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(850 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin) | Brisson, Luc (Paris)
(Ὀλυμπιόδωρος; Olympiódōros). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (end of the 4th cent. BC) Athenian, managed between 307 and 301 BC to induce Aetolia to enter into an alliance against Cassander and to relieve Elatea (Paus. 1,26,3; 10,18,7; 34,3). Although Demetrius [2] Poliorketes twice illegally appointed him (in 294/3 and 293/2) as eponymous árchōn (Dion. Hal. De Dinarcho 9; IG II2 378 = [1. D 70]; IG II2 389 and SEG 21,354; IG II2 649 = [2. 7f.]; Agora 16, 167; [3. 124 No. 9]; cf. in general Plut. Demetrius 34), O., when Athens seceded from Demetrius in 2…


(147 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] [1] Socratic see  Socratics Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) [German version] [2] Son of the Athenian stratēgós Chabrias, trierarch 334/3 BC Son of the Athenian stratēgós  Chabrias from Aexone, for whom Demosthenes [2] fought against the motion by Leptines for repeal of the atéleia ( Liturgies) in 354 BC (Dem. Or. 20,75; 82). C. is attested as trierarch (IG II2 1623,72f.: 334/3 BC; in IG II2 1604,87 [377/6] perhaps the grandfather) and   choregos (IG II2 3040; in the 320s according to [1. 24]). C.'s obstinate behaviour is the target of comic mockery (Diphi…


(478 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
(Παμμένης; Pamménēs). [German version] [1] Close friend of Epaminondas Theban, close friend of Epaminondas. On his second Peloponnesian campaign, Epaminondas entrusted the still young P. with garrisoning Sicyon (Polyaenus, Strat. 5,16,3), and in 368 BC with a mission to protect Megalopolis (Paus. 8,27,2). From 368 to 365, Philippus [4] II, who was about the same age as P., stayed as a hostage in the house of P.' parents ([1. 118] with bibliography). After the death of Epaminondas at Mantinea, P. became a…


(247 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] (Μικίων; Mikíōn). Son of M., from Cephisia. Shortly after 230 BC he and his brother Euryclides saw to it that the Macedonian troops in Piraeus under Diogenes [1] were paid and hence left (IG II2 834, 10ff.; [1. 79ff.; 118ff.]). He had helped Athens before (in 248/7; at the time perhaps agōnothétēs: IG II2 1705), when it was threatened from outside (Agora XVI 213 I 35, cf. [2. 26ff.]). From the 240s until the 220s M. and his brother rejected an alliance with Aratus [2] on ground of neutrality (Plut. Aratus 24; 33-34; 41; Pol. 5,106; …


(92 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] (spelled as in Stv II 309; on coins Λυκκείου/ Lykkeíou or Λυκπείου/ Lykpeíou, HN 236; [1. 199-201, pl. XXXVII; 2. 71]). L., king of Paeonia (359-335 BC), fought alongside Cetriporis of Thrace and Grabus of Illyria (356) against Philippus II of Macedonia, but joined the latter as an ally after the defeat (Isoc. Or. 5,21; Diod. Sic. 16,22,3: not mentioned by name); Stv II 309 (alliance with Athens of July 356). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 H. Gaebler, Mz. Nordgriechenlands, vol. 3.2, 1935 2 H. Krahe, Die Sprache der Illyrier, 1955.


(1,521 words)



(2,669 words)



(3,367 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Eder, Walter (Berlin) | Moritz, Anja (Potsdam)
(Πολύβιος; Polýbios). [German version] [1] (Physician) see Polybus [6] Physician, see Polybus [6] Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) [German version] [2] Greek historian, 3rd/2nd. cent. BC Greek historian. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) [German version] A. Life Son of Lycortas, the leading statesman of the Achaean League (Achaea with map), from Megalopolis. He was born before 199 BC (as hípparchos, i.e. holder of the second highest office within the Achaean League in 169 BC, he must have been at least 30 years old), died in around 120 BC (according to Ps.-Lucian.…


(296 words)



(791 words)

Author(s): Beck, Hans (Cologne) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Zaminer, Frieder (Berlin) | Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
(Ἰσμηνίας; Ismēnías or Ἱσμηνίας; Ismēnías). [German version] [1] Prominent Theban politician, 5th/4th cent. BC Prominent Theban politician, famous for his wealth (Pl. Men. 90a). After the end of the Peloponnese War (431-404 BC), I., with  Androclidas, came to the fore as leaders of a Hetaeria which opposed the pro-Spartan politics of  Leontiades. The goals were to push back the Leontiades faction and to bring about a new orientation in international politics towards Athens (Hell. Oxy. 12,1f.; 13,1; Xen. Hell.…


(211 words)

Author(s): Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
(Λεοντιάδης; Leontiádēs). [German version] [1] Theban leader at the Battle of Thermopylae, 5th cent. BC Theban, leader of the contingent which, on the order of Leonidas [1], had to take part in the battle about the Thermopylae (480 BC). The Thebans were suspected of pro-Persian sympathies, and during the battle they did indeed defect to the Persians (Hdt. 7,205; 233). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) [German version] [2] Theban politician, c. 400 BC (Plut.: Λεωντίδης/ Leōntídēs), Theban politician, leader of a party of pro-Spartan property owners (Hell. Oxy. 15 Barto…


