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Publication numberUS5568514 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 08/474,215
Publication dateOct 22, 1996
Filing dateJun 7, 1995
Priority dateMay 17, 1994
Fee statusPaid
Also published asUS5487087, US5694426
Publication number08474215, 474215, US 5568514 A, US 5568514A, US-A-5568514, US5568514 A, US5568514A
InventorsAlan V. McCree, Vishu R. Viswanathan
Original AssigneeTexas Instruments Incorporated
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Signal quantizer with reduced output fluctuation
US 5568514 A
A new signal quantization scheme is proposed which reduces fluctuation of the output signal by a signal quantizer (10) providing a quantized output signal and multiplying (18) said input signal X by a factor (1-w1)and finding a difference signal Δin (11) between both the input signal and the previous input signal and multiplying (16) that by a weighting factor w2 from a control (13). The previous quantizer output signal Qprev is summed (17) with the weighted difference signal Δin w2 and the sum is weighted by a weighting factor w1 at a multiplier (19) to yield w1 (Qprev +w2 Δin). This signal is then summed at an adder (21) and applied to the quantizer (10) so that the quantizer is forced to match the fluctuation in the input signal as well as the signal itself. When applied to speech encoding algorithms such as the North American digital cellular telephone standard VSELP, the new quantizer results in more natural sounding background noise.
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What is claimed is:
1. In a VSELP speech encoder that is responsive to digital input speech signals s(n) to provide a compressed digital output signal including quantized frame energy signal R and quantized reflection coefficient signal ri, an improved quantizer including:
covariance means for generating a covariance matrix signal including means for calculating a signal covariance matrix according to ##EQU9## frame energy generator means coupled to said covariance means for generating a frame energy signal R including means for calculating the frame energy according to ##EQU10## where n is length of summation; means for calculating weights w1 +w2 for reduced fluctuation by calculating
T=1.25 (T'-0.2) ##EQU11##
W1 =0.75 (1-T)(1-S)
W2 =T
first quantizing means responsive to said frame energy signal for quantizing said frame energy signal R with a first reduced fluctuation quantizer (B) to provide quantized frame energy signal R;
spectral Smoothing means for spectral smoothing said signal covariance matrix signal to provide a spectral smoothed signal;
means coupled to said spectral smoothing means for generating a reflection coefficient signal ri including means for calculating reflection coefficients for i=1 to 10; and
means responsive to said reflection coefficient signal ri for quantizing signal ri using second reduced fluctuation quantizer (A) to provide quantized reflection coefficient signal ri.

This a division, of application Ser. No. 08,245,090, filed May 17, 1994.


This invention relates to a signal quantizer and more particularly to a signal quantizer that has reduced output fluctuation.


Digital encoding of signals is becoming increasingly important in the modern era of digital communication and storage. One problem with many sophisticated source coding algorithms is that they do a poor job of reproducing the background noise when no signal is present, since the encoding is designed to match the characteristic of a typical input signals. For example, the VSELP speech coding algorithm, which is the North American digital cellular telephone standard IS54, introduces fluctuations into the background noise generated in an automobile, resulting in an annoying perceptual effect sometimes known as "swirling".

An important step in any digital coding system involves quantization of a signal, where the signal is represented by one of a finite number of possible values. In simple waveform quantization, samples of the input signal are directly quantized, while in more sophisticated coding schemes some model parameters based on transformations of the input signal may be quantized. A typical quantizer is represented by FIG. 1.

In traditional quantization schemes, a range of possible output values is searched for the output which matches the input value with the least possible error, where the error is defined as:


where Q represents the quantizer output value, X represents the quantizer input, and |Y|2 represents the square of the value of Y in the case of scalar quantization or the squared norm of the vector Y in the case of vector quantization. The squared norm is defined as the inner product of a vector with itself:

|Y|2 =<Y,Y>

A new signal quantization scheme is provided which reduces fluctuation of the output signal by modeling both the input signal and the variation of the input signal with time. The error which is minimized by the quantizer search algorithm is modified to include an additional term corresponding to the difference between the current and previous input signals, so that the quantizer is forced to match the fluctuation in the input signal as well as the signal itself.


