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A Resource For Educators
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his resource for educators was compiled by Nelly Silagy Benedek, Director of Education,

The Jewish Museum. The informational texts are drawn from Susan Chevlowes Framing

Jewishness: Photography and the Boundaries of Community and Joanna Lindenbaums Commissions

and Collaboration in The Jewish Identity Project: New American Photography (New York: The Jewish

Museum; New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005) unless otherwise indicated. Maureen

Fox, Senior Museum Educator, prepared the glossary of terms; Jane Fragner, Assistant Director of

Education, coordinated the projects production; and Michael Sittenfeld, Manager of Curatorial

Publications, and Alexandra Bicks, publications intern, edited the text. Special thanks to Susan Chevlowe,

curator of the exhibition; Ali Gass, Curatorial Assistant; Greer Kudon, Manager of School Programs and

Outreach; Daniel Berson, Administrative Associate; and Yavilah McCoy, Director of the Ayecha Resource

Organization, for their input and assistance.

This publication is made possible by the UJA-Federation of New York,

with additional support from the Kekst Family Foundation.

The Jewish Identity Project: New American Photography was organized by The Jewish Museum, New York
and presented there from September 23, 2005 to January 22, 2006. Major support was provided by
The Allan Morrow Foundation with generous additional funding from Altria Group, Inc., the Henry
Nias Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, UJA-Federation of New York, and the estate of
Matilda Orlik. Generous support was also provided by The Appleman Foundation, Goldie & David
Blanksteen, the Jerry and Emily Spiegel Foundation, and other donors.

Cover: Nikki S. Lee

The Wedding (3) from the Parts series, 2005
C-print mounted on aluminum
Courtesy of Leslie Tonkonow Artworks + Projects

Design: Barbara Leff, The Monk Design Group

Copyright 2005 The Jewish Museum, New York

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Understanding Communities: Illinois, Iowa, and New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .









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About this Resource

he Jewish community in the United States is a diverse and complex one. Today, Jews in the United States
come from many backgrounds. They are people of color, immigrants, Jews by choice, and adoptees. They
also observe a wide variety of customs and traditions. Studying this multidimensional group of individuals
raises many interesting and provocative questions about Jews and about our multicultural society in general. Who
is a Jew? What does it mean to be Jewish? Who determines these definitions? How do Jews perceive themselves? How
do others perceive them? How do the concepts of exile, immigration, home, and community help us understand
what it means to be a Jew in the United States today? How does the experience of the Holocaust affect what it
means to be Jewish? How do we address the richness and multifaceted nature of this vibrant and diverse community
without falling back on clichs and generalizations? And, more broadly, how does examining this particular
community help us consider these issues as they apply to society as a whole?

The exhibition The Jewish Identity Project: New American Photography, held at The Jewish Museum in New York
between September 2005 and January 2006, explores these questions through the mediums of photography and
video. Commissioned by The Jewish Museum for the purpose of this exhibition, thirteen artists created works
of art which challenge the viewer to explore a myriad of issues dealing with identity, tolerance, and
stereotypes. The exhibition addresses issues relevant to both Jewish and non-Jewish audiences, examining the
actual and constructed boundaries between individuals in many different communities.

The artists in The Jewish Identity Project were charged with the task of creating photographs or video projects that
examine the multiculturalism of the Jewish community in the United States today. Each artist has framed these issues
differently, through a variety of subjects, media, and artistic approaches. This resource takes a close look at
photographs by four of the artists in this exhibition, along with works of art by two artists from The Jewish Museums
permanent collection, and provides suggestions for introducing these works and the themes they explore to students.
The information and discussions in this resource will also assist teachers in preparing classes for a visit to The Jewish
Museum, where many of the issues raised by these works of art are addressed on our school tours.

As this resource deals with contemporary art that focuses to a great extent on sophisticated ideas and complex visual
imagery, we have geared the discussion questions and activities toward middle and high school students. However, these
may be adapted for elementary-age students. Curricular and thematic connections provide educators with a context for
introducing the works of art to students; the bibliography offers teachers and students further opportunities for research;
and a CD-ROM features the images reproduced in the resource.

While the works of art presented here deal specifically with Jewish subject matter and identity, the topics they
address raise broader questions. For example, how do people in the United Statesas members of a multicul-
tural societyperceive and identify themselves? How do others perceive them? How do stereotypes inform or
shape this discussion? How do we recognize and address these stereotypes and assumptions? The main objective
of this resource is to pose these questions, provide a framework for discussion, and encourage the articulation of
various points of view.

By participating in discussions and engaging in the suggested activities students will:

Consider issues of diversity, multiculturalism, and tolerance with regard to ones own community and others.
Identify the ways in which certain groups of people are stereotyped and explore ways of appreciating differences.
Understand the power of text and image to affect perception and express ideas.
Engage in personal expression through photography, drawing, and collage.
Develop skills in visual literacy by responding to works of art verbally and in writing.

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Art, Process, and Collaboration

any of the artists presented in this resource have collaborated with their subjects to some
degree. Exploring this aspect of the creative process reveals more intimately how the artist pro-
duces his or her work, and sparks discussion about how this process affects the final product.
To some of the artists, for example, Chris Verene and Andrea Robbins and Max Becher, spending time
with and getting to know their subjects before photographing them is important. To other artists, like
Dawoud Bey, learning about the subject beforehand is not necessary, and sometimes is even detrimental
to making the art. The personal identity of the artist can also play a role in the ease or extent to which he
or she can get to know the subject. For example, in Jaime Permuths case, he feels his identity as a Latin Jew
has allowed him easier access to the Torat Emet communitya congregation of primarily Latino Jews who
are the subjects of his work. Have your students consider these approaches to collaboration when engaging in
some of the activities suggested in this resource.

Also encourage your students to examine the photographs in this resource as works of art, specifically
focusing on photography as an art form. When looking at individual photographs, ask them to consider
how each artist has manipulated the medium to achieve his or her objectives. Have students think about
scale, distortion, attention to detail, composition, cropping, use of color photography versus black-and-
white film, and the type of camera used by a particular artist.

Jaime Permuth
Selection from
La bat mitzvah de Gila Vias (Gila Viass Bat Mitzvah)
23 black-and-white digital prints
8 x 10 in. (20.3 x 25.4 cm) each

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Examining Identity through

Text and Image
Dawoud Bey
Born in Jamaica, New York, 1953
With audio interviews by Dan Collison and Elizabeth Meister

T he adolescent Jews of color depicted by Dawoud Bey for The Jewish Museums exhibition
The Jewish Identity Project: New American Photography are not shown as ethnographic subjects
but rather as a diverse group of Chicago teenagers. In the early 1990s Dawoud Bey turned to
portraying issues of identity and representation among adolescents from minority communities through
large-scale Polaroid photographs. Eventually, Bey moved away from the Polaroids to crisp, monumental
chromogenic color prints and, more recently, pigment prints. In 2002, he worked with Chicago high
school students to create a collaborative photographic, audio, and text project addressing the questions: Is
it possible for a photographic portrait to reveal anything real about you to someone else? What aspects
of yourself are you willing to share with the world, and how do others respond to those self-representations?

