Also Known As
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Calcifidiol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D)
Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)(2)D])
Formal Name
25-hydroxy-vitamin D (Calcidiol); 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D (Calcitriol)
This article was last reviewed on
This article waslast modified on 31 May 2018.
At a Glance
Why Get Tested?

To investigate a problem related to bone metabolism or parathyroid function, possible vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, before commencing specific bone treatment and to monitor some patients taking vitamin D.

When To Get Tested?

Your doctor may request a vitamin D measurement in the following situations:

  • If you are found to have an abnormal calcium, phosphate, and/or parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in the blood.
  • As part of the investigation of some forms of bone disease or muscle weakness/pain.
  • If you have disease of the gastrointestinal tract that could result in malabsorption.
  • If you are receiving certain anticonvulsant drugs.
Sample Required?

A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

None required







What is being tested?

The main role of vitamin D is to help regulate the absorption of calcium, phosphate and (to a lesser extent) magnesium from the gut. Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone; without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally, resulting in the disease called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D also plays an important role in musculoskeletal health.

There are two forms of vitamin D that can be measured in the blood - 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. 25 hydroxyvitamin D is the major form of vitamin D and is the relatively inactive component from which the active hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D is made. 25 hydroxyvitamin D is the most useful indicator of vitamin D status in individuals, and is the form most commonly measured. It is the best way of estimating vitamin D status. This is because 25 hydroxyvitamin D remains in the blood longer and is present at much higher concentrations than 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. Occasionally it may be necessary to measure 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D to find out whether the kidney is converting an appropriate amount of inactive 25-hydroxyvitamin D to the active 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamin D comes from 2 sources: It is 1) produced in the skin following exposure to sunlight (endogenous source 80%-90% of the total) and 2) ingested from foods and supplements (exogenous source 10%-20% of the total). The chemical structures of these types of vitamin D are slightly different. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is the form found in foods of vegetable origin and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the form produced in the skin and is also found in foods of animal origin. Both forms of vitamin D may be present in vitamin preparations and supplements. For most people, the majority (up to 90%) of vitamin D is formed following the action of sunlight upon the skin. Both vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 are converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and then to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D.

Some vitamin D blood tests do not distinguish D2 and D3 forms of the vitamin and the result therefore gives an indication of the total amount of vitamin D present within the bloodstream.

How is the sample collected for testing?



No test preparation is needed.

Accordion Title
Common Questions
  • How is it used?

    25-hydroxy vitamin D may be requested as part of the investigation of abnormal bone metabolism (reflected by abnormal calcium, phosphate or PTH blood test results). Guidelines from the National Osteoporosis Society (2013) recommend that 25-hydroxy vitamin D should also be measured in:

    • Patients with bone diseases that may be improved by giving vitamin D supplementation.
    • Patients with bone diseases that may need supplementation of vitamin D prior to starting a specific form of treatment. (e.g; Potent anti-osteoporotic medications such as Zoledronate, Denosumab or treating Paget’s disease with bisphosphonates)
    • Patients with musculoskeletal symptoms that may be due to vitamin D deficiency (e.g. long term wide spread pain).

    Routine monitoring of vitamin D is usually unnecessary, but may be required for patients that continue to have symptoms of vitamin D deficiency despite supplementation or poor compliance with medication is suspected. Since vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and is absorbed from the intestine like a fat, it may also need to be monitored in individuals with diseases that interfere with fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis and Crohn’s disease. It is also used to monitor people who have had gastric bypass surgery and may not be able to absorb enough vitamin D.

    Screening for vitamin D deficiency is not recommended in asymptomatic individuals.

    Routine vitamin D testing is unnecessary in patients with osteoporosis or fragility fracture, who may be co-prescribed vitamin D supplementation with an osteoporosis treatment.

  • When is it requested?

    25-hydroxyvitamin D may be requested:

    • If there is evidence of a defect in bone metabolism reflected by an abnormal calcium, phosphate or PTH concentration in the blood.
    • If a patient may need supplementation of vitamin D prior to starting a specific form of treatment for bone disease.
    • If a patient suffers from malabsorption. Malabsorption, causing vitamin D deficiency may occur in individuals following a gastric bypass or in patients with fat malabsorption such as in cystic fibrosis or Crohn’s disease.
    • If a patient that is supplemented with vitamin D continues to experience symptoms of vitamin D deficiency.

    1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D may be requested if the calcium concentration is high or the patient has a disease that might produce excess amounts of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, such as sarcoidosis or some forms of lymphoma.

