@techreport {1980, title = {Window-Related Energy Consumption in the US Residential and Commercial Building Stock}, year = {2006}, abstract = {


}, author = {Joshua S. Apte and Dariush K. Arasteh} } @conference {1988, title = {Zero Energy Windows}, booktitle = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

Windows in the U.S. consume 30 percent of building heating and cooling energy, representing an annual impact of 4.1 quadrillion BTU (quads) of primary energy. Windows have an even larger impact on peak energy demand and on occupant comfort. An additional 1 quad of lighting energy could be saved if buildings employed effective daylighting strategies.

The ENERGY STAR(r) program has made standard windows significantly more efficient. However, even if all windows in the stock were replaced with today{\textquoteright}s efficient products, window energy consumption would still be approximately 2 quads. However, windows can be "net energy gainers" or "zero-energy" products. Highly insulating products in heating applications can admit more useful solar gain than the conductive energy lost through them. Dynamic glazings can modulate solar gains to minimize cooling energy needs and, in commercial buildings, allow daylighting to offset lighting requirements. The needed solutions vary with building type and climate. Developing this next generation of zero-energy windows will provide products for both existing buildings undergoing window replacements and products which are expected to be contributors to zero-energy buildings.

This paper defines the requirements for zero-energy windows. The technical potentials in terms of national energy savings and the research and development (R\&D) status of the following technologies are presented:

Market transformation policies to promote these technologies as they emerge into the marketplace are then described.

}, author = {Dariush K. Arasteh and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Joshua S. Apte and Marc LaFrance} } @conference {11893, title = {Future Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes}, booktitle = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {109, pt 2}, year = {2002}, month = {06/2003}, pages = {871-888}, address = {Kansas City, MO}, abstract = {

Over the past 15 years, low-emissivity and other technological improvements have significantly improved the energy efficiency of windows sold in the United States. However, as interest increases in the concept of zero-energy homes{\textemdash}buildings that do not consume any nonrenewable or net energy from the utility grid{\textemdash}even today{\textquoteright}s highest-performance window products will not be sufficient. This simulation study compares today{\textquoteright}s typical residential windows, today{\textquoteright}s most efficient residential windows, and several options for advanced window technologies, including products with improved fixed or static properties and products with dynamic solar heat gain properties. Nine representative window products are examined in eight representative U.S. climates. Annual energy and peak demand impacts are investigated. We conclude that a new generation of window products is necessary for zero-energy homes if windows are not to be an energy drain on these homes. Windows with dynamic solar heat gain properties are found to offer significant potential in reducing energy use and peak demands in northern and central climates, while windows with very low (static) solar heat gain properties offer the most potential in southern climates.

}, author = {Joshua S. Apte and Dariush K. Arasteh and Yu Joe Huang} }