Intelligent Modularized Reconfigurable Mechanisms for Robots: Development and Experiment | springerprofessional.de Skip to main content
PDF-Version jetzt herunterladen
vorheriger Artikel Blade Segment with a 3D Lattice of Diamond Grit...
nächster Artikel A Stiffness Variable Passive Compliance Device ...
PatentFit aktivieren
01.12.2020 | Original Article | Ausgabe 1/2020 Open Access
Intelligent Modularized Reconfigurable Mechanisms for Robots: Development and Experiment
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering > Ausgabe 1/2020
Wenfu Xu, Liang Han, Xin Wang, Han Yuan, Bin Liang
» Zur Zusammenfassung PDF-Version jetzt herunterladen
Intelligent and flexible manufacturing requires that industrial manipulators can be quickly deployed and applied to different scenarios [ 1 ]. The manipulator with a single configuration and a single end effector cannot meet the complex and variable tasks. Reconfigurable manipulators have been used in some applications like space field, industrial field, and environmental detection field because they could change their configurations and end effectors for different tasks. The reconfigurable manipulator has multiple advantages like improving the environmental adaptability, maintenance capability, and reducing cost.
The currently developed reconfigurable robots can be divided into two types including reconfigurable manipulator and self-reconfigurable cell robot. Self-reconfigurable cell robots is composed of a series of independent electromechanical modules. Each module has the function of connecting, disconnecting and crossing adjacent modules autonomously. These modules can be connected into humanoid robots, quadruped robots, wheeled robots, etc. It is generally used for environmental detection. The RCMs of self-reconfigurable cell robots do not require large load capacities. Reconfigurable manipulators is composed of joint modules and link modules. The joint modules and the link modules can be connected to form a robotic arm. It is generally used for industrial field. The RCMs of reconfigurable manipulators need large load capacities. In industrial field, many reconfigurable manipulators have been developed. RMMS [ 2 ] developed by Carnegie Mellon University is the first reconfigurable robot. RMMS expands the concept of the modular robot. It not only realizes the reconfigurable mechanical structure, but also the reconfigurable electronic, hardware and control algorithms RMMS adopts the distributed control system. Each module contains sensors, motors, brakes, actuators, communication bus, etc. The modules are connected by simple rotation and locking by the quick-connect mechanical interface. In Ref. [ 3 ], the locking mechanisms in robotics are reviewed. The locking mechanisms are used to connect modules, reconfigure robots, lock joints, etc. Based on different locking principles, the locking mechanisms are divided into three types including mechanical locking, friction-based locking, and singularity locking. Each type is discussed in the paper. In Ref. [ 4 ], an approach for reconfiguring industrial robots using several modules is proposed. These modules include joint module, link module, and end-effector module. Comparing to the existing commercial robots, the reconfigurable industrial robot can reduce the cost. MoRSE [ 5 ] developed by AMTEC company has three basic modules including rotating joint modules, prismatic joint modules, and link modules. Based on the MoRSE, a variety of reconfigurable modular robot systems are built by Nanyang Technological University. Kinematics, dynamics, calibration, and configuration have also been studied [ 6 ]. In Ref. [ 7 ], an under actuated self-reconfigurable robot was presented. It includes the active modules and passive modules. The passive modules can connect with the active modules with the docking system to expand the link length. The docking system uses the key and spring to lock. When the passive module is pushed and rotated, it will be pulled to the position between two teeth by the spring, and the two modules are locked. However, this docking system may shake due to deformation of the spring. In Ref. [ 8 ], considering the payload to weight ratio and limited manipulation ability problems in reconfigurable robots, a new joint module with the assisted spring is developed. The spring is assembled between the brake and the motor shaft. When the reconfigurable robot adds the modules and expands the workspace, the payload problem can be solved to some extent. TOMMS system developed by TOSHIBA contains joint modules, and link modules [ 9 ]. Through mechanical and electrical connection, a variety of manipulators can be easily assembled. The similar systems also include LWR-III developed by German Aerospace Center [ 10 ], the Power Cube module by Schunk Company [ 11 ]. However, these modular reconfigurable manipulators cannot complete the reconstruction autonomously. In Ref. [ 12 ], a new reconfigurable mechanism is developed by locking and unlocking the passive joints. The passive joints are equipped with the brake mechanism. It does not need the RCM to connect the modules. But the types of the transformable configurations are limited.
