ပင်မမီနူးကို ဖွင့်ရန်


ဤစာမျက်နှာသည် မြန်မာဝီကီတွင် အသုံးပြုသော ရေးသားပုံစတိုင်လ်နှင့် ပတ်သက်သော လက်စွဲ ဖြစ်ပါသည်။

This Manual of Style, often abbreviated MoS, is a style guide to make Wikipedia easier to read. One way of presenting information is often just as good as another, but consistency promotes professionalism, simplicity and greater cohesion in Wikipedia articles. An overriding principle is that style and formatting should be applied consistently throughout an article, unless there is a good reason to do otherwise (except in direct quotations, where the original text is generally preserved).

If the Manual of Style does not specify a preferred usage, discuss your issues on the talk page of this manual. The menu to the right contains links to Manual of Style pages that explore topics in greater detail.

It is inappropriate for an editor to change an article from one style to another unless there is a substantial reason to do so; for example, it is unacceptable to change from American to British spelling unless the article concerns a British topic. Edit warring over optional styles is unacceptable. If an article has been stable in a given style, it should not be converted without a reason that goes beyond mere choice of style. When it is unclear whether an article has been stable, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.[၁]


Article titles, headings and sections

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာများ - Wikipedia:Naming conventions, Wikipedia:Lead section, Wikipedia:Layout, နှင့် Help:Section

Article titles

This guidance applies to the titles of Wikipedia articles, not to the titles of external articles that are cited.

  • Article titles should conform to Naming conventions, including Use English.
  • Titles are generally nouns or noun phrases (Effects of the wild, not About the effects of the wild).
  • Titles should be short—preferably fewer than ten words.
  • The initial letter of a title is capitalized (except in very rare cases, such as eBay). Otherwise capital letters are used only where implied by normal capitalization rules (Funding of UNESCO projects, not Funding of UNESCO Projects).
  • A, an and the are normally avoided as the first word (Economy of the Second Empire, not The economy of the Second Empire), unless part of a proper noun (The Hague).
  • Special characters such as the slash (/), plus sign (+), braces ({ }) and square brackets ([ ]) are avoided; the ampersand (&) is replaced by and, unless it is part of a formal name.

This guidance also applies to Section headings below.

First sentences

  • If possible, an article title is the subject of the first sentence of the article; for example, "The Manual of Style is a style guide" instead of "This style guide is known as ...". If the article title is an important term, it appears as early as possible. The first (and only the first) appearance of the title is in boldface, including its abbreviation in parentheses, if given. Equivalent names may follow, and may or may not be in boldface. Items in boldface are not linked, and boldface is not used subsequently in the first paragraph. For example: "Vienna (ဂျာမန်: Wien [viːn], see also its other names) is the capital of Austria and one of that country's nine states."
  • If the topic of the article may be unfamiliar to some readers, establish a context. For example, instead of "A trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party", write "In cryptography, a trusted third party is an entity that facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party". The context in this example is that the topic covered by the article is the use of that notion in the field of cryptography.

Section headings

  • SEE ALSO the guidance in Article titles above, which also applies to section headings.
  • Section names should preferably be unique within a page; this applies even for the names of subsections. The disadvantages of duplication are that:
    • after editing, the display can arrive at the wrong section; see also below; and
    • the automatic edit summary on editing a section with a non-unique name is ambiguous.
  • Section names should not normally contain links.
  • Unspaced multiple equal signs are the style markup for headings. The triple apostrophes ( ''' ) that make words appear in boldface are not used in headings. Nest headings correctly. The hierarchy is as follows:
  • Spaces between the == and the heading text are optional (==H2== versus == H2 ==). These extra spaces will not affect the appearance of the heading, except in the edit window.
  • A blank line below the heading is optional. If there are no blank lines above the heading, one line should be added, for readability in the edit window. Only two or more blank lines above or below will change the public appearance of the page by adding more white space.

Section management

  • Change a heading only after careful consideration, because this will break section links to it within the same article and from other articles. If changing a heading, try to locate and fix broken links; for example, searching for wikipedia "section management" will yield links to the current section.
  • When linking to a section, as a courtesy, go to that article's section and leave an editor's note to remind others that the title is linked. List the names of the linking articles, so that if the title is altered, others can fix the links without having to perform exhaustive searches. For example:
  • As well, consider a preemptive measure to minimize link corruption when the text of a heading changes by inserting an {{anchor}} with an alternative name by which to link to that heading section. For example:
    ==Evolutionary implications{{anchors | RDawkins | DDennett}}==<!-- This section is linked from [[Richard Dawkins]] and [[Daniel Dennett]] --> .
  • When referring to a section without linking, italicize the section name (italicize the actual section name only if it otherwise requires italics, such as the title of a book); for example, the current section is called Section management.
  • The standard order for optional appendix sections at the end of an article is See also, Notes (or Footnotes), References, Further reading (or Bibliography), and External links; the order of Notes and References can be reversed. See also is an exception to the point above that wording comprises nouns and noun phrases. For information on these optional sections, see Wikipedia:Layout#Standard appendices and descriptions and Wikipedia:Citing sources.

