Multi-View Multi-Graph Embedding for Brain Network Clustering Analysis

Multi-View Multi-Graph Embedding for Brain Network Clustering Analysis


Network analysis of human brain connectivity is critically important for understanding brain function and disease states. Embedding a brain network as a whole graph instance into a meaningful low-dimensional representation can be used to investigate disease mechanisms and inform therapeutic interventions. Moreover, by exploiting information from multiple neuroimaging modalities or views, we are able to obtain an embedding that is more useful than the embedding learned from an individual view. Therefore, multi-view multi-graph embedding becomes a crucial task. Currently only a few studies have been devoted to this topic, and most of them focus on vector-based strategy which will cause structural information contained in the original graphs lost. As a novel attempt to tackle this problem, we propose Multi-view Multi-graph Embedding (M2E) by stacking multi-graphs into multiple partially-symmetric tensors and using tensor techniques to simultaneously leverage the dependencies and correlations among multi-view and multi-graph brain networks. Extensive experiments on real HIV and bipolar disorder brain network datasets demonstrate the superior performance of M2E on clustering brain networks by leveraging the multi-view multi-graph interactions.

Index terms— Brain Network Embedding, Multi-graph Embedding, Tensor Factorization, Multi-view Learning

1 Introduction

Benefiting from modern neuroimaging technology, there is an increasing amount of graph data representing the human brain, called brain networks, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). These data have complex structure, which are inherently represented as graphs with a set of nodes and links. Moreover, the linkage structure extracted from different modalities can often be treated as multi-view data. The connections in fMRI brain networks encode correlations among brain regions in terms of functional activities, while in DTI networks, the connections can capture the white matter fiber pathways that connect different brain regions. Even if these individual views might be sufficient on their own for a given learning task, they can often provide complementary information to each other which can lead to improve performance on the learning task [\citeauthoryearMa et al.2017a, \citeauthoryearSun et al.2017]. As labeled data are difficult to obtain, it is critical to leverage the multi-view information to obtain an effective embedding for the clustering task. Therefore, in this study, we focus on investigating the multi-view multi-graph embedding problem for brain network clustering analysis. Specifically, we aim to learn the latent embedding representation of multiple brain networks from multiple views. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in single-graph node embedding among researchers [\citeauthoryearMousazadeh and Cohen2015, \citeauthoryearOu et al.2016], yet it is challenging to extend to the multi-graph embedding, where we consider the embedding of multiple graph instances together to obtain a discriminative representation for each graph. By exploring the consistency and complementary properties of different views, multi-view learning [\citeauthoryearLiu et al.2013a, \citeauthoryearCao et al.2014] is rendered more effective, more promising, and has better generalization ability than single-view learning. Although there have been numerous works on single-graph embedding and multi-view learning, to the best of our knowledge, there is no embedding method available which enables preserving multi-graph structures on multiple views.

There are several major challenges in multi-view multi-graph embedding problem. Initially, the complex graph structure makes conventional methods difficult to capture the subtle local topological information [\citeauthoryearJie et al.2014]. For the subgraph based method [\citeauthoryearCao et al.2015], the number of subgraphs is exponential to the size of the graphs. Thus the subgraph enumeration process is both time and memory consuming. Besides, simply preserving pairwise distances, as with many spectral methods, is insufficient for capturing the structure of multiple graphs. Moreover, preserving both local distances and graph topology is crucial for producing effective low-dimensional representations of the brain network data. Furthermore, traditional normalization strategies cannot generate meaningful clustering results.

Figure 1: A conceptual view of Multi-view Multi-graph Embedding (M2E)

To address the aforementioned issues, in this paper we propose a novel one-step Multi-view Multi-graph Embedding (M2E) approach for brain network analysis. The goal of M2E is to find low-dimensional representations from multi-view multi-graph data which reveal patterns and structures among the brain networks. The conceptual view of M2E is shown in Figure 1. Our main contributions are summarized as follows:

  • In each view, we stack all the brain networks on each view into a tensor and use tensor and matrix techniques to simultaneously leverage the dependencies and correlations among multi-view and multi-graph data in a unified framework. This provides an innovative perspective on the analysis of brain network structures.

  • In order to reflect the latent clustering structure shared by different views and different graphs, we require coefficient matrices learned from different views towards a consensus with soft regularization.

