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CAS number 98-01-1 YesY
PubChem 7362
ChemSpider 13863629 YesY
KEGG C14279 YesY
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Molecular formula C5H4O2
Molar mass 96.08 g mol−1
Appearance Colorless oil
Odor Almond-like[1]
Density 1.16 g/mL (20 °C)[2]
Melting point −37 °C; −35 °F; 236 K ([2])
Boiling point 162 °C; 324 °F; 435 K ([2])
Solubility in water 83 g/L[2]
Flash point 62 °C; 144 °F; 335 K
LD50 300–500 mg/kg (oral, mice)[3]
Related compounds
Related furan-2-carbaldehydes Hydroxymethylfurfural


Infobox references

Furfural is an organic compound derived from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The name furfural comes from the Latin word furfur, meaning bran, referring to its usual source.

Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde, with the ring structure shown at right. Its chemical formula is OC4H3CHO. It is a colorless oily liquid with the odor of almonds, but upon exposure to air samples quickly become yellow.

It is one of the components found in vanilla.


Furfural was first isolated in 1821 (published in 1832) by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who produced a small sample as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis.[4] At the time, formic acid was formed by the distillation of dead ants, and Döbereiner's ant bodies probably contained some plant matter. In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including corn, oats, bran, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid, and he determined the empirical formula (C5H4O2). In 1901, the German chemist Carl Harries deduced furfural's structure.

Except for occasional use in perfume, furfural remained a relatively obscure chemical until 1922, when the Quaker Oats Company began mass-producing it from oat hulls. Today, furfural is still produced from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs. The main countries producing furfural today are South Africa and China.


Furfural's physical properties are summarized in the table at top right. Furfural dissolves readily in most polar organic solvents, but is only slightly soluble in either water or alkanes.

Chemically, furfural participates in the same kinds of reactions as other aldehydes and other aromatic compounds. Indicating its diminished aromaticity relative to benzene, furfural is readily hydrogenated to the corresponding tetrahydrofuran derivatives. When heated above 250 °C, furfural decomposes into furan and carbon monoxide, sometimes explosively. When heated in the presence of acids, furfural irreversibly solidifies into a hard thermosetting resin.



C5H10O5 → C5H4O2 + 3 H2O

For crop residue feedstocks, between 3% and 10% of the mass of the original plant matter can be recovered as furfural, depending on the type of feedstock. Furfural and water evaporate together from the reaction mixture, and separate upon condensation. The global production capacity is about 800,000 tons as of 2012. China is the biggest supplier of furfural, and accounts for the greater part of global capacity. The other two major commercial producers are Illovo Sugar in the Republic of South Africa and Central Romana in the Dominican Republic.

In the laboratory, synthesis of furfural from corn cobs takes place by reflux with dilute sulfuric acid.[5]

The lignocellulosic residue that remains after the removal of the furfural is used to generate all the steam requirements of the furfural plant. Newer and more energy efficient plants have excess residue, which is or can be used for co-generation of electricity, cattle feed, activated carbon, mulch/fertiliser, etc.. It also has been used as a glue extender in the North American board industry.


Furfural is an important renewable, non-petroleum based, chemical feedstock. Hydrogenation of furfural provides furfuryl alcohol (FA), which is a useful chemical intermediate and which may be further hydrogenated to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). THFA is used as a nonhazardous solvent in agricultural formulations and as an adjuvant to help herbicides penetrate the leaf structure. Furfural is used to make other furan chemicals, such as furoic acid, via oxidation,[6] and furan itself via palladium catalyzed vapor phase decarbonylation.[7] Furfural is also an important chemical solvent.


Although it occurs in many foods and flavorants, furfural is toxic with an LD50 of 65 mg/kg (oral, rat).[8] It is a skin irritant and chronic skin exposure can lead to a skin allergy as well as an unusual susceptibility to sunburn.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for dermal exposures of furfural at 5 ppm, over an eight-hour time-weighted average.[1]


  1. ^ a b CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
  2. ^ a b c d Record of CAS RN 98-01-1 in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA
  3. ^ H. E. Hoydonckx, W. M. Van Rhijn, W. Van Rhijn, D. E. De Vos, P. A. Jacobs "Furfural and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_119.pub2
  4. ^ J. W. Döbereiner (1832). "Ueber die medicinische und chemische Anwendung und die vortheilhafte Darstellung der Ameisensäure". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 3 (2): 141–146. doi:10.1002/jlac.18320030206. 
  5. ^ Roger Adams and V. Voorhees (1922), "Furfural", Org. Synth. 1: 49 ; Coll. Vol. 1: 280 
  6. ^ R. J. Harrison and M. Moyle, Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.493 (1963); Vol. 36, p.36 (1956).
  7. ^ Reference 6. Ronnie Ozer, “Vapor phase decarbonylation process” WIPO Patent Application WO/2011/026059 (2011).
  8. ^ http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/

See also[edit]