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The Man Who Invented Flying Saucers

author John A. Keel

"In 1947, the editor of Amazing Stories watched in astonishment as the

things he had been fabricating for years in his magazine suddenly came
true! ...Once the belief system had been set up it became self-
perpetuating. The people beleaguered by mysterious rays were joined by
the wishful thinkers who hoped that living, compassionate beings existed
out there beyond the stars. They didn't need any real evidence. The
belief itself was enough to sustain them."

North America's "Bigfoot" was nothing more than an Indian legend until a
zoologist named Ivan T. Sanderson began collecteing contemporary
sightings of the creature in the early 1950s, publishing the reports in a
series of popular magazine articles. He turned the tall, hairy biped into
a household word, just as British author Rupert T. Gould rediscovered sea
serpents in the 1930s and, through his radio broadcasts, articles, and
books, brought Loch Ness to the attention of the world. Another writer
named Vincent Gaddis originated the Bermuda Triangle in his 1965 book,
_Invisible Horizons: Strange Mysteries of the Sea_. Sanderson and Charles
Berlitz later added to the Triangle lore, and rewriting their books
became a cottage industry among hack writers in the United States.

Charles Fort put bread on the table of generations of science fiction

writers when, in his 1931 book 'Lo!', he assembled the many reports of
objects and people strangely transposed in time and place, and coined the
term "teleportation." And it took a politician named Ignatius Donnelly to
revive lost Atlantis and turn it into a popular subject (again and again
and again). (1)

But the man responsible for the most well-known of all such modern myths
-- flying saucers -- has somehow been forgotten. Before the first flying
saucer was sighted in 1947, he suggested the idea to the American public.
Then he converted UFO reports from what might have been a Silly Season
phenomenon into a subject, and kept that subject alive during periods of
total public disinterest.

His name was Raymond A. Palmer.

Born in 1911, Ray Palmer suffered severe injuries that left him dwarfed
in stature and partially crippled. He had a difficult childhood because
of his infirmities and, like many isolated young men in those pre-
television days, he sought escape in "dime novels," cheap magazines
printed on coarse paper and filled with lurid stories churned out by
writers who were paid a penny a word. He became an avid science fiction
fan, and during the Great Depression of the 1930s he was active in the
world of fandom -- a world of mimeographed fanzines and heavy
correspondence. (Science fiction fandom still exists and is very well
organized with well-attended annual conventions and lavishly printed
fanzines, some of which are even issued weekly.) In 1930, he sold his
first science fiction story, and in 1933 he created the Jules Verne Prize
Club which gave out annual awards for the best achievements in sci-fi. A
facile writer with a robust imagination, Palmer was able to earn many
pennies during the dark days of the Depression, undoubtedly buoyed by his
mischievous sense of humor, a fortunate development motivated by his
unfortunate physical problems. Pain was his constant companion.

In 1938, the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company in Chicago purchased a dying

magazine titled _Amazing Stories_. It had been created in 1929 by the
inestimable Hugo Gernsback, who is generally acknowledged as the father
of modern science fiction. Gernsback, an electrical engineer, ran a small
publishing empire of magazines dealing with radio and technical subjects.
(he also founded _Sexology_, a magazine of soft-core pornography
disguised as science, which enjoyed great success in a somewhat
magazine when its circulation began to slip.

readership was down to a mere 25,000 when Gernsback unloaded it on Ziff-
Davis. William B. Ziff decided to hand the editorial reins to the young
science fiction buff from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. At the age of 28, Palmer
found his life's work.

Expanding the pulp magazine to 200 pages (and as many as 250 pages in
some issues), Palmer deliberately tailored it to the tastes of teenage
boys. He filled it with nonfiction features and filler items on science
and pseudo-science in addition to the usual formula short stories of BEMs
(Bug-Eyed Monsters) and beauteous maidens in distress. Many of the
stories were written by Palmer himself under a variety of pseudonyms such
as Festus Pragnell and Thorton Ayre, enabling him to supplement his
meager salary by paying himself the usual penny-a-word. His old cronies
from fandom also contributed stories to the magazine with a zeal that far
surpassed their talents.

