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                                                  1. Wstęp
       2. Schizophrenia is a disabling mental illness where disordered thinking disturbs an
                                   individual's ability to function normally.
                                            3. What's the cause?
           The precise cause of schizophrenia remains unknown, but there's some evidence for
                       cooperation genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
    4. Scientists have long known that schizophrenia runs in families. It occurs in 1 percent of
         the general population but is seen in 10 percent of people with a first-degree relative (a
          parent, brother, or sister) with the disorder. People who have second-degree relatives
      more often than the general population. The identical twin of a person with schizophrenia
                 is most at risk, with a 40 to 65 percent chance of developing the disorder
      Several of genes may be associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, but scientists
           believe that each gene has a very small effect and is not responsible for causing the
       disease by itself. It is still not possible to predict who will develop the disease by looking
                                               at genetic material.
     5. Although there is a genetic risk for schizophrenia, it is not likely that genes alone are
           sufficient to cause the disorder. Interactions between genes and the environment are
        thought to be necessary for schizophrenia to develop. Many environmental factors have
        been suggested as risk factors, such as exposure to viruses or malnutrition in the womb,
        problems during birth, and psychosocial factors, like stressful environmental conditions
                                      6. Brain Chemistry Behind Schizophrenia
                 An imbalance of one neurotransmitter, dopamine, is thought to cause the symptoms of
            schizophrenia. Recent studies suggest that serotonin, another neurotransmitter, may also play a
                                 significant role in causing the symptoms of schizophrenia.
            Brain activity differs in a brain with schizophrenia and a brain without schizophrenia. In the brain
                with schizophrenia, far more neurotransmitters are released between neurons. Thus, the
                                              symptoms of schizophrenia occur.
                    7. The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories:
             Positive symptoms are unusual thoughts or perceptions, including hallucinations,
                          delusions, thought disorder, and disorders of movement.
            Negative symptoms represent a loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate plans, speak,
            difficult to recognize as part of the disorder but are the most disabling in terms of leading a normal
                                                       Positive symptoms
Delusions.Delusions are false personal beliefs that are not part of the person's culture and do not
    Thought Disorder.People with schizophrenia often have unusual thought processes. One
form is "thought blocking," in which the person stops abruptly in the middle of a thought. When
          Finally, the individual might make up unintelligible words, or "neologisms."
Disorders of Movement.People with schizophrenia can be clumsy and uncoordinated. They may
                   schizophrenia was not available; fortunately, it is now rare.2

                                           Negative symptoms
 The term "negative symptoms" refers to reductions in normal emotional and behavioral states.
                               These include the following:
                          flat affect (immobile facial expression, monotonous voice),
                                       lack of pleasure in everyday life,
                         diminished ability to initiate and sustain planned activity, and
                            speaking infrequently, even when forced to interact.

 People with schizophrenia often neglect basic hygiene and need help with everyday activities.
Because it is not as obvious that negative symptoms are part of a psychiatric illness, people with
          schizophrenia are often perceived as lazy and unwilling to better their lives.

                                          Cognitive symptoms
 Cognitive symptoms are subtle and are often detected only when neuropsychological tests are
                          performed. They include the following:
         poor "executive functioning" (the ability to absorb and interpret information and make
                                  decisions based on that information),
                                  inability to sustain attention, and
         problems with "working memory" (the ability to keep recently learned information in
                                    mind and use it right away)
         Cognitive impairments often interfere with the patient's ability to lead a normal life and earn a
                               living. They can cause great emotional distress.

   8. The causes of schizophrenia are still unknown, so current treatments focus on eliminating
                                        the symptoms of the disease.
     9. Antipsychotic medications have been available since the mid-1950s. They effectively
            alleviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. While these drugs have greatly
                   improved the lives of many patients, they do not cure schizophrenia.
 Everyone responds differently to antipsychotic medication. Sometimes several different drugs
must be tried before the right one is found. People with schizophrenia should work in partnership
 with their doctors to find the medications that control their symptoms best with the fewest side
  Length of Treatment. Like diabetes or high blood pressure, schizophrenia is a chronic disorder
that needs constant management. At the moment, it cannot be cured, but the rate of recurrence of
psychotic episodes can be decreased significantly by staying on medication. Although responses
      vary from person to person, most people with schizophrenia need to take some type of
 medication for the rest of their lives as well as use other approaches, such as supportive therapy
                                           or rehabilitation.
                                        Psychosocial treatment
  Numerous studies have found that psychosocial treatments can help patients who are already
   stabilized on antipsychotic medications deal with certain aspects of schizophrenia, such as
  difficulty with communication, motivation, self-care, work, and establishing and maintaining
   relationships with others. Learning and using coping mechanisms to address these problems
   allows people with schizophrenia to attend school, work, and socialize. Patients who receive
  regular psychosocial treatment also adhere better to their medication schedule and have fewer
relapses and hospitalizations. A positive relationship with a therapist or a case manager gives the
  patient a reliable source of information, sympathy, encouragement, and hope, all of which are
   essential for for managing the disease. The therapist can help patients better understand and
 adjust to living with schizophrenia by educating them about the causes of the disorder, common
   symptoms or problems they may experience, and the importance of staying on medications.
Illness Management Skills. People with schizophrenia can take an active role in managing their
own illness. Once they learn basic facts about schizophrenia and the principles of schizophrenia
treatment, they can make informed decisions about their care. If they are taught how to monitor
 the early warning signs of relapse and make a plan to respond to these signs, they can learn to
prevent relapses. Patients can also be taught more effective coping skills to deal with persistent
   Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation emphasizes social and vocational training to help people with
       schizophrenia function more effectively in their communities. Because people with
 35) and because the disease often interferes with normal cognitive functioning, most patients do
not receive the training required for skilled work. Rehabilitation programs can include vocational
  counseling, job training, money management counseling, assistance in learning to use public
    transportation, and opportunities to practice social and workplace communication skills.
 disease to prevent relapses. Family members should be able to use different kinds of treatment
   adherence programs and have an arsenal of coping strategies and problem-solving skills to
 manage their ill relative effectively. Knowing where to find outpatient and family services that
              support people with schizophrenia and their caregivers is also valuable.
     Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is useful for patients with
 symptoms that persist even when they take medication. The cognitive therapist teaches people
with schizophrenia how to test the reality of their thoughts and perceptions, how to "not listen" to
    their voices, and how to shake off the apathy that often immobilizes them. This treatment
 appears to be effective in reducing the severity of symptoms and decreasing the risk of relapse.
     Self-Help Groups. Self-help groups for people with schizophrenia and their families are
  becoming increasingly common. Although professional therapists are not involved, the group
  members are a continuing source of mutual support and comfort for each other, which is also
therapeutic. People in self-help groups know that others are facing the same problems they face
 and no longer feel isolated by their illness or the illness of their loved one. The networking that
  takes place in self-help groups can also generate social action. Families working together can
advocate for research and more hospital and community treatment programs, and patients acting
as a group may be able to draw public attention to the discriminations many people with mental
                                illnesses still face in today's world.


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