Defenestrations of Prague

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The Defenestrations of Prague (Czech : Pražská defenestrace, German : Prager Fenstersturz, Latin : Defenestratio Pragensis) were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which multiple people were defenestrated (thrown out of a window). The origin of the word "defenestrate" ("out of the window") is believed to come from the episodes in Prague in 1618 when the disgruntled Protestant estates threw two royal governors out of a window of the Hradčany Castle and wrote an extensive Apologia explaining their action. In the Middle Ages and early modern times, defenestrations were not uncommon--the act carried elements of lynching and mob violence in the form of murder committed together.


The first governmental defenestration occurred in 1419, second in 1483 and the third in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" more commonly refers to the third. Often, however, the 1483 event does not count as a "significant defenestration", which leads to some ambiguity when the "second Prague defenestration" is referred to as the 1618 defenestration. The first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged religious conflict inside Bohemia (the Hussite Wars, 1st defenestration) or beyond (Thirty Years' War, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (Peace of Kutná Hora, 2nd defenestration).

First Defenestration of Prague

The New Town Hall, the place of the first defenestration Prague Praha 2014 Holmstad - Det nye radhuset - Navomestska Radnice - The New Town Hall - Nove Mesto - First defenestration.JPG
The New Town Hall, the place of the first defenestration

The First Defenestration of Prague involved the killing of seven members of the city council by a crowd of Czech Hussites on 30 July 1419.[ citation needed ]

Jan Želivský, a Hussite priest at the church of the Virgin Mary of the Snows, led his congregation on a procession through the streets of Prague to the New Town Hall (Novoměstská radnice) on Charles Square. The town council members had refused to exchange their Hussite prisoners. While they were marching, a stone was thrown at Želivský from the window of the town hall and allegedly hit him. [1] This enraged the mob and they stormed the town hall. Once inside the hall, the group defenestrated the judge, the burgomaster, and several members of the town council. They were all killed by the fall. [1]

King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, after hearing the news, was stunned and died shortly after, supposedly due to shock. [1]

The procession was a result of the growing discontent at the contemporary direction of the Church and the inequality between the peasants, the Church's prelates, and the nobility. This discontent combined with rising feelings of nationalism increased the influence of preachers such as Jan Želivský, influenced by John Wycliffe, who saw the state of the Catholic Church as corrupt. These preachers urged their congregations to action, including taking up arms, to combat these perceived transgressions.[ citation needed ]

The First Defenestration was thus the turning point between talk and action leading to the prolonged Hussite Wars. The wars broke out shortly afterward and lasted until 1436. [2] [ citation needed ]

The Second Defenestration of Prague

This defenestration took place on September 24, 1483[ citation needed ] during the storms of the Prague population during the reign of King Vladislaus II of Hungary, when the party of the Communion under both kinds, fearing for their influence, carried out a violent coup in the Old and New Towns and Lesser Town.[ citation needed ] The Old Town Burgomaster and the dead bodies of seven New Town councilors were thrown out of the windows of the respective town halls. The coup in Prague contributed to the limitation of ruling power and prevented the resumption of pre-Hussite conditions. On October 6, 1483, three Prague municipalities signed a treaty on unity and common action, which brought the dominion of the Utraquism.[ citation needed ] The development then led to religious reconciliation and the declaration of equality of both churches at the Kutná Hora Assembly in 1485.[ citation needed ]

The Third Defenestration of Prague

The Third Defenestration (commonly and wrongly called the Second Defenestration outside Czechia), significantly influenced the history of Europe and led to the Thirty Years' War.


A later woodcut of the defenestration in 1618 Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg
A later woodcut of the defenestration in 1618
The window (top floor) where the third defenestration occurred. Note the monument to the right of the castle tower. Prague Castle defenestration site.jpg

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg had settled religious disputes in the Holy Roman Empire by enshrining the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio , allowing a prince to determine the religion of his subjects. The Kingdom of Bohemia since 1526 had been governed by Habsburg kings, who did not force their Catholic religion on their largely Protestant subjects. In 1609, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights. He was increasingly viewed as unfit to govern, and other members of the Habsburg dynasty declared his younger brother, Matthias, to be family head in 1606. Matthias began to gradually wrest territory from Rudolf, beginning with Hungary. In 1609, to strengthen his hold on Bohemia, Rudolf issued the Letter of Majesty , which granted Bohemia's largely Protestant estates the right to freely exercise their religion, essentially setting up a Protestant Bohemian state church controlled by the estates, "dominated by the towns and rural nobility". [3] Upon Rudolf's death, Matthias succeeded in the rule of Bohemia (1612–1619) and extended his offer of more legal and religious concessions to Bohemia, relying mostly on the advice of his chancellor, Bishop Melchior Klesl.[ citation needed ]


