Skip Navigation


Reviewed June 2013

What is the official name of the KCNQ1 gene?

The official name of this gene is “potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1.”

KCNQ1 is the gene's official symbol. The KCNQ1 gene is also known by other names, listed below.

What is the normal function of the KCNQ1 gene?


The specific function of a potassium channel depends on its protein components and its location in the body. Channels made with the KCNQ1 protein are active in the inner ear and in heart (cardiac) muscle. In the inner ear, these channels help maintain the proper ion balance needed for normal hearing. In the heart, the channels are involved in recharging the cardiac muscle after each heartbeat to maintain a regular rhythm. The KCNQ1 protein is also produced in the kidney, lung, stomach, and intestine, where it is involved in transporting molecules across cell membranes.

The KCNQ1 protein interacts with proteins in the KCNE family (such as the KCNE1 protein) to form functional potassium channels. Four alpha subunits made from the KCNQ1 protein form the structure of each channel. One beta subunit, made from a KCNE protein, attaches (binds) to the channel and regulates its activity.

Does the KCNQ1 gene share characteristics with other genes?

The KCNQ1 gene belongs to a family of genes called KCN (potassium channels).


How are changes in the KCNQ1 gene related to health conditions?

familial atrial fibrillation - caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene

Changes in the KCNQ1 gene are an uncommon cause of familial atrial fibrillation, a disruption of the heart's normal rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by uncoordinated electrical activity in the heart's upper chambers (the atria). Several mutations have been found to cause the condition; these genetic changes alter single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the KCNQ1 protein. In cardiac muscle cells, the mutations appear to increase the flow of potassium ions through the channel formed with the KCNQ1 protein. The enhanced ion transport can disrupt the heart's normal rhythm, resulting in atrial fibrillation.

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome - caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene

At least 16 KCNQ1 gene mutations have been found to cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, a condition that causes arrhythmia and profound hearing loss from birth. These mutations are typically present in both copies of the KCNQ1 gene in each cell. Most of these changes lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the KCNQ1 protein that cannot be used to build potassium channels. Other mutations change a small number of amino acids in this protein, which alters the normal structure and function of the channels. An inability of these channels to properly transport potassium ions in the inner ear and cardiac muscle leads to the hearing loss and arrhythmia characteristic of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.

Romano-Ward syndrome - caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene

Changes in the KCNQ1 gene are thought to be the most common cause of Romano-Ward syndrome, often called long QT syndrome. This condition causes the heart (cardiac) muscle to take longer than usual to recharge between beats, which can lead to arrhythmia.

More than 500 KCNQ1 gene mutations that cause Romano-Ward syndrome have been identified. Unlike the mutations associated with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, the mutations that cause Romano-Ward syndrome are typically present in only one copy of the KCNQ1 gene in each cell. Most of these mutations change single amino acids in the KCNQ1 protein or insert or delete a small number of amino acids. These changes allow the protein to form channels but reduce the channels' ability to transport potassium ions out of cardiac muscle cells. The reduced ion transport alters the transmission of electrical signals in the heart, increasing the risk of an irregular heartbeat that can cause fainting (syncope) or sudden death.

short QT syndrome - caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene

At least one mutation in the KCNQ1 gene can cause a heart condition called short QT syndrome. In people with this condition, the cardiac muscle takes less time than usual to recharge between beats. This change increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm that can cause syncope or sudden death.

The KCNQ1 gene mutation associated with short QT syndrome replaces the amino acid valine with the amino acid leucine at protein position 307 (written as Val307Leu or V307L). The mutation alters the function of ion channels made with the KCNQ1 protein, increasing the channels' activity. As a result, more potassium ions flow out of cardiac muscle cells at a critical time during the heartbeat, which can lead to an irregular heart rhythm.

other disorders - associated with the KCNQ1 gene

Mutations in the KCNQ1 gene have been associated with several other conditions related to heart rhythm abnormalities, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and acquired long QT syndrome.

SIDS is a major cause of death in babies younger than one year. It is characterized by sudden and unexplained death, usually during sleep. Although the cause of SIDS is often unknown, researchers have identified mutations in the KCNQ1 gene in a few cases of this condition. Other genetic and environmental factors, many of which have not been identified, also play a part in determining the risk of SIDS.

Certain drugs, including medications used to treat arrhythmias, infections, seizures, and psychotic disorders, can lead to an abnormal heart rhythm in some people. This drug-induced heart condition, which is known as acquired long QT syndrome, increases the risk of cardiac arrest and sudden death. A small percentage of cases of acquired long QT syndrome occur in people who have an underlying variation in the KCNQ1 gene.

Where is the KCNQ1 gene located?

Cytogenetic Location: 11p15.5

Molecular Location on chromosome 11: base pairs 2,444,990 to 2,849,109

The KCNQ1 gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15.5.


