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ENN of China Converts Algae to Biofuel

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China recruits algae to combat climate change

Chinese firm behind ambitious plan to breed microalgae in greenhouse with the potential to absorb carbon emissions

Jonathan Watts in Langfang with The Guardian, Monday 29 June 2009


Multiplying rapidly as it flows through tubes, stacked 14 high in four long rows, the organism thickens and darkens like the bioweapon of a deranged scientist.

But this is not a science fiction horror story, it is one of humankind’s most ambitious attempts to recruit algae in the fight against climate change.




At ENN’s research campus in Langfang, an hour’s drive from Beijing, scientists are testing microalgae to clean up the back-end of a uniquely integrated process to extract and use coal more efficiently and cleanly than is possible today.

Coal is first gasified in a simulated underground environment. The carbon dioxide is extracted with the help of solar and wind power, then “fed” to algae, which can be then used to make biofuel, fertiliser or animal feed.

Foreign experts are enthusiastic. “Algae biofuels and sequestration are being tried in a bunch of places, but never with such an innovative energy mix,” said Deborah Seligsohn, of the World Resources Institute, who visited ENN recently with a group of international energy executives. “It is really interesting and ambitious.”


“Algae’s promise is that its population can double every few hours. It makes far more efficient use of sunlight than plants,” said Zhu Zhenqi, a senior advisor on the project. “The biology has been proven in the lab. The challenge now is an engineering one: We need to increase production and reduce cost. If we can solve this challenge, we can deal with carbon.”




“Here we can control it, like in a reactor,” said Gu Junjie, a senior advisor. “Theoretically we can absorb 100% of carbon dioxide emissions through a mix of microalgae and chemical fixing with hydrogen.”


“Algae is not likely to be the main solution for the carbon problem because of the amount of CO2 that needs to be consumed,” said Ming Sung, Chief Representative for Asia Pacific of Clean Air Task Force.  But, he said: “Algae is part of the solution and is closer to what nature intends. Being one of the simplest forms of life, all it takes is light and CO2 in salt water,”


In the short term, ENN’s advanced underground coal gasification technology is likely to prove more significant than its algae work. This technique enables extraction of fuel from small, difficult-to-access coal seams, and could double the world’s current coal reserves. It also avoids the release of the pollutants sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

The company is also one of only a small handful in the world capable of mass producing thin-film solar panels, which can be manufactured with less water and energy than conventional photovoltaic materials. Late last year, the World Bank’s International Financing Corporation announced a US$136m loan for ENN’s solar business.



For the 100 hectare test facility, ENN is looking at sites near the company’s 600,000 tonne-a-year coal mine in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, where the cold winters will require a heated greenhouse, and a location on Hainan Island, where the hot weather would allow the algae to be grown more cheaply in open ponds, but further away from China’s main coal deposits.




• This article was amended on 1 July 2009. The original said that carbon was the most abundant greenhouse gas. That volume status is held by water vapour.


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