NuGet pack and restore as MSBuild targets

NuGet 4.0+

With the PackageReference format, NuGet 4.0+ can store all manifest metadata directly within a project file rather than using a separate .nuspec file.

With MSBuild 15.1+, NuGet is also a first-class MSBuild citizen with the pack and restore targets as described below. These targets allow you to work with NuGet as you would with any other MSBuild task or target. (For NuGet 3.x and earlier, you use the pack and restore commands through the NuGet CLI instead.)

Target build order

Because pack and restore are MSBuild targets, you can access them to enhance your workflow. For example, let’s say you want to copy your package to a network share after packing it. You can do that by adding the following in your project file:

<Target Name="CopyPackage" AfterTargets="Pack">

Similarly, you can write an MSBuild task, write your own target and consume NuGet properties in the MSBuild task.

pack target

For .NET Standard projects using the PackageReference format, using msbuild -t:pack draws inputs from the project file to use in creating a NuGet package.

The table below describes the MSBuild properties that can be added to a project file within the first <PropertyGroup> node. You can make these edits easily in Visual Studio 2017 and later by right-clicking the project and selecting Edit {project_name} on the context menu. For convenience the table is organized by the equivalent property in a .nuspec file.

Note that the Owners and Summary properties from .nuspec are not supported with MSBuild.

Attribute/NuSpec Value MSBuild Property Default Notes
Id PackageId AssemblyName $(AssemblyName) from MSBuild
Version PackageVersion Version This is semver compatible, for example “1.0.0”, “1.0.0-beta”, or “1.0.0-beta-00345”
VersionPrefix PackageVersionPrefix empty Setting PackageVersion overwrites PackageVersionPrefix
VersionSuffix PackageVersionSuffix empty $(VersionSuffix) from MSBuild. Setting PackageVersion overwrites PackageVersionSuffix
Authors Authors Username of the current user
Owners N/A Not present in NuSpec
Title Title The PackageId
Description Description "Package Description"
Copyright Copyright empty
RequireLicenseAcceptance PackageRequireLicenseAcceptance false
license PackageLicenseExpression empty Corresponds to <license type="expression">
license PackageLicenseFile empty Corresponds to <license type="file">. You may need to explicitly pack the referenced license file.
LicenseUrl PackageLicenseUrl empty licenseUrl is being deprecated, use the PackageLicenseExpression or PackageLicenseFile property
ProjectUrl PackageProjectUrl empty
IconUrl PackageIconUrl empty
Tags PackageTags empty Tags are semi-colon delimited.
ReleaseNotes PackageReleaseNotes empty
Repository/Url RepositoryUrl empty Repository URL used to clone or retrieve source code. Example:
Repository/Type RepositoryType empty Repository type. Examples: git, tfs.
Repository/Branch RepositoryBranch empty Optional repository branch information. RepositoryUrl must also be specified for this property to be included. Example: master (NuGet 4.7.0+)
Repository/Commit RepositoryCommit empty Optional repository commit or changeset to indicate which source the package was built against. RepositoryUrl must also be specified for this property to be included. Example: 0e4d1b598f350b3dc675018d539114d1328189ef (NuGet 4.7.0+)
PackageType <PackageType>DotNetCliTool,;Dependency,</PackageType>
Summary Not supported

pack target inputs

  • IsPackable
  • SuppressDependenciesWhenPacking
  • PackageVersion
  • PackageId
  • Authors
  • Description
  • Copyright
  • PackageRequireLicenseAcceptance
  • DevelopmentDependency
  • PackageLicenseExpression
  • PackageLicenseFile
  • PackageLicenseUrl
  • PackageProjectUrl
  • PackageIconUrl
  • PackageReleaseNotes
  • PackageTags
  • PackageOutputPath
  • IncludeSymbols
  • IncludeSource
  • PackageTypes
  • IsTool
  • RepositoryUrl
  • RepositoryType
  • RepositoryBranch
  • RepositoryCommit
  • NoPackageAnalysis
  • MinClientVersion
  • IncludeBuildOutput
  • IncludeContentInPack
  • BuildOutputTargetFolder
  • ContentTargetFolders
  • NuspecFile
  • NuspecBasePath
  • NuspecProperties

pack scenarios

Suppress dependencies

To suppress package dependencies from generated NuGet package, set SuppressDependenciesWhenPacking to true which will allow skipping all the dependencies from generated nupkg file.


