title: Capital punishment

text: Some have claimed that as many as 39 executions have been carried out in the face of compelling evidence of innocence or serious doubt about guilt in the US from 1992 through 2004. Newly available DNA evidence prevented the pending execution of more than 15 death row inmates during the same period in the US, but DNA evidence is only available in a fraction of capital cases. As of 2017, 159 prisoners on death row have been exonerated by DNA or other evidence, which is seen as an indication that innocent prisoners have almost certainly been executed. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty claims that between 1976 and 2015, 1,414 prisoners in the United States have been executed while 156 sentenced to death have had their death sentences vacated. It is impossible to assess how many have been wrongly executed, since courts do not generally investigate the innocence of a dead defendant, and defense attorneys tend to concentrate their efforts on clients whose lives can still be saved; however, there is strong evidence of innocence in many cases.


title: Capital punishment

text: Improper procedure may also result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that in Singapore "the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty". Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act presumes one is guilty of possession of drugs if, as examples, one is found to be present or escaping from a location "proved or presumed to be used for the purpose of smoking or administering a controlled drug", if one is in possession of a key to a premises where drugs are present, if one is in the company of another person found to be in possession of illegal drugs, or if one tests positive after being given a mandatory urine drug screening. Urine drug screenings can be given at the discretion of police, without requiring a search warrant. The onus is on the accused in all of the above situations to prove that they were not in possession of or consumed illegal drugs.


title: Capital punishment

text: Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences the outcome. Researchers have shown that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty when told that it is mostly applied to black Americans, and that more stereotypically black-looking or dark-skinned defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if the case involves a white victim. However, a study published in 2018 failed to replicate the findings of earlier studies that had concluded that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty if informed that it is largely applied to black Americans; according to the authors, their findings "may result from changes since 2001 in the effects of racial stimuli on white attitudes about the death penalty or their willingness to express those attitudes in a survey context."


title: Capital punishment

text: On 30 March 2022, despite the appeals by the United Nations and rights activists, 68-year-old Malay Singaporean Abdul Kahar Othman was hanged at Singapore's Changi Prison for illegally trafficking diamorphine, which marked the first execution in Singapore since 2019 as a result of an informal moratorium caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Earlier, there were appeals made to advocate for Abdul Kahar's death penalty be commuted to life imprisonment on humanitarian grounds, as Abdul Kahar came from a poor family and has struggled with drug addiction. He was also revealed to have been spending most of his life going in and out of prison, including a ten-year sentence of preventive detention from 1995 to 2005, and has not been given much time for rehabilitation, which made the activists and groups arguing that Abdul Kahar should be given a chance for rehabilitation instead of subjecting him to execution. Both the European Union (EU) and Amnesty International criticised Singapore for finalizing and carrying out Abdul Kahar's execution, and about 400 Singaporeans protested against the government's use of the death penalty merely days after Abdul Kahar's death sentence was authorised. Still, over 80% of the public supported the use of the death penalty in Singapore.


title: Capital punishment

text: In Turkey, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move towards EU membership, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by the National Assembly in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states, having ratified Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the exceptions of Russia (which has entered a moratorium) and Belarus, which are not members of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty.


title: Gordon Rice

text: Gordon Rice was born on 27 September 1933 in Los Angeles, California and educated at Los Angeles City College, University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of Hawaiʻi (Master of Fine Arts). He exhibited in Los Angeles and Hawaii 1961-1968. Rice is a Canadian citizen who emigrated to Canada in 1968, and has lived and shown in Victoria, British Columbia, Nakusp, Vancouver, and currently White Rock, British Columbia. He has maintained his associations with Los Angeles area artists, and has been notably an associate of Chicano artists Roberto Chavez, Marcus Villagran, and Roberto Gutiérrez. He has shown in Vancouver with his close California friend, Robert Ross, at the Pender Street Gallery in 1977. Rice and Ross exchange collage materials by mail continuously. In recent years Rice has shown mainly in various commercial galleries or at private shows in Vancouver. From 1977 through the 1990s Rice was active as an assistant curator with the Surrey Art Gallery, Surrey, British Columbia and also as a painting instructor at numerous community colleges and the Emily Carr College extension program. His teaching activity carried beyond, into the 2000s.


title: Gordon Rice

text: Rice's work reveals his interest in classical drawing and painting, but also in abstraction and media/surface play, with Asian influences and allusions. Many diverse themes can be found in Rice's work: observation of suburban life; significant themes emerging from mundane materials and subjects; Asian and Pacific Rim influences on North American culture; cluttered interiors and still lifes; human figures in everyday settings (including portraits of his wife Ester); gardens and plants, art films, movies, music, astronomy, literary or philosophical texts, cars and industrial sites/equipment; themes common to the hipster movement of the 1950s and 1960s such as Buddhism, Americana and Canadiana; abstract visual relationships, especially those generated by camera optics or distortions of light and reflections; children's art (including collaged elements from his own daughters and grandchildren); advertising, kitsch, and even camp, especially in elements (labels, advertisements, etc.) which evoke an ironic appreciation of the populist expressiveness of "debased" sentimental, ethnic or commercial material. In the 21st century, the predominant work has been large oil paintings with complex surfaces and evocations of luminosity, and medium-sized collages interpolating photographs, often in large numbers.


title: Windhaven

text: The novel recounts events which occur on the fictional planet Windhaven. Its inhabitants are the descendants of human space voyagers who crash-landed on Windhaven centuries before the events of the book take place. After the crash, the survivors spread out and settled on the many scattered islands of Windhaven's waterworld. In order to preserve tenuous lines of communication across the vast seas, the stranded population constructed mechanically simple gliding rigs from available spaceship wreckage; the gliders could be kept aloft almost indefinitely in Windhaven's stormy atmosphere by their pilots. After centuries of using this practice as the principal means of maintaining social contact among the islands, Windhaven's flyers have developed into a caste superior to the landsmen. Additionally, the flyer caste maintains ownership of the flying rigs — commonly known as "wings" — by keeping them within flyer families, so none of Windhaven's landsmen can aspire to ever wear them. These caste-based differences serve as the impetus for the novel's character-driven narrative.


title: Windhaven

text: Maris, now a young adult, has been adopted by Russ who, because of a serious injury, was forced to give up his life as a flyer. Customarily, flyer-wings pass to the oldest child of an established flyer. At the time of Russ's injury, however, Russ and his wife had no children. So Russ, in response to Maris's enthusiasm, trained her and then granted her the right to wear his wings. Since then, Maris has been acting as one of Lesser Amberly's three resident flyers by ferrying messages between Windhaven's far-flung colonies across the oceans. But, shortly after Maris was entrusted with the wings, Russ's wife gave birth to a son, Coll. Coll has just turned 13, and it is traditional that at 13, young flyers "come of age" and replace their parents as the ceremonial owners of the family wings. In this case, Coll is set to take Russ's wings back from Maris, as her claim to them is unlawful. However, Maris strongly desires to keep the wings for a number of reasons, not the least of which is that Coll has failed to prove that he is, or ever will become, a competent flyer. Additionally, unbeknownst to Russ, it is actually Coll's dream to become a traveling singer. Things are further complicated because Maris loves Coll both as a sister and as a mother — the latter being a role she gradually took on after Russ's wife died in giving birth to Coll. Maris, knowing that her desire to keep the wings is unrecognized by the ancient "flyer code", ultimately wants Coll to fulfill his dream of becoming a singer.


title: Windhaven

text: On the day Coll is to officially take the wings, he commits a grievous piloting error and lands badly in front of Maris, Russ and many of the important citizens of Lesser Amberly. Coll then refuses to take over stewardship of the wings, and he reveals to Russ that he will pursue a life as a singer and musician. Russ responds by angrily disowning both Maris and Coll, and the wings are confiscated by one of Lesser Amberly's other flyers, Corm. Corm soon lets it be known that he intends to give the wings to a flyer from a neighboring village, as he maintains that Maris never had a claim on the wings to begin with. Maris decides she must act quickly if she is to have any chance to get the wings back. In the night, she steals the wings from Corm and flies to another island. There she hands the wings over to the flyer Dorrel. Maris intends to have Dorrel call a "flyer's council" — a rare meeting of nearly all of Windhaven's flyers — in order to prove that she deserves the right to wear the wings. However, a flyer arrives and notifies Dorrel that Corm has already called for a council to be held. Soon after, at the council, Corm argues that Maris should be declared an outlaw and exiled. But Maris responds to Corm's attacks skillfully, convincing the other flyers that the family-based system of wing inheritance is unfair and archaic. The council then votes in favor of measures allowing for the creation of flyer academies, where any of Windhaven's citizens may learn to fly, and an annual flying competition, during which aspiring flyers will be allowed to compete for a chance to win their own wings from flyers. The council also grants Maris's request to keep Russ's wings.


title: Windhaven

text: Several years later, Maris attempts to help persons without flyer lineage, or "one-wings", train for the chance to compete for their own wings. Maris's loyalties to old friends often make her choices difficult, but she remains determined to push for more change and a fair chance for one-wings in Windhaven's society. As a result, she spends most of her spare time at Woodwings, the first flyer academy built after the historic council decision. Early on, Maris learns that the last of the other flyer academies has been closed because of a tragic accident. She is also told that one of its students is journeying to Woodwings in order to continue training. When Maris meets the student, Val, she realizes that he is the original "one-wing", a now-infamous peasant man who won a set of wings away from one of Maris's oldest friends, a female flyer who belonged to a venerated flyer family, in one of the first yearly competitions. However, at the time the competition was held, the flyer Val challenged was still mourning the recent death of her brother. Val's challenge was thereby regarded by the flyer community as being both dishonorable and despicable. Tragically, the defeated flyer killed herself after losing her wings to Val. Though Val lost the wings after being beaten by another flyer at the following year's competition, he quickly proves his competence at Woodwings and becomes close friends with one of the most promising students, a southern-born female one-wing named S'Rella. Val and S'Rella, along with four other students of lesser skill, will fly in the coming flyer's competition. Assisting the students in the competition amongst her old friends forces Maris to face her previously unnoticed preconceptions, loyalties and double-standards in flyer society. After successfully beating a competent flyer-born in the first two trials, Val is seriously beaten and injured on the last day, preventing him from competing. Maris, who has come to respect Val, and the rights of any flyer to compete with another, flies proxy in his place and wins his wings from Corm. S'Rella also wins her own wings against Maris' long-time friend Garth, whose health was failing.


