<p>It appears that it is possible to track a smart phone without using GPS.</p>

<p>Sources:</p>

<p>Primary: <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.01468.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"PinMe: Tracking a Smartphone User around the World"</a> </p>

<p>Secondary: <a href="https://gizmodo.com/how-to-track-a-cellphone-without-gps-or-consent-1821125371" rel="nofollow noreferrer">"How to Track a Cellphone Without GPS—or Consent"</a></p>

<p>I have not yet found a link to the team's final code.  When I do I will post, if another has not done so.</p>
Get current location of user in Android without using GPS or internet
<p>Is it possible to get the current location of user without using GPS or the internet? I mean with the help of mobile network provider.</p>