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"Dashed" redirects here. For the delivery company, see DASHED.
This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, see Dash (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with hyphen or minus sign. ‹See Tfd›
For guidelines on dash usage in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Dashes.
En dash
—  ‒ 
Em dash  Figure dash  Horizontal bar
apostrophe   '
brackets [ ]  ( )  { }  ⟨ ⟩
colon :
comma ,  ،  
dash   –  —  ―
ellipsis   ...  . . .
exclamation mark !
full stop, period .
hyphen-minus -
question mark ?
quotation marks ‘ ’  “ ”  ' '  " "
semicolon ;
slash, stroke, solidus /  
Word dividers
interpunct ·
General typography
ampersand &
asterisk *
at sign @
backslash \
caret ^
dagger † ‡
degree °
ditto mark
inverted exclamation mark ¡
inverted question mark ¿
number sign, pound, hash, octothorpe #
numero sign
obelus ÷
ordinal indicator º ª
percent, per mil % ‰
plus and minus + −
basis point
section sign §
tilde ~
underscore, understrike _
vertical bar, pipe, broken bar |    ¦
Intellectual property
copyright ©
sound-recording copyright
registered trademark ®
service mark
Uncommon typography
index, fist
irony punctuation
reference mark
In other scripts

A dash is a punctuation mark that is similar to a hyphen or minus sign, but differs from both of these symbols primarily in length and function. The most common versions of the dash are the en dash () and the em dash (), named for the length of a typeface's lower-case n and upper-case M respectively.


  • Either version may be used to denote a break in a sentence or to set off parenthetical statements (ideally with intradocument consistency). In this function, en dashes are used with spaces and em dashes are used without them:[1]






    "In matters of grave importance, style, not sincerity, is the vital thing."—Oscar Wilde

Common dashes[edit]


glyph Unicode codepoint[3] HTML character entity reference HTML/XML numeric character references TeX Alt code (Windows) OS X key combination Compose key vim digraph Microsoft Word key combination
figure dash U+2012 &#x2012;
en dash U+2013 &ndash; &#x2013;
-- Alt+0150 Opt
Num -
em dash U+2014 &mdash; &#x2014;
--- Alt+0151 Opt
Num -
horizontal bar U+2015 &#x2015;
swung dash U+2053 &#x2053;

Less common are the two-em dash () and three-em dash (), both added to Unicode with version 6.1 as U+2E3A and U+2E3B. Windows character codes require that Num Lock be on.

Figure dash[edit]


The figure dash is used when a dash must be used within numbers (e.g. phone number 5550199). It does not indicate a range, for which the en dash is used; nor does it function as the minus sign, which also uses a separate glyph.


In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash; however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be substituted when using standard TeX fonts. In XeLaTeX, one could use \char"2012 [4] (Linux Libertine font has the figure dash glyph).

En dash[edit]

The en dash, n dash, n-rule, or "nut" () is traditionally half the width of an em dash.[5][6] In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash.[7] The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M respectively,[8][9] and at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters.[7][10]


Ranges of values[edit]

The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values—a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries—roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through".[11] This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers.[12][13][14][15] Various style guides restrict this range indication style to only parenthetical or tabular matter, requiring "to" or "through" in running text. Examples of this usage include:

En dash range style (e.g., APA*) Hyphen range style (e.g., AMA*) Running text spell-out
June–July 1967 June-July 1967 June and July 1967
1:15–2:15 p.m. 1:15-2:15 p.m. 1:15 to 2:15 p.m.
For ages 3–5 For ages 3-5 For ages 3 through 5
pp. 38–55 pp. 38-55 pages 38 to 55
President Jimmy Carter (1977–81) President Jimmy Carter (1977-81) President Jimmy Carter, in office from 1977 to 1981
*Other style differences (e.g., APA "p.m." and "pp." vs AMA "PM" and "pp") are ignored for the purpose of this comparison.)

The preference for an en dash instead of a hyphen in ranges is a matter of style preference, not inherent orthographic "correctness"; both are equally "correct", and each is the preferred style in some style guides. For example, APA style uses an en dash in ranges, but AMA style uses a hyphen.


