Involuntary park

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Mule deer at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. (photo 2009)

Involuntary park is a neologism coined by science fiction author and environmentalist Bruce Sterling to describe previously inhabited areas that for environmental, economic, or political reasons have, in Sterling's words, "lost their value for technological instrumentalism" and been allowed to return to an overgrown, feral state.

Origin of the term[edit]

Discussing involuntary parks in the context of rising sea levels due to global warming, Sterling writes:

They bear some small resemblance to the twentieth century's national parks, those government-owned areas nervously guarded by well-indoctrinated forest rangers in formal charge of Our Natural Heritage©. They are, for instance, very green, and probably full of wild animals. But the species mix is no longer natural. They are mostly fast-growing weeds, a cosmopolitan jungle of kudzu and bamboo, with, perhaps, many genetically altered species that can deal with seeping saltwater. Drowned cities that cannot be demolished for scrap will vanish wholesale into the unnatural overgrowth.

— Bruce Sterling, "The World is Becoming Uninsurable, Part 3"[1]

While Sterling's original vision of an involuntary park was of places abandoned due to collapse of economy or rising sea-level, the term has come to be used on any land where human inhabitation or use for one reason or other has been stopped, including military exclusion zones, minefields and areas considered dangerous due to pollution.[2][3][4]

Existing examples[edit]

Abandoned human settlements and developments overtaken by foliage and wild animals are known to exist in numerous locations around the world. Ghost towns, disused railways, mines, and airfields, or areas experiencing urban decay or deindustrialization may be subject to a resurgence in ecological proliferation as human presence is reduced.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has seen the return of previously extirpated indigenous species such as boars, wolves, and bears, as well as a thriving herd of re-introduced Przewalski's Horses.[5] While wildlife flourishes in the least affected areas, tumors, infertility and lower brain weight are reported in many small animals (including mice and birds) living in areas subject to severe contamination.[6]

The former Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Denver was abandoned for years due to contamination from production of chemical weapons, yet the wildlife returned and the site was eventually turned into a wildlife refugium.[7]

Involuntary parks where human presence is severely limited can host animal species that are otherwise extremely threatened in their range. The Korean Demilitarized Zone is thought to house not only Korean tigers, but also the critically endangered Amur leopard.[8]

While the above examples may be considered involuntary parks, Sterling's dystopian vision of an "unnatural" ecology has yet to be observed. In most observed cases, existing involuntary parks are characterized by a restoration of the pre-human ecological order, as opposed to the novel environment theorized by Sterling.

When an involuntary park develops in an urban or formerly urban location, it may become the target of urban exploration.


Vegetation reclaiming houses in the zone of alienation around Chernobyl.

See also[edit]


  1. ^ Bruce Sterling, "The World is Becoming Uninsurable, Part 3" (Viridian Note 23)
  2. ^ Duke, Steven (18 June 2009). "Sheep rule defunct Cyprus village". BBC News.
  3. ^ Cascio, J. (2005): The Green Ribbon, from Worldchanging
  4. ^ For an example of the term used with land-mines, see Landmines and Involuntary parks
  5. ^ Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation, by Stefen Mulvey, BBC News
  6. ^ Gunter, L.P. (26 April 2016). "Blind mice and bird brains: the silent spring of Chernobyl and Fukushima". The Ecologist. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  7. ^ "Rocky Mountain Arsenal". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  8. ^ "Korea's DMZ: The thin green line". CNN. 2003-08-22. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  9. ^
  10. ^

External links[edit]