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12 Monkeys

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12 Monkeys

12 Monkeys
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Terry Gilliam
Produced by Charles Roven
Screenplay by
Based on La jetée 
by Chris Marker
Music by Paul Buckmaster
Cinematography Roger Pratt
Edited by Mick Audsley
  • Atlas Entertainment
  • Classico
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release dates
  • December 29, 1995 (1995-12-29)
Running time 127 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget US$29.5 million
Box office US$168,839,459

12 Monkeys is a 1995 American science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam, inspired by Chris Marker's 1962 short film La Jetée, and starring Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, and Brad Pitt, with Christopher Plummer and David Morse in supporting roles. In 2013, Gilliam called it the second part of a dystopian satire trilogy begun with 1985's Brazil and concluded with 2013's The Zero Theorem.[1]


The film was released to critical praise and grossed approximately US$168.8 million worldwide. Brad Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won a Golden Globe for his performance. The film also won and was nominated for various categories at the Saturn Awards.


James Cole is a convicted criminal living beneath a post-apocalyptic Philadelphia in the year 2035. In 1996–97, the Earth's surface had been contaminated by a virus so deadly that it forced the survivors to move underground. In the years that followed, scientists had engineered an imprecise form of time travel. To earn a pardon, Cole allows scientists to send him on dangerous missions to the past to collect information on the virus, thought to have been released by a terrorist organization known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys. If possible, he is to obtain a pure sample of the original virus so that a cure can be developed. Cole is troubled by recurring dreams involving a chase and an airport shooting.

Cole arrives in Baltimore in 1990, not 1996 as planned. He is arrested and hospitalized in a mental institution on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a fellow mental patient with fanatical animal rights and anti-consumerist leanings. Cole tries unsuccessfully to leave a voicemail on a number monitored by the scientists in the future. After an escape attempt, Cole is locked in a cell, but disappears, returning to the future. Back in his own time, Cole is interviewed by the scientists, who play a distorted voice mail message which gives the location of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys and asserts that they are responsible for the virus. He is also shown photos of numerous people suspected of being involved, including Goines. The scientists then send Cole back in time again, first to a French trench during World War I where Cole is shot in the leg before successfully transporting him to 1996.

Cole kidnaps Railly and forces her to take him to Philadelphia. They learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, and set out in search of him. When they find and confront him, however, Goines denies any involvement with the virus and suggests that wiping out humanity was Cole's idea in the asylum in 1990. When the police approach, Cole vanishes. Railly then finds evidence that Cole had been telling her the truth, including a photograph from World War I in which Cole appears, and a bullet in his leg verified to be from that time period.

Meanwhile, Cole convinces himself that his future experiences are hallucinations, and persuades the scientists to send him back again. Railly tries to settle the question of Cole's sanity by leaving a voice mail on the number he provided, thereby creating the message the scientists had played right before they sent Cole on his second mission. Both Railly and Cole realize that the coming plague is real, and make plans to try to enjoy the time they have left.

On their way to the airport, they learn that the Army of the Twelve Monkeys was not the source of the virus; the group's major act of terrorism is to release animals from the zoo and to place Goines's Nobel Prize-winning father in an animal cage. At the airport, Cole leaves a last message telling the scientists that in following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys they are on the wrong track, and that he will not return. He is soon confronted by Jose, an acquaintance from his own time, who gives Cole a handgun and instructions to complete his mission. At the same time, Railly spots Dr. Peters, an assistant at Goines's father's virology lab. Peters is about to embark on a tour of several cities that matches the locations and sequence of the viral outbreaks. After forcing his way through the checkpoint in pursuit of Peters, Cole is fatally shot by police. As Cole dies in Railly's arms, she makes eye contact with a small boy: the young James witnessing the scene of his own death, which will replay in his dreams for years to come. Peters, aboard the plane with the virus, sits down next to Jones, one of the scientists from the future. She draws Peters into a discussion about whether he believes humanity is doomed or not.