Relationships and connections[edit]

The en dash can also be used to contrast values, or illustrate a relationship between two things.[12][15] Examples of this usage include:

  • Australia beat American Samoa 31–0.
  • Radical–Unionist coalition
  • Boston–Hartford route
  • Mother–daughter relationship
  • The McCain–Feingold bill

Among writers who use en dashes in these contexts, a distinction is often made between "simple" attributive compounds (written with a hyphen) and other subtypes (written with an en dash); at least one authority considers name pairs, where the paired elements carry equal weight, as in the Taft-Hartley Act to be "simple",[13] while others consider an en dash appropriate in instances such as this[16][17][18] to represent the parallel relationship, as in the McCain–Feingold bill or Bose–Einstein statistics. However, a compound surname is written with a hyphen, thus the Lennard-Jones potential is named after one person, while Bose and Einstein are two people.

The preference for an en dash instead of a hyphen in these coordinate/relationship/connection types of terms is a matter of style preference, not inherent orthographic "correctness"; both are equally "correct", and each is the preferred style in some style guides. For example, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the AMA Manual of Style, and Dorland's medical reference works use hyphens, not en dashes, in coordinate terms (such as blood-brain barrier), in eponyms (such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kaplan-Meier method, and hundreds of others), and so on.

Attributive compounds[edit]

In English, the en dash is usually used instead of a hyphen in compound (phrasal) attributives in which one or both elements is itself a compound, especially when the compound element is an open compound, meaning it is not itself hyphenated. This manner of usage may include such examples as:[13][14][19][20]

  • The hospital–nursing home connection


  • A nursing home–home care policy
  • Pre–Civil War era
  • Pulitzer Prize–winning novel
  • The non–San Francisco part of the world
  • The post–World War II era (however, a hyphen would be used in post-war era)
  • Trans–New Guinea languages
  • The ex–prime minister
  • The pro-conscription–anti-conscription debate
  • Public-school–private-school rivalries

The disambiguating value of the en dash in these patterns was illustrated by Strunk and White in The Elements of Style with the following example: when Chattanooga News and Chattanooga Free Press merged, the joint company was inaptly named Chattanooga News-Free Press, which could be interpreted as meaning that their newspapers were news-free.[21]

An exception to the use of en dashes is usually made when prefixing an already hyphenated compound; an en dash is generally avoided as a distraction in this case. Examples of this include:[21]

An en dash can be retained to avoid ambiguity; but whether any ambiguity is plausible is a judgment call. AMA style retains the en dashes in the following examples,[22] but one could argue that some perverseness may be needed to construe the hyphens-only alternative as ambiguous:

  • non–self-governing
  • non–English-language journals
  • non–group-specific blood
  • non–Q-wave myocardial infarction
  • non–brain-injured subjects

Differing recommendations[edit]

As discussed above, the en dash is sometimes recommended instead of a hyphen in compound adjectives where neither part of the adjective modifies the other—that is, when each modifies the noun, as in love–hate relationship. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), however, limits the use of the en dash to two main purposes:


That is, it favors hyphens in instances where some other guides suggest en dashes—the 16th edition explaining that "Chicago's sense of the en dash does not extend to between" to rule out its use in "US-Canadian relations."[23]

In these two uses, en dashes normally do not have spaces around them. An exception is made when avoiding spaces may cause confusion or look odd. For example, compare 12 June – 3 July with 12 June–3 July.[24]

Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level[edit]

Like em dashes, en dashes can be used instead of colons, or pairs of commas that mark off a nested clause or phrase. They can also be used around parenthetical expressions – such as this one – in place of the em dashes preferred by some publishers, particularly where short columns are used, since em dashes can look awkward at the end of a line. See En dash versus em dash, below. In these situations, en dashes must have a single space on each side.

Electronic usage[edit]

In TeX, the en dash may normally (depending on the font) be input as a double hyphen-minus (--). In LaTeX you can also use the macro (\textendash). On Mac OS X, most keyboard layouts map an en dash to Opt+-. On Microsoft Windows, an en dash may be entered as Alt+0150 (where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding down the Alt key). In Linux (GTK+ v. 2.10+ applications only, see Unicode input), it is entered by holding down Ctrl+Shift and typing U followed by its Unicode code point, 2013, or using the compose key by pressing the compose key, two hyphens, and a period.

The en dash is sometimes used as a substitute for the minus sign, when the minus sign character is not available, since the en dash is usually the same width as a plus sign. For example, the original 8-bit Macintosh character set had an en dash, useful for minus sign, years before Unicode with a dedicated minus sign was available. The hyphen-minus is usually too narrow to make a typographically acceptable minus sign. But the en dash cannot be used for a minus in programming languages because the syntax usually requires a hyphen-minus; because programming languages are usually set in a fixed-pitch (monospaced) font face, the hyphen-minus looks acceptable there.