Beys images in his project for The Jewish Museum continue this process of inquiry. His photographs
of Jewish teens from Chicago mark the tensions of adolescence and project a sense of vulnerability; in
their directness they also straddle the boundaries between public and private personaswhat we keep to
ourselves and what we show others. Bey has photographed his subjects in their homes and posed some of
them with arms or elbows propped on a table. These gestures are at once defiant and protective. Much
of the impact of these photographs is achieved through the images large scale and through the close
proximity of the subject to the foreground.

Dawoud Beys collaborative photographic and audio project, created with Dan Collison and Elizabeth
Meister, allows these adolescents from Jewish backgrounds to speak for themselves about issues of race,
religion, and ethnicity. Jacob, for example, is the only child of a single Jewish mother; his father was from
Belize. Zenebesh was adopted from Ethiopia and converted to Judaism by her parents. Beys subjects
undermine easy assumptions about Jewishness and affirm his belief that young people are arbiters of style
themselves at a particular historical moment.

Dawoud Bey
Zenebesh, 2005
Pigment print
50 x 40 in. (127 x 101.6 cm)
Courtesy of the artist and Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago

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Discussion Questions
Look at the two portraits by Dawoud Bey. Describe the subjects facial expressions, poses, and attire.
What do they communicate to the viewer? What is your impression of these individuals as evidenced
by these portraits?

Dawoud Bey posed his subjects for these portraits. How would you describe the poses? How do you
think they affect the way we view the individuals portrayed in the photographs? For example, do these
figures seem approachable? Reserved?

Describe the composition in each photograph. How does the subjects proximity to the viewers space
affect the way we view the image?

Describe the setting in each image. What is the relationship between the setting and the subject both
visually and in terms of the photographs content? Does the knowledge that Bey photographed his
subjects at home affect your perception of the work?

Bey has stated in an interview that young people are arbiters of styles in the community; their appear-
ance speaks most strongly of how a community of people defines themselves at a particular historical
moment. What do you think this means? Do you agree with Beys assessment?

Bey included interviews with his subjects to complement the photographs. The following is an excerpt
from the interview with Jacob:
My name is Jacob Goldstein and Im 15.

My father was Belizean, my mom is American, and Im Jewish. So Im one of a kind, you could
say. I didnt know my dad because he died when I was little. But I grew up with my mom, and
shes raised me all by herself, and shes done a great job.
A lot of people thought I was adopted. But, when people think Im adopted, I really dont think
anything of it, I just have to tell them that, no shes my mom and my dad was black.

I identify myself as being black, but I also identify myself as being Jewish, too. I think of myself
more as an individual than like any other person, because Im both, like Im Jewish and Im black,
so Im different than most other people. I like being different than other people, I like being a
leader, I dont like to follow other people and what they do.

might think, like, Im in a gang or something. Thats just because of the way I dress. You cant really
put an identity on someone that you dont really know. When people dont know that much about
you and youre just like, oh, I forgot to tell you, Im Jewish, theyre like, what? Thats something
theyd never expect.
Read this quote with your class. How does reading the excerpt above affect your perception of this person?

Think about the subjects gaze. To whom is it directed? How do the gazes of these figures compare with
those in some of the other photographs included in this resource? Compare these photographs to those
by Chris Verene. How are they different from one another? How do they communicate information
about their respective subjects? Dawoud Bey
Jacob, 2005
Pigment print
50 x 40 in. (127 x 101.6 cm)
Courtesy of the artist and Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago
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Discuss this quote by Dawoud Bey with your class:

Because the introduction of the camera disrupts the normal social situation, what happens at that
point takes on an aspect of personal theater and performance. I, as the photographer, become
a kind of director, attempting to provoke a credible performance on the part of the subject, a
performance which nominally reads in the photograph as a kind of nonperformance actually,
since the role, as such, that the person is performing is his or her self.

Activity: Writing about Portraits

Curriculum Connection: Language Arts

Aim: To articulate ideas and impressions of a photographic portrait through a first-person narrative.

Materials: Paper and pencils


1. Ask your students to look carefully at one of Beys photographs and

speculate about the subjects interests, emotions, and personality.
2. Then have them write a paragraph from the point of view of the sitter.
3. Have your students read what they have written to the class.

4. Discuss the various interpretations that emerge from these texts.

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Activity: Exploring Identity through Photography

Curriculum Connections: Creative Arts, Language Arts

Aims: To create a photographic portrait; to describe the elements of a portrait verbally and in writing.

Materials: Cameras, paper, and pencils


1. If possible, pair your students up with a student in another class, preferably someone they do
not know very well.
2. Read the following statement made by Bey during an interview:
If the person doesnt like the picture that results, I try to make them realize that this is a
picture, not reality, and it is my own subjective take on them at the moment we made the
photograph. While I dont consider myself beholden to the subjects response, it is never
my intention to demean them. . . . What I try to do is to make all of the artificiality of
the situationthe lights, the camera, and other activity outside the frame of the
picturedisappear, so that what we are left with is a photograph that contains a
certain level of emotional, psychological, or material information and credibility.
3. Discuss Beys remarks with your students.
4. Once students have chosen their subjects ask them to pose the person; both photographer and
subject must be comfortable with the pose.

5. Ask your students to consider how much of the setting they will incorporate into the
6. Have them take a photo of this person.
7. After taking the photograph, have students interview their subject and take notes about the
persons background and interests. Also have them ask their subjects about the experience of
being the subject of a portrait. How did their subjects feel? Did they feel comfortable or
uncomfortable when they were being photographed?
8. Gather the photographs and ask students to randomly choose one to study. They should not
choose their own photograph.

9. Ask students to describe the photograph in writing, considering the subjects pose and facial
expression, the setting, and the compositional elements of the photograph.

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Nikki S. Lee
Born in South Korea, 1970

N ikki S. Lee immigrated to the United States from South Korea. She is the subject of her own
workenlarged snapshot-like photographs staged to explore specific issues regarding the
construction of female and ethnic identities. In a recent series, Parts, begun in 2002, Lee uses
male friends or hired actors in carefully staged narratives, which are then photographed. In the enlarged
final prints, Lee slices out most of the male figure. The viewer receives only hints of a story and must
confront what is missing. By cropping out the man and including only part of his body, Lee also draws
attention to his absence. Although barely visible in the photograph, he is clearly present in the scene and
becomes an integral part of the narrative.