Capital letters

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာ - Wikipedia:Manual of Style (capital letters)


Within articles and other wiki pages, capitals are not used for emphasis. Where wording cannot provide the emphasis, italics are used.

Incorrect:    Contrary to popular belief, aardvarks are Not the same as anteaters.


  • When used as titles (that is, followed by a name), items such as president, king and emperor start with a capital letter: President Clinton, not president Clinton. The formal name of an office is treated as a proper noun: Hirohito was Emperor of Japan and Louis XVI was King of France (where Emperor of Japan and King of France, respectively, are titles). Royal styles are capitalized: Her Majesty and His Highness; exceptions may apply for particular offices.
  • When used generically, such items are in lower case: De Gaulle was a French president and Louis XVI was a French king. Similarly, Three prime ministers attended the conference, but, The British Prime Minister is Gordon Brown.

Religions, deities, philosophies, doctrines and their adherents

  • Religions, sects and churches and their followers (in noun or adjective form) start with a capital letter. Generally the is not capitalized before such names (the Shī'a, not The Shī'a). (But see also the style guide and naming convention for the Latter Day Saint movement.)
  • Scriptures (religious texts) are capitalized but often not italicized (for example, the names of the Qur’an, the Talmud, the Granth Sahib, and the Bible). When the is used, it is not capitalized. Some derived adjectives are capitalized by convention, some are not (normally biblical but Koranic, for example); if unsure, check a dictionary appropriate to the topic, and be consistent within an article.
  • Honorifics for deities, including proper nouns and titles, start with a capital letter (God, Allah, the Lord, the Supreme Being, the Great Spirit); the is not capitalized. The same is true when referring to major religious figures and figures from mythology by titles or terms of respect (the Prophet, the Messiah, the Virgin, a Muse). Common nouns denoting deities or religious figures are not capitalized; thus the Romans worshipped many gods, many Anglo-Saxons worshipped the god Wotan, Jesus and Muhammad are both considered prophets in Islam, biblical scholars dispute whether Mary was a virgin for her entire life, and her husband was her muse.
  • Pronouns and possessives referring to figures of veneration are not capitalized in Wikipedia articles, even when they traditionally are in a religion's scriptures. They are left capitalized when directly quoting scriptures or any other texts that capitalize them.
  • Broad categories of mythical or legendary creatures do not start with uppercase capital letters (elf, fairy, nymph, unicorn, angel), although in derived works of fantasy, such as the novels of J.R.R. Tolkien and real-time strategy video games, initial capitals are sometimes used to indicate that the beings are regarded as cultures or races in their fictional universes. Names or titles of individual creatures are capitalized (the Minotaur, the Pegasus) as are those of groups whose name and membership are fixed (the Cherubim, the Magi or the Three Wise Men). As with terms for deities, generalized references are not capitalized (cherub-like, the priests of this sect were called magi by some, several wise men were consulted).
  • Spiritual or religious events are likewise capitalized only when they are terms referring to specific incidents or periods (the Great Flood, the Exodus, but annual flooding or an exodus of refugees).
  • Philosophies, theories and doctrines do not begin with a capital letter unless the name derives from a proper noun (capitalism versus Marxism) or has become a proper noun (lowercase republican refers to a system of political thought; uppercase Republican refers to one of several specific political parties or ideologies, such as the US Republican Party or Irish Republicanism). Physical and natural laws and parodies of them are capitalized (the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the Theory of Special Relativity, Murphy's Law; but an expert on gravity and relativity, thermodynamic properties, Murphy's famous mock-law). Doctrinal topics or canonical religious ideas (as distinguished from specific events) that may be traditionally capitalized within a faith are given in lower case in Wikipedia, such as virgin birth, original sin or transubstantiation.
  • Platonic or transcendent ideals are capitalized (Good, Truth), but only within the context of philosophical doctrine; used more broadly, they are lower-case (Superman represents American ideals of truth and justice). Personifications represented in art, such as a statue of the figure Justice, are capitalized.

