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ES6 and Beyond - Part 1

April 13, 2019

Hello folks, ES6, pretty much hyped topic these days in front-end world. So, how about learning some cool features of ES6 and Beyond (like, ES7, ES8).

First thing first.

What ES means?

ES stands for ECMAScript.

What is the different between ECMAScript and JavaScript then?

  • ECMAScript is the standard whereas JavaScript is also the standard. But,
  • ECMAScript is specification whereas JavaScript is the implementation of ECMAScript specifications.

So, let’s get started.

What we are going to learn?

  • let
  • const
  • Object Rest/Spread properties
  • Arrow Function
  • String interpolation
  • Exponential **
  • Array.prototype.includes
  • String.prototype.padStart
  • String.prototype.padEnd
  • Object.values
  • Object.entries


let is the new var but the advantage is that it is accessible & available within the scope only. Let’s see an example.

function let_n_var() {
  if (true) {
    let foo = 'foo'

// Output: Uncaught ReferenceError: foo is not defined

In the above example, if you replace let with var, the output would be undefined and there will be no error. So, as you can see, let helps us to catch early errors and no scope mess.


This is again a new way to declare var but the difference is that once a const is defined, we can not re-assign a value to it.

const baz = 'baz'
console.log('baz: ', baz)
// Output: baz

baz = 'baaz'
// Output: Uncaught TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

As we know that JavaScript is dynamic language and we tend to do mistakes while updating the variables with different data type or data, const helps us to not override the values once set.

Object Rest/Spread properties

Let’s look at it by example.

// Rest
const vowels = ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U']
const [firstVowel, secondVowel, ...restVowels] = vowels
console.log(firstVowel) // Output: 'A'
console.log(secondVowel) // Output: 'E'
console.log(restVowels) // Output: ['I', 'O', 'U']

In the above code snippet, I am trying to get the values from variable vowels into separate variables for first two vowel and remaining as restVowels variable.

Here are the steps to achieve the same.

  • Create a variable with array notation: [firstVowel, secondVowel]. Assign it the vowels variable. This will give us first two vowels in respective variables (based on index)
  • Now, part of third value in array notation, use ... with a variable name. eg. restVowels. So, the variable will look like const [firstVowel, secondVowel, ...restVowels] = vowels;
  • When code executes, it will create variables with values shown above. The alternate way of achieving the same result could be:
const firstVowel = vowels[0]
const secondVowel = vowels[1]
const restVowels = vowels.slice(2) // all remaining values

But, rest approach makes code more readable and manageable.

Here is the code sample for spread considering the above code block (used for rest)

// Rest
// Spread
const vowelsWithOneConsonant = ['B', ...vowels]
console.log(vowelsWithOneConsonant) // Output: ['B', 'A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U']

As you can see above, it is very easy to spread the variable vowels to create a new variable with same and one added value too. These same concepts can be applied on objects too. Go ahead and do some practice. It is fun to use once you learn get used to it.

Arrow Function

This is short hand notation of function but the binding of this works differently. Let’s understand the syntax first.

// standard way of defining function
function getName() {
  console.log('getName function')
// converted to arrow function
const getName = () => {
  console.log('getName function')

This becomes more interesting and simple when returning values from function.

const getName = name => 'Hello' + name
console.log(getName('Anand')) // Output: Hello Anand

At first glance, it may look confusing but lets break down the code little bit.

  • We have created a const variable named getName
  • Assigned a function shorthand used for arrow function () => {//function body}
  • By default, arrow function do not need any {} brackets if our code do not expect more than one line. Use curly brackets if we need to. Without curly bracket, arrow function returns the executed code line. In the above example, it returns Hello Anand

So, the above code can also be written as shown below and the output will be same.

const getName = name => {
  return 'Hello' + name

After some practice, you will get it. Go ahead, fire up the browser console and do some practice. An exercise for you is to check how this behaves with arrow function in comparison to the normal function.

String interpolation

Early days in javascript, if we need to create string with some dynamic values, we used to use +. Sooner or later, it gets more confusing if it gets really bigger. So, the string interpolation came to rescue. The syntax is to use back-tick instead of single/double quotes. And, ${} helps us to put dynamic data without worrying about opening/closing of the sentance or going wrong about missing + or single/double quotes. Lets look at the example below:

// Old approach
var guest = 'all'
var name = 'Anand'
var age = 32
var hobby1 = 'listening to music'
var hobby2 = 'mobiles games'
const sayHello =
  'Hello ' +
  guest +
  '! My name is ' +
  name +
  '. My age is ' +
  age +
  ' years. My hobbies are ' +
  hobby1 +
  ', ' +
  hobby2 +
console.log(sayHello) // Output: Hello all! My name is Anand. My age is 32 years. My hobbies are listening to music, mobiles games.

I am sure, it is already looking confusing to you guys. Now look at the below example.

// New approach
const guest = 'all'
const name = 'Anand'
const age = 32
const hobby1 = 'listening to music'
const hobby2 = 'mobiles games'
const sayHello = `Hello ${guest}! My name is ${name}. My age is ${age} years. My hobbies are ${hobby1}, ${hobby2}.`

Isn’t that cool. 😎


I am sure you all know Exponent in mathematics. In Javascript, we used to use Math.pow(5, 6); // Output: 15625 to get the exponent. Now, we have a short hand to get the same result by doing 3 ** 4; // Output: 15625. So, we can say following:

Math.pow(5, 6) == 5 ** 6


As it’s name suggests, we can use includes to get true or false result value by checking if the value is included or not. Example:

;[1, 2].includes(1) // true
;[1, 3].includes(2) // false
var foo = 'foo'
foo.includes('f') // true
foo.includes('F') // false
// So, it is case sensitive too. Please take care.


This one is quite interesting. Lets define it first. padStart and padEnd is used to pad the current string with another string until the given string length reaches. padStart applies padding from start (left) of the string. On the other hand padEnd applies padding from end (right) of the string.

These functions can apply padding to the current string with another string multiple times as well, if needed.

Let’s have a look to an example

// padStart
const cardNumber = '1234567812345678'
const last3Digit = cardNumber.slice(-3)
const maskedCardNumber = last3Digit.padStart(16, 'X')
console.log(maskedCardNumber) // Output: "XXXXXXXXXXXXX678"
// padEnd
const loremIpsum = 'Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and'
const loremIpsumWithDots = loremIpsum.padEnd(loremIpsum.length + 3, '.')
// Output: Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and...

How cool is that? It is pretty interesting and useful. Do practice though.


Earlier, we used to use Object.keys if we need to iterate over an object. But now, we can use values or entries instead keys as per our need. So, with Object.values, it returns all the enumerable properties values as an array. Then, it is easy to consume these values directly. Example:

const objectFoo = {
  name: 'foo',
  isAvailable: false
// Output: ['foo', false]


On the other hand, Object.entries also gives an array but it contains object’s own enumerable string key property [key, value] pairs. The order remains same as in provided by Example:

const objectFoo = {
  name: 'foo',
  isAvailable: false
// Output: [['name', 'foo'], ['isAvailable', false]]


That’s it for this post.

We learnt some of the key and useful features of ES6+. Do practice at your own. Put down comments as a feedback. Do show some love 💗 too and do not forget to share it.

Anand Kumar
Manager at PublicisSapient
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