The settings for Lees works have been wide-ranging: the back seat of a London taxi, a Home Depot store
in Queens, the delivery room of a Memphis hospital. Who is Lee playing in each of these scenarios? Is this
the real Nikki S. Lee? Is this a masquerade? The answer is intentionally ambiguous, to be determined by
the viewer. Such questions are central to the work Lee has created for The Jewish Museum. Employing the
strategies from the Parts series, Lee has had herself photographed as the bride in a Jewish wedding
ceremony, literally cutting the bridegroom out of the picture. (Note that Lee has deliberately framed three
sides of the photograph with a white border and cropped the fourth.) The final work addresses the typical
assumption that Asian American women sometimes encounter in the Jewish communitythat they are
there because of a man. Lees work asks: Has the missing man provided her characters access
into Judaism?

For Lee, the work also questions how far she can successfully integrate herself into a group that is
intrinsically different from her ownis there a common ground between her and her partner? Can she be
Jewish? And can viewers of her work see her as such?

Nikki S. Lee
The Wedding (8), from the Parts series, 2005
C-print mounted on aluminum
Courtesy of Leslie Tonkonow Artworks + Projects

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Discussion Questions
What do you think is happening in these two photographs by Nikki S. Lee?

What is the context? Which portions of the event has she decided to depict?

How would you describe the characters in her photographs and their status as participants in the
scenes? What are their roles?

Who is the central figure in these photographs? How has Lee made this evident in terms of each
photographs composition and focus? (Example: she is at the center; other figures are cropped
or blurred)

Is there anything unusual about Lees photographs?

Discuss the composition of her works and her characteristic cropping of the central male figures
form. How does cropping the male figure affect our perception of the scene?

Read the following excerpt from an interview with Lee about her project for The Jewish Museums
exhibition The Jewish Identity Project: New American Photography to your students:
And then for The Jewish Museum project: I used to have a Jewish boyfriend, so I know that this
is possible. Its a little bit of Projects [an earlier series] and Parts in one. Its a Jewish wedding, so
its more about social identity issues. And Im not trying to become a Jewish woman, but an Asian
woman who marries a Jewish man. When you marry someone, you enter his or her culture, and
hes going to enter my culture, too, probably. So, its more of a mix of cultures, and the cultural
issue is more from the Projects series. But the context is more like the Parts serieshow I met this
Jewish guy, dating him, how I ended up with him, and now Im having a weddingwill we be
comfortable in the future? I can see similarities between Jewish and Korean cultures as well
because my dealer and my ex-boyfriend are Jewish, Im familiar with Jewish culture: Jews have
suffered from oppression, and in Korean culture there is oppression from the Japanese; Jews eat
pickles and we eat pickles, too! So perhaps the couple in the image can manage both cultures well
if they get married. How does the Jewish man affect the Korean womans identity and vice versa?
Similarly, I live here as a Korean, but I have an identity as a New Yorker as well. When Im here,
my New York identity comes out more, and in Korea my Korean identity comes out moreI
hold both inside of me.
How does Lees work reinforce or challenge stereotypes of Jews and non-Jews? Of Asians or
Asian Americans?

Ask students to imagine the scenarios that precede and follow those depicted in the two photographs
reproduced in this resource. Discuss Nikki S. Lees focus on herself as the central figure of the
narrative and how this affects the way we view the celebration.

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Nikki S. Lee
The Wedding (3), from the Parts
series, 2005
C-print mounted on
Courtesy of Leslie Tonkonow
Artworks + Projects

Activity: Describing and Understanding

Ritual Celebrations
Curriculum Connections: Language Arts, Social Studies/History
Aims: To research and describe the context of Nikki S. Lees photographsa Jewish wedding verbally and
in writing; to research the wedding rituals of other cultures/religions and provide a written description of one
of these celebrations; to write a description of a celebration in which the student has participated.

Materials: Paper and pencils


1. Have your students conduct research about Jewish weddings and the rituals associated with them.

2. Discuss how these rituals are either familiar or foreign to the students in your class.

3. Have students research the marriage rituals of other cultures and write a description of them.
4. Ask your students to think of a celebration in which they have participated. Have them write
a description of this event. Have them consider their involvement in the celebration and how
they felt as participants.

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Ken Aptekar
I Hate the Name Kenneth, 1996
Oil on wood, sandblasted glass, and bolts
Overall: 69 x 120 7/8 x 3 in. (175.3 x 307.1 x 7.6 cm) Each: 30 x 30 x 3 in. (76.2 x 76.2 x 7.6 cm)
The Jewish Museum, New York
Purchased with funds given by Barbara S. Horowitz, Howard E. Rachofsky, Ruth M. and Stephen Durschlag,
Marcia May, J.W. Heller Foundation, Michael L. Rosenberg, the Fine Arts Acquisition Committee, Helga and
Samuel Feldman, Caroline B. Michahelles and Robert G. Pollack, 1997-26 a-h

Isidor Kaufmann (Austrian 18531921)

Head of a Rabbi, n.d.
Oil on panel
15 3/8 x 12 3/8 in. (39.1 x 31.5 cm.)
The Jewish Museum, New York
Bequest of Edith B. Weisz, 2004-11

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Ken Aptekar
Born in Detroit, Michigan, 1950

en Aptekars works of art juxtapose text and images that simultaneously pay homage to
and critique historical paintings. His constructions of appropriated images coupled with
narrative fragments offer the viewer open-ended stories with information about the artists
family, identity, and personal beliefs. Aptekars works are provocative, reframing old masterpieces and
representing them as a backdrop for a deeply personal autobiographical account.

In I Hate the Name Kenneth, Aptekar paints reproductions of portraits by the Jewish Austro-Hungarian
artist Isidor Kaufmann (18531921) and overlays them with sheets of etched glass. The narrative
superimposed on images of Jews in traditional garb tells the story of the artists grandfathers, both named
Abraham and both of whom immigrated to the United States. The brief account describes how one
assimilated and the other maintained his European Jewish identity by preserving his customs. Through his
blunt yet poignant narrative, Aptekar reveals why he dislikes his name, using the story of his two very
different grandfathers as a means of examining his own identity.

Aptekar has stated that he is conflicted about his Jewish heritage: Jewish names . . . interest me. Perhaps
because of pangs of guilt at my own willingness to pass as Not Jewish, I have little tolerance for Jews who
change their names to sound less Jewish. On one hand, he understands the impulse of his grandfather
Abraham to assimilate, changing his name to Albert. On the other, he resents his own and others desires
to pursue this route, admiring the other grandfather Abraham who did not.

Aptekars constructions are visually and intellectually compelling. The paintings are black, white, and gray
whereas the originals that inspired them are vibrant and colorful. Although the figures portrayed in
Aptekars works are versions of Kaufmanns meticulously detailed portraits, the contemporary artist has
made them his own. A near monochromatic palette and his inclusion of the painted framesrendered as
well in the same gray and black tonesclearly indicate that the works are not mere reproductions.
By incorporating paintings of the frames, cropping the images in a seemingly arbitrary way, and
interrupting his imagery with areas of white space, Aptekar reminds the viewer that he is presenting him
or her with a reinterpretation of an artistic and historical document. Ones eye is drawn to the empty areas
and the moldings of the frames.