Self-reconfigurable cell robots have attracted a lot of researches. It can be divided into lattice type robot, chain type robot, mobile type robot, and hybrid type robot [ 13 ]. In Ref. [ 14 ], a novel reconfigurable continuous minimally actuated track robot (RCTR) is developed. The robot is actuated by three motors. Two motors are used to drive the track and the third motor is used to change the shape. Its shape can be changed to avoid different obstacles. It is actuated using a servo motor which moves the locking pin from the center to either side. Catoms [ 15 ] is a modular robot with a planar array structure from Carnegie Mellon University. The relative position is changed by the adsorption and repulsion of electromagnets between modules to achieve deformation. In Ref. [ 16 ], a modular self-reconfigurable robot UBot is developed. It contains active modules and the passive modules. Each active module has four hooks on the connecting surface. The hooks are driven by a motor to connect the passive module. In Ref. [ 17 ], the reconfigurable spherical robot is presented. It contains two hemispherical modules. It can transform from a spherical mode into a three-legged walking mode using a linear motor. The chain type robot forms a chain or tree structure like a manipulator or a bionic robot through the connection between multiple modules. PolyBot [ 18 ] includes active modules and node modules. The active module has two connectors. The node module is a rigid cube with six connectors on its six surfaces. By connecting multiple modules, it can be assembled into various configurations such as snake-like robot, multi-legged robot, and crawler robot. Based on the PolyBot platform, Yim et al. [ 19 ] carried out a lot of research on robot technologies including self-reconfiguration, robot gait, and space robot. In Ref. [ 20 ], the self-reconfigurable modular robot Roombot is developed. One module consists of 4 interconnected half-spheres that can continuously rotate around each other by 3 motor units. Each module has 10 connection plates. Each connection plate can connect with any other connection plate with the retractable hooks. Infrared sensors and hall sensors are used to check the two plates correctly oriented. CONRO [ 21 ] is a modular robot developed by the University of Southern California. Each module has two degrees of freedom including a modular body, an active connector and a passive connector. The connector is positioned through pin and hole and locked through the rotating hook driven by the SMA. Each module of the mobile type cell robot can move independently. Generally, the reconstruction of the structure and the motion control are realized through wireless communication. In Ref. [ 22 ], a reconfigurable robot called hTetro is developed for floor cleaning. It consists of four modules with the same size and the different function. The robot uses six motors for mobility and three motors for transformation. The motor rotates the module to change the configuration. In Ref. [ 23 ], referring to the origami robots, a new robotic platform called Mori is developed. The modules can connect each other and fold up to create a three-dimensional reconfigurable robot from two-dimensional structure. SWARM-bot [ 24 ] is composed of multiple small robots called s-bots. Each s-bot is a highly autonomous mobile robot which can identify the surrounding environment and complete navigation, operation and other tasks independently. It is equipped with infrared sensor, acceleration sensor, temperature sensor, force sensor and etc. Multiple s-bot can autonomously connect with each other to form the SWARM-bot. SWARM-bot can complete more complex tasks that a single s-bot cannot complete. In Ref. [ 25 ], the reconfigurable hybrid wheel-track mobile robot called RHMBot is developed. It can construct four modes like wheel mode, tracked mode, climbing and roll-over mode through deformable track belt. In Ref. [ 26 ], a highly reconfigurable sprawl tuned robot RSTAR is developed. It can extend the distance between its body and legs to avoid challenging obstacles, crawl over flexible and slippery surfaces and even climb vertically in a tube or between two walls. Hybrid type robots often have multiple features of the above types. M-TRAN [ 27 ] is a hybrid self-reconfigurable robot that has both lattice structure and chain structure. Each module consists of a connecting link and two semi-cylinders. The power supply and communication bus between the modules are connected via contacts. M-TRAN has a strong self-reconfiguration capability. M-TRAN II [ 28 ] and M-TRAN III [ 29 ] are upgraded versions of the M-TRAN robot. M-TRAN and M-TRAN II uses SMA and armature to connect modules. M-TRAN III uses rotating hook to connect modules. Superbot [ 30 ] designed by the University of Southern California is also a lattice/chain hybrid robot which has a flexible gait. HIT MSR I [ 31 ] and HIT MSR II [ 32 ] developed by Harbin Institute of Technology are self-reconfigurable modular robots. HIT MSR I uses SMA and spring to lock. HIT MSR II uses rotating hooks driven by a micro motor to lock. Self-reconfigurable cell robots have many types of RCMs. However, most of them have complex structures and low payloads. They cannot be directly used in industrial field. Nevertheless, the principles can be referred for designing new RCMs of reconfigurable manipulators. In addition, the quick tool changing device is widely used in machining. Quick tool changing devices generally use hydraulic pressure or pneumatic pressure to lock the tools. The system is complex and difficult to maintain. Quick coupling is widely used in fluid or gas pipeline. It uses steel balls to lock. It needs to manually move the position of the slider to lock and unlock the two parts.
Some RCMs use the extra motor to drive the locking mechanism. It will increase weight, cost and energy consumption. RCMs in self-reconfigurable cell robots are difficult to meet the application requirements of high payload in industrial field. Therefore, we designed two types of RCMs with light weight, high payload, high reliability and big tolerance for self-reconfigurable manipulators. The main contributions of the paper are as follows. 1) Two types of RCMs are developed based on SMA and the electromagnetic respectively. 2) Without using motors and its drive board, the structure is simpler and the cost is lower. The RCMs have high payload to weight ratio. 3) With big tolerance design, two RCMs can complete docking process in the case of errors in the robotic arm.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the demand analysis and application concept of RCMs are analyzed. In Section 3, the locking principle, mechanical system and control system of the RCM using SMA are introduced in detail. In Section 4, the locking principle, mechanical system and control system of the RCM using electromagnetic are introduced in detail. In Section 5, the prototypes of two RCMs are established. The performance is verified by a series of experiments. Finally, we give the conclusion in Section 6.
2 Demand Analysis and Application Concept
The RCM developed in this paper is used for the reconfigurable robot in industrial area. Considering that the robotic arm often performs object carrying tasks, the RCM should have high payload and low weight. Considering the pose errors of the robotic arm, the RCM should have big tolerance. The RCM generally contains the drive source, the locking mechanism, the tolerance mechanism, the electrical connector, and the control system. In order to realize the simple structure, low cost and energy consumption, the driving source do not use the motor its related driving board. The components, methods, and characters of two RCMs are shown in Figure 1.
