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Demographics of France

Demographics of France

With a total fertility rate of 2.02 (in 2008),[1] France is the most fertile country in the European Union. This article is about the demographic features of the population of France, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspect. As of January 1, 2009, 65,073,482 people live in the French Republic.[1] 62,448,977 of these live in metropolitan France,[2] whereas 2,624,505 live in the French overseas departments and territories. At the beginning of the twentieth century, France’s population was low compared to its neighbours, and to its past history. However, the country’s population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II. During the Trente Glorieuses (1945-1974), the country’s reconstruction and steady economic growth led to the labor-immigration of the 1960s, when many employers found manpower in villages located in Southern Europe and in the Maghreb (or North Africa). French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and Indochina, to mainland France. 1.6 million European pieds noirs migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.[3] In the 1970s, over 30,000 French colons left Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime as the

Population density in the French Republic at the 1999 census. All territories are shown at the same geographic scale. Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. However, after the 1973 energy crisis, laws limiting immigration were passed. In addition, the country’s birth rate dropped significantly during this time. Since the 1980s, France has ceased being a country of mass immigration. Meanwhile, the national birth rate, after continuing to drop for a time, began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country’s fertility rate is close to the replacement level. In recent years, immigrants have accounted for one quarter of the population growth - a lower proportion than in most other European countries. According to an INSEE 2006 study, "The natural increase is close to


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Year 50 BC 0 120 400 850 1226 1345 1400 1457 1580 1594 1600 1670 1700 1715 1740 1792 1801 Population 2,500,000 5,500,000 7,200,000 5,500,000 7,000,000 16,000,000 20,200,000 16,600,000 19,700,000 20,000,000 18,500,000 20,000,000 18,000,000 21,000,000 19,200,000 24,600,000 28,000,000 29,361,000 Year 1806 1811 1816 1821 1826 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851 1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 Population 29,648,000 30,271,000 30,573,000 31,578,000 32,665,000 33,595,000 34,293,000 34,912,000 36,097,000 36,472,000 36,715,000 37,386,000 38,067,000 37,653,000 38,438,000 39,239,000 39,783,000 39,946,000 Year 1896 1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954 1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2009

Demographics of France
Population 40,158,000 40,681,000 41,067,000 41,415,000 39,108,000 40,581,000 41,524,000 41,502,000 40,506,639 42,777,162 46,519,997 49,780,543 52,655,864 54,334,871 56,615,155 58,518,395 61,399,541 62,448,977 (*)[2]

300,000 persons, a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years. Net migration is estimated at 93,600 persons, slightly more than in 2005." [1]

(*) Note: • 62,448,977 total without overseas departments and territories. • 65,073,482 total with overseas departments and territories.[1]

Historical population of metropolitan France
Please note:

Historical overview
1800 to 20th century
Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been extremely atypical in the Western World. Unlike the rest of Europe, France did not experience a strong population growth in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century. The birth rate in France diminished much earlier than in the rest of Europe. Consequently, population growth was quite slow in the 19th century, and the nadir was reached in the first half of the 20th century when France, surrounded by the rapidly growing populations of Germany and the United Kingdom, experienced virtually zero growth. This, and the bloody losses in France’s population due to the First World War, may explain the sudden collapse of France in 1940 during the Second World War. France was often perceived as a


figures are for metropolitan France only, excluding overseas departments and territories, as well as former French colonies and protectorates. Algeria and its départements, although they were an integral part of metropolitan France until 1962, are not included in the figures.


to make comparisons easier, figures provided below are for the territory of metropolitan France within the borders of 2004. This was the real territory of France from 1860 to 1871, and again since 1919. Figures before 1860 have been adjusted to include Savoie and Nice, which only became part of France in 1860. Figures between 1795 and 1815 do not include the French départements in modern day Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, although they were an integral part of France during that period. Figures between 1871 and 1919 have been adjusted to include Alsace and part of Lorraine, which both were at the time part of the German Empire.


figures before 1801 are modern estimates; figures from 1801 (included) onwards are based on the official French censuses.


