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fortune than the former; for when he had taken Rome, Sienna, the whole of La Marca and Romagna, and had only Florence itself to vanquish, he died.  Thus death has always been more favorable to the Florentines than any other friend, and more potent to save them than their own valor.  From the time of the king’s decease, peace was preserved both at home and abroad for eight years, at the end of which, with the wars of Filippo, duke of Milan, the spirit of faction again broke out, and was only appeased by the ruin of that government which continued from 1381 to 1434, had conducted with great glory so many enterprises; acquired Arezzo, Pisa, Cortona, Leghorn, and Monte Pulciano; and would have accomplished more if the citizens had lived in unity, and had not revived former factions; as in the following book will be particularly shown.



License and Slavery peculiar defects in republican governments—­Application of this reflection to the state of Florence—­Giovanni di Bicci di’ Medici re-establishes the authority of his family—­Filippo Visconti, duke of Milan, endeavors to make amicable arrangements with the Florentines—­Their jealousy of him—­Precautionary measures against him—­War declared—­The Florentines are routed by the ducal forces.


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