In fact, of the dozen or so science magazines then being sold on the

newsstands, _Amazing Stories_ easily ranks as the very worst of the lot.
Its competitors, such as _Startling Stories_, _Thrilling Wonder Stories_,
_Planet Stories_ and the venerable _Astounding_ (now renamed _Analog_)
employed skilled, experienced professional writers like Ray Bradbury,
Isaac Asimov, and L. Ron Hubbard (who later created Dianetics and founded
Scientology). _Amazing Stories_ was garbage in comparison and hardcore

The magazine might have limped through the 1940s, largely ignored by
everyone, if not for a single incident. Howard Browne, a television
writer who served as Palmer's associate editor in those days, recalls:
"early in the 1940s, a letter came to us from Dick Shaver purporting to
reveal the "truth" about a race of freaks, called "Deros," living under
the surface of the earth. Ray Palmer read it, handed it to me for
comment. I read a third of it, tossed it in the waste basket. Ray, who
loved to show his editors a trick or two about the business, fished it
out of the basket, ran it in _Amazing_, and a flood of mail poured in
from readers who insisted every word of it was true because they'd been
plagued by Deros for years. (3)

Actually, Palmer had accidentally tapped a huge, previously unrecognized

audience. Nearly every community has at least one person who complains
constantly to the local police that someone - usually a neighbor -- is
aiming a terrible ray gun at their house or apartment. This ray, they
claim, is ruining their health, causing their plants to die, turning
their bread moldy, making their hair and teeth fall out, and broadcasting
voices into their heads. [To the Reichian concept of DOR (Dead Orgone),
stir in the bizarre sci-fi tales of "Alex Constantine," and Kathy Kasten,
et al, for a latter-day equivalent of the Shaverian Dero Ray-Gun Attack
mythos -B:.B:.) Psychiatrists are very familiar with these "ray" victims
and relate the problem with paranoid-schizophrenia. For the most part,
these paranoiacs are harmless and usually elderly. Occasionally, however,
the voices they hear urge them to perform destructive acts, particularly
arson. They are a distrustful lot, loners by nature, and very suspicious
of everyone, including the government and all figures of authority. In
earlier times, they thought they were hearing the voice of God and/or the
Devil. Today they often blame the CIA or space beings for their woes.
They naturally gravitate to eccentric causes and organizations which
reflect their own fears and insecurities, advocating bizarre political
philosophies and reinforcing their peculiar belief systems. Ray Palmer
unintentionally gave thousands of these people focus to their lives.

Shaver's long, rambling letter claimed that while he was welding (4) he
heard voices which explained to him how the underground Deros were
controlling life on the surface of the earth through the use of fiendish
rays. Palmer rewrote the letter, making a novelette out of it, and it was
published in the March 1945 issue under the title: "I Remember Lemuria --
by Richard Shaver."

The Shaver Mystery was born.

Somehow the news of Shaver's discovery quickly spread beyond science

fiction circles and people who had never before bought a pulp magazine
were rushing to their local newsstands. The demand for _Amazing Stories_
far exceeded the supply and Ziff- Davis had to divert paper supplies
(remember there were still wartime shortages) from other magazines so
they could increase the press run of AS.

"Palmer traveled to Pennsylvania to talk to Shaver," Howard Brown later

recalled, "found him sitting on reams of stuff he'd written about the
Deros, bought every bit of it and contracted for more. I thought it was
the sickest crap I'd run into. Palmer ran it and doubled the circulation
of Amazing within four months."

By the end of 1945, _Amazing Stories_ was selling 250,000 copies per
month, an amazing circulation for a science fiction pulp magazine. Palmer
sat up late at night, rewriting Shaver's material and writing other short
stories about the Deros under pseudonyms. Thousands of letters poured
into the office. Many of them offered supporting "evidence" for the
Shaver stories, describing strange objects they had seen in the sky and
strange encounters they had had with alien beings. It seemed that many
thousands of people were aware of the existence of some distinctly non-
terrestrial group in our midst. Paranoid fantasies were mixed with tales
that had the uncomfortable ring of truth. The "Letters -to-the-Editor"
section was the most interesting part of the publication. Here is a
typical contribution from the issue for June 1946:

were looking for. We knew what we were searching for.

my first copy of _Amazing Stories_ and see you splashing words about the

The identity of the author of this letter was withheld by request. Later
Palmer revealed his name: Fred Lee Crisman. He had inadvertently
described the effects of a laser beam -- even though the laser wasn't
invented until years later. Apparently Crisman was obsessed with Deros
and death rays long before Kenneth Arnold sighted the "first" UFO in June

In September 1946, _Amazing Stories_ published a short article by W.C.

