Sexual Development and Behavior in Children – Info for Parents, and All Those Who Love Them!

toddler girl listening to another little girls heart with a stethoscope

Your five-year-old daughter is playing in her room with a couple of neighbor friends. You hear a lot of giggling and squealing. When you open the door to check on the kids, you find them sitting on the floor with their undies off, pointing at and touching each other’s genitals. What do you do?

Every day, parents around the world are faced with situations like this. Being caught off-guard by young children’s self-exploration and curiosity about body parts and sexual issues is one of the uncomfortable realities of parenting, and can raise a host of troubling questions, such as, “Is my child normal?” “Should I be worried?” “What should I say?”

Although talking with children about bodily changes and sexual matters may feel awkward, providing children with accurate, age-appropriate information is one of

the most important things parents can do to make sure children grow up safe, healthy, and secure in their bodies.

Like all forms of human development, sexual development begins at birth. Sexual development includes not only the physical changes that occur as children grow, but also the sexual knowledge and beliefs they come to learn and the behaviors they show.

Any given child’s sexual knowledge and behavior is strongly influenced by:

The child’s age  (1-3)

■ What the child observes (including the sexual behaviors of family and friends (4)

■ What the child is taught (including cultural and religious beliefs concerning sexuality and physical boundaries)

Very young and preschool-aged children (four or younger) are naturally immodest, and may display open—and occasionally startling–curiosity about other people’s bodies and bodily functions, such as touching women’s breasts, or wanting to watch when grown-ups go to the bathroom. Wanting to be naked (even if others are not) and showing or touching their genitals while in public are also common in young children. They are curious about their own bodies and may quickly discover that touching certain body parts feels nice. (For more on what children typically do at this and other ages, see Table 1 below.) As children age and interact more with other children (approximately ages 4–6), they become more aware of the differences between boys and girls, and more social in their exploration. In addition to exploring their own bodies through touching or rubbing their genitals (masturbation), they may begin “playing doctor” and copying adult behaviors such as kissing and holding hands. As children become increasingly aware of the social rules governing sexual behavior and language (such as the importance of modesty or which words are considered “naughty”), they may try to test these rules by using these words. They may also ask more questions about sexual matters, such as where babies come from, and why boys and girls are physically different.


Preschool children (less than 4 years)

■ Exploring and touching their genitals, in public and in private

■ Rubbing their genitals (with hand or against objects)

■ Showing their genitals to others

■ Trying to touch mother’s or other women’s breasts

■ Removing clothes and wanting to be naked

■ Attempting to see other people when they are naked or undressing (such as in the bathroom)

■ Asking questions about their own—and others’—bodies and bodily functions

■ Talking to children their own age about bodily functions such as “poop” and “pee”

Young Children (approximately 4-6 years)

■ Purposefully touching their genitals (masturbation), occasionally in the presence of others

■ Attempting to see other people when they are naked or undressing

■ Mimicking dating behavior (such as kissing, or holding hands)

■ Talking about their genitals and using “naughty” words, even when they don’t understand the meaning

■ Exploring genitals with children their own age (such as “playing doctor”, “I’ll show you mine if you show me yours,” etc.)

School-Aged Children (approximately 7-12 years)

■ Purposefully touching their genitals (masturbation), usually in private

■ Playing games with children their own age that involve sexual behavior (such as “truth or dare”, “playing family,” or “boyfriend/girlfriend”)

■ Attempting to see other people naked or undressing

■ Looking at pictures of naked or partially naked people

■ Viewing/listening to sexual content in media (television, movies, games, the Internet, music, etc.)

■ Wanting more privacy (for example, not wanting to undress in front of other people) and being reluctant to talk to adults about sexual issues

■ Beginnings of sexual attraction to/interest in peers

Once children enter grade school (approximately ages 7–12), their awareness of social rules increases and they become more modest and want more privacy, particularly around adults. Although self pleasuring (masturbation) and sexual play continue, children at this age are likely to hide these activities from adults. Curiosity about adult sexual behavior increases—particularly as puberty approaches—and children may begin to seek out sexual content in television, movies, and printed material. Telling jokes and “dirty” stories is common. Children approaching puberty are likely to start displaying romantic and sexual interest in their peers. (For more, see Table 1 above.) Although parents often become concerned when a child shows sexual behavior, such as touching another child’s genitals, these behaviors are not uncommon in developing children. Most sexual play is an expression of a child’s natural curiosity and should not be a cause for concern or alarm.

