

This article will introduce you to the debt collection business so you can understand the collection agency’s perspective. This should give you a better idea of what motivates debt collectors and what their incentives are, which can help smooth your interactions with them and make the process less stressful.

Key Takeaways

  • Debt collectors may work independently or for debt-collection agencies, and some are also attorneys.
  • Debt collectors get paid when they recover a delinquent debt.
  • Some collection agencies negotiate settlements with consumers for less than the amount owed.
  • In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic additional federal, state, and local rules have been put in place to protect consumers faced with debt problems.

How Does Debt Collection Work?

Debt collectors often work for debt-collection agencies, though some operate independently, and some are also attorneys. Sometimes these agencies act as middlemen, collecting customers’ delinquent debts—debts that are at least 60 days past due—and remitting them to the original creditor. The creditor pays the collector a percentage, typically 25% to 50% of the amount collected.﻿﻿ Debt collection agencies collect delinquent debts of all types: credit card, medical, automobile loans, personal loans, business, student loans, and even unpaid utility and cell phone bills.

Collection agencies tend to specialize in the types of debt they collect. For example, an agency might collect only delinquent debts of at least $200 that are less than two years old. A reputable agency will also limit its work to collecting debts that are within the statute of limitations, which varies by state.

For difficult-to-collect debts, some collection agencies also negotiate settlements with consumers for less than the amount owed. Debt collectors may also refer cases to lawyers who file lawsuits against customers who have refused to pay the collection agency. 

Agencies That Buy Debt

When the original creditor has determined that it is unlikely to collect, it will cut its losses by selling that debt to a debt buyer. Creditors package together numerous accounts with similar features and sell them as a group. Debt buyers can choose from packages of accounts that are not that old and that no other collector has worked on yet, accounts that are quite old and that other collectors have failed to collect on, and accounts that fall somewhere in between. 

Debt buyers often purchase these packages through a bidding process, paying on average 4 cents for every $1 of debt face value.﻿﻿ In other words, a debt buyer might pay $40 to purchase a delinquent account that has a balance owed of $1,000. The older the debt, the less it costs, since it is less likely to be collectable.

The type of debt also influences the price: Mortgage debt is worth more, while utility debt is worth significantly less.﻿﻿ Debt buyers keep everything they collect. Because they have purchased the debt from the original creditor, they don’t send any of the amounts collected to that creditor. 

Debt collectors get paid when they recover a delinquent debt. The more they recover, the more they earn. Old debt that is past the statute of limitations or is otherwise deemed uncollectable is bought for pennies on the dollar, potentially making collectors big profits.

What Debt Collectors Do



A debt collector has to rely on the debtor to pay and cannot seize a paycheck or reach into a bank account, even if the routing and account numbers are known, unless a judgment is obtained. That means the court orders a debtor to repay a certain amount to a particular creditor. To do this, a collection agency must take the debtor to court before the statute of limitations runs out and win a judgment against them. This judgment allows a collector to begin garnishing wages and bank accounts, but the collector must still contact the debtor's employer and bank to request the money.﻿﻿

Debt collectors also contact delinquent borrowers who have already had a judgment against them. Even when a creditor wins a judgment, it can be difficult to collect the money. Along with placing levies on bank accounts or motor vehicles, debt collectors can try placing a lien on the property or forcing the sale of an asset.

How Reputable Collectors Operate

Debt collectors have a bad reputation for harassing consumers. The Federal Trade Commission receives more complaints about debt collectors and debt buyers than other single industry.﻿﻿ The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act limits how collection agencies can collect a debt in order to keep them from being abusive, unfair, and deceptive, and there are debt collectors who are careful not to violate consumer protection laws.﻿﻿

Here’s what you can expect from a reputable collector.

