ComplexBash: A touch of vectors

This note is related to the previous note, please have a look if you haven't read that one.

This note deals with \(\color{Brown}{\text{the basics of complex numbers}}\) and \(\color{Purple}{\text{some useful results}}\) that will be needed in bash solutions.

Also, 2 examples of ComplexBash solutions, which might surprise you by their shortness over Pure geometry solutions.

The name of the note is Touch of vectors\color{#20A900}{\text{Touch of vectors}} , because complex numbers can be treated like vectors and that makes things easier at times. In fact, solutions that use vectors are many times very similar, except for the calculations.

\huge{\circledast} Before that, I want to discuss some things about how they mark the bash solutions in Olympiads (at least in India). Take these as your rules for bashing:-

1.\mathbf{1.} If you are stumped in a problem and are finding no way to get a solution by pure geometry, then only use bash.

2.\mathbf{2.} If you are getting a strong feeling that the problem is not easy by pure geometry and you’ll not get going with pure geometry, start bashing.

3.\mathbf{3.} Once you’ve started a bash solution, COMPLETE IT! Because in the marking scheme, they have one thing in mind, a bash solution is either a full mark solution or a 0.

4.\mathbf{4.} When you are bashing, do not leave loose ends, like “The above equation reduces to zero after calculation, hence…” NO!!\color{#D61F06}{\text{NO!!}}

You have to actually do ALL the calculations that are necessary and show the result, not just state it.

The very basics of Complex Numbers\color{#3D99F6}{\text{The very basics of Complex Numbers}} (skip if you know already)

i=1\boxed{\Large{ i= \sqrt{-1}}}

  • Every complex number zz will have a magnitude z|z| and an angle that it makes with the real axis, called it’s argument , denoted by arg(z)arg(z) and always π<arg(z)π-\pi < arg(z) \leq \pi This is why we can treat complex numbers as vectors whenever required.

  • If z=x+iyz=x+iy, then z=x2+y2|z|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2} and arg(z)=tan1yxarg(z) = tan^{-1}\frac{y}{x}.

  • A complex number of unit modulus making an angle θ\theta with real axis will be given by eiθ=cosθ+isinθ    z=zeiθe^{i\theta}=\cos\theta+i\sin\theta \implies z = |z| e^{i\theta}

  • Argument of all positive real numbers is 00 and that of all negative real numbers is π\pi

\quad\quad Argument of all numbers of the form kiki is π2\frac{\pi}{2} for k>0k>0 and π2\frac{-\pi}{2} for k<0k<0.

  • Every complex number is equivalent to a vector from Origin (complex number 0) to the point where it is denoted. Thus z=(z0)z= (z-0), a vector segment from 00 to zz.

  • The complex number equivalent to the vector segment between AA and BB will be AB=ba\vec{AB}=b-a , and BA=ab\vec{BA}=a-b.

  • arg(z1z2)=arg(z1)+arg(z2)arg(z_1z_2)=arg(z_1)+arg(z_2), adjust the 2π2\pi addition/subtraction to bring it in the range(π,π-\pi,\pi]

  • z1z2=z1z2×eiθ\dfrac{z_1}{z_2} = \dfrac{|z_1|}{|z_2|} \times e^{i\theta} , where θ\theta is the angle to be traced from z2z_2 in anticlockwise direction, in order to reach the direction same as z1z_1. Thus in other words, θ=arg(z1)arg(z2)\theta = arg(z_1)-arg(z_2).

  • As in above thing z1,z2|z_1|,|z_2| will be some real values, we can say z1=k×z2×eiθz_1 = k\times z_2 \times e^{i\theta} for all z1,z2z_1,z_2 with z20z_2\neq 0.

\quad\quad (Yeah, division by zero is not allowed in complex numbers too!)

\quad\quad kk will be a real number which will help us adjust the magnitude of our complex number.

With this much machinery, we are equipped enough to obtain some results we’ll be actually needing in geometry problems, so let’s begin the actual bashing!

The notations will be standard, (G,H,O etc) except for a,b,ca,b,c, which won’t be sides of triangles but the complex coordinates of the vertices A,B,CA,B,C respectively.

Here are Some Results\color{#3D99F6}{\text{Some Results}} that will prove helpful,

(not dealing with their proofs, we want the ‘Use’ of them more than ‘Proof’)

1\boxed{1}. Midpoint of segment between z1,z2z_1,z_2 will be z1+z22\dfrac{z_1+z_2}{2}

2\boxed{2}. Centroid of a triangle with vertices z1,z2,z3z_1,z_2,z_3 will be z1+z2+z33\dfrac{z_1+z_2+z_3}{3}.

