(redirected from speaks up for)
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Related to speaks up for: speaks volumes


v. spoke (spōk), spo·ken (spō′kən), speak·ing, speaks
1. To produce words by means of sounds; talk: Can the baby speak yet?
a. To express thoughts or feelings to convey information in speech or writing: He spoke of his desire to travel. In her poem she speaks about loss.
b. To convey information or ideas in text: Their book speaks about adopting children.
a. To engage in conversation: Can we speak for a few minutes about the assignment?
b. To be friendly or willing to communicate; be on speaking terms: They are no longer speaking.
4. To deliver an address or lecture: The mayor spoke at the rally.
a. To act as spokesperson: I speak for the entire staff.
b. To convey information through another person: The family spoke to the media through their trusted adviser.
a. To convey a message by nonverbal means: Actions speak louder than words.
b. To give an indication or suggestion: His manners spoke of good upbringing.
c. To be appealing: His poetry speaks to one's heart.
7. To make a reservation or request. Used with for: Has anyone spoken for the last piece of pizza?
a. To produce a characteristic sound: The drums spoke.
b. To give off a sound on firing. Used of guns or cannon.
1. To say with the voice; pronounce or utter: She spoke the words with a French accent.
2. To converse in or be able to converse in (a language): speaks German.
3. To express in words; tell: speak the truth.
4. Nautical To hail and communicate with (another vessel) at sea.
5. To convey by nonverbal means: His eyes spoke volumes.
Phrasal Verbs:
speak out
To talk freely and fearlessly, as about a public issue.
speak up
1. To speak loud enough to be audible.
2. To speak without fear or hesitation.
so to speak
Used to call attention to a choice of words, and especially to the metaphoric or expressive nature of a word or phrase: can't see the forest for the trees, so to speak.
speak down to
To speak condescendingly to: She never spoke down to her audience.
spoken for
Reserved or requested: Is that seat spoken for?
to speak of
Worthy of mention: There's nothing new to speak of.

[Middle English speken, from Old English sprecan, specan.]

speak′a·ble adj.
Synonyms: speak, talk, converse1, discourse
These verbs mean to express one's thoughts by uttering words. Speak and talk, often interchangeable, are the most general: "On an occasion of this kind it becomes more than a moral duty to speak one's mind. It becomes a pleasure" (Oscar Wilde)."If you want to talk about human experience, then let's talk about it" (Deborah Eisenberg).
Converse stresses interchange of thoughts and ideas: "With thee conversing I forget all time" (John Milton).
Discourse usually refers to formal, extended speech: "When there was nothing to say, he discoursed on the nature of silence" (Stacy Schiff).
Word History: Because English is a Germanic language, first-year German produces many moments of recognition for English speakers and several puzzles. For example, when we learn the verb sprechen, "to speak," and the noun Sprache, "speech, language," we wonder whether we lost the r or the Germans put one in. Sounds are more often lost than added in language change, and this is the case here. In Old English the verb was sprecan and the noun sprǣc, both with an r as in German (and in the other Germanic languages). The r-less forms began to appear in the south of England and became common in the 11th century; the forms with r disappeared completely by the middle of the 12th. A similar loss of r after a consonant and before a vowel occurred in the Middle English noun prang and its variant pronge, "severe pain, sharp pain." Pronge survives today as prong (of a pitchfork, for example). The plural of prang appears in a poem composed about 1400 as pangus, "sharp stabs of pain," and survives today as pang, "sharp, stabbing pain."


vb, speaks, speaking, spoke or spoken
4. (Linguistics) (tr) to know how to talk in (a language or dialect): he does not speak German.
5. (intr) to make a characteristic sound: the clock spoke.
6. (Hunting) (intr) (of dogs, esp hounds used in hunting) to give tongue; bark
7. (Nautical Terms) (tr) nautical to hail and converse or communicate with (another vessel) at sea
8. (Instruments) (intr) (of a musical instrument) to produce a sound
9. (foll by: for) to be a representative or advocate (of): he speaks for all the members.
10. on speaking terms on good terms; friendly
12. speak one's mind to express one's opinions frankly and plainly
13. to speak of of a significant or worthwhile nature: we have had no support to speak of.
ˈspeakable adj