Calendar items

  • Months, days of the week, and holidays start with a capital letter: June, Monday, the Fourth of July (when referring to the U.S. Independence Day, otherwise July 4 or 4 July).
  • Seasons, in almost all instances, are lowercase: This summer was very hot; The winter solstice occurs about December 22; I've got spring fever. When personified, season names may function as proper nouns, and they should then be capitalized: I think Spring is showing her colors; Old Man Winter.

Animals, plants, and other organisms

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာများ - Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life#Article titles နှင့် Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)

Scientific names for genera and species are italicized, with a capital initial letter for the genus but no capital for the species; for more specific guidelines for article titles, see Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life#Article titles. For example, the tulip tree is Liriodendron tulipifera, and humans are Homo sapiens. Taxonomic groups higher than genus are given with an initial capital and are not in italics; for example, gulls are in the family Laridae, and we are in the family Hominidae.

Common (vernacular) names of flora and fauna should be written in lower case—for example, oak or lion. There are a limited number of exceptions to this:

  1. Where the common name contains a proper noun, such as the name of a person or place, that proper noun should be capitalized; for example, The Amur tiger may have a range of over 500 square kilometres, or The Roosevelt elk is a subspecies of Cervus canadensis.
  2. For specific groups of organisms, there are specific rules of capitalization based on current and historic usage among those who study the organisms. For example, official common names of birds are normally capitalized.
  3. In a very few cases, a set of officially established common names are recognized only within a country or a geographic region. Those common names may be capitalized according to local custom but it should be understood that not all editors will have access to the references needed to support these names; in such cases, using the general recommendation is also acceptable.

In any case, a redirect from an alternative capitalization should be created where it is used in an article title.

Celestial bodies

  • Sun, earth and moon are not capitalized generally (The sun was peeking over the mountain top). They may be proper nouns in an astronomical context but only when referring to specific celestial bodies (our Sun, Earth and Moon): so The Moon orbits the Earth, but Jupiter's moon Io.
  • Other planets and stars are proper nouns and start with a capital letter: The planet Mars can be seen tonight in the constellation Gemini, near the star Pollux. Where a name has multiple words, it is treated like other proper nouns where each leading letter is capitalized: Alpha Centauri and not Alpha centauri.

Directions and regions

  • Directions such as north are not proper nouns and are therefore lowercase. The same is true for their related forms: someone might call a road that leads north a northern road, compared with the Great North Road. Composite directions may or may not be hyphenated (northeast and north-east, Southeast Asia and South-East Asia), depending on the general style adopted in the article.
  • Regions that are proper nouns, including widely known expressions such as Southern California, start with a capital letter. Follow the same convention for related forms: a person from the Southern United States is a Southerner. Regions of uncertain proper-noun status are assumed not to have attained it.


  • Proper names of institutions (for example, the University of Sydney, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, George Brown College) are proper nouns and require capitalization. Where a title starts with the, it typically starts with lowercase t when the title occurs in the middle of a sentence: a degree from the University of Sydney.
  • Generic words for institutions (university, college, hospital, high school) require no capitalization:
Correct (generic): The university offers ...
Correct (title): The University of Delhi offers ...

