Reducing food waste and changing diet could drastically reduce agricultural emissions


Read the full briefing here

Agriculture accounts for roughly 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and as much as 50% of non-CO2 emissions, at 5–6 GtCO2e/year.

To limit warming to 2°C [1], we need to reduce non-CO2 agricultural emissions by at least 1 GtCO2e/year—an 11%–18% reduction by 2030 (and larger reductions thereafter), compared with a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.  However, to meet the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit, that reduction would need to more than double to 2.7 GtCO2e/year.

The briefing, as part of the CAT’s decarbonisation series [2], looks at options for mitigating non-CO2 emissions from agriculture from two angles: key areas “on the field,” and trends in consumer behaviour [3]. It addresses three main areas of action:

  • changing farming practices
  • reducing food waste
  • changing diets


“Further research needs to look at the interactions between these areas, to reduce the uncertainty in total reduction potential.”

The main sources of non-CO2 emissions—methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)—in agriculture are enteric fermentation, manure, synthetic fertilisers, rice cultivation, crop residues, and cultivation of organic soils.


No one global fix will fit all farming. In the EU, US and China, a large share of emissions is due to synthetic fertiliser usage, whereas in South and East Asia, emissions from rice cultivation contribute large shares, so mitigation options will vary by region. Smallholder farmers own 84% of farms, covering an estimated 12% of global farm area, so local circumstances will need to be considered.


The addresses agriculture’s largest contribution to greenhouse gas emissions—cows—which contribute over a third of non-CO2 emissions in Europe, the U.S. and India, and over half in Australia and Brazil. The main mitigation options include improvements in farming practices and a strong reduction in demand, but options need to be tailored to regional circumstances.

There are also large gains to be made in reducing over-application of synthetic fertilisers, which have seen a stronger increase in emissions than any other agricultural source. A fertiliser tax could lessen this rapid growth, while also reducing other environmental concerns.  Solutions for rice cultivation—the next biggest source of emissions, making up over a third of emissions in many Asian countries—include draining paddies between planting seasons.

If warming is kept well below 2°C and below 1.5°C, adaptation in agriculture may be able to compensate for some climate impacts, and the faster global emissions are mitigated and such impacts are avoided, the lower the burden of such adaptation.

Food waste

Significant emissions reductions could also be achieved by reducing waste.

“Over a third of the food we produce—about 1.3 billion tonnes each year—is wasted.  If food waste were a country it would be the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, with an estimated 2011 level of 3.5 GtCO2e/year,” said Yvonne Deng of Ecofys, a Navigant company.

Industrialised nations have much higher per-capita food waste carbon footprints than developing nations, largely through the supply chain.  In developing countries most waste occurs on-farm and during distribution.  This is a growing problem—the 2050 carbon footprint from food waste could triple that of 2010.

Solutions for the developed world to reduce food waste include altering labelling requirements of best-before and use-by dates, or in some cases even removing them. Another priority is to reduce, for example, European supermarket rejection of food based on shape, size or colour.  In developing countries, more efficient storage and distribution systems are needed to reduce on-farm and post-harvest losses.

Dietary changes

A global switch to a low-emissions diet [4] could result in an estimated 30% reduction of food-related emissions, relative to continuing current dietary trends.

“Dietary shifts could reduce land demand by more than one billion hectares and even bend the emissions curve downwards, something which technical mitigation alone is not expected to do. In fact, some governments have already introduced policies to encourage dietary changes because of their public health benefits,” said Claire Fyson from Climate Analytics.

One option to incentivise this shift could be an emissions tax on certain food commodities with the potential to reduce global food-related emissions by almost 1 GtCO2e in 2020, mostly from reductions in beef and dairy use.


[1] With a 66% likelihood

[2] See other memos in the series: Industry, gas, buildings, vehicles

[3] While emissions from deforestation due to agriculture are not counted as agriculture emissions, if business-as-usual continues, emissions of about 7 GtCO2/year could come from deforestation due to animal agriculture.

[4] E.g. the Harvard diet, which implies reductions in meat consumption in the developed world and increases in countries with protein-deficient diets.