Belgium Population: 11,409,077


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Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Political divisions between the Dutch-speaking Flemish of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. Its capital, Brussels, is home to numerous international organizations including the EU and NATO.

Crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals are within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO
Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands
Geographic coordinates: 50 50 N, 4 00 E
Area: total: 30,528 sq km
land: 30,278 sq km
water: 250 sq km

Size comparison: about the size of Maryland
Land Boundaries: total: 1,297 km border countries (4): France 556 km, Germany 133 km, Luxembourg 130 km, Netherlands 478 km
Coastline: 66.5 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit
continental shelf: median line with neighbors
Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast
Elevation extremes:
Natural resources: construction materials, silica sand, carbonates, arable land
Land use: agricultural land: 44.1% arable land 27.2%; permanent crops 0.8%; permanent pasture 16.1% forest: 22.4%
other: 33.5% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land: 230 sq km (2012)
Natural hazards: flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes
Current Environment Issues: intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Nationality: noun: Belgian(s)
adjective: Belgian
Ethnic groups: Flemish 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Languages: Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%
Religions: Roman Catholic 75%, other (includes Protestant) 25%
Population: 11,409,077 (July 2016 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.12% (male 1,000,155/female 952,529)
15-24 years: 11.47% (male 667,760/female 640,364)
25-54 years: 40.25% (male 2,315,256/female 2,277,308)
55-64 years: 12.76% (male 720,823/female 735,225)
65 years and over: 18.4% (male 911,199/female 1,188,458) (2016 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 54.2%
youth dependency ratio: 26.1%
elderly dependency ratio: 28.1%
potential support ratio: 3.6% (2015 est.)
Median age: total: 41.4 years
male: 40.2 years
female: 42.7 years (2016 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.73% (2016 est.)
Birth rate: 11.4 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Death rate: 9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 97.9% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.48% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population: BRUSSELS (capital) 2.045 million; Antwerp 994,000 (2015)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.2 (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81 years male: 78.4 years
female: 83.7 years (2016 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.78 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 70.4% note: percent of women aged 18-49 (2008/10)
Health expenditures: 10.6% of GDP (2014)
Physicians density: 3.78 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
Hospital bed density: 6.5 beds/1,000 population (2012)
Drinking water source: improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population

urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved:
urban: 99.5% of population
rural: 99.4% of population
total: 99.5% of population

urban: 0.5% of population
rural: 0.6% of population
total: 0.5% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 22.1% (2014)
Education expenditures: 6.4% of GDP (2011)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 20 years male: 19 years
female: 21 years (2014)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 23.2% male: 24%
female: 22.3% (2014 est.)
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Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium
conventional short form: Belgium
local long form: Royaume de Belgique (French)/Koninkrijk Belgie (Dutch)/Koenigreich Belgien (German)
local short form: Belgique/Belgie/Belgien
etymology: the name derives from the Belgae, an ancient Celtic tribal confederation that inhabited an area between the English Channel and the west bank of the Rhine in the first centuries B.C.
Government type: federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy
Capital: name: Brussels
geographic coordinates: 50 50 N, 4 20 E
Administrative divisions: 3 regions (French: regions, singular - region; Dutch: gewesten, singular - gewest); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Region Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Region Wallone (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form)

note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; the 2012 sixth state reform transferred additional competencies from the federal state to the regions and linguistic communities
Independence: 4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne)
National holiday: 21 July (1831) Ascension Day (ascension to the throne of King LEOPOLD I)
Constitution: history: drafted 25 November 1830, approved 7 February 1831, entered into force 26 July 1831, revised 14 July 1993 (creating a federal state) amendments: "revisions" proposed as declarations by the federal government in accord with the king or by Parliament followed by dissolution of Parliament and new elections; adoption requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in both houses of the next elected Parliament; amended many times, last in 2014 (2016)
Legal system: civil law system based on the French Civil Code; note - Belgian law continues to be modified in conformance with the legislative norms mandated by the European Union; judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: King PHILIPPE (since 21 July 2013); Heir Apparent Princess ELISABETH, daughter of the monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Charles MICHEL (since 11 October 2014); Deputy Prime Ministers Alexander DE CROO (since 22 October 2012), Jan JAMBON (since 11 October 2014), Kris PEETERS, Didier REYNDERS (since 30 December 2008)

cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch and approved by Parliament
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (60 seats; 50 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 10 indirectly elected by Community Parliaments; members serve 5-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) note: the 1993 constitutional revision that further devolved Belgium into a federal state created three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly; changes above occurred since the sixth state reform