The genesis of 12 Monkeys came from executive producer Robert Kosberg, who had been a fan of the French short film La jetée (1962). Kosberg persuaded the film's director, Chris Marker, to let him pitch the project to Universal Pictures, seeing it as a perfect basis for a full-length science fiction film. Universal reluctantly agreed to purchase the remake rights and hired David and Janet Peoples to write the screenplay.[2] Producer Charles Roven chose Terry Gilliam to direct because he believed the filmmaker's style was perfect for 12 Monkeys '​ nonlinear storyline and time travel subplot.[3] Gilliam had just abandoned a film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities when he signed to direct 12 Monkeys.[4] The film also represents the second film for which Gilliam did not write or co-write the screenplay. Although he prefers to direct his own scripts, he was captivated by the Peoples' "intriguing and intelligent script. The story is disconcerting. It deals with time, madness and a perception of what the world is or isn't. It is a study of madness and dreams, of death and re-birth, set in a world coming apart."[3]

Universal took longer than expected to approve 12 Monkeys, although Gilliam had two stars (Bruce Willis and Brad Pitt) and a firm budget of $29.5 million (low for a Hollywood science fiction film). Universal's production of Waterworld (1995) had resulted in various cost overruns. To get 12 Monkeys approved for production, Gilliam persuaded Willis to lower his normal asking price.[5] Because of Universal's strict production incentives and his history with the studio on Brazil, Gilliam received final cut privilege. The Writers Guild of America was skeptical of the "inspired by" credit for La Jetée and Chris Marker.[6]


Gilliam's initial casting choices were Nick Nolte as James Cole and Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey Goines, but Universal objected.[4] Gilliam, who first met Bruce Willis while casting Jeff Bridges' role in The Fisher King (1991), believed Willis evoked Cole's characterization as being "somebody who is strong and dangerous but also vulnerable."[3] The actor had a trio of tattoos drawn onto his scalp and neck each day when filming: one that indicated his prisoner number, and a pair of barcodes on each side of his neck.

Gilliam cast Madeleine Stowe as Dr. Kathryn Railly because he was impressed by her performance in Blink (1994).[3] The director first met Stowe when he was casting his abandoned film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities.[4] "She has this incredible ethereal beauty and she's incredibly intelligent", Gilliam said of Stowe. "Those two things rest very easily with her, and the film needed those elements because it has to be romantic."[3]

Gilliam originally believed that Pitt was not right for the role of Jeffrey Goines, but the casting director convinced him otherwise.[4] Pitt was cast for a comparatively small salary, as then he was still relatively unknown. By the time of 12 Monkeys '​ release, however, Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994), Legends of the Fall (1994), and Se7en (1995) had been released, making Pitt an A-list actor, which drew greater attention to the film and boosted its box-office standing. In Philadelphia, months before filming, Pitt spent weeks at Temple University's hospital, visiting and studying the psychiatric ward to prepare for his role.[3]


Filming for 12 Monkeys lasted from February 8 to May 6, 1995. Shooting on location in Philadelphia and Baltimore (including the Senator Theatre)[7][8] in winter was fraught with weather problems. There were also technical glitches with the futuristic mechanical props. Because the film has a nonlinear storyline, continuity errors occurred, and some scenes had to be reshot. Gilliam also injured himself when he went horseback riding. Despite setbacks, however, the director managed to stay within the budget and was only a week behind his shooting schedule. "It was a tough shoot", acknowledged Jeffrey Beecroft (Mr. Brooks, Dances with Wolves), the production designer. "There wasn't a lot of money or enough time. Terry is a perfectionist, but he was really adamant about not going over budget. He got crucified for Munchausen, and that still haunts him."[7]

The filmmakers were not allowed the luxury of sound stages; thus, they had to find abandoned buildings or landmarks to use.[6] The exteriors of the climactic airport scene were shot at the Baltimore-Washington International Airport, while the interior scenes were shot at the Pennsylvania Convention Center (formerly, Reading Terminal). Filming at the psychiatric hospital was done at the Eastern State Penitentiary.[9]


