Lithic Residue Survival and Characterisation at Star Carr: a burial experiment

Shannon CroftORCID logo1&2, Gilliane Monnier3, Anita Radini2, Aimée Little2 and Nicky MilnerORCID logo2

1. Corresponding author. BioArCh, Environment, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. Email:
2. The King's Manor, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, Y01 7EP, UK Email: / /
3. Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 395 Humphrey Center, 301 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Email:

Cite this as: Croft, S., Monnier, G., Radini, A., Little, A. and Milner, N. 2016 Lithic Residue Survival and Characterisation at Star Carr: a burial experiment, Internet Archaeology 42.


Placing experimentally used flakes in the wetland pit (unit 2)

A modern burial experiment was devised to test microscopic residue survival in acidic peat and slightly acidic clay soils at the Early Mesolithic site of Star Carr (North Yorkshire, UK), and at nearby control location. The experiment addresses concerns regarding the applicability of residue analysis in varied burial environments, and particularly in highly acidic archaeological conditions. Flint flakes (n= 78, including blank controls) were used on twelve plant, animal, and mineral materials to create residues and then buried. The residues were examined 1 month and 11 months after burial. An unburied reference collection containing the same twelve residue types in a fresh state was compared to the buried residues to assess diagenesis. The residue types that survived across all burial conditions and time intervals were: softwood tissue, tree resin, bird feathers, squirrel hair, and red ochre.

During microscopic analysis, it became clear that many residues lack diagnostic traits, and thus an assessment of the extent to which each residue can be identified was conducted. The degree to which residues were able to be identified was further investigated with a variable pressure scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images of the reference residues were compared to the reflected VLM micrographs of the same residues, which improved characterisation in some cases. Residues were grouped into three categories (diagnostic, distinctive, and non-distinctive) within a visual characterisation guide. Our in situ microscopic analyses indicated that few residue types have diagnostic traits that allow them to be identified unambiguously, and thus further characterisation techniques are often required.

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