Nowadays communication technologies and developments in the preci


In this study, a system was designed to determine the soil resistance level instantaneously and assist with field mapping. As a new product, a horizontal penetrometer Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries with a cone, which has an integrated load cell, was designed using the SolidWorks 3D parametric solid modelling Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries design software. In the system, a data acquisition system based on GPS was utilised and special software which can transfer the files in desired formats to GIS mapping programs was developed for field mapping operations. In the field experiments, the system was operated with a tractor. All data from the penetrometer and the GPS were collected in a notebook in the operation and the related results and maps are presented.2.?Materials and Methods2.1. Design of the SystemThe main aim of the designed system is to measure the horizontal soil resistance and map it.

The system involves three main components (Figure 1):Mechanical Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries system: It is attached to tractor with three point mounted implements and it moves horizontally in the soil. The load cell is attached to the system to measure soil penetration resistance instantaneously.Data acquisition system: The system is used to collect and process the data from a GPS receiver Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and the load cell on the mechanical system for mapping operations.Software: The software is prepared to process the data and convert it to a desired file format for GIS (Geographical Information Systems) programs.Figure 1.Structure of the designed system.2.1.1. Mechanical SystemThe mechanical system is shown in Figure 2. The tine of the horizontal penetrometer was made of steel.

The load cell bed was formed into the steel tine. The load cell was placed in this section and the top was covered. This prevents possible damage to the load cells under the soil. The data cables of the load cells were transported to the data collection unit Cilengitide by being passed through the metal tubes placed behind the penetrometer��s tine. Afterwards, into the hole, a conical-shaped tip of 30�� was placed and fixed to the selleck bio load cell. The surface of the designed conical-shaped tip is 706.5 mm2.

By analyzing the second derivative, spectral differ
An elect

By analyzing the second derivative, spectral differ
An electronic nose (e-nose) is an intelligent Ponatinib sensing device that uses an array of gas sensors of partial and overlapping selectivity, along with a pattern recognition component, to distinguish between both simple and complex odors. To date, e-noses have had a variety of use in a number of applications such as the food industry, medical diagnosis, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries mobile robots, environmental disasters or intelligent appliances [1�C10].The monitoring of the quality of air in an enclosed environment has always been an important concern. Hazardous odor (or gases) can be present as a result of leaks in tanks, piping, etc., and their presence needs to be monitored to prevent the accidental exposure to a hazardous condition.

Analytical chemistry instruments such as gas chromatographs (GC) and mass spectrometers (MS) have been used to analyze both hazardous and non-hazardous odors. GC and GC/MS systems can require a significant amount of human intervention to perform the analysis and then relate the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries analysis to something usable [4�C5]. The odor sensing system should Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries be extended to new areas since its standard style where the output pattern from multiple sensors with partially overlapped specificity is recognized by a neural network. In the last decades, the use of environmental monitoring has been rediscovered due to major advances in odor sensing technology and soft computing techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy systems and the other artificial intelligence techniques [6�C10].

Nonlinear response characteristics and the use of an array of gas sensors have made artificial neural networks very attractive because of their capability to analyze multidimensional nonlinear sensor data, and to model sensor response, which is mathematically very difficult. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries In the past, work has been done on chemical gas sensors using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural networks. Gas sensor calibration is one of them [11]. However MLPs present a major disadvantage of slow training. This drawback makes them unsuitable for real time training and adaptive modeling. They require much iteration to converge and a large number of computations per iteration.In this paper, a fully operational CMAC based neural network recognition system which models the function of the biological nose is presented and applied to recognize hazardous odors.

One of the main advantages of CMAC based neural networks compared to MLP is their Brefeldin_A extremely fast learning capability. Different from MLPs, CMACs have simpler calculations, higher convergence speed and better generalization ability, and non-existing local minima. Therefore, they are widely applied in controls and real-time recognition problems [12�C13].The remaining selleck chem of the paper is arranged as follows. Section 2 briefly explains the basics of the CMAC neural network and its significant properties.

