By: Ryan C. Warner, Ph.D.

Strategies for Facilitating Conversations on Race

Throughout my experiences, I have seen first hand how difficult it is to facilitate conversations about race and racism. As a Black male, I personally find it challenging to express my racial experiences and perspectives to others who may not share similar backgrounds. Facilitating these conversations may often involve tension, conflict, and fear which contributes to discomfort. This may mitigate the probability of continuing dialogue. No matter what setting these conversations take place, both the facilitator and participants may bring emotional experiences along with their deeply held values and beliefs into the room. Throughout my previous experiences, I have collected valuable resources and takeaways that have prepared me to become more comfortable with the discomfort that comes with leading conversations about racism, privilege, and power. The following are suggestions for facilitating productive conversations on race.

#1: Build Relationships 

When talking about race, both you and your participants will bring your fears, negative past experiences, and resistance that will make building relationships imperative for a successful outcome. In my previous experiences, this first step is essential, yet can be the most challenging. Being genuine and vulnerable has improved my ability to build relationships with my audience members. To add a personal touch I always share my experiences with racism and microaggressions to propel others to take risks. For example, I often explain to participants that although I am well-educated and successful within my career, I still have experienced, and continue to experience being called a “nigger” and “basketball player” by white individuals. I often struggle with sharing these experiences because I do not want pity or remorse from the audience, because a majority of the time my audiences are mostly white. Nevertheless, I have found that self-disclosure like this may promote others to share their experiences with either holding racist ideologies or experiencing a discriminative event. However, I have seen how many members may be initially hesitant to verbally engage in discussion about sensitive topics like this. Therefore I often use a website called: “Poll Everywhere” to allow members to anonymous text their responses when answering various questions that I come up with. One question I typically present to the audience is: “What are your beliefs about those who identify as Hispanic and homosexual?” The responses I obtain are projected on the computer screen and promote insightful reflection and meaningful member interactions when discussing biases against marginalized groups.

#2: Go Deeper 

Participants may enter these conversations at different places on a continuum of understanding and, as a result, will have varying attitudes about doing this work. For instance, I have facilitated groups in which some participants held a color-blind ideology and strongly felt that racism has never existed. Prior to beginning these conversations many individuals may already hold fixed ideologies and beliefs about the topic being discussed. Therefore, challenging participants to “go deeper” may help plant a seed in their mind that can potentially lead to new ways of thinking about race and social justice issues. To accomplish this goal, I find beneficial to conduct a group activity called the “Four Corners”. The participants split up into four groups which pushes them to engage in more in-depth conversations to learn about each other’s experiences. While in these groups I have found it helpful to ask the following questions to assist with shifting defensiveness to reflection: 1) What are your fears around talking about oppression, discrimination or race? 2) When have you made a mistake or done something that you felt offended another person similar or different than yourself? How did you handle this situation? 3) Do you have any insight as to why it may be difficult to believe what others are telling you about their experiences? I have found that these questions create meaningful dialogue and allow group members to learn from one another.

#3: Understand that Learning Occurs Differently, at Different Times, for Different People 

Everyone is at different places on the continuum of cultural awareness. What works for one person may not work for the other. If negative responses occur, it is important to not take them personally. Participants will bring different attitudes, beliefs, and experiences around race relations. As a facilitator, I have felt defensive at times when others have made me the object of their anger rather than looking inward. Specifically, topics centering on white privilege and systemic oppression have sparked up emotions of guilt, rage, and frustration from my audience members and myself. Having these conversations with individuals who primarily identify as the majority race has at times further exacerbated my feelings of being targeted. However, by displaying empathy and authentically seeking to better understand their viewpoints I have been able to see alternative perspectives. This has assisted with my comfort, confidence, and emotional reactions during these conversations.

Additionally, since everyone learns differently, it is important to offer the audience multiple avenues for absorbing the content. For instance, when first beginning these conversations I always incorporate a visualization activity. For example, I might ask them to imagine going on a vacation of their dreams. During this activity I provide verbal instructions for members to visualize going on their flight to their destination and walk them through different encounters they may experience (e.g., going to the hotel, eating at a restaurant, etc.). After this activity concludes I ask members about the racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, gender, and backgrounds of individuals that came up in their imagination. Most of the responses I tend to receive show evidence that the background of individuals were heterosexual, white, males, or representative of the majority population. This activity helps to promote insight of unconscious bias and provides audience members another platform to engage in insightful learning.  


In summary, sharing your personal experiences, challenging audience members to “go deeper”, and offering the audience multiple avenues to absorb the content that you are sharing can be greatly helpful when facilitating conversations on race. Using platforms like “Poll Everywhere”, having members participate in the “Four Corners” exercise, and implementing visualization activities may assist with making your conversations unique and meaningful.


Hollins, C. D., & Govan, I. M. (2015). Diversity, equity, and inclusion: strategies for facilitating conversations on race. Rowman & Littlefield.

Sue, D. W. (2015). Race talk and the conspiracy of silence: understanding and facilitating difficult dialogues on race. Wiley.

Poll Everywhere: https://www.polleverywhere.com/ 

About the Author
Ryan C. Warner, Ph.D. is a clinician, researcher, and speaker. Ryan is passionate about promoting diversity and social justice among underrepresented populations. He also provides consultation services to enhance organizational capability by delivering education and training on multiculturalism, inclusion, and leadership development. (Email: [email protected]; Twitter: @DrRyanCWarner; Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ryancwarner/).

By: Bernardo M. Ferdman, Ph.D.