In contact with debtors, a collector who behaves properly will be fair, respectful, honest, and law-abiding. After you make a written request for verification of a debt you've been contacted about, which is your legal right, the collector will suspend collection activities and send you a written notice of the amount owed, the company you owe it to, and how to pay it. If the collector can’t verify the debt, the company will stop trying to collect it from you. It will also tell the credit bureaus that the item is disputed or request that it be removed from your credit report. If the collector is working as a middleman for a creditor and doesn’t own your debt, it will notify the creditor that it has stopped trying to collect because it couldn’t verify the debt.﻿﻿ 

Collectors must also follow certain time limits, such as not reporting a debt that is more than seven years old and sending a debt validation letter within five days of the first contact with the debtor.﻿﻿ ﻿﻿

Reputable debt collectors will try to obtain accurate and complete records so they don’t pursue people who don’t really owe money. If you tell them the debt was caused by identity theft, they will make a reasonable effort to verify your claim.﻿﻿ They also won’t try to sue you for debts that are beyond the statute of limitations.﻿﻿

They will not harass or threaten you or treat you differently because of your race, sex, age, or other characteristics.﻿﻿ They will not publicize any debt you owe or try to deceive you in order to collect a debt, nor will they pretend to be law enforcement agents or threaten you with arrest.﻿﻿ They also won’t contact you before 8:00 a.m. or after 9:00 p.m. without your permission to do so.﻿﻿

Special COVID-19 Debt Protections

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic additional federal, state, and local rules have been put in place to protect consumers faced with debt problems. Sec. 4022 of the CARES Act, for example, provided foreclosure protection until May 17 for anyone with a federally backed mortgage. It still provides the opportunity for anyone with a federally backed mortgage affected by COVID-19 to request forbearance of up to 180 days with an up-to-180-day extension, which effectively also stops foreclosure since forbearance is a form of loss mitigation that prevents foreclosure so long as you comply with the agreement.﻿﻿

The CARES Act also offers forbearance protection to owners of government-backed multifamily properties and eviction protection for their tenants. Until July 25, 2020, additional eviction protection applies to anyone living in federally backed housing. Other CARES Act debt-related help includes administrative forbearance for federal student loan borrowers, protection for stimulus payment recipients, Chapter 13 bankruptcy procedures, credit reporting limits, and enhanced unemployment insurance benefits.﻿﻿

In addition to the CARES Act, other programs, including at the state and local level, offer coronavirus debt protection. One example is this Cease Debt Collection Communication letter from New York City. These programs and the helpful information they offer are not always easy to track down. Fortunately, the National Consumer Law Center has created a document listing federal and state-by-state COVID-19 protections in a variety of categories including:﻿﻿

  • Federal foreclosure and eviction suspensions; mortgage loan forbearance
  • Banking agency guidance on mortgage servicing and loan modifications
  • State limitations on foreclosures and evictions
  • Federal changes regarding appraisals
  • Student loans, other debts owed to the government
  • State actions regarding utilities and telecommunications
  • State limits on collection lawsuits, debt collection, and repossessions
  • Price gouging
  • Collection of civil and criminal debt owed to the state
  • Banking and bank-extended consumer credit
  • Bankruptcy changes
  • Fair credit reporting
  • Stopping automatic bank account payments
  • Insurance premiums
  • Health insurance coverage/limits on surprise billing
  • CARES Act employee protections
  • Advice and assistance for consumers

To access this information visit: Major Consumer Protections Announced in Response to COVID-19

The Bottom Line

Debt collection is a legitimate business. If a debt collector contacts you, it’s not necessarily the beginning of an abusive relationship. Many collectors are honest people who are just trying to do their jobs and will work with you to create a plan to help you repay your debt, whether that means a payment in full, a series of monthly payments, or even a reduced settlement.


Debts fall under a statute of limitations—what's called time-barred.﻿﻿ If you think this could be the case in your situation, do not admit to the debt or discuss any settlement without legal advice. Taking even the smallest step could void the statute of limitations and restart the clock.

Follow these rules—and know your rights—to achieve the best possible outcome for your situation.