As part of the change for NuGet Issue 352, PackageIconUrl will eventually be changed to PackageIconUri and can be relative path to a icon file which will included at the root of the resulting package.

Output assemblies

nuget pack copies output files with extensions .exe, .dll, .xml, .winmd, .json, and .pri. The output files that are copied depend on what MSBuild provides from the BuiltOutputProjectGroup target.

There are two MSBuild properties that you can use in your project file or command line to control where output assemblies go:

  • IncludeBuildOutput: A boolean that determines whether the build output assemblies should be included in the package.
  • BuildOutputTargetFolder: Specifies the folder in which the output assemblies should be placed. The output assemblies (and other output files) are copied into their respective framework folders.

Package references

See Package References in Project Files.

Project to project references

Project to project references are considered by default as nuget package references, for example:

<ProjectReference Include="..\UwpLibrary2\UwpLibrary2.csproj"/>

You can also add the following metadata to your project reference:


Including content in a package

To include content, add extra metadata to the existing <Content> item. By default everything of type "Content" gets included in the package unless you override with entries like the following:

<Content Include="..\win7-x64\libuv.txt">

By default, everything gets added to the root of the content and contentFiles\any\<target_framework> folder within a package and preserves the relative folder structure, unless you specify a package path:


If you want to copy all your content to only a specific root folder(s) (instead of content and contentFiles both), you can use the MSBuild property ContentTargetFolders, which defaults to "content;contentFiles" but can be set to any other folder names. Note that just specifying "contentFiles" in ContentTargetFolders puts files under contentFiles\any\<target_framework> or contentFiles\<language>\<target_framework> based on buildAction.

PackagePath can be a semicolon-delimited set of target paths. Specifying an empty package path would add the file to the root of the package. For example, the following adds libuv.txt to content\myfiles, content\samples, and the package root:


There is also an MSBuild property $(IncludeContentInPack), which defaults to true. If this is set to false on any project, then the content from that project are not included in the nuget package.

Other pack specific metadata that you can set on any of the above items includes <PackageCopyToOutput> and <PackageFlatten> which sets CopyToOutput and Flatten values on the contentFiles entry in the output nuspec.


Apart from Content items, the <Pack> and <PackagePath> metadata can also be set on files with a build action of Compile, EmbeddedResource, ApplicationDefinition, Page, Resource, SplashScreen, DesignData, DesignDataWithDesignTimeCreateableTypes, CodeAnalysisDictionary, AndroidAsset, AndroidResource, BundleResource or None.

For pack to append the filename to your package path when using globbing patterns, your package path must end with the folder separator character, otherwise the package path is treated as the full path including the file name.


When using MSBuild -t:pack -p:IncludeSymbols=true, the corresponding .pdb files are copied along with other output files (.dll, .exe, .winmd, .xml, .json, .pri). Note that setting IncludeSymbols=true creates a regular package and a symbols package.


This is the same as IncludeSymbols, except that it copies source files along with .pdb files as well. All files of type Compile are copied over to src\<ProjectName>\ preserving the relative path folder structure in the resulting package. The same also happens for source files of any ProjectReference which has TreatAsPackageReference set to false.

If a file of type Compile, is outside the project folder, then it's just added to src\<ProjectName>\.

Packing a license expression or a license file

When using a license expression, the PackageLicenseExpression property should be used. License expression sample.


