title: Seltanahunshin

text: The Annals of the Four Masters state- A party of the O'Reilly family were slain by Hugh, the son of Felim O'Conor, namely, Cathal O'Reilly, Lord of Muintir-Maelmora, and of all the race of Hugh Finn; his two sons, namely, Donnell Roe and Niall; his brother, Cuconnaught; the three sons of Cathal Duff O'Reilly, namely, Godfrey, Farrell, and Donnell; Annadh, son of Donnell O'Reilly, who was slain by Conor Mac Tiernan; Niall, i.e. the Caech Monoculus O'Reilly; Tiernan Mac Brady; Gilla-Michael Mac Taichligh; Donough O'Biobhsaigh; Manus, son of Mac Gilduff; and upwards of sixty others of the chiefs of their people were slain along with them. This engagement is called the Battle of Moy Slecht, and was fought on the margin of Athderg, at Alt-na-heillte, over Bealach-na-beithe. The O'Reillys, however, slew a number of the chiefs of the opposite forces, namely, Dermot O'Flanagan, Flann Mageraghty, Murrough Finn, O'Farrell, and many others besides: their glaslaiths recruits even forced the van of the adverse army to give way three times, but they were at length overpowered by the main body. It was at Sailtean-na-nGasan that the van of that army first came up with the O'Reillys, from which place they pursued them to Ait-Tighe-Mec-Cuirrin, and from thence to the field of the great battle.


title: Navrang Lal Tibrewal

text: Navrang Lal Tibrewal is an Indian judge and former acting Governor of Rajasthan. He has also served as the acting Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court. He completed his early education from Jhunjhunu, Graduation from Maharaja College, Jaipur, LL.B. from University Law College in 1959. After completion of training from 6 months as senior lawyer, Tibrewal started legal practice at Jhunjhunu district and subordinate courts and after 6 years he shifted to Jodhpur High Court in 1965. After 32 years in 1997 after establishment of Jaipur High Court he shifted to Jaipur. He was elected as a Chairman of Rajasthan Bar Council in 1982. He was appointed high court judge on July 20, 1990, and took charge as its acting chief justice on April 10 after the retirement of the then acting chief justice, M P Singh. He served as Chairman Legal Aid Service board for 6 years. He became acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court in 1998. He became acting Governor of Rajasthan State in place of Darbara Singh on 25 May 1998. Presently he is chairman of various educational institutions, 1 in Jaipur and 3 institutions in Jhunjhunu. His father's name is Ladu Ram Tiberwal.


title: cccDNA

text: CccDNA is formed from rcDNA (relaxed circular DNA) through the removal of a viral polymerase on the 5' end of the negative strand of DNA, the removal of the 5' end of the plus strand, and the removal of one copy of the short terminal redundancy from the minus strand. After these removals occur, the positive strand is completed and ligation of the two viral DNA strands occurs. The mechanism of infection stems from the conversion of relaxed circular double stranded DNA (rcDNA) into cccDNA, from virus templates, speculated to be performed by the cell's own DNA repair enzymes. This process occurs due to the retrotranscription of a cccDNA transcript into the normal cell's rcDNA genomes. Deprotonation of the rcDNA then acts as a precursor of cccDNA via a polymerase chain reaction. While there is debate concerning the next steps in the mechanisms for formation and metabolism of cccDNA, it is known that ligase inhibitors play a crucial role as knockout experiments support. DNA ligase 1 and DNA ligase 3 directly reduce the formation of cccDNA, whereas DNA ligase 4 is crucial for cccDNA formation in only the double stranded linear DNA.


title: Labidiaster annulatus

text: Labidiaster annulatus has a wide central disc and 40 to 45 long narrow rays and can reach a diameter of 60 centimetres (24 in). The disc is slightly inflated and is raised above the base of the rays. The madreporite is large and near the edge of the disc. The aboral or upper surface is covered in a meshed network of small slightly overlapping plates. These are covered by a membrane with numerous raised projections called papulae, some small spines and a few large triangular pedicellariae, wrench-like organs that can grasp objects. The rays are crowded together where they join the disc and their aboral surface is similarly clad in overlapping scales in a quadrangular mesh pattern. There are also short spines and many papulae and a number of small pedicellariae. At intervals down each ray there are transverse bands armed with numerous large pedicellariae. The oral or lower surface of the disc has a central mouth surrounded by further scales. The ambulacral grooves are wide and run down the centre of the oral side of each ray. There are widely separated narrow scales on either side of the grooves with two spines on each, one overlapping the groove and the other projecting from the side of the ray. There are rows of tube feet on either side of the groove, each foot having a button-like suction pad at the tip.


title: Labidiaster annulatus

text: Labidiaster annulatus is an opportunistic predator and scavenger. It moves about on the seabed using various combinations of rays. It often climbs to an elevated position on top of a rock or a large sponge. Here it holds on with some of its rays while it extends others like fishing rods. The rays are long and flexible and writhe about in search of prey. Invertebrates or even small fish that come in contact with the extended rays are grasped by the pedicellariae which snap shut. Other rays then curl around the struggling prey. It is manipulated to the underside of the rays where it is passed along by the tube feet to the mouth. This is extensible and can ingest large items. The prey continues to struggle while it is being transported and may escape. Analysis of stomach contents showed that krill and amphipods were the most frequent diet items. Sediment was also often present and may have contained microflora such as of foraminiferans. A portion of a fish measuring 6 centimetres (2.4 in) was found in one individual but it was unclear whether it had been caught alive or had been scavenged. Other dietary items were varied and included smaller starfish of this species and brittle stars such as Ophionotus victoriae.


title: Plaza Mayor, Madrid

text: The Plaza Mayor dates back to the 15th century where it was originally called the "Plaza del Arrabal" and was used as the main market of the town. In 1561, the plaza was transferred to the city of Madrid. King Philip II commissioned Classical architect Juan de Herrera to remodel the area. Construction did not begin until Philip III's reign in 1617. Juan Gómez de Mora continued on the architectural renovation, and was finished two years later in 1619. The Plaza Mayor has suffered 3 major fires in its history. The first was in 1631. Juan Gómez de Mora took on the reconstructions of the plaza following this fire. The second of the fires occurred in 1670, with the architect Tomás Román in charge of the reconstruction. The last fire consumed a third of the square and took place in 1790. Today, the Plaza Mayor's architecture is credited to Juan de Villanueva. He handled the reconstruction following the massive fire in 1790. Prior to this, the buildings that enclosed the square were five stories. Juan de Villanueva lowered the square's surrounding buildings to three stories, closed the corners and created large entrances into the squares. Construction continued after Juan de Villanueva's death by Antonio López Aguado and Custodio Moreno, and was finished in 1854.


title: George Washington Henderson

text: Henderson arrived in Vermont unable to read or write but attended Underhill Academy where he received intensive tutoring from the principal, as well as Barre Academy, receiving his diploma in 1873. He graduated first in his class in 1877 from the University of Vermont, having completed his studies in three years since he was working as principal of Jericho Academy during what would have been his junior year. Henderson's commencement speech was entitled "The Economy of Moral Forces in History." He was inducted in Phi Beta Kappa that same year. Henderson completed a master's degree at UVM in 1880 and a Bachelor's of Divinity from Yale University in 1883. He received a Hooker Fellowship and studied in Berlin. He was UVM's second African American graduate, after Andrew Harris of the class of 1838. UVM awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 1896. He was elected to the American Negro Academy but was only able to serve for three years because of his involvement with civil rights work.


title: Drew Gilbert

text: Gilbert attended Stillwater Area High School in Stillwater, Minnesota. As a junior, he helped lead Stillwater to their first state championship since 1991, striking out 15 batters and throwing over 115 pitches in a complete-game shutout. He finished his junior year batting .400 alongside going 7–1 with a 0.63 ERA and 100 strikeouts over 55+2⁄3 innings. As a senior in 2019, he was named the St. Paul Pioneer Press Baseball Player of the Year, the Star Tribune Metro Player of the Year, and Minnesota Mr. Baseball. He finished his senior year with 97 strikeouts while giving up only one run over 49 innings alongside batting .370 with eight stolen bases. He was selected by the Minnesota Twins in the 35th round of the 2019 Major League Baseball draft but did not sign. He originally committed to play college baseball for the Oregon State Beavers, but switched his commitment to the Tennessee Volunteers after a coaching change at Oregon State during the summer before his freshman year of college.


title: W. P. Auld

text: In 1864 the South Australian government charged B. T. Finniss with finding a suitable site by the Adelaide River for the capital of the Northern Territory to be called "Palmerston". Auld, employed as a chainman, was one of the party of 40 that left Port Adelaide on the barque "Henry Ellis" on 29 April 1864 for Adam Bay. He, with several other young "labourers", aroused considerably antagonism among the officer class in the expedition by receiving preferential treatment from Finniss, one of several sources of dissension in a rather dysfunctional organization. He was a member of the exploration party led by surgeon Belgrave Ninnis which explored areas west of the Adelaide River as far as Howard River and King Creek on HMS Beatrice and arrived at Port Darwin in April 1865. Auld's role was to lead overland a party consisting of G. Warland. W. Dougall, F. Litchfleld, Dr Ninnes , and Fred. Finniss, which crossed the Adelaide River on 17 April, named the Howard River for the captain of the Beatrice on 20 April, met Beatrice at Port Darwin before returning to camp. The Bengal had arrived and several expeditioners, including Auld, opted to pay the fare home rather than stay. Several others opted to sail west on a boat (Forlorn Hope) they purchased from the captain of the Bengal.


