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A Portable Device Based on an Electrical Conductivity Sensor for the Detection of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) in Soupy Foods
Anton Yudhana* | Retnosyari Septiyani | Ilham Mufandi | Phisca Aditya Rosyady | Muhammad Fahri Husein | Lutfi Ihza Mahendra Abdullatif
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Industry, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Bantul 55191, Indonesia
Department of Food Service Business, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Jl. Pramuka, Sidikan, Umbulharjo 55161, Indonesia
Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, University of Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo 63471, Indonesia
Corresponding Author Email:
eyudhana@ee.uad.ac.id
https://doi.org/10.18280/i2m.210305
| Citation
21.03_05.pdf
In everyday life, food is made with various taste images, including the savory taste obtained from monosodium glutamate (MSG). Although it is allowed as a food ingredient, excessive use of MSG and continuous consumption will have adverse effects on health. The effects of consuming MSG excessively on the body's organs include brain, ovarian, testicular, liver, kidney, heart, and respiratory disorders. MSG detection using technology is needed to control the consumption of MSG in the body. Hence, this study was focused on creating a portable device for detecting monosodium glutamate (MSG) in soupy foods: meatball soup and chicken soup. 3 mg of MSG was applied to each solution sample and four MSG brands, including SS, MW, AM, and MR. The concept of this prototype is based on the conductivity value and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the MSG solution. These solutions can produce an electrolyte because there is a sodium salt content in the MSG solution and water. The electrolyte solution can conduct electricity. An electrical conductivity sensor was installed in this prototype and these sensors included two electrode plates, a positive electrode (anode) and a negative electrode (cathode) with a distance of ± 1 cm. The conductivity sensor begins by starting a sensor into an electrolyte solution and, given an electric voltage input, changes to the value of the electric voltage. The sensor can be read and detect the MSG level in the solution. Then, the data are received and recorded in the DRF analog which is to process the signal from the sensor into analog form, and the data is sent to the Arduino Nano as a microcontroller. From the experiment result, the average conductivity value and TDS value of meatball soup are 21.98 mS and 7.91 Mg/I, while the average conductivity value and TDS value of Chicken Soto are 16.92 mS and 6.08 mg/I. This prototype was successfully created and implemented for the MSG detection in soupy foods.
electroconductivity sensor, food monitoring; monosodium glutamate (MSG), soupy food, total dissolved solids (TDS)
The five senses are one part of the human body that functions as a detector for human body conditions. One of them is tongue, which can detect the human body's condition through taste. The tongue is composed of nerves that can detect tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami) [1, 2]. The taste obtained by the tongue comes from either natural or chemical ingredients. Food is a source of energy in carrying out daily activities. In Indonesia, food is made with a varied taste image. In addition, food relies no longer only on sour and salty tastes, but also begins to contain a lot of umami that can enhance or suppress sweet, salty, sour, and bitter in solution [3, 4]. Umami is a savory taste obtained from the amino acid glutamate or monosodium glutamate (MSG) [5, 6].
Commercially, monosodium glutamate is one of the most familiar food additives used by the social public, which is available in every market or grocery store [1, 2]. In addition, monosodium glutamate is produced from a combination of several amino acids or purified with a small amount of hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) [3]. Glutamic acid is classified as a non-essential amino acid because the human body can produce it independently [4]. According to the chemical formula, monosodium glutamate is divided into two, namely 2-aminopentanedioc and 2-amino glutamic acid. Consuming MSG in excess can cause toxic effects, CNS disorders, obesity, disturbances in adipose tissue physiology, liver damage, and reproductive dysfunction that was reported by the studies of [5-8]. Meanwhile, the amount of MSG consumption in the body needs to be controlled to maintain the health of the human body. Considering this, the need for a tool to measure the levels of MSG in food. On the other hand, the development of health technology has been widely developed to make it easier for the public to monitor body health, such as research conducted by Yudhana et al. [9] to monitor the urine quality, heart rate monitoring [10], bone health monitoring [11], levels of creatinine [12-14], chronic kidney monitoring [15, 16].