Components, methods, and characters of two RCMs
1) The tolerance mechanism is used to ensure the success of the connection under the position and attitude errors. The tolerance mechanisms are designed both on the mechanical connecting part and electrical connecting part to improve the success rate of the connection and reduce the contact force on some parts. For mechanical part, the cone structure is often used as the tolerance. For electrical part, the spring is often used as the buffer mechanism. The electrical connection process starts when the active part and the passive part are successfully matched through the guiding of the taper. 2) The locking mechanism is used to lock the active part and the passive part of RCM after they complete the docking process. The freedom of the two parts is strictly limited. 3) The drive source refers to the device that triggers the locking mechanism to move. 4) The electrical connector is used to connect the power supply and communication wires. 5) The control system is used for power management and current (A) on and off.
The RCM used for the reconfigurable robot in industrial area should have light weight, high payload, big tolerance, and high accuracy. According to these requirements, two types of RCMs are developed. The first RCM uses SMA as the drive source and the steel balls to lock. The second RCM uses electromagnetic coil as the drive source and permanent magnet to lock. Both two RCMs have high load-to-weight ratio, small size, simple structure, and high reliability. They are suitable for industrial reconfigurable manipulators.
2.2 Application Concept
The reconfigurable manipulator may change its configuration and end effector for different tasks. Considering two typical working scenarios including changing the link to expand the manipulator's workspace and changing the tool to perform different operations, we demonstrate the processes of changing the link and tool as shown in Figure 2. First, the reconfigurable manipulator can be rapidly formed by a series of modules. Then, the manipulator can change its configuration and tool by connecting and disconnecting RCMs. Each module has an active part and a passive part of RCM. The robot can automatically complete these two processes.
Process of changing the link and tool
3 SMA-Driven Reconfigurable Mechanism
3.1 Structure Design
3.1.1 Overall Structure
The overall structure of the RCM based on SMA is shown in Figure 3. It includes the active part and the passive part. The active part undertakes most of the connecting works. It mainly consists of the SMA and recovery spring as the driving source, the steel balls and key as the load-bearing parts, the slider as the part to control the position of the steel balls, the cone as the tolerance, the socket and buffer spring as the electrical connections, the insulation as the leakage prevention, and the controller board as the power management. The passive part cooperates with the active part, which is mainly composed of the plug, the cone, and the keyway. When the cones of the active part and the passive part are successfully fitted, the plug and the socket begin to connect to achieve electrical connection. Main material of the RCM is aluminum alloy. In order to reduce weight, the unbearable parts are removed.
Structure of RCM based on SMA
3.1.2 Working Principle
Whether the SMA is powered determines the connection state of the RCM. When the SMA is powered on, its length is shortened. The recovery spring is compressed and the groove of the slider moves to opposite the hole position of the steel balls. The steel balls are dropped into the groove of the slider. The RCM works in the unlocked state. The passive part can be separated from the active part. The unlocked state is shown in Figure 4(a).
State of the RCM based on SMA
When the SMA is powered off, SMA returns to its original length. The slider is pushed to the position where the steel balls are limited by the cylindrical surface of the slider and the groove under the recovery spring. The RCM is in the locked state as shown in Figure 4(b). The steel balls and the key can undertake enough force and torque respectively. The SMA should be long enough to ensure the expanded length. Therefore, the s-shaped winding assembly is adopted.
The connection process of the active part and the passive part is as follows. When the SMA is powered on, the active part can begin to connect to the passive part. First, the active part moves to the initial position within the docking tolerance. Then, the axis of the active part is gradually aligned with the axis of the passive part under the guidance of the cone. The key of the active part is fitted into the keyway of the passive part under the guidance of the cone too. After that, the socket and the plug begin to connect under the buffer by the buffer spring. Finally, when the limit switch is triggered, the SMA is powered off. The connection process is completed.
3.2 Mechanism Design
3.2.1 Tolerance Design
In order to ensure that the connection process can be achieved successfully under the position and attitude errors, we designed large tolerance structures on the RCM as Figure 5. The taper surfaces are set where the active part and the passive part begin to connect. The pins and sockets of selected electrical connector also have a small taper. With these designs, the RCM based on SMA has a position tolerance of ± 8 mm and an angle tolerance of ± 7.5°.
Tolerance designs of the RCM based on SMA
3.2.2 Locking Mechanism
The steel balls restrict 5 degrees of freedom of the RCM except the freedom of rotation around the central axis. This degree of freedom is constrained by the key on the RCM. The ring groove of the passive part, the hole of the active part, and the conical surface of the slider restrict the movement of the steel balls together. The locking mechanism is shown in Figure 6. The design parameters are as follows.
The cone angle of the ring groove is \(\alpha_{b}\). The steel ball radius is \(r_{ball}\). The maximum width of the ring groove is \(w_{b}\). The moving distance of the steel ball is \(d_{ball}\). The cone angle of the first conical surface on the slide is \(\beta_{s}\). The cone angle of the second conical surface on the slide is \(\gamma_{s}\).