  • We present an effective optimization strategy to solve the M2E problem, with consideration of symmetric structure of brain networks.

Through extensive experiments on HIV and bipolar disorder brain network datasets that contain fMRI and DTI views, we demonstrate that M2E can significantly boost the embedding performances. Furthermore, the derived factors are visualized which could be informative for investigating disease mechanisms.

2 Related Work

Brain Network Embedding makes characterization of brain disorders at a whole-brain connectivity level possible, thus providing a new direction for brain disease clustering. The goal of graph embedding is to find low-dimensional representations of nodes that can preserve the important structure and properties of graphs [\citeauthoryearMa et al.2016]. In particular, [\citeauthoryearMousazadeh and Cohen2015] proposed a graph embedding algorithm based on Laplacian-type operator on manifold, which can apply to recover the geometry of data and extend a function on new data points. Recently, [\citeauthoryearOu et al.2016] established a general formulation of high-order proximity measurements, and then applied it with generalized SVD for graph embedding. In the field of brain network neuroscience, most of the existing works aim to learn the structure from a specific kind of brain networks [\citeauthoryearKong and Yu2014, \citeauthoryearKuo et al.2015]. In contrast to the node embedding on single graph, we aim at learning an effective graph embedding approach on multi-view multi-graph brain networks, such as fMRI brain network together with DTI brain network.

Our approach is also closely related to the literature on multi-view clustering and multi-view embedding. [\citeauthoryearKumar and Daumé2011, \citeauthoryearKumar, Rai, and Daume2011] are the first works proposed to solve the multi-view clustering problem via spectral projection. [\citeauthoryearNie, Li, and Li2016] extended the multi-view spectral clustering to a parameter-free auto-weighted method. Matrix factorization based methods [\citeauthoryearLiu et al.2013a] are another category, which mainly use non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to integrate multi-view data. Additionally, [\citeauthoryearShao, He, and Yu2015] proposed a CP factorization and -norm regularization based method for multi-view incomplete clustering. [\citeauthoryearMa et al.2017b] coupled the spectral clustering and -norm to discriminate the hubs and to reduce the potential influence of the hubs for graph clustering. However, there is no method available which enables us to take multiple graphs as input and consider multi-graph structures; thus multi-view learning cannot solve the brain network embedding problem well.

3 Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce some related concepts and notation about tensor. Table 1 lists basic symbols that will be used throughout the paper.

Tensors are higher order arrays that generalize the notion of vectors and matrices. The order of a tensor is the number of dimensions (a.k.a. modes or ways). An -th order tensor is represented as , where is the cardinality of its -th mode, . All vectors are column vectors unless otherwise specified. For an arbitrary matrix , its -th row and -th column vector are denoted by and , respectively.

Definitions of partially symmetric tensor, mode- matricization and CP factorization are given below, which will be used to present our model.

Definition 1 (Partial Symmetric Tensor).

An -th order tensor is a rank-one partial symmetric tensor if it is partial symmetric on modes , and can be written as the tensor product of vectors, i.e.,


where .

Definition 2 (Mode- Matricization).

The mode- matricization of a tensor , denoted by , where . Each tensor element with indices () maps to a matrix element (), such that

Symbol Definition and Description
each lowercase letter represents a scale
each boldface lowercase letter represents a vector
each boldface uppercase letter represents a matrix
each calligraphic letter represents a tensor, set or space
a set of integers in the range of to inclusively.
denotes the outer product
denotes Khatri-Rao product
denotes the CP factorization
Table 1: List of basic symbols.
Definition 3 (CP Factorization).

For a general tensor , its CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) factorization is


where for , are latent factor matrices of size , is the number of factors, and is used for shorthand.

To obtain the CP factorization , the objective is to minimize the following estimation error:


However, is not jointly convex w.r.t. . A widely used optimization technique is the Alternating Least Squares (ALS) algorithm, which alternatively minimize for each variable while fixing the other, that is,


where .

4 Methodology

In this section, we first define the problem of interest. Then we formulate the proposed Multi-view Multi-graph Embedding (M2E) method. Finally, we introduce an effective optimization approach to solve the proposed formulation.