Itemization mark[edit]

The en dash may be used as a bullet mark at the start of each item in a list[citation needed] but a plain hyphen is more commonly used (and even mandatory in formats like Markdown).

Em dash[edit]

The em dash, m dash, m-rule, or "mutton" () is longer than an en dash. The term em dash derives from its defined width of one em, which is the length, expressed in points, by which font sizes are typically specified. Thus in 9-point type, an em is 9 points wide, while the em of 24-point type is 24 points wide. By comparison, the en dash, with its 1-en width, is in most fonts either a half-em wide[25] or the width of an n.[26]

The em dash is used in much the way a colon or a set of parentheses is used; it can show an abrupt change in thought or be used where a full stop (period) is too strong and a comma too weak. Em dashes are sometimes used to set off summaries or definitions.[27]

It often demarcates a break of thought or form:

"I believe I shall—no, I’m going to do it."

It may indicate an interpolation stronger than that demarcated by parentheses, as in the following from Nicholson Baker's The Mezzanine:


It is also used to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted. In this use, it is sometimes doubled:

"But I’m trying to explain that I ——"

In a related use, it may visually indicate the shift between speakers when they overlap in speech. For example, the em dash is used this way in Joseph Heller's Catch-22:


Similarly, it can be used instead of an ellipsis to indicate aposiopesis, the rhetorical device by which a sentence is stopped short not because of interruption but because the speaker is too emotional to continue, such as Darth Vader's line "I sense something; a presence I've not felt since—" in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.[28]

A quotation dash[29] may be used to indicate turns in a dialog, in which case each dash starts a paragraph.[30] It replaces other quotation marks, and was preferred by authors such as James Joyce:[31]


The em dash may have the inverse function of a colon:




They may be used to indicate omitted letters in a word reduced to an initial:

It was alleged that D— had been threatened with blackmail.

Em dashes are also used to indicate attributions for block quotations, as next.

In Middle Modern English texts and afterward, em dashes were used to add long pauses (as noted by Joseph Robertson's 1785 An Essay On Punctuation):

Lord Cardinal! if thou think'st on heaven's bliss,
Hold up thy hand, make signal of that hope.—
He dies, and makes no sigh!

— Shakespeare, from King Henry

Spacing and substitution[edit]


In Canada, The Canadian Style (A Guide to Writing and Editing), The Oxford Canadian A to Z of Grammar, Spelling & Punctuation, Guide to Canadian English Usage (Second Edition), Editing Canadian English Manual, and the Canadian Oxford Dictionary all specify that an em dash should be set closed when used between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals.

In Australia, the Style manual (For authors, editors and printers, Sixth edition), also specifies that em dashes inserted between words, a word and numeral, or two numerals, should be set closed. A section on the 2-em rule (⸺) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. Two examples of this are as follows (note that properly typeset 2-em and 3-em dashes should appear as a single dash, but they may show on this page as several em dashes with spaces in between):

  • I distinctly heard him say, "Go away or I'll —".
  • It was alleged that D— had been threatened with blackmail.

Monospaced fonts that mimic the look of a typewriter have the same width for all characters. Some of these fonts have em and en dashes that more or less fill the monospaced width they have available. For example, the sequence hyphen, en dash, em dash, minus shows as "- – — −" in a monospace font.

When an actual em dash is unavailable—as in the ASCII character set—it has been approximated as a double (--) or triple (---) hyphen-minus. In Unicode, the em dash is U+2014 (decimal 8212). In HTML, one may use the numeric forms &#8212; or &#x2014;; there is also the HTML entity &mdash;. In TeX, the em dash may normally be input as a triple hyphen-minus (---). On any Mac, most keyboard layouts map an em dash to Opt+ Shift+-. On Microsoft Windows, an em dash may be entered as Alt+0151, where the digits are typed on the numeric keypad while holding the Alt key down. It can also be entered into Microsoft Office applications by using the Ctrl+Alt+-. In the X Window System, it may be entered using the compose key by pressing the compose key and three hyphens.