Dry poly(nBA-NAS) microspheres were placed on a piece of glass sl

Dry poly(nBA-NAS) microspheres were placed on a piece of glass slide and then deposited with a thin layer of gold to reduce the charge effect from primary electron beam, which may cause scanning faults [31]. Size and distribution considering of poly(nBA-NAS) microspheres were determined based on a random selection of 264 microspheres from a scanning electron micrograph.2.4. Optimization of Enzyme BindingBradford protein assay was conducted to determine enzyme binding so to ascertain Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the optimum amount of NAS required in the preparation of poly(nBA-NAS) microspheres [42]. For this purpose, 1.4 g of poly(nBA-NAS) microspheres for each NAS content (NAS = 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 mg) were placed on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) and dried at 4 ��C. After 24 hr, 2 ��L AOX solution (0.

05 mg ��L?1) was dropped onto the surface of poly(nBA-NAS) Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries microspheres deposited on S
Coal mine operations have been recognized as one of the most dangerous working environments due to the poor ventilation, potential rock falls, and presence of toxic gases. In this regard, the real-time localization of miners can greatly improve the daily management level and rescue efficiency in emergency situations, and has been applied in more and more underground mines.As a part of a mine monitoring system, a coal mine personnel positioning system based on the wireless technology Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries [1] (mostly the Radio Frequency Identification��RFID��technology), is implemented by reading and registering miners’ RFID card information with a number of readers situated within the key regions of the mine, and the locations of the readers are taken as the miners�� location [2,3].

Such positioning systems cannot achieve high positioning accuracy as they can only tell whether the miners are Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries between Drug_discovery two readers or not. Although increasing the number of the readers along the pathway may help improve the accuracy, the cost associated with the deployment, management and maintenance costs of such a system will be very high (e.g., over 75% of the installation time will be spent on the system wires and cables [4]).Wireless sensor networks (WSN) [5] have been drawing increasing attention due to many successful applications [6,7], and the integration of WSN with mine personnel positioning has been widely investigated to overcome the above limitations. Tian et al.

proposed to model the coal mine as a one-dimensional vector and the personnel location was represented by the distance between the person and the tunnel endpoint [8]. Wireless beacon nodes were evenly deployed in the mine tunnel, and kept sending hello messages to the mobile node, which calculated its own position according to the received messages. The positioning method based on TOA (Time of Arrival: TOA) was proposed by Li et al. [9]. The distance between the blind node and the beacon nodes was calculated by multiplying the measured transmission time by the electromagnetic wave propagation speed (3 �� 108 m/s).

Globally, the proposed approaches tend to produce 3D building mod

Globally, the proposed approaches tend to produce 3D building models with a quality closer to the physical reality. The prior knowledge of the urban areas under study (e.g., cities topology, environment densities, shape complexity, existing surveys, urban GIS databases) and the remotely sensed rawdata collected are very rich sources selleck chemicals of information that can be used to develop sophisticated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries building modeling approaches. The 3D building reconstruction is a complex task due to the diversity of building shapes (e.g., architectural and contemporary buildings). The building facades usually have some microstructures (e.g., windows, doors) and the building roofs present some superstructures (e.g., chimneys, attic windows). The representations of 3D building models can thus be divided into three main categories (see Figure 1).

Figure 1.Examples of generic model representations. Three illustrations of the same building with different level of details (from low to high).The complexity of 3D building models can be planimetric (complex Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries polygonal ground footprint) as well as altimetric (e.g., heights variation). Aerial data are very useful for the coverage of large areas such as cities. In the literature, several aerial or satellite data-based approaches are proposed to extract 3D prismatic and polyhedral building models. The data usually employed as input to these approaches are either optical aerial or satellite images, aerial or satellite Digital Surface Model (DSM) or aerial 3D point clouds such as aerial LIDAR data (Light Detection And Ranging data).

