meet him. Early in the morning of 20 November, a detachment of Dearborn's army forded the La Colle river and surrounded a British guard-house, which was occupied by Canadian militia and a few Indians, who broke through the American lines and escaped unhurt. In the meantime a second party of the Americans had advanced, and commenced a sharp fire on those in possession of the ground, mistaking them for the British picket. This fire continued for nearly half an hour, when, being undeceived, both parties hastily retreated, leaving behind five killed and as many wounded. The troops immediately afterwards returned to Champlain, and on 23 November to Plattsburgh, when the militia were disbanded, and the 11th U.S. regiment was sent to Burlington, with the 9th, 21st, and 25th, all under the command of Brig. Gen. John Chandler of Maine.


title: 11th Infantry Regiment (United States)

text: The 11th took part in the following: Peninsula Campaign, Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Turkey Bridge 30 June, Battle of Malvern Hill Malvern Hill, At Harrison's Landing until 16 August. Movement to Fortress Monroe, thence to Centerville 16–28 August. Pope's Northern Virginia Campaign, Battle of Groveton 29 August, Second Battle of Bull Run, Maryland Campaign, Battle of Antietam, Shepherdstown Ford 19–20 September, Battle of Fredericksburg, "Mud March", Chancellorsville Campaign 27 April – 6 May, Battle of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg Campaign, Battle of Gettysburg, Pursuit of Lee 5–24 July. On special duty at New York 21 August – 14 September. Rejoined army, Bristoe Campaign, Second Battle of Rappahannock Station, Mine Run Campaign, Rapidan Campaign, Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna River, Pamunkey 26–28 May, Battle of Totopotomoy Creek, Battle of Cold Harbor, Bethesda Church 1–3 June, Second Battle of Petersburg, Siege of Petersburg, Mine Explosion, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Springs Church, Peeble's Farm, Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run.


title: 11th Infantry Regiment (United States)

text: In 1942 the regiment deployed to Iceland and remained there for 15 months until the regiment, and the division, moved to England. The regiment landed in Normandy on 10 July 1944 and fought its way across France as part of the 5th Infantry Division, which was assigned to General Patton's famed Third Army. The 11th Infantry was awarded the Croix de Guerre for its daring crossing of the Seine river at Fontainebleau following Operation Cobra. During an attempted crossing of the Moselle river at Dornot, the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Infantry sustained 363 killed and wounded in 26 counterattacks by German tanks and infantry before abandoning the bridgehead. The 11th Infantry played a prominent role in the reduction of the fortified city of Metz in the fall of 1944, particularly during the costly Battle of Fort Driant where the 2nd Battalion of the 11th Infantry was nearly destroyed again. After taking extreme casualties, Patton ordered the assault to be abandoned until Metz could be first encircled. With the allied victory during the Battle of Metz, the German garrison at Fort Driant promptly surrendered before another attack could be mounted. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 11th counter-attacked into the southern portion of the Bulge, engaging the Germans in bitter winter fighting. On 22 March 1945, the 1st Battalion made a night river assault across the Rhine River at Oppenheim, giving General Patton a division bridgehead over the Rhine two days ahead of Field Marshal Montgomery's famous crossing. The 11th Infantry ended the war in Czechoslovakia.


title: Trial of Catalonia independence leaders

text: On 9 November 2014, a non-binding 2014 Catalan self-determination referendum was held. After the Spanish Government refused to allow a binding referendum, pro-independence parties called for the 2015 Catalan regional election to be considered a plebiscite, with the promise to declare independence in 18 months. Pro-independence parties earned a majority in the Parliament but were backed by less than 50% of the voters. In September 2017, the Parliament of Catalonia approved the Law of the referendum on self-determination of Catalonia, as well as the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic which was to be applied two days after the referendum results were made public and would override the Constitution of Spain and Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia while providing the Parliament with special powers to declare the secession of Catalonia from the Kingdom of Spain. Both laws were declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain. The 2017 Catalan independence referendum, which was called by the Generalitat de Catalunya on 1 October 2017, was also suspended by the same court. Despite this ruling, the referendum went ahead. On 10 October 2017, the President of the Catalan Government Carles Puigdemont addressed the Parliament of Catalonia, but did not unambiguously declare independence. On 27 October 2017, the Parliament of Catalonia passed a resolution declaring the independence of Catalonia, but no actions were initiated to enforce it. Hours later, the Government of Spain seized control of the Generalitat, invoking Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution. Subsequently, some of the independence leaders were sent to preventive detention without bail, accused of crimes of rebellion, disobedience, and misuse of public funds. Carles Puigdemont and four members of his cabinet fled into self-exile.


title: Vernon Bogdanor

text: He has been a member of Council of the Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government, Specialist Adviser to the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Communities, Member of the Court of Essex University, adviser (as a member of the Council of Europe and American Bar Association delegations) to the governments of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel and Slovakia on constitutional and electoral reform, member of the Academic Panel of Local Authority Associations, member of the Hansard Society Commission on the Legislative Process, member of the UK Government delegation on Democratic Institutions in Central and Eastern Europe and Conference on the Protection of Minorities, Consultant to Independent Television News (ITN) on the General Election, member of the Economic and Social Research Council's committee administering the 'Whitehall' programme, special adviser to the House of Commons Select Committee on the Public Services, member of the Swedish Constitutional Reform Project, member of the Advisory Group to the High Commissioner on National Minorities, adviser to the President of Trinidad on the Constitution of Trinidad, and member of the Economic and Social Research Council's committee administering the devolution programme.


title: Incidental question

text: Incidental questions in private international law with respect to the problems and elements discussed below. In the Roman conflict of laws, an incidental question is a legal issue that arises in connection with the major cause of action in a lawsuit. The forum court will have already decided that it has jurisdiction to hear the case (resolving any issue relating to forum shopping) and will be working through the next two stages of the conflict process, namely: characterisation and choice of law. For example, the court may classify the cause as "succession", but it notes that the plaintiff brings the claim for relief as the deceased's widow. Before the court can adjudicate on the main issue, it must first decide whether the plaintiff actually has the status claimed, i.e. the incidental question would be the validity of the claimed marriage. The inconvenient reality is that many lawsuits involve a number of interdependent legal issues. In purely domestic cases, this poses no difficulty because a judge will freely move from one domestic law to another to resolve the dispute. But in a conflict case, the question is whether the incidental question is resolved by reference either to its own choice of law rules, or to the same law that governs the main issue (the lex causae). States have not formulated a consistent answer to this question.


title: Incidental question

text: One of the more interesting cases on this topic is the Canadian Supreme Court case of Schwebel v Ungar 48 DLR (2d) 644 in which a Jewish husband and wife, domiciled in Hungary, married in Hungary. While they were emigrating to Israel, they found themselves in Italy and the husband divorced his wife by get. Under the laws of Hungary (their lex domicilii) and Italy, the religious form of divorce was invalid, but it was recognised as effective by the law of Israel where they acquired a domicile of choice. Subsequently, the wife moved to Canada and, without abandoning her Israeli domicile, went through a second ceremony of marriage. The second husband petitioned for nullity alleging that the marriage was bigamous. The Supreme Court held the marriage to be valid. The main question was the wife's capacity to marry which, under Canadian law, is determined by her lex domicilii, i.e. the law of Israel at the time of the second ceremony. The incidental question was the validity of the divorce which was to be determined either by their lex domicilii at the relevant time or by Italian law as the lex loci actus. The judgment seems to suggest that the court decided both questions by reference to the law of Israel as the law governing the main question.


title: List of cities in Luhansk Oblast

text: From independence in 1991 until 2020, 14 cities in the oblast were designated as cities of regional significance (municipalities), which had self-government under city councils, while the oblast's remaining 23 cities were located in 18 raions (districts) as cities of district significance, which are subordinated to the governments of the raions. On 18 July 2020, an administrative reform abolished and merged the oblast's raions and cities of regional significance into eight new, expanded raions. The eight raions that make up the oblast are Alchevsk, Dovzhansk, Luhansk, Rovenky, Shchastia, Sievierodonetsk, Starobilsk, and Svatove. After the enactment of decommunization laws, nine cities within the oblast were renamed in 2016 for their former names' connection to people, places, events, and organizations associated with the Soviet Union. The renamed cities are Bokovo-Khrustalne, Dovzhansk, Holubivka, Kadiivka, Khrustalnyi, Kypuche, Petrovo-Krasnosillia, Sorokyne, and Voznesenivka, which were previously named Vakhrusheve, Sverdlovsk, Kirovsk, Stakhanov, Krasnyi Luch, Artemivsk, Petrovske, Krasnodon, and Chervonopartyzansk, respectively.