In general, “typical” childhood sexual play and exploration:

■ Occurs between children who play together regularly and know each other well

■ Occurs between children of the same general age and physical size

■ Is spontaneous and unplanned

■ Is infrequent

■ Is voluntary (the children agreed to the behavior, none of the involved children seem uncomfortable or upset)

■ Is easily diverted when parents tell children to stop and explain privacy rules.

Some childhood sexual behaviors indicate more than harmless curiosity, and are considered sexual behavior problems. Sexual behavior problems may pose a risk to the safety and well-being of the child and other children. (For more on this topic, see the National Child Traumatic Stress Network’s fact sheet,

Understanding and Coping with Sexual Behavior Problems in Children: Information for Parents and Caregivers at

Sexual behavior problems include any act that:

■ Is clearly beyond the child’s developmental stage (for example, a three-year-old attempting to kiss an adult’s genitals)

■ Involves threats, force, or aggression

■ Involves children of widely different ages or abilities (such as a 12-year-old “playing doctor” with a four-year-old)

■ Provokes strong emotional reactions in the child—such as anger or anxiety

Responding to Sexual Behaviors

Situations like the one described at the beginning of this post can be unsettling for parents. However, these situations also offer excellent opportunities to assess how much children understand and to teach important information about sexual matters. The first step is to try to figure out what actually happened. To do this, it’s important to stay calm. Staying calm will allow you to make clear decisions about what you say and/or do, rather than acting on strong emotions. To remain composed, try taking a long, deep breath, counting to ten, or even closing the door and stepping away for a couple of minutes before saying anything. In the case described above, a parent might calmly tell the children that it’s time to get dressed and then ask each child to go to a different room in the house. After taking a few moments to collect your thoughts—and to consult with a spouse or partner if feeling very unsettled— the parent could then talk to each child one-on-one. When talking to children about sexual behaviors, it’s important to maintain a calm, even tone of voice, slow in speech, and to ask open-ended questions as much as possible, so the children can tell what happened in their own words, rather than just answering yes or no. It’s important to not put ‘your adult sexual meaning’ upon your child’s behavior. Be truly curious about their meaning and experience … truly listen to their answer.


■ What were you doing?

■ How did you get the idea?

■ How did you learn about this?

■ How did you feel about doing it?

In the opening scenario, all of the children involved were about the same age, had been playmates for some time, and seemed to be enjoying their game. So, it’s likely the children were just curious and playing around and that no one was upset about what happened. If you encounter a situation where the children are a little embarrassed but otherwise not distressed, this can present an ideal opportunity for teaching the children about healthy boundaries and rules about sexual behavior

Educating Children about Sexual Issues

Just because a behavior is typical doesn’t mean the behavior should be ignored. Often, when children participate in sexual behavior it indicates that they need to learn something. Teach what the child needs to know, given the situation. In this case, for example, the parent might teach the children that it’s okay to be curious about other people’s bodies, but that genitals should be kept private, even with friends. Although children usually respond well when parents take the time to give them correct information and answer their questions, it is important to provide information that is appropriate to the child’s age and developmental level. In Table 2 below, you will find an overview of some of the most important information and safety messages for children of various ages.

Keep in mind that you do not need to bombard children with information all at once. Provide “sound-bite” conversations.  Let the situation—and the child’s questions—guide the lessons you share. The important thing is to let children know that you are ready to listen and to answer whatever questions they may have. Too often, children get the majority of their sexual education from other children and from media sources such as television shows, songs, movies, video games and porn or pop-up/porn sites. Not only is this information often wrong and misleading, it may have very little to do with sexual values that parents want to convey. Explicit adult sexual activities are sometimes found during “family time” television shows, in commercials, on cartoon/children’s channels, or on video games, and can have an influence on children’s behaviors. Research now indicates that 99% of children are using video games.  Controlling media exposure and providing appropriate alternatives is an important part of teaching children about sexual issues. Get to know the rating systems of games, movies, and television shows and make use of the parental controls available through many internet, cable, and satellite providers. Myth: Talking about sex with my children will just encourage them to become sexually active. Fact: In a recent survey of American teens, 9 out of 10 teens said it would be easier to delay sexual activity and prevent unwanted pregnancy if they were able to have “more open, honest conversations” with their parents on these topics.  This has been verified in countless other studies that demonstrate that kids in fact delay sexual onset, make overall safer choices and describe themselves as closer to their parents overall. (7)

When you talk honestly with your children about sexual issues, you can give them the knowledge and skills they need to keep safe and to make good decisions about relationships and intimacy. (4) The National Child Traumatic Stress Network  However, don’t assume that just by activating those controls you will be taking care of the situation. It’s very important for you to be aware of what your children are watching on television and online, and make time to watch television with them. When appropriate, you can use this time as a springboard to talk about sexual or relationship issues, and to help children develop the skills to make healthy decisions about their behavior and relationships.