There are many researchers from various disciplines who have conducted research in the field of testing MSG in food: Monošík et al. [17] investigated the analysis technique using chromatography for the determination of L-glutamate in food samples, analysis technique using fluorescence by Soyseven and Arli [18], capillary electrophoresis [19], spectrophotometry [20], chemiluminescence [21], surface plasmon resonance, etc. However, current research has widely used electrochemical sensor or electrochemical detection technology for testing MSG in food: Devi et al. [22] reported the monosodium glutamate detection (MSG) via an amperometric sensor immunosensor based on chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode. Moldovan et al. [23] experimented the fabricating aa silicon biosensor microarray for the detection of glutamate. According review from Hughes et al. [24] the oxidase and dehydrogenase enzymes are developed as two main categories for MSG detection in foods. The fabrication methods and performance of electrochemical glutamate are demonstrated in adsorption, covalent boding, and cross-linking, and entrapment. Modification of electrodes using gold by voltammetry was found by Dorozhkoet al. [25] which this technique is to determining the L-glutamate behaviour based on the cyclic voltammetry. The development of electrochemical sensor based on nickel nanowire array and Pt coated nickel nanowire to detect glutamate reported by Jamal et al. [26]. Applications Electrochemical sensors have been widely used in the industrial, environmental, and medical fields [27]. These concepts are visible for investigation or detection in real-time and in-situ [28].
The determination of the MSG dosage is done to reduce the use of MSG consumption, but this dosage rule is considered less than optimal [10]. The detection of MSG in foods, especially in soup, is not recommended by tasting it directly because it contains MSG which can damage organs and is toxic if consumed too much. Moreover, the technology required to detect and to measure the monosodium glutamate in soupy foods in real-time via sensor. The purposes of this study are to develop the portable device based on electrical conductivity sensor for determining the MSG in meatball soups and chicken soups.
The conductivity sensor is an electronic component that can measure the conductivity value of an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution can conduct electricity. The conductivity value in an electrolyte solution becomes a reference for the total solids concentration or Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The higher the conductivity value, the greater the value of the solid concentration in the electrolyte solution. A conductivity sensor in the form of a probe at the end of which there are two electrode plates (positive electrode (anode) and a negative electrode (cathode) with a distance of ± 1 cm, the conductivity probe, if it is inserted into an electrolyte solution and given an electric voltage input changes to the value of the electric voltage. This happens because the ions in the water are separated into cations and anions, the cations are transferred to the negative electrode, and the anions will move to the positive electrode; the displacement of the ions causes the solution to become a conductor so that electricity can flow between the two electrodes. This paper created and analyzed a process tool for measuring MSG levels in a solution by using a conductivity sensor to measure the conductivity value of an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution can conduct electricity.
