<p>The problem you are describing there is <em>trajectory reconstruction for AIS/GPS data</em>. There's a number of papers for general trajectory reconstruction (see <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.09297.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this</a> for example), but AIS data are quite specific.</p>

<p>The irregularity of AIS data is a well know problem with no standard approach to deal with, as far as I know. 
However, there is a handful of publications which try to deal with this issue. The problem of reconstruction is connected to the <em>trajectory prediction</em> problem, since both of these two shares some of the methods (the latter is more popular in the scientific community, I think).</p>

<p>Traditionally, AIS trajectory reconstruction is done using some physical models, which take into account the curvature of the earth and other factors, such as data noise (see examples <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815005582" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.03306.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>, and <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van_Nguyen33/publication/286512533_The_Interpolation_Method_for_the_missing_AIS_Data_of_Ship/links/5ac5ad5a458515798c305dea/The-Interpolation-Method-for-the-missing-AIS-Data-of-Ship.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>).
More recent approach tries to use <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.03972.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">LSTM neural networks</a>.</p>

<p>I don't know much about GPS data, but I think the methods are very similar to the ones mentioned above (especially taking into account the fact that you probably want to deal with maritime data).</p>
Is it possible to approximate missing position data by imputation?
<p>I would like to increase the density of my AIS or GPS data in order to carry out more precise analyses afterwards. During my research I came across different approaches like interpolation, filtering or imputation. With the first two approaches, there is no doubt that these can be used to approximate the points between two collected data points. 
In the case of imputation (e.g. MICE), however, I have not yet found an approach in the literature for determining position data.</p>

<p>That's why I wanted to ask if anyone knew a paper dealing with this subject and whether it makes sense at all to determine further position data approximately by imputation.</p>