title: Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (novella)

text: Katerina sees Sonya wearing her stockings; she spits in Sergei's eyes, and shoves him. He promises revenge, and later breaks into her cell with another man, giving her fifty lashes with a rope, while her cell-mate Sonya giggles in the background. Katerina, broken, lets Fiona console her, and realizes that she is no better than Fiona, which is her breaking-point: after that she is emotionless. On the road in the prison convoy, Sergei and Sonya together mock Katerina. Sonya offers her stockings to her for sale. Sergei reminisces about both their courtship and their murders in the same airy manner. Fiona and an old man in the convoy, Gordyushka, defend Katerina, but to no avail. The convoy arrives at a river and boards a ferry, and Katerina, repeating some phrases similar to Sergei's feigned nostalgia for their life at the estate, sets upon Sonya; they both end up in the river after Katerina has seen the faces of Boris, Zinovy, and Fyodor in the water. The two women briefly resurface, still alive, but Katerina grabs Sonya, and they both drown.


title: Chris Roche

text: Roche was born in Clifton, Queensland, near Toowoomba. After picking up the sport while a boarder at Downlands College, he was selected in the Downlands College First XV as a hooker in 1974. He then made the Australian Schools team in 1975 for a tour of New Zealand, playing as a hooker. He subsequently moved to Brisbane and played for the Brisbane State High School first XV and was selected in the 1976 Australian Schools Team. He finished his schooling at Brisbane State High School, by which time he had established himself as a flanker and was selected in the 1977 Australian Schools Team. Roche is the first player to have represented Australia at Schools level for three consequtive years. Roche was selected as an open-side flanker for Queensland in 1980 and for the Wallabies on the 1981 Grand Slam tour of the United Kingdom. He was also selected on the 1982 tour to New Zealand, the 1983 tour to France and the 1984 tours to Fiji and the United Kingdom. On the 1982 tour to New Zealand he was dubbed the "Grim Reaper" by the New Zealand press after Australia defeated New Zealand 19-16 in the second test at Wellington. On the 1983 tour the French press referred to Roche as "the Lion", for his courageous efforts on the field where he faced off against the French captain Jean Pierre Rives. Roche was one of the smallest flankers in International rugby weighing 78 kilograms and standing just 178 centimetres tall.


title: Exidy

text: To help get their games a wider market, Exidy opened a licensing arrangement with the large amusement manufacturer Chicago Coin to license their video games. In 1975, John Metzler joined Exidy from Ramtek and produced a game called Destruction Derby . Under the licensing arrangement, Chicago Coin produced a version called Demolition Derby which became a success, but they refused to pay their licensing fees to Exidy due to Chicago Coin's failing financial state. Needing to make a distinct game to compete with Demolition Derby, another engineer who had joined from Ramtek named Howell Ivy was assigned to create a quick turnaround. The resulting game, Death Race , was a minor success before it attracted notice for its violent content. The resulting controversy gave Exidy a national profile with stories appearing on 60 Minutes and The New York Times as well as increased sales of the game. Several follow-up games from the company used the Death Race hardware, including Super Death Chase and Score .


title: Health and Safety Executive

text: The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is a British public body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare. It has additionally adopted a research role into occupational risks in the United Kingdom. It is a non-departmental public body with its headquarters in Bootle, England. In Northern Ireland, these duties lie with the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland. The HSE was created by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and has since absorbed earlier regulatory bodies such as the Factory Inspectorate and the Railway Inspectorate though the Railway Inspectorate was transferred to the Office of Rail and Road in April 2006. The HSE is sponsored by the Department for Work and Pensions. As part of its work, HSE investigates industrial accidents, small and large, including major incidents such as the explosion and fire at Buncefield in 2005. Though it formerly reported to the Health and Safety Commission, on 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged.


title: Health and Safety Executive

text: The Offshore Safety Division (OSD) was established as a division within HSE in April 1991. This was in response to recommendations of the Cullen Inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster on 6 July 1988. At the time of the disaster, the Department of Energy (DEn) was responsible for both production and offshore safety; this was perceived as entailing a conflict of interests. Dr Tony Barrell, Director of HSE's Technology and Air Pollution Division was appointed Chief Executive of OSD, having previously been seconded to the DEn to lead the transfer of responsibilities. At the same time, Ministerial oversight was transferred from the DEn to the Department of Employment. The Offshore Safety Act 1992 made the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 and its subsidiary Regulations relevant statutory provisions of the Health and Safety at work etc., Act 1974. The OSD's initial responsibilities included the establishment of the Safety Case Regulations; a thorough review of existing safety legislation and the move towards a goal setting regulatory regime. OSD became part of the HSE's new Hazardous Installations Directorate in 1999; it became part of the new Energy Division in 2013.


title: Oral tradition

text: All indigenous African societies use oral tradition to learn their origin and history, civic and religious duties, crafts and skills, as well as traditional myths and legends. It is also a key socio-cultural component in the practice of their traditional spiritualities, as well as mainstream Abrahamic religions. The prioritisation of the spoken word is evidenced by African societies having chosen to record history orally whilst some had developed or had access to a writing script. Jan Vansina differentiates between oral and literate civilisations, stating: "The attitude of members of an oral society toward speech is similar to the reverence members of a literate society attach to the written word. If it is hallowed by authority or antiquity, the word will be treasured." For centuries in Europe, all data felt to be important were written down, with the most important texts prioritised, such as Bible, and only trivia, such as song, legend, anecdote, and proverbs remained unrecorded. In Africa, all the principal political, legal, social, and religious texts were transmitted orally. When the Bamums in Cameroon invented a script, the first to be written down was the royal chronicle and the code of customary law. Most African courts had archivists who learnt by heart the royal genealogy and history of the state, and served as its unwritten constitution.


title: Oral tradition

text: The performance of a tradition is accentuated and rendered alive by various gesture, social conventions and the unique occasion in which it is performed. Furthermore, the climate in which traditions are told influences its content. In Burundi, traditions were short because most of them were told at informal gatherings and everyone had to have his say during the evening; in neighbouring Rwanda, many narratives were spun-out because a one-man professional had to entertain his patron for a whole evening, with every production checked by fellow specialists and errors punishable. Frequently, glosses or commentaries were presented parallel to the narrative, sometimes answering questions from the audience to ensure understanding, although often someone would learn a tradition without asking their master questions and not really understand the meaning of its content, leading them to speculate in the commentary. Oral traditions only exist when they are told, except for in people's minds, and so the frequency of telling a tradition aids its preservation. These African ethnic groups also utilize oral tradition to develop and train the human intellect, and the memory to retain information and sharpen imagination.


title: Oral tradition

text: Perhaps the most famous repository of oral tradition is the west African griot (named differently in different languages). The griot is a hereditary position and exists in Dyula, Soninke, Fula, Hausa, Songhai, Wolof, Serer, and Mossi societies among many others, although more famously in Mandinka society. They constitute a caste and perform a range of roles, including as a historian or library, musician, poet, mediator of family and tribal disputes, spokesperson, and served in the king's court, not dissimilar from the European bard. They keep records of all births, death, and marriages through the generations of the village or family. When Sundiata Keita founded the Mali Empire, he was offered Balla Fasséké as his griot to advise him during his reign, giving rise to the Kouyate line of griots. Griots often accompany their telling of oral tradition with a musical instrument, as the Epic of Sundiata is accompanied by the balafon, or as the kora accompanies other traditions. In modern times, some griots and descendants of griots have dropped their historian role and focus on music, with many finding success, however many still maintain their traditional roles.


title: Oral tradition

text: Each genre of rhymed poetry served distinct social and cultural functions. These range from spontaneous compositions at celebrations to carefully crafted historical accounts, political commentaries, and entertainment pieces. Among these, the folk epics known as siyar (singular: sīra) were considered the most intricate. These prosimetric narratives, combining prose and verse, emerged in the early Middle Ages. While many such epics circulated historically, only one has survived as a sung oral poetic tradition: Sīrat Banī Hilāl. This epic recounts the westward migration and conquests of the Banu Hilal Bedouin tribe from the 10th to 12th centuries, culminating in their rule over parts of North Africa before their eventual defeat. The historical roots of Sīrat Banī Hilāl are evident in the present-day distribution of groups claiming descent from the tribe across North Africa and parts of the Middle East. The epic's development into a cohesive narrative was first documented by the historian Ibn Khaldūn in the 14th century. In his writings, Ibn Khaldūn describes collecting stories and poems from nomadic Arabs, using these oral sources to discuss the merits of colloquial versus classical poetry and the value of oral histories in written historical works.