Acronyms and abbreviations

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာများ - Wikipedia:Manual of Style (abbreviations) နှင့် Wikipedia:Edit summary legend
Write out both the full version and the abbreviation at first occurrence
When using acronyms, initialisms and other abbreviations, it should be remembered that readers are not necessarily familiar with their meanings. Good practice is to name an item in full on its first occurrence, followed by the abbreviated form in parentheses. For example, The New Democratic Party (NDP) won the 1990 Ontario election with a significant majority (first mention of New Democratic Party in the article), and The NDP quickly became unpopular with the voters (subsequent mention).
Correct:   We used digital scanning (DS) technology
If the full term is already in parentheses, use a comma and or to indicate the abbreviation; for example, They first debated the issue in 1992 (at a convention of the New Democratic Party, or NDP).
Plural and possessive forms
Periods (full stops) and spaces
Acronyms and initialisms are generally not separated by full stops (periods) or blank spaces (GNP, NORAD, OBE, GmbH); many periods and spaces that were traditionally required have now dropped out of usage (PhD is preferred over Ph.D. and Ph. D.). Periods are not used in units of measurement (see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers) for more information).
Truncated (Hon. for Honorable), compressed (cmte. for committee) and contracted (Dr. for Doctor) abbreviations may or may not be closed with a period. A consistent style should be maintained within an article. A period is much more usual in American usage (Dr. Smith of 42 St. Joseph St.); and no period is commonly preferred in British and other usage (Dr Smith of 42 St Joseph St, though one or other "St" might take a period, in such a case). Some British and other authorities prefer to drop the period from truncated and compressed abbreviations generally (XYZ Corp, ABC Ltd), a practice also favored in science writing. Regardless of punctuation, such abbreviations are spaced if multi-word (op. cit. or op cit, not op.cit. or opcit).
US and U.S.
In American English, U.S. is the standard abbreviation for United States; US is becoming more common and is standard in other national forms of English. In longer abbreviations incorporating the country's initials (USN, USAF), periods are not used. When the United States is mentioned along with one or more other countries in the same sentence, U.S. or US can be too informal, and many editors avoid it especially at first mention of the country (France and the United States, not France and the U.S.). In a given article, if the abbreviated form of the United States appears predominantly alongside other abbreviated country names, for consistency it is preferable to avoid periods throughout; never add periods to the other abbreviations (the US, the UK and the PRC, not the U.S., the U.K. and the P.R.C.). The spaced U. S. is never used, nor is the archaic U.S. of A., except in quoted materials. U.S.A. and USA are not used unless quoted or as part of a proper name (Team USA).
Do not use unwarranted abbreviations
The use of abbreviations should be avoided when they would be confusing to the reader, interrupt the flow, or appear informal or lazy. For example, approx. for approximate or approximately should generally not be used, although it may be useful for reducing the width of an infobox or a table of data, or in a technical passage in which the term occurs many times.
Do not invent abbreviations or acronyms
HTML elements


နောက်ထပ် အချက်အလက်များ။ [[:Wikipedia:Manual of Style (text formatting)]]
အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာ - Wikipedia:Manual of Style (titles)
Words as words
Italics are used when mentioning a word or letter (see Use–mention distinction) or a string of words up to a full sentence: "The term panning is derived from panorama, a word coined in 1787"; "The most commonly used letter in English is e". For a whole sentence, quotation marks may be used instead: (1) The preposition in She sat on the chair is on, or (2) The preposition in "She sat on the chair" is on. Mentioning (to discuss such features as grammar, wording and punctuation) is different from quoting (in which something is usually expressed on behalf of a quoted source).
Foreign words
Quotations in italics
Italics within quotations
Effect on nearby punctuation
Incorrect:    What are we to make of that?
Correct: What are we to make of that?
Italicized links

Non-breaking spaces

    • in compound expressions in which figures and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space (17 kg, AD 565, 2:50 pm), including scientific names of species where the genus is abbreviated (C. elegans);
    • on the left side of spaced en dashes; and
    • in other places where displacement might be disruptive to the reader, such as £11 billion, 5° 24′ 21.12″ N, Boeing 747, and the first two items in 7 World Trade Center.
  • A hard space can be produced with the HTML code &nbsp; instead of the space bar, or by pressing the key combination option–space bar on a Mac: 19&nbsp;kg yields a non-breaking 19 kg.


အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Italics and quotations နှင့် Quotation marks
Minimal change
Wherever reasonable, preserve the original style, spelling and punctuation. Where there is a good reason not to do so, insert an editorial explanation of the changes, usually within square brackets (e.g., [for example]).
The author of a quote of a full sentence or more should be named; this is done in the main text and not in a footnote. However attribution is unnecessary for quotations from the subject of the article or section. When preceding a quotation with its attribution, avoid characterizing it in a biased manner.
Quotations within quotations
Block quotations
A long quote (more than four lines, or consisting of more than one paragraph, regardless of number of lines) is formatted as a block quotation, which Wikimedia's software will indent from both margins. Block quotes are not enclosed in quotation marks (especially including decorative ones such as those provided by the {{cquote}} template, used only for pull quotes). Block quotes can be enclosed between a pair of <blockquote>...</blockquote> HTML tags, or {{quotation}} or {{quote}} can be used. Note: The current version of Wikipedia's MediaWiki software will not render multiple paragraphs inside a <blockquote> simply by spacing the paragraphs apart with blank lines. A workaround is to enclose each of the block-quoted paragraphs in its own <p>...</p> element.





