See Majestic Photos of the Tallest Trees on Earth

From lush, windswept valleys to sapphire-blue coastline, California’s ancient forests are living fossils.Thursday, 4 January 2018

By National Geographic Staff
Photographs By Emily Polar

Stretching along California’s North Coast, the largest surviving block of old-growth redwood forest on Earth juts into the sky.

California's coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) can grow more than 300 feet tall and live upwards of 2,000 years. They owe their mammoth size and long lives to polyphenol-rich bark and heartwood, which makes them resistant to bugs and harmful fungi. The coastal climate also creates a thick veil of fog over the forest, providing a constant source of moisture and fire resistance.

view gallery

In 1848 the United States took control of California, and discovered gold soon after. Thousands flooded the state looking for riches, and the logging industry capitalised on the population boom by harnessing "sequoia gold” to build homes and infrastructure.

In the 1920s the Save the Redwoods League began acquiring and preserving groves, in 1968 Redwood National Park was established, and in 1980 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site. After more than a century of continuous exploitation, however, the remaining old-growth forest represents less than five percent of the original two million acres.

Despite their protected status, threats to survival continue to evolve. According to the Save the Redwoods League, “The redwoods—Earth's ancient giants—stand at a new crossroads of environmental change where urbanisation, habitat fragmentation, pollution, invasive species and climatic changes threaten them in ways they have not yet experienced in their long history on Earth.”

Historically, the Eel River Wildlife Area was used for dairy farming and cattle ranching. Today it is a protected area, home to raptors, tundra swans, waterfowl, fox, deer, and river otters.