Jdom Interview Questions & Answers

Jdom Interview Questions

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Jdom Interview Questions And Answers

    1. Question 1. What Is Jdom?

      Answer :


    2. Question 2. What Is Jdom Not?

      Answer :

      JDOM is not a wrapper for the W3C's DOM, or another version of DOM. JDOM is a Java-based "document object model" for XML files. JDOM serves the same purpose as DOM, but is easier to use.

      JDOM is not an XML parser, like Xerces or Crimson. It is a document object model that uses XML parsers to build documents. JDOM's SAX Builder class for example uses the SAX events generated by an XML parser to build a JDOM tree. The default XML parser used by JDOM is the JAXP-selected parser, but JDOM can use nearly any parser.

    3. Question 3. What Is The Jdom License?

      Answer :

      JDOM is available under an Apache-style open source license, with the acknowledgment clause removed. This license is among the least restrictive license available, enabling developers to use JDOM in creating new products without requiring them to release their own products as open source. This is the license model used by the Apache Project, which created the Apache server. The license is available at the top of every source file and in LICENSE.txt in the root of the distribution.

    4. Question 4. Which Maven Artifact Should I Use?

      Answer :

      All JDOM versions are available in the 'jdom' vs 'jdom 2' artifact in the org.jdom group on Maven. The maven artifacts are a mess with early JDOM 2.x versions appearing in the 'jdom' artifacts, and later 2.x versions in the 'jdom 2' artifact. Maven does not allow the fixing of mistakes, so maven users wil just have to live with it as it is.

      If your project is one that requires both JDOM 1.x and 2.x, then you can also use the 'jdom-legacy' artifact to pull in version 1.1.3 (or later 1.x version).

    5. Question 5. What Is The Jdom Philosophy?

      Answer :

      JDOM has been and will continue to be developed with this philosophy:

      • JDOM should be straightforward for Java programmers.
      • JDOM should support easy and efficient document modification.
      • JDOM should hide the complexities of XML wherever possible, while remaining true to the XML specification.
      • JDOM should integrate with DOM and SAX.
      • JDOM should be lightweight and fast.
      • JDOM should solve 80% (or more) of Java/XML problems with 20% (or less) of the effort.

    6. Question 6. Why Is The Jdom Api Defined In Terms Of Concrete Classes Rather Than Interfaces?

      Answer :

      This issue has been discussed several times on the JDOM mailing list, with several people on both sides. In general, many people feel that a class-based API is better when sub classing is not needed, while an interface-based API is better when sub classing is needed. However, either system can be used in either case.

      Jason Hunter summarizes the arguments against an interface-based API for JDOM:

      • With interfaces everything becomes a factory, elements have to be 'imported' into new documents instead of just added, features like long-term serialization cannot be guaranteed, and the list goes on.

      Think about java.io.File as an analogy.

      There's a reason we say:

      File parent = new File (file path);


      Rather than

      FileSystem fs = FileSystem.getDefaultFileSystem ();

      File parent = fs.getFile (file path);

      File child = fs.getFile (parent, "aaa.txt");

      The former is simply easier and nicer to deal with.

      Another point to keep in mind is that anything that can be done with interfaces can be done with sub classing - the only penalty is possibly unused variables in the base class.

      For reference, the latest mailing list discussion on this topic started Nov. 30, 2000 with "Interfaces", and continued with "Interface-based JDOM" and "Announce: JDOMPlus". It would help to review this discussion before bringing this topic up on the mailing list.

    7. Question 7. How Does Jdom Work With Dom And Sax?

      Answer :

      JDOM documents can be built from XML files, DOM trees, SAX events, or any other source. JDOM documents can be converted to XML files, DOM trees, SAX events, or any other destination. This ability proves useful, for example, when integrating with a program that expects SAX events. JDOM can parse an XML file, let the programmer easily and efficiently manipulate the document, then fire SAX events to the second program directly - no conversion to a serialized format is necessary.

    8. Question 8. Was Jdom Designed For Generics?

      Answer :

      JDOM was designed before Generics, but JDOM 2.x has taken the proven design of JDOM 1.x and extended it to use Generics where possible. Specifically, all Collections-based operations require appropriately typed inputs, and return appropriately typed results. Further, JDOM 2.x takes advantage of other Java 5 features like varargs, and co-variant return types.

