title: Deinodryinus velteni

text: The holotype specimen is a complete adult female with an overall coloration that is brown to black, except the palpi, which are a dull brick red. The female is 4.0 millimetres (0.16 in) in length, with antennae that are approximately three times the length of the head and macropterous forewings. The antennae are composed of ten segments, densely hairy, and distinctly club-shaped (clavate) in structure. The forewings have three cells at the base that are formed by pigmented veins. The forewings have a pterostigma which is approximately five times as long as it is wide, and a stigmal vein that is not S-shaped. Both the fore and hind wings are uniformly slightly darkened, rather than the glassy hyaline seen in the other two described fossil species of Deinodryinus. The length of the stigmal vein is used to separate D. areolatus and D. velteni, with the distal portion of the vein being much longer than the proximal portion in D. velteni as opposed to D. areolatus where the two portions are approximately the same length.


title: Manolín "El Médico de la salsa"

text: His background as a medical student who turned to music out of dissatisfaction with his life possibilities reflects the frustration of an entire generation of Afro-Cubans. Manolín came out in 1992, and by 1994, there were antigovernment riots in the streets of Los Sitios in Havana, a black neighborhood. In this way, Manolín was "a character perfectly tuned to the new social reality of the special period" . As the life of ordinary Cubans receded to 4th World levels, the stars of salsa projected a representation of success and sophistication, an image of escapism and self-empowerment, which, in the context of the decline of the economic role of the state, acquired obvious political meanings. In 1996, a doctor earned $15 per month, while Manolín earned $9,200 per month. His success seemed to represent the triumph of materialism and individualism over revolutionary moral values. According to Manolín, "people started associating money with me." Manolín, Paulito FG, and bands like La Charanga Habanera and Bamboleo became symbols of the new market-adjusted pop artist, articulating into a modern, cosmopolitan image the desires and aspirations of their young black barrio audiences .


title: Beggiatoa

text: The capability to oxidize sulfide and store sulfur are the main features which define Beggiatoa and its close relative Thioploca as filamentous colorless sulfur bacteria, in contrast to other filamentous bacteria like cyanobacteria and the non-sulfur-oxidizing Cytophaga and Flexibacter. Another defining feature is the ability to store nitrate inside the vacuoles of the wide marine species' cells. 16S rRNA sequences base studies inferred that this characteristic is shared between members of a monophyletic clade nested in the Beggiatoa genera; this clade also includes members of Thioploca and Thiomargarita, both presenting only slight differences with Beggiatoas: whereas the former grows sharing a common slime sheath, the latter has not conserved filamentous growth and forms chains of rounded cells. Since the phylogenic history do not reflect the nomenclature, there is a need for a new denomination of genera and species. The Neo-type strain is the B18LB and it settled the criteria for identification of the freshwater species Beggiatoa alba.


title: Beggiatoa

text: In Beggiatoa group are present both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms. Autotrophic Beggiatoa carry out the CO2 fixation through the Calvin cycle and the employment of the RuBisCO enzyme. The latter shows different regulation levels in obligated and facultative autotrophs. For instance, in the obligately autotrophic strain MS-81-1c RuBisCO cannot be repressed, while in the facultatively autotrophic strain MS-81-6 it is tightly regulated to switch from autotrophic to heterotrophic growth and vice versa. Beside the autotrophic strains, most of the freshwater Beggiatoa strains are heterotrophic, requiring organic substrates for growth. Specifically, many of them can be considered mixotrophs, because they grow heterotrophically, oxidizing organic compounds, but they can also use sulfide or other reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors. By this strategy, the organic carbon skeletons are saved for the purpose of increasing biomass and the CO2 autotrophic fixation is not required. Mixotrophy has been suspected to be the trophic modality for many freshwater strains, but it has only been found in one marine strain of Beggiatoa, MS-81-6. Also a metabolic pathway of C-1 compounds utilization has been revealed in Beggiatoa leptomitoformis strain D-402, through comprehensive analysis of its genomic, biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology.


title: Beggiatoa

text: The incredible number of adaptations and metabolisms of this genus of bacteria are consequences of the extraordinary environmental variability they can live in. Beggiatoa is almost benthic, it can be found in marine (Beggiatoa sp. MS-81-6 and MS-81-1c) or freshwater (Beggiatoa alba) environments and they only need sulfide or thiosulfide as electron donor and an oxidizer. They can usually be found in habitats that have high levels of hydrogen sulfide, these environments include cold seeps, sulfur springs, sewage contaminated water, mud layers of lakes, and near deep hydrothermal vents. Beggiatoa can also be found in the rhizosphere of swamp plants, in soil, marine sediments and in the mangrove lagoon too (where they contribute to the lipid pool of the sediments). The freshwater species have typical habitats in sulfur springs, ditches, puddles, wetlands, lake sediments and in rice fields, where it can grow associated with the rice plants' roots. The Beggiatoa that live in marine water can be found in regions where their source of energy (sulfide or thiosulfide) is available. It can be extracted from both inorganic or organic source and usually it is coupled with microoxic condition, therefore very low concentration of oxygen. This genus of Gammaprotobacteria is also common in localized area of anaerobic decomposition, such as whale carcasses on the deep ocean seafloor.


title: Beggiatoa

text: Autotrophic strains coming from a single filament isolation on agar can easily be maintained and propagated in sulfide gradient tubes in which sulfide-rich agar plugs are overlaid with sulfide-free soft agar. Tubs are loosely closed in order to permit the exchange of headspace gasses with the atmosphere. As result, two opposite layers are formed, one that contains sulfide while the other one oxygen: this allows the growth of a well-defined Beggiatoa layer at the sulfide-oxygen interface. The gradient medium construction requires different amounts of J3 medium (made by agar and NaHCO3) supplemented with neutralized Na2S placed in a screw-capped tube. Here, the sulfur source is provided by the flux of sulfide. Another "layer" is made by NaHCO3 without sulfide or thiosulfate: all of the sulfide will be below the interface between the sulfidic agar plug and the sulfide-free overlay agar while there will be another layer in the top of the tube that represents the oxygen reservoir. It begins to form a gradient shape due to the reaction between sulfide and oxygen: as a result, the filaments rapidly proliferate at the sulfide-oxygen interface, forming a marked layer, or "plate", of 1 mm but it is also possible to appreciate that these bacteria can track the interface and slowly descend owing to the gradual depletion of the sulfide reservoir.


title: Dan (rank)

text: In many martial arts, black belts are often worn for all dan grades. In others, different colors are used, with the highest grade (10th dan) sometimes wearing a red belt in some systems. In Jūdo, 6th to 8th dan may wear a red and white-patterned belt, and 9th dan and above may wear a solid red belt. Blue with a red stripe is sometimes worn for Renshi (錬士) or for a person recognized by the older Ryu Kyu Kingdom title of Shinshi (from Shenshi, 紳士), a general Confucian term for a resident Chinese scholar and emissary. There is some variation even within styles. Generally, belts do not have markings that indicate the actual dan grade. Okinawan styles often use gold bars to denote the various masters titles rather than grades after fifth dan. Thus one gold stripe can designate Renshi (錬士), two designated Kyōshi (教士), and three designated Hanshi (範士). In the early 2000s, different Okinawan styles started using the stripes to designate individual dan grades above godan. Others, including many Uechi organizations, have followed suit, while others have not.


title: Battle of Piave River (1809)

text: Once the Franco-Italian army arrived near Verona it gathered reinforcements. Eugène also reorganized his army, assigning Generals of Division Jacques MacDonald, Paul Grenier, and Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers to command his infantry corps, and General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy to lead his cavalry. Baraguey d'Hilliers halted Chasteler's drive in the upper Adige valley. Because Archduke John sent a division to blockade Venice, his army arrived on the Adige with only about 30,000 troops, much fewer than Eugène. Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Eckmühl and the subsequent retreat of Archduke Charles, caused Emperor Francis II to order John to fall back and defend Austria. Anticipating an Austrian withdrawal, Eugène created a Light Brigade consisting of three voltigeur battalions, a squadron of light cavalry, and two cannon. The voltigeur units were formed by taking the skirmisher companies from infantry battalions. Eugène placed this pursuit force under General of Brigade Armand Louis Debroc.


title: Battle of Piave River (1809)

text: On 1 May, Archduke John ordered his army to withdraw to the east. In several clashes on 2 May, the Austrian rear guard held off the French, inflicting 400 killed and wounded including Debroc wounded. Austrian losses were only 200 killed and wounded, but the French rounded up an additional 850 stragglers and sick. The Austrians paused on the Brenta River until 5 May, then continued retreating to the Piave. Eugène followed while sending the division of General of Division Pierre François Joseph Durutte along a more southerly route in order to relieve the blockade of Venice. When he reached that city, Durutte was reinforced by 4,000 troops from the garrison and marched to join Eugène on the Piave. The Light Brigade having proved too weak to pursue effectively, Eugène strengthened it into a Light Division by adding three additional voltigeur battalions, attaching an entire cavalry regiment, and boosting its artillery complement to four cannons. Replacing Debroc, the French army commander gave the Light Division to General of Brigade Joseph Marie, Count Dessaix.


title: Battle of Piave River (1809)

text: MacDonald's corps consisted of two French infantry divisions, those of Generals of Division Jean-Baptiste Broussier and Jean Maximilien Lamarque. Grenier's corps included the French infantry divisions of Durutte and General of Brigade Louis Abbé. Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers only had General of Division Achille Fontanelli's Italian infantry division available. His other Franco-Italian division under General of Division Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca was detached. Grouchy's cavalry reserve included General of Division Louis Michel Antoine Sahuc's light cavalry division, General of Division Charles Randon de Pully's dragoon division, and Grouchy's own dragoon division which was led by General of Brigade François Guérin d'Etoquigny. In addition to Dessaix's Advance Guard, Eugène held three units in reserve under his personal command. These were General of Division Jean-Barthélemot Sorbier's reserve artillery, General of Division Jean Mathieu Seras' French infantry division, and General of Brigade Teodoro Lecchi's 2,500-man Italian Guard.