title: Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations

text: As they stand, there are only ten equations to determine thirteen quantities. These quantities are the six components of S λ μ {\displaystyle S^{\lambda \mu }} , the four components of k ν {\displaystyle k_{\nu }} and the three independent components of V μ {\displaystyle V^{\mu }} . The equations must therefore be supplemented by three additional constraints which serve to determine which point in the body has velocity V μ {\displaystyle V^{\mu }} . Mathison and Pirani originally chose to impose the condition V μ S μ ν = 0 {\displaystyle V^{\mu }S_{\mu \nu }=0} which, although involving four components, contains only three constraints because V μ S μ ν V ν {\displaystyle V^{\mu }S_{\mu \nu }V^{\nu }} is identically zero. This condition, however, does not lead to a unique solution and can give rise to the mysterious "helical motions". The Tulczyjew–Dixon condition k μ S μ ν = 0 {\displaystyle k_{\mu }S^{\mu \nu }=0} does lead to a unique solution as it selects the reference point X μ {\displaystyle X^{\mu }} to be the body's center of mass in the frame in which its momentum is ( k 0 , k 1 , k 2 , k 3 ) = ( m , 0 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (k_{0},k_{1},k_{2},k_{3})=(m,0,0,0)} .


title: Anastasios of Albania

text: Lehrbeauftragte, for teaching modern-Greek language and philology – University of Marburg, Germany . He organized and directed the «Center of Missionary Studies» at the University of Athens . Associate Professor of History of Religions . Full Professor of History of Religions in the National University of Athens . Prof. Emeritus . At the same university: Director of the Department of the Science of Religions and Sociology . Dean of the Theological Faculty and member of the Senate . Vice-president of the Club of Students. Chairman of the Commission of Solidarity in the Cyprian Struggle . Member of the Committee of Research of the University of Athens . and the «Inter-Orthodox Center of Athens» of the Church Greece . Member of the Council of the Centre of Mediterranean and Arabic Studies . ThD h.c. of: The Theological School of the Holy Cross, Brookline, Ma, USA , the Theological Faculty of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , and the St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary . Theological School of the Craiova University ; Theological Faculty of the Pontifical University of South Italy ; Honorary Member of the Moscow Theological Academy . D. Staniloae Diploma Univ. Bucharest (the highest theological distinction of this university) . PhD h.c. of: The Department of History and Archaeology of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Ioannina ; The Agricultural University of Athens ; The Department of Political Science and Public Administration of the Law, Economic and Political Sciences and all the Departments of the Philosophical Faculty of the National University of Athens ; the Department of International and European Studies of the University of Piraeus ; The Department of Philology of the University of Crete ; The Departments of Physics, Medicine, Primary Education and Civic Engineers of the University of Patras ; Doctor of Humane Letters of Boston University ; The Departments of Medical and Agricultural of University of Thesalia, and Golden Medal of this university ; the History Department of the Ionian University, Corfou ; the University of Korça ; of the Departments of History and Ethnology as well as of Languages and Culture of Thrace's Dimokriteian University ; ); the University of Cyprus .


title: History of arcade video games

text: The first arcade game, Computer Space, was created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, the founders of Atari, Inc., and released in 1971; the company followed on its success the next year with Pong. The industry grew modestly until the release of Taito's Space Invaders in 1978 and Namco's Pac-Man in 1980, creating a golden age of arcade video games that lasted through about 1983. At this point, saturation of the market with arcade games led to a rapid decline in both the arcade game market and arcades to support them. The arcade market began recovering in the mid-1980s, with the help of software conversion kits, new genres such as beat 'em ups, and advanced motion simulator cabinets. There was a resurgence in the early 1990s, with the birth of the fighting game genre with Capcom's Street Fighter II in 1991 and the emergence of 3D graphics, before arcades began declining in the West during the late 1990s. After several traditional companies closed or migrated to other fields (especially in the West), arcades lost much of their relevance in the West, but have continued to remained popular in Eastern and Southeastern Asia.


title: History of arcade video games

text: With Pong's success, numerous other coin-operated manufacturers, most who were making electro-mechanical games and pinball machines, attempted to capitalize on the success of arcade games; such companies included Bally Manufacturing, Midway Manufacturing, and Williams Electronics, as well as Japanese companies Taito and Sega. Most took to trying to copy the games that Atari had already made with small alterations, leading to a wave of clones. Bushnell, having failed to patent on the idea, considered these competitors "jackals" but rather than seeking legal action, continued to have Atari devise new games. Separately, Magnavox and Sanders Associates, through which Baer had developed the basics of the Odyssey, sued Atari, among the other manufacturers, for patent violations of the basic patents behind the electronic game concepts. Bushnell opted to settle out of court, negotiating for perpetual licensing rights to Baer's patents for Atari as part of the settlement fee, which allowed Atari to pursue the development of additional arcade games and bringing Pong in a home console form, while Magnavox continued legal against the other manufacturers. It is estimated that Magnavox collected over US$100 million in awards and settlements from these suits over the Baer patents.


title: History of arcade video games

text: These games, along with numerous others, created video game arcades around the world. The construction boom of shopping malls in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s gave rise to dedicated arcade storefronts such as Craig Singer's Tilt Arcades. Other arcades were featured in bowling alleys and skating rinks, as well as standalone facilities, such as Bushnell's chain of Chuck E. Cheeses pizzerias and arcades. Time reported in January 1982 that there were over 13,000 arcades in the United States, with the most popular machines bringing in over $400 in profit each day. Twin Galaxies, an arcade opened by Walter Day in Ottumwa, Iowa, became known for tracking the high scores of many these top video games, and in 1982, Life featured the arcade, Day, and several of the top players at the time in a cover story, bringing the idea of a professional video game player to public consciousness. The formation of video game tournaments around arcade games in the 1980s was the predecessor of modern esports.


title: History of arcade video games

text: Coupled with this was an increased pressure on possible harmful impacts of video games on children. Arcades had taken steps to make their venues as "family fun centers" alleviate some concerns, but parents and activists still saw video games as potentially addictive and leading to aggressive behavior. The U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop spoke in November 1982 about the potential addiction of video game by young children, as part general moral concerns around youth in the early 1980s. These fears not only affected video game arcades, but other places where youth would normally be able to hang out without adult supervision such as shopping malls and skating rinks. There were also reports of increased crime associated with arcades due to lack of adult supervision. Many cities and towns implemented bans on arcades or limiting businesses to only a few machines by the mid-1980s. Several of these bans were challenges by arcade owners on First Amendment challenges, asserting video games merits protection as an art form, but the bulk of these cases ruled against arcades, favoring local regulations that were limiting conduct rather than restricting speech. Further impacting the arcades, the rising popularity of home consoles threatened the arcades, since players did not have to repeatedly spend money to play at arcades when they could play at home. But with the 1983 video game crash which drastically affected the home console market, the arcade market also felt its impact as it was already waning from oversaturation, loss of players, and the moral concerns over video games, all stressed by the early 1980s recession.


title: History of arcade video games

text: The arcade industry began recovering in 1985 and made a comeback by 1986, with the arcade industry experiencing several years of growth during the late 1980s. A major factor in its recovery was the arrival of software conversion kit systems, such as Sega's Convert-a-Game system, the Atari System 1, and the Nintendo VS. System, the latter being the Western world's introduction to the Famicom (NES) hardware in 1984, prior to the official release of the NES console; the success of the VS. System in arcades was instrumental to the release and success of the NES in North America. Other major factors that helped revive arcades were the arrival of popular martial arts action games (including fighting games such as Karate Champ and Yie Ar Kung-Fu, and beat 'em ups such as Kung-Fu Master and Renegade), advanced motion simulator games (such as Sega's "taikan" games including Hang-On, Space Harrier and Out Run), and the resurgence of sports video games (such as Track & Field, Punch-Out and Tehkan World Cup).


title: History of arcade video games

text: Various technological advances were made in arcades during this era. Sega's Hang-On, designed by Yu Suzuki and running on the Sega Space Harrier hardware, was the first of Sega's 16-bit "Super Scaler" arcade system boards that pushed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates. Hang-On also used a motion-controlled arcade cabinet that included a mounted motorbike-like control unit on a hydraulic system, which the player used to control the game by tilting their body to the left or right, two decades before motion controls became popular on consoles. This game began the "taikan" ("body sensation") trend, the use of motion simulator arcade cabinets in many arcade games of the late 1980s, such as Sega's Space Harrier , Out Run and After Burner . SNK also launched its Neo Geo line in 1990 to try to bridge the arcade and home console gap. The launch consisted of the Neo Geo Multi Video System (MVS) arcade system and the Neo Geo Advanced Entertainment System (AES). Both units shared the same game cartridges, with the MVS able to support up to six different games at the same time selectable by the player. Further, players could use a memory card to transfer save game information from the MVS to their home AES and back. Arcade systems dedicated to flat-shaded 3D polygon graphics also began emerging, with the Namco System 21 used for Winning Run and the related Atari Games hardware for Hard Drivin' , as well as the Taito Air System used for amateur flight simulations such as Top Landing and Air Inferno .


title: History of arcade video games

text: One format of arcade video games that briefly expanded during this period were quiz-style or trivia-based arcade games. Besides the other avenues of technical advances, the hardware for arcade machines had shrunk small enough that the core electronics could be fitted into cocktail-style cabinets or half-height bartop or countertop versions, making them ideal for placement in more adult venues. Coupled with waning interest in traditional arcade games due to the 1983 video game crash and the rising popularity of the board game Trivial Pursuit first introduced in 1981, several manufacturers turned to quiz style games to be sold to bars in these smaller formats, including more risque titles. Manufacturers also saw similar opportunities to promote these games for family-oriented entertainment and potential use as educational tools. The rush of arcade-based trivia games waned around 1986 as the general interest in trivia waned, but arcades and other entertainment businesses managed to find ways to keep trivia-style games going within arcades since, often based on multiplayer trivia challenges played out on multiple screens. These trivia games also influenced the creation of trivia games on consoles and computers such as the You Don't Know Jack series of games and Trivia HQ.