      Generics: Element.getAttributes () returns List<Attribute>, Element.getChildren () returns List<Element>, etc.

      Co-variant Return Types: Element. Clone () returns Element, Text. Detach () returns Text, etc.

      I tried to use JDOM and get an error like this:

      java.lang.NoSuchMethodError    (Or)

      java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/xml/sax/SAXNotRecognizedException

    9. Question 9. What's Wrong?

      Answer :

      You need to ensure that the xerces.jar file supplied with the JDOM download is in your classpath before any other XML classes, such as those that come with JAXP or Crimson. These other XML libraries, as well as older versions of Apache Xerces, support DOM Level 1 and SAX 1.0, not the required DOM Level 2 and SAX 2.0. The result is an exception being thrown. Check your classpath, and try again. If the classpath looks OK, the problematic JAR might also be hiding in the system's standard extension directory.

    10. Question 10. What Do You Mean "standard Extension Directory"?

      Answer :

      The standard extension directory is a directory containing JAR files that is searched automatically by the Java runtime and compiler. If you've installed the JDK (not the just the JRE) you may well have two separate ext directories, one of which is used for compiling (typically somewhere like C:jdk1.3jrelibext) and the other of which is used for running code (typically somewhere like C:Program FilesJava Softjre1.3libext). The wrong JAR file in either directory can get in your way (though at different times). Furthermore, the right JAR file has to be in both directories.

    11. Question 11. How Do I Avoid The Dom Level 1 Problem In Visual Age For Java?

      Answer :

      When the WTE feature is added to the workspace, the project 'IBM XML Parser for Java' is added as well. This project contains old DOM Level 1 'org.w3c.*' interfaces. JDOM relies on DOM Level 2, and therefore conflicts with this project.

      The solution is to do the following:

      1. Change workspace owner to Administrator
      2. Create open edition of the project 'IBM XML Parser for Java'
      3. Delete all the packages that contain org.w3c.* interfaces
      4. Version the project.
      5. Create a new Project for DOM Level 2 parser such as Xerces
      6. Import all Xerces classes including org.w3c.* interfaces (you can use a completely different project for those interfaces if you want to work with other parsers)
      7. Version the Xerces project
      8. Create a JDOM project and import jdom classes into it. Version the project.

    12. Question 12. How Do I Avoid The Dom Level 1 Problem In Websphere?

      Answer :

      WebSphere has the same issue with DOM Level 1 interfaces as VAJ above. The solution is to do one the following:

      • Put the path to xerces.jar (or other DOM Level 2 interfaces) in the variable 'com.ibm.ejs.sm.adminserver.classpath' in the file admon.config. This resides in $WAS_ROOT$/bin before all other variables.
      • Or, if you run WAS $WAS_ROOT/bin/debug/adminserver.{bat|sh} add a line 'set WAS_CP=xerces.jar' (or other DOM Level 2 interfaces) before other set WAS_CP commands.
      • Or, add JDOM to the application server CLASSPATH, using either the admin.cfg file or the administration console.

    13. Question 13. What Jdom Version Works With Which Jdk?

      Answer :

      • JDOM 1.x versions support JDK 1.2 and later.
      • JDOM 2.x versions support JDK 1.5 and later.

    14. Question 14. Are There Any Performance Numbers?

      Answer :

      The JDOM 2.x development process included benchmarks for tracking performance changes. There are performance numbers comparing different versions of JDOM 2.x as well as comparing the performance of JDOM on different JDK versions.

      Dennis Sisonke in the past ran performance benchmarks. In general, most XML object models are in a similar neighborhood.

    15. Question 15. How Does Jdom Integrate With Xslt?

      Answer :

      There are many ways to do XSL transforms with JDOM. The most straightforward way is to use the standard JAXP Transformer interface and the JDOMSource/JDOMResult classes found in the org.jdom2.transform package.

    16. Question 16. Is Jdom Thread Safe?

      Answer :

      The core API is intentionally not thread safe. In other words, there are no synchronized blocks within org.jdom. This decision makes sense because we expect the primary JDOM use cases to be:

      • Single thread reads an XML stream into JDOM and looks at it read only.
      • Single thread reads an XML stream into JDOM and modifies it.
      • Single thread reads an XML stream into JDOM and makes it available to a run time system for read only access.

