Science of Comfort

Comfort is a difficult concept to measure. At Gore, we have spent decades studying the internal and external factors of comfort, with the goal to develop innovative fabrics that endure the elements that can affect your performance.

Your Microclimate


You can’t see it, but a very thin layer of protective air — known as your microclimate —surrounds you wherever you go. We are most comfortable with a microclimate of around 90°F and a relative humidity of less than 30 percent. Even the slightest change to these levels will quickly cause you to feel uncomfortable.

But what’s good for one part of your body isn’t always good for another. In cold weather, for example, our arms and legs can be up to 45° colder than the rest of our body without causing any discomfort. And if your head is uncovered, a warm coat won’t be able to keep you comfortable because you lose more heat through your unprotected head than your entire body can produce.

Comfort Factors

You cannot control the weather or your working conditions, but wearing gear that helps control your microclimate improves your comfort tremendously. Four key factors that affect your microclimate are heat balance, the environment, activity level, and the gear you wear.

Heat Balance
Maintaining a comfortable body temperature means balancing the amount of heat transferred through your clothing.

Your body works constantly to keep your microclimate balanced. The amount of heat your body produces must match the amount it loses, or else it reacts: get too hot, you sweat; get too cold, you shiver. You can help your body maintain its temperature balance by adjusting your gear (removing or adding layers, opening and closing garments or vents) whenever possible. There are three main processes by which heat is transferred through clothing:

Being dry equals being warm — it’s that simple. When you become overheated, you begin to sweat. As your sweat evaporates, your skin cools down. However, if your clothes are not breathable, the moisture vapor from your sweat cannot escape. This causes the sweat to stay on your skin, which makes your feel damp and uncomfortable.

Sit on the cold ground in the winter, and you immediately feel the effects of conduction — the process of a cold object transferring heat away from a warmer one. Conduction happens very fast; in fact, water transfers heat up to 23 times faster than air. Cold moisture can be from rain or snow on the outside or sweat on the inside, which explains why it is just as important for a fabric to be breathable as it is to be waterproof.

Better known as windchill, convection occurs when air moves through your gear. As cold wind blows through your clothing, gloves, or boots, it robs your body of the warmth in your microclimate. This is why fabrics that are windproof help you feel warm on windy days, even though you may not have a lining in your jacket.

The Environment
Although your environment may change from day to day, you can reduce its effect on your performance.

You can’t always control the environment you operate in, but you can reduce its effect on your performance. Your environment may change from day to day — hot and sunny one day, raining the next, and snowing the next. In addition, you need protection from the real hazards you may encounter on the job — hazards such as fire, fuel, chemicals, or blood and body fluids. Your best defense is a clothing system made up of specific components that combine durable protection and comfort.

Your physical condition and activity level have a direct effect on your comfort.

Keeping your body’s temperature in balance while active is extremely important. Your personal level of comfort can be affected by your exertion level, physical condition, and perception.

Exertion Level
As you move around, your body produces heat. Excess heat makes you sweat, which creates moisture that your gear absorbs. Wet gear causes you to lose heat 23 times faster than dry gear.

Physical Condition
If you are physically fit, you will experience less discomfort and heat stress. However, if you are not in good condition, you will become uncomfortable more quickly at a similar activity level. Your physical response can affect your mental state and cause distress.

Two people in the same place and identically dressed can have very different perceptions of the temperature — as much as 10°F apart.

What you wear from head to toe influences your comfort and how you perform.

What you wear from head to toe influences how you perform. To stay comfortable and dry, your gear must protect you from water, wind, and other external liquids. At the same time, it must also allow your perspiration vapor to escape, so you don’t feel the effects of heat stress. Otherwise, your focus may shift because significant heat stress can lead to disorientation and impaired judgment.

Your garments, boots, and gloves must fit well and complement the rest of your equipment. For example, your jacket should be abrasion-resistant to withstand strap friction from a heavy pack, your gloves should be dexterous to allow you to operate your equipment easily, and your boots should be light weight so they don’t compromise your endurance.