title: Oral tradition

text: Writing systems are not known to exist among Native North Americans before contact with Europeans except among some Mesoamerican cultures, and possibly the South American quipu and North American wampum, although those two are debatable. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the use of writing to record and preserve history, scientific knowledge, and social practices. While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, most functioned as practical lessons from tribal experience applied to immediate moral, social, psychological, and environmental issues. Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with real emotions and morals as a means of teaching. Plots often reflect real life situations and may be aimed at particular people known by the story's audience. In this way, social pressure could be exerted without directly causing embarrassment or social exclusion. For example, rather than yelling, Inuit parents might deter their children from wandering too close to the water's edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach. One single story could provide dozens of lessons. Stories were also used as a means to assess whether traditional cultural ideas and practices are effective in tackling contemporary circumstances or if they should be revised.


title: Oral tradition

text: Native American storytelling is a collaborative experience between storyteller and listeners. Native American tribes generally have not had professional tribal storytellers marked by social status. Stories could and can be told by anyone, with each storyteller using their own vocal inflections, word choice, content, or form. Storytellers not only draw upon their own memories, but also upon a collective or tribal memory extending beyond personal experience but nevertheless representing a shared reality. Native languages have in some cases up to twenty words to describe physical features like rain or snow and can describe the spectra of human emotion in very precise ways, allowing storytellers to offer their own personalized take on a story based on their own lived experiences. Fluidity in story deliverance allowed stories to be applied to different social circumstances according to the storyteller's objective at the time. One's rendition of a story was often considered a response to another's rendition, with plot alterations suggesting alternative ways of applying traditional ideas to present conditions. Listeners might have heard the story told many times, or even may have told the same story themselves. This does not take away from a story's meaning, as curiosity about what happens next was less of a priority than hearing fresh perspectives on well-known themes and plots. Elder storytellers generally were not concerned with discrepancies between their version of historical events and neighboring tribes' version of similar events, such as in origin stories. Tribal stories are considered valid within the tribe's own frame of reference and tribal experience. The 19th century Oglala Lakota tribal member Four Guns was known for his justification of the oral tradition and criticism of the written word.


title: Oral tradition

text: Stories are used to preserve and transmit both tribal history and environmental history, which are often closely linked. Native oral traditions in the Pacific Northwest, for example, describe natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. Various cultures from Vancouver Island and Washington have stories describing a physical struggle between a Thunderbird and a Whale. One such story tells of the Thunderbird, which can create thunder by moving just a feather, piercing the Whale's flesh with its talons, causing the Whale to dive to the bottom of the ocean, bringing the Thunderbird with it. Another depicts the Thunderbird lifting the Whale from the Earth then dropping it back down. Regional similarities in themes and characters suggests that these stories mutually describe the lived experience of earthquakes and floods within tribal memory. According to one story from the Suquamish Tribe, Agate Pass was created when an earthquake expanded the channel as a result of an underwater battle between a serpent and bird. Other stories in the region depict the formation of glacial valleys and moraines and the occurrence of landslides, with stories being used in at least one case to identify and date earthquakes that occurred in 900 CE and 1700. Further examples include Arikara origin stories of emergence from an "underworld" of persistent darkness, which may represent the remembrance of life in the Arctic Circle during the last ice age, and stories involving a "deep crevice", which may refer to the Grand Canyon. Despite such examples of agreement between geological and archeological records on one hand and Native oral records on the other, some scholars have cautioned against the historical validity of oral traditions because of their susceptibility to detail alteration over time and lack of precise dates. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act considers oral traditions as a viable source of evidence for establishing the affiliation between cultural objects and Native Nations.


title: Oral tradition

text: Oral traditions face the challenge of accurate transmission and verifiability of the accurate version, particularly when the culture lacks written language or has limited access to writing tools. Oral cultures have employed various strategies that achieve this without writing. For example, a heavily rhythmic speech filled with mnemonic devices enhances memory and recall. A few useful mnemonic devices include alliteration, repetition, assonance, and proverbial sayings. In addition, the verse is often metrically composed with an exact number of syllables or morae—such as with Greek and Latin prosody and in Chandas found in Hindu and Buddhist texts. The verses of the epic or text are typically designed wherein the long and short syllables are repeated by certain rules, so that if an error or inadvertent change is made, an internal examination of the verse reveals the problem. Oral traditions can be passed on through plays and acting, as shown in modern-day Cameroon by the Graffis or Grasslanders who perform and deliver speeches to teach their history through oral tradition. Such strategies facilitate transmission of information without a written intermediate, and they can also be applied to oral governance.


title: Oral tradition

text: The theory of oral tradition encountered early resistance from scholars who perceived it as potentially supporting either one side or another in the controversy between what were known as "unitarians" and "analysts"—that is, scholars who believed Homer to have been a single, historical figure, and those who saw him as a conceptual "author function," a convenient name to assign to what was essentially a repertoire of traditional narrative. A much more general dismissal of the theory and its implications simply described it as "unprovable" Some scholars, mainly outside the field of oral tradition, represent (either dismissively or with approval) this body of theoretical work as reducing the great epics to children's party games like "telephone" or "Chinese whispers". While games provide amusement by showing how messages distort content via uncontextualized transmission, Parry's supporters argue that the theory of oral tradition reveals how oral methods optimized the signal-to-noise ratio and thus improved the quality, stability and integrity of content transmission.


title: Oral tradition

text: Within Homeric studies specifically, Lord's The Singer of Tales, which focused on problems and questions that arise in conjunction with applying oral-formulaic theory to problematic texts such as the Iliad, Odyssey, and even Beowulf, influenced nearly all of the articles written on Homer and oral-formulaic composition thereafter. However, in response to Lord, Geoffrey Kirk published The Songs of Homer, questioning Lord's extension of the oral-formulaic nature of Serbian and Croatian literature (the area from which the theory was first developed) to Homeric epic. Kirk argues that Homeric poems differ from those traditions in their "metrical strictness", "formular system", and creativity. In other words, Kirk argued that Homeric poems were recited under a system that gave the reciter much more freedom to choose words and passages to get to the same end than the Serbo-Croatian poet, who was merely "reproductive". Shortly thereafter, Eric Havelock's Preface to Plato revolutionized how scholars looked at Homeric epic by arguing not only that it was the product of an oral tradition, but also that the oral-formulas contained therein served as a way for ancient Greeks to preserve cultural knowledge across many different generations. Adam Parry, in his 1966 work "Have we Homer's Iliad?", theorized the existence of the most fully developed oral poet to his time, a person who could (at his discretion) creatively and intellectually create nuanced characters in the context of the accepted, traditional story. In fact, he discounted the Serbo-Croatian tradition to an "unfortunate" extent, choosing to elevate the Greek model of oral-tradition above all others. Lord reacted to Kirk's and Parry's essays with "Homer as Oral Poet", published in 1968, which reaffirmed Lord's belief in the relevance of Yugoslav poetry and its similarities to Homer and downplayed the intellectual and literary role of the reciters of Homeric epic.


title: Oral tradition

text: Many of the criticisms of the theory have been absorbed into the evolving field as useful refinements and modifications. For example, in what Foley called a "pivotal" contribution, Larry Benson introduced the concept of "written-formulaic" to describe the status of some Anglo-Saxon poetry which, while demonstrably written, contains evidence of oral influences, including heavy reliance on formulas and themes A number of individual scholars in many areas continue to have misgivings about the applicability of the theory or the aptness of the South Slavic comparison, and particularly what they regard as its implications for the creativity which may legitimately be attributed to the individual artist. However, at present, there seems to be little systematic or theoretically coordinated challenge to the fundamental tenets of the theory; as Foley put it, ""there have been numerous suggestions for revisions or modifications of the theory, but the majority of controversies have generated further understanding.