title: Windhaven

text: Now an older woman, Maris attempts to fly in a storm and has a nearly fatal fall on the Island of Theos. She awakes in the home of the local healer, Evan, and over the course of a few months impatiently awaits the recovery of her legs and left arm. She can finally walk again but learns that her head injury will prevent her from flying, and her wings are taken away from her and given to her home island. In her grief, she attempts to distance herself from other flyers and the burgeoning one-wing culture. She denies her previous flyer identity and attempts to immerse herself in the work of physician's assistant for Evan, now her romantic partner. Maris' brother, Coll, and his young daughter arrive and stay with them for awhile, a theme in this chapter explores the depths of relationship that Maris has never experienced as a flyer who never grew roots in any community, life as a "land-bound." However, Maris is urged to return to the center of the flyer world as an intermediary between the one-wings and flyer-born when a one-wing flyer, imprisoned by the powerful island landowner, is hanged for a controversial crime. Maris blames herself for failing to lend her aid to avoid the execution of this flyer, and so uses her new community ties to scheme with the flyers. They create a growing circle of one-wing flyers dressed in black circling the sky over the site of the execution in mourning and protest. She employs the power of the singers to tell the story of the wrongful execution and to paint the lands-man as a villain. She successfully gains cooperation between the one-wings and the flyer-born factions to come together as flyers and resolve the conflict peacefully, forcing the harsh and greedy lands-man out of power. Maris learns to balance her identity and community and chooses to stay with Evan instead of returning to teach young flyers at the academy, and likewise Evan surprises her by choosing to face his fears of leaving his only home to go with her so she could be where she was truly needed.


title: Washington National Records Center

text: In May 1986, the New York Times headlined that master lists of more than 36,000 files of war criminals, suspects and witnesses had been discovered on an "open shelf" in the military archive, that were kept secret in the United Nations archives for nearly 40 years. The United Nations War Crimes Commission operated in London from 1943 to 1948, and collected evidence on war crimes committed by the governments of its 17 members at the time. While investigating the charges, a case file on each individuals or unit was opened. The lists, consisting of around 3,000 pages in total, were found accidentally on a shelf in the basement of the WNRC by Richard L. Boylan, an archivist, while searching for other documents. "It didn't strike me as anything special, because they have been available," he said. There are 80 mimeographed lists in total, that were assembled chronologically by the United Nations War Crimes Commission from 1943 to 1948. The lists contain major WWII figures such as Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and some of the most wanted Nazi war criminals sought by governments worldwide, amongst them Alois Brunner, a former deputy of Adolf Eichmann, Walter Kutschmann, a former Gestapo leader, Dr. Hans Wilhelm König, a former deputy of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz as well as former Secretary General Kurt Waldheim.


title: Petersen Rock Garden

text: Rasmus Petersen, a Danish immigrant who settled in Central Oregon in the early 1900s at age 17, began constructing the rock garden on the grounds of his family home in 1935. The "eccentric" farmer used rocks that he found within an 85-mile (137 km) radius. He attempted to evoke his native country with his designs, but also created monuments to the United States, including a concrete American flag and a 7-foot (2.1 m) replica of the Statue of Liberty. Petersen incorporated other design elements such as bridges, water features (lagoons, lily ponds and streams) and natural landscaping. He worked on the garden until his death in 1952; the garden has remained in his family's care since then. A bronze plaque in front of the Statue of Liberty replica reads: "Enjoy yourself: it's later than you think." Petersen's Rock Garden became known as Petersen Rock Garden in the mid-1950s. At its height, supported by traffic from the Old Bend-Redmond Highway, the garden drew approximately 150,000 visitors a year.


title: Liu Zhao (footballer)

text: A graduate of the Shandong Luneng youth system, Liu Zhao would begin his professional football career when he made his senior club debut on July 6, 2003 in a league game vs Beijing Guo'an. Due to injury Liu Zhao was, however, unable to add many more games to his debut and while he scored his first goal for Shandong on May 26, 2005 in an AFC Champions League group game vs BEC Tero Sasana FC, in Thailand from a free-kick in a 4-0 win he would still spend much of the season injured. It was only within the 2008 Chinese Super League when Liu Zhao spent much of the season injury free that he started to establish himself within the Shandong team when he played in ten league games and helped them win the league title. After finally establishing himself as a regular within the side throughout the 2009 campaign the club brought in Branko Ivanković the following season to win back the league title, however this saw Liu Zhao limited to only four league appearances while Shandong won the 2010 Chinese Super League. After being unable to break back into the team the following season and with his contract now finished, Liu Zhao would decide to leave the club.


title: 2012 Team Specialized–lululemon season

text: The 2012 season was the tenth for the Specialized–lululemon cycling team, which began as the T-Mobile team in 2003. After the men's team HTC–Highroad stopped, Kristy Scrymgeour convinced manufacturer Specialized and sports apparel company Lululemon Athletica to perpetuate the women's team in this Olympic year. The team changed slightly: Clara Hughes and Trixi Worrack were the main new recruits, while Judith Arndt, team leader since 2006, joined GreenEdge–AIS. The team had a great year. Ina-Yoko Teutenberg won numerous sprints and finished fourth in the road race of the Olympic Games. Evelyn Stevens had an excellent season by winning at the world cup race La Flèche Wallonne Féminine, she won a prestigious stage of the Giro d'Italia Femminile and finished on the podium in the end and she won the general classification of the La Route de France. At the end of the season she was in fourth place in the UCI World Ranking. Ellen van Dijk won the general classification of the Lotto–Decca Tour, the Omloop van Borsele and several stage races. The team dominated especially in the team time trials. Ellen van Dijk together with Stevens, Hughes, Amber Neben and Trixi Worrack or Teutenberg were consistent and undefeated the whole year. At the end of the season the team won the first team time trial at the world championship which was a main goal for the team this year. The team finished second in the UCI World Ranking.


title: Akram Aylisli

text: Akram Najaf oglu Naibov , better known by his pen name Akram Aylisli, is an Azerbaijani writer, playwright, novelist and former member of parliament. His works have been translated from his native Azerbaijani into a number of languages in the former Soviet Union and around the world. He was decorated by the President of Azerbaijan with the prestigious "Istiglal" and "Shokhrat" orders. In 2013, after the publication of Aylisli's Stone Dreams novella, which depicted the pogroms carried out by Azerbaijanis against the Armenians in Sumgait and Baku and presented Armenians in sympathetic light, President Aliyev signed a presidential decree that stripped Aylisli of the title of "People's Writer" and the presidential pension. His books were burnt by Azerbaijani intelligentsia and compatriots in his hometown, his son and wife were fired from their jobs and a "bounty" of some $13,000 was promised for cutting the writer's ear off. In March 2014, a formal request was made by various public figures throughout the world to nominate Aylisli for the Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Akram Aylisli

text: In February 2014, a formal request was made by various public figures throughout the world to nominate Aylisli for the Nobel Peace Prize - "For courage shown in his efforts to reconcile Azerbaijani and Armenian people". Among the nominators were social science professors and university presidents such as Craig Calhoun and Immanuel Wallerstein from the US, and Theodor Shanin from the UK. They noted that Akram Aylisli was probably the first Turkic author who wrote a book of penitence for the Armenian genocide. "Aylisli was the first to express that pain in a literary work which is very personal, deep and hard-won. <...> Mr Aylisli's actions are important not only for Armenians and Azerbaijanis, but for others all across the former Soviet Union, who have been blinded by ethnic hatred. His example in fact transcends location, ethnicity or political persuasion. His lone resistance, his defiance, his willingness to sacrifice all for the sake of truth, is an encouragement to each of us to be brave. <...> Mr Aylisli is one of those rare people such as Martin Luther King and Andrey Sakharov, whose personal courage and moral impulse can change a nation's fate and destroy the walls dividing nations."


title: Arthur Seale

text: Sidney Reso was kidnapped in the early morning hours of April 29, 1992. Prior to the abduction of Reso, Irene frequently jogged in his neighborhood, in order to monitor his daily routine. She learned that he would usually pull out of his driveway in the morning, getting out of his car to pick up the daily newspaper from his driveway on his way to work. On April 29, Irene jogged past Reso's driveway, and deliberately kicked his paper away, so Reso would be forced to walk a longer distance to pick it up. She then entered Arthur's white van, with him in the passenger seat, and drove to Reso's driveway. As Reso got out of his white 1988 Volkswagen Quantum wagon to retrieve his paper, Arthur got out of his own vehicle and took Reso in at gunpoint. When Reso saw a wooden box in the back of Arthur's van, he tried to break free. During the ensuing struggle, Reso was shot in the arm, then bound, gagged, and placed in the box, whereupon the kidnappers drove off. An hour later, a neighbor noticed Reso's car still in the driveway with its engine on and called the police. After being unable to find him in the surrounding area, the police concluded that he had been taken for ransom.