To produce a stable and effective locking force, it follows that,
$$w_{b} > 2r_{ball} \cos \alpha_{b} .$$
According to Figure 6, the parameters have the following relationships:
$$d_{ball} = r_{ball} - \left( {\frac{{r_{ball} }}{{\sin \left( {\alpha_{b} } \right)}} - \frac{{w_{b} }}{{2\tan \left( {\alpha_{b} } \right)}}} \right),$$
$$l_{slider} = \frac{{d_{ball} }}{{\tan \left( {\beta_{s} } \right)}} + r_{ball} \tan \left( {\frac{{\beta_{s} }}{2}} \right).$$
The depth of the ring groove should be greater than the movement of the steel balls. The clearance fit is designed between the hole and the steel ball. The steel ball can move in the hole with low friction. In order to prevent the steel ball from escaping from the hole, the cylindrical hole is convergent to arc-shaped hole with the smaller diameter than the diameter of the steel ball. In order to facilitate processing, the opposite side of the hole is punched. Three steel balls are chosen to lock the RCM.
3.2.3 Slider
Two states are generated as the slider moves along the central axis of the RCM. The position of the locking state is called the locking position. The position of the unlocking state is called the unlocking position. The slider design is shown in Figure 7.
Slider design of the RCM based on SMA
The slider is designed with two conical surfaces corresponding to the locking position and the unlocking position respectively. To ensure full unlocking, the vertical distance between the locking position and the locked position \(d_{slider}\) should be greater than the steel ball displacement \(d_{ball}\). To ensure full locking, the conical surface is designed on the unlocking position. The steel ball is tightly contacted with the ring groove under the force of the conical surface. The reliability and accuracy of the RCM are high. To facilitate the installation of steel ball and reduce mass, some notches are designed in the slider. The steel ball can be installed from the notch. The slider rotates a certain angle to make the steel ball fall into the hole. If the horizontal displacement of the slider \(l_{slider}\) is short, it will not only help reduce the size of the RCM, but also reduce the design requirements of the driver. According to the above analysis, the parameters of the RCM are shown in Table 1. The calculated result is \(l_{slider} = 4.33\;{\text{mm}}\). To ensure lock stability, the displacement of the slider \(l_{{\text{slider}}}\) is chosen as \(l_{{\text{slider}}} = 6\;{\text{mm}}\).
Parameters of the RCM based on SMA
\(r_{ball}\) (mm)
\(w_{b}\) (mm)
\(\alpha_{b}\) (°)
\(\beta_{s}\) (°)
\(\gamma_{s}\) (°)
\(d_{ball}\) (mm)
\(l_{slider}\) (mm)
3.2.4 SMA-spring Combination Driving Source
The SMA and the recovery spring are used to pull and push the slider respectively. When the RCM is applied to the reconfigurable manipulator, it needs to undertake certain payloads. Suppose that the maximum payload along its axis is 500 N. The analysis of the force on the ball is shown in Figure 8.
Analysis of the force on the ball: a) RCM is under the pulling force, b) RCM is under pressure
According to the force balance equations, we can get
$$F_{fb} = \frac{{F_{ex} }}{{n\cos \left( {\alpha_{b} } \right)}},$$
$$F_{sb} \cos \left( {\gamma_{s} } \right) = F_{fb} \sin \left( {\alpha_{b} } \right),$$
where \(F_{fb}\) is the force acting on the ball by the passive part. \(F_{ex}\) is the force acting on the RCM along the central axis. \(F_{sb}\) is the force acting on the ball by the slider. \(n\) is the number of the steel balls. In this paper, n is equal to 3.
For the slider, the resultant force by the pressure from the steel balls and the pushing force from the recovery spring are balanced. It follows that,
$$F_{L} = nF_{bs} \sin \left( {\gamma_{s} } \right),$$
where \(F_{L}\) is the force acting on the slider by the recovery spring. \(F_{bs}\) is the force acting on the slider by the balls.
Substituting Eqs. ( 4), ( 5) into Eq. ( 6), we can get
$$F_{L} = F_{ex} \tan \left( {\alpha_{b} } \right)\sin \left( {\gamma_{s} } \right).$$
The force \(F_{L}\) can be obtained with Eq. ( 7) and the given parameters. The calculated result is \(F_{L} = 25.16\;\text{N}\). To ensure lock stability, the force \(F_{L}\) is chosen as \(F_{L} = 30\;\text{N}\).
According to the calculation of the horizontal displacement \(l_{slider}\) and the pushing force \(F_{L}\) by the recovery spring, the SMA-spring driving source needs to move 6 mm and withstands the payload of 30 N.
The SMA-spring combination driving source has the advantages of light weight and simple control comparing with the motor, hydraulic and pneumatic drives. The SMA-spring combination driving source is shown in Figure 9.
SMA-spring combination driving source
In order to generate the resultant force along the central axis so that the resultant torque is zero, three SMA wires are evenly distributed around the central axis. The SMA wires adopt s-shaped installation to guarantee sufficient length. The phase transition temperature, rated current (A), and shrinkage ratio of the SMA have the greatest influence on its working performance. The parameters of the SMA are set in Table 2.