title: Battle of Piave River (1809)

text: Most of the villages in Gunther E. Rothenberg's maps of the battle can be located on modern maps. However, since 1809 a few places either changed names, moved to a new location, vanished due to the river's action, or were destroyed in the Battle of the Piave River in 1918. The changes are listed as follows. Susignano is now called Susegana. Santa Maria is near the Rothenberg map location of Campana. Ponte della Priula appears to have moved from its map position to a place 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest, closer to Nervesa. San Nichiol has disappeared. In 1809 a stream or canal known as the Piavisella began near Barco and ran west to east through Mandre, Santa Maria (Campana), and Tezze di Piave before turning northeast. A dike ran east and west about 800 meters south of the Piavisella. Both the dike and stream played important parts in the battle. Two nearby canals known as the Piavesella and Piavesella di Maserada lie on the south bank of the Piave, while the Piavisella of the 1809 battle is located on the north bank.


title: Philosophy education

text: In many other European countries philosophy is part of the high school curriculum, such as for example in Austria, Croatia, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and mainly Spain. In Germany the subject ethics has been introduced in more and more parts since the 1970s. In Croatia the subject ethics can be taken instead of religious education which mainly focuses on Catholic tradition. Spain is the most clear example of a philosophy education. In Secondary school all the students must take a little introduction to ethics, but it is during the sixth form, known there as 'bachillerato', where it is compulsory to take philosophy and citizenship in the first course, as well as history of philosophy in the second course in order to apply for university or just to get the title. University-level philosophy courses are widespread and are usually thought to have the longest tradition in the subject due to the historical ascription for the invention of philosophy as a separate discipline to the philosophers of Ancient Greece.


title: Seconds pendulum

text: These early clocks, due to their verge escapements, had wide pendulum swings of 80–100°. In his 1673 analysis of pendulums, Horologium Oscillatorium, Huygens showed that wide swings made the pendulum inaccurate, causing its period, and thus the rate of the clock, to vary with unavoidable variations in the driving force provided by the movement. Clockmakers' realisation that only pendulums with small swings of a few degrees are isochronous motivated the invention of the anchor escapement around 1670, which reduced the pendulum's swing to 4–6°. The anchor became the standard escapement used in pendulum clocks. In addition to increased accuracy, the anchor's narrow pendulum swing allowed the clock's case to accommodate longer, slower pendulums, which needed less power and caused less wear on the movement. The seconds pendulum (also called the Royal pendulum), 0.994 m (39.1 in) long, in which each swing takes one second, became widely used in quality clocks. The long narrow clocks built around these pendulums, first made by William Clement around 1680, became known as grandfather clocks. The increased accuracy resulting from these developments caused the minute hand, previously rare, to be added to clock faces beginning around 1690.: 190


title: Seconds pendulum

text: Jean Richer and Giovanni Domenico Cassini measured the parallax of Mars between Paris and Cayenne in French Guiana when Mars was at its closest to Earth in 1672. They arrived at a figure for the solar parallax of 9.5 arcseconds, equivalent to an Earth–Sun distance of about 22000 Earth radii. They were also the first astronomers to have access to an accurate and reliable value for the radius of Earth, which had been measured by their colleague Jean Picard in 1669 as 3269 thousand toises. Picard's geodetic observations had been confined to the determination of the magnitude of the Earth considered as a sphere, but the discovery made by Jean Richer turned the attention of mathematicians to its deviation from a spherical form. Christiaan Huygens found out the centrifugal force which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude. He also discovered that the seconds pendulum length was a means to measure gravitational acceleration. In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for cartography, geodesy grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the theory of gravity, which Émilie du Châtelet promoted in France in combination with Leibniz's mathematical work and because the radius of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an oblate spheroid through geodetic surveys in Ecuador and Lapland and this new data called into question the value of Earth radius as Picard had calculated it.


title: Seconds pendulum

text: The goal of Principia was not to provide exact answers for natural phenomena, but to theorise potential solutions to these unresolved factors in science. Newton pushed for scientists to look further into the unexplained variables. Two prominent researchers whom he inspired were Alexis Clairaut and Pierre Louis Maupertuis. They both sought to prove the validity of Newton's theory on the shape of the Earth. In order to do so, they went on an expedition to Lapland in an attempt to accurately measure the meridian arc. From such measurements they could calculate the eccentricity of the Earth, its degree of departure from a perfect sphere. Clairaut confirmed that Newton's theory that the Earth was ellipsoidal was correct, but his calculations were in error; he wrote a letter to the Royal Society of London with his findings. The society published an article in Philosophical Transactions the following year in 1737 that revealed his discovery. Clairaut showed how Newton's equations were incorrect, and did not prove an ellipsoid shape to the Earth. However, he corrected problems with the theory, that in effect would prove Newton's theory correct. Clairaut believed that Newton had reasons for choosing the shape that he did, but he did not support it in Principia. Clairaut's article did not provide a valid equation to back up his argument. This created much controversy in the scientific community.


title: Seconds pendulum

text: Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included Lagrange, Laplace, Monge and Condorcet – decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator (the quadrant of the Earth's circumference), measured along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from the obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected to be the largest. The Spanish-French geodetic mission combined with an earlier measurement of the Paris meridian arc and the Lapland geodetic mission had confirmed that the Earth was an oblate spheroid. Moreover, observations were made with a pendulum to determine the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration; and these observations coincided with the geodetic results in proving that the Earth is flattened at the poles. The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth, which is measured with the seconds pendulum, is due to the combined effects of local gravity and centrifugal acceleration. The gravity diminishes with the distance from the center of the Earth while the centrifugal force augments with the distance from the axis of the Earth's rotation, it follows that the resulting acceleration towards the ground is 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator and that the polar diameter of the Earth is smaller than its equatorial diameter.


title: Seconds pendulum

text: The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years . The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later Arago, were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In the meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795. While Méchain and Delambre were completing their survey, the commission had ordered a series of platinum bars to be made based on the provisional metre. When the final result was known, the bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result. This standard metre bar became known as the Committee metre (French : Mètre des Archives).


title: George River (Quebec)

text: In June 1839, McLean took a party up the George in his search for a convenient overland route between Ungava Bay and Fort Smith (present-day North West River) on Lake Melville. His predecessor Erland Erlandson had accidentally demonstrated its feasibility in 1834, but along a more circuitous route up the Koksoak. Lacking Innu guides, McLean's expedition ended in failure with the discovery of the Grand Falls (now Churchill Falls) on the Hamilton (now the Churchill) and the party retraced its steps. On the eastern shore of Erlandson's Lake (now Indian House Lake), they erected a post called Fort Trial in the winter of 1839–1840 to serve as a waystation and depot on the supply route they had established with Fort Nascopie on Petitsikapau Lake in the interior. Fort Trial—also referenced in HBC correspondence as "Erlandson's Post"—became superfluous with McLean's 1841 discovery of a route through a series of lakes around the falls and its rapids, after which the prosperous Fort Nascopie was supplied from Fort Smith instead. The HBC closed the entire unprofitable Ungava District soon after, abandoning Fort Trial on 15 June 1842 and Fort Severight around the same time.


title: Md Mostafizur Rahman

text: Rahman and Justice M Enayetur Rahim granted bail to cartoonist Ahmed Kabir Kishore in March 2021 after ten months in pretrial detention in a Digital Security Act case. He co-accused writer Mushtaq Ahmed died in custody. On 26 August 2021, Rahman and M Enayetur Rahim in a verdict declared that the Anti-Corruption Commission does not have the authority to freeze suspect's assets or bank accounts without the explicit authorization of the courts. The verdict was given in a petition filed by a pharmacy owner in Cox's Bazar District whose accounts in Social Islami Bank Limited were frozen on the orders of Md Sharif Uddin, assistant director of the Anti-Corruption Commission in Chittagong. In September 2021, Rahman and Justice M Enayetur Rahim suspended the bail of deputy inspector general Partha Gopal Banik and criticized Special Judge Court-5's Judge Md Iqbal Hossain for granting a secret bail to Banik, who had arrested with 8 million BDT from his home. It sought an explanation from the judge. Rahman and Justice M Enayetur Rahim rejected a petition that called for the Bangladesh High Court to direct the government to protect private phone conversations from being intercepted and recorded illegally on 29 September 2021. In November, Rahman and Justice M Enayetur Rahim ordered the killing of elephants in Bangladesh and stop encroachment on elephant habitats.


title: Sami Sirviö

text: Sirviö formed Kent in 1990 along with vocalist Joakim Berg, bassist Martin Sköld, drummer Markus Mustonen and keyboardist Thomas Bergqvist. The band originally called themselves Jones & Giftet before changing their name first to Havsänglar and later Kent. By that time Bergqvist had been fired from the band and replaced by Martin Roos. After the release of the bands self-titled debut album Roos quit the band to focus on a career at BMG, the band soon recruited Harri Mänty as a replacement. The band continued to release several critically and commercially successful albums with that line-up intact until 2006 when rhythm guitarist Harri Mänty left the band. Instead of recruiting a permanent replacement Sirviö along with Jocke Berg recorded guitars for their 2007 release Tillbaka till samtiden. For live performances the band has since brought along Max Brandt as a non-official guitarist. Besides his role in Kent Sirviö has also appeared on Lisa Miskovsky's 2006 album Changes as well as produce a number of records for Swedish and Finnish artists.


title: HMS Sumar

text: Sumar was obtained by the British Admiralty, armed and commissioned as HMS Sumar in July 1942. Her first commanding officer, Temporary Lieutenant-Commander C. A. King, DSC, Royal Navy Reserve, was appointed on 12 July 1941. Armed for anti-submarine warfare, she was assigned to the Royal Naval Examination Service on the America and West Indies Station, based at the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda. HMS Castle Harbour, a Bermudian tender which had been similarly commissioned, and which had been used by the Royal Naval Examination Service at Bermuda since the start of the war, was transferred to the Mediterranean, but sunk on transit on 16 October 1942 by the German submarine U-160. Although the Examination Service was responsible for anti-submarine duties inside Bermuda's barrier reef, the ocean outside the reef was normally patrolled by HMS Evadne. Evadne was also responsible for escorting merchant vessels to Bermuda where they formed into convoys to cross the Atlantic (convoys formed at Bermuda were coded BHX and merged at sea with convoys from Halifax, Nova Scotia, coded HX, as the relatively smaller circumference of a larger circle meant it took fewer escorts to defend one large convoy than two smaller).