Because early comic book letterers were not aware of the typographic convention of replacing a typewritten double hyphen with an em dash, the double hyphen became traditional in American comics. This practice has continued despite the development of computer lettering.[32][33]

En dash versus em dash[edit]

These comparisons of the hyphen (-), en dash (–), and em dash (—), in various 12-point fonts, illustrate the typical relationship between lengths ("- n – m —"). In some fonts, the en dash is not much longer than the hyphen; and in Lucida Grande, the en dash is actually shorter than the hyphen (making this default Safari browser font typographically nonstandard and potentially confusing[citation needed]).

The en dash is wider than the hyphen but not as wide as the em dash. An em width is defined as the point size of the currently used font, since the M character is not always the width of the point size.[34] In running text, various dash conventions are employed: an em dash—like so—or a spaced em dash — like so — or a spaced en dash – like so – can be seen in contemporary publications.

Various style guides and national varieties of languages prescribe different guidance on dashes. Dashes have been cited as being treated differently in the US and the UK, with the former preferring the use of an em-dash with no additional spacing, and the latter preferring a spaced en dash.[35] As examples of the US style, The Chicago Manual of Style and The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association recommend unspaced em dashes. Style guides outside the US are more variable. For example, the Canadian The Elements of Typographic Style recommends the spaced en dash – like so – and argues that the length and visual magnitude of an em dash "belongs to the padded and corseted aesthetic of Victorian typography."[36] In the United Kingdom, the spaced en dash is the house style for certain major publishers, including the Penguin Group, the Cambridge University Press, and Routledge. But this convention is not universal. The Oxford Guide to Style (2002, section 5.10.10) acknowledges that the spaced en dash is used by "other British publishers", but states that the Oxford University Press—like "most US publishers"—uses the unspaced em dash.

The en dash – always with spaces in running text when, as discussed in this section, indicating a parenthesis or pause – and the spaced em dash both have a certain technical advantage over the not spaced em dash. Most typesetting and word processing expects word spacing to vary to support full justification. Alone among punctuation that marks pauses or logical relations in text, the not spaced em dash disables this for the words it falls between. This can cause uneven spacing in the text, but can be mitigated by the use of thin spaces, hair spaces, or even zero-width spaces on the sides of the em dash. This provides the appearance of a not spaced em dash, but allows the words and dashes to break between lines. The spaced em dash risks introducing excessive separation of words. In full justification, the adjacent spaces may be stretched, and the separation of words further exaggerated. En dashes may also be preferred to em dashes when text is set in narrow columns, such as in newspapers and similar publications, as the en dash is smaller. In such cases, its use is based purely on space considerations and is not necessarily related to other typographical concerns.

On the other hand, a spaced en dash may be ambiguous when it is also used for ranges, for example in dates or between geographical locations with internal spaces.

Horizontal bar[edit]

Main article: Quotation dash

U+2015 horizontal bar, also known as a quotation dash, is used to introduce quoted text. This is the standard method of printing dialogue in some languages. The em dash is equally suitable if the quotation dash is unavailable or is contrary to the house style being used.

There is no support in the standard TeX fonts, but one can use \hbox{---}\kern-.5em--- instead, or just use an em dash.

Swung dash[edit]

Main article: Tilde § Punctuation

U+2053 swung dash resembles a lengthened tilde, and is used to separate alternatives or approximates. In dictionaries, it is frequently used to stand in for the term being defined. A dictionary entry providing an example for the term henceforth might employ the swung dash as follows:


There are several similar, related characters:

  • U+02DC ˜ small tilde (HTML: &#732; &tilde;) (see below)
  • U+223C tilde operator, used in mathematics. In TeX and LaTeX, this character can be expressed using the math mode command $\sim$.
  • U+301C wave dash, used in East Asian typography for a variety of purposes, including Japanese punctuation.
  • U+FF5E fullwidth tilde, used in East Asian typography.

Similar Unicode characters[edit]

