From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Bretagne / Breizh / Bertaèyn
Historical province
Flag of Brittany
Coat of arms of Brittany
Coat of arms
Motto: None (de jure)
Historical: Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret
Rather death than dishonour
Anthem: None (de jure)
De facto "Bro Gozh ma Zadoù"
Old Land of Our Fathers
Localisation Duché de Bretagne.svg
Country  France
Largest settlements
 • Total 34,023 km2 (13,136 sq mi)
Population (2012)
 • Total 4,550,418
Demonym(s) Bretons
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166 code FR-E



At the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the Loire-Atlantique department. In 2012, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (897,713 inhabitants), Rennes (690,467 inhabitants), and Brest (314,844 inhabitants).[2] Brittany is the traditional homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations,[3][4][5][6] retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic.[7]


The word "Brittany", along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents "Bretagne", "Breizh" and "Bertaèyn", derive from the Latin Britannia, which means "Britons' land". This word has been used by the Romans since the 1st century to name Great Britain, and more specifically the Roman province of Britain. This word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη (Prettanike) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaniai), used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Islands around 320 BC.

The Romans called Brittany Armorica, together with a quite indefinite region that extended along the Channel coast from the Seine estuary to the Loire estuary, and according to several sources, maybe along the Atlantic coast to the Garonne estuary. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which means "close to the sea".[8] Another name, Letauia (in English "Litavis"), was used until the 12th century. It possibly means "wide and flat" or "to expand" and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany: Llydaw.[9]

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many Britons settled in the Western part of Armorica, and the region started to be called Brittania, although this name only replaced Armorica in the sixth century or perhaps by the end of the fifth.[10] Later, authors like Geoffrey of Monmouth used the terms Britannia minor and Britannia major to distinguish Brittany from Britain.

Breton speaking people may pronounce the word "Breizh" in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two main dialects: the KLT (Kerne-Leon-Tregor) and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it [brɛjs] and would write it "Breiz", while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it [brɛχ] and would write it "Breih". The official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called "Breton zh", a standard which has never been widely accepted.[1] On its side, Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written "Bertaèyn" in ELG script, or "Bertègn" in MOGA, and a couple of other scripts also exist.[11]


Prehistoric origins




Gallic era

The five Gallic tribes of Brittany.



Those people had strong economic ties to the Insular Celts, especially for the tin trade. Several tribes also belonged to an "Armorican confederation" which, according to Julius Caesar, gathered the Curiosolitae, the Redones, the Osismii, the Unelli, the Caletes, the Lemovices and the Ambibarii.[16] The last four peoples mentioned by J. Caesar were respectively located in Cotentin (Lower-Normandy), pays de Caux (Upper-Normandy), Limousin (Aquitany) and the location of the Ambibarii is unknown. The Caletes are sometimes also considered as Belgians and ″Lemovices″ is probably a mistake for ″Lexovii″ (Lower-Normandy).

Gallo-Roman era

The temple of Mars in Corseul.



A French map of the traditional regions of Brittany in Ancien Régime France. The earlier state of Domnonia or Domnonée that united Brittany comprised the counties along the north coast.

Immigration of Britons

Toward the end of the 4th century, the Britons of what is now Wales and the South-Western peninsula of England began to emigrate to Armorica. The history behind such an establishment is unclear, but medieval Breton, Angevin and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as Conan Meriadoc. Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica on the orders of the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus,[lower-alpha 1] who sent some of his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica. This account was supported by the Counts of Anjou, who claimed descent from a Roman soldier[lower-alpha 2] expelled from Lower Brittany by Conan on Magnus's orders. Regardless of the truth of this story, Brythonic (British Celtic) settlement probably increased during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. Scholars such as Léon Fleuriot have suggested a two-wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the Brythonic Breton language in Armorica.[18] Their petty kingdoms are now known by the names of the French counties that succeeded them—Domnonée (Devon), Cornouaille (Cornwall), Léon (Caerleon); but these names in Breton and Latin are in most cases identical to their British homelands. (In Breton and French, however, Gwened or Vannetais continued the name of the indigenous Veneti.) Although the details remain confused, these colonies consisted of related and intermarried dynasties which repeatedly unified (as by the 7th-century Saint Judicaël) before splintering again according to Celtic inheritance practices. The area was finally consolidated in the 840s under Nominoe in resistance to Frankish control.[19] Among the immigrant Britons, there were some clergymen who helped the evangelisation of the region, which was still pagan, particularly in rural areas.


Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The army recruited for Flavius Aetius to combat Attila the Hun included Romans, Visigoths, Franks, Alans and Armoricans, amongst others. The Alans were placed front and centre, opposite the Huns. The Armoricans supplied archers who attacked the Huns' front lines during the main battle and thwarted Attila's night assault on the Roman camp with a hail of arrows "like rain". After the battle was won, Aetius sent the Alans to Armorica and Galicia.


The late 5th century Armorican Breton leader Riotham received correspondence from the eminent Roman jurist Sidonius Apollinaris and was called "King of the Britons" by Jordanes. Both historians describe Riothamus's losing battle against King Euric of the Visigoths at Déols around the year 470. In response to a plea from the Roman Emperor Anthemius, Riothamus had led twelve thousand men to establish a military presence in Bourges in central Gaul, but was betrayed by Arvandus, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, and subsequently ambushed by Euric's army.[lower-alpha 3] After a long battle, the Armorican surivivors escaped to Avallon in Burgundy, after which they are lost to history. According to Breton king-lists, Riotham survived and reigned as Prince of Domnonia until his death sometime between 500 and 520.

Middle Ages

A 1922 nationalist engraving of Nominoe, first duke of Brittany.


Brittany was heavily attacked by the Vikings at the beginning of the 10th century. The kingdom lost its eastern territories, including Normandy and Anjou, and the county of Nantes was given to Fulk I of Anjou in 909. However, Nantes was seized by the Vikings in 914, and was eventually liberated by Alan II of Brittany in 937 with the support of his god-brother King Æthelstan of England. Alan II totally expelled the Vikings from Brittany and recreated a strong Breton state. He paid homage to Louis IV of France (who was Æthelstan's nephew and had returned from England in the same year as Alan II) and thus Brittany ceased to be a kingdom and became a duchy.


Several Breton lords helped William the Conqueror to invade England and received large estates there (e.g. William's double-second cousin Alan Rufus and the latter's brother Brian of Brittany). Some of these lords were powerful rivals. Medieval Brittany was far from being a united nation. The French king maintained envoys in Brittany, alliances contracted by local lords often overlapped and there was no specific Breton consciousness. For example, Brittany replaced Latin with French as its official language in the 13th century, 300 years before France did so itself, and the Breton language never had any formal status. The foreign policy of the duchy changed many times; the dukes were usually independent but they often contracted alliances with England or France. Their support for each nation became very important during the 14th century, because the English kings then started to claim the French throne.

The Breton War of Succession, a local episode of the Hundred Years War, saw the House of Blois, backed by the French, fighting with the House of Montfort, backed by the English. The Montforts won in 1364 and enjoyed a period of total independence until the end of the Hundred Years' War, because France was weakened and stopped sending royal envoys to the Court of Brittany. English diplomatic failures led to the Breton cavalry commanders Arthur, Comte de Richemont (later to become Arthur III, Duke of Brittany) and his nephew Peter II, Duke of Brittany playing key roles on the French side during the deciding stages of the War (the Battle of Patay, the Treaty of Arras (1435), the Battle of Formigny and the Battle of Castillon). However, Brittany lost the Mad War against France in 1488, mostly because of its internal divisions which were exacerbated by the corruption at the court of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Indeed, some Breton lords were fighting on the French side.