Parameters of the Ni-Ti SMA
Current (A)
Resistance (Ω)
3.2.5 Insulation
The SMA wires need to be installed into the limited internal space of the RCM. Therefore, we adopt the s-shape installation method. The memory alloy wire will contact with multiple parts, such as pins, screws, etc. These parts are usually made of metal which need to be insulated from the SMA wires. Using the insulation gaskets and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes, the insulation between the SMA wire and the other parts can be achieved. PTFE material has good insulation, flame resistance, and pressure resistance. It can work in low temperature and high temperature environment for a long time. It is also a good self-lubricating material. The insulation parts are shown in Figure 10.
3.3 Control System Design
The RCM does not use the motor as the driving source. It only needs to power a certain magnitude of current (A) to the SMA to control its states. The control system includes the power conversion module, the communication module, and the current on-off module. The control system uses the ARM processor as the controller, the CAN bus as the communication module, and the thyristor as the current on-off module. The bluetooth is used for easy debugging and remote control. A half-bridge circuit composed of the thyristor management chip and thermistors is used to supply power to the SMA wire. The magnitude of the current (A) is controlled by PWM waves. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is installed on the control board to indicate the status of the RCM. If the LED is on, it means that the SMA is powered, and the RCM is under the unlocked state. The internal space of the RCM is small. The circuit board is designed according to the mechanical structure. The control board of the RCM based on the SMA and installation are shown in Figure 11.
Control board and its installation of RCM based on SMA
The working process of RCM for changing the end effector is as follows. First, the central controller sends control instructions to the RCM. Then, the processor of the RCM generates a certain pulse width PWM wave. The SMA is powered, the LED is on and the RCM is under the unlocked state. The active part can be separated from the passive part. After, the active part of the RCM can be connected to the passive part of the other RCM. When the limit switch is triggered, the processor of the RCM stops the power supply. If the fault signal is generated during this period, the current task will be interrupted until the fault is eliminated.
4 Electromagnetic-Driven Reconfigurable Mechanism
The overall structure of the electromagnetic RCM is shown in Figure 12. It includes the active part and the passive part. The active part undertakes most of the connecting works. It mainly consists of the electromagnetic coil as the driving source, the permanent magnet and key as the load-bearing parts, the cone as the tolerance, the socket and buffer as the electrical connections, the insulation as the leakage parts, and the controller board as the power management. The passive part cooperates with the active part, which is mainly composed of the armature, the plug, the cone, and the keyway. The key is set on the outer cylindrical surface, and the main tolerance is set on the inner cylindrical surface. When the cones of the active part and the passive part are successfully fitted, the plug and the socket begin to connect to realize electrical connection. Main material of the RCM is aluminum alloy. In order to reduce weight, the unbearable parts are removed.
Structure of RCM based on electromagnetic
According to the power state of the electromagnetic coil, the reconfigurable interface can be divided into two states. When the electromagnetic coil is powered on, it generates a magnetic field that cancels out the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. There is no force on armature of the passive part by the active part. The RCM works in the unlocked state. The passive part can be separated from the active part. The unlocked state is shown in Figure 13(a).
When the electromagnetic coil is powered off, there is only the magnetic force on the armature by the permanent magnet. The RCM is under the locked state as shown in Figure 13(b). The amount of force can be designed. In this paper, we design the force being equal to 500 N. The magnetic force is used to lock the active part and the passive part along the central axis. The key is used to lock the active part and the passive part around the central axis.
The connection process of the active part and the passive part is as follows. When the electromagnetic coil is powered on, the active part can begin to connect to the passive part. First, the active part moves to the initial position within the docking tolerance. Then, the axis of the active part is gradually aligned with the axis of the passive part under the guidance of the cone. The key of the active part is fitted into the keyway of the passive part under the guidance of the cone too. After that, the socket and the plug begin to connect under the buffer. Finally, when the light is on, the electromagnetic coil is powered off. The connection process is completed.
In order to ensure that the connection process can be achieved successfully under the position and attitude errors, we designed large tolerance structures on the RCM. The taper surfaces are set where the active part and the passive part begin to adapt. The pins and sockets of selected electrical connector also have a small taper. With these designs, the electromagnetic RCM has a position tolerance of ± 7 mm and an angle tolerance of ± 10°. The tolerance designs are shown in Figure 14.
4.2.2 Electromagnetic Driving Source
The structure of the electromagnetic Driving Source is shown in Figure 15.
Structure of the electromagnetic driving source
The electromagnetic coil are used to generate the magnetic field to cancel the magnetic field of the permanent magnet. When the RCM is applied to the reconfigurable manipulator, it needs to undertake certain payloads. Suppose that the maximum payload along its axis is 500 N, the electromagnetic coil and the permanent magnet should generate the force of 500 N acting on the armature.
When no current passes through the coil, the permanent magnet generates the magnetic field to lock the armature. When the rated current is passed through the coil, the magnetic field produced by the coil will cancel the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. At this time, the armature can be separated from the magnet part.
In addition, the electromagnetic coil need to be installed into the limited internal space of the RCM. It needs to be insulated from the permanent magnet. The insulation of the electromagnetic RCM is simple. The insulated enameled wire is used for the coil and the insulation glue is used to fix the coil.