Gilliam used the same filmmaking style as he had in Brazil (1985), including the art direction and cinematography (specifically using fresnel lenses).[5] The appearance of the interrogation room where Cole is being interviewed by the scientists was based on the work of Lebbeus Woods; these scenes were shot at three different power stations (two in Philadelphia and one in Baltimore). Gilliam intended to show Cole being interviewed through a multi-screen interrogation TV set because he felt the machinery evoked a "nightmarish intervention of technology. You try to see the faces on the screens in front of you, but the real faces and voices are down there and you have these tiny voices in your ear. To me that's the world we live in, the way we communicate these days, through technical devices that pretend to be about communication but may not be."[10]

The art department made sure that the 2035 underground world would only use pre-1996 technology as a means to depict the bleakness of the future. Gilliam, Beecroft, and Crispian Sallis (set decorator) went to several flea markets and salvage warehouses looking for materials to decorate the sets.[3] The majority of visual effects sequences were created by Peerless Camera, the London-based effects studio that Gilliam founded in the late 1970s with visual effects supervisor Kent Houston (The Golden Compass, Casino Royale). Additional digital compositing was done by The Mill, while Cinesite provided film scanning services.[3]


The film's score was composed, arranged, and conducted by English musician Paul Buckmaster. The main theme is based on Argentinian tango musician and composer Ástor Piazzolla's Suite Punta del Este.[11]


Memory, time, and technology

12 Monkeys studies the subjective nature of memories and their effect upon perceptions of reality. Examples of false memories include Cole's recollection of the airport shooting, altered each time he has the dream, and a "mentally divergent" man at the asylum who has false memories.[12]

References to time, time travel, and monkeys are scattered throughout the film, including the Woody Woodpecker cartoon "Time Tunnel" playing on the TV in a hotel room, the Marx Brothers film Monkey Business (1931) on TV in the asylum and the subplots of monkeys (drug testing, news stories and animal rights). The film is also a study of modern civilization's declining efforts to communicate with each other due to the interference of technology.[6]

Cinematic allusions

12 Monkeys is inspired by the French short film La Jetée (1962); as in La Jetée, characters are haunted by the image of their own death.[9]

Like La Jetée, 12 Monkeys contains references to Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958). Toward the end of the film, Cole and Railly hide in a theater showing a 24-hour Hitchcock marathon and watch a scene from Vertigo. Railly then transforms herself with a blonde wig, as Judy (Kim Novak) transformed herself into blonde Madeleine in Vertigo; Cole sees her emerge within a red light, as Scottie (James Stewart) saw Judy emerge within a green light.[9] Brief notes of Bernard Herrmann's film score can also be heard. Railly also wears the same coat Novak wore in the first part of Vertigo. The scene at Muir Woods National Monument, where Judy (as Madeleine) looks at the growth rings of a felled redwood and traces back events in her past life, resonates with larger themes in 12 Monkeys. Cole and Railly later have a similar conversation while the same music from Vertigo is repeated.[9] The Muir Woods scene in Vertigo is also re-enacted in La Jetée.

In a previous scene in the film, Cole wakes up in a hospital bed with scientists of the future talking to him in chorus. This is a direct homage to the "Dry Bones" scene in Dennis Potter's The Singing Detective.[13]



12 Monkeys was given a limited release in the United States on December 29, 1995. When the 1,629 theater wide release came on January 5, 1996, the film earned $13.84 million in its opening weekend. 12 Monkeys eventually grossed $57.14 million in US totals and $111.7 million in other countries, coming to a worldwide total of $168.84 million.[14] The film was able to hold the #1 spot on box office charts for two weeks in January, before dropping due to competition from From Dusk till Dawn, Mr. Holland's Opus and Black Sheep.[15]

Universal Studios Home Entertainment's special edition of 12 Monkeys, released on May 10, 2005, contains an audio commentary by director Terry Gilliam and producer Charles Roven, The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys (a making-of documentary) and production notes.[16]

A HD DVD of 12 Monkeys was released on March 4, 2008, and includes the same special features as the special edition DVD.[17]

