The 1980s Trade War between Brasil… and Apple.

The 1980s Trade War between Brasil… and Apple.

Laws protecting nascent industries enabled Brazilian manufacturers to clone popular computer models for years. One audacious attempt to market a home-grown Macintosh changed all that.

The first Macintosh clone was an unauthorized copy produced by a Brazilian company in 1986. The fallout from that effort nearly helped start a trade war…

By . Original version at Cult of Mac.

Unitron 512 FrontThe Unitron Mac 512 was the world’s first Macintosh clone (photo: Chester’s blog)

The first Macintosh clone in the world was not one of the Apple sanctioned systems released in 1995, such as those from companies like PowerComputing, Radius, Umax or Daystar Digital. Nor was it the Outbound laptop in 1989, a hybrid system produced using Mac ROMs taken from working Mac Plus systems.

No, the first Macintosh clone was the Unitron Mac 512, a unauthorized copy of the 512k “Fat Mac” produced by a Brazilian company in 1986. And it was a pretty darn impressive copy. The fallout from that effort nearly helped start a trade war between Brasil and the United States; to prevent theft of Intellectual Property, Apple and other companies lobbied Congress to hike import taxes on Brazilian goods like oranges and shoes as a response.

And as we know, nobody messes with Tropicana …

It’s not a widely known story. Pieces of this long-forgotten chapter in Mac history can be found scattered on websites around the world. Here is the fascinating tale of the first Macintosh clone in the world.

The Background Situation

Until 1985 Brasil was under military rule, and had a reserved market policy for computer sales: only machines produced locally by Brazilian companies were allowed to be sold in Brasil. The importation of mini- and micro-computers was illegal, they were considered to be potential security risks. As a consequence the country developed a local marketplace of clones of the popular computers of the day: MS-DOS PCs, TRS-80, Apple II, and Timex Sinclair.

These clones were typically produced without the permission of the brand owners (a situation not unique to Brasil). Unitron was already producing an Apple II clone. Since it was illegal to import the Macintosh and its proprietary design, Unitron sensed a market opportunity and decided to create a clone of Apple’s 512k “Fat Mac”.

The initial plan was to negotiate a licensing agreement with Apple, but the Mothership in Cupertino refused to do this without owning at least 51% of the venture. This kind of arrangement was prohibited under Brazilian law, so instead – with the government’s assistance – Unitron decided to forge ahead without Apple’s blessing. Their Apple II clone was already being sold without any objection from Apple, so this seemed a realistic option to persue.

As it turned out, Apple was not as tolerant about their second child.

Unitron 512 ManualUnitron Mac 512 with the owner’s manual (photo: Chester’s Blog)

Cloning the Macintosh

Unitron’s goal was to clone the Macintosh 512k. Many of the components were commercially available, such as the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, RAM chips, analog electronics, etc., but because of Brasil’s restrictive import laws obtaining them could be difficult. The Mac also contained several custom-design Apple chips: the “Integrated Woz Machine” floppy disk controller, a real time clock chip, and 4 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs). These all needed to be replicated.

On the software side, Unitron needed to reverse engineer the Macintosh ROM, which contained the Mac Toolbox routines, and localize the Operating System for the Brazilian market and its Portuguese speaking population.

Like many companies, Unitron undertook efforts to drum up publicity for their product while it was still in development (e.g., vaporware). Brazilian programmer Jecel Mattos de Assumpcao Jr., the creator of the Merlin project, described their first public demonstration at the 1985 National Computer Fair:

“The machines were suspended over a small artificial lake in order to keep the public at a distance. One machine was running some demo software while the other one was turned off and partially open… I guessed that the open machine, which had a board that was obviously different from Apple’s, wasn’t working yet while the working computer was probably an original Mac and not a clone at all.”

de Assumpcao Jr. noted that marketing tricks like these were a popular way for companies to test public reaction to future products.

Unitron and Mac 512k frontUnitron Mac 512 (left; photo: Chester’s Blog) vs. Apple Macintosh 512k (photo: Wired)

Unitron was able to secure a $10 million loan from the Brazilian government. With the help of several local university laboratories as well as chipmaker National Semiconductor, the group painstakingly reverse engineered the Macintosh ROM and created their own custom chips. The code was written in a mixture of C and 68k assembly language, based on specifications from the Inside Macintosh books.