title: HMS Sumar

text: On 2 June, 1942, Sumar (by then under the command of Lieutenant Gordon Emerson Kernohan, Royal Canadian Naval Voluntary Reserve) departed Bermuda with the United States Naval Operating Base Bermuda tender USS Gannet (which had also been built by Todd Shipyards Corporation), under the command of Lieutenant Commander Frances Edward Nuessle, US Navy, in response to a distress call from the British merchant ship SS Westmoreland, which had been torpedoed by the German submarine U-566 220 nautical miles (410 km; 250 mi) northward of Bermuda. The rescue attempt was unnecessary as the sixty-five survivors from the crew of the Westmoreland had already been rescued by the merchant ship SS Cathcart and the former USS Henry R. Mallory. Sumar was limited to 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), forcing Gannet to lower her speed. The two vessels were unable to communicate with each other by radio (Sumar's radio and compass being inoperable), and Gannet lacked sonar. Both kept their running lights on in order to maintain visual contact, at the cost of exposing themselves to German submarines. Aircraft from Bermuda flew ahead of them to search the area where the Westmoreland had been torpedoed. Finding no trace of the ship or survivors, the two ships were ordered to return to Bermuda at 1300 hours on 6 June. At 0022 Hours on the 7 June (GMT +1 hour, the German time used by the Kriegsmarine; or 1922 Hours on the 6 June Atlantic Time (GMT -4 hours)), the two ships were spotted by the German submarine U-653 under Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Feiler, who fired four homing torpedoes at them at 2320 hours (Atlantic Time). The shallow draughts of the two vessels caused all four to miss, but Feiler launched another two set for a shallower depth at 0242 hours on 7 June (Atlantic Time), causing a catastrophic explosion on Gannet. Although Feiler recorded that Sumar then turned towards his submarine, and that distress signals were visible to him for ten minutes, the crew of Sumar failed to see what had befallen Gannet or the distress signals and returned to Bermuda alone. Gannet went down rapidly, taking 16 of her crew with her. Her commanding officer and other survivors tied together life rafts with wounded and clung to the sides in the heavy seas. Twenty-two men would be rescued by two planes of VP-74 which made daring landings in the heavy seas. USS Hamilton, led to the scene by one of the same planes, rescued 40 others. What appeared to be the abandonment of Gannet by Sumar was to result in a rift between Royal Naval and US Naval personnel in Bermuda. On 4 July 1942, command of Sumar passed to Lieutenant Algernon Hugh Peniston, Royal Navy Reserve (one of many Bermudian officers and ratings serving in the Royal Navy).


title: 53rd Reserve Division (German Empire)

text: The 53rd Reserve Division initially fought on the Western Front, entering the line in mid-October. As part of the so-called Race to the Sea, it fought in the Battle of the Yser in October–November 1914. It remained in positional warfare and fighting along the Yser until April 1915, and then was engaged in fighting in the Second Battle of Ypres. After that battle, the division returned to the line on the Yser until September. After a brief period of rest, the division fought against the French offensive in the Second Battle of Champagne. The division again went into army reserve from the end of October 1915 to the end of January 1916, after which it returned to the line on the Yser and then in the Flanders and Artois regions. It saw several weeks' action in the Battle of the Somme, and then returned to positional warfare in the line. In November 1916, the division was transferred to the Eastern Front, where it engaged in positional warfare until June 1917. It then fought against the Russian Kerensky Offensive and in follow-on fighting in Galicia and on the Ukrainian border. At the end of November 1917, the division was transferred back to the Western Front, arriving in mid-December at border defense positions on the Belgian-Dutch border. After a few months there and then in the line in Flanders and the Artois, the division fought in the 1918 German spring offensive, seeing action in the First Battle of the Somme , also known as the Second Battle of the Somme . After that battle, the division went to the Verdun region to recover, and then in June went to the Soisson region, where it saw action in July–August in the Second Battle of the Marne. The division suffered heavily and was relieved on August 10. It went to the Argonne region to be dissolved; some of its understrength units were there when the Meuse-Argonne Offensive began and they were sent to the line to bolster other divisions in the face of American attacks. Allied intelligence considered the division as mediocre in 1917 and rated it third class in 1918.


title: The Simpsons season 16

text: The 16th season of The Simpsons has garnered generally positive reviews from critics, with many noting while the episodes are still good and funny they are of a lesser quality than those of the show's earlier seasons. CraveOnline gave the season a rating of 8.0 out of 10, and spoke highly of its "little pieces of continuity", "sharp parody", and "non sequitur gags". Entertainment Focus gave it 4 out of 5 stars, concluding "Some people have criticised The Simpsons claiming that the show is tired and has passed its prime. We don't agree with those people at all and think The Simpsons has been remarkably consistent in terms of its humour and stories. Sure it may have been eclipsed by the edgier Family Guy in more recent years but The Simpsons is, and always will be, one of the most original and talked-about shows. The Simpsons: Season 16 is another cracking instalment of the hit show and we still, after all these years, just can't get enough. High-Def Digest also gave a 4/5 star rating, saying "As mentioned in the review, there are plenty of laughs to be had in this season, but very few of them come from a place that feels truly genuine and sincere. Sixteen seasons in, it seems that the show is a mixture of been-there-done-that sentiment and perfunctory punch lines. Aside from the so-so image, there's plenty here to keep the die-hard 'Simpsons' fan happy, so this one comes recommended for fans". Cinema Sentries said "This is not something to pick up if you are a general TV fan, or a casual Simpsons fan. The overall quality of the season is not high enough, and you may not get satisfactory enjoyment from them. If you sort of turned your back on the show, this probably isn't the season to check out. However, if you are a Simpsons devotee, then you will want to pick it up". DVDTalk wrote "The Simpsons: Season Sixteen isn't the best of the series' run but it is a very strong collection of truly funny and frequently quite clever doses of animated comedic insanity."


title: The Simpsons season 16

text: For his musical work in "Treehouse of Horror XV", Alf Clausen was nominated for the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore) Emmy award in 2005. In addition, Michael Price won a Writers Guild of America Award for animation for the episode "Mommie Beerest". Also, for his work on "There's Something About Marrying", J. Stewart Burns was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for animation. In 2005, "On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister" was nominated for the Best Television Episodic Comedy Environmental Media Award. Also, "Goo Goo Gai Pan" was nominated for the Turner Award of the Environmental Media Award. "Future-Drama" was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour) In 2006, Don Payne was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Awards for animation for his work in "Thank God, It's Doomsday". In the same year, Matt Warburton was nominated for Writers Guild of America Awards for animation as well for "The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star".


title: Intelligence assessment

text: Information is transformed from privately held to secretly held to public based on who has control over it. For example, the private information of a source becomes secret information (intelligence) when control over its dissemination is shared with an intelligence officer, and then becomes public information when the intelligence officer further disseminates it to the public by any number of means, including formal reporting, threat warning, and others. The fourth assumption, intelligence is hoarded, causes conflict points where information transitions from one type to another. The first conflict point, collection, occurs when private transitions to secret information (intelligence). The second conflict point, dissemination, occurs when secret transitions to public information. Thus, conceiving of intelligence using these assumptions demonstrates the cause of collection techniques (to ease the private-secret transition) and dissemination conflicts, and can inform ethical standards of conduct among all agents in the intelligence process.


title: Darughachi

text: In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol darughas were stationed in Vladimir and Baghdad. The Mongol Empire attempted to send darughachi to Goryeo in 1231, after the first (of six) invasions. According to some records, 72 darughachi were sent and the Mongol military garrisons were withdrawn. However, repeated rebellions and continued Goryeo resistance to Mongol dominion made the stationing of darughachi difficult. While there are questions regarding the actual number of darughachi stationed, most reliable sources (including the Goryeo-sa) indicate that at least some darughachi were stationed in Goryeo for the duration of its vassaldom to the Mongol Empire. The extant record denoted 72 darughachi was itself a derivation of an older record that has been lost; Goryeo was too small a territory to merit so many darughachi; the names of none of the 72 darughachi remain, which is unusual considering the importance of their position. While further mention of the darughachi in Korea is scarce in extant sources; after peace was secured between Goryeo and the Mongol Empire in 1259 establishing Korea as a vassal to the Empire, the stationing of darughachi in Korea was likely a more stable proposition.


title: Leyenda de Plata (2007)

text: The first torneo cibernetico elimination match took place on May 18, Perro Aguayo Jr. was originally scheduled to be part of the match, hinting at a very anticipated Aguayo vs. Místico match that had been building for a while. In the weeks leading up to the first cibernetico Perro Aguayo Jr. was injured and had to pull out of the match, he was replaced by fellow Los Perros del Mal member Mr. Águila, who'd go on to win the qualifier over Negro Casas, El Felino, Tarzan Boy, Mephisto, Máximo, Alex Koslov, Stuka Jr., Volador Jr. and Mictlán. On May 25, 2007 El Sagrado qualified for his first ever Leyenda semi-final as he outlasted Averno, Ephesto, Virus, El Texano Jr., Leono, Loco Max, Valiente, Heavy Metal and Black Warrior. On June 1, 2007 Mr. Águila defeated El Sagrado to earn a spot in the final. On June 8, 2007 Místico became the first wrestler to not only win the tournament twice but also in back to back years as he defeated Mr. Águila. Following his victory Perro Aguayo Jr. attacked Místico furthering the storyline between the top tecnico and top rudo of the promotion.


title: Elizabeth Weed

text: In 1989, Weed cofounded differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies with Naomi Schor. She published several edited collections that grew out of special editions of the journal, often collaborating with Schor until Schor's death in 2001. Their 1994 collection More Gender Trouble: Feminism Meets Queer Theory collected essays by scholars in dialogue with one another across the two domains but within the book: in it "Judith Butler refers to the work of Biddy Martin; Martin refers to Gayle Rubin's writings; Butler interviews Rubin; Trevor Hope and Rosi Braidotti engage in a three-article conversation with one another based on Hope's critique of an earlier piece of Braidotti's writing; and Elizabeth Grosz and Teresa de Lauretis engage in a similar discussion of Grosz's review/commentary on de Lauretis' ." In the journal Atlantis, Valda Leighteizer said it might be a "tough slog" for those not already versed in the conversation the collection extends, but "For those who are excited by discussion, who enjoy a passionate roll around with semantics and semiotics, the text is marvelous - a furthering - an adventure in discourse!"


