(navigation image)
Search: Advanced Search
Anonymous User (login or join us)
See other formats

Full text of "Explanation of terms used in entomology"


; _D 


1 a 
: m 

i o 


1V ' --' * -' .V 

- ' 

_, \ ' ,, 

X ^ 

\ ' 









Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, Etc. 







When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the Brook- 
lyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of its Explana- 
tion of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the writer and two associ- 
ates with the task of preparing the same, it was believed that a little revision 
task to fill idle time in summer, report to be made in full. Two years have 
passed since that time ; the associates have dropped by the way ; the manu- 
script contains five times the number of terms in the original " Explanation," 
criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout the country. 

better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between the old and 
have increased in each order, each has followed an independent line of re- 
search, absolutely without regard to the work done elsewhere. In conse- 
quence, we have several terms for the same thing in many cases and, in an 
correspondents to make the work even approximately complete. 

Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to re- 
fer me to literature where explanations of other special terms could be found. 

After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary manu- 
script, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania, Mr. Nathan 
Banks of Washington, D. C, and Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society 
of Natural History went carefully over the entire work and by their criti- 
cisms and additions contributed materially to such merit as it possesses. To 
these gentlemen and to the many others not specifically mentioned I give 
is ready, rather than a delay to secure perfection. 

It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the correspond- 
ence to determine what sort of terms should or should not be included and to 
to state briefly what has been included and what omitted. 



Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their ordinary 
exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if used in their usual sense, 
have been generally included ; but compounds made up of adequately denned 
descriptive terms are generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have 
feasible to determine the proper use of terms applied differently in different 

Terms used in embryological and histological study have been included only 
scope of the present essay. 

and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the English-speak- 
ing world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of those colors that seem 
necessary to explain all modifications except metallics, blacks and whites. 

The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been drawn 
merely else the glossary would exceed its scope. 

than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those who note errors or omis- 
sions will communicate them to the writer so that when another edition is 


NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J., April, 1906. 


in each order in which there is any notable difference. 

hyphen which represents the stem word: e. g., ametabola -ons; the latter in 
place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the characters pecu- 
liar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a Latin ending, the 
former is usually given with the word and the other is added : e. g., cequilate 
-us, instead of cequilatus, there being no difference in the application. Usu- 
ally the singular form of the word is first given, and the plural ending is 
added ; e. g., antenna -CE, ccnchrus -ri, desideratum -at a; but occasionally, 
when the plural is more commonly used, e. g., epimera -eron, this is reversed 
and the singular ending is added : when the two are different in form, e. g., 
foot and feet, the words are given separately, and so when there is a differ- 
ence in the application, as in uncus and unci. 

equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to pro- 
duce it. 

venation, these parentheses occur most frequently. 

Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use : =, equal to, 
or the same as; q. v., which see; pi., plural; abb., abbreviated. 

The abbreviated names are : Comst., for Comstock ; Coq., for Coquillett ; 
Meig., for Meigen ; Nort., for Norton ; O. S., for Osten-Sacken ; and Will., 
for Williston. 





A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without. 
Ab : off ; away from. 
Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length. 

Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists nor- 
mally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a mooted 

question : bears no functional legs in the adult stage. 
Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen. 
Abdominal feet: see pro-legs. 
Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries 

enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies. 

by material secreted during copulation. 

it away from the body : see adductor. 

Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles. 
Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course. 

either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals. 
Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. 

Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal. 
Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function; 

obsolete or atrophied. 
Abraded: scraped or rubbed. 
Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation. 
Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin. 
Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another. 
Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle. 
Acaudal-ate: without a tail. 
Accessory: added, or in addition to. 

Accessory carinae: in Orthoplera the lateral carinae of the face. 



definite location as, e. g., in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell at the end of 
the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 to 10 : 1st radius 
2 (Comst.) ; = areole. 

Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the reproductive 

Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive system con- 
taining a sticky secretion. 

Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and branch- 
ing toward the apex of the wing in Perlidce. 


Acephalous: without a head. 

Acerata: arthropods without true antennae: Arachnida and Limulus. 

Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity. 


Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated; specifically 
the coxal cavity, q. v.; also applied to a cup-like cavity in the sucking 
mouth of maggots. 

Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family Platyp- 




Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor. 

of glands. 

Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini. 

Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have no crys- 
talline cone or lens ; see eucone. 

special ganglia. 

Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers. 


Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps. 

Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in Hymen- 
opt era furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor and connected 
with a poison sac. 

Aculeus-ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, espe- 
cially when sting-like, as in Hymcnoptera; in male Tipulidee a slender, 

Acuminate: tapering to a long point. 


Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle. 

Acute: pointed; terminating in or forming less than a right angle. 


Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues. 




and between it and the subdorsal line. 

parts into apposition : see abductor. 

Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata. 
Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga; pentamerous, predatory, terrestrial 

beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits : see hydradephagous. 
Adherent: attached or clinging to. 
Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat -body. 
Adiscota: insecta that develop into adults without forming imaginal discs: 

see discota. 

boring and burrowing pupae. 

Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together; closely connected. 
Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous. 
Adsperse-us: with markings of closely crowded small spots. 
Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum. 


Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course, without 

apparent reason. 

middle and the base of legs. 
Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the inner 


number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar). 
^neous-eus: shining bronze or brassy. 
Enescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy. 
JEquale: equal. 

^Equilate -us: of equal breadth throughout. 
Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects. 


aquatic Hemiptcra. 

Aeroscepsy: the faculty of observing atmospheric changes; supposed to be 

located in the antenna. 

Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Dipt era. 
.ffiruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green]. 
./Estival: occurring in summer. 
Estivation: applied to summer dormancy. 
Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre. 
Affinis: related to; similar in structure or development. 


Afternose : a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus : see post- 

Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male. 

Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see partheno- 
genesis ; gamogenesis. 

Agglomerate: heaped or massed together. 

Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass. 

Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible. 

Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid series 
in which the mouth structures are obsolescent. 

tegulse; in Diplcra'=- alula and squama, q. v. 

Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy in- 
sects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity. 

Air-tube: a respiratory siphon. 

Ala -SB: a wing or wings. 

Alar appendage: see alulet. 

root of the wing : Hymenoptera. 


necessarily in function. 

Albi, albus: white. 

Albicans: formed or made of white. 

Albidus: white with dusky tinge. 

Albinic: of the character of an albino. 

in a form usually colored. 


same characteristics. 

Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg. 

Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen. 

extends through the body to the anus. 

Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment. 

Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson]. 

the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. 


Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of generations 
(q. v.), as in Cynipids. 

Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be at- 
tractive to the opposite sex. 



Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q. v. 

Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes peri- 
odically produces only parthenogenetic females ; the latter, in turn, pro- 
ducing the sexed form ; occurs in Cynipidce and some Homo fit era : see 


aileron; scale; tegulse: Colcoptcra; a membranous appendage of the elytra 
which prevents dislocation. 

Alulet: Diptera; the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; =alar appendage; 
posterior lobe ; and has been used as == alula. 

cracks, like the human skin. 

Alveolate: furnished with cells; deeply pitted. 

Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb. 


practically margins the wing. 


Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptcra in which the legs are fitted for walk- 
ing only ; Phasmids. 

Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface. 

Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the ventral seg- 
ments of the abdomen of some Colcoptcra. 

Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking. 

usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active. 

Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses. 

Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an ame- 
thyst [between mauve and lilac]. 

Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo. 

extending cephalad. 

amnion cavity in the embryo. 

Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost immedi- 
ately after emergence from the egg. 

Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amceba. 

Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amceba. 

Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are aquatic but 
whose imagos are aerial ; stone-flies ; May-flies ; dragon-flies. 

Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals. 

Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing mandibles of 


medium size, between teleodont and priodont ; = mesodont. 

Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to the 
anterior and terminal segments. 

Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size. 

e. g. Hister. 

Ampliate -us: moderately dilated. 

Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged. 

the young in escaping from ootheca, and later, in molting: Heteroptera; 

Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of antenna 
which aids in the blood circulation of head and its appendages. 

Amygdaliform: almond-shaped. 


reaches the tip of the abdomen. 

when the wings are expanded : the angle between the inner and outer mar- 
gin of any wing ; = hind angle of primaries. 

Anal appendages: generally applied to the external genital parts. 

wing within the anal vein = axillary area. 

Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.) : in Dipt era, anal 

area of the secondaries. 

Anal filaments: see caudal setae. 

Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae. 

Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chiron omids, which is 
modified to serve as a hold-fast. 


specialized material. 

Anal horns: in Colletnbola, are small processes borne on the last abdominal 

Anal lobes: in Lcccmi'mce, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes form- 
ing a valve which covers the anal orifice. 


Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: e. g., 
the wings of birds and insects : see homologous. 

Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in cater- 
pillars = supra-anal plate, q. v. 


Anal organs: CoHcmbola; the two modified hairs arising from a tubercle 

Anal orifice: see anus. 

Anal papilla: CoHcmbola; see anal tubercle. 

segment: in the embryonic larva the llth tergite. 

Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidoe. ' 

Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipida:, lying 
outside and below the lateral scale. 

Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae. 

Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the ab- 
domen in Homoptera. 

Anal tubercle: CoHcmbola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs : = anal 

one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids. 

Anal valves: see podical plates. 

Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base to 
q. v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it may be followed 

Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other. 

markings ; sometimes used like stigma, q. v. ; also in N euro pt era, a series 

Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q. v. 

Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor. 

Anchor process: = breastbone, q. v. 

Anchylosed: grown together at a joint. 

Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles. 

Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, found local- 
ized on some male butterflies. 

Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes. 

Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa. 

median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal to the vertical portion 
when closed." 

Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the metanotum be- 
tween the lateral and pleural carinse ; = 3d pleural area. 


Angulose: having angles. 

Angulus: forming an angle := angulate. 

Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out. 

especially at base, than the front wings. 

Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms. 



Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands. 

Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus. 

Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments. 

to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening. 

Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal seg- 
ment of the antenna is inserted ; = antennal sclerite. 

Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type. 

Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizootic, thoracic 
segments similarly developed : a composite aggregation which includes both 
the biting and sucking lice. 

Ante: before; used as a prefix. 

Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely immedi- 
ately in front of the base of each front wing. 

Ante-apical: just before the apex. 

inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any apparent line of demar- 
cation : = clypeus-anterior ; inf ra-clypeus ; rhinarium ; second clypeus. 

Ante-coxal piece: Colcoptcra; that portion of the metasternum lying in front 
of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and meeting the ab- 
domen : of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the clypeus ; one on each side. 


Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which mus- 
cles are attached. 


to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q. v. 

Antemedial line: =t. a. line, q. v. 

Antemedian: Diptcra; applied to leg-bristles situated before the middle. 

head, commonly termed horns or feelers. 

Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st seg- 
ment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by the 
the antenna may be drawn : similar structures are on the fore tibiae of Cara- 
bid beetles : tarsal claws are also used by various insects to clean antennae. 

Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or 3d 
segment in the male. 

Antennal formula: in Coccidcc; made by enumerating the antennal joints in 
the order of their length, beginning with the longest and bracketing to- 
gether those of the same length. 

Antennal fossa -SB: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located or con- 
cealed : = a. grooves ; antennary fossa. 

Antennal fovea: Diptcra; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face as 
though for the lodgment of the antenna ; bounded on the sides by the facial 

Antennal foveolae: Orthopt-cra; the pits between frontal costa and lateral 
carinae, in which the antennae are inserted. 


Antennal grooves: see a. fossa. 

Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum. 


Antennal process: Dipt era; the frontal protuberance upon which the anten- 
nae are inserted. 

Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis. 

Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head. 

Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa! 

which the antennae lie. 

Antenniferous: bearing antennae. 


Antennule: a small antenna or feeler-like process. 

Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionida the cells included between the short 
and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein descending 
from the nodus. 

nodal or ante-cubital cells : ^-ante-cubital. 

Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and sub-costa, 
from the base to the nodus : ante-cubitals. 

Ajiteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in Collem- 
bola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in front of the 
eyes : = prostemmatic. 

Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax. 

Antepenultimate: the last but two. 

are anterior. 

Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptcra (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.). 

Anterior field: Ortlwptcra; of tegmina, see costal field. 

Anterior intercalary vein: Dipt era; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew : =dis- 
coidal vein. 

Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal seg- 
ment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket. 

Anterior lobe: Orthoptcra; see lobes. 

Anterior squama: =antisquama; q. v. 

Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of cater- 
pillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior; sometimes united 

Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of cater- 
pillars; addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it is I of 
the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar). 

Antero: to the front; anteriorly. 

Antero-dorsal: Dipt cm; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior 
and dorsal face. 


Antero-ventral: Dipt era; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior 
and ventral face. 

Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn Coleoptera in 
which the labium extends beyond the mentum. 

tarsus is dilated and pubescent ; the bees. 



Anticus : frontal ; belonging to or directed toward the front. 

secondary sexual diversity. 

Antinodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and sub-costa, 
from the base to the nodus; =antecubitals. 

Antisquama: Dipt era; the upper of the two alulae, which moves with the 
wings ; = antitegula ; see also squama. 

Antitegula: see antisquama. 

Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera. 

Antliata : insects with a sucking mouth ; originally applied to Lepidoptera 
and Dipt era, later and more specifically to Diptera. 

Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front. 

passed : the posterior part of the individual : specifically, in Coccidcs, a 
more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the pygidium, vary- 
ing in location as regards the circumgenital gland orifices : = anal orifice. 


of the costal area. 

Aphaniptera : indistinctly winged ; see Siphonaptera. 

Aphideine: see aphidilutein. 

by alkaline reagents. 


Apical area: see petiolar area. 

Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera. 

Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera (Nor- 
ton) ; = medial (Comst.) ; outer apical celi = 2d medial 2 (Conist.) ; inner 
apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.). 

margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus. 

Apically: toward or directed toward the apex. 


Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum behind mid- 
dle and separates the median from the posterior cells or areas. 

Apiculis: an erect, fleshy, short point. 

Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points. 


Apivorous: devouring bees. 


or through tracheal gills. 
Apocrita: = petiolata, q. v. 
Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae; without feet: 

= apodous. 

Apode: one that has no feet. 

scutellum in male Coccidce. 

Apodous: without feet; see apodal. 
Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating processes; 

applied to cells. 
Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha; trochan- 

terellus ; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in Hymenoptera; also used 

as synonymous with ento-thorax. 

Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites cov- 
ering the gonapophyses. 
Apotypes: = hypotypes, q. v. 

to any other main structure. 

Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices. 

Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennas where the joints have 

articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have membranous processes 

at base. 

Appendigerous: bearing appendages. 

to another: in Heteroptera; =cuneus, q. v. 
Appress-ed: to press against; closely applied to. 
Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together. 


used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura and 


Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae. 
Apterous: without wings. 
Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and presumed 

Apterygota: = apterygogenea ; see pterygote. 

gray [nile green]. 
Aquatic: living wholly in water. 

Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit. 
Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb. 


Araneiform: spider-like in appearance. 

Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees. 

Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree. 


Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis: Pseudo- 

Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree growth: 
high mountains : = alpine. 

Arcuate: curved like a bow: =arquate. 


Arculus: Odonata; a small cross-vein between radius and cubitus near the 
base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptcra; a point, 
vein in similar position, apparently giving rise to the median. 


Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the medi- 
astinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera, 

Arese or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins. 

Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas. 

Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty. 

Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also arese: 
median area; upper median area. 

Areolate: with small denned areas, like a network. 

Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule. 


Argentate: shining, silvery white. 

Argenteous: silvery. 

Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay. 

Arid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to pro- 
duce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert condi- 
tions prevail : see humid. 

Oregon and California. 

Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antenna of certain Diptera. 

Aristate: Diptera; that type of antenna that bears an arista: =athericerous. 

Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista. 

wings ; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures. 

Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes. 





claws : see empodium ; pulvillus ; palmula ; plantula ; onychium, paronych- 

ium, pseudonychium. 
Arquate: see arcuate. 

and some saw-flies. 
Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all males: 

see thelyotoky and deuterotoky. 
Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in pseudotetramera 

and trimera. 

Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates. 
Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction. 
Arthromere : a body segment or ring : somite. 
Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere. 
Arthropoda: all those articulates having jointed legs. 
Article: a joint or segment. 

an articulation is fitted. 
Articulata: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are made up 

of rings, segments or articulations. 
Articulate: divided into joints or segments. 
Articulated apex: see clasp filament. 

also applied to an individual joint or segment. 
Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the wings 

are attached to the thorax. 
Artus: the organs of locomotion generally. 
Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely developed 


ashes of anthracite coal. 
Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces dr in which it is 

Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations. 
Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots. 


obtain specimens ; also called sembling. 

Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical. 
Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of sym- 
metry in form or in the development of members. 
Ater: deep black; not shining. 
Aterimus: the deepest black. 
Athericerous: see aristate. 
Atom -us: a minute dot or point. 


Atomarius: with minute dots or points. 

Atrachelia: Coleoptcra in which there is no visible constriction between head 

and prothorax; Rhynchophora and some Heteromera. 

Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding struc- 
ture to the trachea. 

Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue. 
Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use. 


Atrous: jet black. 
Atrovelutinus: velvety black. 

Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green]. 
Attenuated : drawn out ; slender ; tapering. 
Attingent: touching. 

Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure. 

as in Homoptera. 

Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing. 
Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense 


functions as an ear. 

Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. 
Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies. 
Aurelian: a lepidopterist. 
Aureolate: with a diffuse colored ring. 
Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly. 
Aureous-eus: gold-colored. 
Aurichalceous: brassy yellow. 
Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the tumes- 

cent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in Andrenidcz, a 

short membranous process placed laterally on the ligula. 



space and the chamber. 

means of which the blood is admitted into it. 
Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages. 

of Anthocharis. 



and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands : divided 

Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering the 
Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and South Caro- 
lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east 
Texas, 'nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas and 
Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and Tennessee. 

species and compared with the type or co-type. 

Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing. 


meso-scutellum in Proctytrypidce. 

the angle of ramification. 

Axillary area: see anal area. 

Axillary calli: see calli axillary. 

Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst). 

Axillary excision: =a. incision, q. v. 

which separates the alula from the main part. 

also alula and posterior lobe. 

the anal vein (Ephemeridce) ; a group of several (10-20) radiate veins 
that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera. 



unpaired oviduct ; specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at the 
junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus. 


Baccate -us: berry-like; applied to bladder-like ovaries from the surface of 

which the short ovarian tubes arise. 
Back: the dorsum or upper surface. 
Baculiform: rod or staff -like. 

Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment. 
Baenopoda: the thoracic legs. 
Basnosome: the thorax. 
Balancers: see halteres. 

Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture : see bare. 
Band : a transverse marking broadej than a line. 


Bar: a short, straight band of equal width. 

Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward. 




flat tufts at the sides or tip. 

Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage. 
Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald. 
Basad: in the direction of or toward the base. 

main body. 
Basal area: in wings; that space nearest the point where they are attached 

to the body: on the metanotum of Hymcnoplera, the anterior of the three 

median cells or areas; = 1st median area. 
Basal cell: Diptera; 1st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.) ; 2d (Will.), =media 


that form the post-costal or anal vein : Odonata; an elongate cell between 

radius and cubitus, just before the arculus. 
Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are distinguishable, 



across the primaries very close to base. 
Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette. 

Basal post-costal vein: in Agrionina, one of the cubito-anal cross-veins. 
Basal segment of clasp: see side piece. 

base and t. a. line (q. v.). 

interspace to the t. a. line. 
Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymcnoptcra, crosses before 

middle and separates the anterior from the median areas. 


Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the epithelium 


Basilar: of or pertaining to the base. 
Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space. 

optic tract. 


Batesian mimicry: see mimicry. 
Bathmis: see pterostigma. 

Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars. 

Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets in 

the hemipterous mouth. 


Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated. 

Belly: venter; under side of abdomen. 

Belonoid: needle-like. 

Bi: prefix, means two. 

Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptcra. 

Biarcuate: twice curved. 

Biareolate: with two cells or areoles : see bilocular. 

Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes. 

Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent. 

Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes. 

Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps. 

Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes. 

Bidentate: two-toothed. 

Biemarginate: twice emarginate ; with two excisions. 

Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions. 

Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia. 

Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Colcoptera to tarsal claws 

Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides. 


Biguttate: with two drop-like spots. 
Bijugum: in two pairs. 

Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates. 
Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides. 
Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules. 
Bilineate -us: with two lines. 
Bilobate-ed: divided into two lobes. 

Bilocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate. 
Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae. 
Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair. 
Binotate: with two rounded spots. 
Binus: paired: doubled. 

Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life. 
Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is active. 
Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms. 
Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary substance. 
Bioplasm: formative living matter. 
Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid. 
Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on each side of 

each joint. 


Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes. 
Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages. 
Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series. 


Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each an- 
tennal joint. 


Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions. 

Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles. 

Biuncinate: with two hooks. 

to form a tube. 

Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae. 

Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia. 

Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm. 

Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the embryo 
are formed. 

Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm. 

Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast. 

Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo. 


Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. 

Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane between ab- 
domen and thorax in certain saw-flies. 

Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip. 

alone ; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined. 

Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance. 

Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated. 

Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk. 

States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast 
and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Moun- 
tain ranges ; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian : see austral and 

woody or other vegetable tissue. 

Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes. 

Bouclier: the pronotum, q. v. 

in bees : = spoon. 

Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra. 


Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like. 

(Nort), ~2d anal (Comst.). 

by means of recurrent venules. 


Brachium: the fore tibia. 

Brachycerous: Diptcra; with short, 3-jointed antennae. 

Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings. 

Brachyostomata: brachycerous Dipt era with short proboscis. 


oesophagus ; formed of the first three primitive ganglia : see supra-oeso- 


Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larvae. 
Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae. 
Branchiate: supplied with gills or branchiae. 
Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass. 
Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum. 


labium : = anchor process. 
Breathing pores: see spiracle. 
Brevis: short. 

lower part of front. 
Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial sector 

(Comst.) with Ml +2, apparently forming a continuous part of the radial 


Bridge cross-veins: Odonata; those cross-veins, one or more in number, 

extending between Ml + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys between principal 

and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein. 
Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland. 
Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt. 
Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band. 
Bronze: the color of old brass. 
Erood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid by one 

Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red]. 

hair or bristles : see barbated. 

Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity. 


Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks. 
Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas. 


the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephcmcrida a part of 


forward and furnished with more cross-veins than elsewhere ; practically 

the stigma, q. v. 


Bullate: blistered. 

Bullule: a small blister. 


with a stalked hair pencil. 

modification of the vagina. 

Caducous -us: deciduous; easily detached or shed. 




or pouches : see coecum. 

Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms. 
Cseruleus -ecus: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue]: = coe- 


Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue. 
Casspiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns. 
Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl. 
Calcar-ium; pi. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically the 

spines at the apex of a tibia. 

Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx. 
Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera. 

Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; distin- 
guished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the base of 

radius + medius and cubitus : = axillary calli. 
Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: callous : 

also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than the surround- 
ing tissue. 

Callous: see callosity. 
Callus: a small callosity. 
Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating spines in 

Limacodid larvae. 

Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q. v. 


to fit one into the other. 

Calypter: Dipt era; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere. 
Calyptra: a hood or cap: see alula. 
Calyptrate: those flies that have alulae or membranous scales above the 


also egg-calyx. 


recurved at the margin. 

Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields. 

Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at least, 
resemble Campodca: = leptiform. 

part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of Canada, the north- 
ern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the 
Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of 
Green, Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains of 
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern 
Tennessee. In the Rockies extends continuously from British Columbia 
to western Wyoming and in the Cascades from British Columbia to south- 
ern Oregon with a narrow interruption along the Columbia River. 

Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper concave line 
in the middle. 

Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by trans- 
verse lines. 

Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray. 

Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in pred- 
atory species; = dentes canmse. 

Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their blistering 
power: composition, CioH^Oi (von Furth). 

some insects into an upper and lower half. 

Canus: see canescent. 

Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like. 

Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube. 

slender and loosely articulated. 


Tineid Lepidoptera. 

Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e. g., Cucullia: 
see cucullus. 

abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass. 

tip of halteres in Diptcra: the labella or lapping tip of the mouth of cer- 
tain flies. 

Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long-horned beetle. 

fertilized by Blastophaga through the medium of wild, inedible or " capri- 


Caput: the head with ail its appendages. 

Capylus. a hump on the upper side of the segments of many larvae. 


that of a Carabid. 

Carbonarius: coal black. 

Cardia: the gizzard; q. v. : also applied to the heart. 

Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart. 

Cardiac valvule: see cesophageal valve. 

Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle. 

or dorsal vessel. 

Cardio-coelom: that part of the ccelom that forms the pericardium. 


Cardo, pi. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by means of 
which it is jointed to the head. 

Carina-se: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute. 

Carinate: a surface having carinse. 

elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora. 

Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinse. 


Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine. 


Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food. 

Carnose-us: of a soft, fleshy substance. 

east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Mis- 
souri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware ; more than half of 
Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Mich- 
igan and South Ontario : extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth 
of Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the 
shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay. 

of the primaries : that point in the wings at which they are transversely 

Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle. 

Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance. 

Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red]. 

admixture of vermilion]. 

Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among social in- 
sects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc. 


Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q. v. 

Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain. 


Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller. 

Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lcpidoptera. 

Catervatum: by heaps. 

Cauda: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the ab- 
domen in plant lice : any extension of the anal segment or appendage ter- 
minating the abdomen. 


Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity. 

Caudal setee: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in many 
Neuropterous and some other insects ; = anal filaments. 

Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes. 


Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail. 

Caudula-ae: a little tail. 

were supposed to develop : epiploon. 

Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the mush- 
room body. 


Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like. 

Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting. 

Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns. 

Cavity- as: a hollow space or opening. 

Cecidium: a gall. 

cells derive their names from the vein forming the upper margin : e. g., all 
animals are developed by division and consequent increase into a multi- 
cellular condition : a compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb. 

small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed area 
is formed. 

Cenchrus-ri: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on the 
metanotum of some Hymenoptera. 

Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another vivip- 
arously ; as in plant-lice. 

Centimeter: abb., Cm.: =.01 meter = .394 inch; roughly 2 1 /* Cm. = one 

Centrad: toward the centre or interior. 

Central foveola: see median foveola. 





Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head. 

Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through which 


from head to prothorax. 

Cephalization: concentration toward the head. 

Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod. 

Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some Or- 
thoptera into an anterior and posterior chamber. 

Cephalon: the head. 

Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions. 

Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage. 

Cephalo-thorax: the united head and thorax of arachnida and Crustacea: 
segments of larvae that have no obviously separated head. 

Cerago: bee-bread. 


Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed, antenna-like, de- 
veloped from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo ; sometimes 
unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes. 

applied like cerci. 

Cercus: see cerci. 

Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-cesophageal ganglion. 

Cerebrum: the supra-ossophageal ganglion. 

Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward. 

Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck. 

Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae occipital foramen. 

Cervical sclerites: small chitinous plates on the membrane between head and 
thorax: see jugular sclerites. 

Cervical shield: the chitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars just be- 
hind the head : = prothoracic shield. 

Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion. 

Cervinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red]. 

occiput lying over the junction of the head, i. e., between the vertex and 

Cespitose: matted together. 

Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies. 

Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and nomenclature of 
the bristles on the body of insects. 

Chagrined: see shagreened. 

Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies; a group of Hymcnoptera. 

Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance. 

Chalybeate: steely in appearance. 

Chalybeous: metallic steel blue. 

Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels. 

Chaperon: = clypeus or clypeus anterior. 

Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes termi- 
nating a member or appendage. 


Character: a quality of form, color or structure. 

Cheek: see gena. 



the opposable claw forms a clasping structure. 
Chelate: bearing a chela or claw; applied when claws are capable of being 

drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint. 
Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers. 
Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based. 
Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a secre- 
tion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn by its 

insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin. 
Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes the 


Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin. 
Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin. 
Chitinous: composed of chitine or like it in texture: as a color term is 

amber yellow. 

Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects. 

found in the blood of insects. 


Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg. 

Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic filaments 

of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division. 

and adult in butterflies : see pupa. 
Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt. 
Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the gizzard and is mixed 

with the secretions of the salivary glands and csecal structures, ready to be 


Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and di- 
gestion begins. 

Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts. 
Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of 


Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot. 

lines ; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin. 
Cilium, pi. Cilia: q. v. 
Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain Heteroptera 

and used as a means of defense. 
Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids. 



Cinctus: with a colored band: = cingulatus. 


Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance. 

Cingula-um: a colored band or bands. 

Cingulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinctus. 

Cinnabarine: [vermilion red]. 

Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna]. 

Cinura: see Thysamira, of which this forms a group including the bristle- 


Circiter: about, or round-about. 

Circular: round like a circle. 

disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspince. 

Circumcesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres connecting the 
suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of nervous system. 

Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing. 

Cirrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may or may 
not be ciliated : see plumose. 

Cirrose-us: with somewhat dense curled hair. 


Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow]. 

Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae. 

valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts during copu- 
lation : = the harpes of some authors. 

Claspette: in genitalia of <$ culicids, the inner basal lobe of side piece; q. v. 

Clasp-filament: in d genitalia of culicids, the articulated appendage or ter- 
minal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an articulated point 
or apex and then = articulated apex. 

higher than an order : e. g., the " Class Insecta." 


Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance. 

a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum. 


Claval suture: Hcmiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating the clavus. 

Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip. 

Clavate hairs: in Collembola, =tenent hairs. 

enlarged or clubbed at tip. 

Clavicular lobe: Homoptcra; that portion of hind wing behind anal veins. 

or mark extending from the t. a. line through the subrr.edian interspace, 
toward and sometimes to the t. p. line. 


Clavola: see clava. 

Clavus: the club of an antenna; = clava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the 


Cleavage: see segmentation of egg. 
Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Colcoptera applied to claws so 

divided that the parts lie one above the other. 
Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. 
Cloaca: see rectum. 
Clubbed: see clavate. 

Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium. 
Clypeate: shield-like in form. 

so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form. 
Clypeo-f rental suture: = clypeal suture. 

labrum is attached anteriorly ; in Diptcra often visible below the margin 

Clypeus anterior: see ante-clypeus. 
Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus. 
Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form. 

maxilla in Chrysopids, etc. 

elytra when permanently united at the suture. 
Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood. 
Coalescent: united or grown together. 



beginning with a narrow base, then dilated and thickened. 


Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine]. 
Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell. 
Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell. 

spun or constructed by many larva: as a protection to the pupa. 

means of which it works its way out of the cocoon. 


see caecum ; the two are used interchangeably. 
Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense. 



Coelom: the body cavity. 


and giving rise to more or less of the ccelom of the adult. 

as in Aphid idee. 

Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see casruleus. 

the other so as to appear like one. 

thorax free; transformations complete: the beetles: the term has also been 
applied to the two elytra together. 

in Hymcnoptera, the neck; in Diptcra, may mean the neck, the sclerites 
attached to the prothorax, the prothorax itself, or its processes (ante 
furca) ; in Coleoptera, is the narrowed prothorax; in Lepidoptera, applied 
to the sclerites attached to the prothorax and which shield the neck. 

metamorphoses ; have variably developed abdominal saltatorial appendages 

Colleterial gland: see colleterium. 

Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting the 
viscid material used in cementing the eggs together. 

Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the ab- 
domen in Collembola. 

in Hymcnoptera and Diptcra; in Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of 
the head or even the prothorax : loosely used. 

canal before the rectum. 

Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis. 

Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end. 



Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together. 


union of two bodies : a bridge connecting two bodies or structures ; e. g., 
tracheal tubes. 

or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and secondaries. 


Comose: ending in a tuft or brush. 

Complanate: compressed; flattened above and below: == deplanate. 


Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidtz, capable of repro- 
duction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females are less 
nest to replace a lost queen or mature female. 



Component: one part of a combined whole. 

Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts. 

Compressed: flattened laterally. 

Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series. 

convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the bottoms of 


Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or strengthened by 

tibia of Orthoptera. 

Concinne: neat; fine. 

Concolorous: of the same general color. 

Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles. 

does not again separate. 

Conduplicate: doubled or folded together. 

a pan or cavity. 

Confertim: closely clustered or crowded. 

Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse. 


lines and spots without definite pattern. 

Congener: a species belonging to the same genus. 

with others compared with it. 

Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended. 

Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere. 

Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in Or- 
thoptera, opening upon one of the external structures. 

Conglomerate: congregated; massed together. 



Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes. 


and female elements. 


Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites. 

Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis. 

Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax. 

Connate: united at base, or along the whole length. 


and ventral plates : also used like pulmonarium, q. v. 
Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in repose 

that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins. 
Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled. 
Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance. 
Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots. 
Constituent: a part, or element of a whole. 

Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the extremi- 

Contiguous: so near together as to touch. 
Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other. 
Contour: the outline or periphery. 


the power of contracting. 

against another. 

Converging: approaching each other toward the tip. 
Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips. 
Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed to con- 
cave : convex veins are those which occupy the summits of ridges on the 

upper surface of a wing; see concave veins. 

wrapped around the body. 
Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of an 

excrementitious character. 
Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union. 
Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse. 
Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain Scolytid beetles 

Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon]. 



the corbel is open. 

from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the pollen basket ; 

its function is to hold the collected pollen in place. 
Corbiculate: having corbicula. 
Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base rounded; 

not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base. 
Cordiform: cordate. 


Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like ap- 


Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture. 

Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends from 
base to membrane below the embolium. 

individual facet. 

of the compound eye is composed. 



see valves. 

Corniculus -i: = cornicles ; honey-tubes; q. v. 


Cornute-us: having horns or horn-like processes. 

Corona: a crown or crown-like processes. 

Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination. 

Coronet: a small crown or corona. 


Corpus: the body as a whole. 


Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells. 

Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence. 

Correlated: detrived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more 
other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect. 

Correlative: of a correlated nature: see correlated. 


Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or wingless; 
mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation incomplete; 
thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes Termitidce, Pso- 
cidce and Mallophaga. 

Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels. 

Corselet: the prothorax in Coleoptera. 

Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin. 



Coryphatus: = capillatus. 

Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, secreting 
a glutinous covering for the eggs. 

Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world. 

Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics. 

margin of any wing, but usually the primaries : in Comstock, the vein ex- 
tending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to the point of 
junction with subcosta. 


Costal area: the area behind costal vein: see also, costal field. 

margin or costa : = anterior field. 
Costal fold: in the males of some Hespcridce, a membranous flap that may 

be opened to expose the androconia. 
Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really costate or 


Costal membrane: Hymcnoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal vein. 
Costal vein: Lepidoptcra; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin, 
extending from base to the margin before the apex; always simple and 
often absent in the secondaries ; is vein 12 of the numerical series on pri- 
maries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.). 
Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines. 
Costula: Hymcnoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta- 

thoracic area into two parts. 
Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate. 
Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint. 
Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is named, 
no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case equals the 
sum of the cotypes : see paratype. 
Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to 

the body. 

Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the coxa articulates; in Cole- 
optcra the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the sternum ; 
closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join medially as 
in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the prosternum extends 
between them, confluent when it does not : see acetabulum. 
Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed 

in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders. 
Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of the 

abdominal segments in Thysanura. 
Crag: the neck: cervix. 
Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the fixed 

parts above the clypeo-frontal suture. 
Crassus: thick; tumid. 

Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl. 
Creber: closely set. 
Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of pupae 

in Lepidoptera. 

Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth. 

Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply curved. 
Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of 
vapor or " bombarding " : a cracHner or creaking. 


Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk. 

Crescentiform: like a lumile or crescent. 

Crescentric: lunulate. 

Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina ori the upper surface of any part of 

the head or body. 
Crested: see cristate. 
Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great 

divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks. 
Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes. 
Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve. 
Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray. 
Crinite-us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose. 
Crispate-us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin. 
Crista: a ridge or crest. 

Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface: == crested. 
Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest. 
Cristula: a small crest. 

Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests. 
Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale cadmium 


Crocus: = croceous. 

Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperida. 
Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet which 

serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower passage through 

the digestive tract : = ingluvies. 

the cremaster of pupse. 

Crown: the top of head in Lepidopfera; also used as = coronet or corona. 
Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner margins lie 

one over the other ; or to incumbent wings that overlie only at the -apex : 

in Dipt era, applied to bristles when they cross in direction. 
Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the inner 

margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate. 
Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs. 
Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-cesopha- 

geal ganglion. 

Crus: a leg or leg-like structure. 
Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab. 
Crypto: hidden, concealed. 
Cryptocerata: a division of Hctcroptcra with small antennae concealed in a 

groove under the head : = adeloceratous : see gymnocerata. 
Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed. 
Cryptopentamera: feet 5- jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed. 
Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed. 
Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and meta-thorax. 
Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large gland-like 

structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle. 


Crystalline: transparent, like crystal. 

Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in pigment 
cells of the compound eye : also termed C. lens. 

Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect. 

Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubitus. 

Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubitus and anal vein; in the plural, 
all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubitus or its branches (Comst.) ; 
in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew) ; 
in Hymenoptera (Norton), radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.). 

Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of the 

Cubital nerve or vein: see cubitus. 

Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins extending 
from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer margin : in 
Orthoptcra; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longi- 
tudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal : the tibia of the 
anterior leg. 

Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of the 
family Cercopida and which often conceals the producer. 

Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped. 

Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium. 

Cuilleron: see alula. 

Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes. 

Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar. 

Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: = the mandibles of 
some authors. 

Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife. 

Cumulate: in groups or heaps. 

Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum. 

Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular. 

Cuneus: Hctcroptcra; the small triangular area at the end of the embolium 
of hemelytra : Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex between the com- 
pound eyes. 

Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper. 

Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the tarsi in 
male Dytiscida. 

Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform. 

Cursoria: in Orthoptcra, that series in which the legs are formed for run- 
ning (roaches, etc.). 

Cursorial: formed for running. 

Curvate: curved. 

Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some Psocida. 

Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing. 

Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated 
point ending in a bristle. 

Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope. 

Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer. 


Cuticula: = cuticle : specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: see 

epidermis and hypodermis. 

Cyaneous: pure dark blue; indigo blue [French blue]. 
Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading. 
Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and sometimes in 


Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform. 
Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa. 
Cycle: a round or circle, e. g., of development; a life cycle. 
Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from the 

hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering : see orthorrhapha. 
Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed. 

Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides. 
Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of equal 

diameter throughout. 

Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; navicular. 
Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell body. 


Dactylus: a finger or toe; = digitus : a tarsal joint after the first one, when 
that is enlarged as in bees. 

Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi [^]. 

Dart: a sting, or its central part. 

Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark. 

Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen. 

Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden. 

Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed. 

Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward. 

Declivent -ous: sloping gradually downward. 

Decrepitans: crackling. 

Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base. 

Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body. 

Decurved: bowed downward. 

Decussate: crossing at an angle; X-like: in cross pairs; or, when bristles 
alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera. 

Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap and the 
outer edges decline toward the sides. 

Deflexed: abruptly bent downward. 

Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form; specifically, in Coleoptcra ap- 
plied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids. 

Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of the 
adult in Lepidoptera. 

Dehiscent: -open or standing open: separating toward the tip. 

Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion. 

Delamination: the splitting or division into layers. 

Deltoid: elongate triangular; resembling a Greek A with apex extended. 


Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting. 

Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies of the 

Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub. 

Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues. 

Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees. 

Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process. 

Dense: thickly crowded together. 

Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and the tip 
is above the middle of base. 

Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on their 

Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented. 

Denies: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the mandible: 
the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, consisting of two 
parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium and bearing at their 
apices the mucrones. 

Denies caninae: see canine teeth. 

Denticle: a small tooth. 

Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches. 

Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth. 

Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair. 

Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface covering 
of scales, hair or other vestiture. 

Deorsum: downward. 

Dependent: hanging down. 

Deplanate -us: see complanate. 

Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed. 

Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression of an 
organ or a part. 

Deratoptera: = Ortlwptera. 

Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering. 

Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, setae, 
spines, etc. 

Dermaptera: see Dermal opt era. 

Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with elytri- 
form, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are folded trans- 
versely and fan-like : mouth mandibulate, prothorax free ; abdomen f orci- 
pate ; metamorphosis incomplete : the Forficulida or earwigs. 

Desectus: = truncatus. 

Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired. 

Destitutus: wanting; being without. 

Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: marked out. 

Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion. 

Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded. 

Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are male and 
female : see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky. 


Deutocerebral segment: antennal segment; q. v. 

Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion of 
the 2d primary segment ; also termed antennal or olfactory lobes from the 
parts it innervates: 

Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum. 
Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen. 
Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right. 
Dextral: to the right of the median line. 

Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad. 
Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad. 
Di: as a prefix, = two. 
Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear. 
Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane separating 

the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body. 
Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion. 
Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood inward: 

see systole. 
Dichgetae: a group of brachycerous Diptcra with a proboscis consisting of 

two parts : Muscids, etc. 

Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front; not contiguous: see holoptic. 
Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs. 
Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties. 
Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also, more generally, 

to the Orthoptcra. 

Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length. 
Didymus: double: geminate. 

Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous. 
Diffracted: bending in different directions. 
Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin. 
Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that por- 
tion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place. 
Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes. 
Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger. 
Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccida; in Lecanium, four knobbed 


Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small ap- 
pendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla ; rarely present and probably 

Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season. 
Dilatatus: Coleoptera; a margin, when the sharp marginal edge extends 
beyond its usual limit : the base when the transverse diameter is much 
longer at one part. 
Dilated: widened, expanded. 
Dilation: an expansion or widening. 

Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale. 
Dilutior: much thinned out or diluted. 

Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some groups (ri 


Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints. 

Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra when 

they cover only half the abdomen. 
Dimidius: of half length. 

Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms. 
Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc., between individuals of the 

same species, characterizing two distinct types : may be seasonal, sexual or 


Dioecious: with distinct sexes. 

Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line. 
Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus. 
Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimerida, because of the 

supposed presence of a second labial segment. 
Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods. 
Diploptera: = diplopteryga ; q. v. 
Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are longitudinally 

folded when at rest. 

Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders). 
Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of wings 

(anterior); thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate; transformations com- 

Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect. 
Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera. 
Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete. 
Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the 

attention of an enemy from more vital parts. 
Disc: see disk. 

Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure. 
Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or that 

area covered by the discal cell. 

Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal seg- 
ments before the hind margin. 
Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the base 

of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.) : in Diptera (Will.) 

= 1st medial 2 (Comst.) : Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q. v. : Triclwp- 

tera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from 

the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein. 
Discal patch: in some male Hes per idee the oblique streak of specialized black 

scales on the disc of the primaries. 
Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median cell; 

extends from radius 5 to media 1. 
Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc. 

Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q. v. 
Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal. 
Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Orthoptera; that area of the teg- 

mina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas : = d. 

Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the outer 

side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the 


upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells: 
= discal cells. 

Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) ; 1st medial 2, medial 3 and medial 
4 (Comst). 

Discoidal field: see discoidal area. 

Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.). 

Discoidal triangle: Odonata: see triangle. 

Discoidal vein: Diptcra (Schiner), media 2 (Comst.); = anterior inter- 
calary vein (Loew) ; Hymenoptera (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), beyond 
the junction with the medial cross-vein: Orthoptera; the first and largest 
branch of the humeral vein. 

Discoideous: = discoidal. 

Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less con- 
trasting ; not concolorous. 

Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal discs: 
see adiscota. 

Discrete: distinctly separated. 

Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larvae. 

Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area. 

Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus. 

Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions. 

Disjunctus: separated; standing apart. 

Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a margin; 
the central area of a wing : in Orthoptera, the obliquely ridged outer sur- 
face of hind femur in sanatoria. 

Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the tips of 
the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other. 

Dispersus: with scattered markings, punctures or other small sculptures. 

Disposed: arranged or laid out. 

Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating the 
coelom-sacs in the embryo ; also the thin envelope about the members in 
obtect pupae. 

Dissilient: bursting open elastically. 

Distad: toward the distal end. 

Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body. 

Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart. 

Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at the apices 
of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them. 

Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing the 

Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts. 

Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed. 

Diurna?: day fliers: applied to butterflies. 

Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only. 

Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate. 

Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped at 
base and diverge behind : tarsal claws when arising at apposite sides of the 
joint and separating widely. 


Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal claws 
are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate when they 
separate widely. 

Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds. 

Diverticulum -la: an off-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary canal; 
usually blind or sac-like : applied to the caecal tubes or pouches : any exten- 
sions or evaginations of the hypodermis. 

Dividens (vena): Orthoptera; 1st anal (Comst.). 

Dog-ear marks: in bees; small, subtriangular marks of light color, just be- 
low the antennae (Cocker ell). 

Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated keel and 
cylindrical base. 

Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae. 

Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any other: a 
type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, species and 
individuals and in which differentiation is yet active. 

Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side. 

Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface; in Diptcra, that face of the 
laterally extended legs visible from above. 

Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central. 

Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane upon 
which these muscles rest : = pericardial diaphragm, q. v. 

Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspince, oval orifices arranged in more or less 
distinct rows on the surface of the pygidiutn, through which is discharged 
the material of which the dorsal scale is formed. 

Dorsal glands: see last preceding title. 

Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the back 
or dorsum. 

Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspina that lies above 
the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below. 

Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal ridges. 

Dorsal vessel: the heart; q. v. 

Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface. 

Dorso-alar region: Diptcra; between the transverse suture and the scutellum 
on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central region on the 

Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the inner 
part of the dorsum. 

Dorso-central region: Diptcra; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn from 
the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free from 
bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is often occu- 
pied by a dorsal thoracic stripe. 

Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax and 
transverse suture on two sides and by the dorso-pleural suture and dorso- 
central region on the two others. 

Dorsolum: the mesoscutum. 

Dorso-pleural suture: Diptcra; the lateral suture between dorsum and pleu- 


rum from the humeri through the base of the wing ; separates the meso- 
notum from the pleura. 

Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface. 

Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing sockets; also, 
specifically, the meso-scutellum. 

Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to meso- and 
meta-thorax : Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and meta-thoracic 
terga : Diptcra; upper surface of thorax, limited by the dorsopleural 
sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly : Lepi- 
doptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing. 

Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland. 

Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee. 

Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to the 
point of discharge. 

Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of the 
vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is ejected 
into the vagina. 

Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline por- 
tion of the poison carried by the sting. 

Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of the 
digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules. 

Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk- worms together; also the coarse silk 
from such a cocoon. 

Duplicate -us: double. 

Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna alter- 
nately long and short. 

Duplo: double, or twice. 

Durus: hard. 

Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous. 

E: as prefix, is privative and means without. 

Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal seg- 
ment of some Orthoptera. 

Ebonine: black like ebony. 

Eburneous: ivory white. 

Ecalcaratus: without a spur. 

Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied to wings: 
= excaudate. 

Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting. 

Echinate: set with prickles. 

Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to their 
surroundings : = ethology. 

Ectad: extending outwardly from within. 

Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface. 

Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast. 


Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, giving 
rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the body surface. 

Ectognathus: see ectotrophous. 

Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton. 

Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea. 

Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see ento- 

Edematus: dull translucent white. 

Edentate -ulous: without teeth. 

Edentula: those having no teeth. 

Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre. 

Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation. 

Eflected: somewhat angularly bent outward. 


Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an embryo, 
used in breaking the shell when hatching. 

Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the ovarian 
tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into the vagina. 

Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to contain 
or hold together the egg-mass as a whole : see ootheca. 

Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral por- 
tion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower valves, used 
in oviposition. 

Egg-pouch: see ootheca. 

Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers. 

Egg-tube: see ovarian tube. 

Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius. 

Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout. 

Elate -us: see elevatus. 

Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids. 

Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more spe- 
cifically, the Coleoptera. 

Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings. 

Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate with 
the labium : see synista. 

Ellipsoidal: see elliptical. 

Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an even 

Elongata -ate : drawn out ; lengthened ; much longer than wide. 

Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings. 

Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as cover- 
ings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line down the 
middle of dorsum in repose : also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera. 

Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side margin of 
elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments : e. g., in Dytiscidce. 

Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron. 


Elytrin: = chitin, q. v. 

Elytron: singular of elytra; q. v. 

Elytroptera: see Coleoptera. 

Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional man- 
dibles in any stage. 

Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e. g., butterflies and moths, 
and applied in any stage. 

Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut from 
a margin. 

Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the anterior 
margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane : the lobes on 
each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the base of the 
primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is moved. 

Embossed: ornamented with raised figures. 

Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or before 
emerging from the egg. 

Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped state or 

Emmet: an ant. 

Empodium: Dipt era; the small process between the pulvilli : in Coleoptera; 
the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws : used also as = pulvillus ; and see 
arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and 

Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint. 

Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it. 

Encircled: ringed; margined round about. 

Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced. 

Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart. 

Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the inner 
layer of the chorium. 

Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium. 

Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving origin to 
the mid-intestine and other visceral organs : see entoderm. 

Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the hypopharynx 
when that is well developed. 

Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the middle 
portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which the endo- 
derm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated. 

Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners. 

Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton. 

Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward into the 
body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for muscles. 

Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal mem- 

Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax. 

Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are de- 
veloped within the body of the mother ; see exotoky. 



Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima. 

Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind. 

Engraved: see exsculptus. 

Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the point: 
see anceps. 

Entad: extending inwardly from without. 

Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity. 

Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron. 

Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term. 

Entire : with an even unbroken margin : said of wings when they are not 
divided or cut into. 

Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are derived 
the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory structures : = endo- 
derm and hypoblast. 

Entognathous: see entotrophous. 

Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings. 

Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e. g., fungi. 

Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history. 

Entomolin: chitin, q. v. 

Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects. 

the Hexapods. 

Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those wasps 
that feed their young with larvae, etc. 

Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for pol- 
lination by insects. 

Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see ento- 

Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect. 

Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study. 

Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of insects. 

Entomotomist: a student of insect structure. 

Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum. 

Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly from 
the sternal sclerites : see apophysis. 

Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head: = entognathous : 
see ectotrophous. 

Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others. 

Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon an or- 

Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland. 

Epalpate: having no palpi. 

Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage. 

Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with net-veined 
wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth mandibulate, not 
functionally developed; thorax loosely agglutinated; abdomen with anal 
filaments ; metamorphosis incomplete. 


Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida ; q. v. 

Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo. 

Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium. 

Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the head. 

Epicranial plate: in some larvse a plate-like structure forming the epi- 

Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes. 

Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: often 
used to include front, vertex and gense : = calva. 

Epideme: see articulatory epideme. 

Epiderma-is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting the 
cuticula : incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle. 

Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin. 

Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior part of 
the testes. 

Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen. 

Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as op- 
posed to preformation, which implies development from already existing 

Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female elements, dur- 
ing which organs are forming. 

Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q. v. 

Epiglottis: = epipharynx ; q. v. 

Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied in 

Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidee, really corresponds to a partially divided 
ligula : a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum. 

Epimera-eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small, nar- 
row or triangular. 

Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see opticon. 

Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx. 

Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending back- 
ward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx : see hypopharyngeal 

Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface of 
the labrum and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher animals : 
= epiglossa or epiglottis. 

Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore tibia of 
many Lepidoptera. 

Epipleura: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately be- 
neath the edge : the inflexed portions of the pronotum are sometimes called 
prothoracic epipleura : as generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to 
the entire bent under margin of the elytra. 

Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera. 

Epiploon: see caul. 

Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment. 

Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the ovipositor 
in grasshoppers. 


Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between the 
sternum and notum. 

Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite 
immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an in- 
termediate piece : in Diptera, that part of the face between the front and 
the labrum ; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous 
thereto and so peristoma : in Odonata; = clypeus : = : hypostoma. 

Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity. 

Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals. 

Epizootic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the surface. 

Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae for the 
reception of the front femora ; Hymenoptera. 

Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of a 
pupil or central spot. 

Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are 
without inequalities. 

Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other. 

Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular. 

Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or other 
process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made rigid. 

Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, second- 
aries horizontal. 

Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles. 

Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places. 

Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males. 

Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females. 

Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers. 

Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and emarginations. 

Eruca: broadly a larva; more specifically a caterpillar. 

Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance. 

Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like. 

Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites. 

Erythraeus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted. 

Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little 
Indian red]. 

Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera. 

Essential character: see specific character. 

Ethology: see ecology. 

Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal appendages: 
applied to certain dipterous larvae. 

Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have crystalline 
cones : see acone. 

Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera. 

Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied to the 

Ecus or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the stem 
word : e. g., membraneous, like a membrane in texture. 


Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a well- 
developed tracheal system. 

Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded. 

Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out. 

Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less. 

Eversible: capable of being turned inside out. 

Evident: easily seen or recognized. 

Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives : also means from or out of. 

Exarate-us: sulcated: sculptured. 

Exarticulate: without distinct joints. 

Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations. 

Excalcarate: without spurs. 

Excaudate: see ecaudate. 

Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle. 

Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not 

Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part. 

Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement. 

Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal. 

Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or sub- 
stance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided 
or otherwise sent out from them. 

Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste products. 

Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged. 

Excurved: curved outwards. 

Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that have 
been bred from collected larvae. 

Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the outer 
layer of the chorion. 

Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra. 

Exoderm: the outer skin or crust. 

Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings. 

Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue. 

Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles are 

Exotic : not a native of the place where found : an introduced species : also 
any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the country 
whose fauna is under consideration. 

Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are devel- 
oped outside of the body of the insect and without care by the mother : 
see endotoky. 

Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been bred 
from the egg stage. 

Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for the 

Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings 
when fully spread. 


Expansio alarum: the wing stretch: see expanse. 

Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is con- 
tracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is presumably 
forced out of them. 

Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin. 

Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica. 

Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal de- 
pressions, as if carved. 

Exscutellate: having no scutel. 

Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point. 

Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation 
beyond its ordinary course. 

Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other. 

Extensa : extended : expanded. 

Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose function it 
is to extend it. 

Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the ex- 
tension plate through the pressure plate. 

Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles. 

Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender. 

Exterior: the outside. 

Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin. 

External: belonging to or on the outside. 

External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of the 
metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae : = first 
lateral basal area. 

External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or areas 
between the median and lateral longitudinal carinaa : = second lateral area. 

Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.) ; in 
Orthoptera; = media (Comst.). 

Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together. 

Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes. 

Extremity: the point most remote from base. 

Extrorse -urn: toward the outside. 

Extrude: to turn or force out. 

Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings. 

Exuvia-iae-ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspince the larval 
skin when cast and incorporated in the scale. 

Exuviate: to cast the skin; to moult. 


Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one on 
each side of the head : the term is properly applied to compound eyes only ; 
but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or ocelli. 

Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: the 
front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to the 


vertex ; usually applied to insects in which the head is vertical : in bees 
extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae ; in the Hymenoptera 
generally the area between antennae and clypeus : in flies the area between 
base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and cheeks. 

Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like divisions 
of the compound eye. 

Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex. 

Facial bristles: Dipt era; a series on either side of the middle portion of the 
face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia. 

Facial carinae: applied to both the carinse of the frontal costa and the ac- 
cessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the accessory 
carinae, in Orthoptefa. 

Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q. v. 

Facialium -ia: Dipt era; that portion of the face between the lower part of 
the frontal fissure and the antennal foveae. 

Facial quadrangle: in bees, the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes, 
above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between 
their lowest points. 

Facial ridges: Dipt era; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves. 

Facial tubercle: Diptcra; a median convexity below middle of face. 

Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression. 

Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply excavated be- 
low the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little curved. 

Falciform: curved like a sickle. 

False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs ; q. v. 

Family: a division of classification including a number of genera agreeing 
in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they are apparently 
descended from one stem : opinionative and indicated by the termination 

Farctus: fully filled. 

Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces. 

Farinose : dotted with many single, flour-like spots : mealy. 

Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both 
wings or wing covers. 

Fasciate: banded transversely. 

Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of .hair, threads or fibres. 

Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when 
covered with bundles of long hair. 

a little beyond the abdomen. 

Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex. 

Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae, sur- 
rounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs. 

Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings. 

Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country. 

Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb. 

Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb. 

Fecula: the excrement of insects. 


Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozoon. 

Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q. v. 

Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the antennae but some- 
times to the palpi, as mouth- feelers. 

Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each thoracic 
segment ; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus only ; 
plural of foot ; q. v. 

Female: designated by " ?," the astronomical sign for Venus: that sex in 
which the ova are developed. 

Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex. 

Femorate-us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or thighs. 

Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation be- 
tween them. 

Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, articulated 
to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the tibia at its distal 
end : in Coccidce and quite commonly, the femur and trochanter are con- 
sidered as one, for measuring purposes. 

Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid mark in 
a vein : a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the antennae in 

Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the wings of 
some Lepidoptera. 

Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the ommatidia, 
at their junction with the optic nerve : see retina. 

Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron. 

Ferrugineous-ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but 

Ferrugino-testaceous: a rusty yellow-brown; a mixture of rusty red with 
dull yellow-brown. 

Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoon enters through the micro- 
pyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus : loosely applied like 
copulation or to its completion. 

Festivus: variegated with bright colors. 

Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails. 

Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue. 

Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle of 
short threads. 

Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular tissue; 
also found in blood and other body liquids. 

Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, con- 
cerned in the production of fibrin. 

Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like. 

Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptcra (Will.) ; = media 3 (Comst.). 

Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: 
an elongated appendage. 

Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or Filaria, 
transmitted by mosquitoes. 

Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or dilation: 


Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars. 

File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets, 

used in stridulating : in general any structure wherever situated that serves 

the same purpose. 
Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennas; e. g., in Colcoptcra, the 


Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter. 
Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk glands of 

caterpillars near their anterior end. 

Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in Lepidoptera. 
Filose: ending in a thread-like process. 

Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes. 
Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely placed. 
Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q. v. 
First clypeus: see post clypeus. 
First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.) ; is cubitus 1, from 

media 4, to first anal (Comst.). 

First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing be- 
hind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa. 
First longitudinal vein: in Dipt era; = radius 1 (Comst.). 
First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and the 

radio-medial cross-vein (Comst.). 
Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks. 
Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used for 

Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the parent 

divides ; each part becoming a new individual. 
Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit. 
Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base. 
Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by the 

union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera. 
Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube. 
Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan. 
Flabelliform: fan-shaped. 
Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of the 

glossa in bees : also used as = flagellum ; q. v. 
Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth; =labella; q. v. 
Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax. 
Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process. 
Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or whip-like 

process : the tail-like process of a spermatozoon. 
Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified]. 
Flange: a projecting rim or edge. 
Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura. 
Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet. 
Flavescent: somewhat yellow. 
Flavid: yellowed; sulphur yellow. 
Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown; almost luteous. 


Flavous-us: sulphur yellow [gamboge]. 

Flavo-virens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow]. 

Flex: to bend: to curve back. 

Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties. 

Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: flexible. 

Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at 
angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and 
nearly straight. 

Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles. 


Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair. 

Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus. 

Flosculus: a small, tubular, lunulate anal organ with a central style, in cer- 
tain Fulgorids. 

Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams. 

Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown when 
such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it. 

Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures. 

Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may 
be ejected. 

Foliaceous: leaf -like, or resembling a leaf. 

Policies: leaf -like processes from a margin or protuberance. 

Follicle: = cocoon, q. v. : a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary. 

Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle. 

Food reservoir: Lepidoptera; a blind sac or diverticulum from the hind part 
of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach. 

Foot: the tarsus, q. v. ; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form 
refers to legs rather than tarsi : see feet. 

Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of abdominal 

Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes. 

Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or nerve: 
any opening at an apex : the opening of a cocoon. 

Foramen magnum: the opening on the posterior surface of the head to give 
passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax : = occipital 

Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera; the auditory 
organs on the anterior tibiae. 

Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like special- 
ized appendages of ear-wigs : similar processes in the male, used as clasp- 
ing organs in copulation. 

Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures. 

Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers. 

Fore: anterior. 

Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium 
being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the stomodaeum. 


Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and antennae. 

Fore-intestine: = f oregut, q. v. 

Forficate: = forcipate, q. v. 

Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing, numbered 1, 2, 
3, etc. 

Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the normal 
or type in some uniform character ; it is seasonal if it occurs at a period 
different from the type ; dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations 
or two color patterns occur ; or sexual if the members of one sex differ 
uniformly from those of the other. 

Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants. 

Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill. 

Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without. 

Fossa -se: =fossula; q. v. 

Fossoria: burrowers : in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in Hy- 
menoptera, the digging wasps. 

Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing. 

Fossula-ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically applied to 
grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the antennae are con- 

Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions. 

Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove. 

Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptcra (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.). 

Fovea, Foveola-ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit. 

Foveate: with foveaa or pit-like depressions. 

Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb. 

Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna. 

Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle. 

Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars. 

Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to any 
other part : said of pupse when all the parts and appendages are separately 
encased as in Coleoptcra. 

Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less well-marked 
frenulum occurs. 

Frenate: having a frenulum. 

Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising from the 
base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite the 
wings in flight : in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum 
which connects with the trochlea : the anal area of secondaries and thus 
= tendo, q. v. 

which the frenulum is fitted. 

Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular portion 
at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and Trichoptera: 
see tendo. 

Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well 
beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes 


occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair 

projecting beyond the wing membrane. 
Frog: the articular pan; q. v. 
Frons: = front; q. v. 
Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and below 

ocelli : in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face. 
Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part. 
Frontal costa: Orthop'tera; a prominent vertical ridge of head which may be 

median or lateral : see median carina and lateral carina. 
Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending dorsad 

between the antenna? and meeting or nearly meeting the fastigium of the 

vertex in Tettigidce. 
Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal 

lunule to the border of the mouth. 
Frontal lobes: in Psyllida, two lobes or swellings more or less completely 

divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated. 

Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of an- 
tennae in Cydorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture. 
Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q. v. 
Frontal ridge: in Coleoptera; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of the eye, 

extending forward. 

Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or dis- 
. colored: = vitta frontalis. 
Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of the 

head above it: in Coleoptera; = clypeal suture. 
Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which the 

antennae are placed. 
Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the eyes 

below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae. 
Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon which 

the ocelli are situated. 
Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front, 

just below the vertical bristles. 
Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent. 

Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in Carabids. 
Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and 

Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus : any structure 

that serves as a support to another. 
Fulgidus: shining. 

Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown + a little black]. 
Fulvo-eeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink]. 
Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange [pale 

cadmium yellow + Indian red]. 
Fumate-us: smoky gray [gray]. 
Fumose: smoky. 

Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally per- 


Fungicolous: living in or on fungi. 

Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in geniculate antennae: a 
small cord : a slender stalk. 

Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints. 

Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed. 

Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender ligament 
connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect. 

Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura: see 
furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum. 

Furcal orifice: see sternal orifice. 

Furcate: forked; divided into approximately equal divisions. 

Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium: in Collembola the spring or sal- 
tatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment : in Orthoptera 
a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in a more or less 
forked position the base of the supra-anal plate. 

Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur. 

Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading. 

Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red. 

Fusco-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture. 

Fusco-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown. 

Fusco-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher]. 

Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of black and 
red [crimson lake + black]. 

Fused : run together : applied when two normally separated markings become 
confluent and have a common outline. 

Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end. 

Fusulus: = spinneret ; q. v. 

Galea: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like, 
subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and forms the 
coiled tongue in Lepidoptcra. 

Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the galea. 

Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an insect: 
= cecidium. 

Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines. 

Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue. 

Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis. 

Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the white 
disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the ventral surface 
within the body and forming the centre of the nervous system. 

Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen. 

Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach. 

Gastric caeca: = caecum; q. v. 

Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of the 
second abdominal tergite in some Hymcnoplera. 

Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific ven- 
tricle with the ileum and serve as a valve. 


Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer of epi- 
blastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells. 

Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula. 

Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue of 
bees and other Hymenoptera; hooked hairs. 

Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid. 

Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled. 

Gemmate -us : marked with metallic or bright colored spots. 

Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where new indi- 
viduals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent. 

Gena-se: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side below 
the eyes, and extends to the gular suture : in Odonata the area between the 
eyes and clypeus and mouth parts : in Diptcra the space between the lower 
border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face at front and limited 
by the occipital margin behind. 

Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye. 

Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are sepa- 
rated and specialized in other forms. 

Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q. v. 

Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior knee- 

Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle. 

Geniculum: a little knee or bend. 

Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation. 

Genital hamule : a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the male : 
the supra-anal or genital hook : in Lepidoptera, the uncus : in Odonata, 
in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on 
the ventral surface of the second abdominal segment. 

Genital hook: = genital hamule. 

Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages. 

Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of backward and downwardly directed 
processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which the vesicle of 
the penis lies. 

Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon which the 
genital aperture opens. 

Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspince, takes the form 
of a long mucronate spike. 

Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to be 

Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the ovipositor, 
derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9 : probably outer pair 
of gonapophyses. 

Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether unique or 
one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the author. 

Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the genus 
in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to the description. 

Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is founded, no 
one species being mentioned as type. 


Genu: knee; the joint between femur and tibia. 

Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of 
characters ; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some 
consider it a natural assemblage. 

Geometrid: larvae which, when walking, alternately elevate and straighten 
the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q. v. 

Geodephagous: = adephagous ; q. v. 

Geodromica: terrestrial Hctcroptcra in which the antennae are not concealed. 

Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or come 
freely into contact with it. 

Germarium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the cell 

Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, young may 
develop as buds. 

Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which is to 
become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or strap and 
may or may not show the division into the future segments. 

Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic. 

Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence. 

Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it resembles a 
moon more than half full. 

Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone. 

Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as true 
or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen from 
the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance is by 
contained tracheae. 

Gilvus: = flavus ; q. v. 

Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane. 

Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle fur- 
nished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared for the 
digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia. 

Glaber -rous smooth ; free from all vestiture. 

Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood specific 
portions to produce characteristic products e. g., wax, saliva, silk, etc. 

Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspina, a prominence on the margin, bear- 
ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface. 

Gland orifice: in Coccida, the external opening through which a gland pours 
its secretions. 

Gland spines: in Coccidce, spiny appendages, each of which is supplied with 
a single gland whose opening is at the tip. 

Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as descriptive 
of specialized hairs, spines or other processes. 

Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance. 

Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender. 

Globose: formed like a globe or sphere. 

Globulin: an albumenoid protein compound formed in the blood of insects. 

Glochis: a barbed point. 


Glomerate: congregated or massed together. 

Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacina of first 

maxilla : loosely used as a synonym for tongue : especially applied to the 

coiled structure of the Lepidoptcra: see also ligula. 
Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx ; q. v. 
Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptcra. 
Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue. 
Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue. 
Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid. 
Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws. 

Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts. 
Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures. 
Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied in 

crustaceans : mouth feet. 
Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by 

narrow ridges : reticulated. 
Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising from 

the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment on the ventral sur- 
face. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other 

Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in some 


Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined. 
Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee. 
Gracile: slender; graceful. 
Gradate -im: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to blend 

so as to merge one into the other e. g., colors. 

Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the next. 
Grammineus: grass-green [apple green]. 
Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform. 
Granulated: covered with small grains. 
Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation. 

Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains. 
Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social. 
Grege: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a caterpillar. 
Gres: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a caterpillar. 
Gressorious -ial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the anterior 

legs aborted, the others fitted for walking. 
Griscent: ashen gray. 

Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray]. 
Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series of allied 

species, genera or larger assemblages. 
Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands. 
Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to larvae 

of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. 
Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the transparent areas 

of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also found in the photogenic 

organs of Lampyrida: an excretory substance, composition C 5 H 5 N 5 O (von 




species, not necessarily at the expense of the host. 
Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head 

beneath, extending from the submentum to the posterior margin, and later- 
ally bounded by the genae. 

Gular peduncle: in Colcoptcra = submental peduncle. 
Gular suture: the line of division between the gula or throat and the gense 

or cheeks. 

Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip. 
Gullet: oesophagus; q. v. 

Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gula and mentum. 
Gustatory: relating to the sense of taste. 
Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground. 
Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground. 
Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see crypto- 

Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see 


Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales. 
Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral 

half the organic characters of the other, more or less completely. 
Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the cesophageal ganglion of the embryo, connected 

with the primary lobe : = stalked bodies. 


Habena: a fascia on the thorax. 

Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in general 

Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect inhabits or 

where it was taken. 

Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry oxygen. 
Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the lower 

Hasmoxanthine : a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which has both 

a respiratory and nutritive function. 
Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter. 
Hairy: covered or clothed with hair. 

Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea. 
Halterata: the Diptera. 
Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in Diptera, 

situated one on each side of the thorax and representing rudimentary hind 


Halteriptera: the Diptera. 

Hamate -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook. 
Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain moths. 
Hamule: a little hook. 


Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting from 
the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male; usually 
termed genital hamules : in Hymcnoptcra; minute hooks on the anterior 
margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with the inner margin 
of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia. 

Hamus: Lcpidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of costal 
margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male moths. 

Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of <$ culicids : 
also, more generally = harpes. 

Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lcpidoptera, used as 
clasping organs : also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by these 
lateral pieces, which are then termed valves : see clasper : in culicids an 
articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of side- 
piece, below and exterior to the harpagones. 

Hastate: halbert-shaped : excavated at base and sides but with spreading 
lobes or angles. 

Hastiform: = hastate. 

Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines. 

Hatching spines: = egg burster; q. v. 

Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures. 

Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a sucking 
insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet. 

Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its base 
to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is now 
believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in order: 1, 
the ocular or protocerebral ; 2, the antennal or deutocerebral ; 3, second 
antennal or tritocerebral ; 4, mandibular ; 5, superlingual ; 6, maxillary ; 
7, labial or 2d maxillary. 

Head vesicle: in Diptcra, = ptilinum; q. v. 

Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, lying 
just beneath the dorsum, which serves to propel the blood and controls 
the circulation. 

Heautotype: = autotype; q. v. 

Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to the 
boring or tearing spines of pupae. 

Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of some 

Helocerous: with clavate antennae. 

Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow. 

Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon]. 

Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings oi'Heteroptera, coriaceous 
at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line at the middle : 
more specifically applied to the corium ; q. v. : also used for the tegmina 
of Orthoptera. 

Hemi: as a prefix, means half. 

Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera. 

Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with a 


marked difference between the stages : specifically the Ephemerida, Odo- 

nata and Perlida. 
Hemiptera: half -winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the 

mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or rostrum; 

metamorphosis incomplete : the primaries may be of uniform texture 

throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base, membranous at tip 


Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere. 
Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood]. 
Hepatic pouches: applied to crecal pouches; q. v. 
Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder. 
Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting 

stage at the end of the nymph life ; specifically the Cicadidce. 
Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes are 


Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from. 
Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antennae are of any form other than 

clubbed at tip : opposed to Rhopalocera. 
Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are two 

color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the opposite 

sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera. 

Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage be- 
coming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course. 
Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual and 

parthenogenetic generation alternate. 

Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal. 
Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations. 
Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of females, queens 

and workers, as distinguished from males. 
Heteromera: Coleoptera in which the anterior and middle tarsi are 5-jointed 

and the posterior are 4- jointed. 

Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet. 
Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis ; but not 

manifesting abrupt stages. 
Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the larva 

unlike the adult. 
Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different 

quality : differing in development or function. 
Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and female, as 

in some Trichoptera. 
Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in which 

the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the different 

regions of primaries differ in texture. 

Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts. 
Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these differ- 
ing in structure. 
Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six piercing setae. 


Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such. 

Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen distinct, 

and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects. 
Hexapodal-ous: provided with six feet. 
Hians: gaping. 
Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in 

which a larva hides or hibernates. 
Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition. 
Hicks' bottles: flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and 

ants ; supposed to be the organs of hearing. 
Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and outer 

margin meet : = anal angle of secondaries. 
Hind-body: the abdomen. 
Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end. of chylific ventricle to the anus, 

including the malpighian tubules and anal glands. 

Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and antennae. 
Hind-intestine: = hind-gut. 
Hinge: of maxilla = cardo ; q. v. : the point of articulation of a movable 


Hips: the coxa; q. v. 

Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy. 
Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair. 
Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular 


Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue. 
Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue. 
Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose. 
Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, pupal 

and adult stages distinctly separated. 
Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata. 
Holoptic: Dipiera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between vertex 

and antennae : see dichoptic. 

Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre. 
Holotype: the unique type: =type; q. v. 
Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance. 
Homo: prefix = the same; similar. 
Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring at 

the same age at which they did in the parent. 

Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life. 
Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres. 
Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many butterflies tend 

to vary similarly as regards color. 
Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome. 

Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = isomerous. 
Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture. 
Homoetype: =homotype; q. v. 

Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature; similar in texture or parts. 
Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent. 


Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure and 
origin, though they may have developed in different ways for special pur- 
poses : see analogous. 

Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults. 

Homonomous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a transverse 
axis : similarly developed and of equal function. 

Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a species in 
the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom : such names are said 
to be preoccupied. 

Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different conceptions. 

Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in sound, ap- 
plied to different conceptions. 

Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, are not 
structurally the same, or have not the same origin. 

Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the pri- 
maries are of the same consistence throughout. 

Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without or 
with an incomplete metamorphosis. 

Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after compari- 
son with the type. 

Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably Aphids 
and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls. 

Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice and 
other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is excreted : 
siphonets ; siphuncles ; cornicles. 

Hood: of the maxilla is the galea; q. v. : in Tingitidce the elevated portion 
of the prothorax, often covering the head. 

Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q. v. 

Horismology: see orismology. 

Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon. 

Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to 
the antennas ; q. v. 

Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also ap- 
plied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or other 
insects take up their abode. 

Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the northern 
part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the eastern 
United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, 
from northern New England to western North Carolina : in the west it 
covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems. 

Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus. 

Humeral angle: in Lcpidoptcra, that angle of the wings at the base of costa, 
near the point of attachment to the body : in Coleoptera, the outer anterior 
angle of elytra : in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the 
deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsum. 

Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus. 

Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior supe- 
rior angle of the mesothorax. 


Humeral carina: in Colcoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer ante- 
rior angle of elytra. 

Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.) ; extends between the costa and sub-costa 
close to base. 

Humeralis: Coleoptera; when the elytra has an angulated projecting margin 
at base. 

Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture. 

Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the fore- 
wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the mesepisternum from 
the mesepimeron. 

Humeral veins: in Lcpidoptcra, secondary veins on posterior wings of Lasio- 
campids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle. 

Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleoptera; the basal exterior angle of elytra: 
in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax : in Orthoptera, 
the femur of the fore-leg : in Hymenoptcra, applied to the sub-costal vein 
in some groups. 

Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to pro- 
duce ordinary farm crops without irrigation : see arid. 

Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and lilac]. 

Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so. 


Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species. 

Hydradephaga -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous beetles with 
filiform antennae : see adephagous. 

Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix 

Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing 
formation of a new compound. 

Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places. 

Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition. 

Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with 
four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually larger than 
the posterior ; mouth mandibulate ; head free ; thorax agglutinate, trans- 
formations complete. 

Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, T. 

Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the normal 
number of stages ; the interpolated stages coming usually between the full- 
grown larva and adult. 

Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite. 

Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance 
to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object. 

Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q. v. 

Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed. 

Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation. 

Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development. 

Hypoblast: = entoderm. 

Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped. 


Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hcmiptcra. 

Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula and 

in this sense epidermis : specifically applied to the lining membrane of 

elytra and hemelytra. 

Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermis. 
Hypodermic: under the skin. 

Hypoglossis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis. 
Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between mentum and labium in many Colc- 

Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically 


Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually darker. 
Hypomeron-a: in Colcoptcra; the inflexed edge of the pronotum (pronotal 

hypomera) ; and the raised lower margin of the epipleura (elytral hy- 

pomera) : see epipleural fold. 
Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx. 
Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the 

hypopharynx to the mentum : see also epipharyngeal sclerites. 
Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface of 

labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue. 
Hypopleura: in Dipt era, the space over the middle and hind coxa, between 

the metapleura and pteropleura : the side of the metasternum : the epimeron 

of the mesothorax. 
Hypoptere: =tegula; q. v. 

Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal open- 
ing : in Dipt era, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of ab- 
domen : = propygium. 
Hypostoma: in Diptcra; that portion of the head included between antennae, 

eyes and mouth : in Hemiptcra; the lower part of face. 
Hypotenusis: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between media 4 

and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle. 
Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary descriptions are 

based : = apotypes. 

Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a character: 

see aceus. 
Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, but 

have not been used in literature. 
Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the type, 

but not also a topotype. 
Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion]. 
Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the mid-gut 

to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum and colon. 
Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the point 

where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon. 
Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago. 
Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete metamorphosis are 


those embryonic cells around and from which the organs and appendages 

of the future imago develop. 
Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect. 
Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the shingles on 

a roof. 

Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks. 
Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin. 
Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in. 
Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed. 
Impregnate -ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized. 
Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings. 
Impubis: without hair. 
Inaequalis: unequal. 

Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented. 
Inaurate-us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow]. 
Incanus: hoary. 
Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect measurement: 

it is 12 lines and, roughly, to 25 mm. ; usually expressed in units and 

hundredths, as 1.01. 
Incised: notched or deeply cut into. 
Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal sl'its or 

notches in Coccidce. 

Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an in- 

Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining. 

Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another. 
Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable. 
Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, especially 

near tip. 

Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg. 
Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsum 


Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q. v. 
Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards. 
Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from the 

cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any vein 

reaching the base : it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings and the 

media of Comstock. 
Indeterminate: not denned nor well marked; obscure: of no constant form 

or shape. 

Indigote: a very deep indigo blue. 
Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete. 
Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts. 
Indurated: hardened. 
Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of the 

embryo of Locust ids; below the serosa. 

Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions. 
Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs. 


Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antennae appear to be inserted well 

down on the sides of head; e. g., Lygceidce. 
Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position. 
Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the ter- 
minal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation. 
Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries; q. v. 
Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location. 
Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like. 
Inflected: bent inward at an angle. 
Inflexus: = inflected. 

Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra. 
Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous 

point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars. 
Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera; generally inconspicuous paired plates 

which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion of the 

supra-anal plate. 

Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium ; q. v. 
Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken. 
Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process. 
Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell. 
Infra-median vein: in Orthoptera; = ulnar vein; q. v. 
Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes. 
Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus: see sub-cesophageal. 
Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles. 
Infringing: encroaching upon. 
Infumated: clouded. 
Inf undibulif orm : funnel-shaped. 

Infuscated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia]. 
Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size. 
Ingluvies: the crop; q. v. 
Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia ; q. v. 
Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the 

wing from the base to the hind or anal angle. 
Innervate: to supply with nerves. 
Innotatus: without markings. 
Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly surrounded 

by the eye. 
Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a different 

species, not as a parasite but as a guest. 

Inquilinous: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls. 
Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited. 
Insecta: broadly denned, contains all articulates that are also tracheates and 

have the head free from the thorax; more strictly limited to those forms 

that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited 

number of segments. 

Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied. 
Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects. 


Insectologist: a student of insects: :_ entomologist. 

Insectology: the science of insect study: entomology. 

Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is in- 
serted: the act of inserting. 

Insertus: a part that has its base set into another. 

In situ: in its natural place or normal position. 

Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to desig- 
nate the various periods; e. g., the first instar is the stage between the 
egg and first molt, etc. : see stadium. 

Institia: striae or furrows of equal width throughout. 

Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole. 

Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole. 

Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions. 

Integument: the outer covering to the insect body. 

Inter : between ; among. 

Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meso- and meta-thorax. 

Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae. 

Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments. 

Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: plural; 
added or supplementary longitudinal wing veins : see under specific head- 
ings ; i. e., anterior, etc. : in Ephemerida, certain longitudinal veins between 
the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st axillary) and not branches of either: in 
Diptcra, the anterior intercalary (Loew) the discoidal, and the posterior 
intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock : applied to an evanescent sclerite 
in the embryo between antenna and mandible ; also termed premandibular. 

Intercostal: between veins or costse; usually in the narrow grooves between 
veins in the costal region of a wing. 

Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal veins, 
visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc. 

Intercoxal process: in Colcoptera; a median protrusion of the basal segment 
of abdomen between the hind coxae. 

Intermediate: lying between others in position; or possessing characters 
between two other forms. 

Intermediate field: of tegmina is = discoidal field; q. v. 

Internal area: in Hymcnoptcra; the posterior of the three areas between 
median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum : =. third lateral 

Internal cell: in Hymcnoptcra (Pack.); =2d anal (Comst.). 

Internal triangle: in Odonata: see triangle. 

Internal veins: in Lcpidofrtcra; from one to three in number, run free from 
base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched; la to Ic in the 
numerical series; =anal veins (Comst.). 
Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings. 
Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in bees, 

situated at the inner side of base of mandible. 
Internomedian: in Orthoptcra; cubitus (Comst.) ; q. v. 
Interocular: between the eyes. 


Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate ridges 
and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptcra. 

Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins occurring in 
the wings of some species between the chief veins ; = supplementary 

Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a 
right line with each other. 

Intersegmental: = interarticular; q. v. 

Interspace: Coleoptera; the plane surface between elytral striae: Lcpidop- 
tcra; spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells. 

Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or two 
elytral striae. 

Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate. 

Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of punctures. 

Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of 

Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart. 

Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of semilunar valve. 

Intervenular: in the space between two veins. 

Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the junction 
with the small intestine. 

Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food passes 
from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the excretions are 
formed for expulsion. 

Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea. 

Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly. 

Intra-: within: between. 

Intra-alar bristles: in Diptcra; a row of two or three between the supra- 
alar and dorso-central groups. 

Intra-cellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell. 

Intra-humeral bristles: in Diptcra calyptrata; occur immediately in front of 
the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the presutural de- 

Intra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently. 

Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve move- 
ments of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory organs. 

Intra-uterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within the 
vagina of the mother. 

Intricate: irregular; confused; applied to markings and sculpture. 

Intromittent: used for throwing within. 

Intromittent organ: the penis; q. v. 

Introse-um: directed inward, toward the body. 

Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point. 

Intumescent: enlarged; swollen; expanded. 

Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or retracted 
within the body wall. 

Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of the 
outer surface. 

Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair. 


Involucrate: = involute. 

Involucrum alarum: in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum. 

Involute: spirally rolled inwardly. 

Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidce. 

Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues. 

Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues. 

Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot, surrounds the pupil. 

Irised: with rainbow colors. 

Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum. 

Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the crys- 
talline cone. 

Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified without 
order or symmetry, e. g., certain antennae. 

Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled. 

Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chrome lemon with a 
little carmine and Roman sepia]. 

Ischia: = pleura; q. v. 

Iso-: equal. 

Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone. 

Isomera: that series of Colcoptcra in which the tarsi have an equal number 
of joints on all feet. 

Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all feet: homceomerous. 

Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction. 

Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes have 
the same number of joints. 

Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, net- 
veined wings; mouth mandibulate ; thoracic rings similar, loosely jointed; 
metamorphosis incomplete : the Termitidcc. 

Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which are 

-itus: -atus ; q. v. 

-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to. 


Jabot: the crop; q. v. 

Janthine: violet colored. 

Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae in 
which the head is differentiated. 

Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of dip- 
terous antennae. 

Joint: a segment or part between two incisures : an articulation. 

Jubate-us: fringed with long pendent hairs. 

Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron ; each side of 
the tylo. 

Jugatae: that series of Lcf-idoptera in which there is a jugum instead of a 
frenulum to unite the wings in flight. 

Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat. 


Jugular sclerites: small sclerites in the membrane connecting the head with 

the thorax : see cervical sclerites. 
Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum ; = gula : that cavity of 

the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed : the lateral 

and under parts of the prothorax. 
Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at the base 

of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two together in 



Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see 

Keel: an elevated ridge or carina. 

Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake]. 

Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other classifica- 
tion according to characters that serve to identify them. 

Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, concave 
on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely rounded : bean-shaped. 

Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia. 

Labellum-a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain 
Dipt era: a prolongation of the labrum covering the base of rostrum in 
Colcoptcra and Hemiptera. 

Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium. 

Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment. 

Labial suture: is between labium and mentum. 

Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures. 

Labipalp: a labial palpus. 

Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera. 

Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of the 
mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and opposed to the 
labrum; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of separate right and left 
maxilla-like halves : in some of its developments referred to as the tongue. 

Labial: belonging or referring to the labium. 

Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus. 

Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum ; q. v. 

Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the roof 
of the mouth. 

Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptcra is the central un- 
paired lancet. 

Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain scale 
insects as a protective covering. 

Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep emargi- 
nations, leaving lappet-like intervals. 

Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance: see lacer. 


Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, bearing 
brushes of hair or spines : a blade : in Dipt era, forms a flat lancet-like 
piercing structure and is never jointed. 

Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidce, the palpiger and paraglossa: 
often used for the galea and lacinia of maxilla. 

Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments. 

Lacte: milk-white. 

Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance. 

Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid. 

Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk. 

Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non- walled cavi- 
ties of the body. 

Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities. 

Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking stick. 

Laete: bright. 

Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface. 

Lamella: a thin plate or leaf -like process. 

Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf -like sur- 
faces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits. 

Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a lamellate 
or leaf-like club. 

Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae. 

Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates. 

Lamina externa: the paraglossa. 

Lamina interna: the ligula. 

Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q. v. : in roaches the 7th ventral 
plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males. 

Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate. 

Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves. 

Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin plates. 

Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina. 

Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera. 

Lanate-atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct that 
they may be separated. 

Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end. 

Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptcra (Nort.) ; = 2d anal (Comst.). 

Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure. 

Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see 

Lanugo: slender single hairs. 

Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spi- 
racles are situated on the connecting membrane between the dorsal and 
ventral rings. 

Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones. 

Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or 
ovum, grows and, according to its kind, changes to a pupa or chrysalis or 
to an imago ; bears various names in the different orders : see nymph ; 
caterpillar ; slug ; maggot ; grub. 


Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat. 
Larvatae: masked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae. 
Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs. 
Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larva when they appear to 

have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems. 
Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or 

bristles at the orbits. 

Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black]. 
Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line. 
Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side. 
Lateral areas: in Hymcnoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces between 

the median and lateral long carinae ; the upper is the external or first lateral 

basal area ; the second is the external or central lateral area ; the third is 

the middle, internal, apical or third lateral area. 
Lateral bristles: in Diptcra; situated at or near the lateral margins of the 

abdominal segments. 
Lateral carinae: in Orthoptcra; on^the head, extend downward from the 

front margin of the eyes : on prothorax extend along each lateral margin 

of the dorsum. 
Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptcra; foveate depressions on the margins of the 

vertex near the front border of the eye. 

Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between sub- 
dorsal and supra-stigmatal line. 
Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa with 

palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the palpus alone 

Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of 

prothorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptcra, lie on each side 

of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae. 
Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymcnoptera, extends between the median 

and pleural carinse of metanotum. 
Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the lateral 

series of abdominal tubercles. 
Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipida-, 

lying within and below the anal scale. 

Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body be- 
tween the subdorsal and lateral ridges. 
Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of 

thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron ; the 

second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron ; the first more 

or less obsolete in the Anisopterd. 
Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars: 

it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar). 
Latericeous: lateritius ; q. v. 
Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a 

little red]. 
Later odor sal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum. 


Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; situ- 
ated on each side of the pharynx. 

Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle. 
Later oventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum. 
Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing line 

between the metepimera and the metasternum. 
Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden. 
Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera in 

which it is fused with the thorax ; = median segment, propodeon, pro- 


Latticed: cancellate ; q. v. 
Latus: the side: broad. 
Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye. 
Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather. 
Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, to take 

the place which in other cases a holotype occupies. 
Leg-s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, used in 

walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: unjointed organs of 

locomotion are pro-legs or false legs ; q. v. 
Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe. 
Legnum: the margin of a squama. 
Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8. 
Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil. 
Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled haustel- 

late mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate; transformations 

complete ; four scale-covered wings. 

Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of Lepi- 
doptera; a derivative of uric acid : see Lepidotic acid. 
Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera. 
Lepidotic: set with minute scales. 
Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales; a 

derivative of uric acid : see Lepidopteric acid. 
Lepis: a scale. 

Leprous: with loose, irregular scales. 
Leptiform: compodeiform ; q. v. 
Leptos: small, fine. 
Lethargic: torpid or inactive. 
Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal decomposition, 

found in the malpighian tubes : as a color, cheesy white. 
Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood. 
Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part. 
Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface. 
Liber: free. 
Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts or 


Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown]. 
Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues. 
Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum, usually 


single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with " glossa " and 
" tongue " : corresponds to the united lacinise of right and left maxillae : 
see also elytral ligula. 

Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad. 

Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac]. 

Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae. 

Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc. 

Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color. 

Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond the 
closed cells ; Homoptcra, Cicada. 

Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation. 

Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, one-twelfth of 
an inch ; commonly used by English and early American authors. 

Linea: a line or narrow stripe. 

Linear: straight; in the form of a right line. 

Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined. 

Lineolet: a delicate fine line. 

Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymcnoptcra to the ligula: in Lepidoptera 
and Dipt era, to maxillary structures : has also been used for the hypo- 
pharynx, and that use might be adopted : a median organ of the hypo- 
pharynx in Apterygota. 

Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa. 

Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely rounded. 

Lingula: in Alcurodidcc, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped organ, 
attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice : a term proposed by Leuckart 
for the ligula of the bees. 

Lipochromus: without color. 

Lipoptera : = Mallophaga ; q. v. 

Literate: ornamented with characters like letters. 

Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, between 
tide marks. 

Littoralia: Hcteroptcra that live in marshes. 

Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin. 

Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray. 

Lobate-us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions. 

Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: specifi- 
cally, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the pygidium of 
the Diaspincc: also applied to lateral expansions of the abdominal seg- 

Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner) : of the mentum 
in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base of the central 

Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptcra; the spaces or areas formed by three 
transverse impressions on the pronotum : that which borders the head is 
the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those intervening are 
the middle lobes. 

Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process. 

Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules. 



Lobule: in Coccidcc, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is some- 
times composed. 

Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of sec- 
ondaries in some Hymenoptera : also used as = alula ; q. v. 
Lobus: of maxilla = galea ; q. v. 
Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings. 

Longicorn-ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; spe- 
cifically the Cerambycid beetles. 
Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis. 

Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing 
either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there : they 
are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders. 
Loop: applied to that structure at base of inner side of primaries into which 

the f renulum of male moths is fitted : see retinaculum. 

Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or all the 
middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing tail to 
thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments. 
Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo of 
the proboscis is seated (Say) : the anterior part of the gense at the edge 
mouth in certain Diptcra are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of 
the maxilla : in Homoptcra, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and front, 
extending laterally to the gense. 

Lorum: in bees; the angular piece upon which the submentum rests. 
Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from Chesa- 
peake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is interrupted by 
the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New Mexico and divided 
according to conditions of humidity into an eastern or A us tro riparian and 
western or low'er Sonoran area. 
Lower field: in tegmina : see costal field. 
Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Dipt era; are on the lower part of front, 

above the antennae, along the orbit. 
Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of 

other authors. 

Lcwer radial vein: in Lcpidoptcra (Holland) ; media 2 (Comst.). 
Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata; = cubitus 2 (Comst.). 
Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North 
America, beginning west of lat. 98 in Texas: sends narrow arms into 
southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide; covers a 
large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of central 
Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and incapable 
of brief definition. 

Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus. 
Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects. 

Lucif erase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the luminous 
organs of light-giving beetles. 


Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when brought 
into contact with luciferase, produces light. 

Luciferous: light giving. 

Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that live 
in concealment. 

Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a tube: the hollow 
portion of a gland or vesicular structure. 

Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for phos- 

Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera, recognizes only prominent 
or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or variable char- 
acters of maculation or structure : see splitter. 

Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon. 

Lunula: a small lunule or crescent. 

Lunulas: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits. 

Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules. 

Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent. 

Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown + a little French 
blue] : also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors. 

Luteo-testaceous: dark clay yellow. 

Luteous-eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow]. 

Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow. 

Lutose-us: apparently or really covered with dirt. 

Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph. 

Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and gradually en- 
larging towards the extremity. 

Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars. 


Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of Diptera. 

Macropterous: long or large winged. 

Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive band of the insect embryo. 

Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure. 

Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color dif- 
fering from the ground. 

Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking. 

Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots. 

Mcerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each side behind 
the acetabulum and parapleurum ; it supports the posterior feet " : see 

Magenta : pinkish red ; an aniline product. 

Magis: more. 

Maggot: applied to the footless larv?e of Diptera. 

Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface. 

Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible. 

Mala maxillae: the lobes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia; where 
only one is present, the term refers to that one. 


Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the chewing and squeezing 
by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their larvae. 

Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa: desig- 
nated by c?, the astronomical sign for Mars. 

Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice: wingless; 
mandibulate ; thoracic segments similar ; no metamorphosis : = Lipoptcra. 

Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving as 
excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of junction of 
chylific ventricle and ileum ; said to be analogous with kidneys : = biliary 

Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes. 

Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect. 

Mandibular scrobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in some 

Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible-bearing segment of head. 

Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have functional 
mandibles used for biting. 

Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles. 

Manicate-us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair. 

Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: = prothorax. 

Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a rest- 
ing stage; e. g., the Orthoptcra. 

Manubrium: in Coleoptcra; that part of the mesosternum in Elaterida; 
which forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax : in 
Collcmbola; the basal part of the furculum. 

Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus. 

Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble; = marmoratus. 

Marcescent: shrivelling. 

Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous ; q. v. 

Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the inner 
side by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated imaginary 

Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin. 

Marginal area: in Orthoptcra; see mediastinal area. 

Marginal bristles: in Dipt era; are inserted on the posterior margin of the 
abdominal segment. 

Marginal cell: in Diptcra (Williston) ; = subcostal (Schiner) ; =rradial 1 
(Comst.) : in Hymcnoptcra; = radial 1 and 2 (Comst.) : in general that 
cell beyond the stigma. 

Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field; q. v. 

Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptcra, = costa (Comst.) : in Hymcnop- 
tcra (Norton), = radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein forming the 
marginal cell. 

Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated margin: when the 
margin is edged by a flat border. 

Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: marbled. 

Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium which, when at rest, 
conceals the other mouth parts. 


Masticate: to chew. 

Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth parts 
and to the grinding structures in the gizzard. 

Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving to 
repel attacks of parasites. 

Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures are 

Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a 
mandibulate insect ; the most persistent when the mouth is modified, and 
represented by some functional part in all insects in which the mouth 
structures are useful : second maxillae, = the labium or third pair of jaws 
in a mandibulate insect. 

Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e. g., palpi. 

Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla. 

Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the maxil- 
lary segment. 

Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the maxillae. 

Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the muscid proboscis; 
the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for flexing the proboscis are 
attached : see lora. 

Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronnba; a specialized process of palpifer. 

Maxillulas: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, between mandibles and 
first maxillae. 

Maxime: very much or very large. 

Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: == farinose. 

Mecaptera: =Mccoptera; q. v. 

Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon after 
their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa. 

Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large, unfolded 
wings ; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak ; head free ; thorax ag- 
glutinated ; transformations complete : the scorpion flies or Panorpidce. 

Medi-: prefix, = middle. 

Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base through 
approximately the middle of the wing, not more than four branched, the 
branches numbered on margin from 1 nearest apex to 4 nearest anal 
angle: in Orthoptera, it is the median or externomedian : in Lepidoptcra 
(Pack.), is cubitus 1 (Comst.). 

Mediad: toward the median plane or middle. 

Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the mesosternum, to which 
the muscles are attached. 

Medial: referring to, or at the middle. 

Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its branches: 
in Hymenoptcra (Nort.), includes median and cubital (Comst.). 

Medial cross-vein: (Comst.) is between media 2 and 3. 

Median 1: in Lepidoptcra (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.). 

Median 2: in Lepidoptcra (Pack.), = media 3 (Comst). 

Median 4: in Lepidoptcra (Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.). 


Median area: of wings in Orthoptcra, lies between the radial and ulnar 
veins, radius and media (Comst.) : of metathorax of Hymenoptera, is the 
middle of the dorsum, divided into three spaces or cells : 1st or basal area, 
2d or upper median or areola, 3d or apical or petiolar area. 

Median carina: Orlhoptcra; of head, is usually applied to a median dorsal 
carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the middle of 
front from the f astigium, and then = frontal costa : of prothorax, extends 
along the middle of pronotum. 

Median cell: in Lcpidoptcra, is the closed area formed by a line extending 
from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, = radial 
(Comst.) : in Hymenoptera, 1st median (Pack.), = medial (Comst.) ; 2d 
median (Pack.), = medial 4 (Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 
(Comst.) ; 4th median (Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.). 

Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross median space. 

Median foveola: in Orthoptcra; the foveate depression of the vertex be- 
tween the eyes : = central foveola. 

Median forks: in Ortlwptera, refers to the forks of the median vein. 

Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera, sepa- 
rates the embolium from the remainder of the corium. 

Median lines: on the primaries of many moths; the first or t. a., crosses 
about one-third from base ; the second or t. p., crosses beyond the outer 
third and is usually sinuate. 

Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or ligula; 
probably corresponds to united glossa and paraglossse (Butler). 

Median longitudinal caringe: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, extend 
one on each side of the middle. 

Median nervules: in Lcpidoptcra (Holland) ; lst = cubitus 2 (Comst.) ; 2d 
= cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.). 

Median notch: in Coccida-, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the 
posterior extremity of the body. 

Median plate: in Hymenoptera sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate connecting 
the thorax and abdomen. 

Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.). 

Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it forms 
part of the metathorax : see propodeum. 

Median shade or line: in Lcpidoptcra, crosses at or about middle of ' wings. 

Median space: in Lcpidoptcra, is the area between the median lines: in 
Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.) ; the space at base between submedian 
(radius) and postcosta (1st anal) ; by Selys in 1896 and later used in the 
sense of medial cell of Comst. 

Median vein: in Odonata and Lcpidoptcra, = radius (Comst.) : in Lcpi-dop- 
tcra, it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre, and is four 
or five branched : in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal margin. 

Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area. 

Mediastinal area: in Orthoptcra, the area between median or mediastinal 
vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area. 

Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptcra and Diptera, = subcosta (Comst.) : also, in 
Diptcra, = auxiliary vein (Meigen). 


Medio-cubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus 1, connecting the 
two series (Comst.). 

Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side. 

Medipectus: the under side of mesothorax : the mesosternum. 

Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies. 

Medi-thorax: = mesothorax ; q. v. 

Medius: middle. 

Mega- Megalo-: large. 

Melanic: with a blackish suffusion. 

Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with blackish. 

Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a whole. 

Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey. 

Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey. 

Member: any one of the external appendages. 

Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: of a thin, 
pliable texture. 

Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the rectum 
of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis. 

Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue: specifically the 
wing tissue between the veins : in Hctcroptcra, the thin membranous tip of 
the hemelytra. 

Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue. 

Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in Odonata. 

Meniscoidal: with one side concave, the other convex, like a round segment 
from a hollow sphere. 

Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed by mandibles; 
e. g., the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha. 

Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by suction; 
e. g., Hemiptera: see menognatha and metagnatha. 

Mental suture: in Cole opt era, the line between mentum and gula. 

Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum. 

Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and some- 
times fused with the submentum; corresponds to the (united) stipes of 
maxillae : in Colcoptcra, what is usually called mentum is really submen- 
tum : in Diptcra, the term is applied to the posterior oral margin: in 
palpi, paraglossae and ligula. 

Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous. 

Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum in Coleoptcra. 
Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova. 
Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane. 
Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or iu the median plane of the body. 
Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the connective 

tissues of the body. 

Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle portion 
of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm. 


Mesepimeron: in Odonata; the sclerite between humeral and first lateral 

Mesepisterna: in Odonata; the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax, meeting 

dorsally in a ridge. 
Mesially: at or to the middle. 
Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between propleuron, mesepisternum, 

mesepimeron and second coxa. 

Mesoblast: the middle germ layer of the embryo: mesoderm. 
Mesoderm: = mesoblast ; gives rise to muscular and circulatory systems. 
Mesodont: := amphiodont ; q. v. 

Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptcra. 
Meson: the middle plane of the body. 

Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic ring. 
Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metaprsescutum, affording 

attachment to some of the wing muscles. 
Mesopleura: in Diptcra, the space before the root of the wing between the 

dor so- and sternopleural sutures : in Hymcnoptera, the piece below the 

insertion of the wings. 
Mesopleural bristles: in Diptcra, are inserted in the angle formed by the 

dorsopleural and mesopleural sutures. 
Mesopleural suture: in Diptcra, runs from the root of the wings downward 

and separates the mesopleura from the pteropleura. 
Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the mesothorax. 
Mesosternal cavity: in Elatcridcc, the opening into which the prosternal 

spine or mucro is fitted. 
Mesosternal epimera: in Cole opt era; the narrow pieces separating the meso- 

sternal from the metasternal episterna. 
Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptcra; on each side of mesosternum between 

anterior border and epimera ; generally separated by a distinct suture. 
Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptcra; = mesosternellum ; q. v. 
Mesosternellum: in Orthoptcra, two median lobes of the mesosternum, one 

on each side of the deep median notch : in general, the sternellum of the 


Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the mesothorax. 
Mesostethidium: = mesothorax; q. v. 
Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of metathorax, between 

the middle and hind legs. 

Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment. 
Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in Hymcnoptera. 
Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg. 
Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the mesothorax. 
Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs and 

the anterior wings. 
Mesotergum: =mesonotum; q. v. 
Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring and 

its parts. 


Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or metablast or ectoderm. 

Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva does 

not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent. 
Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes of 

food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste products ; 

the first of these changes being anabolic, the second katabolic. 
Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation. 
Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellida, that portion of the first ventral segment 

included above the ventral lines visible on that segment. 
Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction, with 

tubular mouths when mature ; e. g., the Lepidoptera: see menognatha and 


Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing. 

Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color. 
Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries. 
Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere. 
Metameric: made up of segments or metameres. 
Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres. 
Metameros: in Lepidoptera, the 6th to 8th abdominal segments. 
Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect passes in 

its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult : it is complete when 

the pupa is inactive and does not feed ; incomplete when there is no pupa 

or when the pupa is active and feeds. 
Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation. 
Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation. 
Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior thoracic 

ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath the scutellum ; 

best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen : e. g., Tipulidcc. 
Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum. 
Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the metanotum, 

between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura ; in Hymcnoptera, the piece 

behind and below the insertion of the hind wings. 
Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura. 
Metapneustic: larvse, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are confined 

to the posterior segment. 

Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the postscutellum. 
Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in Hymcnoptera. 
Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum. 
Metasternal epimera: small sclerites separating the metasternal episterna 

from the ventral segments. 
Metasternal episterna: sclerites situated on each side of the metasternum, 

immediately behind the mesosternal epimera. 
Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax. 
Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax. 

Metastethidium: = metathorax ; q. v. * 

Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment. /v / 

Metastoma: in Orthoptera; - - hypopharynx ; q. v. /c^ O^ O/\ 

O \ _f. 



Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly in 
length or otherwise from the other joints: see sarothrum. 

Metatergum: =metanotum; q. v. 

Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the metathorax. 

Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears the hind legs and 
second pair of wings ; variably distinct ; sometimes closely united with the 
mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the abdomen. 

Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with the 
type ; according to some, it should be also a topotype. 

Metazona: in Orthoptcra, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind the 
principal sulcus. 

Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral suture and extends 
ventrally to the sternum. 

Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the first and second 
lateral thoracic sutures. 

Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39. 37 inches: see centi- 
meter and millimeter. 

Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored flames. 

Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above base of 3d coxa; 
below metepisternum and before metepimeron. 

Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in ant-hills; 
demanding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants : see symphily and 

Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in MembracidcE. 

Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining. 

Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochsetse, in Diptera. 

Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants. 

Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = .001 mm.: represented by 
the symbol M : the symbol MM represents .001 of a micron. 

Micropterous: small winged. 

Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line of 

Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa enter. 

Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites in the 
embryo, which afterward become the body segments. 

Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and prothorax. 

Middle apical area: = internal area; q. v. 

Middle field: = discoidal field; q. v. 

Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptcra: see lobes. 

Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas be- 
tween lateral and pleural carinae : = 2d pleural area. 

Mid-dorsal thoracic carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of the 
mesepisterna in Odonata. 

Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the csecal glands, tubes or pouches. 

Mid-intestine: = mid-gut. 

Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an 
alternate food plant : any forms that fly from the place where they were 
born for food or other purposes. 


MM.: Millimeter: .001 meter .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are 
counted to an inch in measuring insects. 

Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other object 
in appearance ; but not in structure and other characters. 

Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely re- 
lated animal, living in the same locality ; often loosely used to denote also 
resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian mimicry is where 
one of two similar species is distasteful (so-called model), the other not 
distasteful (so-called mimic) ; Miillerian mimicry is where both species 
are distasteful. 

leaf tissue, when made by larvse : they are linear, when they are narrow 
and only a little winding; serpentine, when they are curved or coiled, be- 
coming gradually larger to, a head-like end ; trumpet-mines, when they start 
small and enlarge rapidly at tip ; blotcli mines, when they are irregular 
blotches ; tcntiform, when the blotch mines throw the leaf into a fold on 
one side. 

Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture of 
dragon's blood]. 

Mirror: in Cicada: see specular membrane. 

Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon. 

Mobile: movable: having the power of motion. 

Model: see mimicry. 


Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible: 
when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to the subgalea of 

Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many females. 

Moniliform: beaded like a necklace. 

Monochromatic: of one color throughout. 

Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the 
other leg structures as in some parasitica. 

Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only. 

Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one individual. 

Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only. 

Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi. 

Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to exist. 

Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of plants. 

Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many males. 

Monotrocha -ous: Hymcnoptera in which the trochanters are single: having 
legs in which the trochanter is one- jointed. 

Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being 
known ; or described from a single specified species with which are asso- 
ciated others believed to be identical in structure : see isotypical and hetero- 

Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from one 
instar to another : the cast skin of a larva that has moulted. 

Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the feeding 
structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for ingestion. 


Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium 
and appendages trophi. 

Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes. 

Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the pro- 
sternal process in Elatcrida: the terminal spine or process of an obtect 
pupa : " the median posterior point of the epigastrium when differentiated 
by elevation." 

Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point. 

Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the furcula, proceeding 
from the denies. 

Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera, 
often different families or even orders, having similar colors, possessing 
more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same locality. 

Muller's thread: the common terminal thread o\ all the ovarian tubes. 

Multangulate : with many angles. 

Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i. 

Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments! 

Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities. 

Multipartite: divided into many parts. 

Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication. 

Multispinose: with many spines. 

Mumia: the pupa. 

Munite-us: armed; provided with an armature. 

Muricate -us: armed with sharp, rigid points. 

Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow]. 

Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from procere- 
bral lobes ; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence. 

Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the append- 
ages and other body organs. 

Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound. 

Mutic-us: unarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur. 

Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spine. 

Mutilate -us: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete. 

Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi. 

Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae. 

Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue. 

Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants. 

Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests. 

Mystacine -us: bearded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on clypeus. 

Mystax: in Dipt era; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the 
lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissse. 

Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Hemiptera. 


Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl: = margaritaceous. 
Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory Heter- 
optera = unguis. 


Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not inclosed in a cocoon 

or other covering. 

Nasal suture: == clypeal suture; q. v. 
Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain Hymenoptera: the clypeus 

or a modification of it : in Odonata, the upper portion of the clypeus 

= supraclypeus = postclypeus. 
Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into a 


Natatorial -ious: formed for swimming. 
Navicular : boat-shaped = cymbiform. 
Neanic: referring to the pupal stage. 

Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenland. 
Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading. 
Nebulous -ose: cloudy: without definite form or outline. 
Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of such 

insects as have the head free : any contraction of the head at its juncture 

with the thorax. 

Necrophagous: living in or on carrion. 
Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles ; q. v. 
Nematid: thread-like. 
Nematocera: =nemocera; q. v. 
Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antennae. 
Nemocera: Dipt era with long, at least six-jointed antennae. 
Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue. 
Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods. 
Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see geron- 

Neolepidoptera : all haustellate Lcpidoptcra, except the generalized Microp- 

tcrygidce ; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete or obtect : 

see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera. 
Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because, though 

reproductive, they retain some juvenile characters. 
Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater part 

of Mexico, West Indies and South America. 
Neotype: a specimen identified with a species already described, and selected 

as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types are lost or 

Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, Mollusks, 

etc., and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules ; q. v. 
Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the embryonic; 

proposed as a substitute for larval. 

Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and poste- 
rior coxa in some Colcoptera. 

Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose func- 
tion it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or from 

or to any part of the body or its appendages. 
Nerves: sometimes used to = veins, in wing structures. 
Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves. 


Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the arrange- 
ment of the chitinous framework of wings and thus = venation ; q. v. 

Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting the mem- 
branes of wings and = veins and veinlets ; q. v. 

Nervuration: =nervulation and venation; q. v. 

Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and metathorax, 
formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception and protection of 
the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of muscles. 

Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in which 
the nerve cord is formed. 

Neuration: = venation ; q. v. 

Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre. 

Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous 
system develops. 

Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous system. 

Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four net- 
veined wings ; mouth mandibulate ; head free ; thorax loosely agglutinated ; 
metamorphosis complete : in its older use, the term applied to all net-veined 
insects irrespective of metamorphosis or thoracic structure. 

Neuropteroidea: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; applied to those 
living insects included by Linnreus in his Neuroptera; also to those extinct 
forms which have a general resemblance to them. 

Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye. 

Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some Hy- 
menoptcra: indicated by 9 or g, an impertect form of Venus sign. 


Niger: black. 

Nigricans: black, tinged with gray. 

Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in 
general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg. 

Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface. 

Niveous -eus: snowy white. 

Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night. 

Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point in 
costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward inner 

Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.) : arises from upper sector 
of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin. 

Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or segments 
between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants. 

Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob. 

Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen. 

Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted parts; 
a sculpture with almost isolated knots. 

Nodule: a little knot, lump or node. 

Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture of knots 

or links, connected by an undulating line. 

Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the an- 
terior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in. 


Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects. 

Normal: of the usual form or type; not out of the ordinary. 

Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture. 

Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin. 

Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hcmiftcra, that part of the head which is 

apparent from a dorsal aspect. 
Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose larvae are 

more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface. 
Notopleural suture: = dorsopleural suture; q. v. 
Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen. 
Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a' segment: = tergum. 
Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax. 
Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus. 
Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily affected 

by staining fluids. 
Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded in the 

cell contents. 

Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture. 
Nuditas: = nudity. 

Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture. 
Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvse and 

pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, when 

nursing is given up. 

Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon. 
Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with granular 

nutritive material used in developing the egg cells. 
Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: applies 

also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa. 
Nympha inclusa: =. coarctate pupa; q. v. 
Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced stage 

of development : see also pupipara. 

Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely. 

Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward. 

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of 

another object or part. 

Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened 

at two opposite ends. 

Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal. 
Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2 and 

Rs, distad to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its front 

end, backward and outward ; in reality the basal part of Rs. 
Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct. 
Oblong: longer than broad. 
Obovate : inversely egg-shaped ; the narrow end downward. 


Obpyriform: inversely pear-shaped. 

Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined. 

Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies. 

Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous. 

Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering. 

Obtected: applied to pupse when they are covered with a chitinous case which 

confines and conceals all appendages, though their outlines may be marked 

on the surface : see free, and coarctate. 

Obtuse : not pointed ; an angle greater than a right angle : opposed to acute. 
Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to form an obtuse 

Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see acuti- 

Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar opening 

in the prothorax : foramen magnum. 

Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head. 
Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptcra; situated on posterior orbit of eye. 
Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole 

posterior surface of the head : in bees, the space between the vertex and 

the neck. 

Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e. g., spiracles. 
Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view. 
Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually directed 

forward ; often absent. 
Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye region in 

butterfly chrysalids. 
Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on which 

the ocelli are situated; Diptera. 

Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lcpidoptcra, spots on the wings, bor- 
dered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil. 
Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q. v. ; = stemmata. 
Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing, ocelli. 
Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, which 

conveys an image to a retina. Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in 

small groups, in adults : the compound eyes are made up of numerous 

Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow and 

brown ochre]. 

Ochraeus-eus: = ochraceous. 
Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous. 
Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the head in 

which the eye is received posteriorly. 
Ocular fleck: in Mallophdga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment in the 

Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of 

ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin. 
Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum ; q. v. 


Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head. 

Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the hinder 
part of each eye. 

Oculi-us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes. 

Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to produce the 
cephalic region in Hymcnoptera. 

Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long teeth 
on the maxilla and labium. 

Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; thorax ag- 
glutinate ; wings similar, elongate, flat ; metamorphosis incomplete ; copu- 
latory organs of male near base of abdomen, separate from the testes. 

Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies. 

Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs. 

(Ecology: see ecology. 

CEdagus: the penis. 

CEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each side 
of body cavity; associated with blood and fat bodies. 

CEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in Psoddcc. 

CEsophageal bulb: = subclypeal pump; q. v. 

CEsophageal diverticula: food reservoirs (q. v.) ; but more generally 
applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet. 

CEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum. 

CEsophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending into 
the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that controls 
the entrance of food into that organ : = cardiac valvule. 

(Esophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the mouth 
and the crop. 

Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the deutocerebrum 
from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise. 

Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes. 

Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptcra to 

Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive green, usually as a shading [olive green]. 

Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies. 

Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated thorax, 
when they are distinct: = see umbone: in Coleoptera; a corneous sclerite 
to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are attached; also the lateral 
margin of the prothorax ; also the lateral margin of the scutellum in Cara- 
bids and Dytiscids. 

Ommateum: the compound eye. 

Ommatidium-ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is com- 

Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both. 

Oncus-i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars. 

Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp. ; applied to certain Ly- 
caenid and other caterpillars. 

Ontogenetic : relating to the development of the individual. 


Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from that of 
the species : see phylogeny. 

Onyches: claws of tarsi. 

Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many Diptcra: 
see empodium : a more or less retractile process on the feet of some 
beetles : in Hymcnoptcra, the apical tarsal joint bearing the claws: see also 
arolium and pulvillus. 

Ooblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg. 

Oogenesis: the process of egg-formation. 

Oolemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane. 

Ootheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain Ortlwptera: 
see egg case. 

Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre. 

Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals. 

Opalinus: = opalescent ; q. v. 

Opaque: without lustre: not transparent. 

Operaria: the workers in Hymcnoptcra. 

Operative: in working order or actually working. 

Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath. 

Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptcra, the chitinous envelope covering 
the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock : 
the scutes covering the mesothoracic stigmata: in Alcurodidfc, the lid-like 
structure closing the vasif orm orifice ; q. v. 

Ophthalmic: relating to the eye. 

Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes. 

Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body. 

Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries. 

Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to. 

Optic: relating to the organs of vision. 

Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the com- 
pound eyes. 

Optic lobes: the lateral lobes of the procerebrum in which are centered the 
nerves supplying the organs of vision. 

Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic nerve: 
see epiopticon and periopticon. 

Optic segment: = procerebral segment; q. v. 

Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye. 

Ora: a border: specifically in some Colcoptcra, the lateral margin of pro- 

Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra. 

Orad: toward the mouth. 

Oral: pertaining to the mouth. 

Oral cavity: the mouth; =rbuccal cavity. 

Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles. 

Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth. 

Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in some moths, 
a round or oval macula in the median cell. 


Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are divided 
into vertical or superior ; frontal and facial or anterior ; of the cheek or 
inferior ; occipital or posterior. 

Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes. 

Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely on 
wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera. 

Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive. 

Orichalceous: = aurichalceous ; q. v. 

Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's 
surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas 
and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philip- 

Orificium: the anal or genital opening. 

Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published description is 

Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms. 

Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which 
the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally folded 
secondaries ; mouth mandibulate ; head set into prothorax, the latter free ; 
metamorphosis incomplete. 

Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from larval 
skin through a T-shaped opening on back : see cyclorrhapha. 

Orthorrhaphous : straight-seamed. 

Os: the mouth of insects, in general. 

Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side. 

Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series. 

Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a penetrating 
odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the prothoracic segment 
of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from openings elsewhere in the 
bodies of other forms. 

Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a membrane or 

Osselet: = ossicle; q. v. 

Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone. 

Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the wings 
to the thorax. 

Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart. 

Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole. 

Ostiole: in Hctcroptcra, the openings at the sides of meso- and metathorax, 
through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted. 

Ostium: singular of ostia; q. v. 

-osus: an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality ex- 
pressed in the stem word. 

Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle. 

Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst. 

Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea ; q. v. 

Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle. 

Ova, Ovum : the eggs ; an egg. 


Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung. 

Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for the 


Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar. 
Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair; usually from the abdomen of 

the female. 
Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells forming 

the future ova : a single one of the mass which, taken together, form the 

Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body cavity 

of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed : the indi- 
vidual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct. 
Ovariole: an ovarian tube; q. v. 
Ovary: singular of ovaries; q. v. 
Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval. 
Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes into 

vagina : sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor ; q. v. 
Oviform: egg-shaped. 

Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female. 
Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs. 
Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs are 

placed ; usually concealed ; but sometimes extended far beyond the end of 

the body. 

Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q. v. 
Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female reproductive 

Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are hatched 

in the body of the parent. 

Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone com- 
prising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the Coast 
Mountains and Cascade range; parts of northern California and most of 
the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the Santa Barbara 
Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the arid transition and 
in places into the upper Sonoran. 

Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and re- 
traction in some Coleoptera. 

Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptcra. 

Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage. 

Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage. 

Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; P. inferior, 
the lower surface: in Orthoptcra, the external flattened surface of the 
caudal femora. 

Pagiopoda: Hcteroptcra, in which the posterior coxae are not globose and 
the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda. 

Pagiopodous: those Hctcroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs 
hinged and the femora grooved. 


Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptcra. 

Palate : = hypopharynx ; q. v. 

Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous. 

Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance. 

Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe, 
Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the 
Yangtse-kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus 

Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic in- 
sect* which cannot be assigned to existing orders. 

Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lcpidoptcra in which the mandibles are dis- 
tinct and the pupa is free : includes the Micropterygidce only : see proto- 
lepidoptera and neolepidoptera. 

Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint. 

Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the 
anterior feet of male Dytiscida. 

Pallid: pale or very pale. 

Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow. 

Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink]. 

Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed by 
the walls of the subgenital plate in Melanopli. 

Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened or 
specifically modified. 

Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes. 

Palmula: =pulvillus; q. v. 

Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus. 

Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi. 

Palparium: in some Colcoptcra, and other insects, the membranous support 
to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an amount of 
extension not possible when they are fixed. 

Palpi: plural of palpus; q. v. 

Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi. 

Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite bearing the 
maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes. 

Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus. 

Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is attached: 
corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used in the same 
general sense. 

Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q. v. 

Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lcpidoptcra, when visibly developed. 

Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the 

maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi). 
Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially constricted. 

Panorpatas: =Mecoplcra; q. v. 

Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus ; q. v. : in maculation, like those 

of a panther. 

Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing. 
Papilionaceous: butterfly-like. 


Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in silk- 
spinning caterpillars. 

Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded. 
Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip. 
Papilliform: like a wart or pimple. 

Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples. 
Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus. 
Pappus: a fine down. 
Para-: next to; near by; at the side of. 
Parabiosis: see symbiosis. 
Parabolic: elongately rounded. 
Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupae, occurs in some of the generalized 

families on each side of the maxillary palpi. 

Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at sides. 
Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidce. 
Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; often 

connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to the 

galea of maxilla. 

Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant. 
Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures. 
Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used 

to throw frass pellets to a distance. 
Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q. v. 
Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually situated 

at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera. 
Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles. 
Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed 

abdominal processes of the Symphyla. 
Parapsidas: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids, 

marked by the parapsidal grooves. 
Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the mesoscutum 

of Proctytrypldcc separating the parapsides from the middle lobe. 
Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid 

scutellum, defining the parapsidse. 
Parapsides: lateral pieces of the mesoscutum, separated from the mesal 

portion by the parapsidal furrows. 
Parapteron-era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of the 

episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax : = the tegulas of 

Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lcpidoptcra: have been homologized with 

the elytra of Colcoptera. 
Parasita: =parasitica; q. v. 
Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and depends 

upon the tissue of the host for its food supply. 
Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as to 

derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host. 
Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth with 

piercing lancets ; thoracic segments similar ; habits epizootic. 


Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the ex- 
pense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host : see symbiosis : 

Parastigma: = pterostigma ; q. v. 

Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy powder, 
sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidoe. 

Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was selected: 
see type and cotype. 

Parce: sparse or sparsely. 

Parcidentate: with few teeth. 

Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue. 

Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies. 

Paronychium -ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia ; q. v. 

Parthenogenetic: see asexual. 

Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-cells 
without fertilization by the male element ; as in plant lice, gall wasps, etc. 

more color fields. 

Partite -us: divided; e. g., the eyes of Gyrinidcc. 

Parum: not much. 

Patagium-ia: in Lepidoptcra, those sclerites that cover the base of pri- 
maries : often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q. v. : assigned 
by some writers to the pro-, by others to the mesothorax : homologized 
with the paraptera of mesothorax. 

Patella -ge: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidcs ; plate-like, 
horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints : the first 
coxal joint. 

Patella r: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap. 

Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the underside 
of the patella. 

Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart. 

Patria: home or country of origin. 

Patulous -ose: open, spreading. 

Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any pouch-like 
appendage of the alimentary canal. 

Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual 
and inconspicuous : e. g., Orthoptcra and most Rhynchota. 

Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for groups 
of plant lice. 

Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes. 

Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl. 

Pecten: a comb: in Hymcnoptcra, rigid, incurved set-e on the basal parts of 
maxilla and labium : the rows of spines on the feet of pollen-gathering 
bees : any series of bristles arranged like a comb : in mosquito larvae the 
comb-like teeth on the breathing tube. 

Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb. 

Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair. 


Pectoralis: relating to the breast. 

Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum. 

Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a comb; 

e. g., some maxillary structures. 
Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied; in Coleoptera, for 

the entire meso- and metathorax ; also the pro- and mesosternum ; in 

Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs. 
Pedal line: in caterpillars; extends along the base of the feet. 
Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars; on the 

anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal segments : is VII 

of the abdomen where it consists of three setae ; VI of the thorax where 

the setae are not numbered; constant (Dyar). 
Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies. 
Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet. 

Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their excre- 
ment and cast skins on an anal fork. 
Pedes: the feet, or really, legs. 
Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna; forming the 

pivot between scape and funicle : in general, a stalk or stem. 
Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by the 

multiplication of lice on the body : see phthiriasis. 
Pediculous: lousy; infested with lice. 
Pedigerous: feet-bearing. 
Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in Homoptera: 

the smaller of the two stalks supporting the mushroom body ; q. v. 
Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk or 


Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land. 
Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccida more 

especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the puparia of 


Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed. 
Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied when there is no color. 
Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larva?, developed to supply the adult 


Pelottae: = arolia ; q. v. 
Peltate: shield- or target-shaped. 
Penal claspers: in Proctytripidcc: lateral fringed processes of the male 


Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis. 
Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptcra, applied to a group of 

sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna. 
Pendent: hanging down. 

Pendulous: drooping; hanging free, attached to one end only. 
Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer surface 

in Euplcctoptcra. 
Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair; often at the end 

of a thin stalk. 


Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th 

dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymcnoptera. 
Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped. 
Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a stalk as 

long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some male moths. 
Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male. 
Pennaceous: = pennate. 

Pennate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes. 
Penniform: feather-like in form. 

Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles. 
Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. 
Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi. 
Penultimate: next to the last. 
Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of alba- 

menoid food substances. 

Per-: as a prefix, means very; extremely; through. 
Percipient: with the power of perceiving. 
Percurrent: running through the entire length. 
Pereion: the prothorax. 
Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the 2d 

pair in adults. 
Perfoliate: divided into leaf -like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like 

expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres ; also 

to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion. 
Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent; resembling parchment. 
Peri-: round about. 
Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane of the 


Pericardia!. around, or belonging to the heart. 
Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body wall, 

which contains the heart. 
Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the heart, 

and whose function it is to purify the blood. 

Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal vessel. 
Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached to the ventral 

surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall: = dorsal diaphragm; 

wings of the heart. 

Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary canal. 
Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity immediately surround- 
ing the nervous system. 
Periodical: recurring at regular intervals. 

Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon. 
Peripheral: referring to the outer margin. 
Peripheria: the entire outline of the body. 
Periphery: the circumference or outer margin. 
Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and posterior 

thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments. 


Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of the 
future legs and wings are developed. 

Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. 

Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of which 
the food is forced toward the anal extremity. 

Peristethium: the mesosternum. 

Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptcra; some- 
times used as = epistoma ; q. v. 

Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at base, and 
forming the true ventral wall of the head. 

Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, and 
other internal structures. 

Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea. 

Peritreme: the corneous sclerite surrounding a spiracle. 

Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, extending 
back tube-like, through the chylifk ventricle in some insects. 

Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its appendages. 

Perlate : beaded : bearing relieved, rounded points in series. 

Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal. 

Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms. 

Persistent: remaining constantly; always present. 

Personate: gaping; wide open; masked; disguised. 

Pes, Pedes: a foot; feet. 

Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptcra, the 
apical or hindmost of the three median cells : = 3d median area ; apical 

Petiolata: that series of Hymcnoptera in which there is a slender stalk be- 
tween the thorax and abdomen : = apocrita. 

Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in de- 
scribing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to thorax. 

Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the thorax 
and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptcra. 


Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious organisms 
and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the development to the 
adult condition. 

Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other micro- 
organisms by phagocytes. 

Phalsenae: a Linnaean term embracing most of the heterocerous Lcpidoptcra. 
more specifically applied to the Gcometridce. 

Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification of 
uncertain value ; similar to tribe. 

Phalerated: beaded. 

Phallus: = penis ; q. v. 

Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q. v. 

Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a slight 
enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus : in Diptera is sometimes 


restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and subclypeal pump, and 

is then = subclypeal tube. 

Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835). 
Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q. v. 

Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures. 
Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus. 
Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a phosphorescent glow. 
Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin partitions 

passing down from the dorsum of meso- and metathorax : the partition 

formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax. 
Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are wholly 

or partly supported by the covering envelope : see stelocyttares ; pcecilo- 


Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice. 
Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue. 
Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development. 

Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see ontogeny. 
Phyloptera: the superordinal term proposed to include all the net-veined 

orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptcra. 
Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of related 


Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptcra; q. v. 
Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal joints are 

anchylosed and the 3d is lobed. 
Phytophagus: feeding upon plants. 

Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants. 
Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects. 
Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that affect 

colors of caterpillars. 
Piceous-eus: pitchy black. 
Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre. 
Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidcc. 
Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera. 
Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera, 

Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color appearance. 
Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine, short, 

erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet. 
Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in Lcpidoptera, 

resembling a rudimentary mandible. 
Pilifer ous: with a covering of fine hair or pile. 
Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical stalk 

or process : = turbinate eye. 

Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse hair. 
Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair. 
Pincers: the anal forceps. 
Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather. 
Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptcra, are the oblique ridges 

running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather. 


Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings re- 
sembling a feather : with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying opposite 
sides of a thin shank. 

Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the base. 

Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale green with a 
little burnt sienna]. 

Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular 

Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats. 

Planate: with a flattened surface. 

Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface. 

Planipennia: applied to Ncuroptcra in which the wings are large and laid 
flat on the body when at rest; Sialida>, Myrmeleomdcc, etc. 

Planta-ae: the basal ioint of the posterior tarsus in pollen-gathering Hy- 
menoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping legs 
of caterpillars. 

Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws alone. 

Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus ; one of the soles or climbing 
cushions of the foot : see arolium ; pulvillus. 

Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids. 

Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells. 

Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed. 

Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidce. 

Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane. 

Plates: in Coccida:, the squames ; q. v. : in male Homoptcra, a pair of pieces 
the valve. 

Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with 
four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath primaries ; 
mouth mandibulate ; prothorax free; transformations complete: Psocida, 
Termitidtz, Perlidcc and M-allopliaga. 

Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to net- 
veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded beneath 
primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; prothorax free; meta- 
morphosis incomplete : the term Plecoptera was used by Brauer for Per- 
lid(c ; Plectoptera by Packard for the Ephcmcrida; there has been some 
confusion since, and both have been used in the Brauer sense. 

Pleon: = abdomen ; q. v. 

Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larvae: posterior legs of an adult. 

Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis. 

Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species by a 
person other than the describer. 

Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the dorsal 
and sternal portion of the thorax : in general, the sides of the body between 
the dorsum and sternum. 

Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymcnoptcra, the three spaces 
between the lateral and pleural carinse ; the 1st or anterior =. spiracular 
area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or posterior angular 


Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of the 

Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax: see pleura. 

Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided. 

Pleuron: the side of the thorax. 

Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified first 
pair of abdominal legs in many insects. 

Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated 
on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites. 

Pleurum: pleuron; plural, pleura; q. v. 

Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae. 

Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing. 

Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan. 

Plications: foldings; applied to the folds on the hind wings of Orthoptcra. 

Plicipenna: =.Trichoptcra; proposed by Latreille. 

Plumate: like a feather. 

Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral]. 

Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antenme that have long ciliated processes 
on each side of each joint : see cirrate. 

Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese. 

Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of Lcpidoptcra. 

Pluri-: as a prefix, means many. 

Pluri-dentate: with many teeth. 

Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids. 

Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages. 

Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and digestive 
system: also used as = vagus ; q. v. 

Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic spira- 
cles in Berytldcc, etc. 

Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of mesonotum. 

Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just behind praa- 
brachial ; usually simple : number 7 of some systems. 

Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole; the true second abdominal segment. 

Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or sur-anal plate 
in caterpillars. 

Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the 10th abdominal seg- 
ment of Orthoptcra; the two pieces on each side of the vent, thought by 
Huxley to be rudiments of an llth abdominal ring; united they form the 
tergite of a rudimentary ring : anal valves ; paranal lobes. 

Pododunera: apterous insects' with biting mouth structures. 

Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult. 

Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the branch or 
other support covered by the envelope : see stelocyttares and phragmo- 

Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q. v. 

Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and biting 
flies ; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the sting of fe- 
male Hymenoptera. 


Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb. 

Politus: smooth, shiny, polished. 

Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; used 

mostly in Dipt era. 
Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the tibia 

in bees. 

Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia. 
Pollicatus: = policate ; q. v. 

Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen; pollen bearing. 
Pollinigerous: = polliniferous ; q. v. 
Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust. 
Poly-: many, much. 

Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male. 
Polychromatic: many colored. 

Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests. 
Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as in 

some Chalcids. 

Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female. 
Polygonal: with many angles. 

Polygoneutism: the power to produce several broods in one season. 
Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Colcoptcra, as a whole. 
Polymorphic -ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex, in season, in 

locality or without apparent reason : undergoing several changes, and in 

this sense applied to insects with a complete metamorphosis. 
Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes. 
Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food. 

Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources. 
Polypodous: having many feet, and thus specifically applied to the Myria- 

poda, and to the larvae of Lcpidoptcra and saw-flies, in contradistinction to 

footless and hexapodous larvae. 
Ponderable: that which may be weighed. 
Pone: behind (the middle). 
Ponticulus: =frenulum; q. v. 
Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines. 
Pore: any small, round opening on the surface. 
Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures. 
Porose-us: with little round openings on the surface. 
Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent. 
Post-: behind or after. 
Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior lateral margin of 

the dorsum, in Diptera. 
Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the 

wing and the scutellum. 
Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae with the 


Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.). 
Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of flagellum. 


Post-antennal organs: in Cnllcnibola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs situated 
just caudad of the bases of the antennae. 

Post-brachial: = pobrachial ; q. v. 

Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated close 
to the posterior wall of the head. 

Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the clypeus 
is divided : in Psocidcc, a peculiar inflated structure behind the clypeus : in 
general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when any line of demarca- 
tion exists : = supra-clypeus ; nasus ; afternose ; paraclypeus ; first clypeus ; 
clypeus posterior. 

Post-costa: =rsub-costa (Comst.) : in Odonata = 1st anal vein (Comst.) : 
in Trichoptera =' anal. 

Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the post- 
costa ; = anal cell (Comst.). 

Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q. v. 

Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the metanotum, between the meso- 
phragma and post-scutellum. 

Post-embryonic-otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the egg. 

Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in Hymcnoptera: 
see also post-clypeus. 

Posterior: hinder or hindmost; opposed to anterior: in Diptcra; applied to 
that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, the 
legs being laterally extended. 

Posterior angle: of thorax, in Colcoptcra, is the lateral angle near base of 
elytra : of the wings hind angle ; anal angle ; q. v. 

Posterior cells: in Diptcra (Will.) : 1st = radial 5 (Comst.) : 2d medial 1 
(Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.): 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th 
= cubitus 1 (Comst.). 

Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head posteriorly 
through which the cavities of head and thorax communicate. 

Posterior field: of tegmina, =anal field; q. v. 

Posterior intercalary: in Diptcra, is one of the anal veins (Comst.). 

Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptcra, extend from base of pronotum 
downward to the posterior angle of sides. 

Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptcra, see lobe: in Diptera, that 
part of wing between axillary incision and base : = alar appendage 

Posterior margin: = inner margin; q. v. 

Posterior pereion: the metanotum. 

Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen. 

Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta. 

Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of cater- 
pillars ; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior ; some- 
times united to V : it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax (Dyar). 

Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of 
caterpillars ; subdorsal, posterior, always present, rarely united with I : it 
is II of the abdomen, Ib of the thorax (Dyar). 

Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells. 


Posterior wings: = secondaries ; q. v. 

Postero-dorsal: Dipt era; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the dorsal 

and posterior face, 
Postero-ventral: Dipt era; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the 

ventral and posterior face. 
Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles of hind 

legs are attached. 

Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some Orthofitera. 
Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head in 

Post-humeral bristles: in Dipt era, are usually two, inserted above the dorso- 

pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on the bottom 

of the presutural depression. 

Postical vein: in Diptcra, = '5th longitudinal (Meig.) ; = media 3 (Comst.). 
Posticus: hinder. 
Post-media: Ephcmerida; an apparently distinct vein between media and 

cubitus (Comst.). 

Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t. p. line; q. v. 

Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the middle. 
Post-nodal cross- veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins between costa and 

radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, separating the 

post-nodal cells or spaces : = post-cubital cross-veins. 
Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin from 

nodus to stigma. 
Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and media 

1, from nodus to outer margin. 
Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between media 1 

and media 2 (Comst.) : = ultra-nodal sector. 

Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth structures. 
Post-pectus: the under surface of the metathorax. 
Post-petiole: in Hymcnoptcra, that part of abdomen behind petiole. 
Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye and ex- 
tending into the ganglionic plate. 
Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the 

thoracic rings. 
Post-scutum: in Trichoptcra, the little plate behind the scutellum of meso- 

thorax : = post-scutellum. 
Post-stigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in bees: 

= 2d radial 1 (Comst.). 

Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; sub- 
primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not present on 

abdomen (Dyar). 

Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera. 
Post-sutural bristles: in Diptcra, dorsal bristles behind transverse suture. 
Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of Coleopterous 

Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets ; q. v. 


Post- vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper part 

of occiput. 

Pouch: in Trielwptcra, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a wing. 
Pras- or Pre-: anterior to; before. 
Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; usually 

forked : no. 6 of some systems. 

Prascostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries. 
Prae-dorsum: =prophragma; q. v. 
Prse-labrum: in Diptera, clypeus; q. v. 
Praeocular: before the eyes. 
Prasputium: the external membranous covering of penis: specifically a 

spherical muscular mass at base of penis in some Orthoptera. 
Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the meso-scutum and 

Prae-scutum : the first of the four divisions of the notum of the thoracic 


Prae-subterminal: preceding the s. t. line in Lcpidoptcra. 
Pras-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae. 
Praa-tornal: preceding the tornus (q. v.) in Lcpidoptcra. 
Prasinus: grass-green [apple green]. 

Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs. 
Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings, 

just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera. 
Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening. 
Pre-anal plate or lamina: supra-anal plate; q. v. 
Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna. 
Pre-apical: before the apex. 
Pre-balancer: = pre-halter ; q. v. 
Pre-basilar: before the base. 
Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from the 

fertilized egg to the pupa. 

Precurrent: continuous; entire; complete; said of a vein. 
Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other organisms. 
Predatory: = predaceous ; q. v. 
Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the early 

larvae of some Proctytrypida. 
Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already existing 

rudiments ; opposed to epigenesis ; q. v. 
Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where 

itself forks from another vein " ; Diptera. 

Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee. 
Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the caudal 

femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera. 

Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly. 
Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding. 
Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a temporary 

segment of the embryo : = intercalary segment. 


Pre-media: Ephcmcridce; an apparently distinct vein between radius and 

media (Comst.). 

Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination. 
Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lcpidoptcra: see clasper. 
Pre-ocular: see prse-ocular. 
Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before those 

bearing the mouth parts. 
Prepuce: =prseputium; q. v. 

Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa. 
Pre-scutellar bristles: in Dipt era, are in a transverse row in front of the 


Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus; q. v. 
Pre-scutellar rows: in Dipt era, short rows of small bristles in front of the 


Press: = filator ; q. v. 
Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a pressure on 

the sole of the pad. 
Pre-sutural bristles: in Dipt era, in a trigonate depression at outer ends of 

transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture. 

Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, situ- 
ated before the transverse suture. 
Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings. 

Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type. 
Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation from the 

median sector to the outer margin, at or just below the apex: = media 1 

Principal sulcus: in Orthoptcra, a transverse impression of the prothorax, 

at or behind the middle. 
Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the smallest 

mandibles : see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont. 
Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced 

through a prism. 
Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic 


Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidcc. 

Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually ap- 
plied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of 

Hcmiptcra; sometimes to the tongue of Lcpidoptcra; and rarely, to the 

mouth of long-tongued bees. 

Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon. 
Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, overhanging 

portion of the head. 
Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed by 

the coalescence of the first three primitive segments. 
Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median protocerebrum 

and optic ganglia ; also called optic segment. 
Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the fused 

median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies ; q. v. 


Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the 
first primary segment ; also termed ocular lobe, from the part it innervates. 

Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an appendage: any promi- 
nent portion of the body not otherwise definable. 

Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle ; q. v. 

Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in Nematince. 

Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles. 

Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and intes- 
tine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes. 

Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, 
the sides at top straight : goblet-shaped. 

Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat. 

Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from. 

Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form an 
angle with the thorax. 

Profile: the outline as seen from the side. 

Profound, Profundus: deep. 

Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward. 

Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment. 

Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries. 

Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: specifi- 
cally the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly 
larva : = abdominal feet : false legs. 

Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries. 

Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits. 

Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera. 

Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in 
relief by color or otherwise : conspicuous. 

Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure. 

Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long tongue 
of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera. 

Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on pronotum. 

Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax. 

Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova, 
the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. 

Pronymph: is that stage in certain metabolous insects in which the larval 
tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues are just be- 
ginning to build up. 

Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax; the term is erroneously ap- 
plied in this connection. 

Propedes: = prolegs ; q. v. 

Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny and, 
at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between pro- and meso- 

Prop-leg: = pro-leg ; q. v. 

Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax. 

Propleural bristles: in Dipt era, are situated immediately above the front 
coxa : = prothoracic bristle ; q. v. 


Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles occur. 

Propodeon: = propodeum. 

Propodeum: in Hymcnoptcra, that part of thorax just above insertion of 
abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment : see median segment. 

Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to serve as a cement 
in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious. 

Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward. 

Propupa: a semi-pupa; q. v. 

Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidium, some- 
times left exposed in Coleoptera. 

Propygium: = hypopygium; q. v. 

Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum. 

Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum. 

Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular ; q. v. 

Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum. 

Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera, e. g., Elaterida, to 
receive the antennae. 

Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax. 

Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax. 

Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the pro- 
sternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below. 

Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elatcridce which extends backward 
into a meso-sternal cavity : the cone or tubercle between fore-legs in some 

Prosternal suture: that suture of prothorax which separates the sternum 
from the pleural pieces. 

Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax. 

Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs. 

Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the basalis 
q. v. and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla. 

Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical common 
ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata. 

Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females. 

Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg. 

Proteiform: having many forms or varieties: protean. 

Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax. 

Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the 
original description is based. 

Prothoracic bristle: in Dipt era, a strong bristle immediately above the front 
coxa : see propleural bristles. 

Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in cer- 
tain Phasmid genera. 

Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield; q. v. 

Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax. 

Prothorax: the first thoracic ring or segment; bears the anterior legs but 
no wings : when free, as in Coleoptera, is usually referred to as " thorax " 


Protocerebral segment: ocular segment; q. v. 

Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle. 

Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings. 

Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium : sometimes used as 
= occiput. 

Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries. 

Protograph: an original description by a figure or picture made from the 
original type. 

Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidce') in which 
lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not developed : 
see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera. 

Protolog: the original description by words. 

Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries. 

Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptcra, situated between 
costal cells and apical margin. 

Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen. 

Protothorax: = prothorax; q. v. 

Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced. 

Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out; applied to muscles. 

Protuberance: any elevation above the surface. 

Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level. 

Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop; the gizzard. 

Proximad: toward the proximal end. 

Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal. 

Prozona: in Orthoptcra, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front 
of the principal sulcus. 

Pruinose: hoary; as if covered with a fine frost or dust. 

Pruinous-us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue + 
purple lake]. 

Psammophilous: living in sandy places. 

Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi. 

Pseudidolum: = nymph; q. v. 

Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q. v. 

Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. 

Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell; q. v. 

Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa. 

Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube. 

Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some insects, 
replacing the crystalline cone of others. 

Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptcra. 

Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated 
egg : a stem-mother. 

Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids, are wingless descendants of the stem- 
mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which repro- 
duce asexually through a number of generations. 

Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the stem-mother 
(fundatrix) through which the species is spread. 


Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of P. gcmmans, which 

produces the true sexes. 

Pseudogyne: a female that reproduces without impregnation. 
Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops. 
Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing 


Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamor- 
phosis : includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptcra, Isoptera 

and Corrodentia: =Archiptera. 
Pseudonychium -ia: =paronychia; q. v. 
Pseudo-nymph: = semi-pupa ; q. v. 
Pseudopodia: =parapodia; q. v. 

Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot, 1847). 
Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true 

pupa in some insects; e. g., Meloidce: = semi-pupa; q. v. 
Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound eyes of 

the living insects. 
Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymcnoptcra, in which the abdomen is so 

close to the thorax as to seem sessile. 
Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, by 

means of which they scrape their food. 
Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without fertilization; 

e. g., in certain plant lice. 

Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect. 
Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphidida, supposed to replace the absent 

Malpighian tubules. 
Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q. v. 
Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and 


Pterodicera: with wings and two antennae. 
Pterogostia: the wing veins. 
Pterogostic: referring to the wing structure. 

Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted. 
Pteropleura: in Diptcra, are situated below the base of the wings behind 

the mesopleural suture : = the posterior lateral plate of mesothorax of 

Lowne; the episternum of mesothorax of Hammond. 
Pteropleural bristles: in Diptcra, are inserted on the pteropleura. 
Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, near 

its middle or at end of the radius : = bathmis, and see stigma. 
Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings. 
Pterothorax: the wing-bearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptcra. 
Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Colcoptera. 
Pterygodes: the patagia or tegulae; q. v. 
Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to be 

descended from winged ancestors : see apterogogenea. 
Pterygostium: a wing vein. 
Pterygote: wing-bearing. 



Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being 

thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna. 
Ptilota: winged insects. 

Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down. 
Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair. 
Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax. 
Pulmonarium : the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of the 

abdominal rings : = connexivum. 
Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner: 

applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in 

these appendages. 

Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance. 
Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus. 
Pulvillus-i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the cushions of 

short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of tarsal joints ; rarely 

fleshy lobes : see arolium. 
Pulvinatus: moderately convex. 
Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures. 
Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot. 
Punctulatus: with small punctures. 
Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle. 
Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots. 
Puniceus: carmine red [carmine]. 
Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied for all 

orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis : a pupa is 

obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members may or may 

not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages are separately 

encased and there is no covering over the whole : see chrysalis. 
Puparium-ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the pupa is 


Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa. 
Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces sexed 


Pupigenous: = pupiparous ; q. v. 
Pupigerous: forming a larval puparium : coarctate : said of dipterous larvae 

that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa. 
Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot. 
Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre. 
Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the young 

until they have reached the stage ready to pupate. 
Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate. 
Pupivorous: feeding upon pupae: especially applied to those Hymcnoptcra 

that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage. 
Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade. 
Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve]. 
Pustula: a colored point of moderate circumference. 
Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces. 


Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the elytra: 
in Forficulidce, the last dorsal segment : in Diaspincc, the compound termi- 
nal segment. 

Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, especially 
the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view ; hence sometimes 
used in the plural pygofers. 

Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera. 

Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera. 

Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle. 

Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no 
distinct gizzard. 

Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an 
enlargement of the intestine. 

Pylorus: the chylific ventricle. 

Pyriform: shaped like a pear. 

Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four. 

Quadrate: square or nearly so. 

Quadrifarium: having four rows. 

Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in Odonata, 
a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower sector of arculus, 
the submedian vein, a cross-vein between these two, and the lower part 
of arculus. 

Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects. 

Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupse in forms with complete meta- 

Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or maculation. 


Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are not 
specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the type and 
may thus be geographical : nearly synonymous with subspecies. 

Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form 
bunches or sacs. 

Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in caterpillars; 
the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral spines or other proc- 
esses are inserted. 

Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein. 

Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal (subcosta) 
and radial veins : see scapular area. 

Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in 
the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by the radius or 
its branches. 

Radial cross-vein: (Comst.) is that which divides cell, radius 1. 


Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the 
radius (Comst.) : in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just 
below and parallel with media 2. 

Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa between 
it and ulnar : in Orthoptcra, = radius (Comst.) : in Dipt era, =2d longi- 
tudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.). 

Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal field of 
secondaries : = anal veins ; q. v. 

Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre. 

Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the head. 

Radio-medial cross- vein: connects the radial and medial systems and usually 
closes the radial cell (Comst.). 

Radius: (Comst.) ; the third of the longitudinal veins starting from base and 
dividing into not more than five branches before reaching the margin ; 
the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the 
costal margin and extending outward and downward. 

Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion: see pteropega. 

Rami-us: branches; a branch. 

Ramification: the branching out in every direction. 

Ramify: to branch out in every direction. 

Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q. v. 

Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches. 

Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey. 

Raptatory: == raptorial; q. v. 

Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptcra in which the anterior legs are 
fitted for grasping ; Mantida:. 

Raptorial: formed for seizing prey. 

Rare: seldom seen or found. 

Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures. 

Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily. 

Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction of the 
oviducts with the vagina ; it is filled during copulation and the eggs are 
fertilized from it as they are extruded. 

Reclinate: directed backward; e. g., the bristles in Diptcra. 

Reclinatus: =reflexed; q. v. 

Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line. 

Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen. 

Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the abdomen 
of some <$ Hemiptera. 

Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a lubri- 
cating material. 

Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the nymphs of 
some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and serving as respi- 
ratory organs. 

Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle. 

Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle. 

Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear body. 


Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line. 

Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in which 

the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the body : = cloaca. 
Rectus: right or straight. 
Recumbent: lying down; reclining. 

Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric. 
Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross-vein 

(Comst.) from the point of branching to the junction. 
Recurrent vein: in Hemerobndcc, the first branch of the subcosta when it 

recurves toward the base of the wing. 
Recurved: bowed backward. 
Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation. 
Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward. 
Refracted: bent back as if broken. 

Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body com- 
posed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the abdomen. 
Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of youth. 
Remote: further removed than distant. 
Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that shape, 

found at the end of median cell in many moths. 

Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in Cole- 


Replicatile: capable of being folded back. 
Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied to 

glands that secrete an offensive material. 

Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion. 
Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back. 
Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues and 

liberation of carbon dioxide from same. 
Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area. 
Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed. 
Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any structureless 

membrane or layer. 
Reticulate: like net-work. 
Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell. 

Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed. 
Retinaculum: in Lcpidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the male 

is fitted ; = hamus, q. v. : in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales serving 

to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far : in Coleoptera, 

the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible. 
Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the 

basilar or fenestrate membrane. 
Retinophora: =retinula; q. v. 
Retinula-se: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells between 

pigment cells and retina of the compound eye. 
Retracted : drawn back ; opposed to prominent. 
Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted. 



Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle. 

Retroarcuate: curved backwards. 

Retrocession: the going or moving backward. 

Retrose: (sinuate) pointing backwards ; (serrate) inversely serrated. 

Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated by an 

obtuse hollow. 
Reversed: turned in an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down or 

inside out : said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of secondaries 

projecting beyond those of primaries. 

Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation. 
Revolute: spirally rolled backward. 
Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod or 

blade-like process projecting from the epidermis. 
Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the crystalline 

cone of an eye. 

Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell. 
Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male. 
Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus ; q. v. : in Odonata, the 

lower portion of clypeus : ante-clypeus ; q. v. 
Rhipiptera: =Strepsiptera; q. v. 
Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb. 
Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its opposite 

lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse. 
Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antennas are alike in 

both sexes and form a club at tip. 

Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures. 
Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville). 
Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptcra in which the head is produced 

into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are situated ; gular 

sutures confluent ; prosternal sutures wanting : the weevils. 
Rhynchota: = Rhyngota; q. v. 
Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis ; q. v. 
Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak or 

rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets : = Hemiptera 

in the broad sense. 
Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of opposite 


Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course. 
Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges. 
Rimose: full of cracks. 

Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot. 
Ringent: gaping. 

Riparian: along the river or along shore. 
Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian. 
Rorulentum: dusty: = pulverulent ; q. v. 
Roseate -eous, -eus: rose colored; pale blood red [rose]. 
Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose: clustered round a centre. 


Rostellum: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice: also 

used in Hemiptcra, as = rostrum ; q. v. 

Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of Hcmiptera. 
Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth parts. 
Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout. 
Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Colcoptera, applied to 

the rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hemiptera, is the jointed beak 

covering the piercing lancets ; and this is the better use of the term. 
Rotate: wheel-shaped. 

Rotator: used for turning; applied to muscles. 
Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e. g., a ball and 

socket joint. 
Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints of 

antennae and palpi : = torquillus. 
Rotule: the trochantine. 
Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle: without 

angles : said of margins when they pass gradually into each other and do 

not form an angle at their point of junction. 

Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larvae that develop into queens. 
Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of social 


Ruber: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson]. 
Rubescent: reddish or becoming red. 
Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter]. 
Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly. 