Union with the French Crown and modern period

After the Mad War, the duke Francis II could not marry off his daughter Anne without the King of France's consent. Nonetheless, she married the Holy Roman Emperor in 1490, but this led to a severe crisis with France. Charles VIII of France besieged Rennes and had the marriage cancelled. He eventually married Anne of Brittany. After he died childless, the duchess had to marry his heir and cousin Louis XII. Anne unsuccessfully tried to preserve Breton independence, but she died in 1514 and the union between the two crowns was formally carried out by Francis I in 1532. He granted several privileges to Brittany, such as exemption from the gabelle, a tax on salt which was very unpopular in France.[22] Under the Ancien Régime, Brittany and France were governed as separate countries under the same crown, so Breton aristocrats in the French royal court were classed as Princes étrangers (foreign princes).



Many Bretons crossed the Atlantic to support the American War of Independence.[24] These included many sailors such as Armand de Kersaint and soldiers such as Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie.

Since 1789




A Royal Air Force attack on Saint-Malo in 1942.


The Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978 deeply marked Breton people.


Brittany lost 240,000 men during the First World War.[28] The Second World War was also catastrophic for the region. It was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940 and freed after Operation Cobra in August 1944. However, the areas around Saint-Nazaire and Lorient only surrendered the 10 and 11 May 1945, several days after the German capitulation. The two towns had been virtually destroyed by Allied air raids, like Brest and Saint-Malo, and other towns, such as Nantes and Rennes, had also suffered.


Government and politics

Traditional subdivisions



Capital cities




Present subdivisions





The reunification question





Political tendencies


Geography and natural history




A bog around the Monts d'Arrée.










Flora and fauna



A variety of seabirds can be seen close to the seaside, which is home to colonies of cormorants, gulls, razorbills, northern gannets, common murres and Atlantic puffins. Most of these birds breed on isolated islands and rocks and thus are hard to observe. The inland is home to common European species: pheasants, swallows, woodcocks, common swifts, partridges...[35]


Among the invertebrates, Brittany is notably home to the escargot de Quimper, the freshwater pearl mussel and the white-clawed crayfish.[37] The larger Breton mammals died out during the modern period, including the wolf. Today, mammals of note include roe deer, wild boar, foxes, hares and several species of bat.[38]










Although relatively new, the Breton industry has been constantly growing since 1980. Food processing (meat, vegetables...) represents a third of the industrial jobs, but other activities are also important for the local economy. Shipbuilding, both commercial and military, is implanted in Saint-Nazaire (Chantiers de l'Atlantique), Lorient and Brest; Airbus has plants in Saint-Nazaire and Nantes; and Peugeot has a large factory in Rennes. Brittany is the second French region for telecommunication and the fifth for electronics, two activities mainly developed in Rennes, Lannion and Brest. Tourism is particularly important for the seacoast and Brittany is one of the most visited regions in France.[44]

The unemployment rate in Brittany is lower than in other French regions and it is usually around 6 or 7% of the active population.[45] Because of the global financial crisis started in 2007, unemployment has arisen to 8.7% in the Region Brittany and 8.4% in Loire-Atlantique in late 2012. However, these results remain under the French national rate (9.9% at the same period).[46][47] Some activities, such as construction, industry, catering or transport, usually have difficulties to find employees.[45]






Brittany do not have a strong share of foreign residents. Together with naturalised French people, they form approximately 2% of the total population. They mainly come from European countries such as the United Kingdom, Portugal and Spain, from former French colonies like Morocco, Algeria, Vietnam, Ivory Coast or Senegal, and from Turkey.[56] Brittany is the region of France that has the smallest proportion of immigrants.

Regional identity



51.9% of the poll respondents agreed that Brittany should have more political power, and 31.1% thought that it should stay the same. Only 4.6% favoured independence, and 9.4% did not know what to think.[57]

A 2012 poll taken in the five departments of historical Brittany showed that 48% of the respondents considered themselves belonging first to France, 37% to Brittany, and 10% to Europe. It also showed that Breton identity is stronger among people younger than 35. 53% of them considering themselves to belong first to Brittany. 50% of the older respondents considered themselves belonging first to France. Primary Breton identity is at its lowest among the respondents over 65: 58% consider themselves to belong first to France, with European identify secondary. 21% of the respondents over 65 considering themselves to be European first. Breton identify is stronger among people who vote left-wing. It is stronger among employees than employers.[58]

Regional languages















The Gallo speaking community is estimated between 28,300[62] and 200,000[61] locutors. The language is taught on a non-compulsory basis in some schools, high-schools and universities, particularly in Ille-et-Vilaine.[61]





A chapel and a calvary in Locronan, Finistère.