3\boxed{3}. In a ABC\triangle ABC, points O,G,HO,G,H are circumcenter, centroid, orthocenter respectively.
\quad\quad As we know by Euler line, 2OG=GH2\vec{OG}=\vec{GH}. If we take the complex numbers assigned to O,G,HO,G,H as o,g,ho,g,h, then 2(go)=(hg)2(g-o)=(h-g)

2(a+b+c3o)=(ha+b+c3) \therefore 2\left( \dfrac{a+b+c}{3} -o\right) = \left( h- \dfrac{a+b+c}{3} \right)

\quad\quad Now if we take the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC to be centered at origin, we get 2g=hg    h=a+b+c2g=h-g \implies h=a+b+c

In general, h=a+b+c2oh=a+b+c - 2o, where oo is circumcenter coordinates.

4\boxed{4}. If ABC\triangle ABC is equilateral, we have ab=bc=ca|a-b|=|b-c|=|c-a| .

Also, if the names of vertices A,B,CA,B,C are in anticlockwise order, then BA\vec{BA} is obtained by rotating BC\vec{BC} by 6060^\circ in anticlockwise direction,

(ab)=(cb)eiπ3\therefore (a-b)=(c-b)e^{i\frac{\pi}{3}}

5\boxed{5}. If ABCDAB \bot CD , then you can say (ba)=k(cd)i(b-a)=k(c-d) i , where k=bacdk=\frac{|b-a|}{|c-d|} ,

Because eiπ2=cosπ2+isinπ2=ie^{i\frac{\pi}{2}}=\cos\frac{\pi}{2}+i\sin\frac{\pi}{2} = i.

Now something interesting,

Problems that use what’s discussed till now !\color{#3D99F6}{\text{Problems that use what’s discussed till now !}}

Problems in this note are bit basic, but I feel you might feel them cool as the complex bashes are shorter than pure geometry... from next one there will be problems from Olympiads !

1\boxed{\mathbf{1}} Given any ABC\triangle ABC, equilateral triangles are constructed externally on the sides of the triangle, to obtain points P,Q,RP,Q,R. Prove that centroid pf PQR\triangle PQR is same as centroid of ABC\triangle ABC.

Bash\textbf{Bash} – Let original triangle have complex coordinates a,b,ca,b,c.

Now let’s use the simple fact that PBPB is obtained by rotating BABA by 60=π360^\circ=\frac{\pi}{3}.

(pb)=(ab)eiπ3=(ab)(1+3i2)\therefore (p-b)=(a-b)e^{i\frac{\pi}{3}} = (a-b)\left(\frac{1+\sqrt{3}i}{2}\right)

p=a+b2+(ab)3i2\therefore p=\frac{a+b}{2} + \frac{(a-b)\sqrt{3}i}{2}

Similarly, q=b+c2+(bc)3i2q= \frac{b+c}{2}+\frac{(b-c)\sqrt{3}i}{2} ; r=c+a2+(ca)3i2r=\frac{c+a}{2}+\frac{(c-a)\sqrt{3}i}{2}

Now centroid of PQR=p+q+r3=a+b2+b+c2+c+a2+(ab)3i2+(bc)3i2+(ca)3i23=a+b+c3\triangle PQR = \frac{p+q+r}{3} = \dfrac{\frac{a+b}{2}+\frac{b+c}{2}+\frac{c+a}{2}+\frac{(a-b)\sqrt{3}i}{2}+\frac{(b-c)\sqrt{3}i}{2}+\frac{(c-a)\sqrt{3}i}{2}}{3} = \dfrac{a+b+c}{3}

As centroid of ABC\triangle ABC is also a+b+c3\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}, we have proved the required result.

Note :-\color{#D61F06}{\textbf{Note :-}} This will have solutions by pure geometry, but you can see they need more brain and are longer than what we did above….. But what’s more noteworthy is, imagine doing this by coordinate bash… You’d sink in the calculations to get points P,Q,R only!

2\boxed{\mathbf{2}} On the sides of ABC\triangle ABC, squares are constructed externally (ABQP,BCSR,CAUT\Box ABQP, \Box BCSR , \Box CAUT). Prove that centroids of triangles ABC,PRT,QSU\triangle ABC , \triangle PRT , \triangle QSU are all the same point.

Bash\textbf{Bash} – We use that APAP is rotated by 90=π290^\circ = \frac{\pi}{2} in anticlockwise direction in order to get ABAB.