      The use case where a "Single thread reads an XML stream into JDOM and exposes it to multiple threads to modify its contents" is fairly rare. In that case, JDOM can still be made thread safe but the programmer simply has to perform their own synchronization, perhaps as synchronizing on the Document instance.

      On the other hand, there are certain functions that require 'operational' parts of JDOM to be thread safe:

      • org.jdom2.Namespace.getNamespace () is safe
      • All factory-type classes are safe (XPathFactory, etc.)

    17. Question 17. Why Does Equals () Only Do A == Check?

      Answer :

      In JDOM two Content objects are only equal if they're the exact same object. This lets a call like list. Remove (elem) remove only the exact Element passed in, not any element that's equivalent. That's a very important distinction. Doing a full equals() on an Element would require recursing down the tree, and in general we believe it unlikely you'll want to know if this element and all its children are equivalent to another one. If you really do want to know you can write some comparison code yourself that checks only as much as you want to check (maybe the name/namespaces only) instead of doing a full recurse.

    18. Question 18. Why Is Equals () Declared Final?

      Answer :

      The equals () methods are final for JDOM Content classes so that a subclass can't break the == behavior that's required for calls like list. Remove (elem) to work as designed. Similarly, the hashCode () methods are also final (to preserve the equals/hashCode contract).

    19. Question 19. How Do I Construct A Document From A String?

      Answer :

      You use standard Java IO library calls. Wrap the String with a String Reader and pass the reader to SAX Builder:

      Document doc = builder. Build (new String Reader (xml));

    20. Question 20. How Do I Remove An Element Or Other Content?

      Answer :

      Use the methods on the List returned by get Children () or get Content (). JDOM does not need special methods because the methods already exist in List.

      For example to remove an element from a list of children:

      List children = parent.getChildren ();

      Children. Remove (element); // given child

      Children. Remove (0);       // first child

      Other methods on List provide options to remove all children, add a child at a given location, and so on.

      If you have a particular Element or other Content that you want to remove from its parent, you can detach the Content with the Content. Detach () method.

    21. Question 21. How Do I Move An Element From One Place To Another?

      Answer :

      There's no need for node "importing" like there is with DOM. Just remove the element from its current place, and then add the element to its new place. The element's content (including its element children) will naturally "tag" along for the ride. You have to remove the element before adding it to its new place because elements may have only one parent returned by get Parent ().

      new Parent.add Content (elt.detach ());

    22. Question 22. How Do I Copy An Element From One Place To Another?

      Answer :

      There's no need for node "importing" like there is with DOM. Just clone the element being copied and add its clone in its new place. You have to clone the element before adding it to its new place because elements may have only one parent returned by get Parent ().

      newParent.addContent (elt.clone ());

    23. Question 23. Can An Element Or Attribute Name Contain A Colon?

      Answer :

      The XML 1.0 specification specifically reserves the colon character for use with XML Namespaces. No other use is compliant with XML 1.0. Therefore JDOM does not allow you to create element and attribute names that contain colons except when using namespaces. Furthermore, because of the way namespaces are implemented in JDOM, you cannot simply create an Element or Attribute with a fully qualified name like svg: title.

      That is you cannot do this:

      Element e = new Element ("svg: title");

      Instead you must split the two parts into a Namespace and a local name. This is the proper JDOM way to create an element in a namespace:

      Element e = new Element ("title", "svg", "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg");

      The first argument is the local name. The second argument is the prefix. The third argument is the namespace URI.

      If you're trying to create the xml: Lang and xml: space attributes use:

      Element e = new Element ("lang", Namespace.XML_NAMESPACE);

    24. Question 24. Why Do I Need To Pass In A Namespace To Get Child (), When The Child Element I'm Looking For Has No Namespace Declaration?

      Answer :

      Specifically, for this XML fragment:


        <y xmlns="http://foo.com">

          <z />



      You need to use code like this:

      Namespace ns = Namespace.getNamespace ("http://foo.com");

      Element y = x.getChild ("y", ns);

      Element z = y.getChild ("z", ns);

    25. Question 25. Why Do All New Lines Appear As N, Even On Windows?

      Answer :

      According to section 2.11 of the XML Recommendation, 2nd edition:

      • To simplify the tasks of applications, an XML processor must normalize line breaks in parsed entities to #xA either by translating the two-character sequence #xD #xA and any #xD that is not followed by #xA to #xA on input before parsing, or by using some other method such that the characters passed to the application are the same as if it did this translation.