elections: Chamber of Deputies - last held on 23 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2019); note - elections will coincide with the EU's elections

election results: Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - N-VA 20.3%, PS 11.7%, CD&V 11.6%, Open VLD 9.8%, MR 9.6%, SP.A 8.8%, Groen! 5.3%, CDH 5.0% Workers' Party 3.7%, VB 3.7%, Ecolo 3.3%, Defi 1.8%, PP 1.5%, other 3.9%; seats by party - N-VA 33, PS 23, CD&V 18, Open VLD 14, MR 20, SP.A 13, Groen! 6, CDH 9, Workers' Party 2, VB 3, Ecolo 6, Defi 2, PP 1
Judicial branch: highest court(s): highest court(s): Constitutional Court or Grondwettelijk Hof in Dutch and Cour constitutionelle in French (consists of 12 judges - 6 Dutch-speaking and 6 French-speaking); Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie in Dutch and Cour de Cassation in French (court organized into 3 chambers: civil and commercial; criminal; social, fiscal, and armed forces; each chamber includes a Dutch division and a French division, each with a chairperson and 5-6 judges) judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by Parliament; judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 70; Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates submitted by the High Council of Justice, a 44-member independent body of judicial and non-judicial members; judges appointed for life

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional courts; specialized courts for administrative, commercial, labor, and audit issues; magistrate's courts; justices of the peace
Political parties and leaders: Flemish parties: Christian Democratic and Flemish or CD&V [Wouter BEKE] Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD [Gwendolyn RUTTEN] Groen! [Meyrem ALMACI] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER] Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [John CROMBEZ] Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Tom VAN GRIEKEN] Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Patrick DUPRIEZ and Zakia KHATTABI] Francophone Federalist Democrats or Defi [Olivier MAINGAIN] Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Benoit LUTGEN] People's Party or PP [Mischael MODRIKAMEN] Reform Movement or MR [Olivier CHASTEL] Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO] Workers' Party [Peter MERTENS] other minor parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: Belgian General Federation of Labor [Rudy DE LEEUW, Marc GOBLET] Confederation of Christan Trade Unions [Marc LEEMANS, Marie-Helene SKA] Federation of Enterprises in Belgium [Pieter TIMMERMANS, Michele SIOEN] other: numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; trade unions; various organizations representing the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants
International organization participation: ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
National symbol(s): lion; national colors: red, black, yellow
National anthem: name: "La Brabanconne" (The Song of Brabant)
lyrics/music: Louis-Alexandre DECHET[French] Victor CEULEMANS [Dutch]/Francois VAN CAMPENHOUT

note: adopted 1830; according to legend, Louis-Alexandre DECHET, an actor at the theater in which the revolution against the Netherlands began, wrote the lyrics with a group of young people in a Brussels cafe
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dirk Jozef M. WOUTERS (since 16 September 2016)
chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900
FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Denise Campbell BAUER (since 26 September 2013)
embassy: 27 Boulevard du Regent [Regentlaan], B-1000 Brussels
mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710
telephone: [32] (2) 811-4000
FAX: [32] (2) 811-4500
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This modern, open, and private-enterprise-based economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the more heavily-populated region of Flanders in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium imports substantial quantities of raw materials and exports a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to shifts in foreign demand, particularly with Belgium’s EU trade partners. Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries. In 2015, Belgian GDP grew by 1.4%, the unemployment rate stabilized at 8.6%, and the budget deficit was 2.7% of GDP. Prime Minister Charles MICHEL's center-right government has pledged to further reduce the deficit in response to EU pressure to reduce Belgium's high public debt, which remains above 100% of GDP, but such efforts could also dampen economic growth. In addition to restrained public spending, low wage growth and high unemployment promise to curtail a more robust recovery in private consumption. The government has pledged to pursue a reform program to improve Belgium’s competitiveness, including changes to tax policy, labor market rules, and welfare benefits. These changes risk worsening tensions with trade unions and triggering extended strikes.
GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP (purchasing power parity): $508.6 billion (2016 est.) $501.4 billion (2015 est.) $494.6 billion (2014 est.)

note: data are in 2016 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): GDP (official exchange rate): $470.2 billion (2015 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.4% (2016 est.) 1.4% (2015 est.) 1.3% (2014 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): GDP - per capita (PPP): $44,900 (2016 est.) $44,700 (2015 est.) $44,100 (2014 est.)