title: Ranch

text: However, there were cattle on the eastern seaboard. Deep Hollow Ranch, 110 miles (180 km) east of New York City in Montauk, New York, claims to be the first ranch in the United States, having continuously operated since 1658. The ranch makes the somewhat debatable claim of having the oldest cattle operation in what today is the United States, though cattle had been run in the area since European settlers purchased land from the Indian people of the area in 1643. Although there were substantial numbers of cattle on Long Island, as well as the need to herd them to and from common grazing lands on a seasonal basis, the cattle handlers actually lived in houses built on the pasture grounds, and cattle were ear-marked for identification, rather than being branded. The only actual "cattle drives" held on Long Island consisted of one drive in 1776, when the island's cattle were moved in a failed attempt to prevent them from being captured during the Revolutionary War, and three or four drives in the late 1930s, when area cattle were herded down Montauk Highway to pasture ground near Deep Hollow Ranch.


title: Samanid Epigraphic Ware

text: The method of production of the epigraphic ware was done in several steps. First, the clay had to be refined from local deposits. Then, the clay was shaped by the potter into the final form. This was most commonly a flat plate or bowl with flaring sides. The dish would then be dried to leather hardness and so that detailed knife work could be done before becoming bone dry. Once fully dry, the slip and calligraphy could be added. The white slip coating the pottery is made from a diluted white clay pigment, but the most common colored slips were black, purple, or red, made from manganese or iron. The calligraphy was added mainly as a decorative element, although the inscriptions are always legible and sometimes the painter's decorative elements could be quite humorous. Finally, slipware was glazed and fired, usually at a temperature of 850-900 °C. It is likely that the entire process was not done by one person, but that several artists specializing in different disciplines would contribute to the creation of one dish.


title: Red Wine (2013 film)

text: Narayanan is a man who is Anoop's close friend and mentor, who had known Anoop right from his childhood since Narayanan had enrolled Anoop in school when Anoop was a kid and who influenced him to read a lot. During the investigation and through various people he met, Ratheesh comes across a suspicious private bank CAPITAL FINCORP which was situated in the heart of the city . Later he gets to know more about the bank from Navas and Abhilash who is a clerk at the bank. One day, before leaving the village to set off for a short journey, Narayanettan comes to meet Ratheesh at his office and tells more about Anoop and also the things he did for the welfare and betterment of the common people. Narayanan also told that a few days before Anoop's death, Anoop had filed a petition with the tribals in Wayanad to the RDO about a land encroachment attempt by the private bank, which could result in the life of tribals being evicted from there . The bankers had planned to construct an ayurvedic resort in that area. Naryanan doubted whether Anoop's murder was a political murder . Later Ratheesh meets the RDO Ann Mary and inquires about the whereabouts of the petition . She replied that she had forwarded it to the Land Acquisition section head Rathnakaran Pillai for immediate action after knowing the seriousness of the situation. She also said that Rathnakaran was on sick leave for many days and that the files were with him. Later Ratheesh found out that Pillai was corrupt and had given the files to the manager of CAPITAL FINCORP. Pillai is eventually arrested from his flat by Ratheesh and his team. Later one day during a casual talk with Ann Mary at her home, she revealed to Ratheesh that Anoop was her Facebook friend and also revealed that Anoop was in love with his fiancé Jasmine . On further investigation Ratheesh found out that Ramesh Kumar was a suspect in the crime after Abhilash gives Ramesh's non-liability certificate from the bank to Ratheesh. Later, lookout notices for Ramesh were put up around the main cities.


title: Beatmatching

text: These days beat-matching is considered central to DJing, and features making it possible are a requirement for DJ-oriented players. In 1978, the Technics SL-1200MK2 turntable was released, whose comfortable and precise sliding pitch control and high torque direct drive motor made beat-matching easier and it became the standard among DJs. With the advent of the compact disc, DJ-oriented compact disc players with pitch control and other features enabling beat-matching (and sometimes scratching), dubbed CDJs, were introduced by various companies. More recently, software with similar capabilities has been developed to allow manipulation of digital audio files stored on computers using turntables with special vinyl records (e.g. Final Scratch, M-Audio Torq, Serato Scratch Live) or computer interface (e.g. Traktor DJ Studio, Mixxx, VirtualDJ). Other software including algorithmic beat-matching is Ableton Live, which allows for realtime music manipulation and deconstruction. Freeware software such as Rapid Evolution can detect the beats per minute and determine the percent BPM difference between songs.


title: Hypergeometric function

text: Euler's transformation is 2 F 1 ( a , b ; c ; z ) = ( 1 − z ) c − a − b 2 F 1 ( c − a , c − b ; c ; z ) . {\displaystyle {}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)=(1-z)^{c-a-b}{}_{2}F_{1}(c-a,c-b;c;z).} It follows by combining the two Pfaff transformations 2 F 1 ( a , b ; c ; z ) = ( 1 − z ) − b 2 F 1 ( b , c − a ; c ; z z − 1 ) 2 F 1 ( a , b ; c ; z ) = ( 1 − z ) − a 2 F 1 ( a , c − b ; c ; z z − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)&=(1-z)^{-b}{}_{2}F_{1}\left(b,c-a;c;{\tfrac {z}{z-1}}\right)\\{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c;z)&=(1-z)^{-a}{}_{2}F_{1}\left(a,c-b;c;{\tfrac {z}{z-1}}\right)\\\end{aligned}}} which in turn follow from Euler's integral representation. For extension of Euler's first and second transformations, see Rathie & Paris and Rakha & Rathie . It can also be written as linear combination 2 F 1 ( a , b ; c , z ) = Γ ( c ) Γ ( c − a − b ) Γ ( c − a ) Γ ( c − b ) 2 F 1 ( a , b ; a + b + 1 − c ; 1 − z ) + Γ ( c ) Γ ( a + b − c ) Γ ( a ) Γ ( b ) ( 1 − z ) c − a − b 2 F 1 ( c − a , c − b ; 1 + c − a − b ; 1 − z ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;c,z)={}&{\frac {\Gamma (c)\Gamma (c-a-b)}{\Gamma (c-a)\Gamma (c-b)}}{}_{2}F_{1}(a,b;a+b+1-c;1-z)\\&{}+{\frac {\Gamma (c)\Gamma (a+b-c)}{\Gamma (a)\Gamma (b)}}(1-z)^{c-a-b}{}_{2}F_{1}(c-a,c-b;1+c-a-b;1-z).\end{aligned}}}


title: Staphylococcus capitis

text: Staphylococcus capitis was originally detected in human skin in 1975 and categorized as a coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) species. Staphylococcus capitis bacteria preferentially dwell on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Warm-blooded creatures provide a very conducive environment for bacteria to grow, since the ideal temperature for bacteria to thrive is between 30 and 37 degrees Celsius. They are tolerated by the human immune system when applied to the skin. Because of their inept behavior, they must be translated. Bacteria are spherical cells 0.5 to 1.5 μm in diameter, not rod-shaped. Staphylococci are incapable of active movement and are organized singly, in pairs, or in grape-like clusters. All staphylococci develop anaerobically on one side. That is, they can metabolize even when there is no oxygen present. However, when oxygen is available in their surroundings, their metabolism becomes active. Staphylococcus capitis TE8 was isolated from the skin surface of a healthy adult foot and found to have potent antibacterial action against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial spherule. Some staphylococci are capable of producing free coagulase. Thus, that is used to differentiate Staphylococcus species. In this context, a distinction is made in species between coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Staphylococcus capitis is a species in the genus that is positive for staph coagulase.


title: Staphylococcus capitis

text: Staphylococcus capitis is a coagulase-negative staphylococci opportunistic pathogen (CoNS). S. capitis was described as the absence of accessible full genome sequences in S. capitis functional genomic investigations was restricted to this day. S. capitis' connections with S. epidermidis are more evolutionarily than other clinically important negative coagulase staphylococcus. The smallest genome among the closed genomes sequenced to date is S. capitis with the least expected CDS. The paucity of full genome sequences for S. capitis has hampered functional genomic investigations thus far. Other therapeutically relevant coagulase negative staphylococci have closer evolutionary ties to S. epidermidis than S. capitis. There are 2304 protein-coding DNA sequences predicted on the chromosome, six rRNA operons, 63 tRNA genes, and a single tmRNA gene. With the fewest projected CDS of all closed staphylococcal genomes sequenced to date, S. capitis has the smallest genome of all closed staphylococcal genomes sequenced to date. Proteases like ClpP in S. Capitis, which helps create biofilms, and SepA, which has been demonstrated to degrade host antimicrobial peptides in CoNS, as well as hemolysins, lipases, and esterases, are among them. In contrast to the acute illness enabled by conventional exoproteins of the more virulent staphylococcal species, S. aureus, these proteins are expected to facilitate immune evasion, host colonization, and persistence.