In terms of content, Aptekar combines the masterful Kaufmann portraitswhich at the time of their
creation hung in well-appointed parlors, enhancing the social status of the collectors who could afford to
purchase themwith his own family history. Kaufmanns portraits of religiously devout Jews linked the
world of cosmopolitan fin de sicle (turn of the century) Vienna to a traditional lifestyle that endured out-
side the capital. Aptekar uses these images to draw attention to the dichotomy between these two worlds
in his own life. Throughout the eight panels, Aptekar weaves together a blend of powerful words and
evocative imagery that hark back to the past, but are firmly located in the present.

Portions of this text are drawn from The Jewish Museums website,

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Text from I Hate the Name Kenneth:

Abraham from Odessa Kenneth was what my

changed his name. parents named me.
He had to if he wanted They said it was the
to get ahead at Ford closest they could
where he got a job come to my Jewish
painting stripes on name, Chaim,
Model Ts. Fifty years Hebrew for life.
later Albert retired, a Abraham from the
vice-president in the shtetl called me
tractor division. mein Kenny.

Abraham from a I was seven when I

shtetl near Minsk lost Grandpa Abe.
never changed his name. When he had to face
He lived in an a small claims judge,
apartment near the he collapsed from a heart
oldest synagogue attack on the floor of
in Detroit, ran a the courthouse.
bicycle shop with Grandpa Al died much
my grandmother later. I hate the name
his whole life. Kenneth.

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Discussion Questions
In I Hate the Name Kenneth, Aptekar addresses the relationship of naming to identity. In his text, he
refers to the identifiably Jewish names of his grandfathers and to their transformation into ethnically
neutral English versionsa common practice in the United States when immigrants arrived here.
Discuss Aptekars text and its implications. Ask students to consider its tone and content. What is the
significance of the title of his work of art?

Why do you think the artist says that he hates his name? Why do you think he uses such a strong word
to describe his feelings?

Discuss the relationship of the Kaufmann paintings reproduced by Aptekar to the text on the etched
glass. How does this combination of text and image affect the way one views the work of art? How does
the content of the text relate to the content of the images of devout Jews in traditional garb? What does
this combination explore about the act of looking versus the act of reading?

Discuss the way in which Aptekar has painted the portraits. What is the effect of including painted
images of the frames and their shadows? How is this different than painting the figures without the
frames? Discuss the artists use of cropping and his inclusion of white areas.

Activity: Using Text as Image

Curriculum Connection: Creative Arts

Aim: To create a work of art using the students name as a component of the piece.

Materials: Paper, collage elements, paint, brushes, pencils, scissors, etc.


1. Ask students to create a work of art inspired by their own first or last name.

2. Have them brainstorm about the type of media they will employ. They may choose to execute
a drawing or create a work that combines painting and collage.
3. The only requirement of the piece is that students incorporate their names in some way.
4. Discuss the finished works of art with the class.

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Understanding Communities:
Illinois, Iowa, and New York

Chris Verene
Donny and Barry on the Porch, 2001
From Prairie Jews, 19972005
from the series Galesburg
Type C Archival print, with artists handwritten text in oil
30 x 36 in. (76.2 x 91.4 cm)
Courtesy Chris Verene
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Chris Verene
Born in Galesburg, Illinois, 1969

hris Verene took these photographs in Galesburg, Illinois, the small town where he was born
and where most of his photographic work has been based. Part of a series titled Prairie Jews,
these works portray Jews in the Galesburg community either alone or with their non-Jewish
neighbors. Galesburg is an overwhelmingly Protestant manufacturing town with a population of just
under 34,000 people. The first Jewish settlers came to Galesburg in 1855, less than twenty years after
the citys founding in 1837. Though few in number, they are not only immigrants to this Midwest town
but were settlers as well.

As Verene himself has observed, the Jews in this community do not have a strong visual presence.
He notes: There is a small synagogue and an old Jewish cemetery there and yet one would not know
who is Jewish in the community without asking. The local Temple Sholoms Reform congregation is
comprised of thirty-five families. Too small to afford a permanent rabbi, it is served by a student rabbi
from Hebrew Union CollegeJewish Institute of Religion in Cincinnati.

Verene currently lives in Brooklyn but continues to travel frequently to Galesburg to visit and photograph
its inhabitants. Simultaneously insider and outsider to this community, Verenethrough his
photographsraises questions about the identity of Galesburgs residents. In Donny and Barry on the
Porch (2001) Verene depicts his father Donny and one of his fathers two best friends from childhood.
Both of Donnys best friends happen to be Jewish. Verenes composition in Donny and Barry on the Porch
echoes Grant Woods famous painting American Gothic in the collection of The Art Institute of Chicago,
which depicts a farmer and his daughter in front of their house. Woodwho was from Iowawas
accused of creating a satire on the intolerance and rigidity that the insular nature of rural life can
produce. He denied the accusation; in his view, American Gothic epitomized the Puritan ethic and
upheld the virtues of Midwestern character. With a nod to Wood, Verene seems to offer us these Jewish
and gentile Midwesterners as embodiments of similar virtues. He also explores how Jews and non-Jews
interact and live together in the town.

The captions accompanying Verenes photographs do not try to provide the complete story of their subjects
or to seamlessly narrate a complex life as a journalist might. We glean from the artists texts that barry
and donny and harry [the other best friend] have been best friends since cub scouts and that my father,
donny, says they almost made eagle scout together and that harry founded the galesburg model train
show. Verenes work in Galesburg has the effect of creating an extended family album, a chronicle of
the town. In getting to know the towns Jews and adding their representations to his ongoing narrative
of small town life, a reshaped history emerges.

In Max Wineman (our friend max is 93 he was close to my fathers father and max escaped from the
camps and came alone to galesburg. his wife passed away in 1972), the photographer sees a fascinating
hybrid identity where the work in the end seeks to complicate any stereotype of Jewishnessyet relies
on it as well. Maxs life and Verenes visualization of it may make us think about how Jewishness is
constituted not only through the communal institutions or familial rituals but also individually and alone.

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Discussion Questions
Look at Verenes photograph titled Donny and Barry on the Porch. Discuss the photographs composition.
What is included in the foreground, middle ground, and background? Do you see lines and/or shapes
repeated throughout the composition? (Note the vertical lines in the fence, the figures suspenders, and
the weather vane in the background.)

How do colors animate the photograph? Where are they repeated in the composition?

Both Verenes and Dawoud Beys photographs are posed. Can you tell? Why or why not? How does this
affect the way you think about the images?

