Home > Blog > The Role of the Gut Microbiome: Supporting Infant Immune System Development — an expert view


The influence and role of the gut microbiome in infants’ immune system development is becoming ever clearer. From birth, the composition of an infant’s gut microbiome is highly influenced by nutrition and a healthy, balanced gut microbiome plays an essential role in the function and development of the gut. Pre-, pro- and postbiotics help to support and maintain overall health by improving the composition of the gut microbiome, stimulating good gut and immune system function.

Nutricia has over 40 years of experience in breastmilk and gut health research — Dr Jan Knol, Director of Gut Biology & Microbiology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht and Singapore, and Professor of Intestinal Microbiology of Early Life, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, provides insights on how the microbiome affects early and lifelong health.

Why are gut bacteria so important to health?

Humans are teeming with microorganisms and the digestive system plays host to many of them. The gut is home to around 100 trillion bacteria¹ which, alongside other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, make up the gut microbiome. Gut bacteria also supply us with vitamins like biotin and vitamin K, and our digestive system cannot function effectively without bacteria. But bacteria and their metabolites in the gut microbiome are not just involved in digestion — they also play a vital role in metabolism, immunity and cognitive function². In infancy in particular, gut bacteria are involved in gut development, supporting gut function, strengthening the immune system, and even have the potential to lower the risk of disease in infancy and beyond³.

How are gut and immune system development linked in infants?

An important part of our immune system is in the gut. A healthy gut is associated with a diverse, balanced, stable, well-functioning microbial ecosystem, which plays a fundamental role in the development, education and function of the host immune system. As well as trillions of bacteria, the gut contains as much as 70–80% of the human body’s immune cells⁴. In infants, the gut microbiome affects the development and function of the immune system in several ways. It influences both the innate and adaptive immune system (for example, bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, regulate macrophage function), promotes mucosal immunity by helping establish and regulate the intestinal surface, and provides direct and indirect defence against pathogens³`⁵`⁶. All the evidence suggests that a healthy gut and a healthy gut microbiome are essential for optimal immune system development and function in infants³.

What are the characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome?

Every person’s microbiome is unique but, in general, a healthy microbiome is a diverse ecosystem with low levels of pathogens and high levels of beneficial bacteria. There aren’t specific bacteria that a healthy individual ‘should’ have in their gut; bacteria are adaptable and have been shown to undertake different functions, depending on individual microbiome composition⁷. We are still learning about this fascinating miniature world, and how babies’ microbiomes differ from those of adults. For example, breastfed babies tend to have gut microbiomes that are less complex and are dominated by beneficial bifidobacteria, which support immune function⁸. In the first 1,000 days, babies move from a protected environment to one where they are exposed to lots of immune challenges, which helps the immune system to learn and adapt³. There is increasing evidence to support the so-called ‘hygiene hypothesis’ that exposure to bacteria is good for us and that if we remained in a sterile environment throughout childhood, our body’s immune system would not be able to function nearly as well.

What are the indicators of a healthy gut microbiota in infants?

The only way you can really see gut microbiota composition is by analysing a faecal sample — this is done in formal studies of the microbiome — but we don’t need a microscopic analysis to recognise some of the signs that an infant’s gut is healthy, such as soft, frequent stools that do not cause discomfort when passed. In fact, a parent’s ‘gut instinct’ may well be right; a generally ‘settled’ infant that rarely suffers from colic, is more likely to have a healthy gut microbiota than an infant that is less ‘settled’ and seems to have difficulty when defaecating.

What are the most important influencers of microbiome composition?

There are a lot of studies looking at what influences gut microbiome development in infants. Composition appears to be influenced by factors such as gestational age (pre-term babies’ microbiomes differ from full-term babies’), delivery (vaginal or surgical birth), maternal stress levels (higher stress levels result in less diverse microbiomes), nutrition, and antibiotic use, but the impact of these factors varies⁹`¹⁰. Early nutrition is the main influence on the composition of initial colonising bacteria. It finetunes the immune system and sets up metabolic homeostasis in early life — influencing long-term metabolic health and immune resilience²`³.

How does breastmilk support a healthy gut?

Breastmilk is the best possible source of nutrition for an infant and its healthy microbiome. It contains a range of bioactive components including live bacteria, immune cells, metabolites and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are prebiotics for specific infant gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium. Nothing compares to breastmilk; every feed is individually tailored to a baby’s particular needs, and it adapts as they grow and develop. This can’t be replicated, but the more we find out about breastmilk composition, the better job we can do. Nutricia’s extensive research into breastmilk, and how it affects gut development, aims to provide babies that are not exclusively breastfed with the best possible start.

What are the benefits of pro-, pre- and postbiotics?

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host¹¹. Prebiotics are food for beneficial bacteria; they promote the growth of beneficial bacteria (such as bifidobacteria)¹². Postbiotics are bioactive compounds produced by micro-organisms during a fermentation process¹³`¹⁴`¹⁵. Postbiotics can be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, organic acids, cell wall components and other complex molecules¹⁵. Specific postbiotics have great potential for early life nutrition by helping modulate the gut microbiota and exerting immunomodulatory effects¹⁴`¹⁶.

Can gut health in infancy really affect lifelong health?

Microbial imbalance — known as dysbiosis — can cause health problems throughout life. Dysbiosis can influence biological processes in the gut and throughout the body. Conversely, a healthy microbiome in infancy is associated with good digestive health, optimal brain and immune system development and improved overall health³`⁵`¹⁷. An increasing body of evidence suggests that poor nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life may increase the risk of developing non-communicable diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, obesity and heart disease, later in life¹⁸. Optimal nutrition during pregnancy and the first two years of life can have a profound effect on a child’s development¹⁹. Early life nutrition impacts physical growth, cognitive development, immune maturation, development of digestive systems, not to mention socialisation and the development of healthy eating habits¹⁹. At Danone Nutricia Research, we strive to provide optimal nutrition for each stage of development, to support a healthy start in life.

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