v. spoke, spo•ken, speak•ing. v.i.
1. to utter words or articulate sounds with the ordinary voice; talk.
2. to communicate vocally; mention.
3. to converse.
4. to deliver an address, discourse, etc.
5. to make a statement in written or printed words.
6. to communicate, signify, or disclose by any means.
8. to utter vocally and articulately.
9. to express or make known with the voice.
10. to declare in writing or printing, or by any means of communication.
11. to use, or be able to use, in oral utterance: to speak French.
12. to communicate with (a passing vessel) at sea, as by voice or signal.
13. Archaic. to speak to or with.
14. speak for, to speak in behalf of.
15. speak out, to express one's opinion openly and unreservedly.
16. speak up,
a. to speak loud enough to be heard.
b. to speak out.
1. so to speak, figuratively speaking: We lost our shirt, so to speak.
2. speak well for, to be an indication or reflection of (something commendable).
3. to speak of, worth mentioning: no debts to speak of.
[before 900; Middle English speken, Old English specan, variant of sprecan, c. Old Frisian spreka, Old Saxon sprekan, Old High German sprehhan]
speak′a•ble, adj.


a combining form extracted from newspeak, used in the formation of compound words that denote the vocabulary of a field, person, era, etc.: adspeak; artspeak; futurespeak.


1. 'speak'


They spoke very enthusiastically about their trip.
I've spoken to Raja and he agrees with me.
2. 'say'


I said that I would like to teach English.
He said it was an accident.
3. 'tell'


He told me that he was a farmer.
I told her what the doctor had said.
See say, tell
4. 'talk'
See speak - talk




1. 'speaking' and 'talking'


Please be quiet when I am speaking.
He was speaking so quickly I found it hard to understand.


I think she was listening to us while we were talking.
They sat in the kitchen drinking and talking.
2. used with 'to' and 'with'


I saw you speaking to him just now.
I enjoyed talking to Ana.


He spoke with his friends and told them what had happened.
I talked with his mother many times.


Hello. Could I speak to Sue, please?
3. used with 'about'


I spoke about my experiences at University.
She spoke for twenty minutes about the political situation.


You know the book I'm talking about.
I think he was talking about behaviour in the classroom.




The men were talking about some medical problem.
Everybody will be talking about it at school tomorrow.
4. languages

You say that someone speaks or can speak a language.

They spoke fluent English.
How many languages can you speak?

You don't say that someone 'talks' a language.

Be Careful!

Be Careful!

She heard them talking in French.
They are speaking in Arabic.


Past participle: spoken
Gerund: speaking

I speak
you speak
he/she/it speaks
we speak
you speak
they speak
I spoke
you spoke
he/she/it spoke
we spoke
you spoke
they spoke
Present Continuous
I am speaking
you are speaking
he/she/it is speaking
we are speaking
you are speaking
they are speaking
Present Perfect
I have spoken
you have spoken
he/she/it has spoken
we have spoken
you have spoken
they have spoken
Past Continuous
I was speaking
you were speaking
he/she/it was speaking
we were speaking
you were speaking
they were speaking
Past Perfect
I had spoken
you had spoken
he/she/it had spoken
we had spoken
you had spoken
they had spoken
I will speak
you will speak
he/she/it will speak
we will speak
you will speak
they will speak
Future Perfect
I will have spoken
you will have spoken
he/she/it will have spoken
we will have spoken
you will have spoken
they will have spoken
Future Continuous
I will be speaking
you will be speaking
he/she/it will be speaking
we will be speaking
you will be speaking
they will be speaking
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been speaking
you have been speaking
he/she/it has been speaking
we have been speaking
you have been speaking
they have been speaking
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been speaking
you will have been speaking
he/she/it will have been speaking
we will have been speaking
you will have been speaking
they will have been speaking
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been speaking
you had been speaking
he/she/it had been speaking
we had been speaking
you had been speaking
they had been speaking
I would speak
you would speak
he/she/it would speak
we would speak
you would speak
they would speak
Past Conditional
I would have spoken
you would have spoken
he/she/it would have spoken
we would have spoken
you would have spoken
they would have spoken
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
phonate, vocalise, vocalize - utter speech sounds
troll - speak or recite rapidly or in a rolling voice
whisper - speak softly; in a low voice
enthuse - utter with enthusiasm
blubber out, blubber - utter while crying
drone on, drone - talk in a monotonous voice
rasp - utter in a grating voice
inflect, modulate, tone - vary the pitch of one's speech
generalise, generalize - speak or write in generalities
open up - talk freely and without inhibition
snivel, whine - talk in a tearful manner
slur - utter indistinctly
bay - utter in deep prolonged tones
orate - talk pompously
spiel - speak at great length (about something)
dogmatise, dogmatize - speak dogmatically
cheek - speak impudently to
talk turkey - discuss frankly, often in a business context
converse, discourse - carry on a conversation
rap - talk volubly
speak for - be a spokesperson for; "He represents the Government's position"
run on - talk or narrate at length
slang - use slang or vulgar language
4.speak - give a speech tospeak - give a speech to; "The chairman addressed the board of trustees"
blaze away - speak with fire and passion; "He blazed away at his opponents in the Senate"
memorialise, memorialize - address in a memorial; "The President memorialized the heroes of the battle"
keynote - give the keynote address to (an audience)
harangue - deliver a harangue to; address forcefully
sound - give off a certain sound or sounds; "This record sounds scratchy"