In the drawing:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram representing a typical prior art normal quantizer.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a quantizer according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a VSELP Encoder.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a modification to the VSELP Encoder of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of the modification to the VSELP Encoder of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a transmitter of a cellular telephone system with a speech/noise detector, a speech encoder including reduced-fluctuation quantizer, and a simple encoder for background noise.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the use of the receiver system in connection with a cellular telephone which has a pre-stored comfort noise.


The present invention introduces a novel signal quantization scheme which models both the input and the fluctuations in the input signal, so that the quantizer output will not fluctuate excessively for a stationary input. If a quantizer is to match both the input signal and the fluctuation in the input signal, the error measure defining the optimal quantizer output value must be modified. A simple measure of input fluctuation is the difference between the current input and the previous input, and a similar measure can be defined for the output fluctuation. Then a fluctuation-matching quantizer can be designed to minimize:

E=(1-w1)|Q-X|2 +w1out -w2 Δin |2 

where w1 and w2 are weighing factors, Δout is the difference between the current and previous quantizer outputs, and Δin is the difference between the current and previous quantizer inputs.

To better understand the properties of this new error measure, we can re-arrange the terms as follows: ##EQU1##

Since the only term in this equation which depends on Q is the first term, finding the best quantizer output is equivalent to using a normal quantizer but replacing the quantizer input signal X with the new input:

X'=(1-w1)X+w1 (Qprev +w2 Δin)

For simple cases of w1 and w2, this quantizer is easier to analyze. For example, if w1 is equal to zero, the quantizer reduces to the traditional quantizer since then


As another example, if w2 is equal to zero then the quantizer input becomes:

X'=(1-w1)X+w1 Qprev 

If, in addition, the quantizer is assumed to be a "perfect" quantizer so that Q is equal to X', we see that the new quantizer algorithm is simply reduced to one-pole smoothing of the input signal:

X'=(1-w1)X+x1 X'prev 

On the other hand, if both w1 and w2 are equal to one, the quantizer will simply ignore the current input and match the fluctuation of the input signal, since the quantizer input then becomes:


Based on this analysis of special cases, we can make the following general statements about the performance of this new quantizer. First, the quantizer minimizes a weighted sum of the error in matching the input signal and the error in matching the fluctuation of the input signal. Second, both weights w1 and w2 are between 0 and 1, but each weighing factor performs a different function. Third, as w1 approaches one, the quantizer will give increasing importance to matching the fluctuation rather than the input signal itself. Finally, as w2 approaches zero, the amount of input fluctuation is scaled down so that the output signal will fluctuate less than the input.

Referring to FIG. 2 there is illustrated the quantizer of the subject invention utilizing the equations stated previously. The input signal to be quantized is X. One sample input delayed in delay 12 is subtracted from the next sample input signal at summer 11 to obtain difference signal Δin. The input signal X is multiplied by the quantity 1-w1 factor at multiplier 18. The resultant difference value Δin from the one sample and the delayed sample is multiplied by a weight control factor of w2 at multiplier 16. The weight factors w1 and w2 are provided by adaptive weight control 13 to be discussed later. The output from the quantizer 10 is provided to a one sample delay 15 to provide a previous quantized value Qprev at a summer 17. Summer 17 sums the output from the difference between the current and previous quantizer inputs or Δin multiplied by the weight factor w2 and the previous quantized value Qprev. The sum at summer 17 is then multiplied by the weighted value w1 at multiplier 19. The output from multiplier 19, which is=w1 (Qprev +w2 Δin), is applied to the summer 21 to sum with output from the multiplier 21 which is X (1-w1) to thereby provide the new X' input to the quantizer 10, which then provides the new output Q. The weight coefficients w1 and w2 control the reduced-fluctuation properties of the quantizer, and should be adjusted based on the characteristics of the input signal. They may either be fixed for a given application, or adapted using time-varying input signal features such as power level and spectral tilt.