Learn more about license expressions and licenses that are accepted by

When packing a license file, you need to use PackageLicenseFile property to specify the package path, relative to the root of the package. In addition, you need to make sure that the file is included in the package. For example:


    <None Include="licenses\LICENSE.txt" Pack="true" PackagePath=""/>

License file sample.


When using MSBuild -t:pack -p:IsTool=true, all output files, as specified in the Output Assemblies scenario, are copied to the tools folder instead of the lib folder. Note that this is different from a DotNetCliTool which is specified by setting the PackageType in .csproj file.

Packing using a .nuspec

You can use a .nuspec file to pack your project provided that you have a SDK project file to import NuGet.Build.Tasks.Pack.targets so that the pack task can be executed. You still need to restore the project before you can pack a nuspec file. The target framework of the project file is irrelevant and not used when packing a nuspec. The following three MSBuild properties are relevant to packing using a .nuspec:

  1. NuspecFile: relative or absolute path to the .nuspec file being used for packing.
  2. NuspecProperties: a semicolon-separated list of key=value pairs. Due to the way MSBuild command-line parsing works, multiple properties must be specified as follows: -p:NuspecProperties=\"key1=value1;key2=value2\".
  3. NuspecBasePath: Base path for the .nuspec file.

If using dotnet.exe to pack your project, use a command like the following:

dotnet pack <path to .csproj file> -p:NuspecFile=<path to nuspec file> -p:NuspecProperties=<> -p:NuspecBasePath=<Base path> 

If using MSBuild to pack your project, use a command like the following:


Please note that packing a nuspec using dotnet.exe or msbuild also leads to building the project by default. This can be avoided by passing --no-build property to dotnet.exe, which is the equivalent of setting <NoBuild>true</NoBuild> in your project file, along with setting <IncludeBuildOutput>false</IncludeBuildOutput> in the project file

An example of a csproj file to pack a nuspec file is:

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
    <NuspecProperties>add nuspec properties here</NuspecProperties>
    <NuspecBasePath>optional to provide</NuspecBasePath>

Advanced extension points to create customized package

The pack target provides two extension points that run in the inner, target framework specific build. The extension points support including target framework specific content and assemblies into a package:

  • TargetsForTfmSpecificBuildOutput target: Use for files inside the lib folder or a folder specified using BuildOutputTargetFolder.
  • TargetsForTfmSpecificContentInPackage target: Use for files outside the BuildOutputTargetFolder.


Write a custom target and specify it as the value of the $(TargetsForTfmSpecificBuildOutput) property. For any files that need to go into the BuildOutputTargetFolder (lib by default), the target should write those files into the ItemGroup BuildOutputInPackage and set the following two metadata values:

  • FinalOutputPath: The absolute path of the file; if not provided, the Identity is used to evaluate source path.
  • TargetPath: (Optional) Set when the file needs to go into a subfolder within lib\<TargetFramework> , like satellite assemblies that go under their respective culture folders. Defaults to the name of the file.



<Target Name="GetMyPackageFiles">
    <BuildOutputInPackage Include="$(OutputPath)cs\$(AssemblyName).resources.dll">


Write a custom target and specify it as the value of the $(TargetsForTfmSpecificContentInPackage) property. For any files to include in the package, the target should write those files into the ItemGroup TfmSpecificPackageFile and set the following optional metadata:

  • PackagePath: Path where the file should be output in the package. NuGet issues a warning if more than one file is added to the same package path.
  • BuildAction: The build action to assign to the file, required only if the package path is in the contentFiles folder. Defaults to "None".