title: History of arcade video games

text: By 1993, arcade games in the United States were generating an annual revenue of $7,000,000,000 , larger than both the home video game market ($6 billion) as well as the film box office market ($5 billion). Worldwide arcade video game revenue also maintained its lead over consoles. In 1993, Electronic Games noted that when "historians look back at the world of coin-op during the early 1990s, one of the defining highlights of the video game art form will undoubtedly focus on fighting/martial arts themes" which it described as "the backbone of the industry" at the time. Mortal Kombat, however, led to further controversy over violence in video games due to its gruesome-looking finishing moves. When the game was ported to home consoles in 1993, it led to U.S. Congressional hearings on violence in video games, which resulted in the formation of the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) in 1994 to avoid government oversight in video games. Despite this, fighting games remained the dominant style of game in arcades through the 1990s.


title: History of arcade video games

text: Another factor that contributed to the arcade "renaissance" was increasingly realistic games, notably the "3D Revolution" where arcade games made the transition from 2D and pseudo-3D graphics to true real-time 3D polygon graphics, largely driven by a technological arms race rivalry between Sega and Namco. The Namco System 21 which was originally developed for racing games in the late 1980s was adapted by Namco for new 3D action games in the early 1990s, such as the rail shooters Galaxian 3 and Solvalou . Sega responded with the Sega Model 1, which further popularized 3D polygons with Sega AM2 games including Virtua Racing and the fighting game Virtua Fighter , which popularized 3D polygon human characters. Namco then responded with the Namco System 22, capable of 3D polygon texture mapping and Gouraud shading, used for Ridge Racer . The Sega Model 2 took it further with 3D polygon texture filtering, used by 1994 for racers such as Daytona USA, fighting games such as Virtua Fighter 2, and light gun shooters such as Virtua Cop. Namco responded with 3D fighters such as Tekken and 3D light gun shooters such as Time Crisis , the latter running on the Super System 22.


title: History of arcade video games

text: Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, also began offering true 3D graphics, along with improved sound and better 2D graphics than the previous fourth generation of video game consoles. By 1995, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained considerably more advanced than home systems in the late 1990s, the technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, slowly began narrowing, and the convenience of home games eventually caused a decline in arcade gaming. Sega's sixth generation console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics comparable to the Sega NAOMI arcade system in 1998, after which Sega produced more powerful arcade systems such as the Sega NAOMI Multiboard and Sega Hikaru in 1999 and the Sega NAOMI 2 in 2000, before Sega eventually stopped manufacturing expensive proprietary arcade system boards, with their subsequent arcade boards being based on more affordable commercial console or PC components.


title: History of arcade video games

text: Since the 2000s, arcade games and arcades in the United States have generally had to continue as niche markets to adapt to remain profitable, competition against the allure of home consoles. Most arcades were unable to sustain on operating arcade games alone, and have since added back redemption systems for prizes along with non-arcade games for these, such as Dave & Busters. Arcade games were developed to try to create experiences that could not be had via home consoles, such as motion simulator games, but their expense and space required was difficult to justify over more traditional games. The US market has experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide. Since around 2018, arcades specializing in virtual reality games have also become popular, allowing players to experience these games without the hardware investment in VR headsets.


title: History of arcade video games

text: In the Japanese gaming industry, arcades have remained popular since the 2000s. Much of the consistent popularity and growing industry is due to several factors such as support for continued innovation and that developers of machines own the arcades. Additionally, Japan arcade machines are notably more unique as to US machines, where Japanese arcades can offer experiences that players could not get at home. This is constant throughout Japanese arcade history. As of 2009, out of Japan's US$20 billion gaming market, US$6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at US$3.5 billion and US$2 billion, respectively. According to in 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's for example. With considerable withdrawal from the arcade market from companies such as Capcom, Sega became the strongest player in the arcade market with 60% marketshare in 2006. Despite the global decline of arcades, Japanese companies hit record revenue for three consecutive years during this period. However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 billion) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion (US$6.2 billion) in 2010. In 2013, estimation of revenue is ¥470 billion.


title: Boccia classification

text: In 1983 CP-ISRA was responsible for the classification of competitors in Boccia. Their classification followed the system designed for field athletics events and originally used five cerebral palsy classes for competitors. Class 1 competitors could compete in co-ed team events which included three competitors from class 1 and class 2, with one required to be a class 1 competitor. They could also compete in the individual events. By the early 1990s, boccia classification had moved away from medical based system to a functional classification system. In 1992, the International Paralympic Committee formally took control of governance for many disability sports. Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in 2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, and defined ten different disability types that were eligible to participate on the Paralympic level. It required that classification be sport specific, and served two roles. The first was that it determined eligibility to participate in the sport and that it created specific groups of sportspeople who were eligible to participate and in which class. The IPC left it up to International Federations to develop their own classification systems within this framework, with the specification that their classification systems use an evidence based approach developed through research.


title: Boccia classification

text: As of 2012, people with physical disabilities are eligible to compete in this sport. The level of physical impairment must be significant, such as brain injury or total body impaired function (as in the case of cerebral palsy). In 1983, CP-ISRA set the eligibility rules for classification for this sport. They defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain legion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with spina bifida were not eligible unless they had medical evidence of loco-motor dysfunction. People with cerebral palsy and epilepsy were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and arthrogryposis were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by International Sports Organisation for the Disabled for the Games of Les Autres.


title: Boccia classification

text: For a boccia athlete to compete at the Paralympic Games, international classification by an International Classification Panel is required. The International Classification Panel will allocate a class to the athlete and rule which (if any) assistive equipment the athlete may use. Their ruling overrides all prior classifications including those of a national basis. Athletes must be classified according to their disability and level of impairment. The classification process normally involves a physical assessment to authenticate the disability and evaluate the degree of limitation. The athlete will be observed in competition action. Results will place the athlete in one of the four classes (see Classes): this evaluation cannot be used for sports outside of Boccia. For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed by the Australian Paralympic Committee. There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.


title: Catalan Journal of Theology

text: As a result of the recent creation of the Faculty of Theology of Catalonia in 1968, the faculty decided to provide itself with a tool for scientific expression and research fundamentally in Catalan. The project of the journal was presented to the Council of the Sant Pacià Section on May 28, 1973; and subsequently it was presented to the Faculty Council, where the two sections (Sant Francesc de Borja and Sant Pacià) were represented, and a session was held on June 15, 1973. According to Massot i Muntaner: "After the forced parenthesis of the first years -in which it was not possible to publish anything in Catalan-, books and magazines of popularization or research were appearing, in many cases of an indisputable quality, some of international interest, such as the "Revista Catalana de Teología" ". This materialized in 1976 with the appearance of Catalan Journal of Theology, with Josep Rius-Camps as its first director. The specific orientation was to generate a space for theological reflection in which scholars could be attentive to the diversity, depth and convergence of the cultural problems of the last third of the twentieth century in Catalonia.


title: Toofan (2024 film)

text: Initially, Nusraat Faria was rumored to be the lead actress of the film. Later on Meril Cafe Live of Prothom Alo, she confirmed that she is not in the film. Later in February 2024, Samakal reported that alongside Indian actress Mimi Chakraborty, as well as Madhumita Sarcar's name was also rumored to be the female lead. However, the producer of the film denied it at the time. The film's production company Alpha-i Studios Ltd., SVF and Chorki revealed in a press release that the two actresses of the film is Mimi Chakraborty and Masuma Rahman Nabila. It is reported that both of them will be playing as the lead female roles, both of them will perform opposite Khan for the first time. There is another rumor that Indian actor Jisshu Sengupta will play the villainous character in the film, later, The Daily Star confirmed that he will be played as lead villain in the film. According to a report of Anandabazar Patrika, initially Bangladeshi actor Afran Nisho was reportedly offered the role of the villain in the film. But as he did not agree to do play the role, the makers later offered Sengupta. In late April 2024 Samakal reported that, it was rumored that Chanchal Chowdhury would be playing a guest role as the villain in the film. Later the same week, Chorki confirmed in a press release that Chanchal Chowdhury will play a special role in the film, which will be the first collaboration between Khan and Chowdhury. At the same time, prominent Bangladeshi actor Fazlur Rahman Babu was also signed for the film, which he confirmed to Jugantor. United News of Bangladesh also reported that Shahiduzzaman Selim, Gazi Rakayet, AK Azad Setu and Hasnat Ripon will cast some important characters in the film.


title: Toofan (2024 film)

text: The announcement poster of the film was released through a press conference on December 11, 2023. 5 pre-production miniature stills were revealed on January 9, 2024, with one of the stills used the poster of renowned Bangladeshi actor Salman Shah's Moha Milon. The first glimpse of the film was revealed on March 27, 2024, coinciding with Shakib Khan's 45th birthday. The promotional image portrayed Shakib Khan seated in an armchair, smoking a cigarette, with a Kalashnikov rifle resting against the chair. A 1 minutes 21-seconds teaser trailer, titled "Toofani Tease" was released on May 7, 2024, which received mostly positive response from the audience and critics, with a wide criticism for plagiarism from Indian films KGF and Animal . It crossed over 10 million views in just 24 hours across social media, which is a milestone in the history of Bengali films, which also considered as one of the best teaser of Khan's career. The first official poster of the film, titled "Toofani Poster", was unveiled four days after the release of the official teaser on April 11. Four fan-made posters went viral across social media, which were praised by the film's director.