In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, this novel quantizer is utilized in the North American digital cellular speech coding system, VSELP, in order to improve the performance of the coder for acoustic background noise. In the standard coder, the quality is reduced when the speaker is not talking because the background noise is distorted by VSELP processing. The characteristics of the encoded noise fluctuate randomly from frame to frame, introducing a "swirling" effect to the coder output. In experiments with a computer simulation of the algorithm, we have found that much of the problem is due to undesirable variations in the quantized parameters of the VSELP model from one frame to the next. We have obtained a performance improvement when the spectral information in VSELP is encoded with the new reduced-fluctuation quantizer described above.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a block diagram of the VSELP Encoder 30. A description of the system is found in EIA/TIA Standards in EIA/TIA Project Number 2215 entitled, "Cellular System Dual-Mode Mobile Station-Base Station Capability Standard, IS 54," issued December 1989. This is published by the Electronic Industries Association Engineering Department, 2001 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Referring to FIG. 3, the speech signal is sampled and converted in Analog-to-Digital Converter 31. The speech coding algorithm is a member of a class of speech coders known as Code Excited Linear Predictive Coding (CELP), Stochastic Coding, or Vector Excited Speech Coding. These techniques use codebooks to vector quantize the excitation (residual) signal. The speech coding algorithm is a variation on CELP called Vector-Sum Excited Linear Predictive Coding (VSELP). VSELP uses a codebook which has a predefined structure such that the computations required for the codebook search process can be significantly reduced.

For a more detailed description of an encoder, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,157 of Gerson, issued Mar. 28,1989 and incorporated herein by reference. The LPC analysis refers to the analyzer 110. As stated for each block of speech, a set of linear predictive coding (LPC) parameters are produced in accordance with prior art technique by coefficient analyzers. Applicant's improved quantizer can be used with any of these analyzers.

After the analog-to-digital conversion, the signal passes through a fourth order Chebyshev type II highpass filter 32 with a filter response that is 3 db down at 120 Hz and 40 db down at 60 Hz. The covariance, SST and LPC analysis is discussed in Section on pages 24-30 of the EIA standard cited above. The frame energy value R is discussed in Section on pages 30 and 31. If the filter is unstable in that the reflection coefficient is equal to or greater than 1.0, then the uninterpolated coefficients are used for that subframe's coefficients. The uninterpolated coefficients for subframe 1 are the previous frame's coefficients.

In the VSELP coder, the power spectrum of the output signal is largely determined by the LPC spectrum, as represented by the reflection coefficients, and the overall power level. Since we believe it is variations in these parameters that introduce the swirling effect, we use the fluctuation-reducing quantizer for these coefficients. In addition, we control the weighting factors w1 and w2 with an adaptive algorithm based on the power level and rate of spectral change of the input speech, such as the one described below.

The adaptive algorithm computes two intermediate variables before estimating the weighting coefficients for the quantizer. The transition strength T is estimated from the change of the power level and spectral tilt from the previous frame, as given by: ##EQU2## where ##EQU3## and P and K1 are the power level estimate and the first reflection coefficient (spectral tilt) for the input speech frame.

The signal strength S is estimated by comparing the power P for the speech frame with a long-term estimate of the background noise level Pnoise. If the power level for the input frame is only 3 dB above the noise level, the signal strength is zero, while if the input power is 12 dB above the noise level then the signal strength is one. This is implemented by the formula: ##EQU4##

