jueves, abril 19, 2012

Qui dit crise te dis monde dit famine dit tiers- monde, Qui dit fatigue dit réveille encore sourd de la veille, Alors on sort pour oublier tous les problèmes, Alors on danse... (Alors on Danse - Stromae)

Let's introduce another hibernate performance tip. Do you remember the model of previous hibernate post? We had a starship and officer related with a one to many association.

Now we have next requirement:

We shall get all officers assigned to a starship by alphabetical order.

To solve this requirement we can:
  1. implementing an HQL query with order by clause.
  2. using sort approach.
  3. using order approach.
The first solution is good in terms of performance, but implies more work as a developers because we should write a query finding all officers of given starship ordered by name and then create a finder method in DAO layer (in case you are using DAO pattern).

Let's explore the second solution,  we could use SortedSet class as association, and make Officer implements Comparable, so Officer has natural order. This solution implies less work than the first one, but requires using @Sort hibernate annotation on association definition. So let's going to modify previous model to meet our new requirement. Note that there is no equivalent annotation in JPA specification.

First we are going to implement Comparable interface in Officer class.

We are ordering officer by name by simply comparing name field. Next step is annotating association with @Sort.

Notice that now officers association is implemented using SortedSet instead of a List.   Furthermore we are adding @Sort annotation to relationship, stating that officers should be natural ordered. Before finishing this post we will insist more in @Sort topic, but for now it is sufficient.

And finally a method that gets all officers of given starship ordered by name, printing them in log file.

All officers are sorted by their names, but let's examine which queries are sent to RDBMS.

First query is resulting of calling find method on EntityManager instance finding starship.

Because one to many relationships are lazy by default when we call getOfficers method and we access first time to SortedSet, second query is executed to retrieve all officers. See that no order by clause is present on query, but looking carefully on output, officers are retrieved in alphabetical order.

So who is sorting officer entities? The explanation is on @Sort annotation. In hibernate a sorted collection is sorted in memory being Java the responsible of sorting data using compareTo method.

Obviously this method is not the best performance-way to sort a collection of elements. It is likely that we'll need a hybrid solution between using SQL clause and using annotation instead of writing a query.

And this leads us to explain the third possibility, using ordering approach.

@OrderBy annotation, available as hibernate annotation and JPA annotation, let us specifies how to order a collection by adding “order by" clause to generated SQL.

Keep in mind that using javax.persistence.OrderBy allows us to specify the order of the collection via object properties, meanwhile org.hibernate.annotations.OrderBy order a collection appending directly the fragment of SQL (not HQL) to order by clause.

Now Officer class should not be touched, we don't need to implement compareTo method nor a java.util.Comparator. We only need to annotate officers field with @OrderBy annotation. Since in this case we are ordering by simple attribute, JPA annotation is used to maintain fully compatibility to other “JPA readyORM engines. By default ascendent order is assumed.

And if we rerun get all officers method, next queries are sent:

Both queries are still executed but note that now select query contains order by clause too.

With this solution you are saving process time allowing RDBMS sorting data in a fast-way, rather than ordering data in Java once received.

Furthermore OrderBy annotation does not force you to use SortedSet or SortedMap collection. You can use any collection like HashMap, HashSet, or even a Bag, because hibernate will use internally a LinkedHashMap, LinkedHashSet or ArrayList respectively.

In this example we have seen the importance of choosing correctly an order strategy. Whenever possible you should try to take advantage of capabilities of RDBMS, so your first option should be using OrderBy annotaion (hibernate or JPA), instead of Sort. But sometimes OrderBy clause will not be enough. In this case, I recommend you using Sort annotation with custom type (using java.util.Comparator class), instead of relaying on natural order to avoid touching model classes.

I wish this post helped you to understand differences between "sort" and "order" in hibernate.

Keep learning.

Music: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHoT4N43jK8&ob=av3n

martes, abril 10, 2012

Why does the rain fall from above? Why do fools fall in love? Why do they fall in love? (Why Do Fools Fall In Love - Frankie Lymon)

More often than not our applications need to send emails to users notifying for example that its account has been created, they have purchased an item, or simply password remaining. When you are writing unit tests there is no problem because probably you will be mocking up interface responsible of sending an email. But what's happen with integration tests?

Maybe the logical path to resolve this problem is installing an email server and execute these tests against it. It is not  a bad idea, but note that you will need to configure your environment before executing your tests.  Your tests will depend on external resources, and this is a bad idea for integration tests. Furthermore these integration tests would not be portable against multiple machines if an email server is not installed previously.

To avoid this problem Dumbster comes to save us. Dumbster is a fake smtp server designed for testing applications that send email messages. It is written in Java so you can start and stop it directly from your tests.

Let's see an example, suppose we are developing an electronic shop, and when an order is placed and email to customer should be sent.

In this case we are going to use Spring Framework 3.1 to create our service layer and will also help us in testing.

Because of teaching purpose, I am not using mail templates, or rich mime types.

First class I am going to show you is Order, which as you can imagine represents an order:

Most important method here is toEmail() that returns email body message.

Next class is service responsible of place an order to delivery system:

This service class uses Spring classes to send an email to customer. See that two methods are present, one that sends a simple message, and the other one called placeOrderWithInvoice that sends an email with an attachment, concretely an invoice in jpg format.

And finally Spring context file:

Note that mail configuration is surrounded by a profile. This means that Spring will only create these beans when application is started up in production mode, and in this case production smtp location is set.

And now let's start with testing:

First of all we must create a Spring context file to configure smtp server location.

See that we are importing application-context.xml file but now we are defining  a new beans profile called integration, where we are redefining smtp connection (changing hostname and port) pointing to fake server.

And finally the test itself.

It is important to explain next parts:
  • @ActiveProfiles is an annotation to tell Spring context which environment should be loaded.
  • SimpleSmtpServer is the main class of Dumbster.
  • @Rule is responsible of starting and stopping smtp server for each method execution.
We have created two tests one that sends a plain message (an_email_should_be_sent_to_customer_confirming_purchase()) and the other one that sends a message with an attachment (an_email_with_invoice_should_be_sent_to_special_customer_confirming_purchase()).

The private methods are simply helper classes to create required classes.

Note that Hamcrest matcher bodyEqualTo comes from BodySmtpMessage class developed specifically for this example.

I wish you have found this post useful, and can give you an alternative when you want to write integration tests involving smtp email service.

Keep Learning,

jueves, abril 05, 2012













The other one called FooComponent is created on com.lordofthejars.foo:




So first thing to do is add groovy as dependency.




Keep Learning,