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Thomas Claburn
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Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why

Apple challenges Google and Microsoft with free software.

Apple iOS 7: Visual Tour
Apple iOS 7: Visual Tour
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Apple, often disparaged for its premium pricing, answered its critics by offering updates to its OS X desktop operating system, its iLife creative apps and its iWork productivity apps for free.

This was the most surprising aspect of the company's media event Tuesday, at which Apple introduced improved versions of its iPad, iPad Mini and MacBook Pro, in addition to previewing its redesigned Mac Pro desktop workstation, slated to ship in December.

Apple is not known for charitably foregoing opportunities to profit. When co-founder Steve Jobs returned to Apple in the mid-90s to resume his leadership of the company, he did his best to restore Apple's revenue stream, and he did so with profit margins that remain the envy of competitors. Thus we have the $29 Apple Lightning to 30-Pin Adapter, something that a Chinese manufacturer could make for a few dollars if Apple allowed it.

But charging for subscription services like .Mac (2002-2008) and later MobileMe (2008-2011) has proven to be more problematic with consumers than overpriced peripherals, because those online services were overpriced compared to alternatives and didn't perform well enough to justify the cost.

On the Web, free is the price to beat. As a 2007 study from researchers at Duke University, MIT and the University of Toronto noted, "people appear to act as if zero pricing of a good not only decreases its cost, but also adds to its beneﬁts." In other words, offering a product for free magnifies its perceived value.

Here are five other reasons Apple is embracing free.

1. Apple Must Respond To Google

No wonder it's hard to compete against free, which is to say Google. Since coming to dominate the world of online advertising a decade ago, Google has used its ad revenue to subsidize its software and services, much of which it offers at no charge. Other online companies, such as Facebook, have also seen the light.

The trend was astutely skewered in Elvis Costello's acerbic song "No Hiding Place" (2008) about the diminution of privacy. He sang, "In the not very distant future / Where everything will be free / There won't be any cute secrets / Let alone any novelty."

[ In Apple's model, hardware is still premium priced. Read Apple's New iPads: Worth The Price? ]

Everything isn't free yet, but Apple evidently sees the need to get with the program. Google wasn't always a threat. Then came Google Apps and Gmail, Android and Google Play, Chrome and Chrome OS. The playbook that Apple used to thrive in the shadow of Microsoft needs to be rewritten.

2. Software Costs Nothing

If China tries to sell steel below cost, the U.S. may accuse it of predatory pricing or dumping. Software doesn't work that way. When Apple decides to give away its OS X Mavericks, the iLife apps and iWork apps, while taking a swipe at Microsoft for charging customers for software, that's just the way the game is played.

Google's fondness for free isn't the only factor in Apple's decision. Free open source software has long put pressure on software developers who would sell their code. And then there's the inherent absurdity of paying over and over again for the same basic functionality. Microsoft Word first appeared on the Mac in 1985. Despite the various bells and whistles added over the years, it remains at its core a word processing program, something that really ought to be a commodity by now. Imagine a typewriter that you had to buy every two years; you get the picture.

Apple itself has been instrumental in driving the cost of consumer software down. It dropped the price of what were once known as pro apps like Final Cut Pro from $1,000 to $300 when it shifted to distribution through its Mac App Store. The iTunes App Store has seen the average price of iOS apps fall over time. In 2010, 84% of apps were free, according to metrics firm Flurry. As of April 2013, 90% were free and the average iOS app price was $0.19. For Android apps, the average price at the time was $0.06.

In the not very distant future, software will be free, and revenue will come from in-app purchasing and advertising. For many developers, the future is now.

The world of free online services, however, comes with a cost to individuals and businesses. Individuals pay by surrendering their time, attention, bandwidth and personal information to advertising firms and by working as unpaid creators of social networking content that will frame ads or become advertising itself. Businesses pay by undermining the viability of traditional business models.

Earlier this month, Dan Counsell, founder of Realmac Software, lamented that the pricing expectations created by Apple's Mac App Store were unsustainable for his company and declared that the $50 his company is asking for its Ember graphic design app represents a fair price. "If companies keep selling software at bargain basement prices without a large enough market, it doesn't end well -- they go out of business and if that happens, the very people who love great apps lose too," he wrote.

Apple CEO Tim Cook remarked on Tuesday that his company had paid out $13 billion to iOS developers since the App Store opened. In August, Forbes estimated that over a year, the average revenue per iOS app comes to $4,000 and the average revenue for an iOS developer comes to just over $21,000. A 2011 survey found that only 25% of iOS developers had earned more than $30,000 lifetime total revenue selling games on the App Store. Cook's claim would sound less impressive if it were framed with words like, "A quarter of our developers earn enough to live on."

Perhaps software costs next to nothing because it's mostly worth nothing -- few apps are indispensable. Or maybe it's that Apple benefits disproportionately to the value it returns to its developers -- Google's Chrome Web Store gets by with 10% of revenue rather than 30%. Either way, the real money flows to Apple and other platform operators, to those that collect a percentage of every sale and sell gold-rush dreams to developers.