Read the artists captions, mentioned on the previous page, that accompany the photographs by Verene
included in this resource. How does reading the quotes affect your perception of the photograph and
the people portrayed in them?

Describe Verenes Max and Marlene. Discuss the placement of the figures in the composition, the
setting, and the relationship of the figures based on what you see.

What do we know about Max based on Verenes photograph and comments? What would you like
to know?

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Activity: Examining Familiar Communities

Curriculum Connections: Social Studies/History, Language Arts

Aims: To define the concept of community and to examine and describe communities that are familiar
to students; to consider people both as individuals and as members of a community.

Materials: Photographs, paper, and pencils


1. Chris Verene photographs his family and their neighborsmembers of a community that is
familiar to him. He has stated the following:
My work is about documenting the real story and real lives of my family and friends
and their town of Galesburg, Illinois. My role in this is to sincerely describe the life
and circumstances of the people and to show reality while preserving the peoples honor
and dignity. My role is also as interpreterI explain the story in short form using my hand-
writing and picture editing. My role or job as artist is understood through the fact that I
only make work about people I have known for years or am related to and with whom we
have found mutual trust.
Read the quote to your students. Discuss it with them.
2. Ask students to choose one of the photographs by Verene included in this resource
and write a description of the scene depicted. Have them focus on the individuals
portrayed and the information they learn about them through the photograph and
Verenes commentary.

3. Then ask your students if they have any photographs of people from their own neighborhood
family, friends, or acquaintances. If they do, ask them to bring them to class.
4. Have them write a short narrative about the person/people in the photograph.
5. Discuss the narratives and what they present about the students communities.

Chris Verene
Max and Marlene, 2004
From Prairie Jews, 19972005
from the series Galesburg
Type C Archival print, with artists handwritten text in oil
30 x 36 in. (76.2 x 91.4 cm)
Courtesy Chris Verene

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Activity: Depicting Communities

Curriculum Connections: Social Studies/History, Creative Arts, Language Arts

Aim: To depict ones own community through photographs and/or drawings.

Materials: Cameras, paper, and pencils


1. Ask your students to either photograph or sketch a scene depicting their neighborhood.
Have them focus on the environments they observe and on the people who inhabit them.
2. Discuss what they decided to include.
3. Have students write a description of their neighborhood.
4. Have students read the narratives and try to find the corresponding drawing or photograph.
5. Another option is to have your students study your schools community. They may photograph,
sketch, and/or write about the people who work and/or study in the school environment.

Grant Wood
(American, 18911942)
American Gothic, 1930
Oil on beaver board
30 11/16 x 25 11/16 in. (78 x 65.3 cm)
The Art Institute of Chicago
Friends of American Art Collection, 1930.934

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Activity: Creating a Work of Art Inspired by

a Work of Art

Curriculum Connection: Creative Arts

Aim: To create a work of art inspired by a work of art in another medium.

Materials: Camera or paper, pencils, paint, paint brushes, glue, and collage elements


1. Have your students look closely at Chris Verenes photograph titled Donny and Barry on the
Porch. Sometimes works of art are inspired by other works of art. In this case, Verene may
have been inspired by Grant Woods well-known painting titled American Gothic. The poses
of the two figures, along with the inclusion of the white fence, for example, bring to mind
elements in the Wood painting. Discuss how Verene has transformed this image to make
it his own.
2. If your students plan to take photographs, have them look at reproductions of paintings and
sculpture for inspiration. If possible, you may want to take them to a local museum to view
original works of art. If your students will be drawing, painting, or using collage, have them
look at works of art in other mediums for inspiration.
3. Ask your students to find an element of the work of art they are using for inspiration to
appropriate for their own work. This may be a pose, gesture, compositional element, color
combination, or narrative component.
4. When they have completed their works of art, have students discuss how they were inspired
by the image they selected.

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Andrea Robbins and Max Becher

Fishing Scene, 2004
From Postville, from the series
Brooklyn Abroad, 20042005
Archival ink jet print
20 x 24 in. (50.8 x 61 cm)
Courtesy of the artists and Sonnabend Gallery, New York
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Andrea Robbins and Max Becher

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, 1963, and Dsseldorf, Germany, 1964

uring the last twenty years Andrea Robbins and Max Becher have created photographic projects
encompassing portraits, landscapes, and architectural motifs. Their photographs center on
dislocated cultures and on their formation in new contexts. Each series of their photographs is
accompanied by a text that they have written to address the ironies in their pictures. In their project for
The Jewish Museum, entitled Brooklyn Abroad, they have photographed members of the Lubavitch
community in Postville, Iowa, a group of Hasidic Jews who moved there from Crown Heights, Brooklyn,
in the mid-1980s, attracted by the opening of a glatt kosher slaughterhouse and processing facility. Hasidic
Jews pride themselves on maintaining their heritage through a strict adherence to Jewish customs and
practices, including dietary laws that require specific methods of food preparation. The kosher slaughter-
house provided jobs for them, as the operation of such a facility requires a specific kind of expertise.

In Robbins and Bechers view, and as shown in their project, Hasidism is now one facet of the family of
American Jewry. Hasidim can no longer legitimately be represented as the remnants of a dying culture,
as ethnographic photographers have before. Nor are Hasidim representations of the essential Jewish self.
The picture Fishing Scene is not tied to a specific religious practice but rather depicts a father and son
enjoying nature. Although these Hasidim have been criticized for their failure to attempt to blend into
public life in northeastern Iowa, Robbins and Bechers photographs show that they are not so different
from their neighbors in their everyday relationship to a place where lawns must be mowed, houses painted,
and nature and family can be enjoyed.

While some viewers may associate the Hasidim with urban spaces, they rarely have been depicted outdoors
or in color photographs the way they are in Robbins and Bechers intensely hued examples. The Hasidic
Jews in these two photographs may seem somewhat out of place in this natural environment but, to them,
this is their home. This scene may not be what most consider a typical Iowa sceneor, for that matter, a
typical view of Hasidic Jewsbut it is part of the states actual societal fabric.

Robbins and Bechers representation of the Postville Hasidim incorporate the familiarity of the snapshot
aesthetic; their subjects appear to be caught unawares engaging in everyday chores and pastimes. The
photographs seem to capture a transitory moment in their lives. They also undermine stereotypical
perceptions of tight-knit regional groups. Sometimes, unfamiliar communities or ethnic groups are
perceived as being exotic, spiritual, and mysterious. They are mythologized through the creation and
perpetuation of stereotypes and generalizations. Do we see these people as ordinary folks or as members
of some sort of exotic community? The reality is that they are Americans and that Iowa is not as
homogeneous as one might imagine. Robbins and Becher encourage the viewer to challenge his or her
own expectations about Hasidic Jews, Iowa, and regional photography.

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Discussion Questions
What is your reaction to these two photographs? What are the figures doing? Do their actions seem
unusual to you in any way or perfectly natural?