Nikolai Gogol, Taras Bulba



Which results in:



Quotation marks

အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Quotations


Double or single
Inside or outside
Punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks only if the sense of the punctuation is part of the quotation. This system is referred to as logical quotation; it is used by Wikipedia both because of the principle of minimal change, and also because the method is less prone to misquotation, ambiguity and the introduction of errors in subsequent editing.
(The period is part of the quoted text.)
Correct: Arthur said that the situation was "deplorable".
(The period is not part of the quoted text.)
Correct: Martha asked, "Are you coming?"
Correct: Did Martha say, "Come with me"?
When quoting a sentence fragment which ends in a period, some judgement is required: if the fragment communicates a complete sentence, the period can be placed inside. The period should be omitted if the quotation is in the middle of a sentence.
Article openings
Block quotes
As already noted above, we use quotation marks or block quotes (not both) to distinguish long quotations from other text. Multiparagraph quotations are always block-quoted. The quotations must be precise and exactly as in the source. The source should be cited clearly and precisely to enable readers to find the text that supports the article content in question.
Straight or curly?
  • Typographic or curly style: text, text, texts
(Emphasis added to better distinguish between the glyphs.)
The exclusive use of straight quotes and apostrophes is recommended. They are easier to type in reliably, and to edit. Mixed use interferes with searching (a search for Korsakoff's syndrome could fail to find Korsakoff’s syndrome and vice versa).
Other matters

Brackets and parentheses


  • An opening quotation mark
  • Another opening bracket
  • A portion of a word
We journeyed on the Inter[continental].








Sentences and brackets

  • If any sentence includes material that is enclosed in square or round brackets, it still must end—with a period, or a question or exclamation mark—after those brackets (a rule that applies in all English, whether British or U.S.). The preceding sentence is an example. This principle applies no matter what punctuation is used within the brackets.
  • Normally, if the words of a sentence begin within brackets, the sentence must also end within those brackets. (This sentence is an example.) There is an exception for matter that is added or modified editorially at the beginning of a sentence for clarity, usually in square brackets: "[Principal Skinner] already told me that," he objected.



An ellipsis (plural ellipses) is an omission of material from quoted text or some other omission, perhaps of the end of a sentence, often used in the representation of conversation in print. The ellipsis is represented by ellipsis points, a series of three dots (or sometimes four at the end of a sentence).

Ellipses have traditionally been implemented in three ways:
  • Pre-composed ellipsis character (…); generated with the &hellip; character entity, or by insertion from the set below the edit window. This is harder to input and edit, and too small in some fonts. Not recommended.
Pause or suspension of speech
With square brackets

Serial commas


A serial comma (also known as the Oxford comma or Harvard comma) is a comma used immediately before a conjunction in a list of three or more items: the phrase ham, chips, and eggs contains a serial comma, while the variant ham, chips and eggs omits it. Both styles are acceptable in Wikipedia, but in a case where including or omitting the comma clarifies the meaning of the sentence, that solution should be adopted.



In such cases of ambiguity there are three ways to clarify:

  • Use or omit the serial comma to avoid ambiguity.
  • Recast the sentence.



Colons should not have spaces before them:

Correct: He attempted it in two years: 1941 and 1943
Incorrect:    He attempted it in two years : 1941 and 1943

Colons should have complete sentences before them:

Correct: He attempted it in two years: 1941 and 1943
Incorrect:    The years he attempted it included: 1941 and 1943




  3. To link related terms in compound adjectives and adverbs:
Incorrect: 9-mm gap
Incorrect:    9 millimetre gap
Correct: 9-millimetre gap
Correct: 12-hour shift
Correct: 12 h shift




Do not use hyphens (-) to write minus signs (−), except in code.



Two kinds of dash are used on Wikipedia. The article on dashes shows common input methods for both kinds.

En dashes

En dashes (–) have three distinct roles.

    • To convey the sense of to or through, particularly in ranges (pp. 211–19, 64–75%, the 1939–45 war, May–November) and where movement is involved (Dublin–Belfast route). The word to, rather than an en dash, is used when a number range involves a negative value or might be misconstrued as a subtraction (−3 to 1, not −3–1). This is also the case when the nearby wording demands it, e.g., he served from 1939 to 1941 and not he served from 1939–1941, in which from and to are complementary and should both be spelled out.
    • As a substitute for some uses of and, to or versus for marking a relationship involving independent elements in certain compound expressions (Canada–US border, blood–brain barrier, time–altitude graph, 4–3 win in the opening game, male–female ratio, 3–2 majority verdict, Lincoln–Douglas debate, Michelson–Morley experiment, diode–transistor logic; but a hyphen is used in Sino-Japanese trade, in which Sino-, being a prefix, lacks lexical independence.
  3. As a stylistic alternative to em dashes (see below).
En dashes in page names

When naming an article, a hyphen is not used as a substitute for an en dash that properly belongs in the title, for example in Eye–hand span. However, editors should provide a redirect page to such an article, using a hyphen in place of the en dash (e.g., Eye-hand span), to allow the name to be typed easily when searching Wikipedia. See also Wikipedia:Naming conventions (precision). The associated talk page name should match the page name exactly.

