In Turkmenistan, a country of Central Asia, the climate is arid continental, with cold winters and scorchingly hot, sunny summers. Being that the country is subject to different air masses, the weather is unstable and there can be cold spells as well as heatwaves. The wind can be strong and can raise dust storms.
Much of Turkmenistan is occupied by the Karakum Desert, where the temperature in summer can reach as high as 50 °C (122 °F). The coasts of the Caspian Sea are desert as well, but they are milder in winter, while they are a bit less hot but more humid in summer. In the north, in the area which was once occupied by the Aral Sea, we find Lake Sarygamysh, a lake fed by a branch of the Amu Darya River and once part of the same Aral Sea.
Winter is cold in the north, while it is milder in the center and the south. The average temperature in January drops below freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) in the north, while it rises to around 5/6 °C (41/43 °F) in the south. Snowfalls may occur, but they are generally not abundant because of the aridity of the climate. Summer is hot everywhere: the daily average temperature in July is around 27/28 °C (81/82 °F) in the north and on the shores of the Caspian Sea, while it can even exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in the center and south. The mildest area of the country is the south-west, where the climate is less cold in winter and less hot but more humid in summer because of the swampy areas that are found there as well as of the waters of the Caspian Sea.
In the south, we find some mountain ranges, such as Kopet Dag (or Turkmen-Khorasan), from whose slopes hot winds can descend, leading to rapid increases in temperature. Another mountain range, Köýtendag (or Kugitangtau), lies in the east, and reaches its highest point in Mount Aýrybaba, 3,138 meters (10,295 feet) high, which is the highest mountain of the country. On the other hand, no obstacles are found to the north, so cold air masses of Siberian origin can easily reach the country, from April to October, but more likely from November to March.



The capital, Ashgabat, is located in the south, at the foothills of the Kopet Dag, from which strong down-slope winds, warm and dry, can blow all year round. Although these mountains are around 3,000 meters (10,000 ft) high, they are almost always devoid of snow because of the aridity of the climate. In Ashgabat, precipitation amounts to 220 millimeters (8.5 inches) per year, so we are at desert-like levels, but it's still more than in other areas on account of the proximity to the mountains; the rainiest seasons are winter and spring.
Here is the average precipitation.
Ashgabat - Average precipitation

Winter in Ashgabat is a bit cold but not freezing: the average in January is 4 °C (39 °F), and for long periods the temperature can be acceptable. The southern wind can raise the temperature to around 20/25 °C (68/77 °F) even in winter. On the other hand, cold air masses from Siberia can sometimes cause waves of frost, with night temperatures around -10/-15 °C (5/14 °F) and sometimes even lower. Summer, from June to August, is scorchingly hot, with highs around 37/38 °C (99/100 °F), but with peaks of 40/42 °C (104/108 °F). Here are the average temperatures.
Ashgabat - Average temperatures
Min (°C)0161217222422161051
Max (°C)91116243036383732241710
Min (°F)323443546372757261504134
Max (°F)4852617586971009990756350

The sun in Ashgabat shines regularly in summer, while it is not seen very often in winter, however, some sunny day can always occur. Here are the average sunshine hours per day.
Ashgabat - Sunshine



Turkmenbashy (formerly Krasnovodsk) is located further north, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, but it's tempered by the waters of the great salt lake, so it has a similar climate. The average in January is 3.5 °C (38.5 °F), but here too, cold waves can occur in winter. The average in July is 28.5 °C (83.5 °F), with highs around 35 °C (95 °F), but peaks of 40/42 °C (104/108 °F) are possible here as well.
Turkmenbashy - Average temperatures
Min (°C)003914192222171051
Max (°C)891320263235352922149
Min (°F)323237485766727263504134
Max (°F)464855687990959584725748

In Turkmenbashy, the annual precipitation, 125 mm (4.9 in), is typical of a desert climate. Here is the average precipitation.
Turkmenbashy - Average precipitation


In the southernmost part of the Caspian Sea coast, near the border with Iran, winter is even milder, while summer is less hot but decidedly more sultry. Here too, however, intense heat waves from the south are possible as well as cold waves in winter.
Here are the average temperatures of Esenguly.
Esenguly - Average temperatures
Min (°C)0141015202424191262
Max (°C)111215202629313129241813
Min (°F)323439505968757566544336
Max (°F)525459687984888884756455



In the far north, in Dashoguz (formerly Tashauz), the average in January drops to -3.5 °C (25.5 °F), while it's 28 °C (82 °F) in July. Summer is therefore still hot, while winter is much colder, and waves of frost are more frequent, during which lows can drop to around -20/-25 °C (-13/-4 °F). Precipitation is still very low, around 100 mm (4 in) per year. Here are the average temperatures.
Dashoguz - Average temperatures
Min (°C)-8-708141921181250-5
Max (°C)141121293436332719103
Min (°F)181932465766706454413223
Max (°F)343952708493979181665037

Best Time

The best times to visit Turkmenistan are spring and autumn in order to avoid the extreme temperatures typical of the country, and in particular, the months of April and October, bearing in mind that in any case it can get cold at night, especially in the north, and hot during the day, especially in the south. In the capital and in the south, where the hot season is longer, you can choose the periods from mid-March to mid-April and from mid-October to mid-November.

What to pack

In winter: in Ashgabat and in the central and southern main cities, pack warm clothing, a sweater, a down jacket, a scarf for the wind, being ready to remove the outer layer in mild days, but also to wear warmer clothes during cold waves, such as a parka, a fur hat, a scarf, and gloves. In the far north, in Dashoguz and Lake Sarygamysh, very warm clothes are almost always necessary.
In summer: pack lightweight clothes, loose-fitting and made of natural fabric (cotton or linen), a sun hat, a desert turban, a sweatshirt for the evening, and a light sweatshirt for the breeze on the Caspian Sea shores. For the mountains, pack light clothes for the day, a sun hat, a sweatshirt and a light jacket for the evening, and hiking shoes; for the summit of mount Aýrybaba, a sweater and a jacket for the evening.
It's better for women to avoid shorts and miniskirts.

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