Soviet Lessons from Afghanistan


Published: February 4, 2010

Cross Post from The New York Times

Afghanistan is in turmoil, with tensions rising and people dying every day. Many of them — including women, children and the elderly — have nothing in common with terrorists or militants.

The government is losing control of its territory: of the 34 provinces, the Taliban controls a dozen. The production and export of narcotics is growing. There is a real danger of destabilization extending to neighboring countries, including the republics of Central Asia as well as Pakistan.

What began after Sept. 11, 2001, as a seemingly appropriate military response aimed at rooting out terrorism could end in a major strategic failure.

We need to understand why this is happening and what can still be done to turn around a nearly disastrous situation. The recent conference in London, attended by representatives from many countries and international organizations, is a first step in a new direction.

After diligent preparations, delegates to the London meeting adopted decisions that could help to turn things around — but only if the experience of the past three decades is reassessed and its lessons learned.

In 1979, the Soviet leadership sent troops to Afghanistan, justifying that move not just by the desire to help friendly elements there but also by the need to stabilize a neighboring country. The greatest mistake was failing to understand Afghanistan’s complexity — its patchwork of ethnic groups, clans and tribes, its unique traditions and minimal governance.

The result was the opposite of what we had intended: even greater instability, a war with thousands of victims and dangerous consequences for our own country. On top of it, the West, particularly the United States, kept fueling the fire in the spirit of the Cold War; it remained ready to support just about anyone against the Soviet Union, giving no thought to possible long-term consequences.

As part of perestroika in the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leadership drew conclusions from our troubles in Afghanistan. We made two crucial decisions. First, we set the goal of withdrawing our troops. Second, we intended to work with all parties in the conflict and with the governments involved to achieve national reconciliation in Afghanistan and make it a peaceful and neutral country that threatened no one.

Looking back, I still believe that it was a proper and responsible two-track course. I am sure that if we had fully succeeded, many troubles and disasters could have been avoided. Our new policy was not just a declaration; during my tenure, we worked hard and in good faith to implement it.

To succeed, we needed sincere and responsible cooperation from all sides. The Afghan government was ready to compromise and went more than halfway to achieve reconciliation. In a number of regions, things started to improve.

However, Pakistan, particularly its top brass, and the United States blocked all avenues to progress. They wanted one thing: the withdrawal of Soviet troops, which they thought would leave them in full control. By denying Afghan President Mohammad Najibullah’s government even minimal support, Boris Yeltsin played into their hands when he took office.

During the 1990’s, the world seemed indifferent to Afghanistan. In that decade the country’s government fell into the hands of the Taliban, who turned Afghanistan into a haven for Islamic fundamentalists and an incubator of terrorism.

Sept. 11 was a rude awakening for Western leaders. Even then, however, the West made a decision that was not carefully thought through and therefore proved flawed.

After ousting the Taliban government, the United States thought that the military victory, achieved at little cost, was final and had basically solved the long-term problem.

The initial success was probably one reason why the Americans expected a “cakewalk” in Iraq, taking a fatal step in a militaristic strategy there as well. In the meantime, they built a democratic façade in Afghanistan, to be guarded by the International Security Assistance Force — i.e., NATO troops. Increasingly, NATO sought to assume the role of a global policeman.

The rest is history. The military path in Afghanistan turned out to be less and less sustainable. That was an open secret; even the U.S. ambassador, in recently disclosed cables, said so.

I have been asked several times in recent months what I would recommend to President Obama, who inherited this mess from his predecessor. My answer has been the same each time: a political solution and troop withdrawal. That requires a strategy of national reconciliation.

Now, at long last, a strategy very similar to the one we offered more than two decades ago and that our partners rebuffed was presented at the London meeting: reconciliation, involving all more or less reasonable elements in reconstruction, and emphasizing a political rather than a military solution.

The United Nations envoy to Afghanistan said in a recent interview that what’s needed is demilitarization of the entire strategy in Afghanistan. What a shame this wasn’t said, and done, long before!

The chances of success — success rather than military “victory” — are at best 50-50. There have been some contacts with certain elements within the Taliban. Still more needs to be done to bring Iran into the process; a lot of hard work remains to be done with the Pakistanis.

Russia could become an important part of the Afghan settlement process. The West should appreciate the position Russia’s leaders are taking on Afghanistan. Far from gloating and letting the West bite the bullet while we wash our hands of the whole thing, Russia is ready to cooperate with the West because it understands that it is in its own best interests to counter the threats coming from Afghanistan.

Russia is right in asking why, during the years of U.S. and NATO military presence in Afghanistan, little or nothing has been done to stem the production of narcotics, large amounts of which flow to Russia through its neighbors’ porous borders. Russia is also right to demand access to economic opportunities in Afghanistan, including the reconstruction of dozens of projects built with our help and then destroyed during the 1990s.

