히든위키 코리아

틀:Short description 틀:Distinguish 틀:Other uses

틀:SpecialChars 틀:Punctuation marks 틀:Use dmy dates

The dash is a punctuation mark that is similar in appearance to 틀:Unichar and 틀:Unichar, but differs from these symbols in both length and height. The most common versions of the dash are the en dash (–), equal to half the height of the font; the em dash (—), twice as long as the en dash; and the horizontal bar (―), whose length varies across typefaces.틀:Efn

Historically, the names of en dash and em dash were loosely related to the width of a lower-case n and upper-case M, respectively, in commonly used typefaces.


  • An em dash or a spaced en dash can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off parenthetical statements.
  • The en dash but not the em dash indicates spans or differentiation, where it may be considered to replace "and" or "to" (but not "to" in the phrase "from … to …"):[1]틀:Verification failed
  • The em dash or the horizontal bar, but not the en dash is used to set off the sources of quotes:
  • The horizontal bar (or the em dash, but not the en dash) introduces quoted text at line start.틀:Efn

틀:TOC limit

Common dashes and Unicode characters



glyph Unicode code point틀:Efn Unicode name HTML character entity reference HTML/XML numeric character references TeX Alt code (Windows) macOS key combination Compose key vim digraph Microsoft Word key combination GTK+ apps (e.g. LibreOffice on Xorg)
figure dash U+2012 틀:Smallcaps &#x2012;
틀:Key press+틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press
en dash U+2013 틀:Smallcaps &ndash; &#x2013;
-- 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Efn 틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Keypress틀:Keypress틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press 틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press
em dash U+2014 틀:Smallcaps &mdash; &#x2014;
--- 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Efn 틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Keypress틀:Keypress틀:Keypress 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press 틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press
horizontal bar U+2015 틀:Smallcaps &horbar; &#x2015;
틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press
swung dash U+2053 틀:Smallcaps &#x2053;
$\sim$ 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press


Figure dash


The figure dash is used within numbers (e.g. phone number 555‒0199), especially in columns for maintaining alignment. Its meaning is the same as a hyphen, as represented by the hyphen-minus glyph; by contrast, the en dash is more appropriately used to indicate a range of values;[2] the minus sign also has a separate glyph.

The figure dash is often unavailable; in this case, one may use a hyphen-minus instead. In Unicode, the figure dash is 틀:U+ (decimal 8210). HTML authors must use the numeric forms &#8210; or &#x2012; to type it unless the file is in Unicode; there is no equivalent character entity.


En dash



The three main uses of the en dash are to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives, as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound when one of the connected items is more complex than a single word, and as an interruptor at sentence level, substituting for a pair of commas, parentheses, or to indicate a rhetorical pause. As an interruptor, the en dash is "open" – spaced on both sides – and is an alternative to the em dash—which is closed.

Ranges of values

The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values—a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries—roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through".[10] This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers.[11][12][13][14] Various style guides restrict this range indication style to only parenthetical or tabular matter, requiring "to" or "through" in running text. Preference for hyphen vs. en dash in ranges varies. For example, the APA style (named after the American Psychological Association) uses an en dash in ranges, but the AMA style (named after the American Medical Association) uses a hyphen:

En dash range style (e.g., APA틀:Efn) Hyphen range style (e.g., AMA틀:Efn) Running text spell-out
June–July 1967 June틀:NotatypoJuly 1967 June and July 1967
1:15–2:15 p.m. 1:15틀:Notatypo2:15 p.m. 1:15 to 2:15 p.m.
For ages 3–5 For ages 3틀:Notatypo5 For ages 3 through 5
pp. 38–55 pp. 38틀:Notatypo55 pages 38 to 55
President Jimmy Carter (1977–81) President Jimmy Carter (1977틀:Notatypo81) President Jimmy Carter, in office from 1977 to 1981

Various style guides (including the Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) and the AMA Manual of Style) recommend that when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, the word "to" should be used instead of an en dash. For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" is preferable to using "a voltage of 50–100 V". Relatedly, in ranges that include negative numbers, "to" is used to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness (for example, "temperatures ranged from −18 °C to −34 °C", or alternately, −18 °C...−34 °C). It is also considered poor style (best avoided) to use the en dash in place of the words to or and in phrases that follow the forms from X to Y and between X and Y.[12][13]

