What It Takes for Trade to Reduce Poverty in Africa


Share in Global Trade by Region, 1980-2011 1.png (564×327)
Source: Le Goff and Singh (2013)

There are particularly untapped gains from Africa trading within itself. African countries are currently losing out on billions of dollars in potential trade earnings every year because of high trade barriers with its neighbors. As stated out in the De-fragmenting Africa report, it is easier for Africa to trade with the rest of the world than with itself.

This must change.

Trade can lift people out of extreme poverty in several ways. Besides immediate gains from de-fragmenting through regional integration, consider that the relatively abundant unskilled labor force may benefit from higher demand if countries can leverage a comparative advantage in producing labor intensive goods. Freer trade can also enhance the incentives for investment, provide economies of scale, enhance competition in detriment of rent-seeking activities created by trade restrictions, and open the way for technology transfer from abroad.

Notice that I said “trade can reduce poverty”. As Maelan Le Goff and Raju Jan Singh noted in a recent Economic PremiseCan Trade Reduce Poverty in Africa? – most analysts recognize that, in the long run, open economies exhibit a better performance overall than closed ones, with development benefitting from relatively open policies. Nonetheless, they highlight, “for comparative advantage to increase the incomes of unskilled workers, workers need to be able to move out of shrinking sectors and into expanding ones”. If there are too many barriers to labor mobility and the entry and exit for firms, the potential for poverty-reducing impacts of trade may remain untapped.

Another challenge to consider is when the demand for labor generated by trade  does not match the local availability of unskilled labor  and production processes turn to more skilled labor and imported equipments. This can create dualistic structures in the local economy. Natural-resource abundance may also tilt local comparative advantages toward non-labor intensive sectors.

The authors see a way forward:  highlighting the need of complementary reforms to allow a bigger poverty-reduction bang from the trade buck. They report results from a research with 30 African countries showing how deepening local financial sectors, raising education levels, and strengthening governance facilitate the reallocation of resources from less productive sectors to more productive ones – the essence of the transition of an economy from low- to middle-income levels:

A more developed financial sector, as measured by the private sector credit-to-GDP ratio, allows banks and investors to quickly identify new and promising sectors and to redirect credit. A more educated population, as measured by primary completion rates, would be more able to acquire the new skills sought by growing sectors and adjust more rapidly to the new conditions of the labor market. Finally, better governance, as measured by the rule of law, would facilitate the entering into and dissolution of contracts and make conflict resolution easier.”

Their research also finds that many African countries already meet the thresholds of financial deepening and levels of education above which the impacts of trade tend to be positive, while institutional strengthening has relatively more room to grow. Special attention should be given to countries currently below those thresholds. After all, adequate policies and institutions, human capital, and a financial system capable of transferring resources are in themselves favorable to poverty-reduction efforts in Africa and elsewhere, and gains from trade are just one of the factors.


3 Responses to "What It Takes for Trade to Reduce Poverty in Africa"

  1. Sonny   June 11, 2013 at 7:38 am

    The migration of many African-Americans back to their native land would have a very positive effect on Africa's economy and thus poverty reduction. All of these years, while being blessed to live in such a diverse and progressive land as America, many economic lessons have been learned. Why shouldn't this experience, and lessons learned, be used to help their land of origin with all the problems it faces? A win-win. While helping the continent of Africa, it would provide a mechanism for self esteem and fulfillment for those participants.

  2. advansa   June 11, 2013 at 11:01 am

    In addition to the points made by the author, this is yet another argument for regional integration within Africa.

  3. advansa   June 11, 2013 at 11:08 am

    African-Americans' native land is the United States. Because of our difficult history in this country, an African-American moving to Ghana is not the same as, say an Indian-American moving to India. That said, Sonny makes a good point that African-Americans should engage with Africa to a much greater extent than we have, which would result in the win-win he describes.