title: List of songs recorded by Faith No More

text: Faith No More, a San Francisco-based band, have recorded approximately 100 songs over the course of their career; this includes material from six studio albums, one live album, and numerous B-side tracks and out-takes. Faith No More were founded in 1981 as Sharp Young Men, and changed their name to Faith. No Man before releasing the 1982 double A-side single "Quiet in Heaven" / "Song of Liberty". Upon assuming the name Faith No More, the band's first two full-length albums, We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself, were driven mostly by new vocalist Chuck Mosley and the "metallic guitar" of Jim Martin, blending elements of rap and heavy metal music. Mosley was later replaced by Mr. Bungle vocalist Mike Patton, who added lyrics to the already-written music for 1989's The Real Thing. Their next studio album, Angel Dust, moved away from the band's rap-influenced sound to experiment with different musical genres; a trend which became much more pronounced on the 1995 album King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime.


title: Typhoon Ken (1982)

text: Typhoon Ken, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tering, was the fourth typhoon to strike Japan during the 1982 Pacific typhoon season. Forming along the western end of the monsoon trough in the Philippine Sea, the system had organized into a tropical depression on September 16, and by that night a tropical storm. As a compact system, rapid intensification continued, with Ken becoming a typhoon on the evening of September 17 and a major typhoon on September 18. The cyclone up to this point had a history of progressing slowly west-northwest, but Ken eventually stalled on September 20 and became a larger cyclone. As a mid-latitude trough to its north deepened, Ken took off to the northeast towards Okinawa. Ken made landfall upon Shikoku early on September 25, and moved onward into the Sea of Japan where it evolved into an extratropical cyclone. Five people were killed while 18 others were hurt. A total of 114 mudslides were reported, resulted in over 2,000 homes flooded. Additionally, 12 homes were damaged or destroyed. Seventy-four flights were cancelled as well.


title: Typhoon Ken (1982)

text: During mid-September, a monsoon trough was present in the Philippine Sea. On September 14, a persistent area disturbance weather was first visible on satellite imagery. On September 15, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor the system. The next day, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported a closed atmospheric circulation. Based on this, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the storm into a tropical depression, without issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). Six hours later, the storm was upgraded into a tropical storm. Around this time, the JMA followed suit and upgraded the system into a tropical storm. Initially, Ken was expected by the JTWC to move west and pass near Luzon, but this did not occur. At 0600 UTC on September 17, Ken was upgraded into a severe tropical storm by the JTWC and the JMA. That evening, Ken was upgraded to typhoon status by both the JTWC and the JMA when the hunters recorded a pressure of 976 mbar (28.8 inHg). Ken continued to gain strength; at 1800 UTC on September 18, the Hurricane Hunter aircraft reported winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). This wind speed is equivalent to a low-end Category 3 typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS). Several hours later, the JTWC reported that Ken attained peak intensity of 200 km/h (125 mph) while centered about 800 km (495 mi) east-southeast of Taiwan.


title: Typhoon Ken (1982)

text: By September 21, Ken began to move erratically due to a deepening trough that was centered north of Typhoon Ken before taking off in the general direction of Japan. Weakening ensued thereafter due to increased wind shear. By September 23, the JWC reported that winds had diminished below Category 2-equaivlent strength on the SSHWS while the JMA reported winds of 130 km/h (80 mph). At this time, Ken was located around 650 km (405 mi) south of Tokyo. By the next day, however, this weakening trend had leveled off; data from the JMA suggests that the storm did not weaken further until September 25. After according to the JTWC, maintain winds of 135 km/h (85 mph) during September 24, the typhoon weakened slightly. Ken made landfall near Shikoku early on September 25 with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph), and after weakening a little according to the JTWC, Ken passed over Honshu. That day, the system moved into the Sea of Japan, where it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while producing winds just below typhoon-force. Despite this, the JMA kept an eye on the system for two more days.


title: 2021 Chengdu Hunters season

text: The Hunters performed poorly in the second tournament cycle, dropping in the regular season standings to fifth out of eighth place in the Eastern Division. Prior the beginning of the third midseason tournament qualifiers, the Summer Showdown, the Hunters sent damage player Liu "Kaneki" Nian back down to their academy team Team Chaser. In his replacement, Chengdu promoted damage player Zhong "TAROCOOK1E" Yunlong from Team Chaser. After the first week of the Summer Showdown qualifiers, tank player Luo "Elsa" Wenjie, who had been with the team since their inception, retired. The team advanced past the qualifiers and regional knockouts, giving them their second tournament appearance of the season. In the first round, on July 15, the Hunters defeated the Dallas Fuel, 3–1. After a loss to the Shanghai Dragons and win over the Dallas Fuel, again, the Hunters advanced to the tournament finals, where they again faced the Dragons. Despite winning the first map of the series, the Hunters lost the following four, losing the finals match 1–4.


title: Carlos Jarque

text: For almost eleven years, Jarque was president of the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) of Mexico, the autonomous government entity charged with integration of the information system of Mexico. During his tenure, he directed the design and implementation of a vast program that modernized the National Geographic and Statistical Information System, making it one of the most advanced in the world, to support, among other tasks, the fight against poverty, economic and social development, urban and regional planning, and the infrastructure programs of the country. He coordinated eight national censuses (economic, agricultural, population and housing) hiring more than one million people for the task. Carlos M. Jarque also directed short term statistics (GDP, trade balance, inequality, productivity, unemployment, investment, etc.) and information on the environment, also, a pioneering project worldwide, the ecological GDP of Mexico. He also directed an unprecedented Land Titling Program, elaborating a detailed cadaster at parcel level, in order to assign in ownership (title in property) half of the territory of Mexico (102 million hectares) to poor people. He was the Y2K coordinator for the computer conversion of Mexico and responsible for the First Informatics Development Program in Mexico.


title: Carlos Jarque

text: Jarque has been president of the United Nations Statistical Commission, a global authority for the definition, approval and implementation of Methodologies to measure the economic phenomena (GDP, trade balance, capital account) and the social spheres (poverty, migration, education, employment, mortality). He participated in the definition, measurement and follow up of the Millennium Development Goals of the UN, human development objectives adopted by 189 countries. He has held the position of secretary and director of the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability; International Association for Statistical Education; International Association for Statistical Computing; International Association for Rural and Urban Statistics; International Association of Survey Statisticians; and the International Association for Official Statistics. Since September 13, 2017, Jarque is a member of the board of FCC, Realia and Cementos Portland and member of the board of the Telekom Austria Group.


title: Richard Y. Wang

text: Through his work in academia and both the public and private sectors, Wang championed and led the movement to establish the role of CDOs in all organizations. This movement gained significant momentum and spread worldwide. In particular, in 2019, President Trump signed the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 into law, which statutorily mandated all federal agencies to establish and appoint a CDO for their agency. In 2021, President Biden also issued the Presidential Memorandum on Restoring Trust in Government Through Scientific Integrity and Evidence-Based Policymaking and reaffirmed the central role of CDOs to "incorporate scientific-integrity principles consistent with this memorandum into agencies' data governance and evaluation approaches." In 2021, CDOs and data leaders from 62 countries attended the Annual CDOIQ Symposium that Wang organized. Many CDOs and data executives rose to their position while attending the CDOIQ Symposium every year for more than a decade or have taken on an executive position that Wang's advocacy and research inspired to create. This Symposium has been serving as a professional "home base" for this cohesive community of CDOs and data executives for networking with one another and sharing their innovation, knowledge, and experience in leading how their organization leverages the massive volume of data available to them.


title: Thalapathi

text: Rajinikanth was a friend of Mani Ratnam's brother G. Venkateswaran of GV Films, and they were talking about making a film together. Ratnam had met Rajinikanth twice because he had expressed interest in working with Ratnam, who had nothing for him then. Ratnam needed a film with scope for Rajinikanth's stardom but would remain Ratnam's film. Ratnam wanted something Rajinikanth could not refuse and that Ratnam really wanted to do. Soon the concept of the story of Karna from the Indian epic Mahabharata, which became the basis for Thalapathi and was a contemporary version of the Mahabharata from Karna's perspective, came up. Ratnam wanted to present a realistic Rajinikanth, which he saw in Mullum Malarum without his style elements and larger-than-life image. Thalapathi was cinematographer Santosh Sivan's first film in Tamil and his first project with Ratnam. The film was edited by Suresh Urs, and art-directed by Thota Tharani. Thalapathi remains the only collaboration between Ratnam and Rajinikanth.


title: Pinners

text: Pinners is a Chicago neighborhood game played on the front-stoop or walls with angled bricks/stones which can be used to pop the ball up in the air. References and accounts of playing exist to 1949 or earlier. The batter would throw a rubber/tennis ball at the edge of the step or angled wall brick, and the fielder(s) would try to catch the ball as it bounces back. The ball used was a two and a half-inch hollow pink soft rubber ball called a "Pinky," that bounced well off the edges of steps. Baseball gloves were not allowed. The scoring rules is similar to baseball, but with runs being virtual determined by where the ball lands. A single, double, triple or home run would be predetermined landmarks (i.e. sidewalk, trees, cars, street, curb/sidewalk lines) from the batting area. A catch is an out, and a one-handed catch could be used for a "rushie." As with most neighborhood games, rules varied by the groups playing and house rules would be determined at the start of the game, including the base locations. The game utilizes traditional Chicago neighborhood row house architecture, with most houses (Chicago Bungalow style) having front stairs or a stoop that leads from the front door to the sidewalk. Many of the schools built in Chicago have a horizontal perfectly angled section of decorative brick, at the right height, that was used for the game.