Some data samples usually employed are shown in Figure 2.Figure 2.The upper part of this figure illustrates an example of 3D building modeling process using a DSM. The middle part of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries this figure shows image-based feature extraction and assembly. The lower part shows our proposed direct and featureless image-based approach. …Figure 2 (Top) illustrates the building modeling using Digital Surface Models. Figure 2 (Middle) illustrates the building modeling using reconstructed geometrical features (e.g., 2D vertices and lines). Figure 2 (Bottom) illustrates our proposed featureless approach.The flowchart of the two first strategies (image-based building modeling) is illustrated in Figure 3. In the first strategy, a DSM is generated or directly employed as input (e.g., [8]). An example of a very dense aerial DSM is shown in Figure 2(b).

The succeeding stages consist of the use of the DSM as reference for the extraction of high level geometric features (e.g., 3D segments or 3D planes). The extracted features Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are finally assembled into a polyhedral building Brefeldin_A model using various optimization methods. However, these successive estimation stages inevitably introduce some inaccuracies that propagate from one stage to the next, which selleck products can affect the final 3D model. If these inaccuracies are large enough, then, one can note, that the obtained shape can be erroneous (e.g.

On the contrary, for immunosensors, one of the immunoreagents is

On the contrary, for immunosensors, one of the immunoreagents is immobilized on the surface of the transducer, and a direct physical signal is produced selleck kinase inhibitor when the immunochemical interaction occurs. This label-free detection represents an essential advantage of immunosensors as compared to label-dependent immunoassays [7].Immunosensors are biosensors that use antibodies (Ab) or antigens (Ag) as the specific sensing element and provide concentration-dependent signals [8]. Depending on the method of signal transduction, immunosensors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries may be divided into four basic groups: electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric and thermometric [9]. Among these different types of immunosensors, the electro-chemical ones show more potential thanks to their higher sensitivity, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries higher speed and permanent control.
Valera��s Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries group [10�C15] has reported a series of methods using electrochemical impedance immunosensors for atrazine detection based on the interdigitated microelectrode array produced by a competitive reaction. The Ciumasu group also reported a portable miniaturized immunosensor for atrazine and diuron detection using a competition assay method [16]. It is well known that competitive assays are complex. The direct determination of a pesticide by immobilizing a suitable antibody on the electrode surface could simplify the assay process and shorten the detection time. Hu et al. reported a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles for the direct determination of paraoxon. The recovery of paraoxon in river water using the developed immunosensor ranged between 93.
5�C109% Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries [6]. For electrochemical immnunosensors, because pesticides are small molecule compounds, in fact, the electro-signal change due to the immunoreaction AV-951 is usually faint. Thus, the use of direct immunoreactions for pesticide detection is still a challenge.During the fabrication of an immunosensor, the immobilization of the antigen or antibody onto the electrode surface is a difficult and crucial step, which heavily influences the performance of the resulting immunosensor. At present the main immobilization approaches include the electropolymerization entrapment technique using, for example, a polypyrrole monolayer film [17], polypyrrole/polybilayer film [18], self-assembled monolayers [19], or sol-gel film [20] etc.
Sol-gel technology provides a unique means to prepare a three-dimensional network suited for the encapsulation of a variety of biomolecules. Thus, here, we select silica gel sol gel (SiSG) as immobilizing agent to offer a biocompatible microenvironment for confining selleck the antibody and foreshadow the great potentiality of this immobilizing agent in the development of biosensors [21]. To the best of our knowledge, such a label-free, direct immunoreaction immunosensor with a silica SiSG immobilized antibody for carbofuran pesticide detection has not yet been reported.

