OTC cryptocurrency trading explained

What is over-the-counter cryptocurrency trading and what benefits does it offer to traders?

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If you’re a trader who wants to purchase a large amount of cryptocurrency, buying coins or tokens through a traditional exchange exposes you to several problems. Not only can slippage greatly increase the cost of a trade, but you’ll also need to deal with the risks of hacking and theft that come with trading on an ordinary exchange.

This is where over-the-counter (OTC) trading comes in. OTC trading is a service available to high-volume traders, meaning it is only available to certain individuals or groups. This guide will help you decide whether OTC trading is the right option for you, and what to look out for when deciding on an OTC solution. Let’s dive in.


What is OTC trading?

OTC trading is cryptocurrency trading that occurs away from digital currency exchanges. Favoured by many large-scale traders, OTC trades are often placed by hedge funds, private wealth managers or high-net-worth individuals.

OTC trades can be facilitated in several different ways, including the following:

  • Via brokers. OTC trades are increasingly handled by brokers who specialize in large transactions. These platforms offer a personalized service to help high-volume traders execute large block trades and avoid problems with slippage by accessing funds through liquidity providers that hold large amounts of cryptocurrency. Examples of OTC brokers include itBit and HiveEx.com.
  • Through chat rooms. The first major OTC trading of bitcoin took place in an IRC chatroom called #bitcoin-otc. This trading network is hosted on various IRC channels and allows peer-to-peer transactions between traders.
  • Using ATMs. Bitcoin ATMs allow customers to convert their fiat currency into digital coins without needing to go through an online exchange.

What is a traditional exchange?

Much like stock exchanges, traditional cryptocurrency exchanges are centralized platforms where buyers and sellers can trade cryptocurrencies based on current market prices. Buy and sell offers are made publicly available on an order book. The exchange acts as the middleman between buyer and seller, and generally charges a fee for each transaction.

Some of the best-known exchanges include Binance, Coinbase and BTC Markets.
See our comprehensive list of cryptocurrency exchanges

Why would someone use OTC trading instead of a regular exchange?

Why would you bother with OTC trading when there’s a huge variety of traditional cryptocurrency exchanges offering simple fiat-to-crypto transactions? There are several reasons why large-volume traders might consider going OTC:

  • Better prices. The traditional (on-exchange) cryptocurrency market is still in its infancy, and there may not always be sufficient liquidity available on exchanges to process large trades. As a result, placing a substantial trade through a traditional exchange could move the price of a cryptocurrency in an unfavourable direction before your trade could be completed – this is known as slippage. Instead of being filled for a single price, large orders can end up being spread over several smaller orders, with the price of each order often increasing. OTC trading allows traders to access one price for a single buy order.
  • Avoid low trading limits. Most traditional exchanges place a limit on the maximum amount a user can trade per day as well as on the amount that can be withdrawn from an account in a 24-hour period. These limits can also vary based on factors such as the transaction methods used, the level of account verification completed and how long a user has been trading with the platform. In many cases, they may be insufficient to meet the needs of large-scale traders.
  • Quicker trading times. Depending on the liquidity available, large trades can take days to be completed on a traditional exchange. Using OTC trading can guarantee faster processing times.
  • Use a trusted broker. There have been numerous examples of traditional cryptocurrency exchanges being targeted by, and all too frequently falling victim to, hacking attacks. Placing OTC trades through a trusted broker allows you to avoid this risk.

What is slippage?

Slippage is when a cryptocurrency price changes while an order is being filled, resulting in a different price than expected for a trade. It’s a common drawback associated with placing larger trades on traditional exchanges since insufficient liquidity on an exchange can lead to a single order being split into several smaller orders. Before all of those smaller orders can be filled, the price could shift in an unfavourable direction, resulting in a more expensive purchase than originally desired.

OTC trading vs trading cryptocurrency on an exchange: Pros and cons

Not sure if you’re the type of trader who could benefit from OTC trading? Check out the list of pros and cons when comparing OTC trading with buying coins on a traditional exchange to work out whether it’s right for you.


  • Designed for large-scale trades, either for high-net-worth individuals or institutional traders
  • Allows you to avoid slippage, which may result in a better price
  • Avoid hacking risks associated with cryptocurrency exchanges
  • Allows you to deal with a trusted broker
  • Often offers faster settlement of large trades and quicker access to your funds than exchange-based transactions
  • Also a viable option for ICOs looking to convert crypto earned from their projects into fiat currency


  • May have higher fees than traditional exchanges
  • OTC trading can’t be automated through an API like exchange trading can
  • Only for large-scale investors (eg, CAD$50,000 per trade or more), so not an option for small traders
  • If using a broker, you’ll need to trust the broker to thoroughly vet counterparties before trading
  • Higher level of settlement risk than traditional exchange-based trading
  • Trading directly on an exchange may be more beneficial for those who want to actively trade price movements

Slippage on traditional exchanges

In the Global Cryptocurrency Exchange Trends report, released by HiveEx.com in March 2018, the authors compared the cost of buying AUD$400,000 worth of bitcoin (BTC) on Australian cryptocurrency exchange BTC Markets with the cost of the same transaction on HiveEx.com’s OTC service.