title: Mo Kolours

text: Mo Kolours draws on a wide range of musical influences and describes his use of percussion as "investigating rhythm in my own way." DJ Magazine described his sound as "part hip-hop, part funk, part dub, part electronic". The producer has spoken of his desire to unite similarities found amongst "bits of music all over the world", ranging from the traditional sega music of Mauritius (as introduced to him by his father) to modern hip-hop. Such eclecticism has led to comparisons to esteemed beat pioneer Madlib, whilst Resident Advisor claimed that "no-one sounds quite like Mo Kolours". In May 2011, he released the first of a trilogy of EPs for One-Handed Music; entitled EP1: Drum Talking. EP 2:Banana Wine and EP3:Tusk Dance followed respectively, and were generally well received by critics. Deenmamode's debut full-length release garnered further interest, with influential radio DJs such as Gilles Peterson and Benji B endorsing the record on their shows. In 2014, digital electronic music magazine Resident Advisor asked Mo Kolours to contribute to their prestigious online podcast stream. Following this, Deenmamode's most recent and fourth EP for One-Handed Music, How I (Rhythm Love Affair), was made available for download in March 2015. Pitchfork stated that while Mo Kolours' music has "a rich, minimalistic approach that grows more contagious as it plays" the record "lacked a strong anchor".


title: Shulgan-Tash Cave

text: A passageway leads from the Portal to a succession of ground level halls. First comes the Main Gallery, followed by the Stalagmite Hall. Continuing northwards, one enters the Dome Hall and the Hall of the Signs. At the far end lies the Hall of Chaos. The halls differ in size and shape: the Main gallery and the Hall of Chaos are oblong, while the Stalagmite and the Dome Halls are circular, whereas the Hall of the Signs is rectangular. Their length reaches 90, width 20-30 and the height 7–20 metres. The halls are connected by tunnels of various length and shape, somewhere occur clumply blockages. Air from the outside reaches the Main Gallery and, to an extent, the Stalagmitic Hall. However, in the Dome Hall and onwards, the air is stagnant both in the winter and summer. Stalactites and stalagmites become more common as one advances deeper into the cave. The walls are covered with calcareous sinter, which can be as much as half a metre thick. Some of the calcite stones are intricately shaped.


title: Feline Frame-Up

text: Though he remains exiled outside, Marc Antony manages to find ways to beat up Claude, either from behind closed doors and/or by getting into the house in crafty manners. While most of his machinations are short-lived and he is rapidly and violently ejected from the house by Filbert, it usually gives him enough time to clobber Claude again before he gets booted out. The multiple thumpings Claude endures over the course of the night eventually elicit the cat's surrender, when he realizes Marc Antony will keep attacking him until he tells the truth. Marc Antony forces Claude to confess to his crimes and is let back into the house and back to the side of his beloved Pussyfoot. A dazed Claude gives Filbert his signed confession, then retrieves Pussyfoot from the vase and places her back in her bed as Marc Antony watches carefully, ready to pummel Claude again if he tries anything to frame him or hurt Pussyfoot once more. Filbert consequently kicks Claude out of the house as punishment for framing Marc Antony and tricking him, landing him in the street, and is promptly run over by a streetcar. Claude sits upright and bemoans "Just one of those days, I guess." before passing out.


The 2023 Missouri Valley Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Missouri Valley Conference held from October 26 through November 5, 2023. The Opening round and Second round was held at campus sites. The semifinals and finals took place at Cownie Sports Complex in Des Moines, Iowa. The eight-team single-elimination tournament consisted of four rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Missouri State, who were unsuccessful in defending their crown as they fell to Valparaiso in the Semifinals. Valparaiso would go on to win the tournament over top-seed Drake, 1–0 in the Final. The conference tournament title was the first for the Valparaiso women's soccer program, and first for head coach John Marovich. Valparaiso has won two conference titles previously, but they were not in the Missouri Valley Conference. As tournament champions, Valparaiso earned the Missouri Valley's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Tournament.


title: Collateralized loan obligation

text: Each class of owner may receive larger yields in exchange for being the first in line to risk losing money if the businesses fail to repay the loans that a CLO has purchased. The actual loans used are multimillion-dollar loans to either privately or publicly owned enterprises. Known as syndicated loans and originated by a lead bank with the intention of the majority of the loans being immediately "syndicated", or sold, to the collateralized loan obligation owners. The lead bank retains a minority amount of highest quality tranche of the loan while usually maintaining "agent" responsibilities representing the interests of the syndicate of CLOs as well as servicing the loan payments to the syndicate (though the lead bank can designate another bank to assume the agent bank role upon syndication closing). The loans are usually termed "high risk", "high yield", or "leveraged", that is, loans to companies which owe an above average amount of money for their size and kind of business, usually because a new business owner has borrowed funds against the business to purchase it (known as a "leveraged buyout"), because the business has borrowed funds to buy another business, or because the enterprise borrowed funds to pay a dividend to equity owners.


title: Collateralized loan obligation

text: The reason behind the creation of CLOs was to increase the supply of willing business lenders, so as to lower the price (interest costs) of loans to businesses and to allow banks more often to immediately sell loans to external investor/lenders so as to facilitate the lending of money to business clients and earn fees with little to no risk to themselves. CLOs accomplish this through a 'tranche' structure. Instead of a regular lending situation where a lender can earn a fixed interest rate but be at risk for a loss if the business does not repay the loan, CLOs combine multiple loans but do not transmit the loan payments equally to the CLO owners. Instead, the owners are divided into different classes, called "tranches", with each class entitled to more of the interest payments than the next, but with them being ahead in line in absorbing any losses amongst the loan group due to the failure of the businesses to repay. Normally a leveraged loan would have an interest rate set to float above the three-month SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate), but potentially only a certain lender would feel comfortable with the risk of loss associated with a single, financially leveraged borrower. By pooling multiple loans and dividing them into tranches, in effect multiple loans are created, with relatively safe ones being paid lower interest rates (designed to appeal to conservative investors), and higher risk ones appealing to higher risk investors (by offering a higher interest rate). The whole point is to lower the cost of money to businesses by increasing the supply of lenders (attracting both conservative and risk taking lenders).


title: Dil Bahadur Lama

text: Ex-I.G.P. DB Lama had been the chairman of the "Ex-Nepalese Policemen's Organization" until his demise (aged 84 years) on 25 March 2014 in Nuwakot. Nepali Congress Nuwakot President Jagadishwor Nar Singh informed that Lama was pronounced dead at Trishuli Hospital where he was rushed after he fell unconscious at around 10pm on Tuesday. The Nepal Police has paid heartfelt tributes to its former chief, Inspector General (IG) Dil Bahadur Lama, amidst a program at its headquarters, Naxal on the morning of March 28, 2014. Home Secretary Janardan Nepal, incumbent IGP Upendra Kant Aryal, former IGPs, sitting DIGs and senior officials of Nepal Police offered last respects to the late Lama by laying flowers and wreaths on his mortal remains. This is said to be the first event that the Nepal Police organised a condolence gathering for its departed members on the headquarters premises. The late Lama was presented a funeral guard of honour. The Nepal Police organised a condolence assembly for its former chief Lama at the request of his family. He is survived by two wives, three sons and two daughters.


title: French Great South-West

text: The western foothills and the south of the Massif Central occupy a large part of the Great South-West, of which they constitute the eastern edge. Here the altitudes are more modest (between 300 and 1,600 m): Sommet de Finiels (1,699 m), Mont Aigoual (1,567 m), Truc de Fortunio (1,550 m), Signal de Mailhebiau (1,469 m), Pic de Nore (1,211 m), Pic du Pal (1,155 m), Caroux-Espinouse (1,124 m), Merdelou (1,100 m), Mont Caroux (1,091 m), Mont Bessou (977 m), but the landscapes nonetheless remain particularly contrasted. The Limousin plateaus are hilly uplands which notably carry the plateau de Millevaches at an altitude of 900 m. In the south, the massif rises significantly in the Montagne Noire or in the monts de Lacaune, with important summits at Mont Lozère or Mont Aigoual. It ends abruptly above the plains of Languedoc. The plateaus of the Grands Causses constitute vast spaces cut by the deep canyons of Tarn, Jonte or Dourbie to the south of the massif, between Rouergue and Cévennes. The Quercy plateaus to the west are also made up of karstic surfaces, sometimes hollowed out by chasms, but are lower on the approach to Aquitaine. The plains are often narrow, like around the Causses, or form small periphery basins.


title: French Great South-West

text: Several languages are spoken in the South-West. They belong to four linguistic families: Euskarian (Basque), Occitano-Roman (Occitan and Catalan) and the Oïl languages (Poitevin and Saintongeais). Basque is spoken in the western half of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Catalan in almost all of the Pyrénées-Orientales (a small northern fringe, bordering on Aude, speaking Occitan Languedoc); Occitan or Langue d'oc covering most of the territory (for almost all of the Occitanie region, most of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, namely almost all of the respective areas of Gascon, Limousin and Languedocien, part of that of Auvergne).Saintongeais is an Oïl language used in the departments of Charente and Charente-Maritime as well as in a small part of the Gironde. Poitevin is spoken in the Vienne, Deux-Sèvres, and the north of Charente and Charente-Maritime. These two languages are sometimes grouped together under the name of 'poitevin-saintongeais'. Additionally, we find certain idiomatic expressions common to a large part of the South West.