Next, we shall show how to formulize the second-order statistics

Next, we shall show how to formulize the second-order statistics of the EMVS array output given in Equation (4) into a set of jointly diagonalizable square matrices.2.2. Formulation of the Second-Order Statistics into Jointly Diagonalizable MatricesWe denote the outputs of the nth EMVS��s as xn(t) C6. By definition, we know that xn(t) is the nth column of X(t) and thus could be furt
Recent identification of stable miRNAs in bodily fluids [8�C11] paved the way for their use as novel biomarkers amenable to clinical diagnosis in translational medicine. The simplicity of miRNA detection, combined with the observed specificity, has many researchers predicting a revolution in the discovery of biomarkers [12]. Secreted miRNAs have many requisite features of good biomarkers.
Whereas proteins are more diverse and therefore potentially more informative, the complex composition of protein in blood, post-translational modifications, low relative abundance, sequence Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries variations, and difficulties associated with the development of high-affinity detection agents render the discovery and development of new protein-based Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries biomarkers challenging and expensive. In addition to their stability in various bodily fluids, secreted miRNAs offer additional advantages. Most miRNA sequences are conserved across species; the expression of some miRNAs is specific to tissues or biological stages; and the level of miRNAs can be easily measured by quantitative PCR, which allows for high-precision signal amplification. Thus, detection of miRNA can be sensitive, predictive, specific, robust, translatable, and noninvasive, all characteristics of the ideal biomarker [13].
A number of methods are currently available for the detection Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and quantification of miRNAs. These methods have recently been reviewed in detail, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been discussed [14]. The advent of the next generation sequencing technologies has greatly enhanced discovery of novel miRNAs.Several factors pose potential problems for the successful application of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers. One major issue is the Batimastat lack of standardized procedures that can introduce bias in the interpretation of results. Variability, which makes cross comparison of studies published from different laboratories difficult, can be due to a number of factors.
Differences in sample collection, storage, selleck compound RNA isolation, accurate assessment of quantity and quality of miRNA, and the preamplification step when using small quantities of starting material can all be contributing factors.Microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR, and next-generation sequencing are the three platforms generally used in miRNA quantification. Several methods are used in data normalization to account for variability, including mean, quantile, endogenous, and discovered miRNAs [15�C18]. To calculate the mean normalization value, the average of all miRNAs is subtracted from each cycle threshold value.

In all of these studies the micro-sensor units

In all of these studies the micro-sensor units how to order are relatively unobtrusive and can be used in normal training sessions, and in some instances in competition. Recently Myklebust et al. [9] used data from five accelerometers located around a skier’s body and equipment to identify technique cycles and measure cycle rates. Algorithms were developed to process the accelerometer data and detect when poles and skis came into contact with the snow. Although this methodology allows for a robust technique analysis, the number of units and total weight of equipment used appears prohibitive for use in the daily training environment or during competition.The aim of the current study was to determine whether a single micro-sensor unit attached to the body could be used to identify effectively each of the main techniques used during cross-country skiing competition.
For such identification to be useful, the distinctive data patterns for each technique should be recognisable regardless of factors such Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries as snow conditions, equipment used, skier speed, gradient of the terrain, standard of the skier or athlete fatigue. Successful identification of a cycle Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries pattern for each technique would be the first step towards developing algorithms for automatic detection of cross-country skiing kinematics.2.?Experimental Section2.1. ParticipantsTwo groups of participants were used: an international group (IG) and a national Australian group (AG). IG athletes (three male, one female) had International Ski Federation (FIS) ranking points between 2.0 and 27.0 on the first ranking list for 2011/2012.
Each athlete in this group had achieved Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries at least one podium Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries result in FIS World Cup competition between 2009 and 2011. AG athletes (three male, one female) were all members of the Australian Cross-Country Ski Team and had FIS ranking points between 60.0 and 97.0 on the first ranking list for 2011/2012. All FIS World Cup results and rankings are available from Data were collected at Davos in Switzerland, Beitostoelen in Norway, and at Falls Creek in Australia.Ethics approval for the study was granted by the Australian Institute of Sport Ethics Committee (approval number 20102002) and the University of Canberra Committee for Ethics in Human Research (approval number 10-146). All participants Brefeldin_A were supplied with a participant information sheet prior to testing and given the opportunity to ask additional questions before signing written consent forms.
2.2. EquipmentData were collected using a commercially available micro-sensor unit (MinimaxX? S4, Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia). The micro-sensor unit contained a triaxial accelerometer sellekchem (100 Hz, ��6 g), a gyroscope (100 Hz, ��1,000 d/s), a Global Positioning System (GPS) device (Fastrax, 5 Hz) and a magnetometer (30 Hz). The unit has dimensions of 2.0 �� 4.8 �� 8.5 cm and weighs approximately 67 g.