2. Methods and Material
2.1 System overview
The proposed system in this study is to detect and measure the MSG content in soupy foods based on an electrical conductivity sensor because the conductivity sensor is an electronic device that can measure an electrolyte solution or a solution that has the ability to conduct electricity in MSG solutions in soupy foods. According to Campbell [29] monosodium glutamate (MSG) contains the sodium salt of glutamic acid and one of the most abundant nonessential amino acids found in nature. MSG can conduct electricity because MSG contains sodium salt in aqueous solution [30]. aqueous solutions and other seasonings are also conductive if they contain sodium salt. it can also affect the conductivity measurement. The MSG calculation carried out by Batra et al. [31] uses a comparison with voltage (Current) where the more MSG in food, the higher the current. In industry battery, sodium salt selected as basis of lithium salt via transpiring the cation. Sodium salt also is one of the important components in sodium-ion capacitors (SIC) electrolyte. Basic concepts in this study are conductivity sensor is able to read or identify the conductivity value in electrolyte solution. In addition, the conductivity value in water can be determined based on the total concentration of solids or Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) in the soupy food. The higher the conductivity value, it can be said that the more the value of the concentration of solids in the electrolyte solution. The salt contained in MSG can conduct electricity from positive and negative ions. The displacement of the sodium salt solution from the anions and cations can be seen in the illustration in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The illustrate of electrolyte solution from Meng et al. [30]
Electrolyte solutions can be divided into two: strong electrolytes and weak electrolytes where MSG solution is a type of strong electrolyte solution because the MSG content is composed of sodium salt which decomposes completely in water into Na+ ions and Cl–ions. Diagram The block diagram of a portable device for detecting and measuring MSG levels in soupy foods can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Diagram block for detecting MSG levels
Based on Figure 2. Portable tool for measuring and detecting MSG in soupy foods begins by inserting a conductivity sensor probe into a sample of soupy food/compound solution. Furthermore, the sensor probe is given a voltage which is used to determine the change in the voltage value on the two plates which are ±1 cm apart in the probe, this change in value is recorded and detected as the conductivity value of the solution. The voltage and the conductivity value have a proportional relationship because voltage can be the baseline to determine the MSG content in food/soup. The previous research from Liu et al. [32] has reported the experiment with the variation of the MSG and determining the MSG with the correlation between MSG and Voltage. The sensor sent from the conductivity sensor is received by the DRF analog conductivity meter where the analog DRF functions to process the signal from the sensor into analog form and the data is sent to the Arduino Nano. Arduino in this system functions as a microcontroller that processes data and sends data to the Nextion LCD and excel with the PLX method. Accuracy in this measurement is done by testing several times and comparing the prototype with standard measuring instruments. The PLX method is a parallex microcontroller system for Microsoft excel. Each microcontroller is connected to the sensor and PC serial port to send data to excel. Data sent to excel is captured in real-time. We have added in the manuscript.
3. Proposed System
3a.png
(a) Electrical wiring
3b.png
(b) 3D design
Figure 3. Electrical circuit of proposed system
As detail, the working principle of the conductivity sensor depends on the change of the ions in the water into cations and anions. Cations move to the negative electrode while anions move to the positive electrode. The transfer of ions causes the solution to become a conductor. Moreover, electricity can flow between the two electrodes. The conductivity sensor is equipped with two plates of positive electrode (anode) and negative electrode (cathode). Other components in the proposed system are supported by Arduino Nano as a microcontroller, DRF robot gravity analog conductivity meter, Nextion LCD, excel-PLX, and supply power (battery). The electrical circuit in the proposed system can be seen in Figure 3a and Figure 3b as a prototype layout.
Arduino is a platform used in computer programming as a small, complete, and breadboard microcontroller. In addition, Arduino Nano is equipped with an operating voltage of 5 volts, 32 Kb flash memory, and a clock speed of 16 MHz. The system used to measure the electrical conductivity of a soupy food solution is DFR robot gravity. This product operates with Arduino and the DRF library. Nextion LCD is used as a display of MSG measurement results in soupy foods. Nextion LCD can display a lot of data and interface very well. The data obtained from the field in real-time is recorded and stored in excel form. On the MSG portable device using the PLX-DAQ with the advantage of being able to provide easy spreadsheets of data collected in the field, laboratory sensor analysis, and equipment monitoring. According to Figure 2, the instructions for the system to run the MSG measurement and detection program can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4. System flow chart on computer program instructions
3.1 MSG calculation
Based on the provisions of the WHO's Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), it is stated that the MSG threshold is only around 100 milligrams per kilogram of body weight.
