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APHG MODELS AND THEORIES - TeacherWeb Powered By Docstoc
					AP Human Geography
   Theories and Models Review
    Demographic Transition Model
   Stage One – High CBR High CDR
   Stage Two – High CBR decreasing CDR
        Rapid population growth
   Stage Three – Decreasing CBR, increasing decreasing CDR
        High life expectancy
        Slower population growth
   Stage Four – Plateauing of CBR and CDR
        High life expectancy
        Constant or decreasing NIR (population growth)
   Stage Five(?) – Post-industrial service based societies
        Negative population growth
    Epidemiological Transition Model
   Orman
   States that with development comes health
   Health becomes less of a factor as development
   Flaws – heart disease in MDCs, AIDS/HIV (in
    both LDCs and MDCs), obesity in U.S.
    impacting the rich
Gravity Model
          Uses size of location and
           distance as factors for travel
          Size of location takes
           precedent over distance
          The gravity model can be
           used to estimate:
          Traffic Flows
          Migration between two areas
          The number of people likely
           to use one central place
         Earnest Ravenstein (1885)
   1) Most migrants only travel short distances to higher
    populated areas
   2) Migrants created gaps through the flow towards the
    higher populated areas filling up space between origin and
   3) Counter-current of migration at destination
   4) Long distance migrants flock towards world cities or
    large industrial areas
   5) The natives of towns are less migratory than those of the
    rural parts of the country
   6) Females are more migratory than males
       Until recently
       Men, or couples w/o children, young adult or senior citizens, no
                          Migration Issues
   Push factors
        Things that push people to move away from a location
   Pull factors
        Things that draw people to a location
   Forced Migration
        People forced to leave a given place permanently
        Usually based on ethnicity, religion, ideology, etc.
   Refugees
        People leaving a location for fear of persecution or death
        War-torn nations, religious persecution
        Cuban refugees
   Intervening obstacles
        Things that block migration streams
   Intervening opportunities
        Things that attract people while in the migration stream
              Thomas Malthus
   Population increases geometrically
   Food production increases arithmetically
   Population growth will create a food shortage
    and this cannot keep up with the NIR
   Criticisms – technology not included, no
    mention of who controls food
    Division within a Religion
   Schism – separation of a religion into two or more
    branches due to fundamental conflicts
   Branch – major split in religious ideology within a
    specific religion. Often caused by schisms.
   Denomination – smaller division of religions based
    on less significant differences and traditions (often
    stem from regional changes and can be a result of
   Sect – small offshoots of a denomination that retain
    the origins and basic belief structure, but differ in
    organization – these can often be found as
    progressive religions
Forced and Voluntary Movements of
   Diaspora – an acculturation of a religion due to
    forced movement from one location to others
   Pilgrimage – voluntary treks to holy land or symbolic
    holy places (structures)
   Ghettos – areas created (often found in Europe) to
    house people of a given religion that is not accepted
    (ghettos can house religions who are victims of
   Religious Persecution – punishment for religious
                        Von Thunen
   Agricultural land use model
   Assumptions
       All areas are equally fertile
       No intervening physical environment
       All areas around the world are similar
   Uses BID RENT (OR LAND RENT) to figure out how
    much land will cost by calculating market value of good,
    cost of transportation to market, and production costs
   This can determine how much land will cost in each ring
    based on the each of the stated costs
   Milkshed – area surrounding the CBD or market area
    where milk can be produced (anywhere outside the ring
    milk will go bad due to travel times)
Mackinder’s Heartland Rimland
   Heartland – core of a location or continent
       Originally the core of Eurasia (Eastern Europe)
       The one who controls this region can control the world
   All heartlands share similarities (U.S. heartland vs.
    Eastern Europe vs. Central India)
   Rimland – areas surrounding heartlands
   Usually have limited access to the heartlands and
    cultures are very different
   Border sealands and/or maritime regions
   A defined area of space that includes four key features:
       Internationally recognizes borders
       Governing body
       Permanent population
       Sovereignty (governmental control of activities within the state)

    A group of people who share common cultural traits and
     are unified based on those traits (language, ethnicity,
     religion, etc.)
    National boundaries can surpass political (or state)
    Nation-State vs. Multi-nation State
   Nation-states are states that share the same
    nationality throughout the entire political
       Japan, Portugal (w/o Azores)

   Multi-nation states are states that have several
    different “nationalities” within the political
       United States, United Kingdom, Russia
   The desire to annex (or claim) territory currently occupied or governed
    by another state as one’s own due to current or historical similarities
      Ethnic or cultural ties
      Previous control of territory
      Historic Diaspora