Dynamic errors, representing the variance of the estimation resul

Dynamic errors, representing the variance of the estimation results, can be improved by filtering methods. However, results for a mathematical selleckchem uncertainty model representing Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the covariance matrix form for the spatial measurements of visual features using Kinect? sensors Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are unavailable. Khoshelham and Elberink [16] presented an error model and its analysis results; however, these results were represented as an independent error model with respect Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries to the X, Y and Z axis, and not as a covariance matrix. In the Cartesian space, the errors in the X, Y and Z axis data are correlated with each other; thus, the covariance matrix is not in a diagonal form. Therefore, we would like to derive the spatial uncertainty model of visual features using Kinect? sensors, which is represented by the covariance matrix for 3D measurement errors in the actual Cartesian space.
To achieve this objective, we derive the propagation relationship of the uncertainties between the disparity image space Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and the real Cartesian space with the mapping function between the two spaces. Then, we obtain the mathematical model for the covariance matrix of the spatial measurement error by using the propagation relationship. Finally, a quantitative analysis of the spatial measurement of Kinect? sensors is performed by applying the covariance matrix in the disparity image space and the calibrated sensor parameters to the proposed mathematical model.2.?3D Reconstruction from Kinect? Sensor DataKinect? sensors provide disparity image and RGB image information. The disparity image represents the spatial information, and the RGB image represents the color information.
3D point cloud data, which contains color information, can be obtained by fusing the disparity image and the RGB image information. Figure 1 shows the disparity image, the RGB image, and the colored 3D point cloud information that was reconstructed from a Kinect? sensor. Disparity image data, containing information about the distance of the location of each pixel, is expressed Drug_discovery as an integer from 0 to 2,047. This data contains relative distance information, which does not represent metric information. In addition, the relationship between distance and disparity image data is non-linear, as shown in the graph in Figure 2. Thus, the depth calibration function, which can transform disparity image data into actual distance information, is needed in order to reconstruct 3D information using Kinect sensors.
Figure 1.Information from Kinect? sensor. (a) Disparity map image; (b) RGB image; (c) Colored 3D point cloud data.Figure 2.Relationship between the disparity image and the real depth information (disparity: 400�C1,069, real depth: 0.5�C17.3 m).The mathematical model between disparity image data d and real Sunitinib Sutent depth is represented by Equation (1) [16]. In this equation, Zo, fo, and b indicate the distance of the reference pattern, focal length, and base length respectively.

It enables the operator to use vertical or tilted scanning planes

It enables the operator to use vertical or tilted scanning planes for adapting the system for appropriate 3D point acquisition in the carrying out selleckchem Crizotinib of different tasks. The latest scanner version of the system operates with a point measurement frequency of up to 976 kHz and a maximum profile measurement rate of 61 Hz, and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries an ambiguity interval in the phase-shift ranging of 153 m. The relative point precision of the system is estimated to be below 1 centimeter, but its absolute accuracy is mainly dependent on the GNSS-IMU navigation solution that can be provided in real-time, or more reliably through post-processing by means of a tactical-grade GPS-IMU with an output of 100 Hz. In the work described in this paper, we used the multiplatform approach to operate the ROAMER, and we describe and discuss the completely new Akhka backpack MLS system.
The paper also presents results from an evaluation of the data accuracy of the ROAMER on a permanent MLS test field, as well as results from an accuracy assessment of the Akhka data Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries against implemented in situ target field method and TLS reference data.2.?Multiplatform MLSThe FGI’s ROAMER mobile laser scanning system, Figure 2, is a high-end surveying device for producing accurate, dense, and precise point clouds for three-dimensional mapping for the detection, localization, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries modeling, analysis, and monitoring of anthropogenic and natural phenomena and processes. The initial goal of having this system was to develop a system that would maximize the automation of feature extraction at the post processing phase [8].
To accomplish a high level of automation in data processing, a laser scanner capable of providing dense point Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries clouds was set as the requirement Carfilzomib for the system. Additionally, the system was required to be a moving laboratory flexible as regards various applications. By upgrading the scanner unit several times, the data needs of different surveys have been met. The system performance has been improved by continuing with the development of processes and updates of hardware during the course of the past five years.Figure 2.ROAMER as a vehicle-mounted MLS installation (Photo courtesy of H. Hyypp?).Table 1 summarizes the current ROAMER equipment and the main data acquisition parameters that are operator-selectable to enable adapting the data acquisition to different tasks.
The ROAMER system is a DC-powered compact unit that can be installed on various carrier platforms for mobility and to meet the requirements set by various applications. The system runs on battery power for several hours at a time, whereas when mounted on vehicles the vehicle’s DC system can be used as its power source for continuous operation. The data recording computers prompt delivery are rugged laptops; one for navigation and the other for the laser scanning data.Table 1.ROAMER MLS system equipment and characteristics.The laser scanning unit in ROAMER is a FARO Photon 120 that uses a 785 nm laser with a power of 20 mW (Laser class 3R).