Table 2: What to Teach When

Preschool children (less than 4 years)

Basic Information

■ Boys and girls are different

■ Accurate names for body parts of boys and girls

■ Babies come from mommies

■ Rules about personal boundaries (for example, our body is our own and another person’s body is there own, touching any part of our own body that feels good is fine and wonderful.  Pleasure is a good thing.)

■ Give simple answers to all questions about the body and bodily functions.

Safety Information

■ The difference between “okay” touches (which are comforting, pleasant, and welcome) and “not okay” touches (which are intrusive, uncomfortable, unwanted, secretive, or painful)

■ Your body belongs to you

■ Everyone has the right to say “no” to being touched, even by grownups

■ No one—child or adult–has the right to touch your genitals

■ It’s okay to say “no” when grownups ask you to do things that feel wrong to you, such as touching a part of your body that you do not want touched or keeping secrets from mommy or daddy

■ There is a difference between a “surprise”–which is something that will be revealed sometime soon, like a present—and a “secret,” which is something you’re never supposed to tell. Stress that it is never okay to keep secrets from mommy and daddy

■ Who to tell if people do “not okay” things to you, or ask you to do “not okay” things to them

Young Children (approximately 4-6 years)

Basic Information

■ Boys’ and girls’ bodies change when they get older.

■ Simple explanations of how babies grow in their mothers’ wombs and about the birth process.

■ Rules about personal boundaries (such as, keeping private areas of the body covered, not touching other children’s private areas)

■ Simple answers to all questions about the body and bodily functions

■ Touching your own genitals can feel nice, but is something done in private

Safety Information

■ Sexual abuse is when someone touches your genitals or asks you to touch their genitals

■ It is sexual abuse even if it is by someone you know

■ Sexual abuse is NEVER the child’s fault

■ If a stranger tries to get you to go with him or her, run and tell a parent, teacher, neighbor, police officer, or other trusted adult


School-Aged Children (approximately 7-12 years)

Basic Information

■ What to expect and how to cope with the changes of puberty (including menstruation and wet dreams)

■ Basics of reproduction, pregnancy, and childbirth

■ Risks of sexual activity (pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections)

■ Basics of contraception

■ Masturbation is common and not associated with long term problems but should be done in private

Safety Information

■ Sexual abuse may or may not involve touch; it can involve being exposed to information or images before you are ready to hear, see or think of those things.

■ How to maintain safety and personal boundaries when chatting or meeting people online

■ Strategize on how to choose quality friends, relationships and fun social experiences  

■ How to recognize and avoid risky social situations

■ Dating rules

Keep this in Your Back Pocket!

I recommend you keep this chart handy for when you need a reference guide on your child’s sexual development journey.  It can help to be one step ahead of the game. Also, feel free to write a question or leave a comment here on my blog.  I am more than happy to walk along side you to make this journey of parenting and sex ed easier and more fun!

Here is a list of books you want to read often, and let your kids read often:

Harris & Emberley  It’s Not the Stork: A Book about Girls, Boys, Babies, Bodies, Families and Friends
Harris & Emberley  It’s So Amazing!: A Book about Eggs, Sperm, Birth, Babies and Families
Harris & Emberley  It’s Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing Up, Sex, and Sexual Health
Hindman, Jan         A Very Touching Book (helps small child differentiate good touch, bad touch and secret touch in a fun and clear way)



  1. Friedrich, W. N., Fisher, J., Broughton, D., Houston, M., & Shafran, C. R. (1998). Normative sexual behavior in children: a contemporary sample. Pediatrics, 101 (4), E9.
  2. Hornor, G. (2004). Sexual behavior in children: normal or not? Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 18 (2), 57-64.
  3. Hagan, J. F., Shaw, J. S., & Duncan, P. (Eds.). (2008). Theme 8: Promoting healthy sexual development and sexuality. In Bright futures: Guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents (3rd ed.) (pp. 169-176). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
  5. Coleman, H., & Charles, G. (2001). Adolescent sexuality: A matter of condom sense. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 14 (4), 17-18.
  6. American Academy of Pediatrics (2005). Sexual Behaviors in Children. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved February 15, 2009 from
  7. Albert, B. (2004). With one voice: America’s adults and teens sound off about teen pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from
  8. National Guidelines Task Force. (2004). Guidelines for comprehensive sexuality education: Kindergarten-12th grade, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from

Adapted from