1. talk, say something The President spoke of the need for territorial compromise.
2. articulate, say, voice, pronounce, utter, tell, state, talk, express, communicate, make known, enunciate The very act of speaking the words gave him comfort.
3. converse, talk, chat, discourse, confer, commune, have a word, have a talk, natter (Brit. informal), exchange views, shoot the breeze (slang, chiefly U.S. & Canad.) It was very emotional when we spoke again.
4. lecture, talk, discourse, spout (informal), make a speech, pontificate, give a speech, declaim, hold forth, spiel (informal), address an audience, deliver an address, orate, speechify Last month I spoke in front of two thousand people in Birmingham.
5. deal with, discuss, go into, write about, be concerned with, touch upon, discourse upon Throughout the book Liu speaks of the abuse of Party power.
6. indicate, show, reveal, display, suggest, signal, point to, imply, manifest, signify, denote, bespeak, be symptomatic of, betoken His behaviour spoke of an early maturity.
speak for something or someone
1. represent, act for or on behalf of, appear for, hold a brief for, hold a mandate for It was the job of the church to speak for the underprivileged.
2. support, back, champion, defend, promote, advocate, fight for, uphold, commend, espouse, stick up for (informal) a role in which he would be seen as speaking for the Government
speak out or up
1. speak publicly, have your say, speak your mind, sound off, stand up and be counted, speak openly, speak frankly, make your position plain She continued to speak out at rallies around the country.
2. speak loudly, raise your voice, make yourself heard, say it loud and clear I'm quite deaf - you'll have to speak up.
speak to someone
1. reprimand, rebuke, scold, check, lecture, censure, reproach, tick off (informal), castigate, chide, dress down (informal), admonish, tell off (informal), take to task, read the riot act, tongue-lash, reprove, upbraid, slap on the wrist (informal), bawl out (informal), rap over the knuckles, haul over the coals (informal), tear (someone) off a strip (Brit. informal), reprehend, give (someone) a row (informal), send someone away with a flea in his or her ear (informal) This is not the first time I have had to speak to you about your timekeeping.
2. address, talk to, accost, direct your words at, apostrophize Are you speaking to me?


1. To engage in spoken exchange:
Informal: confab, visit.
2. To direct speech to:
3. To express oneself in speech:
4. To talk to an audience formally:
Archaic: bespeak.
phrasal verb
speak for
To serve as an official delegate of:
يَتَحَدَّث معيَتَكَلَّمُيَتَكَلَّميَتَكَلَّم لَغَةً أخْرىيُعَبِّر عن
taleholde talesige
halda ræîusegjatalatala/ræîa viî
būti vertam dėmesiogarsiai kalbėtigarsiau kalbėtiištartaskalbamasis
izteiktrunātrunātiessarunātiesteikt runu
mať prejav