title: Staphylococcus capitis

text: This bacterium's evolution through genome expression in very detail and in comparison with other relatives of the Staphylococci as well with experiments and data that have been collected in the past. S. capitis' genomes with a deeper understanding of this species and how evolutionary related it is to other Bacterium (S. capitis has a closer evolutionary link to S. epidermidis than other clinically relevant coagulase negative staphylococci), we could discover with more information whether this species' cause of the disease is connected to other species. Although they cause different pathogenic virulence, they have many similar features in their genetics and morphology. The main causes of nosocomial infections, in particular nosocomial bacteremias, have emerged as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). The capacity to produce biofilm from implanted equipment surfaces is CoNS's most significant mechanism for pathogenicity. Starting very early, research into biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis has served as a model for other staphylococci such as Staphylococcus aureus and other CoNS species. Moreover, data also showed that S. capitis have a strain that researchers use to general genomic characteristics compared to S. epidermidis' strain (RP62a). Thus, in comparison study, S. epidermidis (RP62a) was identified as a near related with S. capitis and as the therapeutically highly significant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). This source showed very detailed studies of S. Capitis' relationship among its Staph families highlighting clearly the significance between itself and S. epidermidis.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: Boyd was selected in 1983 as one of the 20 "Best of Young British Novelists" in a promotion run by Granta magazine and the Book Marketing Council. Boyd's novels include: A Good Man in Africa, a study of a disaster-prone British diplomat operating in West Africa, for which he won the Whitbread Book award and Somerset Maugham Award in 1981; An Ice-Cream War, set against the background of the World War I campaigns in colonial East Africa, which won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1982; Brazzaville Beach, published in 1991, which follows a scientist researching chimpanzee behaviour in Africa; and Any Human Heart, written in the form of the journals of a fictitious male 20th-century British writer, which won the Prix Jean Monnet de Littérature Européenne and was longlisted for the Booker Prize in 2002. Restless, the tale of a young woman who discovers that her mother had been recruited as a spy during World War II, was published in 2006 and won the Novel of the Year award in the 2006 Costa Book Awards. Boyd's novel Waiting for Sunrise was published in 2012. Following Solo in 2013, Sweet Caress was published in 2015, the fourth novel Boyd has written from a woman's viewpoint. His sixteenth novel, Trio, was published in 2020.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: As a screenwriter,, Boyd has written several feature film and television productions. The feature films include: Scoop , adapted from the Evelyn Waugh novel; Stars and Bars , adapted from Boyd's own novel; Mister Johnson , based on the 1939 novel by Joyce Cary; Tune in Tomorrow , based on the Mario Vargas Llosa novel Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter; A Good Man in Africa , also adapted from his own novel; The Trench an independent war film which he also directed; Man to Man , a historical drama which was nominated for a Golden Bear award at the Berlin International Film Festival; and Sword of Honour, based on the Sword of Honour trilogy of novels by Evelyn Waugh. He was one of several writers who worked on Chaplin . His television screenwriting credits include: Good and Bad at Games , adapted from Boyd's short story about English public school life; Dutch Girls ; Armadillo , adapted from his own novel; A Waste of Shame about Shakespeare's composition of his sonnets; Any Human Heart , adapted from Boyd's own novel into a Channel 4 series starring Jim Broadbent, which won the 2011 Best Drama Serial BAFTA award; and Restless , also adapted from his own novel. Boyd created the miniseries Spy City which aired in 2020.


title: William Boyd (writer)

text: In 1998, Boyd published Nat Tate: An American Artist 1928–1960, which presents the paintings and tragic biography of a supposed New York-based 1950s abstract expressionist painter named Nat Tate, who actually never existed and was, along with his paintings, a creation of Boyd's. When the book was initially published, it was not revealed that it was a work of fiction, and some were duped by the hoax; it was launched at a lavish party, with excerpts read by David Bowie and Gore Vidal (both of whom were in on the joke), and a number of prominent members of the art world claimed to remember the artist. It caused quite a stir once the truth was revealed. The name "Nat Tate" is derived from the names of the two leading British art galleries: the National Gallery and the Tate Gallery. Boyd, who also paints, made artwork under the pseudonym of Nat Tate and sent it to auction, where it raised funds for an art charity. Nat Tate also appears in Any Human Heart, also by Boyd, with a wry footnote to the 1998 book.


title: Shanti Kranti

text: V. Ravichandran announced that Shanti Kranti will be an expensive project in his career. He decided to direct in four languages — Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Hindi. The Tamil version was titled Naattukku Oru Nallavan. Rajinikanth played the lead in Hindi and Tamil, while Nagarjuna was in Telugu and Ravichandran himself in Kannada. Rajinikanth initially refused to do the project as he was required to give 100 days call sheet, but accepted after hearing the story. The film was launched on 14 November 1988, the hundredth birth anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru at Kanteerava Studios alongside other language versions of the film. Journalists from different languages were invited to the event and were shown the films Premaloka and Ranadheera as Veeraswamy wanted them to see the films before they ask questions to Ravichandran. Bullet Prakash, who went on to become a famous comedian in Kannada cinema, made his acting debut as child artist with the Kannada version of this film. Despite beginning production in 1988, it took at least two years to complete. To bring his vision to life, Ravichandran allegedly borrowed a 50-acre empty land to film the climax. He also erected large sets and recreated M G Road, Bangalore so that he could blast out a few portions while separate cars, catering services and crew members were assigned for each version.


title: Caladenia richardsiorum

text: Caladenia richardsiorum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, erect, hairy leaf. The leaf is 160–220 mm (6–9 in) long, 13–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) wide and has reddish-purple blotches near its base. Usually only a single yellowish-green flower about 40 mm (2 in) across is borne on a spike 200–400 mm (8–20 in) tall. The sepals, but not the petals, have blackish, club-like glandular tips 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long. The dorsal sepal is erect, 33–40 mm (1–2 in) long, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide and the lateral sepals are 35–42 mm (1–2 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide, spread apart and curve stiffly downwards. The petals are 23–27 mm (0.9–1 in) long, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide and curve stiffly downwards. The labellum is 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) wide, and greenish cream-coloured. The sides of the labellum turn upwards and have dark red, linear teeth up to 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and the tip curves downwards. There are six rows of reddish calli with cream-coloured tips along the labellum mid-line. Flowering occurs from late September to early November.


title: 12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

text: The 12th Pennsylvania was raised in Pittsburgh in April 1861 for a three-month term in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 75,000 men, under the supervision of Brigadier General James S. Negley. It was organized in that city on 22 April when its field officers were elected, with David Campbell, former captain of the Duquesne Grays, becoming its colonel. The regiment was partially based on the preexisting Pittsburgh militia companies known as the Duquesne Grays (Company B) and Jackson Independent Blues (Company A), some of whose members were Mexican–American War veterans, and the recently established Zouave Cadets (Company I) and City Guards (Company K). The remaining companies were formed from inexperienced volunteers: Company E (Washington Invincibles) at Washington, Companies F (Lawrence Guards) and H (Lawrence Guards) at New Castle, Company G (Monongahela Artillery) at Monongahela City, and Companies C (Firemen Legion) and D (Union Guards) at Pittsburgh. The 12th became the first regiment to depart the city on 24 April and arrived at Harrisburg on the next day, being quartered in churches and the Pennsylvania State Capitol. It was reviewed by state Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin in the afternoon alongside the 13th Pennsylvania Infantry before being mustered into Federal service.


title: 12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

text: The regiment promptly entrained on the Northern Central Railway for Camp Scott near York, where it spent the next several weeks training. Conditions at Camp Scott, described by Samuel Penniman Bates' postwar official history as a "field of mud," made many of its men eager for action. The 12th received uniforms and equipment on 19 May, and relieved the 1st Pennsylvania Infantry along the Northern Central from the Pennsylvania–Maryland border to Baltimore on 25 May; the Northern Central provided an important connection between Harrisburg and points further north, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. to the south. Regimental headquarters and Companies I and K were located at Cockeysville, while the remaining companies were spread out along the railroad; it was assigned to the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division of Patterson's Army (the Department of Pennsylvania). Though the regiment had initially been thrilled at the news of its movement, it quickly found guarding the railroad monotonous, and desired action. The regiment did not train as a unit while guarding the railroad due to its dispersed positions, although Companies I and K conducted daily drill.


title: 12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

text: Regimental quartermaster James A. Ekin became a brevet brigadier general by the end of the war and served on the military tribunal that tried the Lincoln assassination conspirators. Private George K. Brady became an officer in the Regular Army and fought in the American Indian Wars. Private Charles Oliver of Company G later reenlisted in the 100th Pennsylvania Infantry and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Fort Stedman in 1865, having served through most of the war. Company K Private Samuel Baldwin Marks Young served through the war as an officer and joined the Regular Army, ultimately becoming the first Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Another Company K Private, Joseph Barr Kiddoo, became an officer and rose to brevet brigadier general by the end of the war. Private Robert Patterson Hughes of Company E also joined the Regular Army postwar, holding command positions in the Philippine–American War. Jonas R. McClintock, the 8th mayor of Pittsburgh was the first captain of the Duquesne Grays.


title: Studio 1 (album)

text: Studio 1 received mixed reviews from music critics. Caroline Sullivan from The Guardian gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, writing: "Studio 1 offers a fresh take on their girl-group style. Always R&B-inclined, their harmonies are now judiciously seasoned with reggae and ska." John Murphy from musicOMH gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, commenting: "Studio 1, despite not bearing much resemblance to the All Saints of yore, will be snapped up eagerly by those who remember them fondly in their heyday. Yet it's unclear who else this will appeal to really – while it's a pleasant enough listen for the most part, there aren't enough strong songs for it to really grab the attention." Matthew Chisling from AllMusic wrote that "Unfortunately, while all the music is appealing, it lacks personality and character. The tracks, all composed by Shaznay Lewis and Greg Kurstin, bear no emotional value, and the girls' voices are indistinguishable from one another and digitally enhanced to the point of obscurity."