$\text { Usage Limit }=\frac{100 \mathrm{mg} M S G}{\text { Weight }(\mathrm{kg})}$ (1)
From the above provisions, it means that if a person has a bodyweight of 60 kilograms, then the person has a limit of using MSG of 6 grams per day (100 mg / 60 Kg = 0.006 Kg or 6 grams). Meanwhile, the calculation of the conductivity sensor is determined based on the total dissolved solids (TDS) of a liquid. Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water or solution through electricity. This ability is directly related to the concentration of ions in the water. Ion Conductivity comes from dissolved salts and inorganic materials. The relationship between the conductivity value of a solution and the solid value is to measure the TDS level in the soupy food. The conductivity value at an electrolyte solution as a reference for the total concentration of solids or total Dissolved Solids (TDS). the conductivity value of the solution obtained by calculation from the solution solids value by calculating the conductivity value with the correlation value for water as follows:
$T D S=K e \times E C$ (2)
where, TDS represents Total dissolved solids (Mg/L). Ke is Correlation Factor or a constant of proportionality. EC is Conductivity Value. The relation between TDS and EC is a function of the type and nature of the cation and anions in the water. In addition, the detailed relationship between Ke and EC was published in 1989 which the author was reported that the correlation based on its salinity [33]. The ionic composition of the water affects the TDS-EC relationship. Ke value in water from 0.55 to 0.85 [34-36]. TDS is an indicator of the number of particles or substances, either in the form of organic or non-organic compounds. The correlation between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are proportional. Al Dahaan et al. [37] were proved the correlation between EC and TDS in groundwater hypothetical salts and sea water [38]. The conductivity value at an electrolyte solution as a reference for the total concentration of solids or total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The higher the conductivity value, it can be said increase the value of the concentration of solids in the electrolyte solution. The principle of calculating total dissolved solids (TDS) can determine the dissolved compound in a liquid. in addition, the conductivity sensor becomes a component that can measure dissolved compounds in a liquid which the conductivity of the solution is influenced by the electrolyte value given the electric voltage so that changes occur. The changes in the value of the electric voltage was happened because the ions in the water was separated into cations and anions. The cations are move to the negative electrode and the anions will move to the positive electrode, the movement of ions causes the solution to become a conductor. Moreover, electricity can flow between the two electrodes.
3.2 Experimental procedures
Firstly, the testing of a portable tools to measure and detect MSG was applied to meatball soup with 5 samples of meatballs from different places. The meatball samples were selected with dose of MSG. In this study, the sizes of the meatballs were not the same. This is because the samples of meatballs are taken from small-scale business sellers who do not have standardized sizes in their manufacture. In Indonesia, small meatball traders do not use standardized tools in terms of production.
The portable tool of MSG has read the average conductivity value of each sample. After that, this portable device was applied to samples with different soups, such as: chicken noodle, soto meat, chicken soto, vegetable soup, and chicken soup. All test results have been displayed on the LCD in graphical form.
4.1 Conductivity testing on MSG from the different brands
This test aims to determine the conductivity values produced from different types of MSG such as: SS, MW, AM, and MR. This type of MSG is an original brand from Indonesia. The results of this test were indicated that the monosodium glutamate solution can produce an electrolyte solution from a solution of water and a mixture of 3 mg MSG. In this study, MSG was mixed with different productions and the volume was added in multiples of 3 mg while the mixing water volume remained
Electrolyte solution is used to calculate the conductivity value. The test is carried out at a temperature of 50-40℃ within 15 seconds. The monosodium glutamate brand is indicated using a color where the MR is Tosca, MW is red, SS is blue, and AM is green. The determination of conductivity value was tested in real-time and it can be seen on the LCD monitor. From the test results, it was found that each MSG has a different conductivity value that can be seen in Figure 5. The highest conductivity value is obtained from MR and the lowest is AM. each brand of MSG has an influence on the level of conductivity and TDS values in soupy foods. This result is relevant with the research in the field of conductivity sensor to determine the taste sensing system [39-41]. The conductivity value changes in solution by change in concentration. Electrical conductivity in each sample will be different based on the electrolyte in solution. In addition, electrical conductivity also can be applied in the field of agriculture to determine the water quality [42, 43].
Figure 5. The conductivity value from the different type of monosodium glutamate
4.2 The detection of MSG in soupy foods (meatball soups)
This experiment was conducted to measure and detect of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) on meatballs soup by using an electrical conductivity sensor. sample meatballs soup using the same sample size and the same dosage. In addition, the test was carried out in real-time which can be seen in Figure 6. The average of conductivity in meatball soup was determined. Five samples of meatball soup are carried out for MSG testing.