title: Oral tradition

text: A variety of different communities throughout the continent of Africa successfully used oral tradition to share information and reconstruct massive collections of histories due to a limited writing accessibility before the Europeans arrived. Certain non-literate societies still exist today and maintain a dependence on oral sources to communicate with each other, carry on customs, traditions, folklore, etc. Oral traditions in these cultures are an invaluable source of comfort, authority, spiritual validation, and represent a psychological release from what might be difficult social and institutional circumstances (Babatunde 18). Not only is oral tradition itself a method of analyzing cultural and social differences, it is also the manner in which stories are told, the storytellers themselves, the endurance of specific tales throughout time, their general structure, and so much more that provides sharp insight into who these people are and how they have lived for centuries. This complex understanding facilitates a much more thorough understanding of history


title: Oral tradition

text: Most arguments against the use of oral tradition as a reliable source for historical writing reference a lack of chronological precision and uncertainty about specific dates and times these events may have occurred. This can lead to misinterpretations or incorrect historical conclusions as a result of not having an accurate timeline. Oral tradition has been subject to distortion over time and has produced incorrect information, however, the transformation of oral tradition can provide information in itself regarding the transformation of a community. This can also allow the researcher to measure varying social attitudes and customs over time from the changes seen in storytelling. Refusal of western trained historians to acknowledge the validity of oral tradition in regions and communities that have been historically oppressed and underrepresented throughout history is not a coincidence, but a form of institutional erasure of ethnic cultures. Factors include racial superiority and failure to appreciate diverse ethnic cultures.


title: Jaqipbek Maldybayev

text: After joining the army he was stationed in the Turkmen SSR and became an assistant platoon commander in the 82nd Special Cavalry Brigade. He participated in battles against Basmachi terrorists in the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts. In 1932 he graduated from the Central Asian Military School named after Lenin in Stalinabad, and in 1933 he graduated from the 9th Military Aviation School of Pilots , where he trained to be an observer pilot. In 1934 he was appointed as the senior observer pilot and head of the photographic service in the 40th Special Aviation Detachment, based in Stalinabad. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1936, he continued to serve in aviation, becoming a navigator in 1937 and later being admitted to the N. E. Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy in Moscow. While studying at the academy he met a Russian girl named Yulia who he married, and they had a daughter named Emma. In 1938 he became one of the 772 Soviet pilots who volunteered to serve in the Spanish Civil War.


title: Sterry R. Waterman

text: Waterman was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 13, 1955, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Harrie B. Chase. Vermont's Senators, Aiken and Flanders, had initially been willing to recommend Gibson, but Gibson preferred to remain on the United States District Court for the District of Vermont so that he would not have to leave Vermont. They then recommended Waterman, who was opposed by conservative Republicans, which caused Eisenhower to request that they submit another recommendation. Aiken and Flanders persisted until Waterman was confirmed. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 11, 1955, and received his commission on July 13, 1955. He assumed senior status on November 13, 1970, and took inactive senior status in 1983. His service was terminated on February 6, 1984, due to his death. Among the law clerks Waterman employed during his judicial career was William B. Gray, who later served as United States Attorney for Vermont.


title: Tony Macaulay

text: Further hits came with songs such as Marmalade's "Baby Make It Soon" and "Falling Apart at the Seams"; The 5th Dimension's "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All", David Soul's "Don't Give Up on Us", plus Donna Summer's 1977 single "Can't We Just Sit Down (And Talk It Over)", all of which he wrote on his own. Many others came in collaboration with other songwriters, amongst them were Long John Baldry's "Let the Heartaches Begin", Paper Dolls' "Something Here in My Heart (Keeps A Tellin' Me No)" and Pickettywitch's "That Same Old Feeling", all co-written with John Macleod. Another success for The Foundations was "Build Me Up Buttercup", written by Macaulay and Mike d'Abo. Scott Walker's "Lights of Cincinnati", The Hollies' "Sorry Suzanne", The New Seekers' "You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me", David Soul's "Silver Lady", and The Flying Machine's "Smile a Little Smile for Me" were penned with Geoff Stephens; while Edison Lighthouse's "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", was written with Barry Mason. In addition, he co-wrote The Fortunes' "Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again", Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon's "Blame It on the Pony Express" and Andy Williams' "Home Lovin' Man", with Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway.


title: Tumhari Kasam

text: Ram Prasad a respected laborer has two children Vidya & Raja. Due to coddle Raja turns into a spoiled brat and his vices lead to his death. Remorseful Raja determines to be fair from now onwards. Later, the sibling moves to Bombay but they detach in between. Raja goes into the clutches of the gang who convert children into beggars anyhow he succeeds in escaping. Vidya joins as a maid in the house of a wealthy couple where their vagabond son Anand lusts her. Besides, advocate Sunil Verma lives with his wife Seema Kapoor who is perturbed as childless. Once Raja regains Seema's heisted purse keeping his life at risk. Then, they appraise his righteousness and adopt him. In tandem, one-night drunken Anand tries to molest Vidya. In that scrimmage, she hits Sunil's vehicle and loses her eyesight. Sunil requests the doctor to take the necessary steps to recoup her vision and requests her to accompany them. Self-esteemed Vidya politely refuses and joins in a ''Ashram''. Meanwhile, Anand is distressed out of contrition and seeks to find Vidya. Fortuitously, Anand & Sunil are friends thereby, he learns the whereabouts of Vidya. Immediately, he rushes, pleads pardon, and proposes to her when Sunil discovers Raja as Vidya's brother. At the same time, he is abducted by the gang when Anand rescues him. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Anand & Vidya who retrieves her eyesight.


title: The Art of War (Bone Thugs-n-Harmony album)

text: The Art of War received mostly positive reviews from music critics, with some critics calling the album sonically superior to its predecessor, E. 1999 Eternal. While others criticizing the album for its length, including extended disses towards other rappers, leading to repetitive song play. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said, "While the group is capable of producing a catchy single, they don't have the personality to sustain an album, much less a double-disc set. By the end of the second disc, they have repeated all of their ideas at least five times apiece, and only a few of those ideas resulted in actual songs in the first place." J.D. Considine of Entertainment Weekly stated, "Lest the smooth sound of 'Look Into My Eyes' leaves you thinking the Bone Thugs-n-Harmony are really just pop-friendly softies, this 28-song double disc, The Art of War, offsets its slow-and-sweet numbers with bloodthirsty workouts like the shotgun-spiked 'Thug Luv'. But after two hours of these singsong melodies, War seems more like a siege than a surgical strike."


title: Tyler State Park (Pennsylvania)

text: Tradition states that during the Treaty of Shackamaxon, possibly in 1682, William Penn began formal relations with the Lenape and afterward, land transfers to European colonists. Early in the 18th century, European colonists farmed the land. Families including the Coopers, Blakers, and Twinings built mills, houses, and barns. Neshaminy Creek supplied power for several mills, including Cooper Mill and Spring Garden Mill. The paved trails in Tyler State Park were once farm roads. Mill Dairy Trail connected Spring Garden Mill and the Thompson Dairy, and Stable Mill Trail went to the Tyler Stables. The original stone homes in the park are fine examples of early rural Pennsylvania farm dwellings. The farmhouses date from the 18th and 19th centuries and are leased as private residences in the modern time. There are currently 14 structures left from the original 21 estates. Some of the original barns, such as Buckman barn in the southeast corner, are used by the park maintenance and operations.


title: Tyler State Park (Pennsylvania)

text: According to the Trewartha climate classification system, Tyler State Park has a Temperate Continental climate (Dc) with hot summers (a), cold winters (o) and year-around precipitation. Dcao climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (0 °C), four to seven months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (10 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 72.0 °F (22 °C) and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although summers are typically slightly humid at Tyler State Park, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > 108 °F (42 °C). Since 1981, the highest air temperature was 102.8 °F (39 °C) on 07/22/2011, and the highest average mean dew point was 75.2 °F (24 °C) on 08/13/2016. The average wettest month is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was 6.46 inches (164 mm) on 08/27/2011. During the winter months, the plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 0.5 °F (−18 °C). Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was −10.5 °F (−24 °C) on 01/22/1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < −10 °F (−23 °C). The average annual snowfall (Nov-Apr) is between 24 and 30 inches (61 and 76 cm). Ice storms and large snowstorms depositing ≥ 12 inches (30 cm) occur once every few years, particularly during nor'easters from December through February.