We used typically 200 generated data sets, calculated on a grid o

We used typically 200 generated data sets, calculated on a grid of 300 radial points and using fitted frictional ratio for sedimentation coefficients comprised between 1 and 50 S. For the reg ularization procedure a confidence level of 0. 68 was used. The molecular mass of LAPTc in solution was also determined by size exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle Volasertib solubility laser light scattering and refractometry. rLAPTc, purified by affinity chromatography as above, at 170 uM in 25 mM Tris HCl, pH 7. 5, 100 mM NaCl, was injected in a KW 804 column Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries preceded by a guard column, equilibrated in the same solvent, at 20 C with a flow rate of 0. 5 ml min. Protein concentration was measured on line by refractive index measurements using an Optilab rEX and considering ?n ?c 0. 186 ml g.

Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries On line MALLS detection was performed with a miniDAWN TREOS detector using laser emitting at 658 nm. Data were analyzed and weight averaged molar masses were calculated using the ASTRA software. Elution profiles were monitored by RI. The molecular mass distribution was determined from combined MALLS and RI data. Assay of optimal pH and temperature for activity and thermostability of LAPTc The optimal pH for activity of both endogenous and recombinant LAPTc was determined as described above in 50 mM acetic acid 50 mM MES 50 mM Tris HCl buffer adjusted to the desired pH. To assay the optimal temperature for aminopeptidase activity, reactions took place at 20, 25, 30, 37, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 100 C in reaction buffer.

Enzyme thermostability was assayed by incubating the purified proteins Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries at the same tempera tures for either 15 or 240 min in reaction buffer before the aminopeptidase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries activity assay on Leu AMC. An 8% SDS PAGE analysis of the molecular organization of the native or recombinant LAPTc followed. PAGE was per formed in the presence of 0. 1 or 0. 01% SDS without previous boiling of either protein. Inhibition pattern and cation dependence of LAPTc Different concentrations of tosyl lysylchloromethane, bestatin, EDTA, L trans epoxysuccinylleucyla mido butane, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1,10 phenanthroline, leupeptin, or phosphoramidon were incubated with 50 ng of purified LAPTc in 100 ul reaction buffer for 20 min at room temperature before the substrate was added. Enzymatic reactions were monitored as GSK-3 described above. All inhibitors were from Sigma Aldrich.

To assess the effects of cations on enzymatic activity, purified LAPTc was incubated in reaction buffer containing 10 mM EDTA or 250 uM 1,10 phenanthroline for 30 min at room temperature. After extensive dialysis against reac tion buffer at 4 C, 20 uM Leu AMC and AlCl3, CaCl2, FeCl2, CoCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, or ZnCl2 were added to the selleck products reaction system, followed by a 15 min incubation at 37 C. Hydrolysis of the substrate was measured as described above. Controls consisted of enzymatic reac tions carried out either without EDTA or 1,10 phenan throline treatments or in the absence of cations. Analysis of expression and immunocy