Inclusion at Work

Why should we care about diversity and inclusion?

Diversity—the many ways in which people are different—can be a vital resource for groups and organizations. We know from research, for example, that diversity helps to catalyze innovation, especially under the right conditions. When we welcome and engage with diversity, we are more likely to encourage generation and sharing of new and different ideas and to bring together a greater variety of ideas, information, perspectives, and opinions—ultimately leading to better decisions and problem solving. Doing this is much more likely in an inclusive group or organization—one characterized by openness to and appreciation of difference.

Diverse and inclusive organizations can attract, recruit, and retain a greater range of people, consequently availing themselves of broader talent pools. To truly embrace and leverage diversity and inclusion—to create workplace cultures where everyone feels welcomed and their differences are appreciated and valued—it is important to become clearer about what we mean by diversity and inclusion at work, and to learn what each person in the organization can do to help foster a more diverse and inclusive workplace culture.

What do we mean by diversity and inclusion?

At its most basic level, diversity is simply about difference; people vary in many ways, some based on individual differences and others grounded in the range of social identities and groups that we belong to. At the same time, diversity can be multilayered and complex, because these identities and characteristics combine within each of us, and because there are histories of relationships between groups that also come into play.

When we first hear about diversity, we tend to focus on demographic or identity dimensions, especially the most visible ones (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, culture, age, national background, sexual orientation, physical ability/disability). At the same time, diversity also involves less visible and more individual dimensions (e.g., personality, abilities, thinking style, values, experiences). In short, diversity involves the differences and similarities among people across many dimensions represented in a particular group or organization. These dimensions combine within individuals, influencing how we approach and experience work and life as well as how we perceive and treat each other. More diverse groups and organizations have the potential to benefit from these differences, but they can also experience the tensions that are also associated with more dissimilarities.

Inclusion is how groups and organizations can get the greatest benefit from their diversity. Inclusion involves creating a sense of full belonging and participation in a group or organization for everyone, so that no one feels the need to hide or subsume their differences, and everyone can tap into their strengths and contribute these for collective benefit. When we experience inclusion, we feel safe, engaged, valued, appreciated, and able to be fully ourselves—both as individuals and as members of multiple social identity groups.

Although we often see the terms diversity and inclusion together, it is important to keep in mind that they do not mean the same thing. To fully benefit from diversity’s advantages, organizations and their leaders must also foster inclusion. Without the experience of inclusion, people who are different in notable ways from traditionally represented groups may not feel quite as safe, accepted, or valued and may therefore be less likely to fully engage, participate, and contribute. If their sense of identity is threatened or they do not feel that they can be their authentic self, their talents and full contribution may be diminished or lost. In inclusive workplaces, people can be fully themselves, striving to be their best, without fear or without a sense that they must hide or become someone else.

How can we foster a more inclusive workplace? What can leaders do to create a truly inclusive workplace?

Fostering inclusion is both simple and challenging. At its basic level, all members of the organization need to learn more about what inclusion is, how it matters, and what they can do to create and sustain it—for themselves and for others. At the same time, leaders have a responsibility to create the opportunity for this learning, and to provide ways to make inclusive behavior something that is expected and rewarded, as well as to embed inclusive values and processes in all aspects of how work is done. Inclusion can also be difficult because it requires us to balance comfort and discomfort—the goal is for many types of people to be more at ease at work, but at the same time, we must be prepared to leave our comfort zones as we more frequently encounter and collaborate with people who may be different or see things quite differently than we do.  By expanding our repertoire of inclusive behavior, we can get better at proactively achieving and maintaining this balance, and consequently improving our organization and its results.

The following are suggestions for what all of us—and especially leaders—can do to build more inclusion at work:

  1. Acknowledge and appreciate differences of all types in the group and in the organization.
  2. Learn about and be mindful of personal biases; examine and address assumptions about power, voice, competence, and effectiveness, especially how these relate to our different identities.
  3. Seek to notice and remove systematic bias and discrimination—whether conscious or inadvertent—and to replace these with more productive and fair ways to work with difference.
  4. Model and encourage authenticity.
  5. Create opportunities tailored to individuals’ special qualities and strengths, seek out unique voices, and highlight both individual uniqueness and collective identity.
  6. Give all stakeholders the opportunity to engage in constructing norms and processes for inclusion while holding each other accountable.
  7. Learn to be comfortable with discomfort and seek out situations that will result in learning, growing, and collective mutual benefits.


Diversity and inclusion are inevitable and necessary in our increasingly globalized organizations. Creating and sustaining an inclusive workplace can be challenging—and very rewarding. Everyone can contribute to creating inclusion for themselves and others, by learning about inclusion, behaving inclusively, contributing to an inclusive culture, and supporting organizational initiatives on diversity and inclusion. Diversity and inclusion can have great benefits to the organization and its people, especially when each member of the organization plays a part.

About the authorBernardo M. Ferdman, Ph.D.—Principal of Ferdman Consulting and distinguished professor emeritus at the California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University—consults, speaks, coaches, and writes on diversity, inclusion, and leadership. He is an SCP, SIOP, and APA Fellow, and served as chair of SCP’s Diversity & Inclusion Committee. (Twitter: @bferdman; LinkedIn: linked.in/in/Ferdman).

Sophia Sung, project associate for Ferdman Consulting and Ph.D. student at the California School of Professional Psychology of Alliant International University, also contributed to this blog.


By: Rehman Y. Abdulrehman, Ph.D., C.Psych. 