title: Sami Yusuf

text: Sami Yusuf was born Siyamak Radmanesh (Persian: سیامک رادمنش) on 21 July 1980 in Tehran to Azerbaijani parents. His grandparents are from Baku, Azerbaijan, from which they left for Iran when it was captured by the Bolsheviks following World War I. Yusuf and his parents later arrived in Ealing, West London, in the early 1980s, after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. From an early age, Yusuf showed great interest in music. He was influenced by the wide range of musical genres available to him in Ealing, immersing himself especially in Western classical music and Middle Eastern music. He learned the piano and violin as well as traditional instruments including the oud, setar, and tonbak. At the age of 16, Yusuf experienced a spiritual revival that made him become a "more committed Muslim". In 2003, although considering pursuing a career in law, he produced and released his first album. It quickly became an international success and launched Yusuf's professional music career. Yusuf studied music as a composition student at the prestigious Royal Academy, as well as at Salford University in north-west England.


title: Louis de Maugiron

text: Alençon who had been avoiding court, decided to return in 1578. He and his favourites spent the next month engaged in skirmishes with the favourites of Henri III. Maugiron, now representing the king harassed his former patron, leading a legal case against one of his favourites, La Châtre and insulting the prince during a ball in early February. Several days later Alençon declared his intention to depart court, and eventually succeeded in doing so. No longer having the king's brother's favourites to intimidate, Maugiron and the other clients of the king turned their attention to those loyal to the duke of Guise and were narrowly kept away from a duel on 2 April 1578, before engaging in one on 27 April under the respective leaderships of Caylus for the king and Entraguet for the duke. During the combat that followed, Maugiron fighting as a second for Caylus was killed by one of Entraguet's seconds, Ribérac. The king was distraught at the death of Maugiron and Caylus, and commissioned an elaborate tomb for his favourites. The tomb was destroyed by a Parisian mob in 1589 at the urgings of radical Catholic preachers.


title: Louis de Maugiron

text: At this time the king's sister Marguerite de Valois alleges that Henri's favourites constituted an informal parallel royal council, separate to the formal conseil des affaires, in which Maugiron was consulted on matters of state among others. In her memoires she compares this alleged council to that of Jeroboam, who was supposedly counselled by unworthy men. Her memoires are treated cautiously by modern historians, and Le Roux argues only a few of Henri's favourites began to exercise influence on administrative affairs. The relations between the king and his brother were toxic by the time of the prince's return to court in 1578. Maugiron, keen to represent his patron took the opportunity of Alençon's presence at a ball for the wedding of one of the king's favourites, Saint-Luc, to insult his former protector. Maugiron and Saint-Luc had previously pursued legal proceedings against one of Alençon's favourites, La Châtre as a way of attacking the king's brother. The following day Alençon decided to flee court, and while this plan was at first frustrated, he escaped on 14 February.


title: Louis de Maugiron

text: Rid of their enemy, the remaining favourites in the capital turned their attentions on the duke of Guise, persuading the king to remove the honour of grand maître from him, in favour of Caylus. The two sides, led by Gilles de Souvré and La Valette, first almost came to blows in a dispute over the love of a woman on 2 April, however the king was able to intervene and calm the two sides down. However, at 5am on 27 April a duel took place between Caylus for the king and Entraguet for the duke of Guise, with Maugiron and Livarot as seconds for the former and Ribérac and Schomberg as seconds for the latter. The two parties met at the horse market near Porte Saint-Antoine. To avoid further royal interference, great discretion was taken in ensuring the preparations were undertaken in secret. Unusually for duels at the time the seconds were involved in the fighting. During the combat that followed Maugiron was killed in a sudden thrust from Ribérac's sword however as he fell backwards Ribérac unable to stop himself landed on the dead Maugiron's sword. Maugiron's death was quick, unlike that of his first, Caylus who lingered for a month. Livarot took a blow to the head and convalesced for six weeks before recovering. Schomberg was also killed instantly during the combat, while Ribérac died the following day. Only Entraguet walked away with a simple scratch to the arm. Brantôme wrote that the duel was ultimately about the love of women as opposed to the grand maître title.


title: Louis de Maugiron

text: Contemporaries deplored the pointless nature of the violence that had unfolded, with three of the participants dead or dying by the conclusion of the engagement. La Noue described the engagement as senseless. Brantôme by contrast praised the bravery and good combats of many of the figures of court. Describing those such as Maugiron as valiant and noble. After the king ordered the assassination of the duke of Guise in December 1588, an angry crowd of Parisian Catholics, at the urgings of their preachers, took their anger out on the tombs of the favourites, destroying all three. Excising them from Saint-Paul the crowd grumbled that the rightful resting place of the men was on a gibbet, not in a sacred place. In the wake of the duel Pasquinades were circulated in the city implying that Henri's favourites had 'unorthodox morals'. The relationship between Caylus and Maugiron was implied to be homosexual by the polemicists of Paris, however no such evidence of this exists from the time. L'Estoile who collected the polemics he found on the streets of Paris found many Tombeau verses dedicated to Maugiron, which characterised him and the other courtiers of Henri as dishonest, dirty and immoral.


title: Ekanath K. Thakur

text: In 1977, he represented India among 30,00,000 officers/ executives working in Public and Private sector in first ever World Conference for Officers held at International Labor Organisation (a branch of UNO), Geneva, Switzerland . At the conference, he was elected unopposed as Vice President of Officers Group from 127 countries. He was also elected as a member of the Drafting Committee. He was the Director of Maharashtra State Financial Corporation for four years during which he also acted as the Chairman for two years. He was the President of Maharashtra Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture. He was also on Banking and Finance Committee of FICCI and was a member of Executive Committee of International Chamber of Commerce. He was Honorary Secretary and Chief Executive Officer of Indian Education Society, one of the largest education institutions in Mumbai, having under its canopy 75 educational institutions. He was founder and Chairman of National School of Banking (NSB) which has trained over 3,00,000 plus candidates for numerous bank entrance exams through its 50 centers spread across India. He was Trustee of Kusumagraj Pratishthan, Nasik and Konkan Marathi Sahitya Parishad (Komaspaa). He was also President of Karachi Maharashtriya Shikshan Prasarak Mandal.


title: Are You the One? season 5

text: In April 2021, cast member Gianna Hammer alleged that one night while filming in 2016 she was drugged by production, and then later sexually assaulted by a male cast member whose name she requested be withheld. Hammer was on the prescription drug Zoloft during filming, which she usually took in the morning. Prior to the incident, while extremely intoxicated, she was in an argument with another cast member. Lighthearted Entertainment producers pulled her aside and gave her a second dosage of Zoloft "to calm her down". Other cast members witnessed her telling producers that she was not supposed to take the drug while drinking, something her doctors advised her about. She ended up taking it after producers convinced her by saying it wasn't a high enough dosage. The assault occurred later that night while cast members were in bed, and she ended up sharing a bed with a male cast member. Other cast members had to stop the assault from happening after hearing her say "no" and "stop". In the morning, Hammer was told by production what had occurred, and then asked if she wanted the male cast member kicked off the show. In response to Hammer's questions about the producer's thoughts, she alleged they made comments such as "He flew all the way out here, we did all this testing for him, he has a perfect match in this house ... he'd have to spend the rest of the time in a hotel by himself". Hammer said she wasn't sure how to answer and said she didn't want to be reason he got kicked off the show, which producers took as a sign that she was okay with him staying in the house. Afterward, the male cast member was no longer allowed to sleep in the bedroom the other cast members used, and slept on the couch the rest of filming. Both the male cast member and Hammer were cut off from booze for the rest of the show which Hammer felt was a punishment for her. The Daily Beast, who first reported the story, says they spoke on the record to five other cast members of the season who all confirmed parts of Hammer's story.


title: Arripis truttacea

text: Arripis truttacea has a streamlined, moderately deep, slightly elongate body which is a little compressed with a relatively narrow caudal peduncle and a moderately small head. The eyes are quite small with an obvious growth of transparent adipose tissue on the anterior and posterior edges of the eye on larger fish. There is a series of fine serrations along the lower edge of the preorbital bone but these largely disappear in larger fish. The mouth is moderate in size and is oblique, its maxillae reaches a level below the centre of eyes. There is a narrow band of small pointed teeth in each jaw. The body, except for the lower jaw, snout and area above the eyes is covered with moderately small, very finely ctenoid and larger specimens feel smooth to the touch. The lateral line is almost straight. There is a long dorsal fin which has a slight notch separating the spiny and soft-rayed parts of the fin and the spiny part is markedly higher than the soft-rayed part. It has a small anal fin which is about half the length of the soft part of the dorsal fin. It has a deeply forked tail. The adults have a greyish green to steely blue back and normally have yellow to slate grey spots and they are silvery white on the underparts. The pectoral fin is pale yellowish and the other fins are translucent. The juveniles are similar to the adults but have more numerous spots and have dark margins to the fins. The spiny part of the dorsal fin contains 9 spines and 15-19 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 9 - 10 soft rays. The maximum standard length of 96 centimetres (38 in) although the more usual length is 65 centimetres (26 in) and the maximum published weight is 10.5 kilograms (23 lb). The most consistent difference between this species and Arripis trutta is the gill raker count, A. truttacea has 25-31 gill rakers and A trutta has 33-40.