title: Pitomnik Airfield

text: From 15 January, Pitomnik came under artillery fire of the Red Army and two days later, the airfield was captured, leaving the 6th Army with Gumrak as its only supply airfield. Karpovka had already fallen on 13 January and alongside Pitomnik, four other airfields fell on 17 January. Soviet sources vary on exactly which Red Army units took the airfield. General Ivan Chistyakov, commander of the 21st Army, stated in his memoirs that it was his "51st Guards Rifle Division, together with units of 252nd Rifle Division..." However, the Red Army General Staff's operational study credited the 298th and 293rd Rifle Divisions of the same Army. As well, Gen. P. I. Batov of the 65th Army stated in his memoirs that units of his Army took the airfield in hand-to-hand combat. According to David M. Glantz, the airfield was in fact captured by the 51st Guards and the 252nd Rifle Divisions, while the village of Pitomnik was seized by the 298th and 293rd. Gumrak eventually fell on 23 January, leaving the 6th Army without any means of direct support.


title: Anachronism (game)

text: The game is a contest of arms between two warriors from numerous historical periods. Each game lasts a maximum of five rounds. The game is unusual for a card game in that it does not use shuffling as a randomization technique. Anachronism "decks" consist of five cards, and players do not draw cards or have a "hand" of cards. Despite the relatively small number of cards used in each game, card interactions and strategy can become surprisingly intricate, especially in the later rounds. Each player places his chosen warrior card on the playmat and his four support cards, face down, in slots corresponding to the first four rounds. The support cards may be any combination of inspiration, weapon, armor, or special cards. Each player flips his leftmost face-down support card at the beginning of each round. Initiative numbers on the support cards determine which player goes first in each round. The warrior cards may move and be turned (faced) as in a miniatures game. Support cards represent a variety of historical weapons, armor, items, deities, people, places or concepts such as the Norse sverd or Japanese book Go Rin No Sho. The game's name is derived from the ability to mix the various support cards such that the ancient Greek Leonidas wearing a kimono may fight a Japanese ninja who is wielding a gladius. Dice are used by both the attacker and defender to determine the outcome of battles.


title: Olympic triangle

text: The traditional Olympic triangle course consists of a lap (starting with a beat or work to windward from the starting line to the top, weather or windward mark, a first reaching leg to the wing mark (also known as the gybe mark), a second reaching leg from the wing mark to the bottom or leeward mark), a hot dog (a beat to the top mark with a square run back to the bottom mark), another lap and then a beat to the finish line, which may have one end at the top mark, or may be set beyond the top mark. When the finish line is set beyond the top mark, the sailing instructions need to specify whether the top mark remains a mark of the course on the final leg or whether it is to be ignored. There are generally 9 legs, 5 equal to the length of the windward leg (4 beats and a run) and 4 reaching legs (2 of each reaching leg), so once the leg lengths are known the total course length can be calculated. Roundings are generally to Port. Many sailing instructions only specify the length of the windward leg and the total course length, but see below on the use of the law of sines, trigonometry table and spreadsheets to calculate the angles and other leg lengths.


title: Olympic triangle

text: The starting line often has a bias to the port end (the left end as one looks up the course towards the top mark) of 5 to 10 degrees towards the top mark from what the start line would be if it was straight across the wind direction. This bias encourages competitors to move to the pin end of the line as it is further up the wind towards the top mark. It also provides "cleaner" air to competitors on the port end of the line. With many competitors moving to the pin or port end of the line to be further to windward, there is room for the other competitors to form up along the line, and although they may be further down the wind from the top mark, they are more easily able to tack onto port tack should the wind shift or to get clear air. If there is no bias favouring the pin end, or more particularly if the starboard (committee boat) end is favoured (further to windward), competitors will be encouraged to avoid being on the line away from the committee boat and so the committee boat area becomes very congested and most competitors are not on the start line and do not start until some time after the starting signal as they have been queued up in the area to starboard of the starboard end of the line. Boats generally approach the starting line on starboard tack to maintain right of way over boats on port tack.


title: Minox

text: The original Minox subminiature camera was invented by Walter Zapp in 1936. Zapp, a Baltic German, was born in 1905 in Riga, then part of the Russian Empire. The family moved to Reval (now called Tallinn, Estonia) where he first took a job as an engraver before finding a position with a photographer. He became friends with Nikolai 'Nixi' Nylander and Richard Jürgens, and it was through discussions with these friends that the idea of a camera that could always be carried came to him. Nixi Nylander also coined the name "Minox" and drew up the Minox mouse logo. Jürgens funded the original project but was not able to get support in Estonia for production. Jürgens contacted an English representative of the VEF (Valsts Elektrotehniskā Fabrika) electrotechnical manufacturing business in Riga (by then independent Latvia) who then arranged a meeting where Zapp demonstrated the Minox prototype (UrMinox), with a set of enlargements made from Ur-Minox negatives. Production began in Riga at VEF, running from 1937 until 1943. In the same time, VEF had received patent protection on Zapp's inventions in at least 18 countries worldwide.


title: Minox

text: After World War II, production of the Minox II began in 1948 at a new company, Minox GmbH, in Giessen/Heuchelheim near Wetzlar, West Germany. The new camera very much resembled the original, but was made with a plastic chassis covered by an aluminum shell. This greatly reduced its weight and, to an extent, cost. The camera continued to appeal to a luxury "gadget" market which broadened during the 1950s and early 1960s. It also continued to see use as an espionage camera by both sides during the Cold War. During this time, the Minox company continued to develop the camera, working with Gossen to develop a companion miniature exposure meter, as well as improved models such as the Minox B, which incorporated an even smaller Gossen-designed meter into the camera itself. The Minox B became the most popular and widely produced model of the line. Further developments included autoexposure, and the company developed an extensive line of accessories. These included flash guns, viewfinder attachments, tripod mounts, and copying stands, all increasing the camera utility in a variety of applications. One accessory even allowed the camera to use a pair of binoculars as a telephoto lens (see illustration). Limited editions of the camera were also produced in a variety of luxury finishes, such as gold plating. Standard cameras were also available in an optional black anodized finish.


title: Minox

text: The VEF Riga has a three-element flat film plane lens. Performance could be improved, so the short-lived Minox II had a new 5 element lens (called complan) whose final element would rest against the film itself when the pressure plate pushed the film onto the lens. Customers complained of film scratches with this new design, so most of these lenses were replaced by MINOX with the later curved-field compensating lens. Consequently, original 'film lens' Minox II are exceptional. Early Minox cameras from Minox A/III to Minox B were equipped with a four-element, three-group Complan (lens) designed by ex-Leica lens designer Arthur Seibert. The Complan lens has a curved film plane, hence in these cameras the negative must be held in an arc to improve the edge-to-edge sharpness of the image. The Minox enlarger also holds the negative in this same curve. Later models, beginning with late model Minox B, to the current model TLX, using the 15 mm f/3.5 four-element, three-group flat-field Minox lens, holds the negative flat. The advance was attributed by Rolf Kasemeier to new rare-earth element, high-index, low-dispersion, optical glasses becoming available (probably from Schott Glass, of Jena). Note that lens performance between old and new complan/minox lenses was rated by MINOX themselves as identical.


title: Treaty of Paris (1815)

text: The treaty was harsher towards France than the Treaty of 1814, which had been negotiated through the manoeuvre of Talleyrand, because of reservations raised by the recent widespread support for Napoleon in France. France lost the territorial gains of the Revolutionary armies in 1790–92, which the previous treaty had allowed France to keep; the nation was reduced to its 1790 boundaries (plus the enclaves of the Comtat Venaissin, the County of Montbéliard and the Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, which France was allowed to keep, but minus a few patches of territory along the northern border, including Landau and the Saarlouis exclave, which had been French since 1697, as well as six French communes bordering Lake Geneva which were ceded to the Republic of Geneva so that it be connected to the rest of Switzerland. France was now also ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, in five yearly instalments, and to maintain at its own expense a Coalition army of occupation of 150,000 soldiers in the eastern border territories of France, from the English Channel to the border with Switzerland, for a maximum of five years. The twofold purpose of the military occupation was rendered self-evident by the convention annexed to the treaty outlining the incremental terms by which France would issue negotiable bonds covering the indemnity: in addition to safeguarding the neighboring states from a revival of revolution in France, it guaranteed fulfilment of the treaty's financial clauses.