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country irrecoverable from decline. At the time, racist theories were quite popular, and the dramatic demographic decline of France was often attributed (particularly in Nazi Germany, and also in some conservative circles in England and elsewhere) to the genetic characteristics of the "French race", a race destined to fail in the face of the Germanic and Anglo-Saxon "races". In addition, the slow growth of France’s population in the 19th century was reflected in the country’s very low emigration rate. While millions of people from all other parts of Europe moved to the Americas, few French did so. Most people in the United States of French extraction are descended from immigrants from rapidly-growing French Canada.

Demographics of France
country experienced after 1800 made it lose this advantage.

After World War II
After 1947 however, France suddenly underwent a demographic recovery that no one could have foreseen. It is a fact that in the 1930s the French government, alarmed by the decline of France’s population, had passed laws to boost the birth rate, giving state benefits to families with children. Nonetheless, no one can quite satisfactorily explain this sudden and unexpected recovery in the demography of France, which was often portrayed as a "miracle" inside France. This demographic recovery was again atypical in the Western World, in the sense that although the rest of the Western World experienced a baby boom immediately after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and above all it lasted longer than in most other countries of the Western World (the United States being one of the few exceptions). In the 1950s and 1960s France enjoyed a population growth of 1% a year, which is the highest growth in the history of France, not even matched in the best periods of the 18th or 19th centuries. Since 1975, France’s population growth has significantly diminished, being more in tune with the rest of Europe, but it still remains slightly faster than in the rest of Europe, and much faster than during the end of the 19th century or the first half of the 20th century. At the turn of the millennium, population growth in France is the fastest of Europe, matched only by Ireland and the Netherlands. However, it is significantly slower than in North America, where population trends have diverged from Europe since the 1970s. The ranking below will help understand the past, present, and future weight of France’s population in Europe and in the world:
(historical borders) populations are counted in the 2004

Two centuries of population growth To better understand the demographic decline of France, it should be noted that France was historically the largest nation of Europe. During the 17th century one fifth of Europe’s population was French (and more than one quarter during the Middle Ages). Between 1815 and 2000, if the population of France had grown at the same rate as the population of Germany during the same time period, France’s population would be 110 million today -- and this doesn’t take into account the fact that a large chunk of Germany’s population growth was siphoned off by emigration to the Americas. If it had grown at the same rate as England and Wales (who were also siphoned off by emigration to the Americas, Australia and New Zealand), France’s population could be anywhere up to 150 million today. And if we start the comparison at the time of King Louis XIV (the Sun King), then France would in fact have the same population as the United States. While France had been very powerful in Europe at the time of Louis XIV or Napoleon, the demographic decline the

• until 1795 metropolitan France was the most populous country of Europe, above even Russia, and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India • between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France was the second most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, and the


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fourth most populous country in the world, behind China, India, and Russia • between 1866 and 1911, metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany • between 1911 and 1931, metropolitan France was the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom • between 1931 and 1991, metropolitan France was the fifth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy • between 1991 and 2000, metropolitan France recovered its rank as the fourth most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, Germany, and the United Kingdom • since 2000, metropolitan France has recovered its rank as the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Worldwide, France’s ranking has fallen to twentieth most populous country. • if current demographic trends continue (i.e. declining population in Germany, and slightly rising population in France), around 2050 metropolitan France could become again the second most populous country of Europe behind Russia. Note that in above data, Turkey is not regarded as a European country.