title: The Words Don't Fit the Picture

text: As Atkins scaled back his production duties at RCA, Nelson worked more with Felton Jarvis, who also produced Fats Domino, Skeeter Davis, and Elvis Presley. The album was recorded at RCA Studios in Nashville and contains all Nelson originals. The album is most notable for containing Nelson's first solo recording of "Good Hearted Woman", a song he composed with his friend Waylon Jennings. Jennings, who had been fighting many of the same battles with RCA as Nelson, started writing the song and asked Nelson to help him finish it during a late-night poker game at the Fort Worther Motel on Jacksboro Highway in Fort Worth. By all accounts, Nelson's contribution was minimal, with his third wife Connie recalling, "The only part Willie came up with was 'Through teardrops and laughter they walk through this world hand in hand.' Waylon said, 'That's it! That's what's missing' and gave Willie half the song." Nelson also collaborated with songwriter Don Bowman on "Stay Away From Lonely Places". Bowman previously wrote "Just to Satisfy You" with Jennings, a song Waylon and Willie would take to the top of the charts in 1982.


title: Ming-Đại Việt War (1406–1428)

text: In 1424, the Hongxi Emperor dismissed Huang Fu, the governor of the province, and replaced him with Chen Zhi, Earl of Yongchang. According to historians, this decision to remove an experienced and respected governor was a grave mistake. Chen Zhi was unsuccessful in his role, facing challenges with supplies and a lack of knowledge about local conditions. As a result, on 8 May 1426, the Xuande Emperor made the decision to replace him with General Wang Tong. At the same time, the emperor announced to his ministers his intention to end the war in Vietnam. However, there were differing opinions among the ministers. Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji argued for the continuation of the war, while Yang Shiqi and Yang Yong supported the emperor's decision. Ultimately, it was decided to strengthen the army in Vietnam by sending 20,000 soldiers from China and recruiting 30,000 Vietnamese soldiers locally. Additionally, military peasants were mobilized, which further strained the supply situation for the troops.


title: Ming-Đại Việt War (1406–1428)

text: Now the army of Lê Lợi had strengthened and was not inferior in weaponry to the Ming forces. The army was largely composed of Vietnamese soldiers led by Chinese officers. In the winter, Lê Lợi attacked the Ming garrisons and defeated them in several battles, causing the Ming forces to lose tens of thousands of soldiers. In January 1427, the emperor decided to send strong reinforcements to Vietnam, appointing Liu Sheng as their commander. At the same time, he sent Huang Fu to Vietnam. In April 1427, after a months-long siege, the Vietnamese captured the fortress of Xương Giang. This victory marked a turning point in the war–a shift from guerrilla tactics to a regular army capable of openly confronting the enemy. In September 1427, when Liu Sheng's army of 150,000 men approached the borders, Lê Lợi unexpectedly sent a message to the Ming court, proposing to recognize Trần Cảo, a descendant of the Trần dynasty, as the ruler of Vietnam if the Chinese guaranteed autonomy. A few days later, Liu Sheng's army was defeated and lost 70,000 men. Wang Tong then agreed to Lê Lợi's terms and began to retreat to China. The Ming court only learned of Lê Lợi's offer on 16 November, a month after Liu Sheng's defeat. The ministers were still divided in their opinions on the conflict, but the emperor accepted Lê Lợi's proposal to restore the Trần dynasty and in the first months of 1428, both the military and civilian personnel of the Ming court left Vietnam. However, after his victory, Lê Lợi informed the Chinese envoys that Trần Cảo had died and he would rule alone. He also refused to repatriate the remaining Chinese soldiers and officials.


title: Barbara Gallavotti

text: After starting her career as a biologist, Gallavotti decided to devote herself to the popularization of science and began her collaboration with Galileo, the first Italian online journal dedicated to the themes of scientific research and technology. Over the years, she has worked with several newspapers and radio stations, both generalist such as Panorama, La Stampa and Il Corriere della Sera, as well as more specialized news outlets such as Newton magazine , enrolling in the register of journalists in 2001. Gallavotti has become well known in the field of popular science, writing books for children and young people on various scientific topics. She works as an author of television programs, having started with Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta hosted by Alberto Angela in 2000. She continued with the children's program Hit Science in 2004 on Rai Tre. In 2007, she became correspondent of Superquark , hosted by Piero Angela, whom Gallavotti cites as her foremost teacher. In 2010 Gallavotti collaborated with the program E se domani , hosted first by Alex Zanardi and then by Massimiliano Ossini, becoming a correspondent in 2013.


title: Tetris (soundtrack)

text: Matt Donato of IGN wrote "Lorne Balfe's original score, meanwhile, is an early frontrunner for my favorite of the year; the familiar notes of Tetris' stage background music bounce around Balfe's compositions like smooth Synthwave jams or quirky chip-tune remixes." Catie McCarthy of Screen Speck wrote "composer Lorne Balfe elevates the already-iconic Tetris theme into a dramatic spectacle" and also commented "The needle-drops are similarly fantastic, too, with classics like "The Final Countdown" and "Holding Out for a Hero" playing in multiple languages to thematic effect." Patrick Cremona of Radio Times wrote "The electronic score by Lorne Balfe also makes excellent use of the iconic Tetris theme music, while there is a soundtrack that includes a number of enjoyable if fairly obvious era-appropriate needle drops. It all adds up to something that might not quite live up to the film's billing as a Cold War–era thriller "on steroids", but nonetheless manages to tell an intriguing story in an engaging and entertaining manner."


title: Papal titles

text: The first record of a title reflecting the pope's role as "Vicar" is found in a letter of 445 from Pope Leo I (r. 440–461) to Dioscorus of Alexandria, in which he designates the bishop of Rome as "earthly Vicar of the successors of Peter"; shortly afterward, in 495, there were decrees of a synod named Pope Gelasius I (r. 492–496) "Vicar of Christ" (r. 492–496). Thus, in the early Middle Ages, there were several variants of this title, such as "Vicar of Peter" (Vicarius Petri), indicating that the popes succeeded St. Peter, "Vicar of the prince of the Apostles" (Vicarius principis apostolorum) or "Vicar of the apostolic See" (Vicarius soles Apostolica), among others. The fact that both the title "Vicar of Peter" and "Vicar of Christ" were used is demonstrated by the fact that at the end of the 8th century, St. Boniface's oath of fidelity to Pope Gregory II (r. 715–731) uses the former, while a few decades later, Pope John VIII (r. 872–882), uses the latter. Even today, the Roman Missal in its prayers for a dead pope designates him as "Vicar of Peter."


title: Papal titles

text: The term "Pontiff" (Pontifex), variations of which include "Roman Pontiff", "Supreme Pontiff", "Sovereign Pontiff" and "Pontifex maximus", the official name being "Supreme Pontiff" (Summus Pontifex) or more completely, "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church" (Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis) is one of the official titles of the pope. From the noun "pontiff" was formed the adjective "pontifical", referring to ceremonies and institutions linked to the pope, such as the "pontifical university" (universities maintained by the Holy See and the pope) and to bishops in general, as can be seen in the expression "Roman Pontifical" (a book containing the rites reserved for bishops, such as confirmation and ordination). The term Pontifex Maximus is commonly found in inscriptions on buildings, paintings, statues, and coins about the popes, and is usually abbreviated as "Pont Max" or "P.M" (the popes began to use the title of supreme pontiff in the Italian Renaissance, from then on, the abbreviations "Pont Max" and "P M" appear several times, as in the famous painting of Pope Leo X , by Raphael, in which is written "Leo X Pont (ifex) Max (imus)", meaning "Leo X, Supreme Pontiff"). Since the Middle Ages, the Church, starting from the election of a pope, begins to count a new calendar in "Years of Pontificate" or "Papal Years" (Anno Papalis - A.P.), which coexists with that of the Christian calendar, counting from the birth of Jesus Christ in "Years of the Lord" (Anno Domini - A.D.). The use of these two dates can be seen in several monuments of Rome, and all papal decrees as well as some Church documents.


title: Papal titles

text: In the Vulgate, Hebrews 5:1–4, certain priests are said to be pontiffs, pontiff meaning "bridge builder" (pons + facere). The most common interpretation is that pontiffs are symbolically the builders of the bridge between God and men, the use of this term is justified because the pontiff is "(...) constituted on behalf of men as mediator in things concerning God, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins.", i.e., it refers to the sacred and evangelizing functions of priests. The use of the expression "high pontiff" for the pope is justified by Catholicism in Christ's words to Peter in "Feed my lambs... Feed my lambs... Feed my sheep" (John 21:15–17), thus Christ entrusted his flock to Peter, entrusting him with the most important priestly functions, making him high pontiff. Another interpretation suggests that the title refers to the pope's role in preserving and strengthening the unity of the Church, that is, when conflicts arise, popes act as mediators and peacemakers in their resolution, as "bridge builders" - pontiffs.


title: Papal titles

text: The first record of the title "Supreme Pontiff" applied to the pope dates from the 3rd century, during the persecution of the Church, used by Tertullian to refer to Pope Callixtus I (r. 217–222), and it is unclear whether the word was commonly used early in that century as it was later, since Tertullian's usage of the word was unusual. Once Christian bishops took the place of Jewish priests, the term Pontiff was used regularly from the 5th century onwards to refer to notable bishops. For example, Hilary of Arles (m. 449) is called "High Pontiff" (summus pontifex) by Eucherius of Lyon. The Archbishop of Canterbury Lanfranc , is called "Primate and High Pontiff" (Primas et Summus Pontifex), by his biographer, Milo Crispin. Pope Nicholas I (r. 858–867) is called "High Pontiff and Universal Pope" (Summus Pontifex et Universalis Papa) by his legate Arsenius. From then on, examples of the use of the term for popes are common. After the 11th century, it is likely that the title was used only for the bishops of Rome.


title: Papal titles

text: From 1863 until 2005, and then from 2024 onward, the Papal Yearbook includes the term "Patriarch of the West" as an official title of the pope. Pope Francis reinstated this title in 2024 after Pope Benedict XVI had it removed in 2006. This expression was first used by Pope Theodore I (r. 642–649) in 642, and since then it has been used only occasionally. The patriarchates of the East, established by the Councils of Constantinople (381) and Chalcedon (451), had their territory delimited, while the territory of the seat of the Bishop of Rome remained vague. In the East, under the imperial ecclesiastical system of the Pentarchy of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), together with the four eastern patriarchs (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem), the Pope was considered the patriarch of the West. In contrast, the popes accepted at that time only three patriarchal sees: Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch, because they were founded by Peter. Without using the title "Patriarch of the West," the Fourth Council of Constantinople (869–870), the Fourth Lateran Council , and the Council of Florence consider the pope only as the first of the five patriarchs.