Russia is Afghanistan’s neighbor, and its interests must be taken into account. The logic seems self-evident, but sometimes a reminder is in order.

I would like to hope that a new day is dawning for long-suffering Afghanistan, a ray of hope for its millions of people. The opportunity is there, but much is needed to seize it: realism, persistence and, last but not least, honesty in learning from the mistakes made in the past and the ability to act on that knowledge.



Filed under Afghanistan, Al Qaeda, Army, Imperialism, Obama, Pakistan, Taliban, Terrorism, USA

6 responses to “Soviet Lessons from Afghanistan

  1. Junaid

    A very thought provoking article from Gorbachev.

  2. Mustafa Shaban

    Nice article from Gorbachov, he made some good points.

  3. Midfield Dynamo

    Politics aside when poverty takes the form prevalent in Afghanistan, the aspect of economy becomes paramount, of which at present narcotics is the backbone. The nomadic nature of its people lends itself to smooth production and distribution methods of their merchandise. Hashish and opium have been part of their culture traders have resorted to quench regional and global demand from here. Like alcohol in the western nations Afghanistan has mastered the art of responsible drug use, its export will die of its own accord should the demand stop or with stricter border control, so this problem must be tackled under a seperate heading.
    We can infer from this that they are good transporters of merchandise, as long as it brings in the money. They will smoke hash, eat opium or even stay sober and drive, ride or walk over treacherous mountains, adverse weather conditions to supply their goods as contracted.
    Pakistan’s ports in the Arabian Sea are the shortest conduit to the trans-siberian rail road, the only obstacle is stability in Afghanistan.
    In the 1990s Iran was fueling instability for multifarious reasons, prime amongst them was its monopoly on the road to CAS from Bundar Abbas, Pakistan employed the taliban to correct the situation, but myopic power brokers decided to impede the progress through the Northern Alliance.
    When the US forces arrived in Afghanistan with aircraft ship battle groups, laden with fighter jets and nuclear missiles, the taliban leader was last seen pillion riding a motorcycle on a dirt track. It shows the disparity of strength and even more so of strategy and tactics.
    The aim of destroying Islamic extremism in Afghanistan is wrong, killing them indiscriminately is wrong, they have a tradition of carrying blood feuds for generations, they should be given the right to freedom and establish a dialogue, in order to pave the way for their employment for a reasonable compensation in an area of their natural excellence.

  4. bushra naqi

    This article is a disclosure on the myopic view with which Afghanistan’s chaotic situation has been seen by its neighbors. Each of the players, Pakistan, India, Russia and Iran, have harbored their own vested interests and played their games strategically with covert interference. None of them have been able to help them out. Now all four need to back out in terms of their strategic interests and can only offer some help in reconstructing this ravaged country.

    When the US withdraws its troops after setting up a national government of reconciliation, incorporating all the ethnic groups, the task of governance should be left entirely to the Afghans.
    The neighboring countries should stop eyeing for a hand in the pie for they can never heal the wounds of this torn country.


  5. Midfield Dynamo

    A broad based government in Kabul would be ideal, but the previous experiment failed and I suspect any future attempts would also be doomed to failure, unless there is a cogent direction for the people of Afghanistan to follow and this has to be articulated by its neighbors through exchange of culture and trade.

  6. rex minor

    Now Gorbi is talking. After Perestroika debacle of surrender against the imperialist America, he is asking to prtotect Russian’s interest. Sitting cosily in his German residence he has even lost his overview of the Geography. Soviet Union the Afghanistan neighbour no longer exists. Russia is not the neighbour of Afghanistan any longer.
    My advise to him would be to go over to the Baden Baden Casino, have a glass of vodka and try his luck with Black Jack. Remember you are a unique ruler in history, having lost a war agaist America without even fighting it. How could a leader like you could have defeated the Afghans?
    Today, Russia is in strong hands and according to American experts, still able to destroy eighty million Americans in six hours of nuclear rockets onslaught against American Cities.

    Mr Gorbachev, you have played your part and said your piece, now enjoy your retirement in Germany. The current Russian leaders are going to look after the interests of their country and I believe, would not tolerate your presence in Russia. With regard to Afghanistan, the country did manage to get rid of your military and is still in a position to expell the current intruders from their land.
    Mr Gorbachev you have the experience, the Afghans do not believe in reconciliation. Only the stronger is going to survive, this has been their credo in history and this is what the world is again going to witness again. Many highlanders from Scotland have learnt this from the Pashtoons and have tried it in the Pashtoon land time and time again unsuccessfully. Today we have a new highlander from the US, whose scottish ancestors are buried in the desert of Afghanistan, to try the 19th century recipe of dividing taliban Pashtoons. Mr Brown and Mr Obama fully support this strategy and as a student of history I am looking forward to read the next chapter.