title: Treaty of Paris (1815)

text: Thus, France was required to pay on account of this convention 383,251 francs every day for five years, equal to about 16,000 pounds sterling at the exchange rate of the day. For this daily quota, the French government had to give assignations on the French treasury, payable to bearer, day by day. In the first instance, however, the Coalition Commissioners were to receive the whole of the 700 million in fifteen bonds of 46⅔ million each; the first of which was payable on 31 March 1816, the second on 21 July 1816, and so on, every fourth month. In the month preceding the commencement of each of these four monthly periods, France was to redeem successively one of these bonds for 46⅔ millions, by exchanging it against the first-mentioned daily assignations payable to bearer, which assignations, for the purpose of convenience and negotiability, were again subdivided into coupures, or sets of smaller sums. As a guarantee for the regular payment of these assignations, and to provide for deficiencies, France assigned, moreover, to the allies, a fund of interest, to be inscribed in the Grand Livre of her public debt, of seven millions francs on a capital of 140 millions. A liquidation was to take place every six months, when the assignations duly discharged by the French Treasury were to be received as payments to their amount, and the deficiency arising from assignations not honoured would be made good, with interest, at five percent from the fund of interest inscribed in the Grand Livre, in a manner specified in this convention.


title: Gerhart Hauptmann

text: Because he had been an ardent Socialist his plays had been banned from the imperial theaters during Kaiser Wilhelm II's time. During the Republic he had been the most popular playwright in Germany, and indeed he retained that position in the Third Reich. His plays continued to be produced. I shall never forget the scene at the close of the first night of his last play, The Daughter of the Cathedral, when Hauptmann, a venerable figure with his flowing white hair tumbling down over his black cape, strode out of the theater arm in arm with Dr. Goebbels and Johst. He, like so many other eminent Germans, had made his peace with Hitler, and Goebbels, a shrewd man, had made much effective propaganda out of it, tirelessly reminding the German people and the outside world that Germany's greatest living playwright, a former Socialist and the champion of the common man, had not only remained in the Third Reich but had continued to write and have his plays produced. How sincere or opportunistic or merely changeable this aging playwright was may be gathered from what happened after the war. The American authorities, believing that Hauptmann had served the Nazis too well, banned his plays from the theaters in their sector in West Berlin. Whereupon the Russians invited him to Berlin, welcomed him as a hero and staged a gala cycle of his plays in East Berlin. And on 6 October 1945, Hauptmann sent a message to the Communist-dominated "Kulturbund for the Democratic Revival of Germany" wishing it well and expressing the hope that it would succeed in bringing about a "spiritual rebirth" of the German people.


title: Designing a Nervous Breakdown

text: In August 1999, Designing a Nervous Breakdown was announced for release early next year. Preview clips from the album was posted on the group's website later in the month. In October, the band performed at a Heroes & Villains showcase in New York City, prior to the release of a split-single with the Get Up Kids in November. Designing a Nervous Breakdown was released on January 25, 2000; the artwork features a close-up image of a face with its mouth open. David explained that he and Berwanger were purchasing Intellivision games for the latter's system when they came across a copy of Microsurgeon . David remarked that it had "cool 80's graphics" and Berwanger said it reminded him of Devo; they subsequently sent it to designer Thomas Humphrey, who turned it into the final artwork. They promoted the album with an east tour tour in January and February, followed by an east coast trek in March and another west coast tour in April with Love as Laughter, Hot Rod Circuit and Piebald. On a budget of $600, the band made a music video for "All Things Ordinary", which Jankowski directed. It was filmed at Oldfather Studios in Lawrence, Kansas, and took influence from 1980s music videos. The clip starts with a director coming into view and telling the band he'll change their look. Over the course of the video, the members' outfits changes from cavemen to pirates to animal costumes, before returning to their normal clothes. Some extras were invited from a party down the road to dance around the band for around 30 minutes.


title: Designing a Nervous Breakdown

text: The group then went on a six-week of Europe with the Get Up Kids in May and June, and then an eight-week US tour with them. The band went on the Heroes & Villains Fall Tour in September and October with the Get Up Kids and Koufax; alongside this, the band and Koufax played two shows without the Get Up Kids. They took a two-week break after the trek's conclusion, before touring again until Christmas. The band received some attention when Berwanger dated actress Chloë Sevigny for a brief period. Author Leslie Simon in her book Wish You Were Here: An Essential Guide to Your Favorite Music Scenes―from Punk to Indie and Everything in Between said Limp Bizkit had reportedly stole the video concept of "All Things Ordinary" for "My Way" after their frontman Fred Durst had been shown a clip of it from an employee at Total Request Live. In 2016, Vagrant celebrated their 20th anniversary by re-pressing their back-catalogue on vinyl, including Designing a Nervous Breakdown. To celebrate the album's 20th anniversary, the band played a few shows in early 2020 where they performed the album in its entirety.


title: Designing a Nervous Breakdown

text: Designing a Nervous Breakdown received generally positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic reviewer Heather Phares said the album "blends their skill at crafting emotional, punky-yet-melodic songs with a fondness for new-wave synths." It was a "strong debut" which "reaffirms that traditional indie rock can still sound fresh and lively." Exclaim! writer Stuart Green said the group "puts their predilection for Devo, Sonic Youth and goofy pop hooks to good use with a collection of ten interesting and downright catchy tracks". Ox-Fanzine's Joachim Hiller was "pretty impressed" with the record, adding that it combined "contemporary pop with style elements from the early eighties without looking retro." Justin W. Jones of The Phantom Tollbooth said it was an "incredible album that is so much more accessible than run of the mill emo bands." Wall of Sound writer Patrick Enright praised Verhoeven's synthesizer as being "one of the things that make this CD addictive", and "without it, Breakdown might be dismissed as just another emo-pop record."


title: Designing a Nervous Breakdown

text: Punk Planet reviewer Frankie Hartzell saw it as a "pop masterpiece" that topples Pinkerton by Weezer, as its lyrics "take indie-pop sensibilities to the next level". The staff at Impact Press said the "dueling (male/female) vocals are awesome, and their tempo changes are perfectly timed". Lawrence Journal-World writer Geoff Harkness said the band come across as "tight, focused and fun", enjoying how Verhoeven's "quirky chirps and riding-on-the-Metro synths" are placed "nicely with the strumming and singing" of Roelofs and Berwanger. Ink 19's Marcel Feldmar said the Modest Mouse-esque vocals "stretch and whine over a Get-Up Kids inspired explosion of straight ahead pop and electricity laden indie rock hooks." Its combination of guitars that sweep "over rock steady rhythm" and "ool synth squealing" was a "good mix ... done well." Pitchfork reviewer Taylor M. Clark said " every one of the 10 songs is nearly indistinguishable from the last" with the same "guitar distortion, ... harmonies, ... emo lyrics, ... moog."


title: The First Round-Up

text: Wally Albright and the gang have planned for an elaborate camping trip for a week at Cherry Creek, but Wally's father is convinced his boy and the others will be back by nightfall. Meanwhile, Wally and Stymie try to shoo off Spanky and Scotty rather than to have to drag them along. Their reasoning is that the kids would never survive the trip, but upon arrival, Spanky and Scotty are already there after having hitchhiked their way to the site. This results in the theme of the trip with the younger boys reminding the (slightly) older boys of their reluctance to have them around them. The little kids are also the only ones who planned far enough ahead to bring food, sharing it with the big kids in one big mob. As things get darker, the big kids get scared as the younger ones get excited, making shadows from their lamp which adds to the thunder and lightning passing over, inadvertently scaring off the older kids. Left alone, Scotty and Spanky are by themselves as their lamp is carried by a turtle under it into the creek, where it goes out. Spooked, they jump into their sleeping bags and stick their legs out to race after the big kids running home.


title: Brethren Christian Junior/Senior High School

text: Brethren Christian stated that approximately 95% of their students matriculated directly to college or university immediately following graduation. Students generally scored several years above grade level on standardized testing and nearly 200 points above state and national averages on the College Board SAT Reasoning Test. The school offered a wide variety of academic courses, ranging from the Options Program for students needing academic assistance to Advanced Placement courses. College preparation began in the junior high program with the introduction of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers format, study skills training, and the option for advanced students to take high school level courses. The high school program provided coursework that met the University of California A-G requirements for university admissions, utilized test preparation for standardized aptitude tests from The Princeton Review, and offered opportunities for individualized planning with the academic dean and staff members. Each student taking an Advanced Placement course was required to take the Advanced Placement Examination. The percentage of students passing with a score greater than 3 was significantly higher than the state and national averages for AP courses offered at Brethren Christian. The pass rate for the 2013 testing period was 88% and was among the highest pass rates in Orange County. Approximately 32% of eligible students took at least one AP class during the school year.