4.1 Problem Definition

We study the problem of multi-view multi-graph embedding for brain network clustering analysis. Suppose that the problem includes subjects with views, where each view has a set of symmetric brain networks corresponding to subjects. Specifically, each brain network is represented as a weighted undirected graph, i.e., a symmetric affinity matrix where denotes the number of nodes and each element reflects connectivity between nodes. There exists a one-to-one mapping between nodes in different graphs, which means that all the graphs have a common node set . Thus, for the -th view, we have graphs associated with affinity matrices, denoted as . We use to represent the multi-view multi-graph instances.

The goal of this work is to learn a common embedding across all brain networks, denoted as , where is the embedding dimension and each row of corresponds to an embedding of a brain network as a whole. More specifically, we aim at finding by simultaneously leveraging the dependencies and correlations among multiple views and multiple graphs in , and taking into account the symmetric property of brain networks. In particular, we investigate the use of learned embedding for clustering brain networks. Let the number of clusters be . So, we cluster brain networks into groups.

4.2 M2e Approach

Solving challenging multi-view multi-graph embedding problem requires the use of “complex” structured models – those incorporating relationships between multiple views and multiple graphs. The multi-mode structure of tensor provides a natural way to encode the underlying multiple correlations between data [\citeauthoryearHe et al.2017]. Inspired by the success of tensor analysis on many structured learning problems, here we explore the use of tensor operator techniques to consider all possible dependence relationships among different views and different graphs.

Given a multi-view multi-graph dataset . In order to capture the multi-graph structures directly, we concatenate the affinity matrices of different subjects for each view to form a third-order tensor comprising three modes: nodes, nodes, and subjects, denoted as . Notice that since each brain network is a symmetric network, thus the resulting tensor is a partial symmetric tensor.

Tensor provides a natural and efficient representation for multi-graph data, but there is no guarantee that such representation will be good for subsequent learning, since learning will only be successful if the regularities that underlie the data can be discerned by the model [\citeauthoryearHe et al.2014]. In previous work, it was found that CP factorization is particularly effective to acknowledge the connections and find valuable features among tensor data [\citeauthoryearVan Loan2016]. Motivated by these observations, in the following we investigate how to exploit the benefits of CP factorization to find an effective embedding in the sense of multi-view partial symmetric tensors .

Figure 2: CP Factorization. The third-order partially symmetric tensor is approximated by rank-one tensors. The r-th factor tensor is the tensor product of three vectors, i.e., .

A simple method is to learn a view-independent multi-view representation from the tensors , and then feed it into a conventional multi-view embedding method. This can be formulated as follows:


where and are the latent factor matrices obtained by CP factorization. A graphical representation of this process in one view is given in Figure 2. can be viewed as common features of nodes among all graphs involved in the -th view, while are treated as embedded features of each graph in the -th view.

Based on the above obtained multi-view features , we can directly establish the following multi-view model to learn a common embedding :


where are the weight parameters reflecting the importance of different views.

However, the two-step method, referred to as M2E-TS, is not guaranteed to produce an optimal clustering result, because multiple views and multiple graphs are explored separately. For clustering, we assume that a data point in different views would be assigned to the same cluster with high probability. Therefore, in terms of tensor factorization, we require coefficient matrices learned from different views to be softly regularized towards a common consensus. This consensus matrix is considered to reflect the latent clustering structure shared by different views and different graphs. Based on this idea, we incorporate the Eq. (6) and Eq. (7) together and achieve the following optimization problem for M2E method:


Notice that the first term is used to explore the dependencies among multiple graphs, and the second term is used to explore the consensus correlations among multiple views. not only tune the relative weight among different views, but also between the first term and the second term. is the final embedding solution used for mult-view multi-graph brain network clustering. To induce groupings on , we simply use -means [\citeauthoryearHartigan and Wong1979].

In order to verify the effectiveness of soft regularization in Eq. (8), we propose M2E-DS as compared method which learns the latent embedding representation by using the directly shared coefficient matrices for all views [\citeauthoryearLiu et al.2013b]; the objective function is shown as


In this formulation, different views are treated equally. However, in reality, different views may have different effects. The detail will be discussed in the Section Experiments.

4.3 Optimization Framework

The model parameters in Eq. (8) that have to be estimated include , and . Since the optimization problem is not convex with respect to and together, there is no closed-form solution. We introduce an effective iteration method to solve this problem. The main idea is to decouple the parameters using an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) approach [\citeauthoryearBoyd et al.2011]. Specifically, the following three steps are repeated until convergence.

