Lavalier microphone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A lavalier microphone mounted on a T-shirt.

A lavalier microphone or lavalier (also known as a lav, lapel mic, clip mic or personal mic) is a small electret or dynamic microphone used for television, theatre, and public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free operation. They are most commonly provided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing. The cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept in a pocket or clipped to a belt, or routed directly to the mixer or a recording device.

These miniature microphones are often supplied with a choice of push-on grilles of differing lengths that provide gentle high-frequency boost by forming a resonant cavity. A peak of approximately 6 dB at 6-8 kHz is considered beneficial for compensating loss of clarity when chest-mounted, as is a peak of a few decibels at 10–15 kHz when mounted in the hair above the forehead. This method of boosting high frequencies does not worsen noise performance, as electronic equalization would do.


Lapel microphones date from 1932.[1] Various models were made including ones with condensor diaphragms, ribbons, moving coils, and carbon buttons. The term referred to any small microphone that could be hooked into the buttonhole of the lapel of a coat. The lapel microphone offered freedom of movement.[2]

An early use of the microphone supported by a strap around the neck: telephone operator

The term lavalier originally referred to jewelry in the form of a pendant worn around the neck. Its use as the name of a type of microphone originates from the 1930s when various practical solutions to microphone use involved hanging the microphone from the neck. For instance, a Dictaphone microphone could be suspended on a belt around the neck in order to retain some degree of freedom of movement while recording one's voice onto a wax cylinder in 1941.[3] Telephone operators and air traffic controllers used microphones resting on the chest and secured by a strap around the neck. In the 1950s, some microphone models were designed to be hung on a string around the neck.[4] In 1953, Electro-Voice introduced the Model 647A, a small omnidirectional dynamic microphone fitted with a cord to go around the neck.[5] The body of the 647A was lightweight at 2 ounces (57 g), and relatively small at .75 inches (19 mm) in diameter and 3.63 inches (92 mm) in length.[6] In 1954, Shure Brothers offered the larger 530 Slendyne which could be handheld, mounted on microphone stand, or worn around the neck on a "lavalier cord".[7]

Mounting techniques[edit]

Lavalier microphones are attached differently depending on the nature of their use. For instance, in theater applications where the microphone is used to amplify an actor or a singer's voice, lavs are typically concealed in their hair. This eliminates the possibility of scratching against their clothing while they move, which would result in the amplification of the scratching sounds as well. It also adds to the suspension of disbelief, since the characters themselves would not be wearing microphones, especially if the plot is set in a time before lavalier microphones existed. Occasionally, specially-designed skin-color headsets known as "headworn microphones" are used in stage applications when actors spend a good deal of their performance singing and moving around quickly (such as in stage musicals and in lecture or presentation scenarios). A headworn microphone is essentially a lavalier on a stiff wire mount which loops over the talent's ear.

In television and documentary applications, the lavalier will typically be clipped to the subject's clothing, such as a tie, jacket or collar. In narrative motion picture usage, lavs are almost always hidden under clothing to conceal the fact that the person is mic'ed. The boom microphone typically sounds 'better', more natural than a lavalier mic and is always a soundperson's first choice, however often for exterior location shooting, it may be more practical to use a lavalier. One such situation would be during a wide shot that forces the boom operator to keep a distance with his microphone from the speaking talent that isn't close enough to achieve a good signal to noise ratio. In that instance a lav mic hidden on the talent due to its proximity can achieve good signal to noise ratio for recording of speech. When lavalier microphones need to be concealed under clothing, the possibility of material scratching against the microphone is a certain risk. To minimize this, sound recordists might wrap the head of the microphones in moleskin or place it inside a hollow centered column-shaped sponge and place it under a placard, behind a button, or within the knot of a tie.

The transmitter pack which the microphone is attached to may also need to be hidden under a person's clothing. Transmitter pouches are held on with elastic straps and hold the transmitter in various places, hidden wherever the clothing provides a non revealing space, i.e. high around the waist in the space created at the spine just above the belt line, inside the thigh under a skirt or dress, about the ankles under a pant leg, or even on the inside of a boot.


In a 1984 study administered by Cornell University's College of Arts and Sciences, it was found that the use of lavalier microphones in an academic setting was beneficial to the dissemination of information. By allowing a presenter freedom to move freely in a presenting space, it offers continuous visual stimulation to the audience, allowing the speaker to hold their attention longer or more easily. Even in smaller applications where the audience was under 25 attendees, the lack of restrictions on the hands proved to offer similar visual stimulation in capturing and retaining attention. [8]


  1. ^ Dummer, Geoffrey William Arnold (1997). Electronic inventions and discoveries: electronics from its earliest beginnings to the present day (4 ed.). CRC Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-7503-0493-6. 
  2. ^ Olson, Harry F.; Carlisle, Richard W. (1934). "A Lapel Microphone of the Velocity Type". Proceeding of the Institute of Radio Engineers 22: 1354. 
  3. ^ "Dictaphones Save Time of Stock Checkers Taking Inventory". Popular Science 139 (2): 51. August 1941. ISSN 0161-7370. 
  4. ^ Olson, Harry F. (1957). Acoustical Engineering (3 ed.). Van Nostrand. p. 330. 
  5. ^ "'Lavalier' Mike". Radio & Television News 50: 110. 1953. 
  6. ^ "Engineering Data: Model 647A Dynamic Microphone". Electro-Voice. Retrieved January 17, 2012. 
  7. ^ "Data Sheet: Model '530' Slendyne Microphone". Shure Brothers. December 1954. Retrieved January 17, 2012. 
  8. ^ Hendrick, James P.; Allen, William (1984). "The Visual Stimulation in Academic Dissemination". The Journal of Educational Research 6: 753.