Figure 6. Conductivity graph of meatball samples
According to Figure 6, the testing result indicated that the average of conductivity from five samples of meatball soup from different places are 21 mS (Micro-Siemens). The five meatballs were tested at a temperature of around 20-27℃ with the same size of 750 mm. Meatball A is blue, Meatball B is green, Meatball C is red, Meatball D is Tosca, and Meatball E is Purple. The five meatball samples have an average sample conductivity as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Average of conductivity value of meatballs soup
Meatballs soups
Sample A
Sample B
Sample C
Sample D
Sample E
The calculation of MSG content in meatball samples can be done by calculating the solute value using the TDS method. The average EC value of each sample is multiplied by the correlation factor value (Ke) of 0.64 [37]. According to Eq. (2), Ke determine from references [34-36] which Ke value for nature water is from 0.55-0.85. the portable device on this system was applied to read the conductivity value (EC) from meatball soup and chicken soup then EC is multiplied with 0.64. The TDS value of each meatball sample is obtained as in Table 2. The conductivity and TDS value of the meatballs soup were 21.98 mS and 14.02 Mg/I, respectively.
Table 2. The conductivity value and TDS value of meatballs soup
Conductivity Value (EC) (µS)
Correlation Factor (Ke)
TDS Value
Based on Table 2, the correlation between conductivity value and TDS from meatball soup obtained R2 of 1. It can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The correlation between EC and TDS
4.3 The detection of MSG in soupy food (Chicken Soto)
Soupy food in this study apllied in chicken soup. The test was carried out with the same size and dose and was carried out on 5 samples of soto from different places. real-time testing can be seen in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Average of conductivity value of chicken food
Table 3. Average of conductivity value and TDS value on the Chicken Soto
Sample (Chicken Soto)
Conductivity Value (EC)
(µS)
Based on the Figure 8, the average conductivity value of the chicken soup from five different samples and different brands of MSG as well as the addition of kitchen spices such as salt and flavouring. Sample 1 (Soto 1) uses MSG with the AM brand added with table salt has the lowest value compared to the other four soups. Sample 4 (Soto 4) was tested using MR brand MSG added with salt, with the test results that Soto 4 had the highest conductivity value. The SS brand used by traders of sample 3 (Soto 3) and sample 2 (Soto 2) has almost the same value around the value of 13-15.6 µS. Sample 5 (Soto 5) used AM branded MSG and salt. This result is also influenced by the addition of table salt which greatly affects the conductivity value of a solution, because table salt contains 39% sodium which is a strong electrolyte which has a higher level of electrolyte content compared to MSG which only contains 12% sodium in it. The average conductivity value and the average TDS value from the MSG test on Chicken Soto can be seen in Table 3. From the five tests, the average conductivity value was 16.92 mS and the TDS value for Chicken Soto was 10.82 mg/I.
Based on Table 3, the correlation between conductivity value and TDS from chicken soup obtained R2 of 1. It can be seen in Figure 9.
Excessive consumption of MSG can affect body health such as liver, kidney, respiratory disorders, ovarian and brain disorders. This study is to create a portable device for testing and measuring MSG in soupy foods. The detection of MSG levels has been successfully implemented in meatball soup and chicken soup by using the principle of TDS (Total Dissolved Solid). The MSG detection tool is made in real-time via Excel PLX and Nextion LCD to display the MSG value in the soup. Meatball soup and chicken soup contains MSG greatly affect the conductivity value if salt is added. Experiments of 5 meatball soup and Chicken Soto from different places and the adding the different of type MSG and kitchen salt obtained data results that show the average of conductivity value and TDS value of meatball soup is 21.98 mS and 14.02 Mg/I, while the average of conductivity value and TDS value of Chicken Soto is 16.92 mS and 10.82 Mmg/I.
We would like to show our gratitude to Institute of Research and Community Services Universitas Ahmad Dahlan for support the research.
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