note: data are in 2016 dollars
Gross national saving: 23.8% of GDP (2016 est.) 22.6% of GDP (2015 est.) 22.8% of GDP (2014 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 51.8%
government consumption: 24%
investment in fixed capital: 23.3%
investment in inventories: -0.1%
exports of goods and services: 83.1%
imports of goods and services: -82.1% (2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: household consumption: 51.8%
government consumption: 24%
investment in fixed capital: 23.3%
investment in inventories: -0.1%
exports of goods and services: 83.1%
Agriculture - products: sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; beef, veal, pork, milk
Industries: engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Industrial production growth rate: 1.5% (2016 est.)
Labor force: 5.272 million (2016 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 1.3%
industry: 18.6%
services: 80.1% (2013 est.)
Unemployment rate: 8.4% (2016 est.) 8.5% (2015 est.)
Population below poverty line: 15.1% (2013 est.)
highest 10%: 28.4% (2006)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 25.9 (2013 est.) 28.7 (1996)
Budget: revenues: $232.3 billion
expenditures: $245 billion (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 49.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
Public debt: 106.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 106.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (2016 est.) 0.6% (2015 est.)
Current account balance: $585 million (2016 est.) -$155 million (2015 est.)
Exports: $250.8 billion (2016 est.) $259.9 billion (2015 est.)
Exports - commodities: chemicals, machinery and equipment, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs
Exports - partners: Germany 16.9%, France 15.5%, Netherlands 11.4%, UK 8.8%, US 6%, Italy 5% (2015)
Imports: $251.7 billion (2016 est.) $259.6 billion (2015 est.)
Imports - commodities: raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products
Imports - partners: Netherlands 16.7%, Germany 12.7%, France 9.6%, US 8.7%, UK 5.1%, Ireland 4.7%, China 4.3% (2015)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $25.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
Debt - external: $1.281 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) $1.214 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $1.045 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.034 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $1.01 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.01 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $414.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $378.5 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $374.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
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Electricity - production: 68 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 81 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - exports: 4.2 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - imports: 22 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 21 million kW (2014 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 39.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 28.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 25.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 73,090 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 715,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 730,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 647,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 535,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 547,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 15.78 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 848 million cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 16.82 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: 141 million Mt (2013 est.)
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Cellular Phones in use: total: 12.938 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 114 (July 2015 est.)
Telephone system: general assessment: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities

domestic: nationwide mobile-cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network

international: country code - 32; landing point for a number of submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2015)
Broadcast media: a segmented market with the three major communities (Flemish, French, and German-speaking) each having responsibility for their own broadcast media; multiple TV channels exist for each community; additionally, in excess of 90% of households are connected (2007)
Internet country code: .be
Internet users: total: 9.631 million percent of population: 85% (July 2015 est.)
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Airports: 41 (2013)
Airports (paved runways): total 26
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 8 (2013)
Airports (unpaved runways): total 15

under 914 m: 15 (2013)
Heliports: 1 (2013)
Pipelines: gas 3,139 km; oil 154 km; refined products 535 km (2013)
Railways: total 3,592 km
standard gauge: 3,592 km 1.435-m gauge (2,960 km electrified) (2014)
Roadways: total 154,012 km
paved: 120,514 km (includes 1,756 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,498 km (2010)
Waterways: 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2012)
Merchant marine: total 87

by type: bulk carrier 23, cargo 15, chemical tanker 5, container 4, liquefied gas 23, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 7

foreign-owned: 15 (Denmark 4, France 7, Russia 1, UK 2, US 1)

registered in other countries: 107 (Bahamas 6, Cambodia 1, Cyprus 3, France 7, Gibraltar 1, Greece 17, Hong Kong 26, Liberia 1, Luxembourg 11, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 1, Mozambique 2, North Korea 1, Panama 1, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2010)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Oostende, Zeebrugge
river port(s): Antwerp, Gent (Schelde River); Brussels (Senne River); Liege (Meuse River) container port(s) (TEUs): Antwerp (8,664,243), Zeebrugge (2,207,257) (2011) LNG terminal(s) (import): Zeebrugge
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Military branches: Belgian Armed Forces: Land Operations Command, Naval Operations Command, Air Operations Command (2012)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 1994 (2012)
Military expenditures: 0.85% of GDP (2016) 0.91% of GDP (2015) 0.97% of GDP (2014) 1.01% of GDP (2013) 1.05% of GDP (2012)
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 Transnational Issues
Disputes - International: none
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
stateless persons: 5,776 (2015)
Illicit drugs: growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy
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