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    native or resident of the Philippines (Wikipedia) - Filipino people   (Redirected from Filipinos) This article is about the ethnic group from the Philippines. For the snack food in Spain and Portugal, see Filipinos (snack food). Filipino people Mamamayang Pilipino Total population Regions with significant populations  United States  Saudi Arabia  United Arab Emirates  Canada  Malaysia  Japan  United Kingdom  Mexico  Qatar  Kuwait  Italy  Hong Kong  Australia  Spain  Israel  South Korea  Lebanon  Papua New Guinea  Germany  Netherlands  Nigeria  Sweden  Ireland  Austria  Norway  China  Switzerland  Kazakhstan  Palau  Greece  Turkey Languages Religion Related ethnic groups
    Lapu-Lapu Sultan Kudarat José Rizal Marcelo H. del Pilar
    Andrés Bonifacio Melchora Aquino Emilio Aguinaldo Manuel L. Quezon
    Jesús A. Villamor Ferdinand Marcos Corazón Aquino Benigno Aquino III
    Nora Aunor Fernando Amorsolo Manny Pacquiao James Yap
    Paeng Nepomuceno Joseph Estrada Lea Salonga San Pedro Calungsod
    World 104,000,000
     Philippines 92,337,852 (2010 Census)
    Philippine languages, English; Spanish.
    Predominantly Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism, Islam, Buddhism, Traditional and folk religions and other.
    Austronesian-speaking people, particularly Indonesians, Malays, and Chamorros




    • 1 Etymology and orthography
    • 2 History
      • 2.1 Pre-Colonial
      • 2.2 Colonial influence
    • 3 Colonial caste system
    • 4 Genetic studies
    • 5 Languages
    • 6 Religion
    • 7 Diaspora
    • 8 See also
    • 9 Publications
    • 10 References

    Etymology and orthography


    History Main article: History of the Philippines Pre-Colonial






    The Negritos are likely descendants of the indigenous populations of the Sunda landmass and New Guinea, predating the Mongoloid peoples who later entered Southeast Asia. Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians. They were the ancestors of such tribes of the Philippines as the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines, today making up 0.03% of the total Philippine population.

    The majority of present day Filipinos are a product of the long process of evolution and movement of people. After the mass migrations through land bridges, migrations continue by boat during the maritime era of South East Asia. The ancient races became homogenized into the Malayo-Polynesians which colonized the majority of the Philippine, Malaysian and Indonesian Archipelagos.




    In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Butuan, the Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdom of Luzon now known as Pampanga which specialized in trade with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa, and most of what is now known as South East Asia.




    Colonial influenceThe image of Our Lady of Peñafrancia.




    Typical costume of a Principalía family of the late 19th century. Exhibit in the Villa Escudero Museum, San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines.Devotees flock to the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño during the novena masses.Devotees inside the Bascilica del Santo Niño in Cebu City.




    Colonial caste system


    Term Definition
    Negrito indigenous person of pure Negrito ancestry
    Indio indigenous person of pure Austronesian ancestry
    Sangley/Chino person of pure Chinese ancestry
    Mestizo de Sangley/Chino person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian ancestry
    Mestizo de Español person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian ancestry
    Tornatrás person of mixed Spanish, Austronesian and Chinese ancestry
    Filipino/Insulares person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines
    Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, the only Spanish prime minister of Filipino descent.A mestiza de sangley woman in a photograph by Francisco Van Camp, c. 1875.


    People who lived outside of Manila, Cebu, and the major Spanish posts were classified as such: ''Naturales'' were Catholic Austronesians of the lowland and coastal towns. The un-Catholic Negritos and Austronesians who lived in the towns were classified as ''salvajes'' (savages) or ''infieles'' (the unfaithful). ''Remontados'' (Spanish for ''situated in the mountains'') and ''tulisanes'' (bandits) were indigenous Austronesians and Negritos who refused to live in towns and took to the hills, all of whom were considered to live outside the social order as Catholicism was a driving force in Spanish colonials everyday life, as well as determining social class in the colony. People of pure Spanish descent living in the Philippines who were born in Spanish America were classfied as ''americanos''. Mestizos and africanos born in Spanish America living in the Philippines kept their legal classification as such, and usually came as indentured servants to the ''americanos''. The Philippine-born children of ''americanos'' were classified as ''Filipinos''. The Philippine-born children of mestizos and africanos from Spanish America were classified based on patrilineal descent.