An example:


<Target Name="CustomContentTarget">
    <TfmSpecificPackageFile Include="abc.txt">
    <TfmSpecificPackageFile Include="Extensions/ext.txt" Condition="'$(TargetFramework)' == 'net46'">

restore target

MSBuild -t:restore (which nuget restore and dotnet restore use with .NET Core projects), restores packages referenced in the project file as follows:

  1. Read all project to project references
  2. Read the project properties to find the intermediate folder and target frameworks
  3. Pass MSBuild data to NuGet.Build.Tasks.dll
  4. Run restore
  5. Download packages
  6. Write assets file, targets, and props

The restore target works only for projects using the PackageReference format. It does not work for projects using the packages.config format; use nuget restore instead.

Restore properties

Additional restore settings may come from MSBuild properties in the project file. Values can also be set from the command line using the -p: switch (see Examples below).

Property Description
RestoreSources Semicolon-delimited list of package sources.
RestorePackagesPath User packages folder path.
RestoreDisableParallel Limit downloads to one at a time.
RestoreConfigFile Path to a Nuget.Config file to apply.
RestoreNoCache If true, avoids using cached packages. See Managing the global packages and cache folders.
RestoreIgnoreFailedSources If true, ignores failing or missing package sources.
RestoreFallbackFolders Fallback folders, used in the same way the user packages folder is used.
RestoreAdditionalProjectSources Additional sources to use during restore.
RestoreAdditionalProjectFallbackFolders Additional fallback folders to use during restore.
RestoreAdditionalProjectFallbackFoldersExcludes Excludes fallback folders specified in RestoreAdditionalProjectFallbackFolders
RestoreTaskAssemblyFile Path to NuGet.Build.Tasks.dll.
RestoreGraphProjectInput Semicolon-delimited list of projects to restore, which should contain absolute paths.
RestoreUseSkipNonexistentTargets When the projects are collected via MSBuild it determines whether they are collected using the SkipNonexistentTargets optimization. When not set, defaults to true. The consequence is a fail-fast behavior when a project's targets cannot be imported.
MSBuildProjectExtensionsPath Output folder, defaulting to BaseIntermediateOutputPath and the obj folder.


Command line:

msbuild -t:restore -p:RestoreConfigFile=<path>

Project file:


Restore outputs

Restore creates the following files in the build obj folder:

File Description
project.assets.json Contains the dependency graph of all package references.
{projectName}.projectFileExtension.nuget.g.props References to MSBuild props contained in packages
{projectName}.projectFileExtension.nuget.g.targets References to MSBuild targets contained in packages

Restoring and building with one MSBuild command

Due to the fact that NuGet can restore packages that bring down MSBuild targets and props, the restore and build evaluations are run with different global properties. This means that the following will have an unpredictable and often incorrect behavior.

msbuild -t:restore,build

Instead the recommended approach is:

msbuild -t:build -restore

The same logic applies to other targets similar to build.


The PackageTargetFallback element allows you to specify a set of compatible targets to be used when restoring packages. It's designed to allow packages that use a dotnet TxM to work with compatible packages that don't declare a dotnet TxM. That is, if your project uses the dotnet TxM, then all the packages it depends on must also have a dotnet TxM, unless you add the <PackageTargetFallback> to your project in order to allow non-dotnet platforms to be compatible with dotnet.

For example, if the project is using the netstandard1.6 TxM, and a dependent package contains only lib/net45/a.dll and lib/portable-net45+win81/a.dll, then the project will fail to build. If what you want to bring in is the latter DLL, then you can add a PackageTargetFallback as follows to say that the portable-net45+win81 DLL is compatible:

<PackageTargetFallback Condition="'$(TargetFramework)'=='netstandard1.6'">

To declare a fallback for all targets in your project, leave off the Condition attribute. You can also extend any existing PackageTargetFallback by including $(PackageTargetFallback) as shown here:

</PackageTargetFallback >

Replacing one library from a restore graph

If a restore is bringing the wrong assembly, it's possible to exclude that packages default choice, and replace it with your own choice. First with a top level PackageReference, exclude all assets:

<PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="9.0.1">

Next, add your own reference to the appropriate local copy of the DLL:

<Reference Include="Newtonsoft.Json.dll" />