Relationships and connections


  • Australia beat American Samoa 31–0.
  • Radical–Unionist coalition
  • Boston–Hartford route
  • Mother–daughter relationship
  • The McCain–Feingold bill

Among writers who use en dashes in these contexts, a distinction is often made between "simple" attributive compounds (written with a hyphen) and other subtypes (written with an en dash); at least one authority considers name pairs, where the paired elements carry equal weight, as in the Taft–Hartley Act to be "simple",[12] while others consider an en dash appropriate in instances such as these[15][16][17] to represent the parallel relationship, as in the McCain–Feingold bill or Bose–Einstein statistics. However, there is a difference between something named for a parallel/coordinate relationship between two people (for example, Bose and Einstein) and something named for a single person who had a compound surname, which may be written with a hyphen or a space but not an en dash (for example, the Lennard-Jones potential [hyphen] is named after one person (Mr. John Lennard-Jones), as are Bence Jones proteins and Hughlings Jackson syndrome [space]). Copyeditors use dictionaries (general, medical, biographical, and geographical) to confirm the eponymity (and thus the styling) for specific terms, given that no one can know them all offhand.


Attributive compounds


  • A nursing home–home care policy (a policy about the nursing home and home care)
  • Pre–Civil War era
  • Pulitzer Prize–winning novel
  • The non–San Francisco part of the world
  • The post–World War II era
    • (Compare post-war era, which, if not fully compounded (postwar), takes a hyphen, not an en dash. The difference is that war is not an open compound whereas World War II is.)
  • Trans–New Guinea languages
  • The ex–prime minister
  • a long–focal length camera
  • water ice–based bedrock
  • The pro-conscription–anti-conscription debate
  • Public-school–private-school rivalries

The disambiguating value of the en dash in these patterns was illustrated by Strunk and White in The Elements of Style with the following example: When Chattanooga News and Chattanooga Free Press merged, the joint company was inaptly named Chattanooga News-Free Press (using a hyphen), which could be interpreted as meaning that their newspapers were news-free.[20]



  • non–self-governing
  • non–English-language journals
  • non–group-specific blood
  • non–Q-wave myocardial infarction
  • non–brain-injured subjects

Differing recommendations




That is, the CMOS favors hyphens in instances where some other guides suggest en dashes, the 16th edition explaining that "Chicago's sense of the en dash does not extend to between", to rule out its use in "US–Canadian relations".[23]

In these two uses, en dashes normally do not have spaces around them. An exception is made when avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd. For example, compare "12 June – 3 July" with "12 June–3 July".[24]

Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level

틀:See also


Itemization mark




In most uses of en dashes, such as when used in indicating ranges, they are closed up to the joined words. It is only when en dashes take the role of em dashes – for example, in setting off parenthetical statements such as this one – that they take spaces around them.[26]틀:Complete citation needed For more on the choice of em versus en in this context, see En dash versus em dash.

틀:AnchorEncoding and substitution




Em dash



The em dash is used in several ways: primarily in places where a set of parentheses or a colon might otherwise be used,[30]틀:Complete citation needed it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a full stop (period) is too strong and a comma too weak. Em dashes are also used to set off summaries or definitions.[31] Common uses and definitions are cited below with examples.

Colon-like use

Inversion of the function of a colon

Parenthesis-like use

Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks
  • Compare parentheses with em dashes:
Subtle differences in punctuation



Interruption of a speaker

Interruption by someone else

In this use, it is sometimes doubled:

  • "But I'm trying to explain that I—"


  • Long pause:


Quotation mark-like use


Attribution of quote source





Three em dashes might be used to indicate a completely missing word.[35]

Itemization mark



Three em dashes one after another can be used in a footnote, endnote, or another form of bibliographic entry to indicate repetition of the same author's name as that of the previous work,[35] which is similar to the use of ibid.

Typographic details

Spacing and substitution



In Canada, The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing, The Oxford Canadian A to Z of Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation: Guide to Canadian English Usage (2nd ed.), Editing Canadian English, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary all specify that an em dash should be set closed when used between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals.




Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens



En dash versus em dash

파일:Dash font comparison.png


Various style guides and national varieties of languages prescribe different guidance on dashes. Dashes have been cited as being treated differently in the US and the UK, with the former preferring the use of an em dash with no additional spacing and the latter preferring a spaced en dash.[25] As examples of the US style, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association recommend unspaced em dashes. Style guides outside the US are more variable. For example, The Elements of Typographic Style by Canadian typographer Robert Bringhurst recommends the spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography".[41] In the United Kingdom, the spaced en dash is the house style for certain major publishers, including the Penguin Group, the Cambridge University Press, and Routledge. However, this convention is not universal. The Oxford Guide to Style (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that the spaced en dash is used by "other British publishers" but states that the Oxford University Press, like "most US publishers", uses the unspaced em dash.



Horizontal bar

틀:Main article


There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use \hbox{---}\kern-.5em--- instead, or simply an em dash.

Swung dash

틀:Main article



There are several similar, related characters:

Similar Unicode characters

Sample Repeated
(five times)
Unicode Unicode name Remark
- ----- U+002D 틀:Smallcaps The standard ASCII hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash.
~ ~~~~~ U+007E 틀:Smallcaps Used in programming languages (e.g. for the bitwise NOT operator in C and C++).
U+00AD 틀:Smallcaps Used to indicate where a line may break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
¯ ¯¯¯¯¯ U+00AF 틀:Smallcaps A horizontal line positioned at cap height usually having the same length as 틀:Unichar. It is a spacing character, related to the diacritic mark "macron". A sequence of such characters is not expected to connect, unlike 틀:Unichar.
ˉ ˉˉˉˉˉ U+02C9 틀:Smallcaps A phonetic symbol (a line applied above the base letter).
ˍ ˍˍˍˍˍ U+02CD 틀:Smallcaps A phonetic symbol (a line applied below the base letter).
˗ ˗˗˗˗˗ U+02D7 틀:Smallcaps A variant of the minus sign used in phonetics to mark a retracted or backed articulation. It may show small end-serifs.
˜ ˜˜˜˜˜ U+02DC 틀:Smallcaps A spacing clone of tilde diacritic mark.
‐‐‐‐‐ U+2010 틀:Smallcaps The character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen.
‒‒‒‒‒ U+2012 틀:Smallcaps Similar to an en dash, but with exactly the width of a digit in the chosen typeface. The vertical position may also be centered on the zero digit, and thus higher than the en dash and em dash, which are appropriate for use with lowercase text in a vertical position similar to the hyphen. The figure dash may therefore be preferred to the en dash for indicating a closed range of values.[42]
‾‾‾‾‾ U+203E 틀:Smallcaps A character similar to 틀:Unichar, but a sequence of such characters usually connects.
⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃ U+2043 틀:Smallcaps A short horizontal line used as a list bullet.
⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻ U+207B 틀:Smallcaps Usually is used together with superscripted numbers.
₋₋₋₋₋ U+208B 틀:Smallcaps Usually is used together with subscripted numbers.
−−−−− U+2212 틀:Smallcaps An arithmetic operation used in mathematics to represent subtraction or negative numbers. Its glyph is consistent with the glyph of the plus sign, and it is centred on the zero digit, unlike the ASCII hyphen-minus and 틀:Unichar, that (especially the latter) are designed to match lowercase letters and are inconsistent with arithmetic operators.
∼∼∼∼∼ U+223C 틀:Smallcaps Used in mathematics. Ends not curved as much regular tilde. In TeX and LaTeX, this character can be expressed using the math mode command $\sim$.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ U+23AF 틀:Smallcaps Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). Can be used in sequences to generate long connected horizontal lines.
⏤⏤⏤⏤⏤ U+23E4 틀:Smallcaps Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). Represents line straightness in technical context.
───── U+2500 틀:Smallcaps Box-drawing characters. Several similar characters from one Unicode block used to draw horizontal lines.
➖➖➖➖➖ U+2796 틀:Smallcaps Unicode symbols.
⸺⸺⸺⸺⸺ U+2E3A 틀:Smallcaps Supplemental Punctuation.
⸻⸻⸻⸻⸻ U+2E3B 틀:Smallcaps Supplemental Punctuation.
𐆑 𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑 U+10191 틀:Smallcaps Uncia (unit). A symbol for an ancient Roman unit of length.