How do you think your answers are similar or different than those of someone else viewing this work?
Do you think a Jewish person would have the same reaction to these photographs as someone who is
not Jewish? Do you think a Hasidic Jew would have the same response to the photographs as would a
Reform Jew? (If your students are not familiar with the different denominations of Judaism, you may
want to ask them to research these terms.) Do you think the viewers religion, race, or cultural back-
ground would influence his or her reaction?

Discuss the artists use of color in these two photographs. Describe how color is used to unify the
composition. Discuss the placement of the figure(s) in the composition.

Describe the settings in Robbins and Bechers photographs. How does each setting affect the way the
viewer perceives the figures? How does this challenge our assumptions about the figures?

What do you think it means to mystify or exoticize a group of people? Can you think of any group of
people in our history that has been mystified or stereotyped either positively or negatively? (Example:
Native Americans, African Americans, Jews)
Compare and contrast these photographs with those by Chris Verene. Both depict Jewish people, but
show very different communities in the Midwest. Can you discern differences simply by looking at the
photographs or do you feel that you need more information?

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Andrea Robbins and Max Becher

Lawn Mowing, 2004
From Postville, from the
series Brooklyn Abroad, 20042005
Archival ink jet print, 20 x 24 in. (50.8 x 61 cm)
Courtesy of the artists and Sonnabend Gallery, New York

Activity: Breaking Down Stereotypes

Curriculum Connections: Social Studies/History, Language Arts

Aim: To examine the formation and use of stereotypes.

Materials: Paper and pencils


1. Have your students research a group of people living in the United States who have been
the victim of stereotyping. Ask them to consider how this group of people has been
portrayed either positively or negatively in the media or in works of art and literature.
2. After they have conducted their research, ask them to write an essay describing how these
stereotypes have affected particular individuals or groups.

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Jaime Permuth
Born in Guatemala City, Guatemala, 1968

J aime Permuth uses a traditional documentary approach in his artwork. He develops ideas through
an investigative process, spending lengthy periods with his subjects. In his project for The Jewish
Museum, he maps the intersections of ethnic, national, linguistic, religious, and gender identities as
he follows three narratives of the Spanish-speaking nondenominational congregation El Centro de
Estudios Judos Torat Emet (Torat Emet Center for Jewish Studies). Torat Emet was founded in Riverdale,
in the Bronx, New York, by Rigoberto Emmanuel Vias, a young Sephardi rabbi born in Miami of Cuban
descent, who, like many in his congregation, traces his roots to the Spanish Anusim (conversos). Through
his activities both as a scribe and rabbi, Rabbi Manny, as he is affectionately known, has gained a reputation
beyond the borders of the United States and has become a spiritual guide to individuals seeking to convert
or return to Judaism.

Rites of passage bring newcomers into the community, but they also allow for individual new beginnings.
Permuths series of photographs titled La bat mitzvah de Gila Vias (Gila Viass Bat Mitzvah), 2003, takes
place during the bat mitzvah of Rabbi Mannys daughter at his new synagogue, Lincoln Park Jewish
Center in Yonkers. The photographs capture the cautious encounters between the two populations
brought together for the celebration: the Torat Emet group, mostly young and Spanish speaking, and the
Lincoln Park congregation, mostly elderly survivors of the Holocaust.

Rituals, holidays, and life-cycle events have been used to establish a common ground among Jews in the
Diaspora for centuries. By focusing on these rituals and their role in defining Jews and Judaism, Permuth
raises questions about the role of these ceremonial customs in framing Jewish identity. In other words, are
you Jewish if you have not had a brit milah (or bris), or have not been bar mitzvahed? For Permuth to
depict these particular events, which are as firmly prescribed by Jewish law as any others, is to unveil the
borders and boundaries of a supposedly homogeneous community, allowing other stories to be added to
the collective history.

Jaime Permuth
Selections from
23 black-and-white digital prints
8 x 10 in. (20.3 x 25.4 cm) each

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Discussion Questions
Jaime Permuths photographs document a series of events, in this case, the ritual of a bat mitzvah. He
tells this particular story visually through a series of twenty-three 8 x 10-inch black-and-white photographs.
Considered as a group, the photographs chronicle a celebration. What kind of effect do you think is
created by Permuths narrative grouping? How does this affect the way we consider the images?

Examine the series of photographs by Permuth titled La bat mitzvah de Gila Vias. First, consider the
content of the photographs. Then think about Permuths choices in terms of color, composition, scale,
and technique.

Describe the way Permuth has captured his subjects, e.g., informally, at transitory moments.

After examining each of Permuths photographs individually, consider them in the context of
the narrative chronicled by the twenty-three photographs in the piece. Does your perception of the
photographs change in any way once you learn about the context in which they were taken?

Compare the snapshot-like quality of Permuths photographs to the posed portraits by Dawoud Bey
and Chris Verene. Discuss differences in composition, setting, facial expressions, and overall impact.

Compare Permuths depiction of a Jewish ritual with Nikki S. Lees photographs of a different Jewish ritual.

How are the photographs similar? How are they different?

Jaime Permuth
Selections from
23 black-and-white digital prints
8 x 10 in. (20.3 x 25.4 cm) each

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Activity: Chronicling a Ritual through Images

Curriculum Connections: Language Arts, Social Studies/History

Aim: To compose a narrative about a community in writing and through images.

Materials: Paper, pencils, camera and/or colored pencils or paint and brushes


1. After discussing the ritual portrayed in Permuths photographs, ask your students to think of a
community ritual that they would like to either photograph or depict in drawings/paintings.
They may choose a ritual that is familiar to them or one that is not. Be sure to discuss the importance
of collaboration and of being sensitive to their subjects privacy.
2. If students are unable to photograph a series of events, they may want to bring in family photographs
of a ritual celebration or religious service such as a bar or bat mitzvah, communion, wedding,
or birthday.
3. They may also choose to document the ritual through drawings or paintings.
4. Ask students to organize their photographs or drawings into a series of events that they may
present either in an album or propped up against the wall.
5. Then, ask students to write about the event. They may use words in any way they like and
compose a written account that is either in paragraph form or in a series of sentences that
accompany each image.
6. Display these in class and discuss your students responses to the images and texts.

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Art and Memory

Christian Boltanski
Born in Paris, France, 1944

C hristian Boltanskis Monuments series explores the themes of loss, death, and memory.
Combining appropriated images and mundane objects in a powerful and evocative way, these
installations memorialize unknown persons at the same time that they raise questions about
the veracity of the photographic medium.

