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Hair of the rat gives clues on lead

Antechinus stuartii

The forgotten victims of pollution include the native antechinus (pictured above) and rats (Source: Christopher McLean)


Christopher McLean of the University of Wollongong and colleagues, report their study of wildlife in the vicinity of a former lead/zinc smelter, in the journal Science of the Total Environment.

"These two metals accumulate in the hair of animals," says McLean, who did the research while at the University of Newcastle.

McLean says humans are typically exposed to lead and cadmium pollution via the air, especially around sources like smelters.

In the early 1990s, children around a smelter in the Newcastle suburb of Boolaroo, were found to have raised lead levels.

The smelter, which was operated by Pasminco Limited, closed down in 2003.

Much of the contamination from the smelter has since been cleaned up, but McLean says some areas remain polluted.

Lead levels in children were monitored until 2006, which showed that they decreased as the air cleared.

Although at last count, 4% of under 13-year-olds and 7% of under 5-year-olds still had raised levels.

But McLean says, heavy metals have accumulated in the environment and animals, which are more likely than humans to feed off plants and insects, remain at risk.


In autumn of 2007, McLean and colleagues analysed samples of soil and hair from the native brown antechinus and two species of introduced rat in 23 separate sites at different distances from the former smelter.

They washed the animal's hair before testing it to ensure they were only picking up lead that had accumulated in the animal's bodies.

The researchers found the higher the level of soil contamination at a given site, the greater the amount of lead and cadmium were present in the animals' hair.

Evidence from previous studies suggests that the levels present in the animals could interfere with their breeding, says McLean.

He says most studies of heavy metals in animals to date have involved killing the animals, but sampling hair provides a non-invasive method of testing them.

Interestingly, he says, despite differing diets, all three animals showed the same pattern of heavy metal accumulation in their hair.

McLean says the presence of heavy metals in these animals indicates other animals in urban areas - from brush-tailed possums or rainbow lorikeets - could also be contaminated.

Tags: air-pollution, land-pollution, ecology, lead