As a web developer, it’s important to remind ourselves that we push our work onto the internet for the world to see. Our development team utilizes Windows Azure for many environments, and all those environments need to be publicly accessible. There are ways to limit accessibility on Windows Azure, but the eyes looking at our work can vary, so having a hard constraint becomes unmanageable for us.

The accessibility of our environments helps stakeholders see iterations of our progress faster and provide feedback. In turn, that feedback goes back into our development, making the deliverable better for everyone.

In practice, we usually have three environments in Windows Azure App Services: Development, Staging, and Production. We want all these to be visible to people, but we all know people don’t just view the web. The majority of web users are automated processes that scan your site, and many other sites to provide search results. I put a generous amount of effort into a previous blog post and proud of it. If you want to learn how to build a great search experience in your ASP.NET Core application, I highly recommend it.

In this post, I’ll explain why a robots.txt is essential for your public-facing ASP.NET Core applications. Additionally, you’ll learn how to write or generate a few variations of the file. Finally, you’ll learn how to serve a specific file based on your current hosting environment.

This post is by no means limited to Windows Azure users and works anywhere you host your ASP.NET Core applications.

If you want the code, you can download it from my GitHub repository. It targets ASP.NET Core 3.0 but could be modified to support lower SDK versions.

Download the Project

What is a Robots.txt

As mentioned in the previous section, most of the web’s users are automated processes. These processes are known as Web crawlers and operated by data collection and search companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft.

Wikipedia sums it perfectly:


While algorithms can differ, most crawlers start at your homepage and navigate the links on your site in an attempt to find the most content. However, the exciting fact is, you can talk to these crawlers!

If talking to spiders makes your skin crawl, don’t worry, I promise there won’t be any insects involved. Instead, there is a simple plain text file called a robots.txt file. This file contains instructions for crawlers, telling them where to look in your site for meaningful content, and even where not to look. As reiterated on Wikipedia:


It’s important to note that the instructions in the file are no guarantee that a crawler obeys your wishes. There are bad bots that crawl sites for many other reasons, especially if your site contains valuable information.

Why It is Important

I’m glad you are asking the question:

Why is it essential to have a robots.txt file for my ASP.NET Core application?

While you may not have content within your application, you still want individuals to find your primary domain. Pointing crawlers to the specific pages to you and your users can make for a more significant impact.

In my case, we have multiple domains that can have very similar content. Crawlers may mistake the variations in domains having similar content as an attempt to create spam sites. The duplication of sites can hurt the overall ranking of a site in search engine results.

Even worse, your non-primary sites could rank higher than your primary! Imagine users entering critical information into your development environment, only for it to be lost. Yikes!

Generating Your Own Robots.txt

A robots.txt has a few components, but the essential parts are who and what. Whom do you want to scan your site? What parts of the site do you want to be indexed? Let’s take a simple robots.txt file:

User-Agent: *
Allow: /

The first line of the file defines what User-Agent can scan the site. The User-Agent is a string value passed from the client. For example, Google’s bot passes a value of Googlebot, but they also have an army of bots.

The second line of the file tells the bot what it can index. The example informs the bot to start at the root path and work its way everywhere it can. You can also Disallow specific paths, but don’t assume this takes the place of securing your site. As mentioned before, bots do not have to respect the robots.txt file.

I recommend generating a few variations using this online tool. As the tool mentions, you can damage your site’s search results if done incorrectly, so be careful and think through the file you’ll be serving.

serving the

The Code

You’ve learned a lot up to this point:

  • You know what a crawler is
  • How to talk to them via a robots.txt file
  • Have generated a few variations

In this section, I’ll show you how to write a piece of middleware that takes inspiration for ASP.NET Core’s use of environments. Our goal is to serve a robots.txt file unique to each environment we have.

We want to tell bots to stay away from our development environments while boosting the importance of our production sites.

Robots.txt Per Environment

The first step is to realize that ASP.NET Core provides an Environment mechanism. By default, we get Development, Staging, and Production. We can create any environments, but let’s start here. core environments

Our robots.txt files can match these environments:


The robots.txt is our fallback, but the other files are specific to the environments. ASP.NET Core reads the current environment value from the environmental variable ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT which can be set at runtime or via launch settings.

Robots.txt Middleware Code

The middleware is straight-forward. It scans our directory for the files based on our environments. In my sample, I place the files in the content path of the project, and not the webroot path. You could place it anywhere, but in general, I don’t want the static file middleware to serve the incorrect file accidentally.

public static class RobotsTxtMiddlewareExtensions
    public static IApplicationBuilder UseRobotsTxt(
        this IApplicationBuilder builder,
        IWebHostEnvironment env,
        string rootPath = null
        return builder.MapWhen(ctx => ctx.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/robots.txt"), b =>
            b.UseMiddleware<RobotsTxtMiddleware>(env.EnvironmentName, rootPath ?? env.ContentRootPath ));

public class RobotsTxtMiddleware
    const string Default =
        @"User-Agent: *\nAllow: /";

    private readonly RequestDelegate next;
    private readonly string environmentName;
    private readonly string rootPath;

    public RobotsTxtMiddleware(
        RequestDelegate next,
        string environmentName,
        string rootPath
    { = next;
        this.environmentName = environmentName;
        this.rootPath = rootPath;

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
        if (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/robots.txt"))
            var generalRobotsTxt = Path.Combine(rootPath, "robots.txt");
            var environmentRobotsTxt = Path.Combine(rootPath, $"robots.{environmentName}.txt");
            string output;

            // try environment first
            if (File.Exists(environmentRobotsTxt))
                output = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(environmentRobotsTxt);
            // then robots.txt
            else if (File.Exists(generalRobotsTxt))
                output = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(generalRobotsTxt);
            // then just a general default
                output = Default;

            context.Response.ContentType = "text/plain";
            await context.Response.WriteAsync(output);
            await next(context);

Calling Robots.Txt In Startup.cs

Like any other middleware in an ASP.NET Core application, we need to register it in our middleware pipeline.

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
    if (env.IsDevelopment())

    // Register Our Middleware



    app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => { endpoints.MapRazorPages(); });

This particular middleware takes IWebHostEnvironment as a constructor parameter. Passing in the IWebHostEnvironment allows the middleware to read values like the environment name and if a root path is not provided at registration.

Serving robots.txt

By navigating to /robots.txt we see the file based on our environment.

serving the

Hooray! We did it! By setting a breakpoint, we see we hit the middleware for the environment we expect.

middleware breakpoint

To download the project, go to my GitHub repository page. Note, you’ll need the .NET Core 3.0 SDK.


While the code may seem trivial, serving a correct robots.txt can have an enormous impact on the success of your site. I cannot recommend enough you think about who sees your content, including bots. It’s also important to know that most visitors find your site through a search, so in reality, your most important user is a bot.

bender bot neat