Hefferlin, "Circle-Winged Plane," describing experiments with a circular
craft in 1927 in San Francisco. Shaver's (Palmer's) contribution to that
issue was a 30,000 word novelette, "Earth Slaves to Space," dealing with
spaceships that regularly visited the Earth to kidnap humans and haul
them away to some other planet. Other stories described amnesia, an
important element in the UFO reports that still lay far in the future,
and mysterious men who supposedly served as agents for those unfriendly

A letter from army lieutenant Ellis L. Lyon in the September 1946 issue
expressed concern over the psychological impact of the Shaver Mystery.

What I am worried about is that there are a few, and perhaps quite large
number of readers who may accept this Shaver Mystery as being founded on
fact, even as Orson Welles put across his invasion from Mars, via radio
some years ago. It is of course, impossible for the reader to sift out in
your "Discussions" and "Reader Comment" features, which are actually
letters from readers and which are credited to an _Amazing Stories_ staff
writer, whipped up to keep alive interest in your fictional theories.
However, if the letters are generally the work of readers, it is
distressing to see the reaction you have caused in their muddled brains.
I refer to the letters from people who have "seen" the exhaust trails of
rocket ships or "felt" the influence of radiations from underground
Palmer assigned artists to make sketches of objects described by readers
and disc-shaped flying machines appeared on the covers of his magazine
long before June 1947. So we can note that a considerable number of
people -- millions -- were exposed to the flying saucer concept before
the national news media was even aware of it. Anyone who glanced at the
magazines on a newsstand and caught a glimpse of the saucers-adorned
_Amazing Stories_ cover had the image implanted in his subconscious. In
the course of the two years between march 1945 and June 1947, millions of
Americans had seen at least one issue of _Amazing Stories_ and were aware
of the Shaver Mystery with all of its bewildering implications. Many of
these people were out studying the empty skies in the hopes that they,
like other _Amazing Stories_ readers, might glimpse something wondrous.
World War II was over and some new excitement was needed. Raymond Palmer
was supplying it -- much to the alarm of Lt. Lyon and Fred Crisman.

Aside from Palmer's readers, two other groups were ready to serve as
cadre for the believers. About 1,500 members of Tiffany Thayer's Fortean
Society knew that weird aerial objects had been sighted throughout
history and some of them were convinced that this planet was under
surveillance by beings from another world. Tiffany Thayer was rigidly
opposed to Franklin Roosevelt and loudly proclaimed that almost
everything was a government conspiracy, so his Forteans were fully
prepared to find new conspiracies hidden in the forthcoming UFO mystery.
They would become instant experts, willing to educate the press and
public when the time came. The second group were spiritual- ists and
students of the occult, headed by Dr. Meade Layne, who had been chatting
with the space people at seances through trance mediums and Ouija boards.
They knew the space ships were coming and hardly surprised when "ghost
rockets" were reported over Europe in 1946. (5) Combined, these three
groups represented a formidable segment of the population.

On June 24, 1947, Kenneth Arnold made his famous sighting of a group of
"flying saucers" over Mt. Rainier, and in Chicago Ray Palmer watched in
astonishment as the newspaper clippings poured in from every state. The
things that he had been fabricating for his magazine were suddenly coming

For two weeks, the newspapers were filled with UFO reports. Then they
tapered off and the Forteans howled "Censorship!" and "Conspiracy!" But
dozens of magazine writers were busy compiling articles on this new
subject and their pieces would appear steadily during the next year. One
man, who had earned his living writing stories for the pulp magazines in
the 1930s, saw the situation as a chance to break into the "slicks"
(better quality magazines printed on glossy or "slick" paper). Although
he was 44 years old at the time of Pearl Harbor, he served as a Captain
in the marines until he was in a plane accident. Discharged as a Major
(it was the practice to promote officers one grade when they retired), he
was trying to resume his writing career when Ralph Daigh, an editor at
_True_ magazine, assigned him to investigate the flying saucer enigma.
Thus, at the age of 50, Donald E. Keyhhoe entered Never-Never-Land. His
article, "Flying Saucers Are Real," would cause a sensation, and Keyhoe
would become an instant UFO personality.
That same year, Palmer decided to put out an all-flying saucer issue of
_Amazing Stories_. Instead, the publisher demanded that he drop the whole
subject after, according to Palmer, two men in Air Force uniforms visited
him. Palmer decided to publish a magazine of his own. Enlisting the aid
of Curtis Fuller, editor of a flying magazine, and a few other friends,
he put out the first issue of _Fate_ in the spring of 1948. A digest-
sized magazine printed on the cheapest paper, _Fate_ was as poorly edited
as _Amazing Stories_ and had no impact on the reading public. But it was
the only newsstand periodical that carried UFO reports in every issue.
The _Amazing Stories_ readership supported the early issues

