prothallium,  the small, green, heart-shaped structure (gametophyte) of a fern that produces both male and female sex cells (gametes). The prothallium forms from a spore. After fertilization, a young sporophyte plant develops; it consists of a primary root, primary leaf, the rudiment of a new stem, and an organ, called a foot, that absorbs food from the gametophyte.

The single prothallial cell of some fern and conifer microspores (small reproductive bodies) represents the vegetative body of the male gametophyte.