The Essential Role of Mountain Lions in Engineering Ecosystems

In a new study, a team of biologists highlight the assortment of animals that profit from the free meals provided by the kills of big cats.
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In a study published online November 30th in the journal Oecologia, biologist Mark Elbroch and his colleagues demonstrate that the assortment of animals that profit from the free meals provided by the kills of mountain lions ranges from birds and mammals to insects and other invertebrates.

When the team tracked 18 lion kills in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in Wyoming, they found that the dispatched prey, such as deer and elk, supported 215 species of beetles. But Elbroch, who directs the puma program for Panthera, the global wild cat conservation organization, realized that the beetles and other scavengers weren't just following a buffet.

"They're communing. They're finding their mates on these carcasses," he says. "They're living their entire lives from larvae to adult form on a carcass and then launching forth into the world in search of another carcass to begin that cycle all over again."

In other words, these carcasses provide habitat for the beetles and countless other organisms observed, Elbroch says.

Scientists know that some animals have a profound effect on their environment, often changing it in ways that free up resources for other species in the ecosystem. These ecosystem engineers typically function as the bulldozers and earth-movers of the natural world: Think of elephants excavating waterholes that then slake the thirst of other animals, or beavers constructing dams to form ponds that ultimately house a wide range of fish. Mountain lions, Elbroch's team has shown, manipulate their environment in their own unique way.


Elbroch says mountain lions evolved to kill more prey meat than they needed for feeding. As solitary hunters, they often can't finish a 500-pound elk in one sitting. And they're frequently forced to relinquish their prey to more formidable predators such as bears and wolves. That makes them what biologists call "subordinate apex predators."

"They've evolved to survive in a world where they're not the top predator," Elbroch says. "The fact that they kill more than they need is benefiting their ecological communities in startling and amazing ways."

His repeat visits to the kill sites of the big cats he tracks—an essential part of the work of a wildlife biologist who studies predators—led him to wonder how deep into the ecological web the effect of that carrion penetrated. He noticed that the birds and animals weren't just at the carcass for the meat. Small birds would be darting around above the carcasses "picking off flying insects," he says, and vultures would revel in the cornucopia of maggots starting their lives inside the dead animal.

"We have bears doing the same thing," Elbroch says. "They come in and just hoover up these writhing masses of insect larvae."


"This is habitat. This is not just food resource," Elbroch says. "It's more than that."

He says he also believed this subordinate part played by pumas in the American West was a widespread phenomenon. In their Biological Conservation study, he and his colleagues suggest that six other cats, including the cheetah on Africa's savannas and the Sunda clouded leopard in the jungles of Borneo and Sumatra, fill similar roles, collectively covering around 43 percent of the Earth's surface outside Antarctica.

These cats also share a history of threats from humans. They're often scapegoated as killers of livestock. Many also inhabit a fraction of their former ranges, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists them all as vulnerable, except for the puma, with its listing of least concern. The Florida panther, a subspecies of the mountain lion, is protected as an endangered species by the United States government.

That's all the more reason to demonstrate the animals' vital place in the ecosystem, Elbroch says. Right now, he is working with a group of scientists based at Washington State University to explore the effects of puma-killed carrion on the soil chemistry of a landscape.


If their hypothesis holds, "we will have tied vertebrate scavengers, invertebrate scavengers, and soil and plant communities all to these kill sites," Elbroch says. "That would be amazing."