Sample Repeated
(five times)
Unicode Unicode name Remark
- ----- U+002D hyphen-minus The standard ASCII hyphen. Sometimes this is used in groups to indicate different types of dash.
In programming languages, it is the character usually used to denote operators like the subtraction or the negative sign.
_ _____ U+005F low line A spacing character usually showing a horizontal line below the baseline (i.e. a spacing underscore). It is commonly used within URLs and identifiers in programming languages, where a space-like separation between parts is desired but a real space is not appropriate. As usual for ASCII characters, this character shows a considerable range of glyphic variation; therefore, whether sequences of this character connect depends on the font used.
~ ~~~~~ U+007E tilde Used in programming languages (e.g. for the bitwise NOT operator in C and C++).
Its glyphic representation varies, therefore for punctuation in running text the use of more specific characters is preferred, see above.
­ ­­­­­ U+00AD soft hyphen Used to indicate where a line may break, as in a compound word or between syllables.
¯ ¯¯¯¯¯ U+00AF macron A horizontal line positioned at cap height usually having the same length as U+005F _ low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with the diacritic mark "macron". A sequence of such characters is not expected to connect, unlike U+203E overline.
ˉ ˉˉˉˉˉ U+02C9 modifier letter macron A spacing clone of a diacritic mark (a line which is applied above of the base letter).
ˍ ˍˍˍˍˍ U+02CD modifier letter low macron A spacing clone of a diacritic mark (a line which is applied below the base letter).
˗ ˗˗˗˗˗ U+02D7 modifier letter minus sign A variant of the minus sign used in phonetics to mark a retracted or backed articulation. It may show small end-serifs.
˜ ˜˜˜˜˜ U+02DC small tilde A spacing clone of tilde diacritic mark.
‐‐‐‐‐ U+2010 hyphen The character that can be used to unambiguously represent a hyphen.
‑‑‑‑‑ U+2011 non-breaking hyphen Also called "hard hyphen", denotes a hyphen after which no word wrapping may apply. This is the case where the hyphen is part of a trigraph or tetragraph denoting a specific sound (like in the Swiss placename “S-chanf”), or where specific orthographic rules prevent a line break (like in German compounds of single-letter abbreviations and full nouns, as "E-Mail").
‾‾‾‾‾ U+203E overline A character similar to U+00AF ¯ macron, but a sequence of such characters usually connects.
⁃⁃⁃⁃⁃ U+2043 hyphen bullet A short horizontal line used as a list bullet.
⁻⁻⁻⁻⁻ U+207B superscript minus Usually is used together with superscripted numbers.
₋₋₋₋₋ U+208B subscript minus Usually is used together with subscripted numbers.
−−−−− U+2212 minus sign An arithmetic operation used in mathematics to represent subtraction or negative numbers.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ U+23AF horizontal line extension Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). Can be used in sequences to generate long connected horizontal lines.
⏤⏤⏤⏤⏤ U+23E4 straightness Miscellaneous Technical (Unicode block). Represents line straightness in technical context.
───── U+2500 box drawings light horizontal Box-drawing characters. Several similar characters from one Unicode block used to draw horizontal lines.
➖➖➖➖➖ U+2796 heavy minus sign Unicode symbols.
𐆑 𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑𐆑 U+10191 roman uncia sign Uncia (unit). A symbol for an ancient Roman unit of length.

Similar Unicode characters used in specific writing systems[edit]

  • U+058A ֊ armenian hyphen
  • U+05BE ־ hebrew punctuation maqaf
  • U+1400 canadian syllabics hyphen
  • U+1428 canadian syllabics final short horizontal stroke
  • U+1806 mongolian todo soft hyphen is a hyphen from the Mongolian Todo alphabet.
  • U+1B78 balinese musical symbol left-hand open pang
  • U+2E0F paragraphos is an Ancient Greek textual symbol, usually displayed by a long low line.
  • U+3161 hangul letter eu or U+1173 hangul jungseong eu are Hangul letters used in Korean to denote the sound [ɯ].
  • U+301C wave dash and U+3030 wavy dash are wavy lines found in some East Asian character sets. Typographically, they have the width of one CJK character cell (fullwidth form), and follow the direction of the text, being horizontal for horizontal text, and vertical for columnar. They are used as dashes, and occasionally as emphatic variants of the katakana vowel extender mark.
  • U+30FC katakana-hiragana prolonged sound mark, the Japanese chōonpu, is used in Japanese to indicate a long vowel.
  • U+4E00 cjk unified ideograph-4e00, the Chinese character for "one", is used in various East Asian languages.
  • U+A4FE lisu punctuation comma looks like a sequence of a hyphen and a full stop.
  • U+10110 𐄐 aegean number ten
  • U+1104B 𑁋 brahmi punctuation line
  • U+11052 𑁒 brahmi number one
  • U+110BE 𑂾 kaithi section mark
  • U+1D360 𝍠 counting rod unit digit one

In other languages[edit]

In many languages, such as Polish, the em dash in used as an opening quotation mark. There is no matching closing quotation mark; typically a new paragraph will be started, introduced by a dash, for each turn in the dialog.