Minus signs

Do not use an en dash for negative signs and subtraction operators: use the correct unicode character for the minus sign (&minus;) (see also Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics).) Negative signs (−8 °C) are unspaced; subtraction signs (42 − 4 = 38) are spaced.

Em dashes



Em dashes should not be spaced.

Because em dashes are visually striking, it is preferable to avoid using more than two in a single paragraph. The roles of more than two em dashes in a single sentence can be unclear.

Do not use an em dash for a minus sign.

Spaced en dashes as an alternative to em dashes

Spaced en dashes – such as here – can be used instead of unspaced em dashes in all of the ways discussed above. Spaced en dashes are used by several major publishers, to the complete exclusion of em dashes. One style should be used consistently in an article.

Other dashes


Spaces after the end of a sentence

There are no guidelines on whether to use one space or two (French spacing) after the end of a sentence, but the issue is not important, because the difference is visible only in edit boxes; i.e. it is ignored by browsers when displaying the article.





An unspaced slash may be used:


A spaced slash may be used:




In general prose, prefer ÷ to / when representing mathematical division. (See Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Common mathematical symbols and Help:Displaying a formula for more information.)





Question marks and exclamation marks


Punctuation and inline citations

The placement of inline citations relative to sentence punctuation is dealt with separately, within the Wikipedia guidelines concerning References.

Chronological items

Precise language







Incorrect:    February 14th, 14th February, the 14th of February
Correct: 14 February, February 14
Incorrect: October, 1976
Correct: October 1976

Longer periods

  • Seasons. Because the seasons are not simply reversed in each hemisphere—and areas near the equator tend to have just wet and dry seasons—neutral wording may be preferable (in early 1990, in the second quarter of 2003, around September). Use a date or month rather than a season name, unless there is a logical connection (the autumn harvest). Seasons are normally spelled with a lower-case initial.
  • Years


အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ WP:MOSNUM § Non-base-10 notations၊ နှင့် WP:MOSNUM § Natural numbers

Numbers as figures or words

Several detailed recommendations for when to use figures and when to spell out numbers are at Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Numbers as figures or words.

Large numbers

  • Scientific notation (6.02 × 1023) is preferred in scientific contexts.

Decimal points




Units of measurement


Which system to use

  • For US-related articles, the main units are US units; for example, 23 miles (37 km).
  • For other country-related articles, the main units are metric; for example, 37 kilometres (23 mi).
  • American English uses -er endings for metric units (liter, kilometer); all other varieties of English, including Canadian, use -re (litre, kilometre).
  • In scientific articles, use the units employed in the current scientific literature on that topic. This will usually be SI, but not always; for example, natural units are often used in relativistic and quantum physics, and Hubble's constant should be quoted in its most common unit of (km/s)/Mpc rather than its SI unit of s−1.


  • Conversions to and from metric and imperial/US units should generally be provided. There are two exceptions:
  • In a direct quotation:

SI symbols and unit abbreviations

  • Standard abbreviations and symbols for units are undotted (do not carry periods). For example, m for metre and kg for kilogram (not m. or kg.), in for inch (not in.,  or ″), ft for foot (not ft., or ′) and lb for pound (not lb. or #).
  • Do not append an s for the plurals of unit symbols (kg, km, in, lb, not kgs, kms, ins, lbs). A lowercase 's' is the SI symbol for second; thus, 'kgs' can be confused with 'kg s', which means "kilogram-second".
  • Temperatures are always accompanied by °C for degrees Celsius, °F for degrees Fahrenheit, or K for kelvin (35 °C, 62 °F, and 5,000 K, not 5,000 °K).
  • Values and unit symbols are spaced (25 kg, not 25kg). The exceptions are degrees, minutes and seconds for angles and coordinates (the coordinate is 5° 24′ 21.12″ N, the pathways meet at a 90° angle, but the average temperature is 18 °C).
  • Squared and cubic metric-symbols are always expressed with a superscript exponent (5 km2, 2 cm3); squared imperial and US unit abbreviations may be rendered with sq, and cubic with cu (15 sq mi, 3 cu ft)
  • Do not use the unicode characters ² and ³, but rather write <sup>2</sup> and <sup>3</sup> to produce the superscripts 2 and 3. The superscripted 2 and 3 are easier to read, especially on small displays, and ensures that exponents are properly aligned (compare x1x²x³x4 vs x1x2x3x4).