The Defenestration

On May 23, 1618, four Catholic Lords Regent, Count Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice, Count Vilem Slavata of Chlum, Adam II von Sternberg (who was the supreme burgrave), and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobkowitz (who was the grand prior), arrived at the Bohemian Chancellory at 8:30 am. After preparing the meeting hall, members of the dissolved assembly of the three main Protestant estates gathered at 9:00 am, led by Count Thurn, who had been deprived of his post as castellan (burgrave) of Karlštejn Castle by the Emperor. The Protestant lords' agenda was to clarify whether the four regents present were responsible for persuading the Emperor to order the cessation of Protestant church construction on royal lands. According to count of Martinice himself:


Vilem Slavata of Chlum, 1618 enamel on copper, by follower of Dominicus Custos Slawata001.jpg

Before the regents gave any answer, they requested that the Protestants give them the opportunity to confer with their superior, Adam von Waldstein, who was not present. If they were given the opportunity, the Protestants were to receive an official answer to their grievance by the next Friday (the encounter took place on the eve of Ascension Day, and they all had to observe the holy day). The Protestant lords, however, demanded an immediate answer. Two regents, Adam II von Sternberg and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobkowitz, were declared innocent by the Protestant Estate holders, deemed to be too pious to have any responsibility in the preparation of the Emperor's letter. They were removed from the room; before leaving, Adam II von Sternberg made it clear that they "did not advise anything that was contrary to the Letter of Majesty". This left Count Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Count Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice (who had replaced Thurn as Castellan), both known Catholic hard-liners, and Philip Fabricius, the secretary to the Regents. They eventually acknowledged responsibility for the letter and, presuming they would only be arrested, welcomed any punishment the Protestants had planned.

Count von Thurn turned to both Martinice and Slavata and said "you are enemies of us and of our religion, have desired to deprive us of our Letter of Majesty, have horribly plagued your Protestant subjects... and have tried to force them to adopt your religion against their wills or have had them expelled for this reason". Then to the crowd of Protestants, he continued "were we to keep these men alive, then we would lose the Letter of Majesty and our religion... for there can be no justice to be gained from or by them". Shortly thereafter, the two Regents and their secretary were defenestrated, but they survived the 70-foot (21-metre) fall from the third floor. [5] [6] Catholics maintained the men were saved by angels or by the intercession of the Virgin Mary, who caught them; later Protestant pamphleteers asserted that they survived due to falling onto a dung heap, a story unknown to contemporaries and probably coined in response to divine intervention claims. Philip Fabricius was later ennobled by the emperor and granted the title Baron von Hohenfall (literally "Baron of Highfall"). [7]


Immediately after the defenestration, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war. [8] After the death of Matthias in 1619, Ferdinand II was elected Holy Roman Emperor. At the same time, the Bohemian estates deposed him as King of Bohemia and replaced him with Frederick V, Elector Palatine, a leading Calvinist and son-in-law of the Protestant James VI and I, King of Scotland, England and Ireland.

Because they deposed a properly chosen king, the Protestants could not gather the international support they needed for war. [8] Just two years after the defenestration, Ferdinand and the Catholics regained power in the Battle of White Mountain on November 8, 1620. This became known as the first battle in the Thirty Years' War. [9]

There was plundering and pillaging in Prague for weeks following the battle. Several months later, twenty-seven nobles and citizens were tortured and executed in the Old Town Square. Twelve of their heads were impaled on iron hooks and hung from the Bridge Tower as a warning. This contributed to the resentment that gave rise to the Thirty Years' War. [9]

Further defenestrations


Sometimes, the name the fourth defenestration of Prague is used, although it has no standard meaning. For example, it has been used [10] to describe the death of Jan Masaryk, who was found below the bathroom window of the building of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 March 1948. The official report listed the death as a suicide. [11] However, it was widely believed he was murdered, either by the nascent Communist government in which he served as a non-partisan Foreign Minister, or by the Soviet secret services. [12] A Prague police report in 2004 concluded after forensic research that Masaryk had indeed been defenestrated to his death. [13] This report was seemingly corroborated in 2006 when a Russian journalist said that his mother knew the Russian intelligence officer who defenestrated Masaryk. [14]


  1. 1 2 3 Wolfsgrüber, C. (1907). "The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  2. AmericanInPrague.EU. "Defenestrations of Prague, Czech Republic, Bohemia". AmericanInPrague.EU. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
  5. Beaulac, S. (2000). "The Westphalian Legal Orthodoxy – Myth or Reality?" (PDF). Journal of the History of International Law. 2 (2): 148–77. doi:10.1163/15718050020956812.
  8. 1 2 Gutmann, Myron P. (1988). "The Origins of the Thirty Years War". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 18 (4): 764–765. doi:10.2307/204823. JSTOR   204823.
  9. 1 2 Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). "This View of Life: The Diet of Worms and the Defenestrations of Prague" (PDF). Natural History (9). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  10. Johnston, Ian. "Some Introductory Historical Observations" (lecture transcript)
  13. Cameron, Rob, "Police close case on 1948 death of Jan Masaryk – murder, not suicide", Radio Prague, 06-01-2004.

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