The electromagnetic RCM only needs to apply a certain amount of voltage to the electromagnetic coil to achieve the unlocking state. The control system includes the power conversion module, the communication module, and the current on-off module. The control system uses the ARM chip as the controller and the CAN bus to communicate with the manipulator. Bluetooth is equipped for easy debugging and remote control. The electromagnetic RCM also uses the half-bridge circuit to supply power to the coil. A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is installed on the control board to indicate the status of the RCM. If the LED is on, it means that the coil is powered, and the RCM is under the unlocked state. The internal space of the RCM is small. The circuit board is designed according to the mechanical structure. The control board of the RCM based on the electromagnetic and installation are shown in Figure 16.
The working process of RCM for changing the end effector is as follows. First, the central controller sends control instructions to the RCM. Then, the processor of the RCM generates a certain pulse width PWM wave. After the coil is powered, the RCM is under the locked state, and then the LED is on. The active part can be separated from the passive part. After, the active part of the RCM can be connected to the passive part of the other RCM. When the limit switch is triggered, the processor of the RCM stops the power supply. If the fault signal is generated during this period, the current task will be interrupted until the fault is eliminated.
5 Experiments
5.1 Prototype
In order to verify the performance of the two RCMs, we processed and assembled two prototypes. The RCM based on SMA is shown in Figure 17. The electromagnetic RCM is shown in Figure 18. We carried out the end effector connection experiment and the arm connection experiment.
Prototype of the RCM based on SMA
Prototype of the electromagnetic RCM
5.2 Performance Test of SMA-spring Combination Driver
The SMA-spring combination driver is important to the RCM based on SMA. The performance test was performed on SMA wire with the diameter of 0.5 mm and a length of 200 mm. The shrinkages of the SMA under different payloads at room temperature were examined. The payload was produced by the spring. Through adjusting the position of the screw to change the initial force. The experimental platform is shown in Figure 19. The force sensor is used to measure the force of the SMA. The experimental results are shown in Table 3.
Performance testing platform of the SMA
Experimental results of the SMA
Initial force (N)
Final force (N)
Elongation (mm)
Shrinking time (s)
Recovery time (s)
From the data obtained from the experiment, it can be seen that the SMA has a rapid shrinkage when it is powered. The natural recovery time is slow when it loses power. The greater the current (A) applied, the shorter the time spent. The SMA-spring combination driver needs to meet a displacement of 6 mm and a locking force of 30 N. Each SMA wire will undertake 10 N payload. The current (A) which we apply to the SMA is 1.5 A. The spent time is 7 s when the SMA shrinks by 7 mm.
5.3 End Tool Connection
We use a 7-DOF modular manipulator to carry out the end effector connecting experiments. The experimental system includes a 7-DOF modular manipulator and its control system, the vision system for initial positioning, a force sensor for measuring the force of the docking process, an end effector, and two RCMs.
The connection process using the RCM based on SMA is shown in Figure 20. The connection process of the electromagnetic RCM is shown in the Figure 21.
Connection process using the RCM based on SMA
Connection process of the electromagnetic RCM
When the SMA or the electromagnetic coil is powered, the RCM is in the unlocking state. When the power is lost, the RCM is locked. While the mechanical structure is connected, the power and communication are also connected. The light is on indicating that the connection process is successfully completed. Based on the above experiments, we summarize the indicators of the two RCMs in Table 4. The RCM based on SMA has a lower weight and power, but more reconfigurable time. The electromagnetic RCM has more compact dimensions in axis direction. The RCM based on SMA is more suitable for robot self-reconfiguration, while the electromagnetic RCM is more suitable for the tool replacement.
The indicators of the two RCMs
RCM (SMA)
RCM (electromagnetic)
Mass (kg)
Payload (N)
± 8 mm, ± 7.5°
± 7 mm, ± 10°
≤ 10
≤ 4
≤ 10 N, 4 N·m
≤ 5 N, 2 N·m
Φ114 × 42.95 mm
Φ128 × 37.6 mm
2V, 1.5A
Two types of RCMs including the RCM based on SMA and the electromagnetic RCM are developed for the reconfigurable manipulator in industrial area. Due to their good performances of light weight, high payload, high reliability and big tolerance, the RCMs has a great application prospect.
We developed the RCM based on SMA. It uses the SMA and recovery spring as the driving source. The steel balls and key are used as the load-bearing parts. Mechanical design, and the control system design are introduced in detail.
We developed the electromagnetic RCM. It uses the electromagnetic coil as the driving source. The permanent magnet and key are used as the load-bearing parts. Mechanical design, and the control system design are introduced in detail also. Compared with the RCM based on SMA, the electromagnetic RCM has simpler structure, but heavier mass and lower locking force.
Finally, we build two prototype and carry out a lot of experiments including the test of SMA-spring combination driver and end tool connection test. The results show that both two RCMs have good performances. In the future, we will verify the RCMs in self-reconfigurable manipulators. The changes of the joint, the link, the end effector, and the configuration will be deeply studied.
The authors sincerely thanks to Professor Bing Li of Harbin Institute of Technology for his critical discussion and reading during manuscript preparation.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​.