[spiːk] (spoke (pt) (spoken (pp)))
to speak to sbhablar con algn
have you spoken to him?¿has hablado con él?
she never spoke to me againno volvió a dirigirme la palabra
since they quarrelled they don't speak to each otherdesde que riñeron no se hablan
I don't know him to speak tono lo conozco bastante como para hablar con él
I know him to speak tolo conozco bastante bien para cambiar algunas palabras con él
did you speak?¿dijiste algo?
technically/biologically speakingen términos técnicos/biológicos, desde el punto de vista técnico/biológico
I'll speak to him about it (= discuss it with him) → lo hablaré con él; (= point it out to him) → se lo diré
speaking as a student myselfhablando desde mi experiencia como estudiante
we're not speakingno nos hablamos
speak now or forever hold your peacehable ahora o guarde para siempre silencio
he's very well spoken oftiene buen nombre or buena fama
speaking of holidaysa propósito de las vacaciones ...
it's nothing to speak ofno tiene importancia
he has no money to speak ofno tiene dinero que digamos
everything spoke of hatreden todo había un odio latente
everything spoke of luxurytodo reflejaba el lujo
speaking personallyen cuanto a mí ..., yo por mi parte ...
roughly speakingen términos generales
so to speakpor decirlo así, por así decir
to speak well of sbhablar bien de algn
to speak in a whisperhablar bajo
2. (= make a speech, give one's opinion) → hablar
he spoke on Greek mythshabló sobre los mitos griegos
when the minister had spokencuando terminó de hablar el ministro ...
the member rose to speakel diputado se levantó para tomar la palabra
the chairman asked Mr Wright to speakel presidente le concedió la palabra al Sr. Wright
are you speaking in the debate?¿interviene usted en el debate?
3. (Telec) speaking!¡al habla!
"could I speak to Alison?" - "speaking!"-¿podría hablar con Alison? -¡al habla! or -¡soy yo! or (esp LAm) -¡con ella!
this is Peter speaking¡soy Peter!, ¡habla Peter!
may I speak to Mr Jones?¿me pone con el Sr. Jones, por favor?
who is that speaking?¿con quién hablo?, ¿quién es?; (taking message) → ¿de parte (de quién)?
4. (fig) [gun] → oírse, sonar
1. (= talk) [+ language] → hablar
he speaks Italianhabla italiano
do you speak English?¿hablas inglés?
he can speak seven languageshabla siete idiomas
"English spoken here"se habla inglés
2. (= utter) → decir
to speak one's mindhablar claro or con franqueza
to speak the truthdecir la verdad
nobody spoke a wordnadie habló, nadie dijo palabra
speak for VI + PREP
1. to speak for sb (as representative) → hablar por algn, hablar en nombre de algn; (as defender) → interceder por algn
he speaks for the minershabla por los mineros, representa a los mineros
speaking for myselfen cuanto a mí, yo por mi parte
speak for yourself!¡eso lo dirás tú!
let her speak for herselfdéjala que hable
2. it speaks for itselfes evidente, habla por sí mismo
the facts speak for themselveslos datos hablan por sí solos
3. to be spoken for: that's already been spoken foreso ya está reservado or apartado
she's already spoken forya está comprometida
speak out VI + ADV he's not afraid to speak outno tiene miedo a decir lo que piensa
to speak out against sthdenunciar algo
to speak out for or on behalf of sbdefender a algn
speak up VI + ADV
1. (= raise voice) → hablar más fuerte or alto
speak up!¡más fuerte!
2. (= give one's opinion) → decir lo que se piensa
don't be afraid to speak upno tengas miedo de decir lo que piensas
to speak up for sbdefender a algn