Demographics of France
immigration was seen as unnecessary while it was also undesirable to the vast majority of their populations. Armenians immigrated to France after the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The majority of immigrants in the 1920s and 1930s came from southern Europe: Greeks, Italians, Yugoslavs, Portuguese and Spaniards, but also Eastern Europeans: Poles, Russians, Hungarians and Czechoslovaks; and Belgians (nationality, but composed of both French and Fleming-Dutch elements) and the first wave of colonial French subjects from Africa and Asia. By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some half-million Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France.[4] At this time, Judaism was the second most populous religion in France, as it had been for centuries. However, this would soon change . Local populations often opposed immigrant manpower, leading to occasional outbursts of violence. The worst of these was a pogrom against Italian workers who worked in the salt evaporation ponds of Peccais erupted in Aigues-Mortes in 1893, killing nine and injuring hundreds on the Italian side.[5]

After World War II
After World War II, the French fertility rate rebounded considerably, as was explained above, but economic growth in France was so high that new immigrants had nonetheless to be brought into the country. This time the majority of immigrants were Portuguese as well as Arabs and Berbers from North Africa. The first wave arrived in the 1950s, but the major arrivals happened in the 1960s and 1970s. More than 1 million people from the Maghreb immigrated in the 1960s and early 1970s from North Africa, especially Algeria (following the end of French rule there). One million European pieds noirs also migrated from Algeria in 1962 and the following years, due to the chaotic independence of Algeria.[6] This is a focal point of the current turbulent relationship of France and over three million French of Algerian descent, a small percentage of whom are third-or fourth-generation French. In the late 1970s, due to the end of high economic growth in France, immigration policies were considerably tightened, starting with the Pasqua laws passed in the late 1980s. New immigrants were allowed only through the family reunion schemes (wives

Before World War II
In the twentieth century, France exhibited a high rate of immigration. Immigration was particularly high in the 1920s and 1930s. France was the European country which suffered the most from World War I, with respect to the size of its population, losing 1.4 million young men out of a total population of 40 million. France was also at the time the European country with the lowest fertility rate, which meant that the country had a very hard time recovering from the heavy losses of the war. France had to open its doors to immigration, which was the only way to prevent population decline between the two world wars. At the time France was the only European country with mass immigration. The other European countries, such as the UK or Germany, still had high fertility rates, so


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and children moving to France to live with their husband or father already living in France), or as political asylum seekers. Illegal immigration thus developed. Nonetheless, immigration rates in the 1980s and 1990s were much lower than in the 1960s and 1970s, especially compared to other European countries. The regions of emigrations also widened, with new immigrants now coming from sub-saharan Africa and Asia. And in the 1970s, a small but well publicized wave of Chilean and Argentine political refugees (see Chilean coup of 1973) found asylum in France. Ethnic Vietnamese started to become visible after the massive influx of refugees after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The expulsions of ethnic Chinese from Vietnam in the 1970s led to a wave of immigration and the settlement of the high-rise neighbourhood near the Porte d’Italie, where Paris’ Chinatown is located. Located in the 13th arrondissement, the area contains many ethnic Chinese inhabitants predominantly living in high-rise apartments.[7] The large-scale immigration from Islamic countries sparked controversy in France. Nevertherless, according to Justin Vaïsse, professor at Sciences Po Paris, in spite of obstacles and spectacular failures like the riots in November 2005, integration of muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution [8] and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%[9]. According to Emmanuel Todd the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria[10][11].