title: Hackensack River Greenway

text: The 18-mile (29 km) linear park, which closely follows the contour of the water's edge where possible, runs along the west side of Bergen Neck peninsula between its southern tip at Bergen Point , where it would connect to the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway, and the Eastern Brackish Marsh in the north . The walkway passes through the contiguous municipalities of Bayonne (5.5 linear miles), Jersey City (5.6 linear miles), and Secaucus with a potential connection to a walkway in North Bergen. It passes through new and established residential neighborhoods, county and municipal parks, brownfields, industrial areas, commercial districts, and wetland preserves. While existing parks and promenades have been incorporated and new sections have been built there remain gaps. It will pass under sixteen bridges (some no longer in use) and cross over eight natural creeks. A section will run concurrently with the proposed Essex - Hudson Greenway and it will intersect with the proposed Morris Canal Greenway. Since 1988, in accordance with the public trust doctrine New Jersey law requires new construction built within 100 feet (30 m) of the water must provide 30 feet (9.1 m) of public space along the water's edge.


title: Kairouan

text: In October 741, in the course of the Great Berber Revolt in the Maghreb, the Ifriqiyan army, along with a Syrian force dispatched by the caliph, was destroyed by the Berbers at the Battle of Bagdoura. The governor Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi perished in the field, his nephew and successor Balj ibn Bishr al-Qushayri was holed up with the remnant of the army in Spain, leaving the whole of Ifriqiya open to the advance of the Berber rebels. Not having any more forces at his disposal, the Umayyad Caliph Hisham quickly appointed Handhala ibn Safwan as governor of Ifriqiya, with supervisory authority over all the Maghreb (North Africa west of Egypt) and al-Andalus (Spain), and instructed him to take whatever forces he could gather to defend Ifriqiya and quash the Berber rebellion. Leaving Egypt in the hand of Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami, Handhala set out westwards in February 742, picking up additional forces from Barqa (Cyrenaica) and Tripoli (Tripolitana). He arrived in Kairouan around April, 742. The qadi of Ifriqiya, Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari, had been managing the defense of Kairouan, and succeeded in fending off an attack by the Berber rebel army raised in southern Tunisia by the Sufrite leader Oqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari. Handhala ibn Safwan arrived in Kairouan just as Oqasha was said to be mounting a new attack, in coordination with another large Berber army coming in from the west, led by Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari. The Berber rebel armies were to make junction in front of Kairouan, before launching their final attack on the city. Wasting no time, Handhala dispatched a cavalry force to slow down Abd al-Wahid's progress, and threw the bulk of his forces south, defeating Oqasha in a bloody battle at El-Qarn and taking him prisoner. But Handhala had taken a lot of losses himself, and now faced the unhappy prospect of Abd al-Wahid's gigantic army, said to be some 300,000, ostensibly the largest Berber army ever seen. Hurrying back, Handhala is said to have put the entire population of Kairouan under arms to bolster his ranks, before setting out again. In perhaps the bloodiest encounter in the Berber wars, Handhala ibn Safwan defeated the great Berber army of Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid at al-Asnam in May 742 (perhaps a little later), just three miles outside of Kairouan. Some 120,000–180,000 Berbers, including Abd al-Wahid, fell in the field of battle in that single encounter.


title: Kairouan

text: In 893, through the mission of Abdullah al Mahdi, the Kutama Berbers from the west of the country started the movement of the Shiite Fatimids. The year 909 saw the overthrow of the Sunni Aghlabids who ruled Ifriqiya and the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty. During the rule of the Fatimids, Kairouan was neglected and lost its importance: the new rulers resided first in Raqqada but soon moved their capital to the newly built Al Mahdiyah on the eastern coast of Tunisia. After succeeding in extending their rule over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, they eventually moved east to Egypt to found Cairo making it the capital of their vast Caliphate and leaving the Zirids as their vassals in Ifriqiya. Governing again from Kairouan, the Zirids led the country through another artistic, commercial and agricultural heyday. Schools and universities flourished, overseas trade in local manufactures and farm produce ran high and the courts of the Zirids rulers were centres of refinement that eclipsed those of their European contemporaries. When the Zirids declared their independence from Cairo and their conversion to Sunni Islam in 1045 by giving allegiance to Baghdad, the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sent as punishment hordes of troublesome Arab tribes (Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym) to invade Ifriqiya. These invaders so utterly captured Kairouan from the Zirids in 1057 and destroyed it that it never regained its former importance and their influx was a major factor in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Some 1,700 years of intermittent but continual progress was undone within a decade as in most part of the country the land was laid to waste for nearly two centuries.


title: 911 (wrestler)

text: Poling achieved his greatest national exposure in Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) in the mid-1990s. He debuted in ECW as an unnamed "handler" to Sabu on the January 18, 1994 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling by defeating Chad Austin. Poling joined Paul Heyman's Dangerous Alliance stable with Sabu and The Tazmaniac. His gimmick was as an enforcer of the "extreme" attitude; he was named 911 at The Night the Line Was Crossed on February 5, where he defeated Chad Austin in a rematch. As part of his monstrous persona, he would frequently perform the chokeslam on others with little provocation, which made him quickly popular with the crowd as a fan favorite. He received his first title shot in ECW at When Worlds Collide, where he challenged Mikey Whipwreck for the ECW Television Championship but got disqualified after chokeslamming the referee. He would then enter a rivalry with Mr. Hughes, whom he defeated at Hardcore Heaven. On August 27, at the NWA World Title Tournament, 911 participated in the namesake tournament for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship, where he defeated Doink the Clown in the quarter-final after four chokeslams, before losing to 2 Cold Scorpio in the semi-final. He closed the year by defeating The Pitbulls in a handicap match at Holiday Hell. Poling received the Pro Wrestling Illustrated Rookie of the Year award due to his enormous popularity in ECW for the year 1994.


title: Millwall F.C.–West Ham United F.C. rivalry

text: The rivalry between Millwall and West Ham United is one of the longest-standing and most bitter in English football. The two teams, then known as Millwall Athletic and Thames Ironworks, both originated in the East End of London, and were located less than three miles apart. They first played each other in the 1899–1900 FA Cup. The match was historically known as the Dockers derby, as both sets of supporters were predominantly dockers at shipyards on the River Thames. Consequently, each set of fans worked for rival firms who were competing for the same business; this intensified the tension between the teams. In 1904, West Ham moved to the Boleyn Ground which was then part of Essex until a London boundary change in 1965. In 1910, Millwall moved across the River Thames to New Cross in South East London and the teams were no longer East London neighbours. Both sides have relocated since, but remain just under four miles apart. Millwall moved to The Den in Bermondsey in 1993 and West Ham to the London Stadium in Stratford in 2016.


text: Thames Ironworks was disbanded in June 1900 owing to disputes over the running of the club. The following month it was relaunched as West Ham United. The club's nickname is The Hammers, owing to their Ironworks origins. In the 1901–02 and 1902–03 seasons, Millwall and West Ham competed in the Southern League, London League, Western League and Southern Professional Charity Cup. The two sides met seven times in each of these seasons, the highest number of meetings in a season between the clubs. During this period Millwall were unbeaten in 12 consecutive games against West Ham, with nine wins and three draws over two years. This included a 7–1 win in a Southern Professional Charity Cup semi-final on 2 April 1903, the largest winning margin between the teams. Ben Hulse scored four of the goals at the Memorial Grounds. The run was finally broken on 1 September 1904, in a 3–0 victory at West Ham's first ever game at Upton Park, with two goals from Billy Bridgeman and one by Jack Flynn. Upton Park was in Essex until 1965, and technically West Ham was not a London team again until an act of Parliament changed the boundary lines of London in 1965 and the Borough of Newham was formed.


text: On 17 September 1906, in a Western League game, Millwall player Alf Dean was hurled against a metal advertising board by West Ham's Len Jarvis. Others were stretchered off following heavy tackles. The East Ham Echo reported: "From the very first kick of the ball it was seen likely to be some trouble, but the storm burst when Dean and Jarvis came into collision (Millwall had two players sent off during the match). This aroused considerable excitement among the spectators. The crowds on the bank having caught the fever, free fights were plentiful." In 1910 Millwall decided to drop Athletic from their name and move out of East London. With limited expansion space on the Isle of Dogs, the club wanted to boost support and attendances. It moved four miles to The Den, in New Cross, South London. The last East London derby between the teams was at Millwall's North Greenwich ground on 24 September 1910; West Ham won 2–0 with goals from Danny Shea and Fred Blackburn. Four months later, Millwall travelled to Upton Park as a team from South East London for the first time. The game ended in a 2–2 draw. On 9 March 1912, 28,400 supporters saw West Ham's first visit to The Den. The Lions won the game 5–1, with their Welsh international striker Wally Davis scoring a hat-trick.


text: A number of friendlies and non-competitive derbies took place during the First and Second World Wars. In total, 33 matches were played between the teams in Wartime Leagues. They both fielded severely depleted sides of juniors, reserves and non-professionals, playing 14 games in the London Combination between 1915 and 1919. West Ham won nine, Millwall three and two were drawn. After the First World War, the Football League was reintroduced in England by The Football Association and West Ham joined the Second Division for the 1919–20 season. Millwall joined the inaugural Third Division in the 1920–21 season, in the Football League expansion of 44 clubs to 66. In 1926 a general strike was observed by workers around the Royal Docks, the majority of whom were West Ham supporters. An unsubstantiated story states that Millwall-supporting shipyard workers of the Isle of Dogs refused to lend their support, provoking outrage. At this time, Millwall had already moved away from the Isle of Dogs and had been playing in New Cross for 16 years.