On the regular cryptocurrency exchange, it took 46 separate transactions to fill the order and, after fees had been deducted, resulted in 34.31 BTC being purchased. On the OTC platform, only one trade was required and resulted in the purchase of 35.03 BTC for the same amount.

This 0.72 BTC difference between the two providers equated to AUD$8,404.34 (US$6,464.88), as of 10am on 21 March 2018, demonstrating the OTC provider as the cheaper option in this case.

How OTC transactions work

The first step in any OTC transaction is finding a counterparty for the trade. This could be done through a chat room such as the #bitcoin-otc network, but is more commonly done through an OTC brokering platform.

The next step is to negotiate the terms of the trade. If you’re looking to buy BTC, for example, you may wish to specify the following:

  • The amount of BTC you want to buy
  • When you want the trade to take place
  • Your desired price

The seller will then respond with their offer price for the transaction, which will often be expressed as a percentage above a leading exchange’s best available price – for example, Exchange ABC + 1%. Of course, the exact negotiation process will vary depending on whether you’re the buyer or the seller, the medium you’re using to arrange the trade, the size of the transaction and whether you have any leverage.

Once a price has been agreed upon, the buyer sends a bank transfer to the seller to cover the purchase price, and the seller sends the relevant amount of crypto coins or tokens to the buyer. Depending on where both parties involved in the trade reside, they may also need to complete KYC (Know Your Customer) due diligence on each other to make sure they satisfy legal requirements.

How popular is OTC trading?

Quantifying the amount of OTC trading that takes place on cryptocurrency markets is more or less impossible. This is due to the fact that these trades aren’t publicly reported or independently audited.

However, there are an increasing number of OTC brokers and platforms with public profiles, along with plenty of evidence to suggest the presence of large-scale trades.

For example, in the HiveEx.com report quoted above, analysis of data from BitInfoCharts revealed that the average trade value of BTC on March 20, 2018 was US$49,258 (CAD$63,146.54), despite the fact that half of all bitcoin trades were less than US$645.29 (AUD$827.23), which demonstrates that large trades are bringing up the average value, away from the median.

Dark pools

Any in-depth look into OTC crypto trading raises the sinister-sounding topic of dark pools, which are designed to allow large-scale traders to transact with one another away from traditional exchanges.

Dark pools are basically private order books that are not visible to the rest of the market, allowing “whales” and institutional traders to trade anonymously. Not only does this allow them to avoid slippage caused by large trades, it also allows them to keep their trading activities confidential.

Users typically need to meet a minimum liquidity requirement to participate in these dark pools, thereby putting them out of reach of the general public.

The demand for the underground liquidity that dark pools offer is not unique to crypto markets, but the number of cryptocurrency dark pools is increasing. Cryptocurrency exchange Kraken launched a dark pool in 2015, online broker TradeZero introduced a bitcoin dark pool in 2016 and Republic Protocol made headlines in February 2018 when its ICO raised US$30 million to create a decentralized dark pool for the atomic trading of bitcoin, Ether and ERC20 tokens.

What features should I look for in an OTC broker?

There’s an increasing range of OTC trading desks available, so make sure to consider the following features when comparing your options:

  • Transaction amounts. What are the minimum and maximum trade amounts the dealer can help you arrange? Do these fit with your trading needs?
  • Fees. How much will you be charged in fees on each transaction? Is there a flat fee or does the amount vary based on the size of the trade and your personal circumstances?
  • Sign-up process. What do you need to do to sign up for an account? Are there KYC/AML requirements to fulfill?
  • Supported currencies. Check a list of all of the cryptocurrencies the broker can help you purchase. Is it limited to major currencies like bitcoin, Ether and Ripple, and are there any currencies missing that you’d like to acquire?
  • Security and storage. How does the broker store client assets? What sort of protective measures does it have in place to ensure the security of client funds?
  • Customer support. Will you receive personalized support and assistance from start to finish of the transaction? How can you get in touch with the broker if you ever have any questions or problems?
  • Reputation and reviews. How long has the broker been in business? Do they specialize solely in OTC trading or do they also offer other services? How do other users rate their service?

By considering the above and other factors, you’ll be able to make a more informed decision when choosing an OTC broker.

Images: Shutterstock


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