Unnecessary vagueness

Use accurate measurements whenever possible.

Vague Precise
The wallaby is small. The average male wallaby is 1.6 metres (63 in) from head to tail.
The large oil spill stretched a long way down the Alaskan coast. The oil spill that drifted down the Alaskan coast was 3 statute miles (5 km) long and 1,000 feet (300 m) wide.


အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Wikipedia:WikiProject Numismatics/Style § Article titles

Which currency to use



  • Do not place a currency symbol after the value (123$, 123£, 123€), unless the symbol is normally written as such. Do not write $US123 or $123 (US).

Common mathematical symbols

အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Wikipedia:Manual of Style (mathematics)
  • For a negative sign or subtraction operator, use a minus sign (), input by clicking on it in the insert box beneath the edit window or by typing in &minus;), or an en dash (see En dashes); do not use a hyphen, unless writing code.
  • For a multiplication sign between numbers, use ×, which is input by clicking on it in the edit toolbox under the edit window or by typing &times; in; do not use an asterisk between numbers in non-technical articles; however, the unspaced letter x is accepted as a substitute for by in such terms as "4x4".
  • Exponentiation is indicated using a superscript, an; do not use a caret, a^n. Exponential notation can be spaced or unspaced, depending on circumstances; do not use E notation.
  • Symbols for binary operators and relations are spaced on both sides, including:
    • plus, minus, and plus-or-minus (as operators): + − ±
    • multiplication and division: × ÷

Simple tabulation




For thorough treatment of the English possessive see Apostrophe.
  • It's is the short form of it is or it has; the possessive its has no apostrophe.
  • Usage varies for the possessive of singular nouns ending in s sounds. Maintain consistency (James' house or James's house, but not both in the same article). Some forms almost always take an extra s (Ross's father); some usually do not (Socrates' wife; Moses' ascent of Sinai; Jesus' last words).

Avoid first-person pronouns


Nevertheless, it is sometimes appropriate to use we when referring to an experience that any reader would be expected to have, such as general perceptual experiences. For example, although it might be best to write When most people open their eyes, they see something, it is still legitimate to write When we open our eyes, we see something. It is also acceptable to use we in historical articles to mean the modern world as a whole (The text of De re publica has come down to us with substantial sections missing).

Avoid second-person pronouns


Use: Players passing "Go" collect $200.
Use: $200 is collected when passing "Go".


Avoid contested vocabulary


Avoid contractions


Avoid instructional and presumptuous language


Subset terms



အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ English plurals



In North American English, these words (and the United States, for historical reasons) are invariably treated as singular. See WP:ENGVAR.

Foreign terms

အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Wikipedia:Interlanguage links

Foreign words should be used sparingly.

No common usage in English
Common usage in English
Loanwords and borrowed phrases that have common usage in English—praetor, Gestapo, samurai, vice versa, esprit de corps—do not require italics. A rule of thumb is not to italicize words that appear unitalicized in major English-language dictionaries.
Spelling and transliteration
အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)

Names not originally in a Latin alphabet—such as Greek, Chinese or Russian scripts—must be transliterated into characters generally intelligible to English-speakers. Do not use a systematically transliterated name if there is a common English form of the name, such as Tchaikovsky or Chiang Kai-shek.

The use of diacritics (accent marks) on foreign words is neither encouraged nor discouraged; their usage depends on whether they appear in verifiable reliable sources and on the constraints imposed by specialized Wikipedia guidelines.

Within an article, spell a name that appears in the article title as in that title (covered in naming conventions) rather than an alternative spelling, unless there is a good reason to do so, such as may be given in Naming conventions (use English). Spell the other foreign names, phrases and words as most commonly spelled in the English-language references in an article, unless those spellings are idiosyncratic. If the foreign names, phrases or words do not appear in the article's references, then use the spelling as most commonly used in other verifiable reliable sources (for example other English-language dictionaries and encyclopedias). If the foreign phrase or word appears rarely in English, avoid using it.

Sometimes the usage will be influenced by other guidelines such as national varieties of English, which may lead to different usage in different articles.