(74 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] (Νικαρέτη/ Nikarétē). Daughter of a prominent family from Megara. Student of the philosopher Stilpo (Ath. 13,596e). The sources present her as a courtesan of Stilpo (Diog. Laert. 2,114 acc. to Onetor) and of the orator Stephanus (Ath. 13,593f). Her love for Stilpo earned her ridicule from the comedian Crates [1] (Diog. Laert. 2,118). The association with Stephanus is believed to be based on mistaken identity (with Neaera [6]). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)


(115 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] (Μαχαιρίων; Machairíōn). Name of the Spartan (or Mantinaean) who is said to have killed Epaminondas in the battle of Mantinaea (in 362 BC) (Paus. 8,11,5; the Athenian Gryllus [2], who is also mentioned there, is ruled out as the perpetrator as he had, according to Ephorus, already fallen in battle: FGrH 70 F 85). According to Diodorus (15,86), Epaminondas was killed ‘with a spear’ ( dórati) in the middle of the battle; Plutarch (Agesilaus 35), basing his views on the epigrammatist Dioscorides, however, mentions an Anticrates whose descendants call themselves Machairíon…


(988 words)

Author(s): Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) | Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
(Λύσανδρος; Lýsandros). [German version] [1] Spartan fleet commander, end of the 5th cent. BC Spartiate, son of Aristocritus. Reports that the family, which traces its family tree back to Hercules and was connected to king Libys of Cyrene through hospitality (Diod. Sic. 14,13,5-6; Paus. 6,3,14), was impoverished (Plut. Lysander = Lys. 2,1) and that L. was considered a móthax (foster-brother of a citizen's boy, móthakes ) (Phylarchos FGrH 81 F 43; Ael. VH 12,43), appear to be based on deliberate defamation. L. became fleet commander ( naúarchos) of the Spartan fleet in Rhodes ( Pe…


(381 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) | Lasserre, F. (Lausanne) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald)
(Νικαγόρας/ Nikagóras). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Zelia, c. 330 BC According to the Greek historian Bato of Sinope (Athenaeus 7,289b-c = FHG 4, 348 fragment 1), N. was tyrant of Zelia. He is identical with the N. mentioned by Clement of Alexandria (Protrepticus 4,48), a contemporary of Alexander [4] the Great's and possibly tyrant by the grace of Darius [3] III [1. 229]. N. fell from power after the battle on the Granicus (in this context possibly Syll.3 279,7) and the town of Zelia apologized to Alexander (Arr. Anab. 1,17,2). Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 H.G. Lolling, Mi…


(69 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
[German version] (Νίκιππος/ Níkippos). Messenian oligarch, who enforced neutrality as éphoros ( éphoroi ) against a popular majority, when Philippus V sought to win Messene to his Hellenic League against Aetolia in 220 BC. Because Messene was also the reason for the involvement of the league, Polybius denounced this position (4,31,2f.; 32,1; 36,8) [1. 424f.]. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 B. Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten, vol. 2, 1899.


(395 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) | Ameling, Walter (Jena)
(Νικοκρέων/ Nikokréōn). [German version] [1] Conspirator against Evagoras, c. 375 BC N. plotted unsuccessfully against Evagoras [1], the king of Salamis on Cyprus (Theopompos FGrH 115 F 103,12), and had to flee (around 375 BC). N.'s daughter became the mistress of Evagoras and of the heir to the throne, Pnytagoras. According to [1. 99-101] the result of this union was the future king Pnytagoras II, whose son was Nicocreon [2]. Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen) Bibliography 1 Beloch, GG 4,2 2 LGPN 1, 335, nr. 1. [German version] [2] King of the town of Salamis on Cyprus, 332/1 BC Son of Pnytagor…


(317 words)

Author(s): Dreyer, Boris (Göttingen)
(Μαντίθεος; Mantítheos). [German version] [1] Athenian counciller ca. 415 BC Athenian, involved in the mutilation of the Herms ( Herms, mutilation of the) while a councillor in 415 BC (And. 1,43,4), fled to Sparta and then, like Alcibiades [3], to Asia Minor, where they were arrested at Sardes. They escaped to Clazomenae in 411 (Xen. Hell. 1,1,10). In 409, M. was named as one of a delegation to the Persian King (Xen. Hell. 1,3,13), and in 408 he was entrusted with the supervision (see Epimeletai) of the Athenian conquests on the Hellespont, while Alcibiades returned to Athens. Dreyer, Boris…


(138 words)

(Κήδων; Kḗdōn). [German version] [1] Athenian, attempted before 514 BC to topple the tyrannis of the Peisistratids Athenian, possibly of the  Alcmaeonid family, attempted in vain before 514 BC to topple the tyrannis of the  Peisistratids. This glorious deed was later commemorated at symposia with a  scolion (Aristot. Ath. pol. 20,5). Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography Rhodes, 248. [German version] [2] Athenian, commander of the left wing in the naval battle of Naxos 376 BC Athenian, under Chabrias he commanded the left wing in the naval battle of Naxos (and…


(562 words)

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