Demographics of France
As of 2006, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 4.9 million foreign-born immigrants live in France (8% of the country’s population) [2]: The number of French citizens with foreign origins is generally thought to be around 6.7 million [3] according to the 1999 Census conducted by INSEE, which ultimately represents one tenth of the country’s population. (Ranked by the largest national groups, above 60,000 persons). Most of the population from immigrant stock is of European descent (mainly from Italy, Spain, and Portugal as well as Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and the former Yugoslavia) although France has a sizeable population of Arabs and Africans from its former colonies, the proportion of immigrants in France is on par with other European nations such as the United Kingdom (8%) [4], Germany (9%) [5], the Netherlands (18%) [6], Sweden (13%) [7] and Switzerland (19%) [8]. Outside of Europe and North Africa, the highest rate of immigration is from Vietnam, Cambodia and Senegal. According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher at INED, it is very difficult to estimate the number of French immigrants or born to immigrants, because of the absence of official statistics. Only three surveys have been conducted: in 1927, 1942, and 1986 respectively. According to a 2004 study, there were approximatively 14 million persons of foreign ancestry, defined as either immigrants or people with at least one parent, grandparent, or great-parent emigreé. 5.2 million of these people were from South-European ascendency (Italy, Spain, Portugal and former Yugoslavia); and 3 million come from the Maghreb (North Africa).[12] Immigrants from the Maghreb are commonly referred to as beur, a verlan slang term derived from the word arabe (French for Arab).[13] In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.[14] In 2005, immigration level fell slightly to 135,890.[15] The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While the UK (along with Ireland and Sweden ) did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration. In the 2000s, the net migration rate was estimated to be 0.66 migrants per 1,000 population a year [9]. This is a very low rate of immigration compared to other European

Today Immigrants


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countries, the USA or Canada. Since the beginning of the 1990s, France has been attempting to curb immigration, first with the Pasqua laws, followed by both right-wing and socialist-issued laws. The immigration rate is currently lower than in other European countries such as United Kingdom and Spain; however, some say it is doubtful that the policies in themselves account for such a change. Again, as in the 1920s and 1930s, France stands in contrast with the rest of Europe. Back in the 1920s and 1930s, when European countries had a high fertility rate, France had a low fertility rate and had to open its doors to immigration to avoid population decline. Today, it is the rest of Europe that has very low fertility rates, and countries like Germany or Spain avoid population decline only through immigration. In France, however, fertility rate is still fairly high for European standards, in fact the highest in Europe after Ireland (the E.U.) and Albania (perhaps higher than Ireland’s), and so most population growth is due to natural increase, unlike in the other European countries. This difference in immigration trends is also because the labor market in France is currently less dynamic than in other countries such as the UK, Ireland or Spain, this may even be a more relevant factor than low birth rates (because Ireland has both the highest fertility and the highest net immigration rate in Europe, whereas Eastern European countries such as Russia, Poland, Hungary and the Ukraine have both a low fertility and a high net emigration rate, as well as a high unemployment rate). For example, according to the UK Office for National Statistics, in the three years between July 2001 and July 2004 the population of the UK increased by 721,500 inhabitants, of which 242,800 (34%) was due to natural increase, and 478,500 (66%) to immigration.[16] According to the INSEE, in the three years between January 2001 and January 2004 the population of Metropolitan France increased by 1,057,000 inhabitants, of which 678,000 (64%) was due to natural increase, and 379,500 (36%) to immigration.[17] The latest 2008 demographic statistics have been released, and France’s birth and fertility rates have continued to rise. The fertility rate increased to 2.02 in 2008[1] and for the first time approaches the fertility rate of the United States.

Demographics of France

France has not collected religious or ethnic data in its censuses since the beginning of the Third Republic, but the country’s predominant faith has been Roman Catholicism since the early Middle Ages. Church attendance is fairly low, however, and the proportion of the population that is not religious has grown over the past century. A 2004 IFOP survey tallied that 44% of the French people do not believe in God; contrast with 20% in 1947 [10]. A study by the CSA Institute conducted in 2003 with a sample of 18,000 people found that 27% consider themselves atheists, and 65.3% Roman Catholic compared to 67% in 2001. Furthermore 12.7% (8,065,000 people) belonged to some other religion. There are an estimated 5-6 million Muslims[18], 1 million Protestants, 500-600,000 Jews, 600,000 Buddhists, and 150,000 Orthodox Christians as of 2000 figures. The last figure does not appear to include high numbers of Apostolic Armenians present in the country’s two main conurbations. The US State Department’s International Religious Freedom Report 2004 .[11] estimated the French Hindu population at 181,312. These studies did not ask the respondants if they were practicing or how often they did practice if they were active in the laity.