In 1985, Boltanski began his Monuments installations, focusing on photographs of children as the means
to convey the transience of life and awaken a collective consciousness of the dead. Here, childhood
represents temporality and an irrevocable loss reclaimed only by memory. Characteristically shown in
semidarkness in museums and churches, these poignant works effect a haunting atmosphere and
quasi-religious tone with their altar-like design and incandescent light bulbs substituting for votive
candles. Although the subjects are anonymous, the children in Monument (Odessa) have all been
identified from a group snapshot as Jewish students celebrating Purim in France in 1939. Boltanski
enlarged individual faces in the photograph, blurring particular features and creating a less personal
image. Knowing the religion of these children and the year in which they were photographed inevitably
links them to the Holocaust and evokes thoughts about their unknown fate. Lights illuminating their
images also beg another interpretation, namely, Yahrzeit candles, to honor and remember the dead. The
empty, rusted tin biscuit boxes, a fixture in Boltanskis works, hold more than childhood treasures and
memoriesthey hold unwritten histories of unrealized lives.

Odessa refers to the birthplace of the artists paternal grandfather. Boltanski was born in Paris and has
a Catholic and Jewish background. The artist has said, My work is about the fact of dying, but its not
about the Holocaust itself. However, for Boltanski, having grown up in postwar France with the knowledge
of his father hiding in fear during the occupation, the reality of genocide was never far nor forgotten.
Certainly, the six children in Boltanskis altar offer a silent elegy for the six million Jews who perished
during the Holocaust.

This text is adapted from Irene Z. Schencks entry in Maurice Berger et al., Masterworks of The Jewish
Museum (New York: The Jewish Museum; New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 82.

Christian Boltanski
Monument (Odesssa), 19892003
Six gelatin-silver prints, three tin biscuit boxes, lights, wire
Installation approximately 80 x 72 in. (203.2 x 182.9 cm)
The Jewish Museum, New York
Purchase: Melva Bucksbaum Contemporary Art Fund, 200311

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Discussion Questions
What is the first word that comes to mind when you look at Boltanskis Monument (Odessa)?

Describe the various components of the work and the combination of various media. What is the
overall effect?

Does this work of art evoke any specific sensation or emotion in you?

Do you find it to be mysterious or elusive in any way? Why or why not?

Is the work easy to look at and understand? Why or why not?

Describe the works compositional structure. How do the various elements work together to create
a coherent whole?

Discuss the concept of multi-media art or art that incorporates a range of different materials.
In this case, Boltanski has incorporated photographs, lights, wire, and tin boxes. How does Boltanskis
installation challenge your expectations of a traditional sculpture or work of art?

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Activity: Constructing a Monument

Curriculum Connection: Creative Arts

Aim: To design a work of art that memorializes an individual or an event in an original
and thought-provoking way.

Materials: Paper and pencils


1. Boltanskis work of art is rooted in memory. The black-and-white photographs in Monument

(Odesssa) evoke the past. Combined with the lights and tin boxes, they encourage the viewer
to experience a work of art that is both visually and conceptually compelling. Discuss the
evocative and spiritual nature of this piece with your students.
2. Ask your students to think about an event or individual that they would like to memorialize.
They may choose something very specific or something less explicit and more conceptual.
Have them think about creating a piece that evokes emotion rather than provides a literal
description of an event or person.
3. Ask them to make choices about the materials and images they will incorporate into their work
of art.
4. Then have them design their monument through a drawing or series of drawings and
paintings and discuss their piece with the class.

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Thematic Connections
Use the following themes to compare and contrast selected works of art by the artists listed below:

Community Bey, Lee, Permuth

Ritual Lee, Permuth

Inclusion/exclusion Aptekar, Bey, Permuth, Robbins and

Becher, Verene

Diversity Bey, Lee, Permuth

Stereotypes Aptekar, Bey, Lee, Robbins and Becher

Memory Aptekar, Boltanski, Verene

Photography Boltanski, Bey, Lee, Permuth, Robbins

and Becher

Narrative/Storytelling Aptekar, Lee, Verene

Identity Aptekar, Bey, Boltanski, Lee, Permuth,

Robbins and Becher

Tradition Aptekar, Boltanski, Lee, Permuth,

Robbins and Becher

Dawoud Bey Nikki S. Lee

Jaime Permuth

Ken Aptekar Chris Verene Christian Boltanski

Andrea Robbins and Max Becher

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Glossary of Terms

Anusim (conversos) Jews who outwardly converted to Holocaust The genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, and
Christianity in Spain and Portugal during the Middle Ages others by the Nazis during World War II.
to avoid persecution, many of whom continued to practice
Judaism in secret. Jewish Being of a monotheistic religion that descends from
the ancient Hebrew people.
Bar mitzvah A ceremony marking a Jewish boys transition
to manhood at the age of thirteen. Latino A native or resident of Latin America; a person of
Spanish-speaking heritage.
Bat mitzvah A ceremony marking a Jewish girls transition
to womanhood at the age of twelve or thirteen. Lubavitch A sect of Hasidism (see definition of Hasid),
founded in the late eighteenth century in what is now the
Brit milah (or Bris) The ritual circumcision of a male Eastern European nation of Belarus.
to Judaism. Multicultural Of, pertaining to, or including different
Chromogenic color prints Photographs in which the final
image is made using colored dyes formed during processing. Nondenominational Not associated with or restricted to a
Chromogenic literally means color forming. Also known particular religious denomination or sect within a particular
as C-prints. religion.

Composition In art, the structure or organization of a work Photography The process or technique of rendering optical
of art, literature, or music; the act of assembling parts or images on photosensitive surfaces; the art, practice, or
elements to form a whole; the way in which such parts are occupation of taking and printing photographs.
combined or related.
Pigment prints General term for any kind of print which
Documentary A television, film, or other presentation of uses a pigment to produce the image, including gum,
factual political, social, or historical events or circumstances. Fresson, carbon, and carbro.

Exile Enforced removal from ones native country; self- Polaroid A trademark for a camera and film that produce
imposed absence from one's country. instant photographs.

Genocide The deliberate and systematic destruction of a Portrait A likeness of a person, as a painting or photograph,
racial, political, or cultural group. especially one showing the face; a verbal picture or
description, especially of a person.
Glatt kosher Refers to meat that is permitted to be eaten
according to Jewish religious law. In order to qualify an Purim A joyous festival celebrated in late winter or
animal must have completely smooth lungs. early spring on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar.
The holiday commemorates the rescue of ancient Persian
Hasid or Hasidic Jew A member of a Jewish mystical Jewry from an attempt to annihilate them by the kings
sect founded in Poland in the mid-eighteenth century in minister, as told in the biblical book of Esther.
opposition to rationalism and ritual laxity. Hasidic Jews
maintain many characteristics of early modern Polish life, Rabbi An ordained spiritual leader of a Jewish
including its dress. There are diverse sects of Hasidim congregation.
(plural for Hasid in Yiddish and Hebrew) active
throughout the world today.