title: National symbols of Indonesia

text: Garuda Pancasila is the national emblem of Indonesia. It is an eagle- or hawk-like bird and the name of symbol derived from Garuda, the mythical bird vehicle of Vishnu, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. The current symbol are designed and officially recognised in 1950s. The Garuda's feathers represent the date of Indonesia's independence day which is 17 August 1945. The total feathers of the wings are 17 in each left and right wings. The total feathers in the tail are 8 and feathers of its neck are 45 in total. Indonesian national emblem is the Garuda with a heraldic shield on its chest and a scroll gripped by its leg. The shield's five emblems represent Pancasila, the five principles of Indonesia's national philosophy. Those five symbols of principle has its own meaning. First, the star in the middle symbolise sacred divinity, which means Indonesia is a state which is based on five recognised religions. Second, the chain with square and round links symbolises male and female as well as succession of generations of human beings that represent just and civilised humanity. Third, the big beringin (banyan tree) with multitude of branches, leaves and roots symbolises diversity of Indonesian people that belongs into one organism, symbolises unity of Indonesia, as well as strong and steady stance and protection under the tree's shade. Fourth, the head of a buffalo symbolises the people power or democracy, since water buffalo is the important domesticated animal in Indonesian agricultural culture. The last one, rice and cotton ears as main grain yields in Indonesia symbolise the fulfilments of humans needs of food and clothing which means prosperity. The Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika written in black text, which can be loosely translated as "Unity in Diversity". Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno.


title: Pavel Andreyevich Galkin

text: Growing up, his son Pavel nearly drowned three times, the first time when he was six, in the river Mostya , and a second time while travelling to school in Pustotino by boat across a semi-frozen river. He declined to talk about the third time, but concluded that he was not destined to die by water, later carrying a handkerchief embroidered by his mother in his pocket as a talisman when he flew in action. He attended the pedagogical college in the nearby settlement of Sapozhok, graduating in 1940 with the specialty of a teacher in Russian language and literature. He joined the Soviet Navy in September that year, and was initially posted to Leningrad as an anti-aircraft battery gunner with the coastal defence forces. He served during the first years of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which began in 1941, and in 1943 graduated from the Nikolaev Naval Aviation School. Because of the war, the school had been evacuated to Bezenchuk, Kuybyshev Oblast. He was promptly posted to serve on the front lines from July 1943, as a crew navigator with Soviet Naval Aviation, rising to flight navigator from May 1944. In common with many of his compatriots, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in 1944.


title: The French Line

text: Reviews were mostly negative. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times slammed the film as a "cheap, exhibitionistic thing in which even the elaboration of the feminine figure eventually becomes grotesque ... To say any more about the cheapness and obviousness of this R. K. O. film would be but to give it more attention. And that it most certainly does not deserve." Variety called it "a rather mild, gabby fashion parade in 3-D" with "little of the imaginative" in the direction or screenplay. Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote that "the essential sin of this half-baked dish is its dull, boring insistence. Since I am trying to forget the details as rapidly as possible, you will forgive me for not going into them specifically." The Los Angeles Times wrote, "As a romantic comedy with music, the film may be described as uninventively reminiscent of such predecessors as 'Gentlemen Prefer Blondes' and 'Roberta.' Even with an intermission it runs uncomfortably long." Harrison's Reports praised the "gorgeous" Technicolor but called the story "very weak, with the first three-fourths slow and uninspiring. It becomes lively in the model scenes in the last one-fourth, where flesh is displayed prominently, and in the dance sequences, where Miss Russell is tantalizing as she prances about in as scanty a costume as it is possible for a girl to wear." John McCarten of The New Yorker reported that he watched the film's 3D effects "with interest, if very little pleasure," and lamented that Mary McCarty was "grievously wasted on such trash." The Monthly Film Bulletin was somewhat kinder, writing that the script, "though low on comic situations, provides the star with some effective wisecracks and at least one number ('What is this I feel?') in which her comedy talent reveals itself as of a high order."


title: Rapidan Dam

text: In 1983 the county awarded a contract to the Johnson Bros. construction company to restore the dam so it could generate power. Work started in May 1983. The original corbels on the dam were not reinforced so they did not meet 80s standards. There was concern that they were vulnerable to shearing. During the retrofit, 193 anchors were installed to strengthen the corbels. New tainter gates were designed and installed to replace those damaged in 1965. The new gate design was stronger than the original to prevent it from failing due to pressure from water and ice again. In July 1982 a specification was issued for pumping equipment and bids were received in October of that year. Allis-Chalmers gated tubular turbines were chosen. These were rated for a generator output of 2.5 megawatts of power each. Concerns were raised that a vortex could form due to the design of the new intake. The design was modelled at Saint Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory and shown to cause a vortex. The design was already under construction by this point so a change was made to add a guidewall, round the noses of the piers and add a plate with holes behind the trashracks. Work also involved the repair and maintenance of trashracks, stairs, doors and a roof. Part of the retrofit involved financial computer modelling of the dam's operation using 40 years of historical data.


title: A Taste of Yesterday's Wine

text: Jones and Haggard were largely influenced by the Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell tradition. They had also made no secret of how much they admired each other's work. In a Rolling Stone tribute to Jones after his death in 2013, Haggard recalled their first meeting: "I met him at the Blackboard Café in Bakersfield, California, which was the place to go in '61. He was already famous for not showing up or showing up drunk, and he showed up drunk. I was onstage—I think I was singing Marty Robbins' "Devil Woman" —and he kicked the doors of the office open and said 'Who the fuck is that?'" Haggard added that Jones's voice was "like a Stradivarius violin: one of the greatest instruments ever made". Jones had said repeatedly over the years that, next to Hank Williams, Haggard was his favorite singer. A Taste of Yesterday's Wine includes tributes to both of them: "Silver Eagle", written by Freddy Powers and Gary Church about Haggard, and "No Show Jones", written by Jones and Glenn Martin about the wayward singer's notorious inability to arrive at concert dates. The album's first single was the Willie Nelson-penned title track, which became a number one hit. A second single, "C.C. Waterback", reached number 10. The LP was produced by Billy Sherrill and has backing vocals by Haggard's wife Leona Williams.


title: Krześlice

text: The name of the village was first documented in 1396 in reference to a certain "Piotr of Crzyślice". During the sixteenth century the village was the property of the Przecławski family. In 1623 the village was the site of a banquet in honor of the son of the Polish king, Władysław (later king of Poland as well). By the eighteenth century the village was in decline but saw a revival in the nineteenth, when the "gothic revival" palace of the Radoński family was built, in 1860 (on the basis of an earlier estate. However, in 1888, the Prussian Settlement Commission (see Prussian Partition of Poland) dispossessed the owner of the palace, Zygmunt Radoński, and gave the palace to an ethnic German noble, Georg von Littiechau (Radoński was "compensated" with land in Congress Poland). After Poland regained its independence the palace was purchased by an industrialist from Łódź. During the German occupation of Poland, there was a nearby military airport. After World War II the palace was taken over by the communist authorities and fell to ruin, while the village itself became part of a state owned farm (PGR). After the fall of communism the palace was bought out by private investors and turned into a hotel and a restaurant.


title: Indian Bay

text: Records show that Indian Bay was the only inhabited settlement in that region that was connected to the mainland part of the Island of Newfoundland until the 19th century. It was also known as Northwest Arm, and later for a period of time, as Parson's Point, after the surname of its first English settlers. Europeans first came to Indian Bay in the 18th century to fish for salmon. In 1720 George Skeffington was salmon fishing there and by 1786 there were eight salmon operations in the area. Permanent settlement began after 1800. The 1836 Census of Newfoundland records Indian Bay as having a population of five, William Parsons and his family. The population was slow in growing, and in 1901 there were 40 people living there. The main source of employment was three sawmills, and a lobster factory was established before 1911. In 1921 the "International Power and Paper Co." arrived in Indian Bay and that same year a school was constructed. The peak of Indian Bay's population was in 1961 with 285 people; afterwards the population began to decline.


title: Awake (2019 film)

text: Determined to find answers, Michael returns to the Bower house and confronts Oliver. Oliver reveals that he and Michael were best friends, but claims that Michael did something that put Oliver and his father through hell due to his obsession with finding out the truth about the murdered girls. During the argument, Michael spots Oliver's baseball schedule and realizes that it matches up with the timing and the locations of the killings. Michael is overpowered by Oliver who has taken Diana captive as well as his intended next victim. Oliver explains that the first victim was an accident, someone that he had unintentionally hit with his car, but she had reminded him of his murdered mother. Mentally ill, Oliver would target young women who resembled his mother, kill them in a fashion matching his mother's unsolved murder and then call their mothers so that the last thing they heard was their own mother's voice. Before Oliver can kill Michael and Diana, Bower returns home and shoots Oliver dead.


title: Awake (2019 film)

text: Sending Diana to call the police, Michael confronts Bower who confirms Michael's identity and explains that Michael had discovered that Oliver was the killer after pulling him over driving the last victim's car with her body in the trunk. Michael had called Bower first who promised to take Oliver in together, but he hired Rosovski instead to protect his son. Rosovski ran Michael off of the road on his way to meet up with Bower to make the arrest and stole his identification, believing that Michael had died in the crash, while Bower switched out his fingerprints for a John Doe from the morgue whose body he planted in Michael's house before setting the gas explosion to cover up Michael's murder. After learning that Michael had in fact survived, Bower sent Rosovski to finish the job while trying to frame Michael for the serial killings in order to protect Oliver as Bower knew that Michael would eventually figure out the truth again. Bower, who had previously had a father-son relationship with Michael before the events, expresses remorse for his actions and for not stopping Oliver sooner. As Michael meets with Ward, who has exonerated him thanks to Diana, and Oliver's body is removed from the house, Bower commits suicide out of guilt while Diana watches the events unfold from across the street.


title: The Cockman Family

text: They have been nominated for Bluegrass Artists of the Year, Instrumentalist of the Year, and Bluegrass Band of the Year by the Country Gospel Music Association (CGMA) and for Gold Cross Bluegrass Group of the Year by the International Country Gospel Music Association, and were named one of the "12 Most Creative Families in America" by American Greeting Cards and USA Today Weekend. They were selected as the recipient of the 2011 Community Traditions Award by the North Carolina Folklore Society. They were awarded the 2011 Bluegrass Gospel Group of the Year by Southern Branch Bluegrass Caroline Cockman Fisher won "Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Songwriter of the Year" by Powergrass Internet Radio. They were also featured in a PBS special program entitled Maker of the Stars: A Cockman Family Christmas, and are known in North Carolina as cast members on a series of seven, one-hour PBS specials, The Arthur Smith Show, Now & Then. The Cockman Family is currently promoted by Homeland Entertainment under the Heart Warming label.