Rainer Brockerhoff, a programmer on the Unitron team, discussed the endeavor:

“I was a consultant for that team and eventually did most of the Toolbox managers… everything was coded in C, except for some critical device drivers and the QuickDraw emulator which were done in Assembly language.”

Unitron faced obstacles at every turn. After obtaining their loan, the government was refusing to let them import 3.5 inch floppy disk drives and instead wanted them to adopt locally made 5.25 inch mechanisms instead. Unitron did wind up using 3.5″ mechanisms (which look like those in generic PC clones) but had to build their own floppy drive factory in order to do so.

InternalUnitronand Apple 512kInterior of Unitron Mac 512 (left; photo: Tabajara Labs) vs. Macintosh 512k interior

A year later at Brasil’s 1986 National Computer Fair, Unitron exhibited a half dozen working demos of their Mac 512. It was truly a clone of the Macintosh, right down to the case shape and beige color. Cosmetically there were only a few small differences:

• some of the keyboards came with black keys instead of beige
• the floppy disk drive was PC style, and came in a dual drive version
• the system took three 1.5V AA batteries instead of one 4.5V battery

Unitron also translated the operating system software into Portuguese, and the machine was released to the public later that year.

Rear Unitron and Apple 512kRear panel of Unitron Mac 512 (left; photo: Tabajara Labs) vs. Macintosh 512k rear panel

Incurring Apple’s Wrath

Unsurprisingly Apple’s curiosity was piqued, and they obtained a few machines. After disassembly Apple quickly disputed the fact that the ROM had been reverse engineered. They claimed instead that only a few bytes had been changed to change the checksum, but that the majority of the ROM had been copied.

Unitron disputed that claim. Some at the company thought that perhaps the machines Apple obtained for analysis were actually prototypes fitted with copies of Apple ROMs for compatibility testing, rather than production models. Whatever the situation, Apple was not happy with what they saw. To them copying the ROM was theft of Intellectual Property, and they were willing to take action to prevent that.

Motherboard Unitron 512Unitron Mac 512 motherboard (left; photo: Tabajara Labs) vs. Mac 512k motherboard

This kind of practice was not a problem specific to Apple Computer. In 1987 they joined with several other technology companies, including IBM and Microsoft, to lobby the U.S. Congress to approve a resolution imposing trade sanctions on Brazilian products if their government continued current practices. Profitable products in major industries such as shoes, textiles, orange juice, and steel would be targeted.

These were very important exports for the country, and such measures would have a widespread impact on Brasil’s economy. de Assumpcao Jr. wrote about how Apple bombarded the Brazilian press with articles describing how “nasty pirates” were going to ruin the whole economy just to make a quick buck:

“Some articles claimed that they had used a government run lab (CTI in Campinas) to crack open Apple’s chips to look at them under a microscope in order to copy them – “your tax money is being used to help commit a crime!”.

The Brazilian government was in a conflicting situation. Brockerhoff noted how at that time a special license was required to manufacture computers in Brasil:


Ultimately the potential economic impact to Brasil decided the argument. The government took action to uphold software copyrights and pressured Unitron into canceling the Mac 512 project after over 500 machines had been produced. The company took a serious financial hit and downsized to focus on industrial electronic equipment, as well as the dwindling market for Apple II clones.

The Mac 512 designs were subsequently sold to a Taiwanese company – and Apple’s lawyers shut down those efforts as well. The story of the first Macintosh clone had come to an end.

Unitron Mac 512


Many people felt that Apple’s decision not to license the Mac System Software in the 1980s and early 90s was a mistake. The forcible end of the Unitron Mac 512 left the Brazilian market wide open for PC clones, which didn’t have the same manufacturing restrictions.

In 1992 when the law was finally changed and Apple was allowed to sell in Brasil, virtually no one was familiar with the Macintosh.

For a short time starting in 1994, Apple finally decided to license the Mac OS to third party clone manufacturers. These systems were based on Apple supplied motherboards, and some of the clones were better performers than Apple’s own offerings. PowerComputing was the most successful of the lot, which also included Motorola, Radius and Umax. But rather than expanding the overall Mac market, the clones began to take system sales away from Apple’s own high end offerings.

Steve Jobs killed the clones when he returned to the company in 1997, buying PowerComputing outright to stop the sales cannibalization. Apple has not licensed the Mac OS nor allowed any companies to manufacture Apple compatible hardware ever since.


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