Similar Unicode characters used in specific writing systems

틀:See also

In other languages


Corpus studies indicate that em dashes are more commonly used in Russian than in English.[43] In Russian, the em dash is used for the present copula (meaning "am"/"is"/"are"), which is unpronounced in spoken Russian.


[1] “Llevaba la fidelidad a su maestro –un buen profesor– hasta extremos insospechados.”

Rendering dashes on computers




Any kind of dash can be used directly in an HTML document, but HTML also lets them be entered using character references. The em dash and the en dash are special in that they can be written using character entity references as 틀:Code and 틀:Code, respectively. Mozilla Thunderbird provides for entry of HTML sequences including 틀:Code and 틀:Code using its Insert drop-down menu.

  • In UNIX and GNU/Linux, there are various methods of producing these dashes:
    • For em dashes, one may use the compose/multi key followed by three presses of the hyphen character. For en dashes, one may press the compose key followed by two hyphens and a period. Also, other keys may be remapped to create dashes.
    • In X Window System, the em dash may be entered by pressing the compose key and three hyphens.
    • In GTK+ applications (including outside Unix/Linux, such as in The GIMP), all dashes and other Unicode characters can be produced with 틀:Key press, which displays a u, then enter a Unicode number for the appropriate dash, and then press the space bar or the enter/return key. For example, 틀:Key press and 2013 creates an en dash; the number 2014 is for creating an em dash.
  • For the en dash, LaTeX has the macro (\textendash).
  • In macOS using the Australian, British, Canadian, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Irish Extended, Italian, Pro Italian, Russian, US, US Extended, or Welsh keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing 틀:Keypress, while an em dash can be typed with 틀:Keypress.[45]
  • In TeX, an em dash (—) is typed as three hyphen‐minuses (---) and an en dash (–) as two hyphen‐minuses (--). Mathematical minus (−) is signified as $-$ or \(-\).[46]
  • On Plan 9 systems, an en or em dash may be entered by pressing the Compose key (usually left Alt), followed by typing 틀:Kbd or 틀:Kbd respectively.
  • In Microsoft Windows, with Num lock enabled for numeric keypads or on laptop keyboards, an en- or em-dash may be typed into most text areas by using their respective Alt code by holding down the Alt key and pressing either 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press for the en dash, or 틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press틀:Key press for the em dash. Num Lock must be enabled for Alt code combinations to work. In addition, the Character Map utility included with Windows can be used to copy and paste en and em dash characters into most applications; if an Alt code exists for a character, a user can click on it in the character map, and see the corresponding Alt code in the app's status bar.
  • In Microsoft Word running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an em dash can be typed with 틀:Key press (on the numeric keypad, with the numeric hyphen usually in the top-right corner), and an en dash can be typed with 틀:Key press. This does not work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (between "0" and "=" with a US or UK layout), which has completely different functions. With Microsoft Word's default settings, in both Windows and Macintosh versions, an em dash symbol, which is not always a true em dash from the font, is automatically produced by Autocorrect when two unspaced hyphens are entered between words (as in "word--word"). An en dash, which again, is not always a true en dash from the font, is automatically produced when one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces are entered: ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). This feature can be disabled by customizing Autocorrect.
To determine if the true en- or em-dash from the font are being used, rather than a cross-referenced character from the Symbol font, one can copy and paste a sample of the dash into Word or WordPad followed by 틀:Key press. The hexadecimal Unicode number will appear, revealing whether the character is a true en- or em-dash (Unicode 2013 or 2014). Using the true dash is important, if one needs to share documents with other users in other applications or operating systems.
The true en- and em-dash, along with other dashes, spaces, and special characters, such as the true minus sign, can be inserted through the Insert menu without the use of the numeric keypad, which some keyboard layouts do not always provide. These symbols can also be assigned keyboard shortcuts through this menu.

See also

  • Leiden Conventions – rules to indicate conditions in texts (usage of "[— — —]")
  • Signature dashes – signature delimiter in emails (usage of "-- " in a single line)





External links



틀:Typography terms