title: Su Yiming

text: He competed at the 2022 Winter Olympics and was the only competitor to achieve an 1800-degree aerial in the men's slopestyle event, winning a silver medal, making him the second Chinese athlete after Liu Jiayu to win an Olympic medal in snowboarding. The silver was controversial however, as confounded fans said Su was "robbed" by the low judging scores in spite of his unprecedented performances, and also due to the judges missing a glaring error made by gold medalist Max Parrot of Canada after judges fail to see him grab his knee rather than his board during the men's slopestyle final. British expert Ed Leigh wrote in the BBC, "The judges have put execution at such a premium that something like that should have cost him two or three points. So the gold has gone wrong there. ... I think Su Yiming actually took the gold there. This is a mistake on the judges' part." Iztok Sumatic, chief judge at the Olympics, admitted that judges failed to pick up on the mistake by Parrot in his second run due to not being given the camera angles of viewers. He also likened it to Diego Maradona's "Hand of God" refereeing mistake. Sumatic also said that after the event he received a call from Su, who said that he respected the judging and was happy with the competition result regardless. However, Parrot acknowledged the error but still felt like he had the most technical run and deserved his gold medal.


title: Zambia

text: Like most African countries, Zambia practices both disclosed and undisclosed ceremonies and rituals. Among the disclosed ceremonies and rituals include calendrical or seasonal, contingent, affliction, divination, initiation and regular or daily ceremonies. Undisclosed ceremonies include those practiced in secret such by spiritual groups like Nyau and Nakisha dancers and traditional marriage counsellors such as alangizi women. As of December 2016, Zambia had 77 calendrical or seasonal traditional ceremonies recognized by government, and this number will increase in the near future. The ceremonies once a year include Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, and Lyenya. These are known as Zambian traditional ceremonies. Some of the more prominent are: Kuomboka and Kathanga (Western Province), Mutomboko (Luapula Province), Kulamba and Ncwala (Eastern Province), Lwiindi and Shimunenga (Southern Province), Lunda Lubanza (North Western), Likumbi Lyamize (North Western), Mbunda Lukwakwa (North Western Province), Chibwela Kumushi (Central Province), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga Province), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Northern Province).


title: Zambia

text: Football is the most popular sport in Zambia, and the Zambia national football team has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, the national team defeated the Italian national team by a score of 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, Zambia's most celebrated football player, and one of Africa's greatest football players in history scored a hat trick in that match. However, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a plane crash at Libreville, Gabon. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. In 2012, Zambia won the African Cup of Nations for the first time after losing in the final twice. They beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, which was played in Libreville, just a few kilometers away from the plane crash 19 years previously. The Zambia women's national football team made its FIFA Women's World Cup debut at the 2023 tournament in Australia and New Zealand, the Zambia team being one of four representing the Confederation of African Football (CAF). They won their first Women's World Cup game in their first year, with Lushomo Mweemba scoring the fastest goal at the tournament, and Barbara Banda adding the 1,000th goal in WWC tournament history.


title: Memories of Underdevelopment

text: Sergio, a wealthy bourgeois aspiring writer, decides to stay in Cuba even though his wife and friends flee to Miami. Sergio looks back over the changes in Cuba, from the Cuban Revolution to the missile crisis, the effect of living in what he calls an underdeveloped country, and his relations with his girlfriends Elena and Hanna. Memories of Underdevelopment is a complex character study of alienation during the turmoil of social changes. The film is told in a highly subjective point of view through a fragmented narrative that resembles the way memories function. Throughout the film, Sergio narrates the action, and at times is used as a tool to present bits of political information about the climate in Cuba at the time. In several instances, real-life documentary footage of protests and political events is incorporated into the film and played over Sergio's narration to expose the audience to the reality of the Revolution. The timeframe of the film is somewhat ambiguous, but it appears to take place over a few months.


title: Memories of Underdevelopment

text: The film adaptation has generally been regarded as an improvement on the novel. In an interview in 1999, Sergio Corrieri was quoted stating, "I think that Memories is one of the few cases in which the film is better than the novel, because usually the opposite is the case. Almost always the cinematic version of a novel comes up short, but here the film transcended the novel." Gutiérrez Alea explains in an interview with Cineaste in 1977 that at a certain point the novel "was to be betrayed, negated and transformed into something else" for it to be successful as a film. Gutiérrez Alea also comments that the author, Desnoes, was fully conscious of the fact that his book would be changed as it was made into a movie, and therefore he was able to keep a positive attitude. Desnoes ended up attending shooting sessions and making valuable suggestions. Desnoes commented that the film achieved a level of artistic success that the novel missed because Gutiérrez Alea "objectivized a world that was shapeless… and still abstract in the book" by adding "social density." Desnoes appears himself as a panelist in a round table.


title: Malaysia–Sudan relations

text: In October 2021, Malaysian-Sudanese bilateral relations were adversely affected by the Sudanese transitional government's seizure of Petronas' Sudanese assets on the allegation that they had been acquired through illegal means during the rule of ousted Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. On 11 October, the Sudanese transitional government issued an arrest warrant for Petronas' country manager. In response, the Malaysian Government summoned the Sudanese charge d'affaires and urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty and to respect the sanctity of the Malaysian Embassy, which was housed in the same complex as the Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum. Petronas has also sought to cancel the manager's arrest warrant and submitted a request for arbitration at the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Middle East Monitor contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the Sudanese transitional government's actions against Malaysian, Turkish, Qatar and Chinese companies were part of a foreign policy shift to court Western investors.


title: Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 10

text: Dock10 shares the same domain arrangement as other members of the DOCK-D/Zizimin subfamily as well as a high level of sequence similarity. It contains a DHR2 domain that is involved in G protein binding and a DHR1 domain, which, in some DOCK family proteins, interacts with membrane phospholipids. Like other DOCK-D subfamily proteins Dock10 contains an N-terminal PH domain, which, in Dock9/Zizimin1, mediates recruitment to the plasma membrane. The DHR2 domain of Dock10 appears to bind to the small G proteins Cdc42, TC10 and TCL although these interactions are of low affinity. The physiological role of Dock10 is poorly characterised, however a study in lymphocytes has shown that Dock10 expression is upregulated in B-lymphocytes and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cells in response to the cytokine IL-4. This suggests that Dock10 may have a role in B-cell activation and proliferation. Another study identified Dock10 as a protein that was overexpressed in some aggressive papillary thyroid carcinomas.


title: Glory (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

text: After recovering from a mental breakdown caused by Glory's kidnapping of Dawn, Buffy decides to attack Glory with everything she has: Willow's magic spell to restore Tara's sanity, at the same time weakening Glory's mind; the Dagon Sphere (a weapon created by the monks that cause physical pain to Glory); Buffy's robot double (the "Buffybot"), originally Spike's sex toy; Olaf, The Troll God's Hammer (with which Buffy can beat Glory in battle and severely weaken her albeit temporarily, due to the hammer being a weapon of the gods); and eventually a wrecking ball, commandeered by Xander. Glory is left defeated and significantly weakened, losing her hold on this reality and returning to the form and mind of Ben. Buffy then tells Ben to tell Glory to leave Sunnydale and never return. As Buffy walks off, Giles knows that Glory will eventually regain her power and return to get her revenge on Buffy unless Ben is killed, so he smothers Ben to death with his bare hands, ensuring that Glory can never return.


title: Lucius Salvius Otho

text: Lucius was the son of a Marcus Salvius Otho, whose father was an Etruscan. Marcus had been raised in empress Livia's home. His mother's identity is unknown, although she is described as having been well connected. The appearance of the name "Titianus" in his family has led to speculation that she may have been from the gens Titia. Potentially a daughter of Marcus Titius and his wife Fabia Paullina, but possibly his sister or niece instead. A Titia L. f. is known from inscription to have been the wife of a Salvius. This woman died young in 23 BC. It is not certain if this woman was Otho's mother or possibly grandmother. Regardless, Lucius was widely assumed to be emperor Tiberius's illegitimate son, due to the excessive affection Tiberius bestowed on him, as well as a strong physical resemblance. This was a double edged sword for his children as it made them related to the Julio-Claudians, but also connected them to Tiberius, who was unpopular with the people of Rome. Ronald Syme thought Lucius might have been born as late as 6 BC, but possibly earlier, if Titia L. f was his mother then he would have to have been born in 23 BC at the latest. Tiberius would have been around 19 at this time.


title: Doc Tate Nevaquaya

text: Although he is well known for his flute playing, Nevaquaya considered himself a painter first. He started painting in the 1950s with encouragement from his wife, Charlotte Nevaquaya, who recognized his talent early on. He had no formal training and is considered a self-taught artist. He painted with watercolor, acrylic, tempera, and prints in the Oklahoma Traditional Style with mostly earth tones. He would begin with a sketch that would then be transferred to the board that would be painted on. He was very knowledgeable of Comanche history and culture, and his primary concern was in conveying the beauty of Comanche culture and identity, as well as that of the other tribes he depicted in his art. It is known that he was familiar with other Comanche artists as well, specifically Leonard Riddles (Black Moon Riddles), Bill Poafpybitty, Rance Hood, and Weckeah Bradley, and would invite them over frequently to discuss their art. He sometimes made cartoons as well and knew how to integrate comedy into his work as well.