title: Marcos Chaves

text: the mask carries, in the origin of its representation, the moral, political and poetic functions. Still, the mask has the potential of absorbing many of the issues that arouse the interest of the art territory in its modern acceptation: illusion, myth, allegory and simulacrum. In an even broader sphere, the mask touches the true/false dichotomy, a dilemma that, since Plato, has substantiated the aesthetic universe. The figure of the mask is not extraneous to the work of Marcos Chaves, and this has already been observed in the interventions that he carried out at Castelinho do Flamengo in 2000 when, using make-up, false eyelashes and other adornments, he transformed the eclectic-style sculptures into lively and hilarious images, like transvestites. There, he effected a deviation of the static nature of the statues, updating and ironizing the obsolete character of academic art, in addition to underscoring how much from eclecticism – which transits amidst various styles – was appropriated by the post-modern world.—Ligia Canongia


title: Marcos Chaves

text: His work has been part of major international exhibitions and collections including the Mori Art Museum (Tokyo – Japan); Martin-Gropius-Bau, Neuer Berliner Kunstverein – NBK (Berlin – Germany) Manifesta7 - The European Biennial of Contemporary Art, (Bolzano – Italy); Fri_Art Centre d'Art Contemporain (Freiburg, Switzerland); Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal – Lisbon) Ludwig Museum (Koblenz – Germany); Vantaa Art Museum (Helsinki – Finland); Temporary Contemporary Space (Cardiff – UK); 4th Biennial of Havana (Cuba); VI Festival Images-Vevey Visual Arts Biennial: Extravaganza. Out of the Ordinary (Vevey, Switzerland); 17th Bienal de Cerveira - award (Cerveira, Portugal); Esbjerg Kunstmuseum (Esbjerg, Denmark); Kunsthal_KAdE (Amersfoort, the Netherlands); Santiago Museum of Contemporary Art (Santiago de Chile); CAB– Centro de Arte Caja de Burgos (Burgos, Spain); Northern Gallery (Sunderland, UK); Centro per l'Arte Contemporânea Luigi Pecci (Prato, Italy); Zeppelin Universität (Germany).


title: Howie Ferguson

text: Ferguson grew up in Louisiana, where he competed in football, basketball, baseball, and boxing at New Iberia High School. He enlisted in the Navy on Jan. 8, 1948 and served during the Korean War as a member of the frogman underwater demolition team. During the off-season he worked as an oil field worker in New Iberia. Although he never played college football, Ferguson was discovered while playing football for the Navy in California by a scout for the NFL's Los Angeles Rams. He had played football with the Navy League Amphibian Division and was an MVP, earning second-team All-Navy honors two years in a row.) After playing four years of service football, the Navy discharged Ferguson on Jan. 7, 1952, he signed with the Los Angeles Rams on June 11 and was waived on Sept. 19. The Rams signed him but he was released prior to the 1952 season and then was signed by the Green Bay Packers as a free agent in 1953. The 6'2", 210-pound Ferguson gained 2,120 yards rushing and 1,079 yards receiving with the Packers between 1953 and 1958.


title: Dungeon (magazine)

text: Coinciding with the release of the 4th edition of Dungeons & Dragons in June 2008, Wizards of the Coast launched a website that included online versions of Dungeon and Dragon magazines for subscribers. In this new format, Dungeon (now subtitled A Dungeons & Dragons Roleplaying Game Supplement) retained its mandate to deliver adventures of varying lengths and levels as well as articles with information and advice for DMs. Mainstay columns such as "Dungeoncraft" (written by James Wyatt) were retained, and DM-focused articles that formerly appeared in Dragon magazine (like "Save My Game") were incorporated into Dungeon, making it a "one-stop shop" for DMs. The magazine shifted to a landscape format with the intent of making the articles and adventures more readable onscreen. Content was released daily and gathered into PDF compilations on a monthly basis. In May 2011, Wizards of the Coast stopped the monthly compilations and left content in single article format. In October 2012, Wizards of the Coast resumed monthly compilations.


title: Faris Haroun

text: At the start of the 2004–05 season, Haroun made his UEFA Intertoto Cup debut, coming on as a 67th-minute substitute, in a 2–0 win against Borussia Dortmund to progress to the next round through away goal. However, he found his playing time, mostly coming from the substitute bench since the start of the season. Despite this, Haroun scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–1 win against K.V. Oostende on 27 November 2004. A month later on 18 December 2004, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 2–1 win against Cercle Brugge. Haroun then scored his third goal of the season, in a 3–1 win against Lokeren on 31 January 2005. By the second half of the season, he continued to find himself in and out of the starting eleven, which saw him placed him placed on the substitute bench. Haroun then scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 3–1 win against Cercle Brugge in the last game of the season. At the end of the 2004–05 season, he went on to make twenty–nine appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Haroun was linked a move away from Genk, as they were trying to sell him in the summer transfer window but stayed at the club. After not playing for the first four league matches of the season, he made his appearance of the season, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute, in a 3–1 win against Gent on 10 September 2006. Haroun then featured in the first team in a number of matches despite suffering from injuries along the way. Having spent the first half of the season not scoring a goal, it wasn't until on 27 January 2007 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–0 win against Lierse. This was followed up by scoring the next three matches against Standard Liège, Cercle Brugge and Gent. Two weeks later on 3 March 2007, Haroun scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 5–0 win against K.S.K. Beveren. Following an impressive display for the side, the club's chairman Jos Vaessen said that if Haroun's departed earlier in the summer, it would have been "catastrophe" within the club's midfield system. However, he suffered a meniscal injury and was substituted in the 20th minute during a 1–1 draw against Anderlecht on 11 March 2007. After the match, Haroun was sidelined for five weeks. It wasn't until on 22 April 2007 when he returned to the starting line–up, in a 1–0 win against Club Brugge. At the end of the 2006–07 season, he went on to make twenty–three appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: In the 2007–08 season, Haroun made his UEFA Champions League debut, where he started the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against FK Sarajevo in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League Second Qualifying Round. However, he was demoted to the substitute bench for the next two matches for the side, due to strong competition in the midfield and attacking positions. Haroun made his return to the starting line–up against Germinal Beerschot on 25 August 2007, and set up the club's second goal of the game, in a 2–1. Since returning to the starting line–up, he regained his first team place for the next six matches before missing out with a thigh injury. It wasn't until on 10 November 2007 when Haroun made his return to the starting line–up, in a 1–0 win against Charleroi. However, he announced his intention to leave Genk, due to being unhappy being placed on the substitute bench. Amid the transfer speculation, Haroun scored his first goal of the season, in a 5–1 loss against Cercle Brugge on 20 January 2008. Eventually, he stayed and later regained his first team place for the side for the rest of the season. He then scored two goals in two matches on 21 March 2008 and 30 March 2008 against Royal Excel Mouscron and Club Brugge. Haroun then scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Zulte Waregem on 2 May 2008. At the end of the 2007–08 season, he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: After spending weeks due to his international commitment with Belgium U23, Haroun made his Germinal Beerschot debut, where he started the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against K.V.C. Westerlo on 30 August 2008. In a follow–up match, Haroun scored twice, in a 3–0 win against K.S.V. Roeselare. Since making his debut, he quickly became a first team regular, playing in the midfield position. Haroun also stated that he's enjoying football more at Germinal Beerschot than Genk. It wasn't until on 9 November 2008 when he scored his second goal of the season, in a 3–1 loss against Standard Liège. Haroun then scored two goals in two matches between 18 January 2009 and 24 January 2009 against Genk and FCV Dender EH. After missing one match due to injury, he scored twice on his return from the starting line–up, in a 3–0 win against K.V. Kortrijk. Haroun then scored his eighth goal of the season, in a 3–1 win against K.V. Mechelen on 8 May 2009. At the end of the 2008–09 season, he went on to make thirty–two appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions. For his performance, Haroun was placed second behind Silvio Proto.