text: The Brethren Christian Wind Symphony, under the direction of Len Montgomery, went on a tour to New York. Competing against schools from all around the country, BCHS won gold. The high school wind symphony was named Best Large Band in the Biola University Invitational Christian High School Band Festival for many years. The 8 o'clock jazz band won 1st place in the small school division at the Reno Jazz Festival in April 2007, first place in the advanced division of the Fullerton College Jazz Festival in 2010, first place in the intermediate division of the Fullerton College Jazz Festival on April 2, 2011, and first place in the intermediate division of the Irvine Jazz Festival in 2012. The 8 o'clock jazz band was selected from among nearly thirty Orange County, California high schools to be the featured band at the 2011 Music and Arts Commendations for Youth (MACY) Awards program but declined due to other commitments. The band was named Best Student Jazz Band at the 41st Annual MACY Awards. In spring 2012, the band received 3 unanimous superior designations in competitions including the Biola University Invitational Christian High School Band Festival, the Irvine Jazz Festival, and the Southern California School Band and Orchestra Association Regional Festival.


title: Donald Trump in popular culture

text: Trump has appeared on and been involved in WWE programming (professional wrestling) several times since the late 1980s. Throughout these appearances, he has always taken on the persona of a generous billionaire who cares about the WWE fans, serving as a foil to Vince McMahon, the "villainous billionaire owner" character. On the January 2, 2007, episode of Monday Night Raw, Trump appeared virtually to interrupt "Vince McMahon Appreciation Night", showering the audience with thousands of dollars, beginning his feud with McMahon. On the March 12, 2007, episode of Monday Night Raw, Trump signed a contract for his "Battle of the Billionaires" WrestleMania match against Vince McMahon. At WrestleMania 23, he won the right to shave Vince McMahon's hair, after betting that Bobby Lashley would beat Umaga in a match. In 2009, Trump returned to WWE programming, purchasing Monday Night Raw from McMahon, who had fallen into bankruptcy in storyline, on the June 15th episode of the show, announcing that his first move as company owner would be to make next week's episode of Raw commercial-free for the entire 3-hour runtime. On the June 22 episode of Raw, Trump sold the show back to McMahon for twice the price he bought it for, also giving the audience of the show free attendance, refunding their ticket price. Additionally on this show, Trump encountered Santino Marella, who had then adopted his cross-dressing alter ego of Santina Marella. Trump, disgusted and annoyed by Marella, fired him as a part of the storyline.


title: Maplewood, Houston

text: Prior to the 1980s oil bust Braeburn Elementary school had a middle class, White student body. After the oil bust, Central American immigrants moved into apartment complexes in the northern portion of Braeburn's attendance zone. By the year 1990 only 5% of Braeburn's 1,000 students were White. On April 29, 1992, a petition to have the neighborhood rezoned to Herod, a mostly-White high performing school, circulated in the southern portion of Braeburn's attendance zone. The area board member, Donald R. McAdams, did not support the proposal, and the request was not approved. McAdams, the author of Fighting to Save Our Urban Schools-- and Winning!: Lessons from Houston, wrote that he did not support the proposal because the area demanding a rezone was across the street from Braeburn to the south and west and that "Moving this neighborhood to Herod would acknowledge that middle-class white children were not expected to go to a school filled with poor Hispanic children, even when the school was directly across the street." In addition, at that time Herod was overcrowded.


title: Star Route scandal

text: In April 1881, President James A. Garfield launched an investigation within the Star Routes corruption. Garfield's investigation revealed among the major players involved were some of the large contractors, the ex-US Representative Bradley Barlow of Vermont, the Second Assistant Postmaster-General, Thomas J. Brady, some of the subordinates in the department, and Arkansas Senator Stephen W. Dorsey, who became Secretary of the Republican National Committee during Garfield's 1880 presidential campaign. After Garfield's assassination, Chester A. Arthur (who assumed the presidency) pursued the investigation. Two federal prosecution trials took place in 1882 and 1883, and the postal ring was finally shut down. Although the fraudulent scheme was widespread, there were few convictions. Many of the defendants in the Star Routes trials were successfully defended by noted lawyer and orator, Robert Ingersoll. Brady and Dorsey were acquitted by the jury in the 1883 trial. Public disgust over the Star Routes graft served as an impetus for civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act in 1883.


title: Immunohistochemistry

text: Immunohistochemistry is an excellent detection technique and has the tremendous advantage of being able to show exactly where a given protein is located within the tissue examined. It is also an effective way to examine the tissues. This has made it a widely used technique in neuroscience, enabling researchers to examine protein expression within specific brain structures. Its major disadvantage is that, unlike immunoblotting techniques where staining is checked against a molecular weight ladder, it is impossible to show in immunohistochemistry that the staining corresponds with the protein of interest. For this reason, primary antibodies must be well-validated in a Western Blot or similar procedure. The technique is even more widely used in diagnostic surgical pathology for immunophenotyping tumors (e.g. immunostaining for e-cadherin to differentiate between ductal carcinoma in situ (stains positive) and lobular carcinoma in situ (does not stain positive)). More recently, immunohistochemical techniques have been useful in differential diagnoses of multiple forms of salivary gland, head, and neck carcinomas.


title: The Good Man (Fear the Walking Dead)

text: After Daniel confirmed Adams' claims about the massive sports arena filled with the undead, the group packs up their belongings and leaves the neighborhood, planning to drive to the nearby National Guard compound to rescue Liza, Griselda, and Nick. Before leaving, Daniel and Travis debate over whether or not they should let Adams free, with Daniel believing that he would serve as a threat and should instead be executed. Travis convinces the others to let Adams live, but shortly before leaving, Adams convinces Travis to let him go free, after giving him instructions on where to find everyone in the compound. Upon arriving at the compound, Daniel distracts the guards by releasing the horde of walkers from the arena and leading them to the front gates, causing a panic amongst the guards and allowing the rest of the group to enter the compound. Travis, Madison, Daniel, and Ofelia go inside, while Alicia and Chris wait by the exit in the vehicles. Shortly after the others leave, however, several National Guards troops arrive and threaten Chris and Alicia into giving them the keys to one of their vehicles; Chris and Alicia are unharmed but the troops steal the group's SUV.


title: The Good Man (Fear the Walking Dead)

text: Outside, the undead breach the perimeter defenses and swarm the building. As the Guardsmen evacuate the compound, Strand and Nick escape from their holding cells using a key that Strand stole from one of the guards. Other detainees beg to be released, and Nick tries to convince Strand to help them, but he refuses, and the two of them attempt to escape the building. Strand tells Nick that they will be heading west to a house he owns by the ocean, where they will meet with someone he calls "Abigail". Shortly afterwards, Travis' group reaches the holding cells, but find that Nick is nowhere to be found; they release the other detainees, who point them in the direction that Nick went. Following those directions, Travis' group reunites with Nick and meets Strand; they also reunite with Liza, who had been trying to find an exit as well. The group tries to escape through the medical ward, where they discover that Dr. Exner has euthanized all of the patients after the evacuation teams left them behind. She tells them of an escape route into the building's sublevels, and though they offer to bring her with them, she opts to stay behind, presumably committing suicide. The group follows her directions and reaches the area where the vehicles were parked, but before they can escape, a vengeful Adams approaches, threatening the group with a handgun and shooting Ofelia in the arm. Enraged, Travis brutally beats Adams and leaves him for dead.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: Grounded is a survival game that can be played either in first-person or a third-person. In the game, the protagonist is shrunk to the size of an ant and must strive to survive in a backyard. In the game, the player character (Max, Willow, Pete or Hoops) needs to consume an adequate amount of food and water, or they will lose health due to starvation or dehydration respectively. The backyard is filled with various bugs and insects, such as spiders, bees, dust mites, ladybugs and many more. The specific microfauna featured in the game suggests the setting to be somewhere in North America as the majority of species featured may be readily found there, although a few (such as the Orchid Mantis) are not native but could reasonably be considered invasive. Different insects serve different purposes in the game. For instance, spiders are one of the game's apex predators that will hunt down the players, ladybugs can lead players to food sources, and aphids can be cooked and consumed for food. Players can also cut down grass to collect dewdrops. The game has an accessibility option for players who have arachnophobia, which allows players to decide how scary spiders are going to be in the game.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: As the teens locate Dr. Tully's labs and recover the memory chips, they also begin to recover their memories, and recall that they were kidnapped and experimented on by a company called Ominent. Once they were shrunk and the experiments were complete, the project's leader Director Dalton Schmector (Roger Craig Smith) ordered the teens to be disposed of. However, one of the scientists took pity on the teens and secretly smuggled them into Dr. Tully's backyard, as he is the only person that can help them. BURG.L recovers its memories and explains that a side effect of using the SPAC.R is a condition called Raisining Syndrome, where the shrinking process goes out of control and the person suffering from it eventually shrivels up like a raisin. Ominent was experimenting on children since they appeared to be immune to the effects of Raisining Syndrome, and managed to find a cure. However, Ominent still has been unable to replicate Dr. Tully's secret Embiggening Formula, which is needed to reverse the shrinking process.