The transition and signal strengths are constrained to be within the range from 0 to 1 by a clamping algorithm. Finally, the weighting coefficients are calculated based on the transition and signal strengths using the formulas:

w1 =0.75(1-T)(1-S)


w2 =T

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the covariance SST and LPC analysis and quantization is performed under program control using the Encoder of FIG. 3 with the modifications of FIG. 4 in place of the elements within the dashed line 35. In the modified Encoder of FIG. 4, the covariance output at 41 is applied to the frame energy analysis 42 to get Frame energy value R, to SST 43 for spectral smoothing and to quantizer weight adaptation 44 to determine w1 and w2. The SST output passes to FLAT 45 to achieve reflection coefficient ri. The reflection coefficient ri is applied to reduced fluctuation quantizer A. The R output from Frame analysis 42 is applied to the second reduced fluctuation quantizer B. Quantizers A and B are like FIG. 2. The quantizer weight adaptation calculates weights w1 and w2 using frame energy R from frame energy analysis 42 and the covariance matrix ac(i,j) output from 41. The weight values of w1 and w2 are used to quantize the reflection coefficients r1 and frame energy R. The program steps follow the flow chart of FIG. 5 and the steps as follows:

1. Calculate signal covariance matrix ##EQU5## 2. Calculate frame energy, ##EQU6## where N is length of summation. 3. Update noise power estimate Pnoise

Pnoise =Pnoise * 1.007


Pnoise >R


Pnoise =R

calculate signal strength S, ##EQU7## constrain S between 0 and 1 ##EQU8## calculate T=1.25 (T'-0.2) constrain T between 0 and 1

Calculate weights w1 and w2 for reduced-fluctuation quantizer,


w2 =T

4. Quantize R with reduced-fluctuation quantizer B to get R.

5. Perform spectral smoothing (SST).

6. Calculate reflection coefficients ri for i=1 to 10 and quantize using reduced fluctuation quantizer A to get ri.

When this reduced-fluctuation quantizer is used for the reflection coefficients and overall gain in the VSELP speech coder, the performance is improved for acoustic background noise, while the speech quality is unaffected. When the speaker is not talking, the input signal is at the background noise level with no transitions, so that w1 is 0.75 and w2 is zero and the quantizer reduces fluctuation in the spectral parameters significantly. When speech is present, w1 goes to zero so that the quantizer matches the input signal only and performs in the same way as the standard algorithm.

In addition, the reduced-fluctuation quantizer could be combined with the insertion of "comfort noise" to further increase the natural-ness of the background noise. When the input dearly consists only of background noise, the encoded signal could be replaced by artificially generated noise. If it is not clear whether the input is only background noise, the reduced-fluctuation quantizer can be used as described previously.

The use of comfort noise by itself leads to speech dropouts whenever an input frame containing speech is incorrectly detected as a noise-only frame. By combining the reduced-fluctuation quantizer with comfort noise, we can use a conservative approach for detecting noise-only flames so as to minimize the speech dropout problem. In cases where noise-only frames are detected as speech frames, the use of the reduced-fluctuation quantizer will improve the quality of the coder output. Thus, the integrated approach involving comfort noise and the reduced-fluctuation quantizer may lead to improved over-all performance.

Referring to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a block diagram of an encoder system. In accordance with the system of FIG. 6, the input speech is applied to a speech/noise detector to determine if there is speech or noise at the input. If speech is detected, input is applied through a full encoder with the smoothed quantizer as in FIGS. 2 and 3 or 4 to the channel and to a receiver for decoding the speech and reproducing the speech signal. In the case of a full encoder, the quantizer output is at the normal bit rate. If the speech/noise sensor determines noise, then the simple encoder with reduced bit rate is used. In accordance with another embodiment of FIG. 7 at the receiver if there is speech, to switch the input signal to the full decoder, and if there is no detected speech or noise, to apply the pre-stored come on noise to the output. The speech noise sensor may include the sensor discussed above in connection with FIG. 6.

Other Embodiments

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Patent Citations
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US5937000 *Dec 6, 1996Aug 10, 1999Solana Technology Development CorporationMethod and apparatus for embedding auxiliary data in a primary data signal
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U.S. Classification375/245, 375/240.04, 375/243, 704/E19.006, 704/230, 704/E19.024
International ClassificationG10L19/00, H04B14/04, G10L19/06
Cooperative ClassificationG10L19/012, H04B14/046, G10L19/06
European ClassificationG10L19/012, G10L19/06, H04B14/04D
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