France is said to be experiencing a new baby boom due to the rise in fertility rate and in births. • Total fertility rate: 2.02 children born per woman for metropolitan France and the overseas departments (in 2008),[1] 2.00 for metropolitan France alone (in 2008).[19] • Mean age of women having their first birth: 29.9 years-old.[1] The total fertility rates (TFR) for metropolitan France yearwise is given below. (Sources: [12], [13], and [14]) The table below gives the average number of children according to the place of birth of women. An immigrant woman is a woman who was born outside of France and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Source French-Wikipedia


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Year 1960 1964 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Year Births 819,951 877,800 850,381 881,284 877,506 857,186 801,218 745,065 800,376 768,431 762,407 759,100 743,658 711,610 710,993 Births TFR 2.74 2.91 2.48 2.50 2.42 2.31 2.11 1.93 1.95 1.81 1.78 1.77 1.73 1.66 1.66 TFR Year Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Demographics of France
Births 729,609 734,338 726,768 738,080 744,791 774,782 770,945 761,630 761,464 767,816 774,355 796,896 785,985 801,000 Births TFR 1.71 1.73 1.73 1.76 1.79 1.87 1.88 1.86 1.87 1.90 1.92 1.98 1.96 2.00 TFR

Average number of children in France (1991-1998) All women living in metro- 1.74 politan France Women born in Metropolit- 1.70 an France Immigrant women Women born in overseas France Immigrant women (country of birth) Spain Italy Portugal Other EU Turkey Other Europe Algeria Morocco Tunisia Other Africa Asia (Mostly China) 1.52 1.60 1.96 1.66 3.21 1.68 2.57 2.97 2.90 2.86 1.77 2.16 1.86

Average number of children in country of origin (1990-1999)

1.23 1.24 1.49 1.44 1.92 1.41 3.64 3.28 2.73 5.89 2.85 2.54

The Americas and Oceania 2.00


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Demographics of France
ethnological origins of the French people. Note the French government does not officially classify people by race or ethnicity, in order to encourage integration, assimilation and patriotic unity of all French people regardless of ethnic and national origins as policy since the French Revolution. The modern "ethnic" French are descendants of 3 major divisions of "racial" or ethnological groups of white Europeans: Indigenous Celts known as the Gaul and the term "Gallic" of French pride, the Romans from the Italian Peninsula who brought in the Latin language which became the base for French, and finally the Franks of West Germanic origins who established the Frankish kingdom, later known as France. An estimate of 10 million French citizens or about one-sixth of the population is of ethnic or national non-French origins. Of European ethnicity, the most prolific are the Italians who make up approximately 10 percent of the population in France. [15] This was due to the most part of Italian immigration stemming from the 16th to the early 20th century. As a result some 10% of French people have some distant or recent Italian origins. Other large European groups are Germans, Spaniards, Portuguese, Polish, and Greek. Also, due to more recent immigration, a total of 3 - 4 million Arab-Berber people and approximately half-million Turks inhabit France.

Languages Education

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population Age structure Median age Population Growth Rate Birth rate Death rate Net migration rate Sex ratio Infant mortality rate Life expectancy at birth Total fertility rate HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS Nationality
plural noun: Frenchmen (for males) and Frenchwomen (for females)

Note they are estimates in the 2001 French Census, since the French government forbids collective data of individuals’ religious faith. Roman Catholic 51 %, unaffiliated (Theist, Agnostic or Atheist) 31%, Muslims 4%, Protestant (Calvinist, Lutheran, Anglican and Evangelical) 3%, Jewish 1% - the largest post-WWII European Jewish community, Eastern Orthodox (Greek and Armenian) 1%, Eastern religions (Hindu and Buddhist) 1% introduced to France, and pagan 1%rapid growth of Neo-Pagan religions of Celtic rites[21] Overseas departments and territories: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, pagan and atheist.