[ˈspiːk] [spoke] [ˈspəʊk] (pt) [spoken] [ˈspəʊkən] (pp)
[+ language] → parler
Do you speak English? → Parlez-vous anglais?
spoken French → le français parlé
[+ truth, words] → dire
to speak one's mind → dire ce que l'on pense
(= talk) → parler
to speak to sb → parler à qn
Have you spoken to him? → Tu lui as parlé?
She spoke to him about it → Elle lui en a parlé.
to speak about sth → parler de qch
speaking! (on telephone)lui-même, elle-même
speaking as a parent → en tant que parent
I spoke too soon → j'ai parlé trop vite
no ... to speak of
He has no money to speak of → Il n'a pas d'argent à proprement parler.
nothing to speak of → rien qui vaille la peine d'en parler
not to speak of ... (= not to mention) → sans parler de ...
speaking of sth (= since we are speaking of it) → en parlant de qch
so to speak → pour ainsi dire
actions speak louder than words → les actes sont plus éloquents que les paroles
to speak well of sb → dire du bien de qn
to speak highly of sb → dire le plus grand bien de qn
to speak ill of sb → dire du mal de qn
generally speaking → d'une manière générale
roughly speaking → approximativement
(= make a speech) → parler
The President spoke of the need for compromise → Le Président a parlé du besoin de compromis.
The Prime Minister spoke to the nation on television
BUT Le Premier ministre s'est adressé à la nation à la télévision.
to speak at a conference → parler lors d'une conférence, prendre la parole lors d'une conférence
(= talk to one another) → se parler
They're still not speaking → Ils ne se parlent toujours pas.
to speak of sth (= be evidence of) → indiquer qch, montrer qch
His behaviour spoke of an early maturity → Son comportement montrait une maturité précoce., Son comportement indiquait une maturité précoce.
speak for
vt fus
(= represent) → parler au nom de
speak for yourself! → parle pour toi!
it speaks for itself (= needs no explanation) → cela se passe d'explication
the facts speak for themselves → les faits parlent d'eux-mêmes
the results speak for themselves → les résultats parlent d'eux mêmes
to be spoken for [person] → être pris(e); [object] → être réservé(e)
That picture is already spoken for → Ce tableau est déjà réservé.
speak out
viparler haut et fort
to speak out against sth → s'élever contre qch
to speak out in favour of sth → plaider la cause de qch
speak up
(= say what one thinks) → dire ce que l'on pense
Don't be afraid to speak up → N'ayez pas peur de dire ce que vous pensez.
to speak up for sb → défendre qn, prendre la défense de qn
to speak up about sth (= break silence) → parler ouvertement de qch
(= speak more loudly) → parler plus fort
Speak up! → Parle plus fort!
Speak up, we can't hear you → Parle plus fort, nous ne t'entendons pas.


pret <spoke or (obs) spake>, ptp <spoken or (obs) spoke>
(= utter)sagen; one’s thoughtsaussprechen, äußern; one’s linesaufsagen; to speak one’s mindseine Meinung sagen; nobody spoke a wordniemand sagte ein Wort, keiner sagte etwas; his eyes spoke his lovesein Blick verriet seine Liebe ? volume
languagesprechen; English spoken hereman spricht Englisch
(= talk, be on speaking terms)sprechen, reden (→ about über +acc, → von); (= converse)reden, sich unterhalten (with mit); (fig, guns, drums) → sprechen, ertönen; to speak to or with somebodymit jdm sprechen or reden; did you speak?haben Sie etwas gesagt?; to speak in a whisperflüstern; speak, don’t shoutnun schreien Sie doch nicht (so)!; they don’t speak (to one another)sie reden or sprechen nicht miteinander; I’m not speaking to youmit dir rede or spreche ich nicht mehr; she never spoke to me againseitdem hat sie nie wieder mit mir geredet or gesprochen; to speak to oneselfSelbstgespräche führen; I’ll speak to him about it (euph: = admonish) → ich werde ein Wörtchen mit ihm reden; I’ll have to speak to my lawyer about itdas muss ich mit meinem Anwalt besprechen; speak when you’re spoken toantworte, wenn man mit dir redet or spricht; servants should only speak when spoken toDiener sollten nur dann etwas sagen, wenn man sie anspricht; I don’t know him to speak toich kenne ihn nicht näher; music speaks directly to the soulMusik spricht die Seele an; speaking of dictionaries …da or wo wir gerade von Wörterbüchern sprechen …, apropos Wörterbücher; not to speak of …ganz zu schweigen von …; it’s nothing to speak ofes ist nicht weiter erwähnenswert, es ist nichts weiter; no money/trees etc to speak ofso gut wie kein Geld/keine Bäume etc; to speak ill of somebody/somethingüber jdn/etw schlecht reden; to speak well of somebody/somethingjdn/etw loben, (nur) Gutes über jdn/etw sagen; he is well spoken ofer genießt große Achtung; so to speaksozusagen, eigentlich; roughly speakinggrob gesagt; strictly speakinggenau genommen; legally/biologically speakingrechtlich/biologisch gesehen; generally speakingim Allgemeinen; speaking personally …wenn Sie mich fragen …, was mich betrifft; speaking as a member of the club I have …als Mitglied des Vereins habe ich …; to speak down to somebodyjdn von oben herab behandeln
(= make a speech)reden (on zu), sprechen (on zu); (= give one’s opinion)sich äußern (on, to zu); to speak in publicin der Öffentlichkeit reden; to speak in the debatein der Debatte das Wort ergreifen; to ask somebody to speakjdm das Wort erteilen; Mr X will speak nextals Nächster hat Herr X das Wort; then Geoffrey rose to speakdann stand Geoffrey auf, um das Wort zu ergreifen
(Telec) speaking!am Apparat!; Jones speaking!(hier) Jones!; who is that speaking?wer ist da, bitte?; (on extension phone, in office) → wer ist am Apparat?
(fig: = suggest) → zeugen (of von); their appearance speaks of povertyihre Erscheinung verrät Armut or zeugt von Armut
n suf Euro-speakEurojargon m