Zurück zum Zitat M Bortolini, F G Galizia, C Mora. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems: Literature review and research trend. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 2018, 49: 93-106. CrossRef M Bortolini, F G Galizia, C Mora. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems: Literature review and research trend. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 2018, 49: 93-106. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat C J Paredis, H B Brown, P K Khosla. A rapidly deployable manipulator system. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 1997, 21(3): 289-304. CrossRef C J Paredis, H B Brown, P K Khosla. A rapidly deployable manipulator system. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 1997, 21(3): 289-304. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat M Plooij, G Mathijssen, P Cherelle, et al. Lock your robot: A review of locking devices in robotics. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 2015, 22(1): 106-117. CrossRef M Plooij, G Mathijssen, P Cherelle, et al. Lock your robot: A review of locking devices in robotics. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 2015, 22(1): 106-117. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat A Valente. Reconfigurable industrial robots: A stochastic programming approach for designing and assembling robotic arms. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2016, 41: 115-126. CrossRef A Valente. Reconfigurable industrial robots: A stochastic programming approach for designing and assembling robotic arms. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2016, 41: 115-126. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat J Mukundan, J F Martinez. MORSE: Multi-objective reconfigurable self-optimizing memory scheduler. IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Comp Architecture, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2012: 1-12. J Mukundan, J F Martinez. MORSE: Multi-objective reconfigurable self-optimizing memory scheduler. IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Comp Architecture, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2012: 1-12.
Zurück zum Zitat I Chen. Rapid response manufacturing through a rapidly reconfigurable robotic workcell. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2001, 17(3): 199-213. CrossRef I Chen. Rapid response manufacturing through a rapidly reconfigurable robotic workcell. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2001, 17(3): 199-213. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat T Zhang, W Zhang, M M Gupta. An underactuated self-reconfigurable robot and the reconfiguration evolution. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2018, 124: 248-258. CrossRef T Zhang, W Zhang, M M Gupta. An underactuated self-reconfigurable robot and the reconfiguration evolution. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2018, 124: 248-258. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat G Liu, Y Liu, A A Goldenberg. Design, analysis, and control of a spring-assisted modular and reconfigurable robot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2010, 16(4): 695-706. CrossRef G Liu, Y Liu, A A Goldenberg. Design, analysis, and control of a spring-assisted modular and reconfigurable robot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2010, 16(4): 695-706. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat T Matsumaru. Design and control of the modular robot system: TOMMS. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Nagoya, Japan, 1995: 2125-2131. T Matsumaru. Design and control of the modular robot system: TOMMS. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Nagoya, Japan, 1995: 2125-2131.
Zurück zum Zitat G Hirzinger, N Sporer, A Albu-Schaffer, et al. DLR's torque-controlled light weight robot III-are we reaching the technological limits now? IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Washington, DC, USA, 2002: 1710-1716. G Hirzinger, N Sporer, A Albu-Schaffer, et al. DLR's torque-controlled light weight robot III-are we reaching the technological limits now? IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Washington, DC, USA, 2002: 1710-1716.
Zurück zum Zitat Z Bobovský, V Krys, J Babjak, et al. Connecting system for quick replacement of mechatronic SCHUNK power cube modules for mobile robotic systems. Applied Mechanics and Materrials, 2015, 772: 318-323. CrossRef Z Bobovský, V Krys, J Babjak, et al. Connecting system for quick replacement of mechatronic SCHUNK power cube modules for mobile robotic systems. Applied Mechanics and Materrials, 2015, 772: 318-323. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat F Aghili, K Parsa. A reconfigurable robot with lockable cylindrical joints. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2009, 25(4): 785-797. CrossRef F Aghili, K Parsa. A reconfigurable robot with lockable cylindrical joints. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2009, 25(4): 785-797. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat M Yim, W Shen, B Salemi, et al. Modular self-reconfigurable robot systems [grand challenges of robotics]. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 2007, 14(1): 43-52. CrossRef M Yim, W Shen, B Salemi, et al. Modular self-reconfigurable robot systems [grand challenges of robotics]. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 2007, 14(1): 43-52. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat T Kislassi, D Zarrouk. A minimally actuated reconfigurable continuous track robot. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2019, 3(2): 652-659. T Kislassi, D Zarrouk. A minimally actuated reconfigurable continuous track robot. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2019, 3(2): 652-659.
Zurück zum Zitat M E Karagozler, S C Goldstein, J R Reid. Stress-driven mems assembly+ electrostatic forces= 1mm diameter robot. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA, 2009: 2763-2769. M E Karagozler, S C Goldstein, J R Reid. Stress-driven mems assembly+ electrostatic forces= 1mm diameter robot. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA, 2009: 2763-2769.
Zurück zum Zitat Y Zhu, J Zhao, X Cui, et al. Design and implementation of ubot: A modular self-reconfigurable robot. IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Takamatsu, Japan, 2013: 1217-1222. Y Zhu, J Zhao, X Cui, et al. Design and implementation of ubot: A modular self-reconfigurable robot. IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Takamatsu, Japan, 2013: 1217-1222.
Zurück zum Zitat S Kamon, N Bunathuek, P Laksanacharoen. Development of a reconfigurable spherical robot III. Research, Invention, and Innovation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 2019: 1-5. S Kamon, N Bunathuek, P Laksanacharoen. Development of a reconfigurable spherical robot III. Research, Invention, and Innovation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 2019: 1-5.
Zurück zum Zitat M Yim, D G Duff, K D Roufas. PolyBot: A modular reconfigurable robot. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000: 514-520. M Yim, D G Duff, K D Roufas. PolyBot: A modular reconfigurable robot. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000: 514-520.