Ethnic groups
As officially stated by the French government and 2001 French Census reports on the


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Demographics of France
[10] Emmanuel Todd, Le destin des immigrés: assimilation et ségrégation dans les démocraties occidentales, Paris, 1994, p.307 [11] Many famous french people like Edith Piaf, Zinedine Zidane, Isabelle Adjani, Alain Bashung, Claude Zidi, Arnaud Montebourg, Catherine Belkhodja, Jacques Villeret or Dany Boon, who has become recently the best-paid actor in European film history, are of partly algerian descent. [12] Michèle Tribalat’s 2004 study for the INED [13] Valdman, Albert (2000-05). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l’argot au français populaire". The French Review (American Association of Teachers of French) 73 (6): 1188. Retrieved on 2008-04-22. [14] Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality [15] Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections [16] UK Office for National Statistics estimate [17] INSEE pdf estimates [18] In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of Muslims as 5-6 million whereas the "Front National" spoke about 8 million, in Jonathan Laurence and Justin Vaïsse,Intégrer l’Islam, Odile Jacob, 2007 [19] INSEE, Government of France. "Tabc3 Tableau complémentaire 3 : Taux de fécondité par groupe d’âges". ip1220.xls. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. (French) [20] ^ INSEE, Bilan démographique 2007 Mortalité [21] As per a CSA Study (Dec 2006)

overseas departments: French, Créole patois adjective: French

[1] ^ INSEE, Government of France. "Bilan démographique 2008". document.asp?ref_id=IP1220&reg_id=0. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. (French) [2] ^ INSEE, Government of France. "Pyramide des âges au 1er janvier 2009 France métropolitaine". pdf/pyramide-des-ages-2009.xls. Retrieved on 2009-01-13. (French) [3] For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures [4] Spanish Civil War fighters look back, BBC News, February 23, 2003 [5] Enzo Barnabà, Le sang des marais, Marseille, 1993 [6] On French immigrants, the words left unsaid [7] Smith, Craig S. Face behind Paris ’bistro’ counter becomes Asian. International Herald Tribune, 10 May 2005. [8] Unrest in France, November 2005 : immigration, islam and the challenge of integration, Justin Vaïsse, Presentation to Congressional Staff, January 10 and 12, 2006, Washington, DC [9] "Compared with the Europeans, the Tunisians belong to a much more recent wave of migration and occupy a much less favourable socioeconomic position, yet their pattern of marriage behaviour is nonetheless similar (...). Algerian and Moroccan immigrants have a higher propensity to exogamy than Asians or Portuguese but a much weaker labour market position. (...) Confirming the results from other analyses of immigrant assimilation in France, this study shows that North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration (reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy, notably for Tunisians) that contrasts with a persistent disadvantage in the labour market.", Intermarriage and assimilation: disparities in levels of exogamy among immigrants in France, Mirna Safi, Volume 63 2008/2

See also
• French people - officially a nationality, also discusses overseas French descendants. • List of French people • Racism by country - Racism in Europe Article on race relations in France • List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population • INSEE code


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• Pied-noirs, the name for French settlers in Algeria • Franco-Mauritian • Franco-Réunionnaise • Caldoches • Population of Paris • Jews in France • French immigration to Puerto Rico • French Canadian • French American

Demographics of France
• Demographic Profile France: Liberté, Égalité, Fertilité - Allianz Knowledge Site, February 2008 • (French) Audio book (mp3) - Introduction and first chapter of Éric Maurin’s book Le ghetto français, enquête sur le séparatisme social • (French) Population of French communes with more than 2,000 inhabitants • (French) Une question de la seconde génération en France - Le rôle de l’école dans la formation d’une identité minoritaire, par Patrick Simon • France opens first museum dedicated to the history of immigration

External links
• Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality, by year

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