Understanding how Design Thinking, Lean and Agile Work Together

The ideas of agile are great. It’s the way it has been codified into rituals and certifications and rolled out mindlessly that misses the point.

When people talk about Lean, the conversation often ends at process optimization, waste, and quality, and misses so much of what the Lean mindset offers.

Design Thinking is held high as the new magic trick of design facilitators.

That’s three mindsets corrupted by the unthinking masses, who’ve grabbed onto a tantalising promise of something better and followed the steps without really thinking it through. People have a real need to change, but they get stuck following rules or process without really understanding why.

Figure 1. Three mindsets of product development
Design Thinking is how we explore and solve problems; Lean is our framework for testing our beliefs and learning our way to the right outcomes; Agile is how we adapt to changing conditions with software.

Design Thinking is about ability and learning. Carissa Carter, head of teaching at Stanford Design School, brilliantly describes some of the abilities that make designers great. Abilities like dealing with ambiguity, empathetic learning, synthesis, and experimentation, among others. A designer’s ability to make meaning, frame a problem and explore potential solutions are key. Donald Norman, the author of The Design of Everyday Things, describes a designer’s discontent with the first idea. Ask yourself, when was the last time that your first idea was your best idea? Meaning and new ideas emerge when we explore things. Design Thinking is simply how we explore those problems and solutions. Everyone designs, whether it’s conscious or not. If you’re solving a problem, you’re designing a solution. Design Thinking is a mindset that helps us do it better.

Lean started out as a response to scientific management practices in manufacturing. Organisations sought efficiency through processes, rules, and procedures and management was mostly about control. But in modern business, control is a falsehood. Things are too complex, too unpredictable, and too dynamic to be controlled. Lean offers a different mindset for managing any system of work. It’s fundamentally about exploring uncertainty, making decisions by experimenting and learning and empowering people who are closest to the work to decide how best to achieve desired outcomes. Lean says be adaptive, not predictive.

Agile is related to Lean. The differences are mostly about what these mindsets are applied to, and how. In conditions of high uncertainty, Agile offers ways to build software that is dynamic and can adapt to change. This isn’t just about pivoting. It’s also about scaling and evolving solutions over time. If we accept that today’s solution will be different from tomorrow’s, then we should focus on meeting our immediate needs in a way that doesn’t constrain our ability to respond when things change later. The heart of Agile is adapting gracefully to changing needs with software.

Lean contrasted with Agile
Figure 2. Comparing and contrasting Lean and Agile

The real benefit comes when we bring all three mindsets together. Too often, the question is “Lean or Agile?”. The answer is “and,” not “or”: it’s Design Thinking, Lean, and Agile. That’s easy to say, but how do we do it, and what does it look like in practice? Here are some lessons learned from applying Design Thinking, Lean, and Agile in the wild.

Purpose, alignment, and autonomy

“Be stubborn on the vision, but flexible on the details.”
—Jeff Bezos

Building a product is a lot like a combat mission. A team of skilled people operate in conditions of high uncertainty; a commander sets clear outcomes with some guiding principles, but we expect the unexpected; and, we’re trained to take the best action, responding to new information as the situation unfolds.

All of that takes discipline. And practice.

In military operations, it’s called disciplined initiative, and soldiers train so they can practice the movements of combat. In Mike Rother’s Improvement Kata, it’s called deliberate practice, and it’s how we practice the movements of scientific thinking. This is how product teams can align with purpose, explore uncertainty, and learn their way to achieving desired outcomes.

Pro tip: Try visualizing the whole end-to-end process, from aspirations and hypotheses to design experiments and feedback on a big product wall, so that the whole team can play along together.
A product wall

Figure 3. A product wall

Measure things that matter

“If a measurement matters at all, it is because it must have some conceivable effect on decisions and behavior.”
—Douglas W. Hubbard

How will you measure outcomes?
When will you know you’ve achieved it?
Will your metrics help you make a decision?

We all know that vanity metrics – like total page views or total new customers – are pointless. But knowing what not to measure doesn’t make measuring the right things any easier. Even with the right motives, there are lots of ways we get it wrong. Suppose you’re operating an online store selling tens of thousands of unique items to all kinds of buyers. Making it easier for them to find what they’re looking for is one of your goals. Now try breaking that goal down into metrics that help you know if you’re on the right track.

Goal based measurement
Figure 4. The good and bad of goal-based measurements

Pro tip: Structure your metrics around future decisions you want to make. Only measure things that indicate progress toward your goal. Hypothesis-Driven Development offers a way to frame outcomes, beliefs, and metrics in a simple, repeatable format. It gives some structure for finding the right metrics and makes it easy to communicate to others.

Make decisions based on learning

“Don’t look for facts or answers — look for better questions. It’s the questions we ask, and the meaning we explore, that will generate the insights most useful to strategy.”
—Dr. Jason Fox

Why do we learn? To make better decisions. Many solutions fail because they solve no meaningful problem, and we tend to fall in love with our ideas and let our biases get the better of us. Even when we try to de-risk our decisions by testing our ideas and running experiments, we don’t always get it right. One trap is to conflate a good prototype test result with a strong affinity for the problem, or customer demand for the solution. Each of those – problem, solution, demand – are separate concerns, and they require different learning approaches.

We don’t need to be scientists to learn the right things, and, insight doesn’t have to belong only to the research team. If we think through our approach, it can help us make better decisions. We can start by:
  1. Defining our beliefs and assumptions (so that they can be tested)
  2. Deciding the most important thing to learn
  3. Designing experiments that will deliver learning
Pro tip: The Problem-assumption Model is an easy way to get started. It’s a way of helping us ask: What’s the problem? How might we solve it? What assumptions have we made? How will we test our assumptions?
Problem Assumption Model

Figure 5. The Problem-Assumption Model, created by Jonny Schneider and Barry O’Reilly (From: Understanding Design Thinking, Lean, and Agile)

Many mindsets, one team

Most important of all, it’s about working together and achieving together. Learning is a team sport, and collaboration is key if we’re going to find our way to the place we want to be. There is no one correct way, nor is one single mindset enough. But all together, elements of each mindset help us to find our way forward.
Three mindsets

Figure 6. How the three mindsets overlap (From: Understanding Design Thinking, Lean, and Agile)
Instead of focusing on applying a process, teams ought to challenge how they think and try new things, embrace the things that work, and learn from the things that don’t. This right way will be different for each team in their specific context. Success is about how teams develop the new ability, learn by doing, and adapt to what is learned.