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Glossary of Terms

Reform Judaism A branch of Judaism dating from the Tolerance Recognition of and respect for the opinions,
nineteenth century that aims for reconciliation of historical practices, or behavior of others.
Judaism with modern life and does not require strict
adherence to traditional law. World War II The war fought from 1939 to 1945, in which
Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United
Scribe A professional copyist of manuscripts and States defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Yahrzeit candles Candles lit by people of the Jewish faith on
Sephardi A member of the branch of European Jews who the anniversary of the death of a close relative. The literal
settled mainly in Spain, Portugal, and northern Africa. meaning of yahrzeit in Yiddish is anniversary.

Stereotype The assigning of identical characteristics to all Note: Many of these definitions are drawn from the Riverside
members of a group in disregard of their individuality. Websters II New College Dictionary (New York: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1995).

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General Books on Modern Nikki S. Lee Books and Articles on
Art and Photography Diversity, Multiculturalism,
Cotter, Holland. Nikki S. Lee. New York
and Jewish Identity
Gilles, Mora. Photospeak: A Guide to the Ideas, Times, September 10, 1999.
Movements, and Techniques of Photography, 1839 Azoulay, Katya Gibel. Black, Jewish, and
Lawson, Whitney. Nikki S. Lee. New Yorker
to the Present. New York: Abbeville Press, 1998. Interracial: Its Not the Color of Your Skin, but the
(November 5, 2001).
Race of Your Kin, and Other Myths of Identity.
Jeffrey, J. Photography: A Concise History.
Smith, Roberta. More Space for Young Artists. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1997.
London: Thames & Hudson, 1989.
New York Times, February 19, 1999.
Biale, David, Michael Galchinsky, and Susannah
Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of
Jaime Permuth Heschel, eds. Insider/Outsider: American Jews and
Photography. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997.
Goldman, Julia. Manhattans Other Sacred Multiculturalism. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
Wells, Liz, ed. Photography: A Critical University of California Press, 1998.
Spaces. Jewish Week, December 5, 2001.
Introduction. London and New York: Routledge,
Leibovitz, Liel. Prayer as Art, Art as Brettschneider, Marla, ed. The Narrow Bridge:
Prayer: Two Exhibits at Yeshiva University Jewish Views on Multiculturalism. New
Books and Articles on Artists Museum Explore the Intersection of the Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
Featured in this Resource Spiritual and the Aesthetic. Jewish Week, Fuyo, Pearl, ed. What Are You? Voices of Mixed-
February 9, 2005. Race Young People. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.
Ken Aptekar
Self, Dana, et al. Ken Aptekar: Painting Between Sicha, Choire. Praying in Manhattan. Lazarre, Jane. Beyond the Whiteness of Whiteness:
the Lines, 19902000. Exh. cat. Kansas City: New York Times, February 27, 2005. Memoir of a White Mother of Black Sons.
Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, 2001. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996.
Andrea Robbins and Max Becher
Dawoud Bey McBride, James. The Color of Water: A Black
Boxer, Sarah. The Guggenheim Sounds the
Bey, Dawoud. Dawoud Bey: Portraits Mans Tribute to His White Mother. New York:
Alarm: It Aint Necessarily So. New York Times,
19751995. Exh. cat. Minneapolis: Walker Art Riverhead Books, 1996.
Center, 1995. March 19, 1998.
McCoy, Yavilah. The Changing Face of Jewish
Bey, Dawoud, et al. Dawoud Bey: The Chicago Glueck, Grace. Andrea Robbins and Max
Project. Exh. cat. Chicago: Smart Museum of Identity: Inside, Outside, and Other. Shma
Becher. New York Times, December 31, 1999.
Art, University of Chicago, 2003. (June 2003).
Goldberg, Vicki. Eliminating the Distance
Hall, Stuart, and Mark Sealy. Contemporary Ross, James R. Fragile Branches: Travels through
Between Two Points. New York Times,
Photographers and Black Identity. In Different. the Jewish Diaspora. New York: Riverhead Books,
November 17, 1998.
New York: Phaidon Press, 2001. 2000.
Johnson, Ken. Andrea Robbins and Max
Weinberg, Adam D., et al. Treasures of the Stavans, Ilan. On Borrowed Words: A Memoir of
Becher. New York Times, March 12, 2004.
Addison Gallery of American Art. New York: Language. New York: Viking, 2001.
Abbeville Press, 2003. Karmel, Pepe. Andrea Robbins and Max
Thompson, Becky, and Sangeeta Tyagi, eds.
Becher: Shrinking People, Exiled Cigars and
Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial
Christian Boltanski Galloping Dinosaurs. New York Times,
Identity. New York: Routledge, 1996.
February 2, 1996.
Gumpert, Lynn. Christian Boltanski. Paris:
Walker, Rebecca. Black, White, and Jewish:
Flammarion, 1994. Smith, Roberta. Andrea Robbins and Max
Autobiography of a Shifting Self. New York:
Becher. New York Times, October 5, 2001.
Gumpert, Lynn, and Mary Jane Jacob. Riverhead Books, 2001.
Christian Boltanski: Lessons of Darkness. Van de Wall, Mark. Andrea Robbins and Max
Zack, Naomi, ed. American Mixed Race: The
Exh. cat. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Becher. Artforum (May 1996): 104.
Culture of Microdiversity. Lanham, Md.:
Art, 1988.
Chris Verene Rowman and Littlefield, 1995.
Marmer, Nancy. Boltanski: The Uses of
Auslander, Phillip, Chris Verene: Contemporary
Contradiction. Art in America 77, no. 10
Art Center. Artforum (November 2004).
(October 1989): 169-81, 233-35.

Semin, Didier, Tamar Garb, and Donald Kuspit. Verene, Chris. Chris Verene. Santa Fe: Twin
Christian Boltanski. London: Phaidon, 1997. Palms Publishers, 2000.

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Ken Aptekar Jaime Permuth
Information on the artist, including images. Press release about exhibition of Permuths work at the Yeshiva University
Museum in 2005 titled Manhattan Mincha Map.
Information on recent work by the artist.
Artists statement.
Review of an Aptekar exhibition including quotes by the artist.
Andrea Robbins & Max Becher

Dawoud Bey

Brief description of work by Robbins and Becher included in a
group exhibition.
Description of Beys work and his residency at Chadsey High School.
Description of an exhibition featuring works by the artist titled German
Interview with the artist.
Indians and Bavarian Law.
Information on Beys style and technique.
Artists official site.
Christian Boltanski
Chris Verene
Offical site of artist's gallery.
Artists official site.
Nikki S. Lee
Photographs from the artists ongoing photo essay of Galesburg, Illinois.
Nikki S. Lee: The Skateboarders Project and Other Works discusses the
artists method of photographing herself in various personas. Images by the artist.
Discusses Lees artistic objectives and includes images of her work.
Information about Lees art.
Offers a brief description of Lees work and her objectives.
Official site of artists gallery.

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