Legionella Risk Assessments (Domestic)

Legionnaires' disease is a potentially fatal form of pneumonia caused by the inhalation of small droplets of water contaminated with Legionella bacteria.  All man-made hot and cold water systems are likely to provide an environment where Legionella bacteria can grow.  Where conditions are favourable the bacteria may multiply quickly thus increasing the risk of exposure.  It is a simple fact that the organism will colonise both large and small systems so both require risks to be managed effectively.

We all encounter Legionella on a regular basis in our daily lives in small quantities.  A healthy immune system is well equipped to deal with small doses.  However, exposure to high concentrations or by those with a compromised immune system can cause serious illness or even death.  The elderly, young, those living with disabilities and those with other illnesses or conditions can be particularly vulnerable.

In the domestic setting various systems can provide additional hazards.  Showers, spa pools, whirlpool baths, hot tubs and outdoor equipment can be particularly hazardous if not properly managed.  Equally, failing to ensure water supplies are maintained at the correct temperature can significantly increase risk.

Having a Legionella Risk Assessment completed will evaluate your water system and highlight any improvements that should be made.  It will provide advice on correct maintenance of your water system and help keep you and your family safe.

Letting a room or property?

The law is clear.  If you rent out your property (or even a room within your own home) then you have legal responsibilities to ensure the health and safety of your tenant by keeping the property safe and free from health hazards.  This means that you must be able to demonstrate that you have considered the risks associated to Legionella and taken reasonable steps to minimise them.  A formal Legionella Risk Assessment will help you to achieve this.

To arrange an assessment on your property contact our team today.

FAQ: Domestic Legionella Risk Assessment


There is not normally a legal requirement for you to have a Legionella Risk Assessment on your own home.  However, you would require one if any of the following apply:

  • You rent all or part of your home out to tenants, lodgers or paying guests;
  • You use all or part of your home for business purposes where the Health and Safety at Work Act applies; or
  • You otherwise have a legal duty of care to protect others present at the property which requires risk assessments to be completed.

However, Legionella bacteria do not care if you own your home or rent it.  If the water systems are not properly maintained Legionella bacteria can grow and exposure could result in Legionellosis.  Having a Legionella Risk Assessment completed will help you protect your family and minimise your risk of infection.  It can also help you plan appropriate maintenance of your system and identify improvements you can make.

You may particularly wish to consider having an assessment completed on your own home in the following situations:

  • You have just purchased a new home that has not been recently assessed;
  • You have very high risk equipment present (particularly hot tubs, whirlpool baths, spa pools, swimming pools, sauna, steam rooms etc); or
  • Members of your family are at high risk (e.g. those over 50, babies and children and those with weakened immune systems).

The simple answer is yes.  What’s more, in some circumstances we would advise that you do!

So now you may be asking yourself why we offer a Legionella Risk Assessment service and why would you pay us to do it for you?  This is really the important question.

The regulations require that those completing the risk assessment must be competent.  This means you must have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience to do the job properly.  You do not need any specific qualifications but you must:

  • understand the hazards and risks;
  • know how exposure of people to substances hazardous to health can occur;
  • have the ability (and authority) to collect all the necessary information;
  • have the knowledge, skills and experience to make the right decisions about how to control exposure.

If you get it wrong you could face criminal prosecution and civil liabilities from those affected.

We know that the majority of reputable landlords have better things to do with their time than study the latest guidance and regulations.  Instead, our assessors are trained and experienced in the field ensuring that they are competent to do this for you.  They also undergo regular Continuing Professional Development and Quality Assurance monitoring to ensure that the assessments they complete are accurate.  As such, you can be sure that both you and your tenants are receiving the most accurate and up-to-date advice available.

Additionally, we are fully insured for the services we provide just in case anything should ever go wrong.

However, we don’t believe in delivering services that are not required.  Therefore, we are happy to explain how you can conduct regular reviews of the risk assessment yourself.  Once we have provided an initial assessment and report, you can keep it under regular review yourself.  You can then contact us again to conduct a reassessment if you think it might need updating, especially if your situation changes.  Indeed, many of our clients contact us regularly to reassess properties just to make sure that nothing has changed or needs updating.

In summary, it is a professional service you are purchasing, not just a written report.