Fixing and , compute

Note that is a partially symmetric tensor and the objective function in Eq. (8) involving a fourth-order term is difficult to optimize directly. To obviate this problem, we use a variable substitution technique and minimize the following objective function


where are auxiliary variables.

The augmented Lagrangian function for the problem in Eq. (10) is


where are Lagrange multipliers, and is the penalty parameter which can be adjusted efficiently according to [\citeauthoryearLin, Liu, and Su2011].

To compute , the optimization problem in Eq. (11) can be formulated as


where is the mode- matricization of , and .

We rewrite Eq. (12) in the trace form as


where , and .

The problem (13) is a univariate optimization problem, and can be solved easily. An effective approach to solve such a problem is by the proximal gradient method [\citeauthoryearParikh, Boyd, and others2014], which updates by


where is the Lipschitz coefficient of Eq.(13) that equals to the maximum eigenvalue of .

To efficiently compute , we consider the following property of the Khatri-Rao product of two matrices


where denotes the Hadamard product or element-wise product of two matrices.

Then the auxiliary matrix can be optimized successively in a similar way


where and . And and is the mode-2 matricization of .

Moreover, we update the Lagrange multipliers using the gradient descent method by


Fixing and , compute

By fixing and , We minimize the following objective function


where is the mode-3 matricization of tensor and .

Such an optimization problem can be solved in a similar way as Eq. (12), from which we get the update rule of as follows


where , , and is the maximum eigenvalue of 2.

Fixing and , minimize over

When and are fixed, the problem in Eq. (8) is reduce to a convex optimization problem with respect to . By taking the derivative of the objective function in Eq. (8) with respect to and setting it to zero, we get


Based on the above analysis, we outline the optimization framework for multi-view multi-graph brain network embedding in Algorithm 1.

0:  Partically-symmetric tensor , weight parameters and , and embedding dimension
1:  Initialize
2:  repeat
3:     Update and by Eq. (14) and Eq. (16)
4:     Update by Eq. (17)
5:     Update by Eq. (19)
6:     Update by Eq. (20)
7:  until convergence
7:  Consensus embedding matrix
Algorithm 1 M2E

Computational Analysis

Algorithm 1 iteratively solves Eq. (8). In each iteration solving , and all requires , solving requires , and solving requires . Overall, the time complexity involves , which is linear to the number of nodes , so the proposed method is applicable for larger scale of brain network.

5 Experiments and Evaluation

In order to empirically evaluate the performance of the proposed M2E approach for multi-view multi-graph brain network clustering analysis, we test our model on two real datasets, HIV and Bipolar disorder with fMRI brain networks and DTI brain networks, and compare with several state-of-the-art multi-view clustering methods.

Dataset Measure SEC convexSub AMGL multiNMF CoRegSc MIC SCMV-3DT M2E-TS M2E-DS M2E
Accuracy 50.00(8) 52.86(7) 52.86(7) 57.23(4) 57.14(5) 55.72(6) 64.29(3) 52.86(7) 68.57(2) 71.43(1)
F1 49.74(8) 53.52(7) 53.52(7) 56.18(6) 60.53(4) 58.28(5) 66.67(3) 49.23(9) 68.57(2) 72.22(1)
Precision 50.00(9) 52.77(7) 52.77(7) 57.37(5) 56.10(5) 61.12(4) 62.50(3) 53.25(6) 68.57(2) 69.73(1)
HIV Recall 49.86(8) 54.29(7) 54.29(7) 55.98(5) 65.71(4) 56.28(6) 71.43(2) 45.57(9) 68.57(3) 75.00(1)
Accuracy 54.64(7) 52.57(9) 52.77(8) 58.52(4) 56.70(6) 61.86(2) 54.64(7) 57.73(5) 60.82(3) 68.04(1)
F1 56.86(7) 28.46(8) 28.13(9) 66.99(3) 60.38(6) 72.59(1) 59.26(6) 64.34(4) 61.22(5) 68.69(2)
Precision 58.00(9) 74.78(1) 74.83(2) 58.34(8) 59.25(5) 59.03(6) 57.14(9) 58.73(7) 65.22(4) 72.34(3)
BP Recall 55.76(7) 17.84(8) 17.71(9) 80.40(2) 61.53(5) 94.23(1) 61.53(5) 71.15(3) 57.69(6) 65.38(4)
Table 2: Clustering Accuracy and F1 score on HIV dataset and BP dataset

5.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV): The original dataset is unbalanced, we randomly sampled 35 patients and 35 controls from the dataset for performance evaluation. A detailed description about data acquisition is available in [\citeauthoryearCao et al.2015]. For fMRI data, we used DPARSF 1 and SPM 2 toolboxes for preprocessing. We construct each graph with nodes where links are created based on the correlations between different brain regions. For DTI data, we used FSL toolbox3 for preprocessing and parcellated each DTI image into regions by the AAL [\citeauthoryearTzourio-Mazoyer et al.2002].