Rudiment -ary: the beginning of any structure or part before it has developed. 
Rufescent: reddish. 

Rufous: brick-red [chrome yellow + dragon's blood]. 
Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles. 
Rugose -ous: wrinkled; with irregular waved elevated lines. 
Rugulose -ous: minutely wrinkled. 
Runcinate : notched : cut into several transverse acute segments which point 


Ruptor ovi: = egg burster; q. v. 
Rutilous: a shining bronze red. 

Sabulose: sandy or gritty. 

Sac: in Cocclda;, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many species. 

Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end. 

Saccule: a little sac or pouch. 

Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in ? Lcpidoptcra. 

Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvae. 

Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera and other insects. 

Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenop- 

tera: see stipites. 
Sagittal: equivalent to longitudinal. 


Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal into 

right and left halves. 

Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular. 
Salient: projecting; jutting out. 
Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins the 

digestion of the food. 
Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning of the 

alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid material. 
Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary duct, 

between labium and hypopharynx. 
Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base of the 

labial stylets of piercing Diptcra; e. g., mosquitoes. 
Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are formed 

for jumping. 
Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior femur 

when much enlarged and dilated. 
Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = f urcula ; q. v. 
Sanguineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake]. 
Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance. 
Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue]. 

Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres. 
Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers : see meta- 

Saturate : deeply or strongly marked ; in a color, means intense. 
Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas. 
Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tenthredinidce. 
Scaber: uneven, rough. 

Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled. 
Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points. 
Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets between two 

longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of a ladder. 
Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccida: specifically the puparium of a 

Diaspid, comprising exuvire and excreted matter : the waxy covering of a 

male Lecaniid : in Diptera = alula ; q. v. 
Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of Lepidoptera, 

and present in various other insects. 

Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening angles. 
Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptcra. 
Scalpriform: chisel-shaped. 

Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair. 
Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Colcoptcra; usually 

applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera. 
Scaphiform: boat-shaped. 
Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in <$ Lepidoptera 

below the uncus. 
Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae; q. v. : in 

Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter of the 


fore-leg ; in Proctotrupidce the lateral lobes on each side of the parapsidal 

Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum. 

Scapular: the episternum; q. v. : applied to the scapula. 

Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in Orthoptera, 
= radial area. 

Scapularia: a meso-episternum : see scapula. 

Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius. 

Scapus: = scape. 

Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it resembles a 
white grub or Scarabid larva. 

Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or scratched. 

Scariose -ous: dry and scaly. 

Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement: = merdivorous. 

Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible, some- 
times in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that may be 
repellant or attractive ; most frequently found in males as a secondary 
sexual character. 

Scent pores: = ostioles ; q. v. 

Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures. 

Scopa: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length: in Hymen- 
opt era, the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of pollen-gathering forms. 

Scopate: furnished with a scopa. 

Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering the 
inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering Hymcnoptera. 

Scopulipedes: bees which have pollen-gathering structures on the feet. 

Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in crickets; 
used in producing the song. 

Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters. 

Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an appendage: 
specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the rostrum to receive 
the scape of antennae : also applied to grooves on the sides of mandibles : in 
Hymcnoptera, the usually circular impressions upon the frons, in which the 
scapes revolve : in Orthoptera, the pits in which the antennae are situate. 

Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits. 

Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects. 

Scrotiform: purse-shaped. 

Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q. v. 

Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an elytra 
or other body surface. 

Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or both, 
arranged in some definite manner. 

Scutate -if orm: shield- or buckler-shaped. 

Scutcheon: =scutellum; q. v. : also used by some authors (Walker) for the 
pronotum in Homoptera. 

Scutel: =scutellum; q. v. 

Scutellar angle : of elytra is next to the scutel when wing is expanded. 

Scutellar bridge: in Dipt era, a small ridge on either side of the scutellum, 
connecting it with the mesonotum. 


Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus. 

Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped. 

Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and metathorax: in Colc- 
optera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and universally re- 
ferred to as the scutellum : in Hetcroptcra, a similar sclerite between base 
of hemelytra : in Diptcra, a subhemispherical body posteriorly cut off by 
an impressed line from the dorsum of the mesothorax. 

Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvae. 

Scutiform: = scutate; q. v. 

Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and metathorax. 

Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown; almost like, but darker than, cas- 
taneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red]. 

Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances. 

Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky. 

Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa 

Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head. 

Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the metathorax. 

Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not the 
other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs themselves ; 
e. g., color, size, shape, etc. 

Second clypeus: see anteclypeus. 

Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.), is the stigma. 

Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst.), to the 
junction of medial cross-vein; also called submarginal nervure in part. 

Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends from base of second- 
aries to the rear of the third coxa. 

Second longitudinal vein: in Diptcra (Will.), = radius 2 + 3 (Comst.). 

Second maxilla: the labium; q. v. 

Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head. 

Second median area: see median area; areola. 

Second submarginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5 (Comst.). 

Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccida, specifically, the 
waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances forming the " scales." 

Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending beyond or 
around the pellicles. 

Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion. 

Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the Lcpidoptcra 
in working out of a cocoon. 

Sectors: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike the principal veins at 
an angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin : they are radial, sub- 
nodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and lower of triangle : 
all of which see. 

Secund: pointing one way: unilateral. 

Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet. 

Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place. 

Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a segment of 


an insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion reaching entirely 
across the body, originally separated on the exterior by incisions or sutures 
from the preceding and the succeeding segments, having attached to it not 
more than one pair of ventral appendages, containing internally not more 
than one pair of nerve ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of append- 
ages ; = somite, arthromere : fusion of segments frequently obscures, as 
in the head : externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a 
number of sclerites separated from each other by secondary sutures. 

Segmentate: made up of rings or segments. 

Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single-celled egg into a 
number of coherent cells or blastomeres ; = cleavage. 

Segregated: detached or scattered into groups. 

Segregation: a separation or placing apart. 

Sejunctus: separated. 

Sellate: saddle-shaped. 

Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed with 
the excretions of the accessory glands. 

Sembling: = assembling; q. v. 

Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa. 

Semi-: half. 

Semicircular: like the half of a circle. 

Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q. v. 

Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped. 

Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the like. 

Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a structure or 

Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder. 

Semi-hyaline : hyaline in part only : not altogether transparent. 

Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the abdominal 
legs are wanting and where in progression only small loops are formed : 
see looper. 

Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent. 

Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the heart. 

Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia; q. v. 

Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube, or pouch-like structures which serve to store 
the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of its develop- 
ment may take place. 

Seminiferous: semen-secreting. 

Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more specifically 
the interpolated stage between the active larva and the true pupa, in hyper- 

Semi-sagittate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head. 

Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian area; 
extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in So. 
Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South Carolina. 

Sensim: gradually. 

Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antennae or 
legs of plant lice. 


Sensory: relating to or having a sense function. 

Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which may or 

may not bear pegs, bristles or setae, and may be open or covered by a mem- 
brane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or smells. 
Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum before 

the insertion of the primaries : = calli axillary. 
Septum: an internal division of a body cavity. 

Sequence: the order in which things follow; e. g., species or genera. 
Seriatim: placed in longitudinal rows. 
Sericeous: silky : clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a silky 

Sericterium -ies: the silk-producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the 

spinning structures. 
Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show agreement 

in a common character which is not of sufficient importance to warrant the 

next higher division. 
Serific glands: are those which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion which, 

on hardening, forms silk. 
Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the amnion 

and the remainder of the egg. 

Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green]. 
Serra: a saw or saw-like part. 
Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end. 
Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed. 
Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations. 
Serricornia: that series of Colcoptera in which the antennae are serrate or 


Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the saw-flies. 
Serrulate: with numerous little saw-teeth. 

Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended. 
Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one. 
Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part. 
Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for nearly 

or quite its full width to the thorax. 

Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile. 
Seta-ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: slender, hair-like appendages. 
Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip. 
Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple. 
Setiferous: = setigerous ; q. v. 
Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle 

arises from a thicker basal joint. 

Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae. 
Setigerous: bearing setae or bristles; e. g., punctures. 
Setiparous: producing hair or setae. 
Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects. 
Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles. 
Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Dipt era, the small thorn at the end 

of the subcosta. 


Setulose: clothed with fine setae or setulse. 

Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and female: 

usually indicated by the sign of Mars (c?) for male, and Venus ($) for 

female ; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus without 

the cross line ( 9 ), or a combination of the two others ( Q ). 
Sexuparse: that generation of plant lice which produces the true sexes. 
Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band. 

Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections. 
Shank: = tibia; q. v. 
Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron. 
Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt. 
Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the hamules, 

under which the penis is folded when not in use. 
Shin: = tibia ; q. v. 

Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.). 
Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation ; more generally to the 

humeral angle of fore wings or elytra : the anterior angles of thorax in 

Lcpidoptcra; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera; the lateral angles of 

metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera. 
Sialisterium: a salivary gland. 
Side: the lateral margin of the body. 
Side piece: in genitalia of 6 Culicids the main lateral part of the clasping 

organ or basal segment of clasp. 
Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and metathorax, 

less the meso-episterna. 
Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre]. 
Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S. 
Signate-us: = with marks or spots: see notate. 
Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape. 
Silaceous: = ochraceous. 
Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of Lepidoptera: 

similar material is produced by anal glands of some larvae in Ncuroptera. 
Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larvae, mostly of 

Lcpidoptcra that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the air, 

hardens into a silken fibre. 
Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods. 

Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any kind. 
Simple eyes: = ocelli; q. v. 

Sinciput: in Colcoptera, that part of the vertex between the eyes. 
Sinistrad: toward the left. 

Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line. 
Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail. 
Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head. 
Sinuate : cut into sinuses ; applied to lines and margins with an in and out 


Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses. 
Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex. 


Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed. 

Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate. 

Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out. 

Simus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation as if 
scooped out : a curved break in an otherwise straight margin. 

Siphon : a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects : the breathing tube of a 
Culicid larva : any tubular external process or structure. 

Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth 
formed for piercing and sucking ; saltatorial ; transformations complete : 
the fleas : = Aphaniptera ; q. v. 

Siphonata: =Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf hoppers. 

Siphonets: see honey tubes. 

Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae ; the term is preoccupied in the Coelenterates. 

Siphunculata: the sucking lice. 

Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the tubule: 
in plant lice = honey tubes ; q. v. 

Situ (in) : in its natural place or position. 

Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera, = ist anal vein (Comst.). 

Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or in- 
ternally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points of 
attachment, to muscles and other soft organs. 

Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies : the dipterous larvae some- 
times found in cheese and other provisions. 

Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a little 
Indian red]. 

Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the body 
closely applied to the food plant : more specifically, the larvae of certain 
saw-flies and of some Coleoptera. 

S. M. interspace: submedian interspace in the primaries of Lepidoptera, 
includes the space between the median and submedian veins; (cubitus and 
1st anal, Comst.). 

Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue. 

Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green]. 

Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations. 

Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of which 
the mouth parts are situated : see rostrum. 

Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which unde- 
veloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single female 

Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the mandibles 
are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged : worker majors in certain ants. 

Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into one 
mass ; e. g., the capitulum of certain clavate antennae. 

Solitary -arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies. 

Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen. 

Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings: = gasterotheca. 

Somite: = arthromere. 


Sonif action: the production of sound: = stridulation ; q. v. 

Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and loiver Sonoran. 

Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs. 

Sordid: dirty; dull. 

Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre]. 

Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants. 

Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart. 

Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera, covering 
the bases of the sagittse. 

Spatula: the breast bone (q. v.) of cecidomyid larvae. 

Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base. 

Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of an 
organism to fit a determinate environment. 

Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and structure, 
mating freely and producing young that themselves mate freely and bear 
fertile offspring resembling each other and their parents : a species in- 
cludes all its varieties and races. 

Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by 
means of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals of 
other species : = essential character. 

Specular: mirror-like; transparent. 

Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like mem- 
brane of the sound-organ : = mirror. 

Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera; the 
glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as sounding 
boards : a spot on the neck of some caterpillars. 

Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as = sperma- 
tozoa ; q. v. 

Spermatheca: = spermatotheca ; q. v. 

Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division into 
spermatozoa; they arise by division of the second spermatocytes (Wilson). 

Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary 
spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of spermato- 
gonia. By its division are formed two secondary spermatocytes, each of 
which give rise to two spermatids (Wilson). 

Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa. 

Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the male. 
Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four spermatozoa. 

Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa. 

Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female that receives the sperm 
during coition: = Spermatheca and receptaculum seminis. 

Spermatozoon -zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the ova, 
fertilize them. 

Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are equal. 

Spherule: a minute sphere or globule. 

Spicula: a slender needle-like process; e. g., the sting in bees: also employed 
as = ovipositor ; q. v. 


Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process. 

Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process. 

Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine. 

Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering to each 
end : fusiform. 

Spine: a sharp process : in Coccidcc there are two, one each side of each seg- 
ment of the pygidium. 

Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines. 

Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine. 

Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for silk 
spinning : any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in a pore, 
spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre : in the plural, the organs 
concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony filaments of which the 
scales or sacs of Coccidce are produced : = f usulus. 

Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines. 

Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, united at 
their bases, or setaceous, like bristles. 

Spinulse: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called spines, spurs 
or heels. 

Spinulate-ose: set with little spines or spinules. 

Spinules: little spines. 

Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidce. 

Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore; q. v. : in the plural the lateral openings on 
the segments of the insect body through which air enters the tracheae : 
= stigmata. 

Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and pleural 
carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: = first pleural area. 

Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: = stig- 

Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved line or 
channel extending from spiracle to apical margin. 

Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw. 

Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a 
trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic appearance 
as well as its support and elasticity ; = taenidium. 

Spirignath: spiritrompe. 

Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera. 

Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of the mid- 
intestine; or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, becoming applied to 
the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into the muscle fibres thereof. 

Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter. 

Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute char- 
acters which the "lumper" (q. v.) deems insufficient to authorize them. 

Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell. 

Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge. 

Spoon: =bouton; q. v. 

Spring : in Collembola, = f urcula ; q. v. 


Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not articulated at its 
base : in the plural refers to paired spiniform processes at or near the end 
of tibiae. 

Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; 2 
spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior ; in Trichoptera. 

Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal Lepidoptera. 

Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.). 

Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which re- 
semble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently constant 
to be useful in classification. 

Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla and 
labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a scale-like 
appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera, and so = pata- 
gium ; q. v. : a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: in this order 
Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts alula to the lobe- 
like appendage : Osten-Sacken uses squama for the posterior scale alone 
and antisquama for the anterior. 

Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of the 
pygidium in Diaspina;, other than the lobes and true spines : = " plates," 
of Comst. ; or " scaly hairs " of Maskell. 

Squamiform: having a scale-like form. 

Squamose-ous: scaly or covered with scales. 

Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in some 
insects : = tegula ; q. v. : in Diptera, = alula. 

Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, standing 
upright, or not parallel to the surface. 

Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae: = instar; q. v. : any 
one period in the development of an insect. 

Stage: refers to the period of development; e. g., larval, pupal, etc. 

Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales ; q. v. 

Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines. 

Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are sup- 
ported by pillars and not connected with the envelope : see poecilocyttares 
and phragmocyttares. 

Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Centra and other Noto- 
dontid larvae. 

Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q. v. 

Stem-mother: in plant lice, that form hatching from the winter egg, which 
starts a series of agamic summer generations. 

Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head. 

Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted. 

Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and mesothorax. 

Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement. 

Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind. 

Sternal orifice: in Perlids ; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum, 
extending inward and ending blindly : f urcal orifice. 

Sternal spatula: = breast-bone ; q. v. 


Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the meso- 
sternum in Hymenoptera. 

Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic segment ; 
frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be widely separated. 

Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment. 

Sternopleura: in Dipt era, the lower part of the pleura, below the sterno- 
pleural suture and above the front coxa. 

Sternopleural bristles: in Dipt era, are situated on the Sternopleura below 
the Sternopleural suture. 

Sternopleural suture: in Dipt era, is below and nearly parallel with dorso- 
pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the Sternopleura. 

Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite. 

Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum ap- 
parently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxse ; e. g., plant 
lice, etc. 

Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of thorax, 
between the coxal cavities. 

Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages. 

Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion of 
the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius ; see anasto- 
mosis : in Diptcra, a colored wing spot near the tip of the auxiliary vein: 
in Lepldoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on the primaries of 

Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and reni- 
form, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths. 

Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular ; q. v. 

Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or stig- 

Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larvae, especially wood-borers. 

Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera. 

Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head, partly 
to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts : modified into a piercing struc- 
ture in some Diptcra and into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others. 

Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle. 

Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenop- 
tera; see sagittse. 

S. T. line: subterminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths just before 
the outer margin. 

Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to super-family: 
not used at present. 

Stoma-ata: a breathing pore or pores: = stigma; q. v. 

Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following the 
gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive juices 
are poured : = chylific ventricle. 

Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the mouth, 
pharynx, cesophagus, crop and gizzard. 


Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the dorsal 
and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop. 

Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures. 

Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow]. 

Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords. 

Stratified: arranged or made up in layers. 

Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic 
Stylopidce, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera. 

Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, frequently 
punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra : in Lepidoptera, a fine 
transverse line : in general, any longitudinal impressed line. 

Striate-ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in Lepidoptera, 
with numerous fine transverse lines. 

Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or 
roughened surfaces. 

Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two striated 
or otherwise roughened surfaces : the act of stridulating or the noise pro- 
duced by it. 

Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or im- 

Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are im- 
pressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation composed 
of fine, short lines. 

Strigile-is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a deep 
sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus. 

Strigillate -ation: stridulate -ation ; q. v. 

Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, with 
sharp bristles : = hispid. 

Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line. 

Strigulated: with numerous strigulse. 

Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines. 

S. T. space: the area between the t. p. line and s. t. line in moths. 

Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground. 

Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the abdomen: 
in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the abdomen of the 
male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor (Loew) ; the single im- 
movable organ immediately below the forceps in male Tipulidce (O.-S.) ; a 
thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint : in 
the plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate appendages, 
most frequently found on the terminal segments of abdomen. 

Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth structures 
in Diptera and Hemiptera. 

Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, like 
the antennae in some Diptera. 

Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopida. 

Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case; as 
the pupae of some Diptera. 


Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process. 

Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but 

must be understood as modified in some way ; e. g., sub-ovate, may be 

either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline. 
Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved. 
Sub-anal plate: Orthoptcra; = sub-genital lamina; q. v. 
Sub-apical lobe: of c? genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical lobe of 

the side piece. 

Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only. 
Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite club-shaped. 
Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery. 

Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc. 
Subcosta: (Comst.) ; that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the costa 

and reaching the outer margin before the apex ; not branched as a rule : 

of Packard, in Hymcnoptera, = radius (Comst.). 
Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 

(Comst.) : in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by 

the subcosta : first s. c. cell in Hymcnoptera (Pack.), = radial and first 

radial 1 (Comst.). 
Subcostal cross-veins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on the 

basal side of the first antecubital. 

Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius. 
Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries = media 1 (Comst.) : s. c. 1 

= radius 1 (Comst.); s. c. 2 = radius 2 (Comst.); s. c. 3 = radius 3 

(Comst.) ; s. c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) ; s. c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.). 
Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) 

= radius 1 (Comst.) : in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to 

or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the outer 

margin and thus = radius (Comst.). 
Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in 

Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the skin of 

animals or within the substance of a leaf. 
Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata. 
Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between it 

and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the lateral. 
Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the sub- 
dorsal row of abdominal tubercles. 

Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other characters. 
Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented. 
Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex. 
Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely allied 

genera ; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make a family 

series : opinionative, and ending in -ince. 

Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging; yet not greatly modified. 
Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin. 
Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger; rarely present. 


Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped. 

Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and bearing 
the galea or outer lobe. 

Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, thick 

Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in Orthop- 

Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not sufficient 
for generic separation ; opinionative. 

Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the mentum 
(Graber) : is really the true mentum. 

Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerids just 
after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during flight : 
that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when the insect is 
fully colored but yet retains its pupal position. 

Sub-labrum: = epipharynx ; q. v. 

Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in bees. 

Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk and 
within the margin : a line is submarginal when it is well within the margin ; 
but close to it. 

Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and the 
1st strong vein. 

Submarginal cells: in Hyincnoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.) : in 
Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.). 

Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptcra (Nort.) ; the irregular line of veins 
extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin ; composed in part 
of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross-vein and cubitus 1 (Comst.). 

Submedian cells: in Hyincnoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 
(Comst.) ; 2d = medial 3 (Comst.) ; 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). 

Submedian vein: in Odonata, = cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st 
anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to the 
inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series. 

Submental: pertaining to the submentum. 

Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula sup- 
porting the mentum. 

Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is at- 
tached to the head. 

Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.). 

Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of 5 Coccida>; also to a 
supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and thus = pseudo- 

Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil. 

Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes. 

Sub-03sophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the oesophagus, 
formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head ganglia. 

Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a character 
common to a large series of species ; e. g., the Homoptera and Heteroptera 
in the order of Hemiptera. 


Sub-pedunculate: in Colcoptera, when the constriction between pro- and 

mesothorax is so great as to give the appearance of a narrow waist. 
Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes attached to 

the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids. 
Sub-parallel: nearly parallel. 
Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments 

of caterpillars ; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the primitive first 

stage ; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax : constant. 
Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle. 
Sub-servate: denticulate. 
Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in 

some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does not 

prevent a fertile union : an indefinite and opinionative division. 
Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly. 
Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in bees: 

= 1st radial 1 (Comst.) : applied to a line in caterpillars = subspiracular. 
Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical. 
Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful. 
Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle. 
Subtus: beneath; at the under surface. 
Subulate: awl-shaped; linear at base, attenuate at tip. 
Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of Odo- 

nata and Ephemerida. 

Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate. 
Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the base 

of the feet at the edge between lateral and ventral. 

Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the sub- 
ventral series of abdominal tubercles. 
Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, between the 

lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains the spiracles. 
Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a silken 

cord passing around the body: see suspensi. 
Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance. 
Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular enlargement of the 

oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food = pharyngeal pump. 
Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae, used for 

puncturing prey and sucking its juices. 
Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the end of 

the oesophagus ; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly present 

except in some Lepidoptera. 
Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas. 
Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate. 
Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the oesophagus in 

mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking ; but this is disputed. 
Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color. 
Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another. 
Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus. 


Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed lines. 

Sulciform: resembling a sulcus. 

Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation. 

Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon]. 

Superans: exceeding in size and length. 

Superciliary: placed above the eyes. 

Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot. 

Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including a series 
of family groups more closely related to each other than to similar groups 
within the order : opinionative and ending in oidea: sometimes hardly differ- 
ent from suborder ; but lower than suborder when both terms are employed. 

Superficies: the upper surface. 

Supericornia: those Hetcroptera having the antennse inserted on the upper 
parts of the sides of the head; e. g., Coreida: see infericornia. 

Superior wings: the primaries; q. v. 

Superlinguse: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in Thysanura. 

Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head. 

Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface. 

Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures. 

Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidce, between the head and first tho- 
racic segment. 

Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnsean Neuroptera. 

Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some moths. 

Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q. v. 

Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present. 

Supra-: over; above. 

Supra-alar bristles: in Dipt era, are situated, one on the post-alar callus, one 
on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar depression. 

Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove. 

Supra-alar depression: in Dipt era = supra-alar groove. 

Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above the 
base of wings : in Diptera, a groove on the mesothorax just above the root 
of the wings. 

Supra-anal: situated above the anus. 

Supra-anal hook: in <$ of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached to the 
plate covering the genital cavity : = uncus. 

Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; 
present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both : see 
anal operculum. 

Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above the 
brain in bees. 

Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus. 

Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus ; q. v. : nasus. 

Supra-cesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two large 
ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick commissure; 
the brain. 

Supra-orbital: situated above the eye. 

Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord : applied to a cord or band of con- 


nective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult Lcpidoptera; 

also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart. 

Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly. 
Supra-stigmatal line: supra-spiracular lines. 

Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular space. 
Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptcra, an area just above the triangle, 

occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptcra: 

= hyper-trigonal space. 
Suranal: = supra-anal. 

Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the 10th abdominal seg- 
ment of the c? grasshoppers, above the anal opening : a supra-anal tergite 

of a caterpillar. 
Sursum: directed upwardly. 
Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail only: 

see succincti. 
Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and other 

internal structures in place. 

Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis. 
Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct parts of 

body wall : the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera, 
Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight impressed 

line is visible. 
Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of worker 

bees, accompanied by a queen ; this forming the nucleus of a new colony. 
Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larva? of some 

Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion. 
Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae. 
Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish. 
Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas. 
Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation among 

ants and other insects. 
Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of animals or 

plants, or between animals and plants : true symbiosis is where both parties 

to the relation benefit : see also parasitism, commensalism. Among the ants 

social symbiosis exists in its most highly developed form and distinctive 

terms have been proposed for the various types of relations : 

Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the female, 

lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species, either for a time, 

= temporary or altogether, = permanent calacobiosis. 

Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of 

another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the food supply. 

Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the en- 
slavement of one species by another. 

Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of 

which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or known 

advantage to one or both. 

Lcstobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony " hold up " those of 

another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest. 


Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with inoscu- 
lating galleries, and have their households strangely intermingled, but not 

Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the 
ants living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards. 

Synclcrobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually in- 
habit independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly* understood. 

Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and aphids, 
coccids and the like on the other ; these species being sought and attended 
by the ants for their own benefit : see myrmecophily. 

Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest in the nest of 
another, maintaining its own household, and mingling freely with the host 
species, the two living on terms of mutual toleration. 

Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis. 

Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides. 

Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is capable of 
division into similar halves or similar radii. 

Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the ali- 
mentary canal and some other viscera which they innervate ; = vagus ; 
visceral nervous system. 

Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit their 
desired by the ants : see metochy and synecthry. 

Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods in ap- 
pearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital openings on the 
last abdominal segment : regarded by some as connecting forms between 
insects and myriapods ; e. g., Scolopcndrclla. 

Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft membrane, 
permitting a slight motion. 

Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the Thysa- 

Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion. 

Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects. 

Synchronous: happening at the same time. 

Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes. 

Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes; giving 
rise to ova, nutritive cells or both. 

Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected by a 
membrane which permits of considerable motion between them. 

Synecthry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests in spite 
of the efforts of the ants to destroy them : see symphily and metochy. 

Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth struc- 
tures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure : see elinguata. 

Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that are 
indifferent to and tolerated by them: = metochy, and see symphily and 

Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been previously 
named and described. 


Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same conception. 
Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids. 
Syntype: co-type; q. v. 
Syringe: in Hcmiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open and by 

means of which the secretion is forced forward between the seta or lancets. 
System: an order of arrangement. 

Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system. 
Systole : that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood outward : 

see diastole. 


T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain moths 

one-third or less from the base : = antemedial line. 
Tactile: used for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch. 
Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe. 
Taeniate-us: with broad longitudinal markings. 
Taenidium-ia: the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral 

thread in the trachea of insects. 
Tail: an elongated terminal segment ,of the abdomen: the cauda in plant lice: 

elongated processes on the secondaries, in some Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. 
Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation and 


Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet. 
Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of the 

tarsal joints in some Coleoptera. 
Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia, 

bearing the claws and pulvilli. 
Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, connected 

with ganglionated nerve cells : occur on the mouth structure and evidence 

the sense of taste. 
Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale cadmium 

yellow + Indian red]. 

Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification. 
Tectate: covered; concealed: also used as = tectif orm. 
Tectiform: roof -like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of 

Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in Orthoptera 

and Neuroptera. 

Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in Orthoptera. 
Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in many 

insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, :=the patagia or 

shoulder tippets ; but the homology is disputed ; also applied to the lappet- 
like pieces forming the collar: in Diptera, the alulse, q. v. : the latter use is 

unfortunate and should be abandoned; the first definition should limit the 

use of the term : see aileron. 
Tegument: a covering surface or skin. 
Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest 

mandibles : see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont. 


Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may be 
drawn into another, like the joints of a telescope. 

Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal segment of 
the insect embryo. 

Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process. 

Temple: the posterior part of the gena ; behind, before or beneath the eye. 

Tempora: the temples. 

Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind head. 

Tenaculum: in Collcmbola, a small organ which holds the furcula in position 
when at rest : = catch. 

Tenant hair: see tenent hair. 

Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the ab- 
domen : has also been called f renum and f renulum : in Trichoptcra, a small 
elliptical space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins and behind 
the trochlea. 

Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped pieces, to 
which muscles are attached for moving appendages : see apodeme. 

Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping. 

Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or 
nymph, in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed. 

Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane. 

Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: usu- 
ally prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to which it is 

Tentacula -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lcpidoptera. 

Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes. 

Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines. 

Tentoria: Dipt era; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the ven- 
tral border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks. 

Tentorium: a chitinous framework within the head, upon which the brain 

Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out. 

Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as in 
saw-flies : a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis ; forms the point 
of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla. 

Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring. 

Terebrantia: Hymcnoptcra with sessile abdomen and valved ovipositors: 
Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like. 

Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so. 

Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal. 

Tergal suture: the Y-shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect larvae. 

Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that part 
consists of a single sclerite ; usually applied to the abdomen. 

Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment. 

Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the ovi- 
positor in grasshoppers : plates on the inner dorsal surface of the abdominal 

Tergum: the primitively upper or dorsal surface whether it consists of one 


or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen : in Odonata and 

Orthoptcra, applies to thorax as well. 

Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal angle. 
Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal. 
Terminal line: in Lcpidoptcra, runs along the outer margin of the wings. 
Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in certain 


Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science. 
Termitarium: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites. 
Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic. 
Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board. 
Test: the secretionary covering of Coc cider, and especially such as are waxy, 

horny or glassy. 
Testaceous: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium yellow + burnt 

Testes: the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of 

spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the 

sperm takes place. 
Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures which in the adult 

form the tubes composing the testes ; in the adult applied also to the tubes 

forming the testes. 

Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise. 
Tetra-: four: a combining form. 
Tetrachaetas: applied to those Dipt era in which the mouth structures consist 

of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures. 
Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes. 
Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular. 
Tetramera: applied to Colcoptcra with four-jointed tarsi. 
Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi. 
Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are 

atrophied in whole or in part. 
Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked, membranous 

reticulated wings. 

Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense shrubbery. 
Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of the 

fly-mouth ; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvre ; to the lower piece of 

the male genitalia in Homoptcra; and to the outer covering of the pupa. 
Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all females: 

see Arrhenotoky and Deuterotoky. 
Thigh: see femur. 

Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close to- 
gether or in touch, one with the other. 

Third longitudinal vein: in Diptcra (Will.) ; -= radius 5 (Comst.). 
Third posterior cell: in Diptcra, = 2d medial 2 (Comst.). 
Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymcnoptcra (Nort.) ; - radius 4 

Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax. 



Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptcra, the specialized bristles on the dorsum 
of the thorax. 

Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as distin- 
guished from abdominal or pro-legs. 

Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united with 
the thorax so as to form part of it : = propodeum. 

Thoracic pleural bristles: in Dipt era, the specialized bristles situated on the 
pleural region of the thorax. 

Thoracotheca: = cytotheca; q. v. 

Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing the 
true legs and wings : made up of three rings, named in order, pro-, meso-, 
and meta-thorax : when the prothorax is free as in Coleoptera, Orthoptera, 
and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in descriptive work for 
that segment only : in Odonata, where the prothorax is small and not fused 
with the larger and united meso- and meta-thorax, the term thorax is 
commonly used for these latter two united, excluding the prothorax. 

Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the terminal 
threads of the ovarian tubes originate. 

Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera; the cell formed by the first fork of median 
vein ; the cell behind Thyridium. 

Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so as to 
permit of a folding or bending ; either to pack into a small compass or to 
enfold the body. 

Thyridium -ii: small, whitish, or almost transparent spots near the anasto- 
mosis of the disc of the wings in some Neuroptcra; or in the recurrent 
veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera; also the apical margin 
of the gastrocoeli, often alone visible : in Trichoptera, specifically, a hyaline 
spot on second fork of median vein. 

Thyrsus: a cluster. 

Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with four 
narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed ; mouth parts fitted for puncturing 
and scraping ; metamorphosis incomplete : the Thripids. 

Thysanura: fringe-tails: wingless, mandibulate insects without metamor- 
phosis ; with anal appendages ; body covered with scales ; thoracic seg- 
ments similar. 

Tiarate-us: turban or tiara-like. 

Tibia -3s: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur basally 
and which bears the tarsus at the distal end. 

Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the inner side 
of the anterior tibia in many Lcpidoptcra. 

Tibial membrane: in <$ Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane that pro- 
duces the sound. 

Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base. 

Titillator: a small process just below the penis in some Orthoptera. 

Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular hairs 
cannot be separated. 

Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in 
Diptcra applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less recumbent, 
scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen. 


Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth structure of 
Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees and wasps, and 
sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects. 

Tooth: an acute angulation : a short pointed process from an appendage or 

Topomorph-ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely dis- 
tributed species : developed by local environment. 

Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the original 
type was obtained. 

Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus. 

Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of wing: 
= hind or anal angle ; q. v. 

Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances. 

Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions that 
unfavorably affect the organism. 

Torqueate: with a ring or collar. 

Torquillus: = rotula. 

Tortilis: twisted. 

Tortulose -us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations : beaded; 

Tortuose-us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like. 

Tortuous: = tortuose. 

Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is ar- 
ticulated for movement in all directions. 

Totidem: in all parts; entirely. 

T. P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain Lepi- 
doptera, two-thirds or more from base : = post-medial line. 

Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which arise 
the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies : a paired movable appendage in 
front of the antennas in certain bird-lice. 

Trachea -se: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects. 

Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae through 
which oxygen is absorbed from the water. 

Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae. 

Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all articulates 
that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a system of tubular 
structures that extend to all parts of the body. 

Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distribution of tracheae. 

Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in masses in 
the larva : very small, slender tracheae. 

Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse section. 

Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal 
elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area; a western 
arid area ; and a Pacific Coast humid area : all of which see. 

Transitory: lasting for a short time only. 

Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not o 


Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through. 

Transparent: so clear as not to obstruct vision. 

Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body. 

Transverse incision: = transverse sulci. 

Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many Orthoptera. 

Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward from 
the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum. 

Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium. 


Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and two 
are not. 

Tri-: three; a combining form. 

Triangle: in Odonata, a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus 
with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal triangle: 
= discoidal triangle; cardinal cell; q. v. 

Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles. 

Tribe: a term of classification less than a sub-family: opinionative and end- 
ing in ini; but this is not universally adhered to. 

Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinse. 

Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc. 

Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many longi- 
tudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which are usually 
folded lengthwise ; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary ; head free ; thorax 
agglutinate ; metamorphosis complete. 

Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the meta- 
pleura : conspicuous in some families. 

Trichotomous: divided by threes. 

Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different colors 
in different individuals of the same species ; e. g., in Lep-idoptera, the hind 
wings of certain Heliconids. 


Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws. 

Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends. 

Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle. 

Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular. 

Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season. 

Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle. 

Trimera: that series of Cohoptera in which there are only three tarsal 
joints present. 

Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed. 

Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or subspecific 
name follows the specific term without an intervening mark or indication 
of its rank. 

Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to each joint. 

Triquetral: = triquetrous. 

Triquetrous: with three flat sides. 

Tri-region'al: divided into three distinct parts or regions. 


Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment. 

Trite-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion 
of the third primary segment ; also termed labro-f rental lobe. 

Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations. 

Triungulin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle. 

Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or popular 
as opposed to technical. 

Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta. 

Trochalopoda: Hetcroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly globose 
and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda. 

Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur; 
sometimes fused with the femur. 

Trochanterellus: see apophysis. 

Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in 
Colcoptcra, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes mov- 
able on the coxa ; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with the 
sternum in Dyti-scldcc: in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the posterior sepa- 
rated part of the coxa : in Orthoptera, a narrow longitudinal sclerite be- 
tween mandible and gena. 

Trochiformis: cylindro-conic. 

Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in Trichoptera, a 
small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin of median vein. 

Trochlearis: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially. 

Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints. 

Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum : see buccal ap- 

Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis. 

Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the penin- 
sula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of 
southern Mexico south of the tableland, and a narrow strip on each side 
of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United States. 

Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions. 

Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae. 

Truncate: cut off squarely at tip. 

Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off. 

Truncus: the trunk or thorax. 

Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body. 

Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic fluid. 

Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the anal 
siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae. 

Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button; really a ring, 
which may or may not give rise to a seta. 

Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are: an- 
terior trapezoidal ; posterior trapezoidal ; lateral ; posterior stigmatal ; an- 
terior stigmatal; sub-primary subventral ; pedal and adventral ; all of 
which see. 

Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the 
thorax; specifically in Hymenoptera. 


Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with tubercles. 

Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle. 

Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle. 

Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles. 

Tubulifera: Hymcnoptcra, in which the terminal segments of abdomen are 
retracted, but may be extended, tube-like : Thysanoptera in which there is 
no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are tubular. 

Tubulous-ose: formed like a tube: fistulous. 

Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the ovipositor in 

Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula: the sheath 
of the tongue. 

Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed-up area. 

Tumescent: a little swollen or puffed up. 

Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffed up. 

Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or mem- 

Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining the 
interior of the hind gut : the outer layer of the silk glands : a covering or 
investing membrane. 

Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said of 
antennae when each successive joint is buried in the preceding funnel- 
shaped one. 

Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being 
shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base : applied to an eye = pillared 
eye; q. v. 

Turgid: swollen. 

Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like. 

Tylo: =tylus ; q. v. 

Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hemiptera. 

Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera. 

Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched mem- 
brane supposed to function as ears. 

Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing. 

Tympanules: small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths and 
serving as ears. 

Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum: specifically 
applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in Orthoptera. 

Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled by the 
describer to represent his name and description : if c? or $ be added to the 
label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in case of an erroneous association 
the male type stands for the species unless the author has specifically des- 
ignated the other example as representing the name: see also co-type; 
homotype; metatype; paratype; topotype. 

Typical: the normal or usual form of a species ; agreeing with the type form. 



Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud. 

Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval suture; 

cubitus : in Orthoptera, = cubitus ; q. v. 
Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = median area; q. v. 
Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera. 
Ulonata: a Fabrician term for Orthoptera, based on the character of the 

mouth structures. 

Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation. 
Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue]. 
Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media 1 and 

2, or principal and nodal sectors : = postnodal sector. 
Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel. 
Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression. 
Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre. 
Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of elytra. 
Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some Coleoptera. 
Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade. 
Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind. 
Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented. 

Unci: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal opening. 
Uncinnate: hooked at the end. 
Uncus: in Lcp-idoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the curved hook directed 

downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the c? and shielding the penis : 

the genital hamule. 
Undate: wavy or waved. 

Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles. 
Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters. 
Ungues: the tarsal claws. 

Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw. 
Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process. 
Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a short 

process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids. 
Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon. 
Ungulate: shaped like a hoof. 
Uni-: one, a combining form. 
Unicolorous: of one color throughout. 
Unidentate: with one tooth only. 
Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding. 
Unique : one only : unlike any other. 
Unisexual : of one sex only : applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only 

parthenogenic females are known. 
Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian area, 

and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass insensibly into each 

other near the 100th meridian : see Carolinian and upper Sonoran. 
Upper field : in tegmina, = anal field ; q. v. 



Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or anal 

margin of most authors. 
Upper median area: see areola. 
Upper radial: in Lcpidoptcra, -- media 1 (Comst), and is vein 5, or the 

independent, of the numerical series. 

Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 (Comst.). 
Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of 100th 

meridian ; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, s. w. 

South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and east. 

Colorado and New Mexico ; covers plains of Columbia, Malheur and Har- 

ney in Oregon and- Washington. In California encircles Sacramento and 

San Joaquin Valleys and forms a narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave 

deserts. In Utah covers Salt Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the 

Snake plains. In Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation. 
Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. 
Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle. 
Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form large 

tufts, with the intestine. 
Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian or 

urinary tubules: composition, CsHUNiOs (von Fiirth). 
Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q. v. : has also been applied by older 

authors, to anal glands. 

Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion. 
Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod. 
Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods. 
Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the abdominal 


Urosome: the abdomen. 

Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres. 
Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the bodies 

of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning sensation on the 

Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance of 

having been burned in. 
Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged portion of 

the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = calyx; q. v. 
Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus ejaculatorius 

opens in the Symphyla. 
Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal vesicles 

in crickets and some other insects. 
Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected with 

the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects. 
Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle. 


Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a watery 

Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in the 


female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the ovi- 
positor : receives the penis of the male in copulation and is sometimes 
called oviduct : " every part, the office of which is to cover, protect or 
defend the tongue " : " the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover of the 
spicula " : generally, a sheath. 

Vaginata: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera. 

Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath. 

Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; q. v. 

Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed. 

Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in many 

Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full ventral 
segment, at base of plates in d Jassidcu and allies. 

Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor; : corniculi : 
in Lcpidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes ; q. v. 

Valvula: = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts. 

Valvulae: in Hymcnoptcra, branches of the genital forceps of male. 

Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them. 

Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, tmjointed process at the apex of 
each genital valve. 

Valvule: any small, valve-like process. 

Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of the 
departures from a mean type of any species : it is continuous when there 
is no break between the extremes ; discontinuous when there are gaps with- 
out intermediate forms. 

Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species which, while re- 
taining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because of 
climatic, seasonal or other influences ; may occur with the type form or as 
a geographical race. 

Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges. 

Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks. 

Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia ; q. v. 

Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side, 
which usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius ; q. v. 

Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules. 

Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system. 

Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidce, an ovate, triangular or semicircular opeiv- 
ing on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment. 

Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs or ridges between 
the longitudinal veins. 

Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and especially 
those extending longitudinally from base to the outer margin: == nerves ; 
nervures ; nervules. 

Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior tibia: 
in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia. 

Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent organ: 
also applied to other covering or shield-like structures of the penis. 


Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet. 

Vena: a vein. 

Vena dividens: that longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the begin- 
ning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.). 

Vena plicata: on the wings of Dcrmaptera, the vein around which the fold- 
ing occurs. 

Vena spuria: = spurious vein; q. v. 

Venation: the system of chitinous framework supporting the wings: in 
Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are as 
follows : on primaries : 1 = anal ; 2 cubitus 2 ; 3 cubitus 1 ; 4 = media 
3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = radius 3; 
10 = radius 2 ; 11 = radius 1 ; 12 = subcosta : on secondaries : 1, la, Ib = 
anal ; 2 = cubitus ; 3 cubitus 1 ; 4 = media 3 ; 5 = media 2 ; 6 = media 1 ; 
7 = radius 1; 8 = subcosta. See plate III for typical venations of all 

Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each ring. 

Ventose: inflated; puffed out. 

Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side. 

Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Dlptera, that face 
of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended. 

Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system. 

Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter. 

Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve cords 
and ganglia : also called ventral heart. 

Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm; q. v. 

Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the 
embryo, but not the amnion or serosa, is formed. 

Ventral scale: in Diaspince, the under part of the puparium, interposed be- 
tween the insect and the plant. 

Ventral tube: in Collcmbola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the ventral 
side of the first abdominal segment. 

Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated. 

Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q. v. 

Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body. 

Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly. 

Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back. 

Venules: the branches of the main veins. 

Vermian: worm-like. 

Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm. 

Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with worm-like tracings. 

Vermiform: worm-shaped. 

Vernal: appearing in spring. 

Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin. 

Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs. 

Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs. 

Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations. 

Versatile: moving freely in every direction. 

Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted. 


Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in bees, 
that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli : in Noto- 
nectids, " the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon." 

Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it. 

Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptcra, are two pairs, inner and outer, in- 
serted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye ; erect, or 
the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent. 

Vertical margin: in Diptcra, the limit between front and occiput. 

Vertical triangle: in <$ Diptcra, the small triangle upon which the ocelli are 
situated; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes. 

Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged symmetrically 
on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptcra. 

Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a circle of 
long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids. 

Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister. 

Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to the 
sternum behind the penis. 

Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs produc- 
ing odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars. 

Vesicular: bladder-like; beset with spherical prominences. 

Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles. 

Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting margins 
of the surrounding segments : the space between the occluding structure of 
the spiracle and the valve opening into the trachea itself. 

Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously 
functional organ. 

Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character. 

Vexhillum: in Hymcnoptcra, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain 
fossorial groups. 

Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro. 

Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost con- 
tinual movement of the antennse of some Hymenoptera, and the wings 
of some Diptera. 

Vibrissas: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between the 
mystax and the antennse : whiskers. 

Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus ; q. v. 

Villose-ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair. 

Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain ab- 
sorbent and sensory organs. 

Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown, like claret [purple 

Violaceous: violet colored; a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine]. 

Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green. 

Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow + white]. 

Viscera: the internal organs of the body. 

Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera. 

Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter. 


Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid. 

Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force. 

Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the 

ovaries, believed to have that function. 

Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg. 
Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an egg. 
Vitreous: glassy; transparent. 
Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line. 
Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe; q. v. 
Vittate: striped. 

Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young. 
Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera, by 

means of which they produce a humming or singing sound. 
Volant: flying or capable of flight. 
Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and abundant in 


Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes. 
Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female. 

Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the posterior margin of sternum of segment 8. 
Vulvar scale: = v. lamina. 


Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly truncated 
tip : the enlarged, common base of a group of setae : in Trichoptera, a 
pitted elevation. 

Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from glandular 
structures in various parts of the body, used in building cells or in forming 
a protective covering. 

Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tibia and meta- 
tarsus in social bees. 

Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy 
product in either a scale, string or powder : in Coccidce, the circumgenital 
and parastigmatic glands ; q. v. 

Wax-pincer: = wax cutter. 

Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a 
worker bee. 

Whitlows: = paronychia ; q. v. 

Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes around 
the hub of a wheel. 

Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the pri- 
maries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, the secondaries, attached 
to the meta-thorax. 

Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larvae, nymphs or pupae 
which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago : the f orewings of 
an imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and cover them when 
at rest : see elytra ; tegmina. 

Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres above 
the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity : see pericardial diaphragm. 


Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the figures 
illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the cells. 

Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under the 
base of the elytra in Dytiscidee. 

Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph. 

Wing-scale: in Hymcnoptcra, = tegula; q. v. 

Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymcnoptera; also those 
sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers. 


Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances found in 

the blood of insects. 
Xenobiosis: see symbiosis. 

Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places. 
Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders. 
Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue. 
Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many 

Hemiptera, and some other insects. 

Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow. 
Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, for- 
mative material ; = deutoplasm. 

Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution. 

Zonite: = arthromere or somite; q. v. 

Zoonite or Zoonule: = zonite. 

Zygoptera: those Odonata, having the fore and hind wings subequal in width, 

venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle ; nymphs with caudal 

tracheal gills. 


Calacobiosis: see symbiosis. 

Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis. 

Dulosis: see symbiosis. 

Coxal file: in some aquatic Coleoptcra a series of striations just above the 

hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ. 
Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa; specifically in 

aquatic Coleoptcra on the posterior pair. 

Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host. 
Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host. 
Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family Embidce. 
Hamabiosis: see symbiosis. 
Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, like, 

e. g., Termites. 
Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in 


Lestobiosis: see symbiosis. 
Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the 

epimeron : corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera. 
Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera, a leaf -like expansion above 

the coxal plates. 
Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests that 

seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage. 
Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis. 
Prosternal process: in aquatic Coleoptera, a modification of the prosternum 

used in the differentiation of species. 
Sub-clypeal pump: in some Dipt era, the enlarged, more or less bulb-like 

structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus. 
Sub-clypeal tube: in Dipt era: see pharynx. 




Structures of the External Body Wall. 

1. Harpalus caliginosus showing the underside, and the head from above, to 

show the regions and the position of the sclerites. 

2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles. 

3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of sclerites. 

4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the tubercles. 

5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites. 

All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood. 


Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax and Genitalia. 

1. Head of wasp from front. 

2. honey bee with mouth parts extended. 

3. Locustid from front, to show regions. 

4. a Lepidopteron from front. 

5. a cricket from front. 

6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts. 

7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites marked. 

8. Mandible of Co/>m Carolina with all sclerites defined. 

9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above. 

10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named. 

11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below; the parts separated out. 

Venation According to the Comstock System. 

1. Wing venation of a Noctuid. 

2. " " Hepialid. 

3. " " Locustid. 

4. " " " Hymenopteron. 

5. " " Dipteron. 

6. " of an Odonat. 

7. " of a Cicada. 
Abbreviations are as follows : 

C. Costa, except in figure 1, where on the outer margin C occurs instead 

of Cu. In the cells it means Costal. 

Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell. 
R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell. 
M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell. 


CH. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell. 

A. Anal veins or cells. 

c-v. cross-vein. 

m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein. 

r-m. radio-medial cross-vein. 

m. median cross-vein. 

h. humeral cross-vein. 

st. stigma. 

ar. arculus. 

br. bridge. 

n. nodus. 

0. oblique vein. 
t. triangle. 

1. internal triangle. 
al. anal loop. 

Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces. 
Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces. 
Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces. 

All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are 
numbered, if more than one from base outwardly, as 2M3 = second median 
3, etc. 

In figure 1, M, in the outer margin between Cl and M2, should be M3: 
the 3 was accidentally cut out by the engraver. 


Nomenclature of Windsor and Newt oil's Water Colors. 

1. Vermilion. 21. Brown pink. 

2. Carmine. 22. Pale clay yellow. 

3. Crimson lake. 23. Hooker's green. 

4. Alizar crimson. 24. Prussian green. 

5. Salmon. 25. Olive green. 

6. Rose. 26. Apple green. 

7. Purple madder. 27. Nile green. 

8. Mauve. 28. Pale green. 

9. French blue. 29. Blue green. 

10. Purple lake. 30. Neutral. 

11. Violet carmine. 31. Gray. 

12. Lilac. 32. Ultra ash gray. 

13. Cobalt blue. 33. Indian red. 

14. Lavender. 34. Dragon's blood. 

15. Blue gray. 35. Burnt sienna. 

16. Greenish gray. 36. Brown ochre. 

17. Chrome lemon. 37. Cologne earth. 

18. Gamboge. 38. Roman sepia. 

19. Chrome orange. 39. Van Dyke brown. 

20. Pale cadmium yellow. 40. Pale brown. 









jpost numeral 

o staler