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Question 7. Explain the factor that have helped in emergence of global economy? Ans.

Global economic integration is not a new phenomenon. Some communication and trade took place between distant civilizations even in ancient times. Since the travels of Marco Polo seven centuries ago, global economic integrationthrough trade, factor movements, and communication of economically useful knowledge and technologyhas been on a generally rising trend. Three fundamental factors have affected the process of economic globalization and are likely to continue driving it in the future. First, improvements in the technology of transportation and communication have reduced the costs of transporting goods, services, and factors of production and of communicating economically useful knowledge and technology. Second, the tastes of individuals and societies have generally, but not universally, favored taking advantage of the opportunities provided by declining costs of transportation and communication through increasing economic integration. Third, public policies have significantly influenced the character and pace of economic integration, although not always in the direction of increasing economic integration.

There are three suggested factors that accelerated economic globalization, and they are advancement of science and technology, market oriented economic reforms and finally contributions by multinational corporations.[12] A reduction of transportation and communication costs is what initiated globalization economies around the world, and this was possible mainly due to the advancement of science and technology. Ocean shipping costs half, airfreight costs 1/6th, and telecommunications costs 1% of what it did cost in the 1930s. This improvement has facilitated and encouraged international trade and investment.

Under the GATT and WTO framework, many countries have cut down their tariff and non-tariff barriers. Along with this external influence, governments within its borders have shifted its economies from central planned economies to market economies. These internal reforms have provided commonalities among different world economies and thus helped integrate as a whole multinational corporations that expand their businesses worldwide organize production and allocate resources all over the world. Not only are multinational corporations responsible for international financial transactions, but also for workforce distributions. By setting up branch offices, factories, and even outsourcing its services, MNCs are contributing to economic globalization. The invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped advance the globalization of commerce

These three fundamental factors have influenced the pattern and pace of economic integration in all of its important dimensions. In particular, this paper discusses three important dimensions of economic integration: (1) through human migration; (2) through trade in goods and services; and (3) through movements of capital and integration of financial markets. After examining how fundamental forces have influenced economic integration in these dimensions, the paper concludes with reflections on three issues of general importance to the future course of global economic integration: the importance of communication as an influence on integration; the possibility that we may see a sharp reversal in the general trend of increasing integration, as occurred in the interwar period; and the apparent end of imperialism as a mechanism of integration. Before turning to this agenda, however, it is important to emphasize a key theme that will recur in subsequent discussion: the main factors that drive the process of economic integration exert not only independent influences but also interact in important and complex ways. Although technology, tastes, and public policy each have important independent influences on the pattern and pace of economic integration in its various dimensions, they clearly interact in important ways. Improvements in the technology of transportation and communication do not occur spontaneously in

an economic vacuum. The desire of people to take advantage of what they see as the benefits of closer economic integrationthat is, the taste for the benefits of integrationis a key reason why it is profitable to make the innovations and investments that bring improvements in the technology of transportation and communication. And, public policy has often played a significant role in fostering innovation and investment in transportation and communication both to pursue the benefits of closer economic integration (within as well as across political boundaries) and for other reasons, such as national defense. The tastes that people have and develop for the potential benefits of closer economic integration are themselves partly dependent on experience that is made possible by cheaper means of transportation and communication.