title: Faris Haroun

text: In the 2009–10 season, Haroun continued to regain his first team place, playing in the midfield position. Haroun started the season well when he set up an equalising goal for Daniel Cruz in a 1–1 draw against K.S.V. Roeselare in the opening game of the season. Haroun scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Genk on 30 August 2009. This was followed up by scoring in the next two matches against Lokeren and Cercle Brugge. His goal scoring spree continued for the rest of the year, including scoring a brace against K.S.V. Roeselare on 28 November 2009. However, he suffered an injury and was substituted in the 39th minute, as they drew 2–2 against Standard Liège on 5 December 2009. After being sidelined for a month, Haroun made his return to the starting line–up, in a 3–0 loss against K.V. Kortrijk. It wasn't until on 7 March 2010 when he scored his ninth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Zulte Waregem. Haroun later scored two more goals later in the 2009–10 season. Despite previously stating Haroun would not become a top–scorer earlier in the 2009–10 season, he finished as the club's top scorer with eleven goals in thirty–two appearances in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: At the start of the 2012–13 season, Haroun made three league starts before being fringe from the first team for a month. He then started six league matches between 6 October 2012 and 6 November 2012. Haroun scored his first goal for Middlesbrough in the 2012–13 season against Hull City, in which he dribbled around the keeper in a 2–0 victory. However, during a 1–0 loss against Cardiff City on 17 November 2012, Haroun suffered a calf injury and was substituted in the 30th minute. After the match, it was announced that he was sidelined for two weeks. It wasn't until on 8 December 2012 when Haroun returned to the starting line–up against Peterborough United and scored his second and third goals of the season in a 3–2 win. However, during the match, he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted as a result; which saw him sidelined for a month. It wasn't until on 12 January 2013 when Haroun returned to the starting line–up, in a 2–1 loss against Watford. A month later on 16 February 2013, he scored his fourth goal of the season, in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace. Later in the 2012–13 season, Haroun later found himself in and out of the starting line–up, which saw him placed on the substitute bench. He finished the season, making twenty–nine appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Haroun stayed at Cercle Brugge despite being relegated last season. At the start of the season, he continued to regain his first team place, playing in the midfield position. It wasn't until on 12 September 2015 when Haroun scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–3 draw against ASV Geel. This was followed up by scoring his second goal for the club, in a 1–0 win against Patro Eisden. He started in every match until he missed one match, due to suspension. After serving a one match suspension, Haroun returned to the starting line–up, in a 1–1 draw against R.W.S. Bruxelles on 14 November 2015. During the 2015–16 season, he captained the side in a number of matches for the side. It wasn't until on 17 January 2016 when Haroun scored his third goal for the club, in a 4–0 win against R.F.C. Seraing. He later added two more goals later in the season, scoring against K.S.K. Heist and K.V.V. Coxyde. Despite being suspended for second time later in the 2015–16 season, Haroun made thirty appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Haroun was linked with a move to Sint-Truidense, but eventually stayed at Cercle Brugge. In the opening game of the season against Royal Antwerp, he was sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 1–1 draw. After serving a one match suspension, Haroun returned to the starting line–up against A.F.C. Tubize and set up the club's third goal of the game, in a 4–1 win on 21 August 2016. Three weeks later on 10 September 2016, he set two goals, in a 2–1 win against Royale Union Saint-Gilloise. This was followed up by scoring his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 loss against KSV Roeselare. Since the start of the 2016–17 season, he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, as well as, captain. However, Haroun was sent–off for the second time this season for a second bookable offence, in a 2–1 loss against Royal Antwerp. After serving a one match suspension, he scored on his return, in a 3–2 loss against Royale Union Saint-Gilloise on 9 October 2016. Haroun then scored his third goal of the season, in a 1–0 win against Royale Union Saint-Gilloise on 3 December 2016. By the time he departed from the club, Haroun made eighteen appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: At the start of the 2017–18 season, Haroun continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, playing in the midfield position, as well as, captain. It wasn't until on 19 August 2017 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 win against KV Mechelen. Haroun started in every match since the start of the season until he was suspended for one match. After serving a one match suspension, Haroun returned to the starting line–up, in a 1–0 win against K.A.S. Eupen on 18 November 2017. He then scored his second goal of the season, in a 1–0 win against Royal Excel Mouscron on 9 December 2017. Haroun then started for the next four matches for the side before suffering a calf injury that saw him miss one match. He then made his return to the starting line–up, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Charleroi on 27 January 2018. Haroun scored his third goal of the season, in a 2–0 win against K.A.S. Eupen on 3 May 2018. He appeared in six matches in the Europa League play-offs, as the club failed to earn a UEFA Europa League spot. At the end of the 2017–18 season, Haroun made thirty–three appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: In the 2018–19 season, Haroun continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, playing in the midfield position, as well as, captain. It wasn't until on 19 August 2018 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Club Brugge. A month later, Haroun signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2020. Two days later on 16 September 2018, he scored his second goal of the season, in a 5–1 win against Zulte Waregem. Haroun scored his third goal of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Gent. He later added two more goals throughout October, scoring against Lokeren and Waasland-Beveren. Since the start of the 2018–19 season, Haroun started in every match until he was suspended for one match. After serving a one match suspension, Haroun returned to starting line–up, in a 3–1 loss against Sint-Truidense on 2 December 2018. However, his return was short–lived when he suffered a quadriceps injury. But Haroun made his return to the starting line–up, in a 2–0 loss against Waasland-Beveren on 15 December 2018. However, he suffered a hamstring injury that saw him miss two matches. It wasn't until on 2 February 2019 when Haroun returned to the starting line–up, in a 2–0 win against Oostende. Despite being sidelined on three more occasions later in the 2018–19 season, he helped the side finish fourth place in the league. Haroun finished the season, making thirty–four appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.


title: Faris Haroun

text: Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Haroun was linked a move away from the club, as Gent was interested in signing him. He ended the transfer speculation by signing a two–year contract, keeping him until 2021. At the start of the 2019–20 season, Haroun continued to establish himself in the starting eleven, playing in the midfield position, as well as, captain. He set up the club's first goal of the season, in a 4–1 win against Waasland-Beveren on 4 August 2019. Haroun started in every match until he fractured his arm that kept him out for a month. It wasn't until on 19 January 2020 when Haroun returned to the starting line–up, in a 2–1 win against Cercle Brugge. However, his return was short–lived when he was suspended for one match. But Haroun made his return to the starting line–up, starting the whole game, in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge on 2 February 2020. He then played in both legs of the Belgian Cup semi–finals against K.V. Kortrijk and beat them 2–1 on aggregate to reach the final. However, the season was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in the club finishing in fourth place in the league. At the end of the 2019–20 season, Haroun made thirty–three appearances in all competitions.


title: Trilogy (Emerson, Lake & Palmer album)

text: "Abaddon's Bolero" sounds like a bolero turned into a march (in 4/4 rhythm rather than the usual 3/4). The piece was originally titled Bellona's Bolero after the goddess of war. A single melody containing multiple modulations within itself is repeated over and over in ever more thickly layered arrangements, starting from a quiet Hammond organ making a flute-like sound over a snare drum, and building up to a wall of sound – Maurice Ravel's famous Boléro uses a similar effect. There is also a quote from the British traditional song "The Girl I Left Behind". "Abaddon's Bolero" is replete with overdubs. Almost every time an instrument comes in, another overdub follows. Like the title track, "Abaddon's Bolero" was only played live a handful of times, with Greg Lake handling Mellotron, bass pedals, and additional Moog synthesizer duties (other synth parts accompanied them from a reel-to-reel tape playing off-stage which Emerson had pre-recorded); the song turned out to be a disaster, and led to a heated backstage argument when the tape stopped mid-way through the song during one show, after which, it was cut from the set list. The band brought the piece back for the start of their 1977 tour, during which they were accompanied by an orchestra.