  • What does the test result mean?

    The National Osteoporosis society (NOS) guidelines (UK, 2013) and the Institute of Medicine (US) classify vitamin D results as follows:

    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D of less than 30 nmol/L is deficient
    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D of 30-50 nmol/L may be inadequate in some people
    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D of greater than 50 nmol/L is sufficient for almost the whole population.

    Low blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may mean that you are not getting enough exposure to sunlight or enough vitamin D in your food to meet your body's demand or that there is a problem with its absorption from the intestines. Occasionally, drugs used to treat seizures, particularly phenytoin (epanutin), can interfere with the liver's production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

    High levels of 25- hydroxyvitamin D usually reflect excess supplementation from vitamin pills or other nutritional supplements.

    Low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can be seen in patients with kidney disease.

    High levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can be seen in patients with sarcoidosis or some lymphomas, as a result of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D being made outside of the kidneys.

  • Is there anything else I should know?

    High levels of vitamin D and calcium can lead to the calcification and damage to organs particularly the kidneys and blood vessels.


  • Who do we treat?

    According to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D result following is the treatment recommendation

    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D< 30 nmol/L: treatment recommended.
    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D30–50 nmol/L: treatment is advised in patients with the following:
      • fragility fracture
      • documented osteoporosis or high fracture risk treatment with antiresorptive medication for bone disease
      • symptoms suggestive of vitamin D deficiency
      • increased risk of developing vitamin D deficiency in the future because of reduced exposure to sunlight
      • religious/cultural dress code, dark skin, etc. raised PTH
      • medication with antiepileptic drugs or oral glucocorticoids conditions associated with malabsorption.
    • 25-hydroxyvitamin D> 50 nmol/L: provide reassurance and give advice on maintaining adequate vitamin D levels through safe sunlight exposure and diet
  • How much vitamin D should I be getting each day?

    The European Union has set a Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of 5 micrograms for food labelling purposes. The UK Department of Health, Public Health England incorporating Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition now recommends vitamin D supplementation to prevent vitamin D deficiency in all children, young people and adult living in the UK including those at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. The recommendation is to take a daily vitamin D supplement throughout the year including winter months. The following are specific recommendations:

    • For children and young people aged 1 year and older, a supplement containing 400 international units (IU [10 micrograms]) of vitamin D.
    • For children aged 0 to 1 year (including exclusively and partially breast fed infants, from birth), a supplement containing 8.5-10 micrograms (340-400 IU) of vitamin D.
    • All adults including people at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, a daily supplement containing 400 international units (IU [10 micrograms]) of vitamin D.
  • Is fortifying milk and cereals with vitamin D a good practice?

    Yes. The amount of vitamin D produced by the body may be insufficient, especially when there is limited exposure to sunlight. Since dietary vitamin D is found naturally only in a few foods, such as cod liver oil, oily fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines) red meat, liver and egg yolk;dietary intake may not be sufficient for most people. In the UK vitamin D is added to many fortified cereals and infant preparations and, by law, to margarine (fat spreads). Vitamin D was originally added to margarine to reduce rickets and osteomalacia in some parts of the UK (as butter is a source of these nutrients and margarine is often used instead of butter). Most vitamin D (up to 90%) is obtained from the action of sunlight on the skin, but some groups of people have less exposure to sunlight, e.g. some children and older people, particularly if they live in the northern part of the UK, or amongst people who habitually cover most of their skin surfaces for cultural or religious reasons.

  • Can I get my vitamin D from yogurt and cheese?

    Unlike some countries, milk is not routinely fortified with vitamin D in the UK but in general, dairy products do contain some vitamin D.

  • Are there other uses for vitamin D?

    Yes, there is a topical form of vitamin D cream that is used to treat psoriasis.

  • Is vitamin D a necessary component of calcium supplements?

    Since absorption of calcium is dependent on vitamin D, many manufacturers of calcium supplements add vitamin D to assure optimal calcium uptake. If you have adequate amounts of vitamin D from other sources the additional vitamin D is not necessary. The amount of vitamin D in these tablets is not likely to lead to excess vitamin D or be harmful either.

  • Who are the adult groups at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency?
    • All pregnant and breastfeeding women, especially teenagers and young women
    • Older people, aged 65 years and over
    • People who have low or no exposure to the sun, for example those who cover their skin for cultural reasons, who are housebound or who are confined indoors for long periods

    Vitamin D3 is recommended as the vitamin D preparation of choice. Route of administration is oral.