If you search the Internet you will find lots of different answers to this question quoting different time periods.  This may lead you to suspect some must be wrong.  However, to a degree they are probably all correct but there is actually no specific or defined validity period.  The important thing is to understand the legal background to a Legionella Risk Assessment and then you can understand how the validity will depend upon the exact details of your situation.

In the UK, a Legionella Risk Assessment is a special kind of Risk Assessment known as a COSHH Assessment.  COSHH stands for the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health.  The current rules are published in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002.  You can find out more in the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) publication INDG136 – Working with substances
hazardous to health.

The regulations require that a COSHH Assessment should be revisited regularly to ensure that it is kept up to date.  It is also the duty of the responsible person to determine the date of the first review and the length of time between successive reviews as part of the assessment process.  Both of these periods will depend on type of risk, the work, and the responsible person’s judgement on the likelihood of changes occurring.

The law requires that a COSHH assessment, including Legionella Risk Assessments, be reviewed immediately if:

  • There is any reason to suppose that the original assessment is no longer valid, e.g. evidence from the results of examining and testing engineering controls, reports from supervisors about defects in control systems; or
  • Any of the circumstances of the work should change significantly and especially one which may have affected people’s exposure to a hazardous substance



Whether or not there is any real change in the situation, there is an absolute requirement to review the situation on a regular basis.  Without this, there is a danger that gradual change over a period of time goes unnoticed and the assessment becomes unsuitable and insufficient by default.  It is generally accepted that this period should not exceed 12 months but may need to be shorter if there are high risks and can be extended if there is a stable situation and the risks identified are very low.

It should be noted that any Legionella Risk Assessment in place should be immediately reviewed if any of the following apply:

  • There are any changes to the water system or its use.  This can include the installation of new taps, boilers and the like.
  • There are changes to the use of the building in which the water system is installed.  For example, a dwelling may become an House of Multiple Occupation.  Alternatively, a rented property may be empty and out of use for a period of time.
  • There is availability of new information about risks or control measures.  This can include new guidance for specialist items like cooling towers, air conditioning systems, spa pools etc.
  • The results of checks indicate that control measures are no longer effective or there is a case of legionnaires’ disease / legionellosis associated with the system.  This could include visible algae growth, unpleasant smells, discolouration of the water or a build up of sludge in pipes or water tanks.
  • There are changes to key personnel.  This would include a change in the tenants.  New tenants will need to be informed of appropriate control measures they should and may be at higher or lower risk.  Their occupancy may also follow different patterns which can change the risks from Legionella in the building.

Everyone is potentially at risk from Legionella bacteria and of developing Legionellosis.  Legionellosis is the collective term for illnesses caused by the Legionella bacteria.  Legionnaires’ disease is the most serious disease caused by exposure to Legionella bacteria and results in the lungs becoming infected by the bacteria.  Other conditions caused by the bacteria include Pontiac Fever and Lochgoilhead Fever.

Whilst everyone is at risk from Legionella, certain things make it more likely that you will experience a more severe form of the infection.  The National Health Service (NHS) advise that these factors include:

  • being 50 years of age or over – 235 (83%) of the 284 confirmed cases in 2013 involved people over 50 years of age
  • drinking alcohol heavily
  • having a weakened immune system – for example, people with HIV and AIDS or cancer

Babies and children can also be at higher risk from Legionella as they have immune systems that are still developing.

The initial symptoms of Legionnaires’ Disease are very similar to many other diseases.  They are also often mistaken for flu.  These symptoms can include:

  • mild headaches
  • muscle pain
  • chills
  • tiredness
  • changes to your mental state, such as confusion

As the disease develops the bacteria can begin to infect your lungs.  At this stage you may also experience the symptoms of pneumonia.  These symptoms can include:

  • a persistent cough – which is usually dry at first, but as the infection develops you may start coughing up phlegm or, rarely, blood
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pains

Unsurprisingly, the NHS advise that you see your GP as soon as possible if you develop the symptoms above.  Additionally they advise that you seek urgent medical attention if you have more severe symptoms, such as chest pain and breathing difficulties.

Legionnaires’ disease is a notifiable disease in the UK. This means that if a doctor diagnoses the condition, they must tell the local authority under The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010.  The authority will try to identify the source of the outbreak and put in place any necessary precautionary measures.

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