Zurück zum Zitat M Yim, Y Zhang, K Roufas, et al. Connecting and disconnecting for chain self-reconfiguration with PolyBot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 442-451. CrossRef M Yim, Y Zhang, K Roufas, et al. Connecting and disconnecting for chain self-reconfiguration with PolyBot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 442-451. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat S Hauser, M Mutlu, P Léziart, et al. Roombots extended: Challenges in the next generation of self-reconfigurable modular robots and their application in adaptive and assistive furniture. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2020, 127: 103467. CrossRef S Hauser, M Mutlu, P Léziart, et al. Roombots extended: Challenges in the next generation of self-reconfigurable modular robots and their application in adaptive and assistive furniture. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 2020, 127: 103467. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat A Castano, A Behar, P M Will. The Conro modules for reconfigurable robots. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 403-409. CrossRef A Castano, A Behar, P M Will. The Conro modules for reconfigurable robots. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 403-409. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat V Prabakaran, M R Elara, T Pathmakumar, et al. Floor cleaning robot with reconfigurable mechanism. Automation in Construction, 2018, 91: 155-165. CrossRef V Prabakaran, M R Elara, T Pathmakumar, et al. Floor cleaning robot with reconfigurable mechanism. Automation in Construction, 2018, 91: 155-165. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat C H Belke, J Paik. Mori: A modular origami robot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2017, 22(5): 2153-2164. CrossRef C H Belke, J Paik. Mori: A modular origami robot. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2017, 22(5): 2153-2164. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat F Mondada, G C Pettinaro, A Guignard, et al. SWARM-BOT: A new distributed robotic concept. Autonomous Robots, 2004, 17(2-3): 193-221. CrossRef F Mondada, G C Pettinaro, A Guignard, et al. SWARM-BOT: A new distributed robotic concept. Autonomous Robots, 2004, 17(2-3): 193-221. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Z Luo, J Shang, G Wei, et al. A reconfigurable hybrid wheel-track mobile robot based on Watt II six-bar linkage. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2018, 128: 16-32. CrossRef Z Luo, J Shang, G Wei, et al. A reconfigurable hybrid wheel-track mobile robot based on Watt II six-bar linkage. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2018, 128: 16-32. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat D Zarrouk, L Yehezkel. Rising star: A highly reconfigurable sprawl tuned robot. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2018, 3(3): 1888-1895. CrossRef D Zarrouk, L Yehezkel. Rising star: A highly reconfigurable sprawl tuned robot. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2018, 3(3): 1888-1895. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat S Murata, E Yoshida, A Kamimura, et al. M-TRAN: Self-reconfigurable modular robotic system. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 431-441. CrossRef S Murata, E Yoshida, A Kamimura, et al. M-TRAN: Self-reconfigurable modular robotic system. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 431-441. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat H Kurokawa, A Kamimura, E Yoshida, et al. M-TRAN II: Metamorphosis from a four-legged walker to a caterpillar. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2003: 2454-2459. H Kurokawa, A Kamimura, E Yoshida, et al. M-TRAN II: Metamorphosis from a four-legged walker to a caterpillar. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2003: 2454-2459.
Zurück zum Zitat H Kurokawa, K Tomita, A Kamimura, et al. Distributed self-reconfiguration of M-TRAN III modular robotic system. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2008, 27(3-4): 373-386. CrossRef H Kurokawa, K Tomita, A Kamimura, et al. Distributed self-reconfiguration of M-TRAN III modular robotic system. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2008, 27(3-4): 373-386. CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat B Salemi, M Moll, W Shen. SUPERBOT: A deployable, multi-functional, and modular self-reconfigurable robotic system. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing, China, 2006: 3636-3641. B Salemi, M Moll, W Shen. SUPERBOT: A deployable, multi-functional, and modular self-reconfigurable robotic system. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing, China, 2006: 3636-3641.
Zurück zum Zitat X Cui, Y Zhu, X Zang, et al. CPG based locomotion control of pitch-yaw connecting modular self-reconfigurable robots. IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation, Harbin, China, 2010: 1410-1415. X Cui, Y Zhu, X Zang, et al. CPG based locomotion control of pitch-yaw connecting modular self-reconfigurable robots. IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation, Harbin, China, 2010: 1410-1415.
Zurück zum Zitat Y Zhu, X Wang, X Cui, et al. Research on locomotive evolution based on worm-shaped configuration of self-reconfigurable robot HitMSR II. Electrical Power Systems and Computers, 2011: 245-252. Y Zhu, X Wang, X Cui, et al. Research on locomotive evolution based on worm-shaped configuration of self-reconfigurable robot HitMSR II. Electrical Power Systems and Computers, 2011: 245-252.
Wenfu Xu
Liang Han
Han Yuan
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering
A Stiffness Variable Passive Compliance Device with Reconfigurable Elastic Inner Skeleton and Origami Shell
A New Method to Calculate Water Film Stiffness and Damping for Water Lubricated Bearing with Multiple Axial Grooves
Progress in Bio-inspired Anti-solid Particle Erosion Materials: Learning from Nature but Going beyond Nature
A Fast Multi-tasking Solution: NMF-Theoretic Co-clustering for Gear Fault Diagnosis under Variable Working Conditions
Application of Uniform Experimental Design in Optimizing Excitation Parameters for Magnetic Frequency Mixing Measurements
SHUYU Robot: An Automatic Rapid Temperature Screening System