    The term negrito was coined by the Spaniards based on their appearance. The word ''negrito'' would be misinterpreted and used by future European scholars as an ethnoracial term in and of itself. Both Christianized Negritos who lived in the colony and un-Christianized Negritos who lived in tribes outside of the colony were classified as ''negritos''. Christianized Negritos who lived in Manila were not allowed to enter Intramuros and lived in areas designated for Indios. A person of mixed Negrito and Austronesian ancestry were classified based on patrilineal descent; the father''s ancestry determined a child''s legal classification. If the father was ''negrito'' and the mother was ''India'' (Austronesian), the child was classified as ''negrito''. If the father was ''indio'' and the mother was ''negrita'', the child was classified as ''indio''. Persons of Negrito descent were viewed as being outside of the social order as they usually lived in tribes outside of the colony and resisted conversion to Christianity.

    Water carriers in Iloilo, 1899.


    However, a ''mestiza de sangley'' who married a blanco (''Filipino'', ''mestizo de espanol'', ''peninsular'', or ''americano'') kept her status as ''mestiza de sangley''. But her children were classified as tornatrás. An ''India'' who married a blanco also kept her status as India, but her children were classified as mestizo de espanol.


    On the contrast, a mestizo (de sangley or espanol) man''s status stayed the same regardless of who he married. If a mestizo (de sangley or espanol) married a filipina (woman of pure Spanish descent), she would lose her status as a ''filipina'' and would acquire the legal status of her husband and become a mestiza de espanol or sangley. If a ''filipina'' married an ''indio'', her legal status would change to ''India'', despite being of pure Spanish descent.



    The Spanish caste system based on race was abolished after the Philippines'' independence from Spain in 1898, and the word ''Filipino'' expanded to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of racial ancestry.

    Genetic studiesMigration of the Austronesian peoples and their languages based on archeological studies.See also: Models of migration to the Philippines, Demographics of the Philippines and Ethnic groups in the Philippines

    A study by Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, showed that mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. There is no genetic evidence for large-scale population replacement, displacement, or absorption to suggest replacement of preexisting hunting and gathering populations by farming-voyaging immigrants from Taiwan. Population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands to as far north as Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.

    Filipinos are an Austronesian people, a linguistic and genetic group that includes other ethnicities from maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific islands. The most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroup among modern Filipinos is Haplogroup O3-M122, which is found with high frequency in populations from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Polynesia. In particular, the type of O3-M122 that is found frequently in Filipinos, O-P201(xM7, M134), is also found frequently in other Austronesian populations, especially the Batak Toba from Sumatra and the Polynesians. Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study) is also commonly found among Filipinos and is shared with other Austronesian-speaking populations, especially those in Taiwan, western Indonesia, and Madagascar. After the 16th century, the colonial period saw the influx of limited genetic influence from Europeans and other populations from the Americas, Oceania, and Asia.


    Languages Main articles: Languages of the Philippines and Philippine languagesUniversity of Santo Tomas, Founded on 28 April 1611 by archbishop of Manila Miguel de Benavides, it has the oldest extant university in Asia.Universidad de Sta. Isabel Founded on 1867 through the royal order of Queen Isabella II of Spain.




    According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. The Constitution of the Philippines designates Filipino (which is based on Tagalog) as the national language and designates both Filipino and English as official languages. Regional languages are designated as auxiliary official languages. The constitution also provides that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.


    Religion Main article: Religion in the PhilippinesNuestra Señora del Santíssimo Rosario de La Naval de Manila or Our Lady of La Naval de ManilaGood Friday observance in Barangay (barrio) San Pedro Cutud, in San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines.



    As of 2013, religious groups together constituting less than five percent of the population included Seventh-day Adventists, United Church of Christ, United Methodists, the Episcopal Church in the Philippines, Assemblies of God, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and Philippine (Southern) Baptists; and the following domestically established churches: Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ), Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan), Members Church of God International, and The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the Name Above Every Name. In addition, there are Lumad, who are indigenous people of various animistic and syncretic religions.

    Diaspora Main article: Overseas Filipino

    Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, and other countries in the world.

    There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, immigrants from the Philippines made up the second largest group after Mexico that sought family reunification.


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