text: On 27 December 1938, 42,200 spectators at Upton Park saw a Second Division game between the sides end 0–0. As of 2024, this remains the record attendance for the fixture. Between 1939 and 1946 the two clubs played non-competitive fixtures in the League South (A) Division, South Regional League, London League, Football League South and the Football League War Cup. They played 19 games against each other during the Second World War: Millwall won 3, West Ham 12 and 4 were drawn. The Den was severely damaged by a German bomb in 1943, and for a brief time Millwall were invited by their neighbours Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham to play their games at The Valley, Selhurst Park and Upton Park. To offset the shortage of professional players during the Second World War, a guest player system was introduced. Players such as Sailor Brown, Louis Cardwell and Jimmy Jinks played for both clubs during this period. West Ham lost 2–1 to Chelsea at White Hart Lane in the 1944–45 War Time Cup semi-final, with two Millwall guest-players in their team – both of whom went on to play for Millwall in the South Final, which they lost to Chelsea 2–0.


text: Football hooliganism reached its height in the 1970s and 80s. West Ham's Inter City Firm and the Millwall Bushwackers firm were at the forefront of the trouble, not just against each other, but against the police and firms associated with other football teams. In 1972, the two clubs played each other in a testimonial match for Millwall defender Harry Cripps, who began his career at West Ham. The game was marred by intense fighting between the two club's hooligan firms, both inside and outside the ground. Four years later, a Millwall supporter, Ian Pratt, died at New Cross railway station after falling out of a train during a fight with some West Ham fans. After the incident West Ham hooligans constructed the chant, "West Ham boys, we've got brains, we throw Millwall under trains." Millwall fans waited patiently for two years for revenge, until West Ham were relegated to the Second Division. Prior to their next meeting with the Hammers on 7 October 1978, leaflets were distributed at Millwall's home matches bearing the words: "A West Ham fan must die to avenge him." The police responded with an unprecedented show of force for the game at Upton Park, which West Ham won 3–0. Some 500 police officers controlled the crowd, carrying out extensive searches and strict segregation. Six officers were injured and 70 people were arrested after fans clashed in the street. Numerous weapons were also seized.


text: In 1988, Millwall won the Second Division championship and gained promotion, joining West Ham in the First Division for the first time in the club's history. Paul Ince scored the only goal at The Den on 3 December 1988, as West Ham won the game 1–0. They also won 3–0 at home on 22 April 1989, with goals from Julian Dicks, George Parris and Alan Dickens. This is the first and only time either side has completed a Football League double over the other. At the end of the season West Ham finished 19th and were relegated. Millwall finished 10th, the highest league finish in their history. The 1988–89 season is the only season both teams have been in the top division of English football. Millwall were relegated from the First Division in the 1989–90 season, the last time they appeared in the top tier. During the foundation of the Premier League in 1992, the two teams competed in the tier below in the newly formed First Division. The last game played between the teams at The Den was on 15 November 1992. It was the featured Sunday game on The London Match, an LWT sports show. Millwall won the game 2–1, with goals from Malcolm Allen and Phil Barber. Mark Robson replied for West Ham.


text: In the 2009–10 season Millwall were drawn away to West Ham in the League Cup, which was the first meeting between the teams in the competition. The police cut the number of tickets given to travelling Millwall fans from 3,000 to 1,500, sparking anger among supporters; Millwall warned police of a higher probability of trouble. West Ham won the game 3–1 on 25 August 2009, their first win over Millwall in seven games played over in 18 years. Neil Harris had given Millwall the lead, but a goal from Junior Stanislas three minutes from the final whistle forced the game into extra-time. Stanislas added another and Zavon Hines a third for the win. Violence marred the match before, during and after kick-off, with multiple pitch invasions by Hammers supporters. Lions fan Alan Baker was stabbed outside the ground and suffered a punctured lung, but made a full recovery. He was one of 20 people injured. The police concluded that the violence, because of its large scale, was organised beforehand. The Football Association brought misconduct charges against both clubs. A disciplinary tribunal fined West Ham £115,000 for "failing to ensure that their fans did not enter the field of play and refrained from violent, threatening, obscene and provocative behaviour", but concluded that the allegations against Millwall of "violent, racist behaviour and throwing missiles or dangerous objects on to the pitch" had not been proved.


text: In a poor 2010–11 season, West Ham manager Avram Grant guided his team to only seven wins from 37 games. On 15 May 2011, the Hammers were finally relegated from the Premier League after a 3–2 defeat at Wigan Athletic. As Wigan equalised at 2–2, a light aircraft flew above Wigan's ground, the DW Stadium, trailing a banner which read "Avram Grant – Millwall Legend". Grant was sacked after the game. The plane had been hired by Millwall supporters from the fans' website House of Fun, celebrating Grant's failure to prevent West Ham's relegation. Their relegation meant they met the Lions in the 2011–12 Football League Championship. On 17 September 2011, their first league meeting for seven years ended in a 0–0 draw at The Den. The return fixture and most recent game between the two sides was on 4 February 2012. West Ham beat Millwall 2–1 at Upton Park, despite having their captain Kevin Nolan sent off after only nine minutes for serious foul play. West Ham's goal scorers were Carlton Cole and Winston Reid. Millwall's goal was by Liam Trotter.


text: The rise of a football hooligan, Carlton Leach, is chronicled in 2007's Rise of the Footsoldier, from his beginnings on the terraces to becoming a member of a notorious gang of criminals. The bitter rivalry between the Hammers and the Lions is displayed, by the use of original footage, during the opening scenes of the film. In 2009, a direct-to-video sequel to Green Street was made, Green Street 2: Stand Your Ground. It follows on directly from the original's climax, with several members of West Ham's and Millwall's firms ending up in prison together and arranging a football match."r A remake of The Firm, also titled The Firm was released in 2009 by Nick Love, director of The Football Factory and himself a Millwall supporter. Set in the 1980s, the film highlights the music, fashion and culture surrounding football at the time. It was generally well received by critics. In October 2009, the Metropolitan Police released still photos from the film in relation to a search for hooligans from the Upton Park riot. The mistake led to an apology from Scotland Yard. The 2012 zombie comedy Cockneys vs Zombies referenced the rivalry, showing Millwall and West Ham zombies fighting amongst themselves in East London after a zombie apocalypse. In 2013 a third film in the Green Street franchise, Green Street 3: Never Back Down was released. It focuses on a rivalry between West Ham and Millwall fans within mixed martial arts.


title: Shafqat Amanat Ali

text: In 2017, after a long hiatus from Coke Studio Pakistan, Ali appeared again in Season 10 and performed several songs: "Allahu Akbar" (a traditional hamd written, composed, and directed by Shuja Haider) and "Maula Tera Noor" and "Bol" (both composed by Shani Arshad). Ali sang "Bol" as a musical tribute to eminent Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and received particular praise and critical acclaim for his dynamic vocal performance and versatility in "Allahu Akbar." He also sang the national anthem of Pakistan in the same season, along with Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Ali Sethi, Aima Baig, Quartulain Balouch, Shuja Haider, Sahir Ali Bagga, and Ahmed Jahanzeb among others. All four songs were produced by Strings. Reflecting on the legacy of Coke Studio Pakistan and his own contributions to it, Ali remarked: "Coke Studio has played a big part in promoting Pakistani music globally. They've managed to bring our forte and our specialty to attention; these are the sounds that make Pakistani music different."


title: Shaun Greenhalgh

text: At their trial at Bolton Crown Court in 2007, the three defendants pleaded guilty to creating the forgeries and laundering the money they received. On 16 November, Shaun Greenhalgh was sentenced to 4 years and eight months, while his mother received a 12-month suspended sentence. The parents were using wheelchairs at their appearance for sentencing. Judge William Morris, in sentencing Shaun Greenhalgh, stated: "This was an ambitious conspiracy of long duration based on your undoubted talent and based on the sophistication of the deceptions underpinning the sales and attempted sales. I speak of your talent but not in admiration. Your talent was misapplied to the ends of dishonest gain." George Greenhalgh's sentence was delayed for medical reports in 2007, eventually he received a suspended sentence of two years. If his age had not been grounds for mitigation, Judge William Morris said, he would have been sentenced to 31⁄2 years imprisonment. The prison service was unable to hold someone with his infirmities.


title: Brewer (John Updike)

text: Brewer is described as being the "fifth largest city in Pennsylvania", and seems to have many characteristics in common with the real-life city of Reading, Pennsylvania, but is in fact a composite of many places. Brewer is large enough to have a daily newspaper as well as a weekly, the Brewer Vat, printed by the company where Rabbit works as a linotypist in Rabbit Redux, and a fairly well-defined social and class structure. It also has a cinema multiplex, which Updike uses as a device to define the era in which each novel is set by frequently listing which films are playing there. Rabbit eventually comes to head the city's Toyota car dealership, inherited by his wife from her father. Brewer is called the "flowerpot city" due to its extensive use of red brick. Updike, a Pennsylvania native, set much of his fiction in the state, largely in Brewer and in the much smaller rural town of Olinger. The novels also include a setting called Mt. Judge, a suburb of Brewer modeled after the real-life Mt. Penn, Pennsylvania.


title: Brewer (John Updike)

text: Brewer reflects all the changes that occur in American society from 1959 to the 1980s and beyond. This included changes in once long-standing institutions, as Brewer's church and ministers become more socialized. Other changes in American society are reflected in Brewer, such as altering family patterns, with an increase in divorce, working mothers, and family counseling, as well as the rise of new classes and groups such as African Americans, Latinos, women, gay men and women, and white-collar workers. These changes also extend to entertainment, leisure, and sports: country clubs become more prevalent, characters go on vacation more frequently or retire to Florida, and golf becomes accessible to the middle class. Brewer also grows seedier over time, as reflected by increases in recreational drugs, riots, and white-collar crime, as well as formerly luxurious movie theaters gradually becoming pornographic theaters. By the novel Rabbit Is Rich, Brewer has changed so much that protagonist Harry Angstrom begins to feel few connections to the city anymore; as Bailey writes, Angstrom feels "no remaining link to a world of cultural difference and personal growth".