3. Apple's Future Is Cloudy

Consumers may no longer want to pay for content, whether that's software, music or other forms of media. But they'll pay to store their free digital assets, their photos and their files. By giving away OS X Mavericks, iLife and iWork, as it does with its iOS updates, Apple encourages customer engagement with its iCloud services. Apple has made iCloud into its version of Google Apps, Google Drive and Gmail.

As a result, Apple can look forward to a growing revenue stream from subscription services like storage and digital content sales. And hardware upgrades become almost painless when user data lives in the cloud instead of on the device. Apple already earns almost as much from iTunes/software/services as it does from selling Macs. Its iTunes service business grew 25% year-on-year in Q3 2013, while its Mac business slipped 1% during the same period.

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User Rank: Ninja
11/4/2013 | 5:10:07 PM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why

free means you can take the OS and install it on any x86_64 hardware

[Citation Needed]

It's free - it costs the user nothing to upgrade. I'm very interested to see two comments here saying that "free" must mean that it works on any x86 hardware they have lying around; why does that have to be a condition of being free?

There's a separate question here which is whether, given that OS/X only runs on Apple's hardware, the OS upgrades should have been zero cost all along. I have a vague memory that this was Sun's model back in the day - Solaris at one point only ran on their Sparc hardware, so they didn't bother much with licensing as you had to buy their hardware to use it, and that's where they made the money.
User Rank: Ninja
10/28/2013 | 2:08:05 AM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
I wish Microsoft will follow suit with Windows and Office, like they already do in China (insert a sarcasm symbol here).
Seriously, they could try to do that with Windows 8.2 or the next version name is gonna be.
I will update immediately. Perhaps I won't be in the minority.
User Rank: Apprentice
10/27/2013 | 5:51:46 AM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
So GǪ I went to the Cadillac dealership for their new, improved fuel injection system. Put it on my car but it just wouldn't run. I went back and COMPLAINED GǪ "Hey why won't your new fuel injection system work on my 1996 Dodge? It IS a CAR!!
User Rank: Strategist
10/27/2013 | 12:48:30 AM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
Stop calling this upgrade 'free'. It only works on specific Intel processors and quite a few features only work on Apple hardware. Yes, there is no charge, but free means you can take the OS and install it on any x86_64 hardware - no such thing. And after paying already exorbitant prices for 'Apple' hardware that costs a small fraction when bought off the shelf the least they can do is throw in an OS upgrade without charge.

There is not much money made for Apply by selling OS upgrades, but there is a huge savings in getting people off old versions.It is much cheaper for Apple to give updates away and cut support periods. Rather focusing on supporting various versions it may get reduced to the current one and the last one, nothing else.
Apple in the business to make money and everything they do (as most other companies) is purely for maximizing profits. One way is asking insane prices - and Apple already does that - and the other way is cutting expenses. Of course, it also helps that naive and gullible journalists write that "Mavericks is free" although it is far from it!!
User Rank: Moderator
10/26/2013 | 6:53:16 PM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
The thing is that Apple is a hardware vendor, so it doesn't need to rely on the upgrade cycle to make money in the way MS does. Thus, it may well be that it will save more money in tech support by offering free system upgrades than it will lose by giving them away.

But what Apple appears to be contemplating is definitely not free software as Richard Stallman would define it.
D. Henschen
D. Henschen,
User Rank: Author
10/25/2013 | 6:58:51 PM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
Hopefully they've improved on iWork. I paid for it three or four years ago when I replaced a Windows PC with a Macbook Pro, but I didn't find it to be very easy or intuitive. For example, the word processing app didn't default to 8.5 x 11 page format, and when you started typing up a document, the default font setting was impossibly small. You had to learn how to format a document and its properties before you be productive. I'm sure they fixed all that ages ago, but it was Apple's chance to get me off Word four years ago.

I had the same too-much-to-learn experience with Open Office. I'm sure in both cases I would have quickly picked up on the new norms had I stuck with it, but my company made it too easy to use the Office Suite on my work laptop and my wife, who is a teacher, was constantly having to deal with Office documents submitted by students. Personally and professionally it was a non-starter.
Ramon S
Ramon S,
User Rank: Apprentice
10/25/2013 | 11:48:04 AM
re: Apple Embraces Free: 5 Reasons Why
Free is quite a stretch because OS X 10.9 apparently only works on Apple hardware or as virtual machine on systems that must have an Intel processor. When I think free then I expect to take any x86_64 UEFI compatible system and at least install 10.9 on it. I can understand some peripheral hardware to not work due to lack of drivers, but at least the OS should boot.
That said, as long as OS X is tied to Apple hardware there is really nothing free about it and charging for a dot release is just bad business. At least Apple got that straightened out.
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