More precisely, the KCNQ1 gene is located from base pair 2,444,990 to base pair 2,849,109 on chromosome 11.


Where can I find additional information about KCNQ1?

You and your healthcare professional may find the following resources about KCNQ1 helpful.


What other names do people use for the KCNQ1 gene or gene products?

  • ATFB1
  • IKs producing slow voltage-gated potassium channel alpha subunit KvLQT1
  • JLNS1
  • KCNA8
  • KCNA9
  • KQT-like 1
  • Kv1.9
  • Kv7.1
  • KVLQT1
  • LQT1


What glossary definitions help with understanding KCNQ1?

acids ; amino acid ; arrhythmia ; atrial ; atrial fibrillation ; cardiac ; cardiac arrest ; cell ; channel ; fainting ; familial ; fibrillation ; gene ; intestine ; ions ; ion transport ; kidney ; leucine ; long QT syndrome ; muscle cells ; mutation ; potassium ; protein ; psychotic ; stomach ; subunit ; syncope ; syndrome ; valine ; voltage



  • Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, Insolia R, Pedrazzini M, Ferrandi C, Vege A, Wang DW, Rhodes TE, George AL Jr, Schwartz PJ. Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. Circulation. 2007 Jan 23;115(3):361-7. Epub 2007 Jan 8. (
  • Bellocq C, van Ginneken AC, Bezzina CR, Alders M, Escande D, Mannens MM, Baró I, Wilde AA. Mutation in the KCNQ1 gene leading to the short QT-interval syndrome. Circulation. 2004 May 25;109(20):2394-7. (
  • Chan PJ, Osteen JD, Xiong D, Bohnen MS, Doshi D, Sampson KJ, Marx SO, Karlin A, Kass RS. Characterization of KCNQ1 atrial fibrillation mutations reveals distinct dependence on KCNE1. J Gen Physiol. 2012 Feb;139(2):135-44. doi: 10.1085/jgp.201110672. Epub 2012 Jan 16. (
  • Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahhou S, Wang XL, Wang Y, Xu WY, Jin HW, Sun H, Su XY, Zhuang QN, Yang YQ, Li YB, Liu Y, Xu HJ, Li XF, Ma N, Mou CP, Chen Z, Barhanin J, Huang W. KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):251-4. (
  • Ellinor PT, Moore RK, Patton KK, Ruskin JN, Pollak MR, Macrae CA. Mutations in the long QT gene, KCNQ1, are an uncommon cause of atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2004 Dec;90(12):1487-8. (
  • Gene Review: Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (
  • Gene Review: Romano-Ward Syndrome (
  • Herbert E, Trusz-Gluza M, Moric E, Smiłowska-Dzielicka E, Mazurek U, Wilczok T. KCNQ1 gene mutations and the respective genotype-phenotype correlations in the long QT syndrome. Med Sci Monit. 2002 Oct;8(10):RA240-8. Review. (
  • Hong K, Piper DR, Diaz-Valdecantos A, Brugada J, Oliva A, Burashnikov E, Santos-de-Soto J, Grueso-Montero J, Diaz-Enfante E, Brugada P, Sachse F, Sanguinetti MC, Brugada R. De novo KCNQ1 mutation responsible for atrial fibrillation and short QT syndrome in utero. Cardiovasc Res. 2005 Dec 1;68(3):433-40. Epub 2005 Aug 18. (
  • Huang L, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Tranebjaerg L, Tinker A. A spectrum of functional effects for disease causing mutations in the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2001 Sep;51(4):670-80. (
  • Jespersen T, Grunnet M, Olesen SP. The KCNQ1 potassium channel: from gene to physiological function. Physiology (Bethesda). 2005 Dec;20:408-16. Review. (
  • Melman YF, Um SY, Krumerman A, Kagan A, McDonald TV. KCNE1 binds to the KCNQ1 pore to regulate potassium channel activity. Neuron. 2004 Jun 24;42(6):927-37. (
  • NCBI Gene (
  • Park KH, Piron J, Dahimene S, Mérot J, Baró I, Escande D, Loussouarn G. Impaired KCNQ1-KCNE1 and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate interaction underlies the long QT syndrome. Circ Res. 2005 Apr 15;96(7):730-9. Epub 2005 Mar 3. (
  • Tristani-Firouzi M, Sanguinetti MC. Structural determinants and biophysical properties of HERG and KCNQ1 channel gating. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Jan;35(1):27-35. Review. (
  • Wang Z, Li H, Moss AJ, Robinson J, Zareba W, Knilans T, Bowles NE, Towbin JA. Compound heterozygous mutations in KvLQT1 cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Mol Genet Metab. 2002 Apr;75(4):308-16. (



Reviewed: June 2013
Published: December 22, 2014