people, most of whom were clutching the latest issue of _Fate_, the
meeting quickly dissolved into a shouting match. (6) Although the flying
conspiracy and censorship already dominated the situation because of
their strong emotional appeal. The U.S. Air Force had been sullenly
silent throughout 1948 while, unbeknownst to the UFO advocates, the boys
at Wright- Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio were making a sincere effort
to untangle the mystery.

When the Air Force investigation failed to turn up any tangible evidence
(even though the investigators accepted the extraterrestrial theory)
General Hoyt Vandenburg, Chief of the Air Force and former head of the
CIA, ordered a negative report to release to the public. The result was
Project Grudge, hundreds of pages of irrelevant nonsense that was
unveiled around the time _True_ magazine printed Keyhoe's pro-UFO
article. Keyhoe took this personally, even though his article was largely
a rehash of Fort's book, and Ralph Daigh had decided to go with the
extraterrestrial hypothesis because it seemed to be the most commercially
acceptable theory (that is, it would sell magazines).

Palmer's relationship with Ziff-Davis was strained now that he was

publishing his own magazine. "When I took over from Palmer, in 1949,"
Howard Browne said, "I put an abrupt end to the Shaver Mystery -- writing
off over 7,000 dollars worth of scripts."

Moving to Amherst, Wisconsin, Palmer set up his own printing plant and
eventually he printed many of those Shaver stories in his _Hidden Worlds_
series. As it turned out, postwar inflation and the advent of television
was killing the pulp magazine market anyway. In the fall of 1949,
hundreds of pulps suddenly ceased publication, putting thousands of
writers and editors out of work. _Amazing Stories_ has often changed
hands since but is still being published, and is still paying its writers
a penny a word. (7)

For some reason known only to himself, Palmer chose not to use his name
in _Fate_. Instead, a fictitious "Robert N. Webster" was listed as editor
for many years. Palmer established another magazine, _Search_, to compete
with _Fate_. _Search_ became a catch-all for inane letters and occult
articles that failed to meet _Fate's_ low standards.
Although there was a brief revival of public and press interest in flying
saucers following the great wave of the summer of 1952, the subject
largely remained in the hands of cultists, cranks, teenagers, and
housewives who reproduced newspaper clippings in little mimeographed
journals and looked up to Palmer as their fearless leader.

In June, 1956, a major four-day symposium on UFOs was held in Washington,

D.C. It was unquestionably the most important UFO affair of the 1950s and
was attended by leading military men, government officials and
industrialists. Men like William Lear, inventor of the Lear Jet [Yup,
John "The Horrible Truth" Lear's dad -B:.B:.], and assorted generals,
admirals and former CIA heads freely discussed the UFO "problem" with the
press. Notably absent were Ray Palmer and Donal Keyhoe. One of the
results of the meetings was the founding of the National Investigation
Committee on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) by a physicist named Townsend
Brown. Although the symposium received extensive press coverage at the
time, it was subsequently censored out of UFO history by the UFO cultists
themselves -- primarily because they had not participated in it. (8)

The American public was aware of only two flying saucer personalities,
contactee George Adamski, a lovable rogue with a talent for obtaining
publicity, and Donald Keyhoe, a zealot who howled "Coverup!" and was
locked in mortal combat with Adamski for newspaper coverage. Since
Adamski was the more colorful (he had ridden a saucer to the moon), he
was usually awarded more attention. The press gave him the title of
"astronomer" (he lived in a house on Mount Palomar where a great
telescope was in operation), while Keyhoe attacked him as "the operator
of a hamburger stand." Ray Palmer tried to remain aloof of the warring
factions, so naturally, some of them turned against him.

The year 1957 was marked by several significant developments. There was
another major flying saucer wave. Townsend Brown's NICAP floundered and
Keyhoe took it over. And Ray Palmer launched a new newsstand publication
called _Flying Saucers From Other Worlds_. In the early issues he hinted
that he knew some important "secret." After tantalizing his readers for
months, he finally revealed that UFOs came from the center of the earth
and the phrase _From Other Worlds_ was dropped from the title. His
readers were variously enthralled, appalled, and galled by the

For seven years, from 1957 to 1964, ufology in the United States was in
total limbo. This was the Dark Age. Keyhoe and NICAP were buried in
Washington, vainly tilting at windmills and trying to initiate a
congressional investigation into the UFO situation. [It is therefore with
Great Thanksgiving in Our Hearts that we applaud the Fine Efforts of
CSETI's Steve Greer to carry on this proud -- albeit amusingly Quixotic -
- tradition, some four decades later. -B:.B:.]