  • Bipolar Disorder (BP): This dataset consists of 52 bipolar subjects who are currently in euthymia and 45 healthy controls. For fMRI data, we used the toolbox CONN 4 to construct fMRI data of the BP brain network [\citeauthoryearWhitfield-Gabrieli and Nieto-Castanon2012]. Using the labels Freesurfer-generated cortical/subcortical gray matter regions, functional brain networks were derived using pairwise BOLD signal correlations. For DTI, same as fMRI, we constructed the DTI image into regions.

5.2 Baselines and Metrics

We compare the proposed M2E with eight other methods for multi-view clustering on brain networks. We adopt accuracy and F1-score as our evaluation metrics.

SEC is a single-view spectral embedding clustering framework [\citeauthoryearNie et al.2011]. convexSub is a convex subspace representation learning method [\citeauthoryearGuo2013]. CoRegSc is a co-regularization based multi-view spectral clustering framework [\citeauthoryearKumar, Rai, and Daume2011]. MultiNMF is the NMF-based multi-view clustering method by searching for a factorization that gives compatible clustering solutions across multiple views [\citeauthoryearLiu et al.2013a]. MIC first uses the kernel matrices to form an initial tensor across all the multiple sources [\citeauthoryearShao, He, and Yu2015]. AMGL is a recently proposed non-parameter multi-view spectral learning framework [\citeauthoryearNie, Li, and Li2016]. SCMV-3DT uses t-product in the third-order tensor space and represents multi-view data by a t-linear combination with sparse and low-rank [\citeauthoryearYin et al.2016]. M2E-TS is the two-step method of M2E. M2E-DS is the directly shared method of M2E mentioned on Section Methodology.

Since SEC is designed for single-view data, we first concatenate all the views together and then apply SEC on the concatenated views. For all the spectral clustering based methods, we construct the RBF kernel matrices with kernel width to be the median distance among all the brain network samples. Following [\citeauthoryearVon Luxburg2007], we construct each graph by selecting -nearest neighbors among raw data. We tune the parameters of each baseline methods using the strategy mentioned in the corresponding paper. There are three main parameters in our model, namely , and , where and are the weight parameters reflecting the importance of different views, and is the number of factors representing the embedded dimension. We apply the grid search to determine the optimal values of these three parameters. In particular, we empirically select and from , and is selected from . For evaluation, since there are two possible label values, normal and control, for each brain network sample on both HIV and BP datasets, we set the number of clusters to be and test how well our method can group the brain networks of patients and normal controls into two different clusters.

In order to make a fair comparison, we apply the “Litekmeans” function in Matlab [\citeauthoryearCai2011] for all the compared methods during their -means clustering step. We repeat this -means clustering procedure 20 times with random initialization, as “Litekmeans” greatly depends on initialization. For the evaluation, we repeat running the program of each clustering methods 20 times and report the average Accuracy, F1 score, Precision and Recall as the results.

5.3 Clustering Results

Table 2 shows the clustering results. We see that in terms of accuracy, the proposed M2E method performs better than all the other baseline methods on both HIV and BP datasets. The single-view clustering SEC does not distinguish the features from different views, which leads to a poor performance than the multi-view methods. Compared with subgraph method convexSub, M2E achieves better performance, which may because our method can capture the complex multi-way relation in brain networks. The common property of three multi-view clustering methods, AMGL, multiNMF and CoRegSc, is that the features they learned for each view are based on vector representations. However, for graph instances, the structural information is hardly persevered by the flattened vector representations, which could be the underlying reason that these three methods cannot outperform M2E. Moreover, by using tensor techniques to model the multi-view multi-graph collectively, M2E could learn discriminative latent representations and graph-specific features. While MIC and SCMV-3DT also use tensor to represent the multi-view learning, their performance are not beyond M2E. This is mainly because they still learn the vector representation of each graph, which makes them fail to capture the multi-graph structure. M2E-TS cannot explore multiple views and multiple graphs simultaneously; therefore it gets a worse clustering result than M2E. Besides, by comparing with M2E-DS, the proposed M2E utilizing the constraint to regularize clustering solutions obtained from multiple views towards a consensus solution can find the true clustering more effectively than simply concatenating all the features together.

