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All terms in this list:

substrate: reactant in a chemical reaction that happens in a living thing

starch: polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; food storage molecule for plants

reactant: chemical that enters a chemical reaction

protein: contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; makes up cell/body structures and enzymes

product: chemical that results from a chemical reaction

polysaccharide: large carbohydrate made up of monosaccharides, ex. starch and glycogen

polymer: large molecule made up of smaller building blocks or monomers

pH scale: measurement system used to indicate how acidic or basic a substance is; measures the concentration of H+ ions

organic compound: compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things

nucleotide: building block or monomer of a nucleic acid; commonly recognized by its nitrogen bases as A, T, C, or G

nucleic acid: contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous; involved in protein synthesis

monosaccharide: building block of a carbohydrate; simple sugar

monomer: building block or small unit of a polymer; can be linked into chains

lipid: huge molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and a little oxygen; includes fats, oils, and waxes

insulin: protein hormone that helps to decrease blood sugar

hemoglobin: specialized protein that carries oxygen on red blood cells

glycogen: compound used by animals to store carbohydrates in the liver and skeletal muscles

glycerol: with fatty acids, make up the building blocks of lipids

glucose: simple sugar that is used to make ATP through cellular respiration

fatty acid: with glycerol, make up the building blocks of lipids

enzyme: specialized protein that speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing activation energy; typically end in "ase"

denaturation: when an enzyme changes shape and no longer functions due to high temperatures or wrong pH

cholesterol: specialized lipid that is used in cell membranes and making hormones

chemical reaction: process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

chemical bond: link formed by two electrons that binds atoms together; where the energy in a compound is stored

cellulose: polysaccharide that is the main component of plant

catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

carbohydrate: contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; main source of energy for body, commonly end in "ose"

base: compound that releases OH- ions in solution; pH greater than 7

amino acid: building block or monomer of a protein

activation energy: energy needed to start a reaction

acid: compound that release H+ ions in solution; pH less than 7

RNA: single stranded nucleic acid used for protein synthesis

DNA: double stranded nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information

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Definitions from Wiktionary under the GNU FDL.
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