Corpus studies indicate that em dashes are more commonly used in Russian than in English.[37] In Russian, the em dash is used for the present copula (meaning "am"/"is"/"are"), which is unpronounced in spoken Russian.

In French, em or en dashes can be used as parentheses, except you can choose between using a second dash as a closing parenthesis, or not using one, simply closing your sentence with a period as you would in English. Dashes are, however, much less common than parentheses.

Rendering dashes on computers[edit]



Any kind of dash can be used directly in an HTML document, but HTML also lets them be entered using character references. The em dash and the en dash are special in that they can be written using character entity references as &mdash; and &ndash;, respectively.

  • In GNU/Linux, under recent versions of GTK+, there are various methods of producing these dashes. For em dashes, one may use the compose key followed by three presses of the hyphen character. For en dashes, one may press the compose key followed by two hyphens and a period. For all dashes, one may press and hold ctrl and shift and then press u (and release them all) after which an underlined u appears. Then, type the Unicode number (i.e., 2015) for the appropriate dash and press enter or the space bar. Also, other keys may be remapped to create dashes.
  • In OS X using the Australian, British, Canadian, French, German, Irish, Irish Extended, Italian, Pro Italian, Russian, US, US Extended, or Welsh keyboard layout, an en dash can be obtained by typing Opt+-, while an em dash can be typed with Opt+ Shift+-.[38]
  • In TeX, an em dash (—) is typed as three hyphen‐minuses (---), an en dash (–) as two hyphen‐minuses (--), and a hyphen (‐) as one hyphen‐minus (-). Mathematical minus (−) is signified as $-$ or \(-\).[39]
  • On Plan 9 systems, an en or em dash may be entered by pressing the Compose key (usually left Alt), followed by typing en or em respectively.
  • In Microsoft Windows running on a computer whose keyboard includes a numeric keypad, an en or em dash may be typed into most text areas by using their respective Alt code by holding down the Alt key and pressing either Alt+0150 for the en dash or Alt+0151 for the em dash. The numbers must be typed on the numeric keypad with Num Lock enabled. In addition, the Character Map utility included with MS Windows can be used to copy and paste en and em dash characters into most applications—along with accented letters and other non-English language characters. It can normally be found in the System Tools folder, or the Accessories folder on MS Windows Vista. Character Map can also be opened by typing charmap in the run command box.
  • In Microsoft Word running on a computer whose keyboard has a numeric keypad, an em dash can be typed with Ctrl+Alt+- (on the numeric keypad, with the numeric hyphen usually in the top-right corner), and an en dash can be typed with Ctrl+-. This doesn't work with the hyphen key on the main keyboard (usually between "0" and "="), which has completely different functions. With Microsoft Word's default settings, in both Windows and Macintosh versions, an em dash symbol, which is not always a true em dash from the font, is automatically produced by Autocorrect when two unspaced hyphens are entered between words (as in "word--word"). An en dash, which again is not always a true en dash from the font, is automatically produced when one or two hyphens surrounded by spaces are entered: ("word - word") or ("word -- word"). This feature can be disabled by customizing Autocorrect. Other dashes, spaces, and special characters are possible, found through the Tools menu. Unassigned symbols, such as the true minus sign, can be assigned keyboard shortcuts through the Insert menu. To determine if the true en or em dash from the font are being used rather than a cross-referenced character from the Symbol font, copy and paste samples of the dashes into a text editor such as Windows Notepad. Using the true dash is important if one ever needs to share documents with other users in other applications or operating systems.


