Brain and Behaviours in Early Life

Autism Policies

A series of studies will track how the brains of babies with an increased likelihood of autism develop from before birth and into early childhood.

The research will give a unique insight into how subtle differences in brain structure and activity may influence an infant’s behaviours and likelihood of developing autistic traits, such as social difficulties and repetitive behaviours. Identifying which infants may develop these traits later in childhood would allow support, such as play-based therapy, to begin earlier than is possible today and at a point when the brain may be most amenable to change.  

The first study will scan babies’ brains during the third trimester of pregnancy (around 34 weeks), and the second shortly after birth. Both studies will be led by King’s College London. The third study will track the infants until they are two years old, using further brain scans at around six months (led by King’s College London) and measures of their genetics and how they think and behave (led by Birkbeck College, London). Families will visit the study centre four to five times during the two years of the third study. 

Research Techniques

All three studies will take detailed, three-dimensional images of the brain’s structure using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This method is safe and used routinely in healthcare and medical research. For new-born babies, it will involve falling asleep naturally on a bed that is moved gently inside the scanner. The images will give a close-up view of the brain’s size and structure, and of the wire-like connections that transmit information between different brain regions. The strength of these ‘wires’ and the patterns of activity across them are crucial to how we think and perceive the world around us.

In the third study, brain activity will also be measured with a technique called electroencephalography (EEG). This involves placing small sensors on the infants head to record the electrical activity that their brains produce naturally. The sensors record but do not emit electricity and are painless. Infants can sit on their parent’s lap or play with toys during the recording. In a separate part of this study, researchers will also track the infant’s eye movements to show what they choose to look at most. One possibility being investigated is that infants who go onto develop autism pay more attention to objects than to people or pictures of faces in very early childhood.

These measures of brain and eye activity will be analysed together with observations of the infants’ behaviours, in order to learn about their temperament, language skills and ability to move. It is thought that an infant’s early behaviours affect their ability to learn, which in turn affects their future behaviours, in a continual and cascading pattern. The idea that a person’s behaviour is the result of both their genetics and environment is called their “phenotype”, which is an observable characteristic or trait. The official name of this study, the third in the series, is PHENOCADES, which is a combination of the words phenotype and cascades.

Genetics and Development

There are many thousands of genes that together orchestrate brain development. Variations in any of these genes may subtly affect an individual’s likelihood to develop autism. This could explain why infants are more likely to develop autism if they have an autistic parent, from whom they inherent some of their genes. However, each individual gene is thought to have only a small role in what is a complex and dynamic process, and which is further influenced by the environment. As there is no single genetic cause of autism, it is incredibly unlikely that a test during pregnancy could identify babies likely to develop autism. Such a test is possible in Down Syndrome because the condition results from a single genetic change.

However, there are two rare genetic conditions that are associated with autism in around one in every hundred autistic people. These conditions are called Phelan McDermin Syndrome and NRXN1 deletion and will be the focus of a separate study in AIMS-2-TRIALS.

The series of three studies on development in babies before birth and into childhood aim to build a picture of how the brain develops over time and how this development affects infants’ behaviours. This may ultimately help to provide tailored information to families about which support, if any, may best help their young child to develop and reach their potential.  

“Our goal is to understand the developmental mechanisms that shape how children learn about the world. This will help us to better identify and support infants who might need additional help to reach their full potential,” says Dr Emily Jones, of Birkbeck College, who leads the PHENOCADES study.

The leaders of each study are:

Brain scan before birth

To find out how to take part in this study, contact
Lead organisation: King’s College London
Principle Investigators: Prof Gráinne McAlonan, Prof Mary Rutherford, Prof Jo Hajnal, Prof David Edwards and Prof Declan Murphy
Research Centres: King’s College London

Brain scan after birth

To find out how to take part in this study, contact
Lead organisation: King’s College London
Research Centres: King’s College London

From birth to two years

To find out how to take part in this study, contact
Lead organisation: Birkbeck College
Lead: Dr Emily Jones
Principle Investigators: Dr Emily Jones, Prof Mark Johnson, Dr Terje Falck-Ytter, Prof Grainne McAlonan, Prof Declan Murphy
Research Centres: Birkbeck College, Karolinska Institute, King’s College London, University of Cambridge