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Employer-worker relationship[edit]


Finding employees or employment[edit]


Workforce organizing[edit]


Ending employment[edit]


Wage labor[edit]




Wage slavery[edit]



Employment contract[edit]













United States[edit]




Labor unions[edit]




According to Swedish law,[22] there are three types of employment.



Youth Employment[edit]

Research has looked at understanding private sector led youth employment programmes that contain or are supported through temporary employment/employer placement, and not in only training. Researchers claimed that a problem rising up the international agenda involves enlarging the share of the population in employment. After looking at literature they concluded that youth employment programmes are most effective when combining elements. The most effective programmes involve the private sector with training provided both in the classroom and in work placements. The majority of interventions worldwide include a large element of such training initiatives. Wage subsidies have some incidences of fairly strong impacts. With other types of interventions like in entrepreneurship and in job placement assistance, the evidence is more mixed.[23]

Working poor[edit]

Worker, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers as poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $2 a day poverty line.[24] For instance, in India most of the chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks.[24] According to the UNRISD, increasing labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%.[24] Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity (as long as it also translates into higher wages) are needed to tackle poverty. Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "working poor", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labor market policies.[24] This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but the negative impact is beginning to show.[24] In Vietnam, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued.[24] Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s.[24]

Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across economic sectors in creating employment that reduces poverty.[24] 24 instances of growth were examined, in which 18 reduced poverty. This study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment, as manufacturing.[24] The services sector is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling.[24]

Growth, employment and poverty[24]
Number of
Growth episodes associated with falling poverty rates
Growth episodes associated with no fall in poverty rates

Models of the employment relationship[edit]




Academic literature[edit]



They found that most available literature focuses on OECD and middle-income countries somewhat, where economic growth impact has been shown to be positive on employment. The researchers didn't find sufficient evidence to conclude any impact of growth on employment in LDCs despite some pointing to the positive impact, others point to limitations. They recommended that complementary policies are necessary to ensure economic growth's positive impact on LDC employment. With trade, industry and investment, they only found limited evidence of positive impact on employment from industrial and investment policies and for others, while large bodies of evidence does exist, the exact impact remains contested.[30]

Globalization and employment relations[edit]

The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the ultimate debate in the field of employment relations.[31] By meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a continuous revolving issue in westernized societies.





Workplace democracy[edit]






Indenturing and slavery[edit]


See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

  1. ^ Stephen Dakin and J. Scott Armstrong (1989). "Predicting job performance: A comparison of expert opinion and research findings". International Journal of Forecasting 5: 187–194. 
  2. ^ J. Mayhew Wainwright (chairman) et al (1910). ﻿Report to the Legislature of the State of New York by the Commission appointed under Chapter 518 of the laws of 1909 to inquire into the question of employers' liability and other matters.﻿ (Report). J. B. Lyon Company. pp. 11,50,144. http://books.google.com/books?id=uJgyAQAAMAAJ&q=help+wanted+sign#v=snippet&q=%22help%20wanted%22%20sign&f=false.
  3. ^ Robert A. Ristau (2010). Intro to Business. Cengage Learning. p. 74. ISBN 0538740663. 
  4. ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_%26_Organizational_Assessment
  5. ^ Deakin & Wilkinson 2005.
  6. ^ Marx 1847, Chapter 2.
  7. ^ Ellerman 1992.
  8. ^ Thompson 1966, p. 599.
  9. ^ Thompson 1966, p. 912.
  10. ^ Ostergaard 1997, p. 133.
  11. ^ Lazonick 1990, p. 37.
  12. ^ "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 4 March 2013. 
  13. ^ "wage slave". dictionary.com. Retrieved 4 March 2013. 
  16. ^ Ferguson 1995.
  17. ^ "House of Reps seals 'death' of WorkChoices - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2014-02-15. 
  18. ^ "Employment (Broken Link)". 
  19. ^ "Equal Pay Act of 1963 - Wage Discrimination". 
  21. ^ "Termination". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 27 September 2012. 
  22. ^ Lag om anställningsskydd (1982:80)
  23. ^ Joseph Holden, Youth employment programmes - What can be learnt from international experience with youth employment programmes? ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES https://partnerplatform.org/?fza26891
  30. ^ a b c Yurendra Basnett and Ritwika Sen, What do empirical studies say about economic growth and job creation in developing countries? ECONOMIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PROFESSIONAL EVIDENCE AND APPLIED KNOWLEDGE SERVICES https://partnerplatform.org/?7ljwndv4


  • Acocella, Nicola (2007). Social pacts, employment and growth: a reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli’s thought. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-790-81915-1. 
  • Freeman, Richard B.; Goroff, Daniel L. (2009). Science and Engineering Careers in the United States: An Analysis of Markets and Employment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26189-8. 
  • Stone, Raymond J. (2005). Human Resource Management (5th ed.). Milton, Qld: John Wiley. pp. 412–414. ISBN 978-0470804032. 

External links[edit]