A sculpted Ankou in Ploudiry.








A traditional house in Plougoumelen.


An Art Deco villa in Bénodet.




Fine arts

The Beautiful Angèle by Paul Gauguin.








Legends and literature

The singer-songwriter Théodore Botrel dressed in traditional Breton costume.




The Asterix comics, set during the time of Julius Caesar and written in the second half of the twentieth century, are set in Amorica, now Brittany.






The Götheborg at the Brest tall ship meeting in 2012.


The Breton culture is highlighted during the Fête de la Bretagne, which occurs in many places around Saint-Yves's day (19 May), and during the Festival de Cornouaille in Quimper. Several towns also organise historical re-enactments and events celebrating local traditions, such as the Filets Bleus in Concarneau which celebrates fishing.



Football, cycling and sailing are the three most popular sports in Brittany. Major football teams are the FC Nantes, the Stade Rennais F.C., the FC Lorient, the Stade Brestois 29 the Vannes OC and the En Avant de Guingamp. Professional footballers coming from the region also form the Brittany national football team which sometimes plays with national teams.





Galettes served with eggs and sausages.

Although Muscadet and Gros Plant white wines are produced south of the Loire, the traditional drink of Brittany is cider. Brittany is the second-largest cider-producing region in France.[66] Breton cider is traditionally served in a bowl or a cup. Brittany also has a long beer-brewing tradition, tracing its roots back to the 17th century. Young artisanal brewers are keeping a variety of beer types alive,[67] such as Coreff de Morlaix, Tri Martolod and Britt. Stronger alcohols include the chouchen, a sort of mead made with wild honey, and an apple eau de vie called lambig.

Crêpes and galettes are the two most iconic Breton dishes. The crêpes, made and served with butter, are eaten for dessert and the galettes are usually salty and made with buckwheat. They traditionally replaced bread as basic food and they can be served with cheese, sausages, bacon, mushrooms or eggs. They can be accompanied by Breton buttermilk called lait ribot. Brittany also has a dish similar to the pot-au-feu known as the kig ha farz, which consists of stewed pork or beef with buckwheat dumplings.




An old road sign on the Route Nationale 786 in Tréveneuc.

Until the 1970s, the Breton road network was poor because maritime and rail transport prevailed. The French president Charles de Gaulle implemented a major road construction plan in the 1970 and Brittany received over 10 billion francs of investments during 25 years.[68] More than 10,000 km of motorways were built, permitting Breton road transport to multiply by four. The Breton motorways are not toll roads, contrarily to the usual French highways.[69][70]




The Morlaix railway viaduct is one of the highest in France.



The Brittany Ferries MS Bretagne off Saint-Malo.



There are ferry services that take passengers, vehicles and freight to Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands. The main companies are Brittany Ferries which operates lines between Plymouth and Roscoff, Portsmouth and Saint-Malo, and Roscoff and Cork. Irish Ferries operates the route Rosslare-Roscoff and Condor Ferries link Saint-Malo with Jersey.


Cycling has always been one of the main sports of Brittany, but leisure cycling and the infrastructure to support it have been growing extremely rapidly. An extensive network of cyclepaths and recommended cycleroutes has opened up all over the region. Some of these are routes using mainly smaller roads and both signposted and maintained by communes individually, but many are based on dedicated cyclepaths often formed by converting disused railway tracks. These help form routes such as 'Vélodyssée' from Roscoff to Nantes and several major routes under the 'V' label (following signs V1, V2 etc.).[71] The old tow-path of the Nantes-Brest canal is now open to cyclists along its entire 385 km length though in places (unlike rail-based cyclepaths) it is very meandering and leaving the path will both shorten the distance and provide variety[72]

As a general rule cyclists are very well respected in the region and many larger towns have cycle-lanes - however traffic is 'cycle friendly' even in their absence.