   The ideology led by a population to unify based on a unified nationality
   Commonly used in revolutions, irredentist claims, or independence
   Purpose is usually centered around popular sovereignty and the idea that
    the citizens should be in control
     Self Determination Theory (SDT)
 Edward    Deci and Richard Ryan
  People  will naturally try to control their
   environment and the activities that take place
   within that environment
  When others take control or determine the
   fate of a given area, SDT can lead to revolt,
   coup d’etat, or irredentism
         Enclave and Exclave
 Exclave —a bounded (non-island) piece of
  territory that is part of a particular state but
  lies separated from it by the territory of
  another state
 Enclave —a piece of territory that is
  surrounded by another political unit of
  which it is not a part
    Multi-state (International Level)
   The use of political boundaries to define international
    organizations or multi-state organizations
      Soviet Union
      European Union
      United Nations
   These organizations share one or more common:
      Political interests
      Military interests (NATO)
      Economic interests
      Human interests
      Cultural interests
      Colonialism vs. Neocolonialism
   Colonialism – sovereign state takes control over an
    uninhabited or uncontrolled parcel of land and claims it as
    their own
   Imperialism – sovereign state takes control over another
    sovereign state or group of people to impose political, cultural,
    and economic values on the people (Africa, Southeast Asia,
    United States)
   Neocolonialism – current dependence of former colonies on
    the previous colonizer (sub-Saharan Africa). Also based on
    globalization and capitalist claims to resources around the
          Cultural Determinism
A   group’s culture can overcome any
  environmental obstacles if they are determined
  to do so.
 If the obstacle is too large, the group will move
  on, or continue to overcome their physical
    Examples?
      Stonehenge

      Pyramids   in Egypt
 This theory challenges environmental
  determinism and places limits on cultural
 Possibilism is the belief that while people may
  face challenges regarding physical environment,
  choices are always present as to how one can
  deal with each problem
 However, possibilists still retain the notion that
  humans can’t control all aspects of their
             Cultural Hearths
 The   center or starting point of a cultural
 Regions can be defined by hearths

 Examples?

   Vatican City

   Birth of Blues (Memphis, Tennessee)
       Cultural Diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion

Contagious diffusion

Stimulus diffusion

Expansion diffusion
 The   spread of a cultural complex or a cultural
  trait from one location to another
 The process of another culture embracing or
  adding that cultural trait to their cultural complex

 A culture is completely dominated by another culture
    Forced migration
    Imperialization
           Development Models
   Rostow’s Stages of Developmental Growth
     Traditional
     Transitional (pre-conditional takeoff)

     Takeoff

     Drive to maturity

     Mass consumption
             Core-Periphery Model
   Friedmann (1966)
   World can be divided into:
       Core: industrialized cities and areas around the world that are
        hubs for social and economic activity
       Transitional: developing areas that strive to reach core status,
        but can be left out by the power of the core
       Periphery: locations and countries that are at the mercy of
        core countries and often support the economic success of
        these areas
       Most are trying to get to transitional, but are forced to remain
     Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

   The redistribution of resources (natural or
    human) from periphery to transitional and core
   World Systems theories can help explain slow
    development, migratory patterns, economic
    advantages, etc.
        Weber – Least Cost Theroy
   Industries will naturally locate themselves in places
    where they can have the least cost of
       Distance to market
       Labor costs
       Access to resources
       Transportation
   Based on this theory, some parts of the world are likely
    to industrialize much more rapidly than others
   Some areas are likely to never industrialize
                    Hotelling’s Model
   Locational Interdependence Theory
       Agglomerations – groupings of specific industries in certain
        areas due to specificity, resources needed, and labor force
            Silicon Valley
            Rust belt
            Coal mining
   Hotelling states that companies will naturally form
    agglomerations and seek locations close to their
    competitors (think Best Buy and Circuit City)
   People will go to one or the other and this could
    maximize their market share
   Compete by service and product, NOT PRICE
             Central Place Theory
   The central place theory, originally coined by
    Walter Christaller, proposes that all settlements
    will be located near central places
       Rivers, government buildings, physical features, or
        places of interest
   The people that utilize services in this “place”
    are called the market
   The areas that surround urban areas and that
    support urban markets/activities
   Farmland, smaller rural manufacturing, etc.
   Originally meant to define areas surrounding
    ports or rivers
   Foreland = river banks and ports for shipping
   Hinterland – areas used to make products for