Edward Albee, Judith Malina, and the Soul of Off-Broadway

The reopening of the Provincetown Playhouse helps theater (and a critic) look both backward and onward

'Don't retire," Edward Albee told me. That was my best holiday present this year: When the playwright tells the critic to keep writing—and Mr. Albee is not a famous encourager of critics—a bridge, however shaky, has been built over one of the theater's seemingly unbridgeable chasms.

I'd been needing such a bridge. Mr. Albee and I were sitting onstage at the Provincetown Playhouse on MacDougal Street, newly renovated (no comment) by NYU. Mr. Albee was on my right; on my left—and politically on most Americans' left—was Judith Malina, co-founder and artistic director of the Living Theatre.

We'd been conducting a December 19 panel on Off-Broadway's glorious heritage, in honor of the Provincetown's reopening. Mr. Albee's first play, The Zoo Story, debuted there in 1960. When he fondly recalled seeing a late-'50s Provincetown production of Auden and Isherwood's Dog Beneath the Skin, Ms. Malina floored us both by piping up, "I was in that." She remembered which role she'd played, too.

Ms. Malina, now 92, has just directed the Living Theatre's latest collaborative creation, Korach, about the rebellious Israelite who questioned Moses's leadership. She glowed with a novice's excitement as she described the light, joy, and singing with which her troupe fills this naysayer's story. When I remarked that Mr. Albee's plays aren't known for being filled with light, joy, and singing, the 85-year-old author replied crisply, "Wait till you see the two I'm working on now."

I think that's when I realized I was the oldest person onstage. I turned 65 this year—not ancient by today's standards. But, come February, I'll have been at the same post, reviewing plays for The Village Voice, for 40 years. I've had some slight (extremely slight) salary increments; the space allotted to me has crept up from a single column to a full page, but there's been no upward mobility: It isn't in the job description. A theater critic is, and stays, a theater critic, period. These kids of 85 and 92 flanking me were full of hope. What, I asked myself, did I have to hope for?


The amount of junk on Broadway should be no news. Our commercial theater has always supplied cultural junk: glorified nightclub acts, exploitable non-theater celebrities, glossy imports or safe revivals of works unrelated to our lives, forgettable musicals based on flimsy sources. (Those sources used to be old plays or novels; now they're movies. So what?) Even Spider-Man comes naturally to the street that's been musicalizing comics since The Katzenjammer Kids, 110 years ago. Broadway's great achievements (I don't deny their existence) have invariably slipped in between waves of trash and triviality. Today's economics merely mean they do so less often.

But even Broadway's high points never sufficed for the great spirits who molded Off-Broadway, including the Province-town's founders. When I asked Ms. Malina whether, starting out in the 1950s, she had been conscious of her great predecessors, I expected to hear about rebellion against their largely naturalistic approach. Instead she gazed upward, as if the spirits of O'Neill and Susan Glaspell still hovered in the Playhouse's atmosphere, and said, "We hoped we would be worthy of them."

Worthy of them. Today we don't often measure our worth against the past. Nor do we much link our theater to its great contemporaries in other artistic fields. Mr. Albee spoke feelingly of the postwar cultural ferment in which Off-Broadway had burgeoned, of the vanished Village cafés where poets and painters mingled with actors. The Zoo Story, though pure prose, sprang from that awareness of poetry. The Living Theatre's repertoire began with poets: Gertrude Stein and William Carlos Williams shared its stage with Pirandello and Brecht before outrageously innovative new works, like Kenneth H. Brown's The Brig, won the company notoriety and headed it toward its traumatic confrontation with the FBI and IRS.

Off-Broadway had long battled the law, I reminded our audience. The Provincetown itself, when O'Neill's All God's Chillun Got Wings opened in 1924, had been ringed with NYPD troops, certain that the audience would riot when they saw a black man kiss a white woman's hand. (Instead the audience bravoed the hand-kissing actor, one Paul Robeson.)

My mentioning this triggered a passionate response from our third panelist, Ozzie Rodriguez, director of La MaMa's archive, there to speak, fervently, for Ellen Stewart's astonishing decades of work. Talk of race rings bells with Ozzie, who grew up when the thought of young Latinos on Broadway was laughable. La MaMa, too, knew the reality of the police, who spent years suspecting that Ms. Stewart ran a house of ill fame. In reality she ran, and still runs, an aesthetic U.N., based on a faith in the idea of art for everybody, and of artistic talent unconstrained by nationality, race, or religion. Like Ms. Malina's and Mr. Albee's, her theater has been an innovator in form, an alterer of the transaction between performer and audience, an extender of the theater's reach into realms where tidy commercial productions don't go.

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