title: Brewer (John Updike)

text: Brewer experiences an economic decline over time, serving at times as a center of racial unrest and urban blight. Both declining and emerging businesses are depicted as the city's economy changes and evolves, particularly in its portrayal of linotyping giving way to printed technology. High-tech industries and upscale housing developments are welcomed as the city's economy changes. These changes inspire mixed emotions, with Kielland-Lund describing Brewer as prompting "nostalgic longing for a vanishing pastoral ideal and grudging acceptance of the potential beauty of the cold and metallic urban landscape". One passage in Rabbit Run describes the city as a "treeless waste of industry, shoe factories and bottling plants and company parking lots and knitting mills converted to electronics parts and elephantine gas tanks lifting above trash-filled swampland". Rabbit Redux describes the city's attempts to revive its fledgling downtown neighborhood, tearing away entire blocks of buildings to create parking lots and exposing church facades. The novel describes this development in stark terms, describing the result as "generating new perspectives of rear entryways and half-alleys and intensifying the cruel breadth of light".


title: Brewer (John Updike)

text: Brewer often serves as a symbol and embodiment of the various states of mind Angstrom experiences throughout the course of the Rabbit novels. For example, in Rabbit Redux, Angstrom's isolation and feelings of being trapped are reflected in the book's description of Brewer as a "stagnant city" and a wasteland characterized by a "desolate openness", as well as his home as a "spacecraft" floating through a monotonous setting filled with uncaring residents. Likewise, in Rabbit at Rest, in which Angstrom's health is on the decline, Brewer is described as a city of decline and decay, its diminishing, with what Mazzeno describes as a "diminished virility" that matches that of Angstrom himself. Conversely, after Angstrom survives a heart attack in Rabbit at Rest, he views Brewer with a renewed sense of optimism and beauty: at one point, he travels through a tunnel of Bradford pear trees and describes it as if it is heaven. Similarly, in one passage of Rabbit, Run, Brewer serves as what the narrative describes as "shelter of love" and "return to security" for Angstrom even as he experiences an existential crisis. Members of Angstrom's family experience similar mixed feelings about Brewer; for Harry's son Nelson, Brewer is a "home that has simultaneously nurtured and stifled him", according to Bailey.


title: Jonathan Rowan

text: Rowan was added to the Mariners squad in the summer of 2000 by manager Alan Buckley, however following Buckley's dismissal it would be his replacement Lennie Lawrence that handed Rowan his debut. He made that debut on 26 September 2000 when he came on as a 76th minute replacement for Daryl Clare in a League Cup 2nd round 1st leg match with Wolverhampton Wanderers and with what was his first touch of the ball he hit in Grimsby's third goal of the night which turned out to be the winning goal in a 3–2 win for The Mariners. Rowan featured in a further seven matches during the 2000–2001 season. Over the off-season following a pre-season tour of Scandinavia several injuries to other forwards had earned him the opportunity to start the 2001–02 season as a first team regular and he quickly formed a partnership with Phil Jevons that saw the club rise briefly to the top of the First Division. Rowan started the 2–1 League Cup victory away at Liverpool before being replaced by Michael Boulding in the 81st minute. However following injury problems, Rowan found himself mainly side lined for the next couple of seasons, and played a considerable amount less. This eventually led to his exit from Blundell Park following the conclusion of the 2003–2004 season. Whilst with Grimsby Rowan was considered capable of playing at the highest level, but ongoing injury problems at a relatively young age meant his time with the Mariners represented the peak of his footballing career.


title: British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

text: The Ireland Act also re-established British citizenship for Irish citizens who were domiciled outside of the Republic when the British Nationality Act 1948 came into effect. Because that Act contained provisions that dealt with "a person who was a British subject and citizen of Éire on 31 December 1948", the conditions laid out in British law determining who became Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) were dependent on who were Irish citizens under the Irish nationality law. When the Irish Free State was established on 6 December 1922, it consisted of the whole of Ireland. Northern Ireland opted out of the Free State on the next day. However, all individuals domiciled on the entire island on 6 December are considered Irish citizens. Consequently, when the BNA 1948 became effective, Irish citizens living in Northern Ireland automatically lost British citizenship, although this was not intended by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Ireland Act restored British citizenship to any individual domiciled in Northern Ireland on 6 December 1949 who otherwise would have had the status if not for Irish law.


text: The Ireland Act additionally conferred CUKC status on Irish-born persons who did not receive Irish citizenship at any point prior to 18 April 1949. Individuals who left Ireland before 1922, and who were not resident in 1935, were possibly eligible for registration as Irish citizens while also being able to claim British citizenship. A claim to British citizenship may be established by: birth to the first generation emigrant, consular registration of later generation births by married British citizen fathers within one year of birth prior to 1983, registration of birth to unwed British citizen fathers, or registration of birth to mothers who were considered British citizens between 1949 and 1983. In some cases, British citizenship may be available to these descendants in the Irish diaspora even when Irish citizenship registration is not, as in instances of failure of past generations to timely register in a local Irish consulate's Foreign Births Register before the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1986 and before births of later generations.


title: Family integrated church

text: In 2009, B&H Academic published Perspectives on Family Ministry: Three Views which included a contribution by Paul Renfro in favour of "Family-Integrated Ministry." Renfro argues that in the Old Testament, children were part of the "gathered assembly of God's people" (Deuteronomy 31:12), while "in first-century churches the presence of children in the church assembly was assumed," since Paul directly addressed children in Ephesians 6:1–3. Scott Brown, a pastor and the director of the National Center of Family Integrated Churches, argues for family integrated churches on the basis of the sufficiency of Scripture, while advocates of the concept also argue that this is the practice of historic Christianity. Ben Winslett, a Primitive Baptist and part of a church that requires family-integration, believes that family integrated worship builds family and better protects children from predators in the church, stating "So, what's my point? My point is that Christ's way is superior. It naturally removes the risk of incidents such as this. It builds stronger families and maintains a safer environment."


title: Family integrated church

text: Andreas Köstenberger has stated that the movement elevates "the family to an unduly high status that is unwarranted in light of the biblical teaching on the subject". In his book God, Marriage, and Family: Rebuilding the Biblical Foundation, he concludes that churches should devise ways to disciple members, including young people, by instructing them in peer group settings, stating "using a peer group structure does not necessarily mean that the natural family structure is subverted but may helpfully complement and supplement it." R. C. Sproul Jr., himself an elder at a family-integrated church, commented in a July 2011 blog post that the family integrated church movement has "distorted priorities" and that some "would rather be in a family-integrated Mormon 'church' than a divided evangelical church." Presbyterian pastor Shawn Mathis argued that the movement's rejection of age-segregation was biblically unfounded and contrary to historical facts. A chapter by Timothy Paul Jones in the book Navigating Student Ministry demonstrated that proponents of family-integrated ministry are historically in error when they claim that minister-led classes for children are a recent innovation that arose for pragmatic reasons; such classes existed for the purpose of catechetical instruction at least as early as the churches overseen by John Calvin in the city of Geneva.


title: Northshore Mall

text: Except for the renaming of Jordan Marsh to Macy's in 1996, the mall's structure and anchors remained intact until 2005, when May Department Stores (parent of Lord & Taylor and Filene's at the time) was acquired by Federated Department Stores (the owner of Macy's). In March 2006, Federated briefly closed the Filene's store, before using the space to relocate its Macy's store that May, as part of the brand's merger into Macy's. In June 2006, Simon announced an agreement with Nordstrom to open at the mall sometime in 2009. Plans called for demolishing the former Jordan Marsh to clear space for an expansion, anchored by the new Nordstrom store. Perhaps due to the increased competition, Federated announced plans to convert Lord & Taylor into Macy's Mens & Home. The new wing opened on November 4, 2009, with some of the new stores in the wing including Zara, Sephora, The North Face, Pandora, Rack Room Shoes, Swarovski, White House Black Market, The Walking Company, and Aerie. Unlike the rest of the mall, it has stores on two floors, both of which connect to and have access to Nordstrom. The food court entrance was also renovated and expanded, with the additions of The Cheesecake Factory, which opened in October 2007, and P.F. Chang's China Bistro, which opened in early 2009. The P.F. Chang's restaurant closed in 2017 and Bancroft & Co. currently occupies the space.


title: Basilica of Our Lady of Piat

text: During the feast of St. Stephen on December 26, 1623, the image of Our Lady was solemnly brought to the Ermita from Piat with the people following in devout procession. The people of Tuao likewise marched in procession towards the Ermita to welcome Our Lady with great rejoicing and happiness. The following day, the Ermita was blessed and a very solemn Mass was officiated by the deacon with an attendance of more than 10,000 people ("pasaban de diez mil personas") who came from all the neighboring towns. The priest noted that, it was amazing that such a large multitude would have gathered there, considering that the area was not thickly populated, and that the work of evangelization had been going on for only 25 years. The lady started the first Christians of Cagayan. According to the same historian, Fr. Aduarte, the crowd that attended the dedication of the new shrine of Our Lady of Piat was really impressive. Aduarte adds to this effect, by way of an explanation: "...So the holy Image moved the natives ('indians') to love, esteem and revere her." "An important woman from Piat ('belonging to the "principalia" or local aristocracy as indicated by the honorific title of Doña') took upon herself the responsibility of looking after the Ermita" and became the first camarera (caretaker) of Our Lady. For this purpose, she decided to open up a new field (sementera) and built a house near the shrine so she and her servants could visit the sacred place often. Besides, she placed a votive lamp, that kept always burning before the venerated image and thus became the first shrine of the Lady.


title: Basilica of Our Lady of Piat

text: The Basilica of Our Lady of Piat features a unique entrance arch. It is located at the back of the church, and one has to go around from the entrance to see the church facade. On the arch is inscribed Basilica Minore Nuestra Senora De Piat (Minor Basilica of Our Lady of Piat). The basilica has a simple facade flanked to the left by a tall belfry. It is located on top of a hill to avoid flooding brought about by the seasonal overflowing of the Chico River. The church structure is mainly made of red bricks, which is noticeably common among churches in Cagayan Valley, in contrast to other old churches made of limestone and coral stone in other parts of the Philippines. The interiors have a curved ceiling made of wood with historical images and accounts at the top of the walls. Enshrined at the altar is the Blessed Virgin Mary covered in a glass case. There are also verandahs inside the church which makes the shrine elegant. At the back of the church is a staircase that leads to a window located behind the case of the Virgin Mary wherein devotees can touch the dress of Our Lady.