title: Grounded (video game)

text: BURG.L sends the teens to Dr. Tully's last known location. They find a recording left by him explaining that he had begun to suffer the effects of Raisining Syndrome and retreated to an underground lab in an effort to find a cure. The teens head into the lab and find Dr. Tully barely being kept alive by a life support pod. Dr. Tully further explains that Schmector used to be his supervisor before he left the company to work on the SPAC.R, and is angry that Ominent already built their own version. Seeing the predicament the teens are in, Dr. Tully instructs them on how to formulate the Embiggening Formula. However, Dr. Tully also warns the teens that once they start mixing the formula, Ominent will become aware of it and send their army of mind controlled insects to attack. The teens then have the choice of going ahead with the mixing process or confront Schmector's surveillance robot first. If the robot is defeated, the teens will recover a disk containing all of Ominent's research data, including a cure for the Raisining Syndrome.


title: Turkish National Movement

text: On American Mandate: On 1 August 1919, the King-Crane Commission tried to contact a large groups of interested parties in Constantinople (Ottoman Control), to obtain their positions with a view toward reporting them to the Paris Peace Conference. Kazım Karabekir learned that a memorandum was adopted by an amalgamation of political groups in Constantinople and consequently, the Erzurum Congress, which has been in session since 23 July sent a memorandum to American President Woodrow Wilson on the same day (1 August). It was probably also meant to remind all other parties of Wilson's 14 Points and the fact that the Nationalists were aware of them. Among the objectives of the Nationalists was, it appears, to signal the resolve of the Nationalists to the interested parties, and display their intent not to tolerate indiscriminate political pressure. What began as a suggestion to the Nationalists to accept the American Mandate at the time of the Erzurum Congress, became a major campaign immediately afterwards. By the time Sivas Congress was convened, no less than three channels were working on the Nationalist leadership to persuade them at least to "consider" the American Mandate, if not outright adopt a resolution in favor of it at the Sivas Congress.


title: Peruvian Segunda División

text: Before the current Liga 2, there was the Peruvian Segunda División, which was the second division of Peruvian football from 1912 to 1925. It allowed promotion to the Peruvian Primera Division for the starting seasons. It was not a professional tournament. In the inaugural 1912 season, the Peruvian Segunda Division and Primera Division were put together with 8 teams each. It was dissolved in 1925 after the Peruvian Football Federation was formed. The tournament was restarted in 1926, under the organization of the Peruvian Football Federation, with the name of "Intermediate Tournament", the first champion was Association Alianza, after that in 1935 the championship was renamed "Ascenso División de Honor" where it granted promotion to teams from Lima and Callao, at this stage the most relevant was the championship of 1939 where Alianza Lima won the championship and climbed to the top division. It would later be replaced by the Peruvian Segunda Division, now known as the Liga 2, in 1936. Despite being founded in 1936, the Peruvian Segunda Division did not have its first season up until 1943, where Atlético Telmo Carbajo of Callao won the tournament.


title: Peruvian Segunda División

text: In 2006, the Peruvian Segunda Division was moved up to the second tier once again, where the winner gets promotion to the First Division. As a result, the Copa Peru was moved down to the third tier, where is currently stands.It was only in 2006 that it was decided to decentralize this tournament (until then reserved for teams from the Department of Lima and the Constitutional Province of Callao), the championship began to be played with teams from different departments of Peru that obtained the category through a contest called by the Peruvian Football Federation or by relegation from the first division. However, despite the decentralist spirit of this measure (which recently turned this category into a true Peruvian Second Division), some articles were established in the regulations that obliged teams of a certain distance from Lima to pay the tickets of rival teams. It should be said that with this, the duality of promotion to the First Division occurred because the Copa Perú, the traditional amateur football tournament, was also of a national nature, a situation that does not happen in any country worldwide and where it was seen that the Second Division should remain as the only way to promotion to the First Division. However, while it was nominally Second Professional, it was officially promotional.


title: Ramón de Cárdenas

text: Cárdenas was born in Madrid as the son of Ramón de Cárdenas y Padilla , a journalist born in Havana who had emigrated to Madrid at the end of the 19th century and who belonged to the Spanish nobility. He developed a deep interest in football in his youth, and soon enough he became one of the first football personalities in the capital. Cárdenas was one of the enthusiastic footballers that joined and played for Sky Foot-Ball Club, the first club to ever exist in the capital. However, the instability within the club prevented its development, and after suffering two major splits in 1900 and 1901, Cárdenas decided to leave the club in the third split, on 15 March 1902, joining Madrid FC, who had just been officially established on 6 March in the infamous meeting held in the back room of Al Capricho. The last match he played for Sky was on 9 March, in a friendly between the club's members, as part of Sky's build-up for the upcoming Copa de la Coronación, the forerunner of the Copa del Rey founded a year later. In this game, Cárdenas played for the White Team and netted a goal in a 1–2 loss.


title: Mallard II

text: Mallard II was built in 1936, and has maintained the levees of the salt ponds ever since,: 51 except for a brief period during World War II during which she was used to retrieve artillery shells from the floor of the Bay near Mare Island and the Port Chicago Naval Magazine. Over time, she received extensive upgrades (including a modern engine, steel A-frame and boom).: 51 The steel frame was installed by Bethelehem Pacific's San Francisco shipyard in 1954, at which point she maintained levees on over 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) of ponds in the South Bay as well as Napa County. She has been described as a "floating wood-and-metal dinosaur", with a 2 cu yd (1.5 m3) bucket capable of moving as much as 2,000 cu yd (1,500 m3) of mud per day. While dredging, she is anchored by "spikes", and moves from place to place by "grabbing hold of the sea floor". Mallard II was used to construct such watercourses as North Creek; in 1972 she was briefly idled while the Leslie Salt Company sought dredging permits from the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Salt ponds on which Mallard II is used must be kept at a higher water level than they otherwise would be, owing to her draft.


title: Professor Zeno (Paul L Hague)

text: Touted as "The most successful Allen County fair ever held" the fair was marred by tragedy between 3:30 and 4:00 pm. While under the direction of Lima's own Professor John Knarr, a well known aeronaut originally from Wapakoneta, Professor Zeno and Charles M Hawley performed a balloon race. Hawley had been unable to cut loose and landed in a yard along High Street east of the city water works. Zeno had dropped beyond the tree line and when about 100 feet above the ground, seeing he would land in the reservoir, began calling for someone to save him. He landed in the center of the reservoir and the large canvas parachuted settled onto him as he became entangled in the ropes. Hawley was told of the incident and ran to assist jumping into the water but was unable to reach Zeno. The reservoir, by this time, was surrounded by hundreds of spectators. Hawley and several of the men and boys there constructed a crude raft out of boards and used it to reach the parachute dragging it to shore. They freed Zeno from the ropes and attempted to resuscitate him without success. An ambulance was called and took the body to the morgue where hundreds of people flocked throughout the evening to get a glimpse of the fallen man. Coroner Burton sent telegrams to his father in Savannah, Georgia and his wife, whom was in a Springfield hospital with two broken legs sustained in an ascensions accident there June 22. His father and wife expressed he should be laid to rest there in Lima and his wife would notify his aunt. Paul Hogue had been married twice, his second only a few weeks.