(pa)×eiπ2=(ba)(pa)i=(ba)(pa)i2=(ba)ip+a=(ba)ip=a+(ab)i\therefore (p-a) \times e^{i\frac{\pi}{2}} = (b-a) \\ \therefore (p-a)i = (b-a) \\ \therefore (p-a) i^2=(b-a)i\\ \therefore -p+a=(b-a)i \\ \therefore p=a+(a-b)i

Now observe that QQ is just shift of PP by complex number AB=(ba)\vec{AB}=(b-a)

q=p+(ba)=b+(ab)i\therefore q=p+(b-a)=b+(a-b)i

Similarly, we get all the required points, which are

p=a+(ab)iq=b+(ab)ir=b+(bc)is=c+(bc)it=c+(ca)iu=a+(ca)ip=a+(a-b)i \\ q=b+(a-b)i \\ r=b+(b-c)i \\ s=c+(b-c)i \\ t= c+(c-a)i \\ u=a+(c-a)i

Now it’s just easy calculation to find,

centroid of PRT=a+(ab)i+b+(bc)i+c+(ca)i3=a+b+c3\triangle PRT = \dfrac{ a+(a-b)i + b+(b-c)i + c+(c-a)i }{3}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}

centroid of QSU=b+(ab)i+c+(bc)i+a+(ca)i3=a+b+c3\triangle QSU=\dfrac{ b+(a-b)i + c+(b-c)i + a+(c-a)i }{3} =\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}

Note:-\color{#D61F06}{\textbf{Note:-}} It’s noteworthy again that this solution is shorter and less brainy than Pure geometry and also, uses really very less calculations than Coordinate geometry…

With this, I’m concluding this part 2.

From next note onwards, there’ll be useful results and problems from past Olympiads.

If you enjoyed this, please share with your friends, who might be interested and seek help.

Stay tuned for more fun,

Happy Problem solving!

Note by Aditya Raut
4 years, 10 months ago

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To @Parth Lohomi , thank you soooo much for that problem, saw it today and felt soooo happy, you remembered my brithday!

Want to see you too @IMOTC'16 :D

Aditya Raut - 4 years, 10 months ago

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To the guys I'd like to meet in next year's IMOTC.... Something you'd like to know :)

@Satvik Golechha @Krishna Ar @Mehul Chaturvedi @Shivam Jadhav @Aditya Kumar @Harsh Shrivastava @Rishabh Tripathi

Aditya Raut - 4 years, 10 months ago

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Hi! I'd love to meet you too one day; but that's surely not going to be IMOTC. In 10th my RMO went good but still I didn't get selected, and I ain't taking it in 11th (JEE fever :(

Satvik Golechha - 4 years, 10 months ago

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What! NO ! Please don't do that!

You can't just say 'JEE fever' and get your hands off Math Olympiads! If only you had been at the IMOTC, you'd know what it's like.... Dude take my word for this, the 1 month of IMOTC is 100 times more worth than 10 months of JEE coaching... Do NOT leave math Olympiad, even my teacher for JEE says that Olympiads never hamper the result of JEE, they'd enhance it....

This is for @Krishna Ar too, if you have any argument similar to @Satvik Golechha ....

Aditya Raut - 4 years, 10 months ago

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@Aditya Raut Well, my argument is totally different (and pretty sane too!). It's just that I ain't that good.

Krishna Ar - 4 years, 10 months ago

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Would really like to meet you . I am preparing for it . I got selected for INMO in class X but could not qualify it . Please help me with it. I have sent a mail to you regarding it . Please reply.

Shivam Jadhav - 4 years, 10 months ago

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Well... dude.. I'd like to get some details on this from you. Can you talk to me on facebook please. ?

Rishabh Tripathi - 4 years, 10 months ago

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In which class are you sir!I too want to reach that height of IMOTC.I am in class 10th and haven't given RMO yet but I want to go for it,but how to prepare for it and also boards are on my head .I want to learn Mathematics through olympiads and (bashing as an alternative to problems).I always wanted to get advice from someone like you.

Siddharth Singh - 4 years, 10 months ago

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Haha! This note is just wonderful but :'( I am sure you are kidding me about the IMOTC part.

Krishna Ar - 4 years, 10 months ago

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@Aditya Raut I'd love to have more notes on Geometry bashes. Thanks for the note! :)

Kartik Sharma - 4 years, 10 months ago

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Hi sir.I m in class 10 right now and preparing for rmo.I aspire to reach as high as you have gone but some people say that as I m in 10th I should focus more on ntse but I m more intrested in math olympiads and it seems difficult to me to prepare for both the olympiads simultaneosly.Please advice me on what to do.By the way,bash notes were great and helped me a lot.

Kunal Kundwani - 2 years, 8 months ago

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but how to find the intersection of 2 lines in complex bashing.

Kunal Kundwani - 2 years, 8 months ago

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Thank u very much helped me a lot..

Rishabh Tiwari - 4 years, 1 month ago

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hey! great work on the note. I would love to see it's next part. Maybe you can take up some problems from past olympiads, and some other useful results like reflections, and similarity. Anyways great work. :)

Racchit Jain - 3 years, 8 months ago

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I cannot find P, Q, R in the first diagram.

Agnishom Chattopadhyay - 4 years, 10 months ago

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