The Right Gear

Surviving in extreme conditions isn’t just about being tough; it’s about being prepared. Whether you have to complete a mission in the mountains of Afghanistan or fight a fire in a burning building, knowing how to select the right clothing, footwear, gloves, and head gear can make a crucial difference.

Wearing the wrong clothes for your environment can make you extremely uncomfortable or compromise your safety.

Wearing layers is often the best way to balance heat and remain protected. Typical clothing systems (excluding the unique layering required for firefighters’ turnout gear) consist of three basic layers:

Base Layer
Your base layer — worn directly next to your skin — draws moisture away from your body to prevent the conductive heat loss that can cause you to feel clammy and cold. Good wicking fabrics are nonabsorbent synthetic fibers that insulate while drawing liquid away from the skin. Most natural fibers like cotton and silk do not make good base layers because they retain moisture. Wicking and breathability have different purposes. Wicking fabrics physically move liquid away from your skin, while breathable fabrics allow moisture vapor to pass through and escape from your clothing system. Both work to keep you dry, but in different ways

Worn over the base layer, your midlayer traps air and prevents heat from escaping your microclimate. This layer should fit snugly, or air will be lost each time you move. Good options for the midlayer include synthetic and woolen fabrics because they don’t soak up much water; at the same time, they retain much of their insulating ability even when wet. Firefighters’ turnout gear has a thermal barrier that acts as an insulating layer to keep heat out.

Outer Layer
The outer layer protects you and all the other layers of your clothing system. In addition to efficiently blocking the wind, water, and sun, the outer layer can provide protection against contaminants, such as blood, body fluids, and chemicals. With some fabrics, this layer may also provide protection against heat and flames.

Keeping you feet dry, whether from perspiration or the environment, is one of the best ways to protect them.

Your feet are typically the first part of your body to encounter the harsh elements of your environment — water, snow, mud, or chemicals. Each foot perspires roughly one-quarter of a cup of moisture per day while at rest. If you are active or in hot weather, each foot can sweat up to one full cup. So where does all of this moisture vapor go? It stays inside your boots if your footwear isn’t breathable. This combination of sweat and exposure to the environment can cause blisters and other foot ailments. To ensure comfort and safety on the job, you need to consider your socks and shoes as an integrated system.

If you’re active and on your feet all day, you need a sock that enhances your comfort and is absorbent and fast-drying so your feet stay dry. For improved comfort, wear lightweight polyester socks in warm weather. In winter conditions, wool keeps you warm because it is a better insulator, wet or dry. Cotton is not recommended, because it traps moisture in its fibers and takes a long time to dry.

Your footwear supports all your weight, plus the weight of your gear. A comfortable, secure fit is key. Boots are available in a variety of styles for different types of uses. To keep feet dry, choose boots that are breathable — letting perspiration out while repelling water and other hazardous fluids. You should select footwear engineered to handle the various conditions and hazards you might face.

Head Protection
Protecting your head is crucial in cold weather.

Your head plays an important role in protecting you from cold and bad weather. Because your head can release more heat than your body is capable of producing, good headwear is essential. Good headwear should also protect against outside moisture like rain and snow, and let perspiration escape so that your head stays dry.

Your hands need to stay warm, but your gloves should not get in the way of doing your job.

Your hands can sweat a lot, and they endure reduced blood circulation in cold weather. You need gloves that lock in warmth, allow sweat to escape, and ensure that outside moisture and materials don’t seep in. At the same time, gloves shouldn’t compromise your ability to do your job. If you have to remove a glove to use a tool or shoot a weapon, you probably aren’t wearing the right gloves.

In addition to dexterity, gloves are expected to provide the right degree of thermal stability, abrasion resistance, and protection from liquid penetration. Additional layers of padding in the palm and fingers should be a consideration.