title: Water fluoridation controversy

text: Proponents and opponents have been both criticized for overstating the benefits or risks, and understating the other, respectively. Systematic reviews have cited the lack of high-quality research for the benefits and risks of water fluoridation and questions that are still unsettled. A 2007 Nuffield Council on Bioethics report concluded that good evidence for or against water fluoridation is lacking. Researchers who oppose the practice state this as well. According to a 2013 Congressional Research Service report on fluoride in drinking water, these gaps in the fluoridation scientific literature fuel the controversy. John Doull, chairman of the 2006 National Research Council committee report on fluoride in drinking water, has stated a similar conclusion regarding the source of the controversy: "In the scientific community, people tend to think this is settled. I mean, when the U.S. surgeon general comes out and says this is one of the 10 greatest achievements of the 20th century, that's a hard hurdle to get over. But when we looked at the studies that have been done, we found that many of these questions are unsettled and we have much less information than we should, considering how long this has been going on. I think that's why fluoridation is still being challenged so many years after it began. In the face of ignorance, controversy is rampant."


title: Water fluoridation controversy

text: Conspiracy theories involving fluoridation are common, and include claims that fluoridation was motivated by protecting the U.S. atomic bomb program from litigation, that (as famously parodied in the film Dr. Strangelove, where a deranged U.S. Air Force general claimed that it would "sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids") it is part of a Communist or New World Order plot to take over the world, that it was pioneered by a German chemical company to make people submissive to those in power, that behind the scenes it is promoted by the sugary food or phosphate fertilizer or aluminium industries, or that it is a smokescreen to cover failure to provide dental care to the poor. One such theory is that fluoridation was a public-relations ruse sponsored by fluoride polluters such as the aluminium maker Alcoa and the Manhattan Project, with conspirators that included industrialist Andrew Mellon and the Mellon Institute's researcher Gerald J. Cox, the Kettering Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati, the Federal Security Agency's administrator Oscar R. Ewing, and public-relations strategist Edward Bernays. Specific antifluoridation arguments change to match the spirit of the time.


title: George N. Hollins

text: At the outbreak of the American Civil War, he had served for almost 47 years in the U.S. Navy (almost 17 years total at sea), was a citizen of Florida, and was commanding the USS Susquehanna, cruising at the Mediterranean Sea. Hollins and his ship left the coast of Italy on May 5, 1861, and arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, on June 4, 1861. Having considered himself a Southerner, he promptly resigned his commission, but it was not accepted and an order was made for his arrest. Hollins escaped, and in March 1861, was in Montgomery, Alabama, then the Confederate capital, where he met Raphael Semmes, Josiah Tattnall, Thomas Brent, and many other naval officers to consult with a committee of the Confederate Congress on the means of providing a navy for the new government. He was commissioned a Captain, Confederate States Navy, on June 22, 1861. He later received a commission for the same rank, but to rank retroactively to March 26, 1861. On June 29 of the first year of the Confederacy, he quickly attracted attention by his clever capture of the steamer St. Nicholas in the Potomac River, as well as the capture of the Monticello, Mary Pierce and the Margaret. On July 10, the naval defenses of the James River were placed under his command, and on July 31, he was put in charge of the naval station at New Orleans, where he defeated the Federal blockading squadron the following October. Also that year, he served at the naval defenses, James River, Virginia. From 1861 to 1862, he was the Commandant at the Naval Station, New Orleans, Louisiana. Hollins then commanded the defenses afloat the Mississippi River, with his flagship the CSS Manassas on the coast of Louisiana. Appointed flag officer in December 1861, he took a fleet up the Mississippi River to assist in the defense of the works at Columbus, Kentucky. From 1862 to 1863, he commanded the Richmond, Virginia Station, and in 1863, he commanded at Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1864, he again commanded the Richmond, Virginia Station, and then at the Wilmington, North Carolina Station. After the war, he returned to Baltimore, Maryland where he was appointed Crier at the City Court, and was in that position until his death on January 18, 1878.


title: Eslamu

text: According to Ethiopian sources he received the name Eslamu Sagad due to his many battle with Muslim Adalites. Eslamu served as governor of Fatagar from at least 1527 to his death in 1531. Eslamu was in Damot during the beginning of the War specifically during Shimbra Kure however after General Degalhan, Lebna Dengel's Brother-in-Law, requested to return to King's side in order to avoid fighting Ahmed Gurey's army. Lebna Dengel placed Eslamu as Commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian Army. Eslamu's arrival greatly increased Ethiopian morale due to his reputation and highly esteemed position in the Lebna Dengel's court. However, during The Battle of Antukyah Eslamu's forces were completely routed with a large portion of his army killed. Eslamu fled to Zari where he received orders from Lebna Dengel, who was angered by the loss at Antukyah, berating him for losing to a much smaller force and demoting him and placed him under the command of Takla Iyasus, the governor of Angot.: 146 At Zari the Muslims were able to catch the Christian force off guard due to intelligence gathered from native Crypto Muslims. Eslamu was killed by an Adalite cavalryman by the name of Abū Bakr bin Garād Yumaj Ahmad during the battle.


title: Bekikang: Ang Nanay Kong Beki

text: The drama-comedy Filipino film depicts Bekikang or Beki and his friends. This was inspired by the life story of the late director Wenn Deramas. As Beki was bullied for being gay as he was growing up, his father taught him to defend himself in fights. Beki is a caring, responsible and hardworking fellow of the family. He is a balut vendor along with his friends. One day, Beki and his friends catch a new stud in town who is in trouble and needs help from being bullied. Beki steps up for the good-looking Fortunato who becomes his love interest. However, Fortunato falls for the local waitress, Natalie, at a restaurant Beki takes him to. Beki soon becomes jealous of Natalie. Unfortunately, Fortunato gets Natalie pregnant and Beki becomes involved with raising their baby after Natalie decides to leave Fortunato to work in Japan. Beki accepts their baby as his own once he learns that Fortunato and Natalie have broken up. Fortunato also decides to leave the country to work. Beki's family is not too fond of Beki taking care of Fortunato's baby and this encourages Beki to leave their house to live with his friends. Soon, the three gay men raise the child under stable conditions until the comeback of the child's biological parents, Fortunato and Natalie. The couple is back together and they want their child back. Will Fortunato and Natalie be able to get their child back from Bekikang?


title: History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent

text: Cataract surgery was known to the physician Sushruta (6th century BCE). Traditional cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka, a curved needle used to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision. The eye would later be soaked with warm butter and then bandaged. Though this method was successful, Susruta cautioned that it should only be used when necessary. The removal of cataract by surgery was also introduced into China from India. Sushruta's treatise provides the first written record of a cheek flap rhinoplasty, a technique still used today to reconstruct a nose. The text mentions more than 15 methods to repair it. These include using a flap of skin from the cheek, which is akin to the most modern technique today. Otoplasty (surgery of the ear) was developed in ancient India and is described in the medical compendium, the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium, c. 500 CE). The first description of a surgical procedure to treat stones was described in the Sushruta Samhita by Sushruta around 600 BCE. Two types of diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians Sushruta and Charaka in 400–500 CE with one type being associated with youth and another type with being overweight. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when Canadians Frederick Banting and Charles Best isolated and purified insulin in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the long-acting insulin NPH in the 1940s. The condition was named "hritshoola" in ancient India and was described by Sushruta (6th century BCE). Angina Pectoris


text: Zinc mines of Zawar, near Udaipur, Rajasthan, were active during 400 BCE. Diverse specimens of swords have been discovered in Fatehgarh, where there are several varieties of hilt. These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700 and 1400 BCE, but were probably used more extensively during the opening centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. Archaeological sites in such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present-day Uttar Pradesh show iron implements from the period between 1800 BCE and 1200 BCE. Early iron objects found in India can be dated to 1400 BCE by employing the method of radio carbon dating. Some scholars believe that by the early 13th century BCE iron smelting was practiced on a bigger scale in India, suggesting that the date of the technology's inception may be placed earlier. In Southern India (present day Mysore) iron appeared as early as 11th to 12th centuries BCE. These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.


text: The origins of the spinning wheel are unclear but South Asia is one of the probable places of its origin. The device certainly reached Europe from India by the 14th century. The cotton gin was invented in South Asia as a mechanical device known as charkhi, the "wooden-worm-worked roller". This mechanical device was, in some parts of the region, driven by water power. The Ajanta Caves yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century. This cotton gin was used until further innovations were made in form of foot powered gins. Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining. Each mission returned with different results on refining sugar. Pingala (300–200 BCE) was a musical theorist who authored a Sanskrit treatise on prosody. There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations, Pingala stumbled upon both the Pascal triangle and Binomial coefficients, although he did not have knowledge of the Binomial theorem itself. A description of binary numbers is also found in the works of Pingala. The Indians also developed the use of the law of signs in multiplication. Negative numbers and the subtrahend had been used in East Asia since the 2nd century BCE, and South Asian mathematicians were aware of negative numbers by the 7th century CE, and their role in mathematical problems of debt was understood. Although the Indians were not the first to use the subtrahend, they were the first to establish the "law of signs" with regards to the multiplication of positive and negative numbers, which did not appear in East Asian texts until 1299. Mostly consistent and correct rules for working with negative numbers were formulated, and the diffusion of these rules led the Arab intermediaries to pass it on to Europe.


text: Madhava of Sangamagrama and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics developed and founded mathematical analysis. The infinite series for π was stated by him, and he made use of the series expansion of arctan  x {\displaystyle \arctan x} to obtain an infinite series expression, now known as the Madhava-Gregory series, for π {\displaystyle \pi } . Their rational approximation of the error for the finite sum of their series are of particular interest. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for π {\displaystyle \pi } . They used the improved series to derive a rational expression, 104348 / 33215 {\displaystyle 104348/33215} for π {\displaystyle \pi } correct up to nine decimal places, i.e. 3.141592653 {\displaystyle 3.141592653} . The development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) was carried out by mathematicians of the Kerala School in the 15th century CE. Their work, completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart from geometric series).