The modern flag of Brittany.


The ermine was the badge of several dukes of Brittany.



Colloquial Breton emblems include the Celtic triskelion, the menhirs and dolmens, local dishes such as the galettes, the Bigouden headdress and the traditional black round hat, the fisherman and his yellow raincoat, etc. BZH is a common abbreviation for "Breizh" ("Brittany" in Breton) and people often put BZH stickers on their car-plates, although it is forbidden under French laws.[75] .bzh is an approved Internet top level domain for the Breton culture and languages.[76][77]

Image gallery

See also


  1. Magnus Maximus was a native of Galicia in Spain, being born on the estate of Count Theodosius.
  2. Presumably this soldier was in the employ of Gratian.
  3. The Visigoths' version of events was that they had saved the Roman empire from a British invasion.
  4. Brittany was proverbially wealthy throughout much of its history: it prospered from trade before and during Roman rule, mid-ninth century legal documents reveal peasant landowners suing lords for trespass. The House of Penthièvre was wealthy, Breton dowries raised impoverished nobles such as Jean II de Brosse to riches, and Duchess Anne's fortune contributed to the French Renaissance, to palaces such as Fontainebleau and to the Châteaux of the Loire Valley


  1. 1.0 1.1 Henriette Walter (2013). L'aventure des langues en Occident: Leur origine, leur histoire, leur géographie. Robert Laffont. p. 113.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. INSEE (ed.). "Les 60 premières aires urbaines métropolitaines en 2012".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. "The Celtic League". The Celtic League. Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. "Festival Interceltique de Lorient 2010". Festival Interceltique de Lorient. Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. "Official website of the French Government Tourist Office: Brittany". Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. The Celtic connection. Google Books. 30 March 1986. ISBN 9780861402489. Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. Sharif Gemie (2007). Brittany 1750-1950 - The Invisible Nation. University of Wales Press.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. Pierre-Yves Lambert (1997). La Langue Gauloise. p. 34.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  9. Léon Fleuriot (1980). Les Origines de la Bretagne. Payot. pp. 53–54.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. Léon Fleuriot (1980). Les Origines de la Bretagne. Payot. pp. 52–53.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. Fabien Lecuyer (23 April 2013). "Bertaèyn Galeizz change de nom. Un évènement pas si anodin". 7seizh.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. Nathalie Molines and Jean-Laurent Monnier (1993). Le " Colombanien ": un faciès régional du Paléolithique inférieur sur le littoral armoricano-atlantique. 90. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. p. 284.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. 14.0 14.1 Venceslas Kruta (2000). Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire. Robert Laffont. p. 427. ISBN 2-7028-6261-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  15. Giot (P. R), Briard (J.) and Pape (L.) (1995). Protohistoire de la Bretagne. Ouest-France Université. p. 370.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. Julius Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico. VII. p. 75.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. 17.0 17.1 Université de Rennes II (ed.). "Archéologie classique". Retrieved 26 February 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration, Paris, Payot, 1980.
  20. Christian Y. M. Kerboul. Les Royaumes brittoniques au très haut Moyen Âge. Éditions du Pontig/Coop Breizh. pp. 80–143. ISBN 2-9510310-3-3.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. Joël Cornette (2005). Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons. Seuil. ISBN 2-02-054890-9.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. Constance De La Warr, A Twice Crowned Queen: Anne of Brittany, Peter Owen, 2005
  24. "Breton American History". Retrieved 26 February 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. "Rennes, guide histoire" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l ... – Google Books. Google Books. 19 June 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. Jean Markale and Patrice Pellerin (1994). Une histoire de la Bretagne. Éditions Ouest France. p. 46. ISBN 2-7373-1516-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella (2011). Atlas de Bretagne – Atlas Breizh. Coop Breizh. p. 100. ISBN 978-2-84346-496-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30., ed. (20 December 2011). "Bretagne, la guerre des frontières".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. Rue89, ed. (4 April 2012). "La Bretagne, terre de résistance à l'extrême droite".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  32. Plouméour-Ménez (ed.). "Le Roc'h RUZ , point culminant de la Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. 33.0 33.1 Emmanuèle Savelli. Portail de l'information environementale en Bretagne, ed. "L'histoire géologique de la Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. Données des stations françaises