title: Jacob Markström

text: For the 2021–22 season, the NHL returned to its standard alignment, with the Flames again competing in the Pacific Division. Following a disappointing prior season that had seen a midseason coaching replacement, new coach Darryl Sutter spurred the team to one of its best in years. Markström had the best season of his career to date, managing a 37–15–9 record with a .922 save percentage and a league-leading nine shutouts. He was named a finalist for the Vezina Trophy, awarded to the league's best goaltender. The Flames won the Pacific Division, and advanced into the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs to meet the Dallas Stars in the first round. The series against the Stars became a goaltending duel between Markström and Stars netminder Jake Oettinger, with the latter recording the highest save percentage of the first round, while Markström had the second-highest, and was "instrumental" to the Flames' eventual victory in seven games. The team faced the Edmonton Oilers in the second round, the first "Battle of Alberta" playoff series in 31 years. The match bore special significance for Markström, who had declined to sign with the Oilers in 2020, but he performed poorly in the series, recording a .852 save percentage in a five-game series loss.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Differential hardening is a method used in heat treating swords and knives to increase the hardness of the edge without making the whole blade brittle. To achieve this, the edge is cooled faster than the spine by adding a heat insulator to the spine before quenching. Clay or another material is used for insulation. To prevent cracking and loss of surface carbon, quenching is usually performed before beveling, shaping, and sharpening the edge. It can also be achieved by carefully pouring water (perhaps already heated) onto the edge of a blade as is the case with the manufacture of some kukri. Differential hardening technology originated in China and later spread to Korea and Japan. This technique is mainly used in later Chinese jian, Chinese dao, and the katana, the traditional Japanese sword, and the khukuri, the traditional Nepalese knife. Most blades made with this technique have visible temper lines. Earlier Chinese jian from the ancient era (eg. Warring States to Han dynasty) used tempering rather than differential heat treatment. This method is sometimes called differential tempering, but this term more accurately refers to a different technique, which originated with the broadswords of Europe.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: A differentially hardened blade will usually be coated with an insulating layer, like clay, but leaving the edge exposed. When it is heated to red-hot and quenched, the edge cools quickly, becoming very hard, but the rest cools slowly, becoming much softer. The insulation layer is quite often a mixture of clays, ashes, polishing stone powder, and salts, which protects the back of the blade from cooling very quickly when quenched. The clay is often applied by painting it on, coating the blade very thickly around the center and spine, but leaving the edge exposed. This allows the edge to cool very quickly, turning it into a very hard microstructure called martensite, but causes the rest of the blade to cool slowly, turning it into a soft microstructure called pearlite. This produces an edge that is exceptionally hard and brittle, but is backed-up by softer, tougher metal. The edge, however, will usually be too hard, so after quenching the entire blade is usually tempered to around 400 °F (204 °C) for a short time, to bring the hardness of the edge down to around HRc60 on the Rockwell hardness scale.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Once the coating has dried, the blade is heated slowly and evenly, to prevent the coating from cracking or falling off. After the blade is heated to the proper temperature, which is usually judged by the cherry-red glow (blackbody radiation) of the blade, it will change into a phase called austenite. Both to help prevent cracking and to produce uniformity in the hardness of each area, the smith will need to ensure that the temperature is even, lacking any hot spots from sitting next to the coals. To prevent this, the blade is usually kept in motion while heating, to distribute the heat more evenly. Quenching is often done in low-light conditions, to help accurately judge the color of the glow. Typically, the smith will also try to avoid overheating the blade to prevent the metallic crystals from growing too large. At this time the blade will usually be plunged into a vat of water or oil, to quickly remove the heat from the edge. The clay, in turn, insulates the back of the blade, causing it to cool slower than the edge.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: When the edge cools fast a diffusionless transformation occurs, turning the austenite into very hard martensite. This requires a temperature drop from around 750 °C (cherry-red) to 450 °C (at which point the transformation is complete) in less than a second to prevent the formation of soft pearlite. Because the rest of the blade cools slowly, the carbon in the austenite has time to precipitate, becoming pearlite. The diffusionless transformation causes the edge to "freeze" suddenly in a thermally expanded state, but allows the back to contract as it cools slower. This typically causes the blade to bend or curve during quenching, as the back contracts more than the edge. This gives swords like katana and wakizashi their characteristic curved shapes. The blade is usually straight when heated but then bows as it cools; first curving toward the edge as it contracts, and then away from the edge as the spine contracts more. With slashing-type swords, this curvature helps to facilitate cutting, but increases the chances of cracking during the procedure. Up to one third of all swords are ruined during the quenching process. However, when the sword does not crack, the internal stresses created help increase the toughness of the blade, similar to the increased toughness in tempered glass. The sword may need further shaping after quenching and tempering, to achieve the desired curvature.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Although both the pearlite and martensite can be polished to a mirror-like shine, only the back and spine are usually polished to such an extent. The hardened portion of the blade (yakiba) and the center portion (hira) are often given a matte finish instead, to make the differences in the hardness stand out. This causes the various microstructures to reflect light differently when viewed from different angles. The pearlite takes on longer, deeper scratches, and either appears shiny and bright, or sometimes dark depending on the viewing angle. The martensite is harder to scratch, so the microscopic abrasions are smaller. The martensite usually appears brighter yet flatter than the pearlite, and this is less dependent on the viewing angle. When polished or etched with acid to reveal these features, a distinct boundary is observed between the martensite portion of the blade and the pearlite. This boundary is often called the "temper line", or the commonly used Japanese term, the "hamon". Between the hardened edge and the hamon lies an intermediate zone, called the '"nioi" in Japanese, which is usually only visible at long angles. The nioi is about a millimeter or two wide, following the hamon, which is made up of individual martensite grains (niye) surrounded by pearlite. The nioi provides a very tough boundary between the yakiba and the hira.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: In Japan, from the legendary time of the famous smith Amakuni, hamons were originally straight and parallel to the edge, but by the twelfth century AD, smiths such as Shintogo Kunimitsu began producing hamons with very irregular shapes, which provided both mechanical and decorative benefits. By the sixteenth century AD, the Japanese smiths often overheated their swords slightly before quenching, to produce rather large niye for aesthetic purposes, even though a larger grain size tended to weaken the sword a bit. During this time, great attention began to be paid in Japan to making decorative hamons, by carefully shaping the clay. It became very common during this era to find swords with wavy hamons, flowers or clovers depicted in the temper line, rat's feet, trees, or other shapes. By the eighteenth century, decorative hamons were often being combined with decorative folding techniques to produce entire landscapes, complete with specific islands, crashing waves, hills, mountains, rivers, and sometimes low spots were cut in the clay to produce niye far away from the hamon, creating effects such as birds in the sky.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Before a tool is differentially tempered, it is first heated to red-hot and then quenched, hardening the entire tool. This makes the tool much too hard for normal use, so the tool is tempered to reduce the hardness to a more suitable point. However, unlike normal tempering, the tool is not heated evenly. Instead, the heat is applied to only a part of the tool, allowing the heat to thermally conduct toward the cooler cutting edge. The quenched-steel is first sanded or polished, to remove any residual oxidation, revealing the bare metal underneath. The steel is then heated in a localized area, such as the hammering-end of a chisel or the handle-end of an axe. The smith then carefully gauges the temperature by watching the tempering colors of the steel. As the steel is heated, these colors will form, ranging from yellow to brown, purple, and blue, and many shades in between, and will indicate the temperature of the steel. As heat is applied, the colors will form near the heat source, and then slowly move across the tool, following the heat as it conducts toward the edge.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Before the yellow or "light-straw" color reaches the edge, the smith removes the heat. The heat will continue to conduct, moving the colors toward the edge for a short time after the heat is removed. When the light-straw color reaches the edge, the smith will usually dip the steel in water, to stop the process. This will generally produce a very hard edge, around HRc58-60 on the Rockwell scale, but will leave the opposite end of the tool much softer. The hardness of the cutting edge is generally controlled by the chosen color, but will also be affected primarily by the carbon content in the steel, plus a variety of other factors. The exact hardness of the soft end depends on many factors, but the main one is the speed at which the steel was heated, or how far the colors spread out. The light-straw color is very hard, brittle steel, but the light-blue is softer and very springy. Beyond the blue color, when the steel turns grey, it is more likely to be very malleable, which is usually undesirable in a chisel. If the steel is too soft it can bend or mushroom, plastically deforming under the force of the hammer.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Heating in just one area, like the flat end of a center punch, will cause the grade to spread evenly down the length of the tool. Because having a continuous grade along the length of the entire tool is not always desired, methods of concentrating the change have been devised. A tool like a chisel may be heated quickly but evenly along the entire shaft, tempering it to a purple or blue color, but allowing the residual heat to quickly conduct a short distance to the edge. Another method is to hold the edge in water, keeping it cool as the rest of the tool is tempered. When the proper color is reached, the edge is removed from the water and allowed to temper from the residual heat, and the entire tool is plunged in the water when the edge turns the proper color. However, heating in localized areas with such low temperatures may be difficult with larger items, like an axe or a splitting maul, because the steel may lose too much heat before it can conduct to the edge. Sometimes the steel is heated evenly to just below the desired temperature, and then differentially tempered, making it easier to control the temperature change. Another way is to partially embed the steel in an insulator, like sand or lime, preventing too much heat loss during tempering.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Eventually, this process was applied to swords and knives, to produce mechanical effects that were similar to differential hardening, but with some important differences. To differentially temper a blade, it is first quenched to harden the entire blade evenly. The blade is then heated in a localized area, allowing the heat to flow toward the edge. With single-edged blades, the blade may be tempered with fire or a torch. The blade is heated along the spine and tang only, allowing the heat to conduct to the edge. The heat will need to be applied evenly, allowing the colors to spread evenly across the blade. However, with double-edged blades, the heat source will usually need to be more precisely localized because the heat must be applied evenly along the center of the blade, allowing it to conduct to both edges. Often, a red or yellow-hot bar is used to supply the heat, placing it along the center of the blade, typically fitted into a fuller. Modern gas torches often have the ability to produce very precise flames. To prevent too much heat loss in the blade, it may be preheated, partially insulated, or sandwiched between two red-hot bars. When the proper color reaches the edge, it is immersed in water to stop the process.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: Differential tempering can be made more difficult by the shape of the blade. When tempering a double-edged sword with a taper along its length, the tip may reach the proper temperature before the shank does. The smith may need to control the temperature by using methods like pouring water along certain parts of the edge, or cooling it with ice, causing the proper temperature to reach the entire edge at the same time. In this way, although it is less time-consuming than differential hardening with clay, once the process starts the smith must be vigilant, carefully guiding the heat. This leaves little room for error, and mistakes in shaping the hardened zone cannot easily be corrected. This is made even more difficult if the knife or sword has a curve, an odd shape, or a sharply tapered tip. Swords tempered in this manner, especially double-edged swords, will generally need to be rather wide, allowing room for a gradient to form. However differential tempering does not alter the blade's shape.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: When a sword, knife or tool is evenly quenched, the entire object turns into martensite, which is extremely hard, without the formation of soft pearlite. Tempering reduces the hardness in the steel by gradually changing the martensite into a microstructure of various carbides, such as cementite, and softer ferrite (iron), forming a microstructure called "tempered martensite". When tempering high-carbon steel in the blacksmith method, the color provides a general indication of the final hardness, although some trial-and-error is usually required to match the right color to the type of steel to achieve the exact hardness, because the carbon content, the heating speed, and even the type of heat source will affect the outcome. Without the formation of pearlite, the steel can be incrementally tempered to achieve the proper hardness in each area, ensuring that no area is too soft. In arming swords, for instance, because the blade is typically rather wide and thin, a blade can be prone to bending during combat. If the center of the blade is too soft, this bending may likely be permanent. However, if the sword is tempered to a springy hardness, it will be more likely to return to its original shape.


title: Differential heat treatment

text: A sword tempered this way cannot usually have an edge as hard as a differentially-hardened sword, like a katana, because there is no softer metal directly underneath the edge to back-up the harder metal. This makes the edge more likely to chip away in larger pieces. Therefore, such an extremely hard edge is not always desirable, as greater hardness makes the edge more brittle and less resistant to impacts, such as cutting through bones, shafts of pole-arms, hitting shields or blocking and parrying. The sword will often be tempered to slightly higher temperatures to increase the impact resistance at a cost in the ability to hold a sharp edge when cutting. The edge may need to be tempered to dark-straw or brown to achieve this, and the center tempered to a blue or purple color. This may leave very little difference between the edge and the center, and the benefits of this method, over tempering the sword evenly at a point somewhere in the middle, may not be very substantial. When a sword tempered in this way is resharpened the hardness will decrease with each sharpening, although the reduction in hardness will usually not be noticeable until a large amount of steel has been removed.


title: National Film Preservation Board

text: The National Film Preservation Foundation was created by the U.S. Congress in 1996, at the recommendation of the Library of Congress, following four years of hearings and research conducted by the National Film Preservation Board. The National Film Preservation Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–285, Title II), signed into law on October 11, 1996 by President Bill Clinton, charged the NFPF to "encourage, accept, and administer private gifts to promote and ensure the preservation and public accessibility of the nation's film heritage" and authorized federal funds to advance this work. The NFPF started operations a year later in 1997 as an independent federally chartered grant-giving public charity and the nonprofit charitable affiliate of the Library of Congress's National Film Preservation Board. Since 1996 Congress has increased the NFPF's authorization twice, in 2005 via the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-9) and in 2008 via the Library of Congress Sound Recording and Film Preservation Programs Reauthorization Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-336). Funding received through the NFPF's authorization is secured through the Library of Congress and goes directly to the field for film preservation projects.