text: Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder. Although the hammered soft iron he used was crude, the bursting strength of the container of black powder was much higher than the earlier paper construction. Thus a greater internal pressure was possible, with a resultant greater thrust of the propulsive jet. The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre). Although individually these rockets were not accurate, dispersion error became less important when large numbers were fired rapidly in mass attacks. They were particularly effective against cavalry and were hurled into the air, after lighting, or skimmed along the hard dry ground. Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000. In battles at Seringapatam in 1792 and 1799 these rockets were used with considerable effect against the British.


title: Ladies of the Orient

text: The Ladies of the Orient (L.O.T.O.) is a women's fraternal organization in the United States and Canada which had its origins as an appendant body to the Rebekahs. The first unit, Pioneer Zuanna No. 1 was founded in Syracuse, New York in 1915 by Emily Voorheis for the purpose of having a group dedicated to recreation and amusement as a pleasant diversion from the serious charitable work done by other groups to which the ladies already belonged. It was first incorporated in New York in 1921 under the name "Supreme Royal Zuanna of the Mystic Degrees of Persecution and Purification Ladies of the Orient of United States and Canada." While it has a close relationship with the Odd Fellows appendant body known as the Ancient Mystic Order of Samaritans, it is not a true women's auxiliary, but rather an independent organization founded entirely by women and requiring no affiliation with its men's counterpart. Local units of LOTO are referred to as "zuannas" and are presided over by a "Great Ashayhi." The basic regalia of the group is a white fez with a "Z" inside a triangle and crescent bearing a yellow tassel, though there are more advanced fez and tassel colors for higher-ranked members, such as a white fez with a purple tassel for Past Ashayhis. As with AMOS, the group has a particular charitable focus on Cognitive disabilities.


title: Ismail of Johor

text: Tunku Ismail was born on 28 October 1894 in the Istana Semayam in Johor Bahru and was the second and eldest surviving son of Tunku Ibrahim (later Sultan Ibrahim) by his first wife, Sultanah Ungku Maimunah binti Ungku Abdul Majid. He was made the Tunku Mahkota of Johor on 2 November 1895, when Tunku Ibrahim was installed as the Sultan of Johor following Sultan Abu Bakar's death. He started his early education in a Malay school in Johor Bahru. In 1904, He was sent to England to attend Rose Hill School in Tunbrdige Wells, Kent and Aldeburgh Lodge School in Suffolk as well as Roydon Hall in Norfolk and Christ Church in Oxford; his brothers Tunku Abu Bakar and Tunku Ahmad as well as his five friends, including Onn Jaafar later followed suit. In 1910, Tunku Ismail, accompanied by Onn Jaafar, returned to Johor and spent three years in Perak, where they enrolled into the Malay College Kuala Kangsar. In 1913, He was once again sent to England to receive his tertiary education in a boarding school; his brothers again later followed suit until 5 March 1920.


title: Delaware and Raritan Canal

text: In 1816, the New Jersey legislature created a commission of three people, including John Rutherfurd, a former United States Senator and a major landowner in New Jersey, which was authorized to survey and map a proposed route for a canal. Rutherfurd engaged John Randel Jr. to do the survey; Rutherfurd knew Randel from his work on the New York City Commissioners' Plan of 1811, for which Rutherfurd was one of the commissioners, and Randel was the chief surveyor. The route was to be "a level line as far as was practicable from Longbridge farm to the Delaware, and to the Raritan, in the shortest direction that the ground would admit, which line should be run with the greatest accuracy, and be esteemed the base line of the work." Randel spent two months surveying this route and, with the aid of a millwright, estimating water flow. They came to the conclusion that the canal would require less than an eighteenth of the water passing through the local streams, which would still leave enough water flow for local mills. Despite Randel's report, and the clear advantage of having such a canal, the opposition to the project managed to keep anything from happening until 1830.


title: Allen T. Paredes

text: After graduating from the PMA in 1988 and finishing his military pilot training in 1990. He started his junior days as a lieutenant as a seasoned attack pilot in the 18th Attack Squadron under the 15th Strike Wing flying the McDonnell Douglas MD 520MG Defender light attack helicopters, conducting air support operations in Mindanao. Paredes flew a total of 76 combat missions and afterwards received the Top Gun Award as an expert for Aerial Rocketry. Since then, Paredes was primarily assigned on helicopters, logistics, research and development, maintenance, and safety missions and positions, where he served as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel, A-1; Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, OA-4; and became commander of the Air Force Research & Development Center, the 410th Maintenance Wing and the 420th Supply Wing, both headquartered at Clark Air Base in Pampanga. Paredes also served as commander of the 20th Attack Squadron of the 15th Strike Wing, utilizing the McDonnell Douglas MD 520MG Defenders as the squadron's 11th commander.


title: Allen T. Paredes

text: Paredes later earned his second star and was promoted to major general in 2018, as he served as the Chief of the Air Force Staff, the third highest post in the PAF from July to December 2018, and served as commander of the Air Logistics Command in December 2018 to January 2020, where he command all logistical units of the Air Force, and led the implementation of the Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants program and the Firepower and Munition Info Systems. Paredes was appointed as the new Chief of the Air Force on January 16, 2020, and earned his third star as a lieutenant general in March 2020. As the PAF Chief, he vowed to be a "father figure" of the air force during his tenure, and formulated a new leadership command framework: "Take the Lead, Soar as One", guided by the values of "Diwa, Galing, and Malasakit" (Responsiveness, Excellence and Devotion), and laid out the InSTEP (Integrity, Service, Team, Excellence, and Professionalism) initiative. He also pushed for the PAF's modernization through the procurement of additional aircraft in the air force, such as 32 additional units of the Sikorsky S-70i helicopters, the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK attack helicopters, the C-130J Super Hercules, and the KAI KT-1 Woongbi. He also led the overall air force operations and assistance despite the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Paredes also enhanced the PAF's maintenance funds and facilities and led the PAF to assist 80 TIKAS projects, which was followed by the implementation of the Safety Management System, which replaced the 1960s-based Safety Program, and led the establishment of the Aviation Leadership and Excellence Nexus and Civilian Human Resource School. Paredes also commissioned a total of 33 new aircraft, and added 3,845 new air force personnel.


title: Australians in Hong Kong

text: The Australian International School Hong Kong is a private, co-educational international school located in Kowloon, Hong Kong that was established to provide the demand for an Australian-based style of education to children from the years of preparatory to Year 12 and serves as one of the main secondary education providers for Australian expatriates living in the region. Established in 1995, the school's now permanent campus in Kowloon Tong has a primary curriculum centralised around the NSW Stage 4 and 5 syllabuses developed by the New South Wales Board of Studies for years 7–10 with students in Years 11 and 12 being offered the alternative between the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC) or the internationally renowned IB Diploma Programme. More recently the Australian government and its representatives in Hong Kong take taken an increased interest in resident Hong Kong students being able to have access to Australian education. 130 formal educational agreements between Hong Kong and Australia were made in 2018 and included various student and staff exchanges, academic and research collaborations between institutions and study-abroad programmes. In 2013, Hong Kong was one of four host locations that agreed to participate in a trial phase of the New Colombo Plan. The New Colombo Plan, introduced by the Australian government in 2014, is an initiative premised around supporting Australian undergraduates to study abroad in the Indo-Pacific region and undertake internships in their region of residence. The Australian government estimated that the plan, by the end of 2021, would have supported over 2000 Australian undergraduates in fields including education, communications, engineering, health, urban design, science, and business, across the Hong Kong region.


title: Australians in Hong Kong

text: Australian trade within and to Hong Kong has remained a key priority the Australian government wants to uphold. The Australian-Hong Kong Free Trade Agreement (A-HKFTA) allows for zero tariffs for Australian exporters and further allows Australian service providers and suppliers to have uncomplicated access into Hong Kong's growing services industry. Australia and Hong Kong's longstanding trade relationship is evidenced through Hong Kong being Australia's tenth largest merchandise export market in 2020 with goods exports being valued at approximately $7.2 billion AUD – featured exports include high-quality food and beverages to service Hong Kong's retail and hospitality sectors and include wines, seafood, beef and pork, fruit, and dairy. Australian service exports to Hong Kong were valued at approximately $1.9 billion AUD in the same period. Hong Kong holds Australia's largest commercial presence in the South-East with the Australian Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong being Australia's largest offshore Chamber of Commerce.


title: Australians in Hong Kong

text: Many Australians of Hong Kong/Chinese descent come to Hong Kong to study at local universities or on work assignments, and this is supplemented by the over 600 owned Australian businesses that operate in and out of the Hong Kong region. The city of Hong Kong is considered an important centralised financial centre and traditionally has been seen as a gateway to China and other markets in the South-East. Due to this, the region has been seen as prime location for Australian companies to grow, develop and expand into Asia and therefore is often chosen as a test market for new products and as a distribution and logistics hub. A city of international diversity with English as a main language of cross-country business, many companies can increase efficiency through employing a highly capable multilingual workforce that is able to communicate in English, Mandarin and Cantonese. To continue to encourage growth for start-ups and early-stage companies, the Hong Kong Government has provided generous tax incentives and the utilisation of government bodies, such as Invest Hong Kong, the Technology Talent Admission Scheme and The Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC) for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). On top of the aforementioned Australian Chamber of Commerce Hong Kong, Australian networking groups such as Support Australia can acts as umbrella groups that represent key Hong Kong-based Australian organisations in the region.