A few hundred UFO believers clustered around Coral Lorenzen's Aerial

Phenomena Research Organization (APRO). And about 2,000 teenagers bought
_Flying Saucers_ from newsstands each month. Palmer devoted much space to
UFO clubs, information exchanges, and letters-to-the-editor. So it was
Palmer, and Palmer alone, who kept the subject alive during the Dark Age
and lured new youngsters into ufology. He published his strange books
about Deros, and ran a mail-order business selling the UFO books that had
been published after various waves of the 1950s. His partners in the
_Fate_ venture bought him out, so he was able to devote his full time to
his UFO enterprises.

Palmer had set up a system similar to sci-fi fandom, but with himself as
the nucleus. He had come a long way since his early days and the Jules
Verne Prize Club. He had been instrumental in inventing a whole system of
belief, a frame of reference -- the magical world of Shaverism and flying
saucers -- and he had set himself up as the king of that world. Once the
belief system had been set up it became self-perpetuating. The people
beleaguered by mysterious rays were joined by the wishful thinkers who
hoped that living, compassionate beings existed out there beyond the
stars. They didn't need any real evidence. The belief itself was enough
to sustain them.

When a massive new UFO wave -- the biggest one in U.S. history -- struck
in 1964 and continued unabated until 1968, APRO and NICAP were caught
unawares and unprepared to deal with renewed public interest. Palmer
increased the press run of _Flying Saucers_ and reached out to a new
audience. Then in the 1970s, a new Dark Age began. October 1973 produced
a flurry of well- publicized reports and then the doldrums set in. NICAP
strangled in its own confusion and dissolved in a puddle of apathy, along
with scores of lesser UFO organizations. Donald Keyhoe, a very elder
statesman, lives in seclusion in Virginia. Most of the hopeful contactees
and UFO investigators of the 1940s and 50s have passed away. Palmer's
_Flying Saucers_ quietly self-destructed in 1975, but he continued with
_Search_ until his death in 1977. Richard Shaver is gone but the Shaver
Mystery still has a few adherents. Yet the sad truth is that none of this
might have come about if Howard Browne hadn't scoffed at that letter in
that dingy editorial office in that faraway city so long ago.


1) Donnelly's book, Atlantis, published in 1882, set off a 50- year wave
of Atlantean hysteria around the world. Even the characters who
materialized at seances during that period claimed to be Atlanteans.

2) The author was an active sci-fi fan in the 1940s and published a
fanzine called 'Lunarite'. Here's a quote from _Lunarite_ dated October
26, 1946: "_Amazing Stories_ is still trying to convince everyone that
the BEMs in the caves run the world. And I was blaming it on the
Democrats. 'Great Gods and Little Termites' was the best tale in this ish
[issue]. But Shaver, author of the 'Land of Kui,' ought to give up
writing. He's lousy. And the editors of AS ought to join Sgt. Saturn on
the wagon and quit drinking that Xeno or the BEMs in the caves will get

I clearly remember the controversy created by the Shaver Mystery and the
great disdain with which the hardcore fans viewed it.

3) From _Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazines_ by Ron

4) It is interesting that so many victims of this type of phenomenon were
welding or operating electrical equipment such as radios, radar, etc.
when they began to hear voices.

5) The widespread "ghost rockets" of 1946 received little notice in the

U.S. press. I remember carrying a tiny clipping around in my wallet
describing mysterious rockets weaving through the mountains of
Switzerland. But that was the only "ghost rocket" report that reached me
that year.

6) I attended this meeting but my memory of it is vague after so many

years. I cannot recall who sponsored it.

7) A few of the surviving science fiction magazines now pay (gasp!) three
cents a word. But writing sci-fi still remains a sure way to starve to

8) When David Michael Jacobs wrote _The UFO Controversy in America_, a

book generally regarded as the most complete history of the UFO maze, he
chose to completely revise the history of the 1940s and 50s, carefully
excising any mention of Palmer, the 1956 symposium, and many of the other
important developments during that period.