\begin{definition}[Definition:Coin/Coin-Tossing]
'''Coin-tossing''' is a technique to select randomly one of two options. The usual scenario is to resolve an issue between two parties. The most usual of these is to determine which of the two parties is to choose whether to take the first move, or otherwise determine the starting arrangement, in a game or sport.
A coin is thrown into the air in such a manner that it turns over and over. This can be conveniently achieved by coiling the hand into a loose fist, balancing the coin on the first knuckle of the index finger, and then pinging the thumb up from under the index finger by a physical process derived from the science of catastrophe theory. The nail of the thumb will then impact smartly against the edge of the coin which projects over the edge of the index finger's knuckle, propelling it upwards in such a manner that, by an application of the physics of angular momentum, it will be caused to rotate more-or-less rapidly about a diameter.
When it descends, the side which will remain uppermost will be dependent upon both the speed of rotation and the distance travelled, neither of which is easy to gauge precisely enough to make the process predictable.
The descending coin will either be caught in the hand by the one flipping it (the "tosser"), to be immediately clasped to the back of the other hand, or allowed to fall directly to the ground. The other party (the "caller") is offered the chance of guessing which of the two sides of the coin is on top. The two sides are usually referred to (in the English-speaking world) as "heads" and "tails". The "heads" side tends to be the one that features the head of state of the nation to which the coin belongs, while the "tails" is the other side.
Once the caller has made the call, the uppermost side of the coin is revealed. If the side matches that called by the caller, the caller has won, and is given the option of taking the choice as to the starting configuration of the game. Otherwise the tosser has won, and takes the option.<ref>The play ''{{WP|Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead|Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead}}'' by {{WP|Tom_Stoppard|Tom Stoppard}} begins with an unfeasibly long sequence of "heads" calls in a game of '''coin-tossing'''.</ref>
\end{definition}