  1. ^ Yagoda, Ben. "Mad Dash". The New York Times. 22 Oct. 2012. Accessed 3 Feb 2012.
  2. ^ MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses, 2nd ed, p. 26. Modern Humanities Research Association (London). Accessed 3 Feb 2013.
  3. ^ Characters in Unicode are referenced in prose via the "U+" notation. The hexadecimal number after the "U+" is the character's Unicode code point.
  4. ^ figure dash in XeLaTeX
  5. ^ John Southward (1884). Practical printing: a handbook of the art of typography (2nd ed.). J.M. Powell & Son. p. 7. 
  6. ^ Michael Spivak (1980). The joy of TEX: a gourmet guide to typesetting with the AMS-TEX macro package (2nd ed.). AMS Bookstore. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8218-2997-4. 
  7. ^ a b Ilene Strizver (2010). Type Rules: The Designer's Guide to Professional Typography (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-470-54251-4. 
  8. ^ Susan E. L. Lake and Karen Bean (2007). Digital Multimedia: The Business of Technology (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-538-44527-6. 
  9. ^ Nigel French (2006). InDesign type: professional typography with Adobe InDesign CS2. Adobe Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-321-38544-4. 
  10. ^ Edward D. Johnson (1991). The handbook of good English. Simon and Schuster. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-671-70797-2. 
  12. ^ a b Griffith, Benjamin W, et al. (2004). Pocket Guide to Correct Grammar. Barron's Pocket Guides. Woodbury, NY: Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-2690-3. 
  13. ^ a b c d Judd, Karen (2001). Copyediting: A Practical Guide. Menlo Park, Calif: Crisp Publications. ISBN 1-56052-608-4. 
  14. ^ a b c Loberger, Gordon; Welsh, Kate Shoup (2001). Webster's new world English grammar handbook. New York: Hungry Minds. ISBN 0-7645-6488-9. 
  15. ^ a b c Ives, George Burnham (1921). Text, type and style: A compendium of Atlantic usage. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 125. "The en-dash... may stand for the word 'and' or 'to' in such phrases as 'the Radical–Unionist Coalition,' 'the Boston–Hartford Air Line'; 'the period of Republican supremacy, 1860–84'; 'pp. 224–30.'" 
  16. ^ Garner, B: Modern American Usage, Second Edition, page 657. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  17. ^ Bryan A. Garner (2001). Legal writing in plain English: a text with exercises. Chicago guides to writing, editing, and publishing (illustrated, reprinted ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-226-28418-7. "6.1 Use an en-dash as an equivalent of to (as when showing a span of pages), to express tension or difference, or to denote a pairing in which the elements carry equal weight." 
  18. ^ Lynn Dupré (1998). Bugs in Writing (Revised ed.). Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-201-37921-1. "use en dashes when you have an equal-weighted pair serving as an adjective, such as love–hate relationship." 
  19. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2005). The American Heritage guide to contemporary usage and style. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-618-60499-9. 
  21. ^ a b Amy Einsohn (2000). The copyeditor's handbook: a guide for book publishing and corporate communications, with exercises and answer keys. University of California Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-520-21834-5. 
  22. ^ Iverson, Cheryl, et al. (eds) (2007), "8.3.1 Hyphen", AMA Manual of Style (10th ed.), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9. 
  23. ^ a b The Chicago Manual of Style (15th Edition ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2003. pp. 261–265. ISBN 0-226-10403-6. 
  24. ^ Shaw, Harry (1986). Errors in English and Ways to Correct Them. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 0-06-097047-2. 
  25. ^ Ritter, R.M. (2002). The Oxford Guide to Style. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-19-869175-0. "The en rule is, as its name indicates, an en in length, which makes it longer than a hyphen and half the length of an em rule." 
  26. ^ Bryony Gomez-Palacio and Armin Vit (2009). Graphic design, referenced: a visual guide to the language, applications, and history of graphic design. Rockport Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-59253-447-0. 
  27. ^ Geraldine Woods (2005). Webster's New World punctuation: simplified and applied. Webster's New World. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7645-9916-3. 
  28. ^ "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope". IMDb. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
  29. ^ This may be distinct from an em dash in its coding. See #Horizontal bar below.
  30. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition), paragraph 6.88 (p. 335).
  31. ^ Joyce, James (1922). Ulysses. London: The Bodley Head. p. 335 lines 7-11. 
  32. ^ Piekos, Nate. "Comic Book Grammar & Tradition". Retrieved 29 December 2012. 
  33. ^ Klein, Todd. "Punctuating Comics: Dots and Dashes". Retrieved 29 December 2012. 
  34. ^ "A glossary of typographic terms". Adobe. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  35. ^ Will, Hill (2010). The Complete Typographer: A Foundation Course for Graphic Designers Working With Type (3 ed.). Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28894-8. 
  36. ^ Robert Bringhurst (2004). The elements of typographic style (third ed.). Hartley & Marks, Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-88179-206-5. 
  37. ^ Claudia V. Angelelli; Holly E. Jacobson (2009). Testing and assessment in translation and interpreting studies: a call for dialogue between research and practice. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 174. ISBN 978-90-272-3190-1. 
  38. ^ "Typing Special Characters on a Macintosh Keyboard". Washington State University. Retrieved 11 February 2014. 
  39. ^ Baker, GG, "Dash", Characters (reference), CA: SFI .

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