[spiːk] (spoke (vb: pt) (spoken (pp)))
1. vt (words, lines) → dire; (language) → parlare
she speaks Italian → parla italiano
to speak the truth → dire la verità
to speak one's mind → dire quello che si pensa
2. vi
a. (gen) → parlare
to speak to sb → parlare a qn (converse with) → parlare con qn
to speak about (or on or of) sth → parlare di qc
to speak in a whisper → bisbigliare
they haven't spoken to each other since they quarrelled → da quando hanno litigato non si rivolgono la parola
I'll speak to him about it (problem, idea) → gliene parlerò (his lateness) → glielo farò presente
to speak at a conference/in a debate → intervenire or prendere la parola ad una conferenza/in un dibattito
he's very well spoken of → tutti ne parlano bene
so to speak → per così dire
it's nothing to speak of → non è niente di speciale
he has no money to speak of → non si può proprio dire che sia ricco
speaking of holidays → a proposito di vacanze
roughly speaking → grosso modo
speaking for myself → per quel che mi riguarda
speaking as a student myself, I ... → in qualità di studente, io...
generally speaking → generalmente parlando
b. (Telec) speaking!sono io!
this is Peter speaking → sono Peter
who's speaking? → chi parla?
speak for vi + prep to speak for sbparlare a nome di qn
speak for yourself! (fam) → parla per te!
let her speak for herself → lascia che dica la sua opinione
it speaks for itself → parla da sé
that picture is already spoken for (in shop) → quel quadro è già stato venduto
speak up vi + adv
a. (raise voice) → parlare a voce alta
speak up! → parli più forte!
b. (fig) (also speak out) → parlare apertamente
to speak out against sth → dichiararsi pubblicamente contrario/a a qc
to speak up for sb → parlare a favore di qn


(spiːk) past tense spoke (spouk) : past participle ˈspoken (ˈspoukən) verb
1. to say (words) or talk. He can't speak; He spoke a few words to us.
2. (often with to or (American) with) to talk or converse. Can I speak to/with you for a moment?; We spoke for hours about it.
3. to (be able to) talk in (a language). She speaks Russian.
4. to tell or make known (one's thoughts, the truth etc). I always speak my mind.
5. to make a speech, address an audience. The Prime Minister spoke on unemployment.
ˈspeaker noun
1. a person who is or was speaking.
2. (sometimes ˌloudˈspeaker) the device in a radio, record-player etc which converts the electrical impulses into audible sounds. Our record-player needs a new speaker.
ˈspeaking adjective
1. involving speech. a speaking part in a play.
2. used in speech. a pleasant speaking voice.
ˈspoken adjective
produced by speaking. the spoken word.
speaking in a particular way. plain-spoken; smooth-spoken.
generally speaking
in general. Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.
speak for itself/themselves
to have an obvious meaning; not to need explaining. The facts speak for themselves.
speak out
to say boldly what one thinks. I feel the time has come to speak out.
speak up
to speak (more) loudly. Speak up! We can't hear you!
to speak of
worth mentioning. He has no talent to speak of.


يَتَكَلَّمُ mluvit tale sprechen μιλώ hablar puhua parler govoriti parlare 話す 말하다 spreken snakke powiedzieć falar говорить tala พูด konuşmak nói 发言


vi. hablar;
___ louderhable, habla más alto;
___ slowlyhable, habla despacio.


vt, vi (pret spoke; pp spoken) hablar