  • Disputes over the proper name of a person or group are addressed by policies such as Verifiability, Neutral point of view, and Naming conventions where the name appears in an article name. When there is no dispute, the name most commonly used for a person will be the one that person uses for himself or herself, and the most common terms for a group will be those that the group most commonly uses for itself; Wikipedia should use them too.
  • A transgender, transsexual or genderqueer person's latest preference of name and pronoun should be adopted when referring to any phase of that person's life, unless this usage is overridden by that person's own expressed preference. Nevertheless, write to avoid confusing or seemingly logically impossible text that could result from pronoun usage (e.g., she fathered her first child).

Gender-neutral language

အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Wikipedia:Gender-neutral language



နောက်ထပ် အချက်အလက်များ။ Wikipedia:Picture tutorial နှင့် Wikipedia:Accessibility

The following general guidelines should be followed in the absence of a compelling reason to do otherwise.

  • Images of faces should be placed so that the face or eyes look toward the text, on the grounds that the reader's eyes will tend to follow their direction. Therefore, portraits of a face looking to the reader's right should be left-aligned, looking into the main text.
  • Start an article with a right-aligned lead image. This image is often resized to about 300px.
  • See Wikipedia:Picture tutorial#Avoiding image "stackups" for how to group images and avoid "stack ups".
  • Avoid sandwiching text between two images facing each other.
  • Use {{Commons}} to link to more images on Commons, wherever possible. If there are too many images in a given article, a link to the Commons is a good solution. Use of galleries should be in keeping with Wikipedia's image use policy.
  • Do not place left-aligned images directly below second-level (===) headings, as this disconnects the heading from the text it precedes. Instead, either right-align the image, remove it, or move it to another relevant location.
  • Use captions to explain the relevance of the image to the article (see #Captions).

Images should not be reversed simply to resolve a conflict between these guidelines; doing so misinforms the reader for the sake of our layout preferences. If an image is ever reversed or otherwise substantially altered, there should be a clear advantage to the reader in doing so (for example, cropping a work of art to focus on a detail that is the subject of commentary), and the alteration must be noted in the caption.



and for portrait-format images:



Image size


Specifying the size of a thumbnail image is not necessary. The default size is 180px, although logged-in users can override this in their user preferences (up to a maximum of 300px). If an image displays satisfactorily at the default size, it is recommended that no explicit size be specified. Examples of images which typically need more than the default size include lead images (see above) and detailed maps.

Images as text

Textual information should be entered as text rather than as an image. Such text is not searchable and is slow to download over low-bandwidth connections; the image is unlikely to be read as text by devices for the visually impaired, and will deprive those users of information. Text may be colored and decorated with CSS tags and templates if necessary. Even if the problems can be worked around, as by including a caption or internal information, editors should still consider whether fancy text adds anything to the encyclopedia.


နောက်ထပ် အချက်အလက်များ။ Wikipedia:Captions


  • Captions normally start with a capital letter.
  • Most captions are not complete sentences, but merely nominal groups (sentence fragments) that should not end with a period. If a complete sentence occurs in a caption, that sentence and any sentence fragments in that caption should end with a period.

Bulleted and numbered lists

အခြားကြည့်ရန်။ Help:List နှင့် Wikipedia:Lists
  • Use numbers rather than bullets only if:
    • the sequence of the items is critical; or



အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာများ - Wikipedia:Manual of Style (links), Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects, Wikipedia:Interwikimedia links, နှင့် Help:Interlanguage links





Piped links: The use of piped links can be avoided in many cases when adding a grammatical suffix to a wikilink that is not part of an article title, by placing the suffix outside the brackets. The suffix will still appear as part of the link, but will not be included in the link's target. For example, the markup [[transformer]]s appears in the article text as transformers, but links to the article Transformer.

External links


Articles can include an external links section at the end to list links to websites outside Wikipedia for the purpose of providing further information, as opposed to citing sources. The standard format is a primary heading named == External links == followed by a bulleted list of links. External links should identify the link and briefly summarize the website's contents, and why the website is relevant to the article. For example:


When wikified, the link will appear as:



Keep markup simple



Formatting issues



Typically, the use of custom font styles will



Color coding

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာ - Wikipedia:Accessibility




Invisible comments

Editors use invisible comments to communicate with each other in the body of the text of an article. These comments are visible only in the wiki source (i.e. in edit mode), not in read mode.




အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောစာမျက်နှာ - Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)

Pronunciation in Wikipedia is indicated using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For ease of understanding across dialects, fairly broad IPA transcriptions are usually provided for English pronunciations. See Help:Pronunciation (English) and Help:IPA (general) for keys, and {{IPA}} for templates that link to these keys. For English pronunciations, pronunciation respellings may be used in addition to the IPA.

Other resources


See also