      In other words, this is exactly what's supposed to happen.

      • Some XML input may escape the r carriage return as &#xD; and the XML parser will translate this in to a true r character in your JDOM Text. When this Text is output again it will be re-escaped as &#xD;.

    26. Question 26. Why Does Set Text ("  ;") Not Do What I Want?

      Answer :

      When you pass a string into a method like set Text () JDOM assumes it's just that, a string, not a fragment of XML. For example, when you call:

      element.setText ("&#160 ;")

      JDOM assumes you want to set the content to the string containing the six characters & # 1 6 0. It does not parse it to attempt to understand it as XML first. Thus when you output the text using XMLOutputter it will naturally escape the special ampersand character and output &amp; #160. The solution is to pass regular Unicode characters to the set Text () method or, if you have text data that you want to be interpreted as XML, pass it through an XML parser before it goes into JDOM. This is what the SAX Builder and DOM Builder classes do.

    27. Question 27. When Using An Ide Debugger Why Do I See A Strange Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception?

      Answer :

      Some parsers (Xerces include) use this exception as part of their standard operating procedure, internally throwing and catching the exception. No code outside the library is meant see it. However, IDE debuggers are often configured to report any time this exception is thrown, and thus they expose the exception. It can be safely ignored.

    28. Question 28. Why Does My File Encoding On Output Not Match The Encoding On Input?

      Answer :

      The default character encoding used by XMLOutputter is UTF-8, a variable-length encoding that can represent all Unicode characters. This can be changed with a call to format.set Encoding () on the Format object passed to XMLOutputter. It would be nice if XMLOutputter could default to the original encoding for a file, but unfortunately parsers don't indicate the original encoding. You have to set it programmatically.

      This issue most often affects people with documents in the common ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) encoding who use characters like ñ but aren't familiar with having to think about encodings. The tip to remember is that with these documents you must set the output encoding to ISO-8859-1, otherwise characters in the range 128-255 will be output using a double byte encoding in UTF-8 instead of the normal single byte encoding of ISO-8859-1.

    29. Question 29. How Can I Perform In-memory Validation Against A Dtd Or Schema?

      Answer :

      Currently you can't do this, in JDOM or any other Java document object model API. However, this is something we'd like JDOM to support, and we have a volunteer who's working on it.

    30. Question 30. Jdom Ensures The Document In Memory Is Always Well-formed. Can Jdom Also Ensure The Document In Memory Is Always Valid?

      Answer :

      No, it's our current belief that it's better to expose a check Valid () type of call than to attempt constant validation checking. One reason is performance. A second reason is that you have a chicken-and-egg problem where for example an element needs exactly two child elements to be valid, but after adding either child the document will be in a temporarily invalid state. To work around this would require something like transactional modifications, and that's a lot of overhead for little gain.

    31. Question 31. How Do I Post To The Mailing List From Multiple Addresses?

      Answer :

      For spam protection, only members of the mailing list may post. To post from multiple accounts, subscribe each account and set the "Disable mail delivery" feature to "On" for all the extra accounts.

    32. Question 32. The Book Java And Xml Talks About Jdom 1.0; Why The Confusion?

      Answer :

      The book covers an early beta. Much has changed (for the better) since publication of the book. For the most accurate JDOM API trust the Javadoc, not the book. Brett was a little optimistic when writing the book. His 2nd Edition sets things straight.

    33. Question 33. How Do I Submit A Bug Report?

      Answer :

      If you believe you found a bug in JDOM:

      1. Check both the open issues and closed issues to see if it's a known issue.
      2. Check if the problem occurs when using the latest development version (source .zip) of JDOM.
      3. Search the JDOM mailing list archives as explained above.
      4. If you don't find resolution with the latest snapshot, either create an issue on GitHub or post to the jdom-interest mailing list; make sure you're a subscriber first as only subscribers can post.
      5. In the bug report, give as much information as possible -- the stack traces, a reproducible and short code example, the XML file causing problems. Make sure to state the version of JDOM used (official version or GitHub commit).
      6. If you have a patch to fix the bug, please submit that along with the problem report. We love patches.

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