Note that in terms of F1 score, M2E is the best one on HIV dataset, while MIC is the best on BP dataset. This is because MIC method clusters large number of samples into the same class while M2E produces relatively even results. Besides, the precision-recall result also explains why our M2E does not outperform MIC in terms of F1 score. And the other methods like convexSub, AMGL and multiNMF have the same problem as MIC, therefore their precision or recall results are higher than M2E. However, in our context, itâs not reasonable to cluster all samples in one class, in that it cannot distinguish patients from controls.

5.4 Parameter Sensitivity Analysis

In this section, to evaluate how the parameters of M2E affects performance, we study the sensitivity of the three main parameters, including , and , where is the parameter of DTI view, is the parameter of fMRI view and is the embedded dimension. For evaluating the regularization parameter and , we set the to the optimal value.

(a) HIV
(b) BP
Figure 3: Accuracy with different weights and on HIV dataset and BP dataset
(a) HIV
(b) BP
Figure 4: Accuracy with different embedded dimensions on HIV dataset and BP dataset

According to Figures 2(a) and 2(b), we observe that the result is relatively sensitive to the change of and , which shows that different views have different effects on the performance. Besides, when and are very large, the performance gets worse. This shows that and are also important for tuning the first term and the second term of objective function in Eq. (8).

Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the performance of M2E with the value varying from to . We can observe that the embedded dimension has a significant effect on the accuracy. The highest accuracy is achieved when equals to on HIV dataset and on BP dataset. Generally speaking, the performance shakes greatly with the change of the rank. But in most cases the optimal value of lies in a small range of values as demonstrated in [\citeauthoryearHao et al.2013] and it is not time-consuming to find it using the grid search strategy in practical applications.

5.5 Factor Analysis

M2E extracts consisting of , for and consisting of , where these factors indicate the signatures of sources in vertex and subject domain, respectively. Due to limited space, we only show the factors on HIV dataset here. We visualize the learning results of and on fMRI and DTI dataset in Figures 4(a) and 4(b).

We show the largest factors in terms of magnitude for fMRI and DTI in Figures 4(a) and 4(b). Left panel shows the node embedded feature . The coordinate system represents neuroanatomy and the color shows the activity intensity of the brain region. The right panel shows the graph embedded feature which represents the factor strengths for both patients and controls. Based on our objective function in Eq. (8), is used to preserve the individual information of each view and dependencies among multiple graphs. As we can see from the left panels of Figures 4(a) and 4(b), the embedded neuroanatomy learned from fMRI data and DTI data are widely different from each other. However, is learned by forcing each view to the consensus correlation . From the right panels of Figures 4(a) and 4(b), results from both views show that the controls have relatively positive correlation with node embedded feature, while the patient have relatively negative correlation. Moreover, those neuroimaging findings in HIV generally support clinical observations of functional impairments in attention, psychomotor speed, memory, and executive function. In particular, regions identified in our current study are consistent with those reported in structural and functional MRI studies of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), including regions within the frontal and parietal lobes [\citeauthoryearRisacher and Saykin2013].

(a) fMRI
(b) DTI
Figure 5: Embedded features of nodes learning and graphs learning (left and right panels respectively) from fMRI and DTI on HIV dataset

6 Conclusion

We present a novel multi-view multi-graph embedding framework based on partially-symmetric tensor factorization for brain network analysis. The proposed M2E method not only takes advantages of the complementary and dependent information among multiple views and multiple graphs, but also exploits the graph structures. In particular, we first model the multi-view multi-graph data as multiple partially-symmetric tensors, and then learn the consensus graph embedding via the integration of tensor factorization and a multi-view embedding method. We apply our approach on two real HIV and BP datasets with a fMRI view and a DTI view for unsupervised brain network analysis. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of M2E for multi-view multi-graph embedding on brain networks.


This work is supported in part by NSF grants No. IIS-1526499 and CNS-1626432, NIH grant No. R01-MH080636, and NSFC grants No. 61503253 and 61672313.




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