  35. Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). "Les oiseaux marins : des falaises, des îlots, des embruns et des plumes".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). "Les mammifères semi-aquatiques".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  37. Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). "Que sait-on des invertébrés continentaux en Bretagne ?".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). "Les mammifères".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  39. Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2006). "Les plantes à fleur menacées en Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  40. «La Lente Mise en Place des Universités Bretonnes», Science Ouest N°93
  41. ICBL information about Breton at
  42. (French) Diwan FAQ, #6.
  43. Ouest-France, ed. (14 May 2011). "En Bretagne, l'enseignement privé se rebiffe".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. 44.0 44.1 "L'économie bretonne|éditor=Region Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  45. 45.0 45.1 Priscilla Franken. Vocatis, ed. "La Bretagne a un taux de chômage faible, mais qui ne profite pas assez aux seniors".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  46. INSEE, ed. (11 January 2013). "Taux de chômage".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  47. Pays de la Loire (ed.). "Taux de chômage trimestriel".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  48. Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Bretagne (ed.). "Richesse – PIB Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  49. Linternaute villes (ed.). "Loire-Atlantique – Pays De Loire (44)".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  50. INSEE (ed.). "Évolution de la population totale au 1er janvier 2012 – Pays de la Loire".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  51. INSEE (ed.). "Évolution de la population totale au 1er janvier 2012 – Bretagne".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  52. Ouest-France (ed.). "La bonne santé de la démographie bretonne|date3 January 2011".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  53. (ed.). "La démographie de la Bretagne depuis 1851".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  54. INSEE (ed.). "Démographie – Population sans doubles comptes au recensement : Loire-Atlantique (série rétropolée 1851–1962) – série arrêtée".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  55. Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Bretagne (ed.). "Données thématiques".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  56. Insee Bretagne – Atlas des immigrés en Bretagne
  57. 57.0 57.1 Sondage CNRS, TMO-Ouest. Résultats commentés dans Ouest-France, 14-05.2009, page 7.
  58. Ifop and Bretons, ed. (18 December 2012). "Les Bretons, les habitants de Loire-Atlantique et la question régionale" (PDF).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  59. Fañch Broudic, 2009. Parler Breton au XXIe siècle – Le nouveau sondage de TMO-Régions. (including data from 2007: 172,000 speakers in Lower Brittany; slightly under 200,000 in whole Brittany; 206,000 including students in bilingual education)
  60. (French) Données clés sur Breton, Ofis ar Brezhoneg
  61. 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 André Le Coq & Philippe Blanchet (2005). Centre de Recherche sur la DiversitéLinguistique de la Francophonie, ed. "Pratiques et représentations de la langue et de la culture régionales en Haute Bretagne" (PDF).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  62. INSEE (ed.). "Langue bretonne et autres langues : pratique et transmission" (PDF).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  65. Ifop, ed. (December 2006). "Éléments d'analyse géographique de l'implantation des religions en France" (PDF).<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  66. "Le Cidre – Mediaoueg , Ar Vediaoueg – La Médiathèque". Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  67. "bierbreizh – Accueil". Retrieved 3 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  68. Plan routier Breton (2)
  69. Plan routier Breton (3)
  70. Plan routier Breton (4)
  73. Francis Favereau, Bretagne contemporaine – Culture, langue, identité? page 210, Skol Vreizh, Morlaix, 2005, ISBN 2-911447-72-7.
  75. L'arrêté du 7 juin 1967

External links