A Blu-ray Disc of 12 Monkeys was released on July 28, 2009, and includes the same special features as the previous special edition DVD and HD DVD.[18]

Critical reception

Based on 56 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of the critics enjoyed 12 Monkeys with an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus reads: "The plot's a bit of a jumble, but excellent performances and mind-blowing plot twists make 12 Monkeys a kooky, effective experience."[19] By comparison, Metacritic calculated a 74/100 rating, based on 20 reviews.[20]

Roger Ebert observed 12 Monkeys '​ depiction of the future, finding similarities with Blade Runner (1982; also scripted by David Peoples) and Brazil (1985; also directed by Terry Gilliam). "The film is a celebration of madness and doom, with a hero who tries to prevail against the chaos of his condition, and is inadequate", Ebert wrote. "This vision is a cold, dark, damp one, and even the romance between Willis and Stowe feels desperate rather than joyous. All of this is done very well, and the more you know about movies (especially the technical side), the more you're likely to admire it. And as entertainment, it appeals more to the mind than to the senses."[21]

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised the art direction and set design. "Willis and Pitts's performances, Gilliam's atmospherics and an exhilarating momentum easily outweigh such trifling flaws in the script", Thomson reasoned.[22] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine cited the film's success on Gilliam's direction and Willis' performance.[23] Internet reviewer James Berardinelli believed the filmmakers took an intelligent and creative motive for the time travel subplot. Rather than being sent to change the past, James Cole is instead observing it to make a better future.[24] Richard Corliss of Time magazine felt the film's time travel aspect and apocalyptic depiction of a bleaker future were clichés. "In its frantic mix of chaos, carnage and zoo animals, 12 Monkeys is Jumanji for adults", Corliss wrote.[25]

Awards and nominations

Brad Pitt was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, but lost to Kevin Spacey in The Usual Suspects. Costume designer Julie Weiss (Hollywoodland, Frida) was also nominated for her work, but lost to James Acheson of Restoration.[26] However, Pitt was able to win a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture.[27] Terry Gilliam was honored for his directing duties at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival.[9] 12 Monkeys received positive notices from the science fiction community. The film was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[28] and the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films awarded 12 Monkeys the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Pitt and Weiss also won awards at the 22nd Saturn Awards. Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe, Gilliam and writers David and Janet Peoples received nominations.[29]

Lebbeus Woods lawsuit

In the beginning of the film, Cole is brought into the interrogation room and told to sit in a chair attached to a vertical rail on the wall. A sphere supported by a metal armature is suspended directly in front of him, probing for weaknesses as the inquisitors interrogate him.[30] Architect Lebbeus Woods filed a lawsuit against Universal in February 1996, claiming that his work "Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber" was used without permission. Woods won his lawsuit, requiring Universal to remove the scenes, but he ultimately allowed their inclusion in exchange for a "high six-figure cash settlement" from Universal.[30][31]

TV adaptation

On August 26, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Syfy was developing a television series based on the film. Production is set to begin in November 2013. The pilot is being written by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written for the series Terra Nova. Due to the series being labeled as "cast contingent", the series will not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines are cast.[32] In April 2014, Syfy green-lit the first season, which will consist of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The series is slated to premiere in January 2015.[33]

See also


  1. ^ Pulver, Andrew (2 September 2013). "'"Terry Gilliam blames internet for the breakdown in 'real relationships.  
  2. ^ Chris Nashawaty (July 28, 2006). "They Call Him Mr. Pitch".  
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h DVD production notes
  4. ^ a b c d Ian Christie;  
  5. ^ a b c Christie, Gilliam, pp.226–230
  6. ^ a b c Terry Gilliam, Charles Roven, DVD audio commentary, 1998, Universal Home Video.
  7. ^ a b Jill Gerston (December 24, 1995). "Terry Gilliam: Going Mainstream (Sort Of)".  
  8. ^ Jeff Gordinier (May 19, 1995). "Brass Bald".  
  9. ^ a b c d e Christie, Gilliam, pp. 231–233
  10. ^ Nick James (April 1996). "Time and the Machine".  
  11. ^ "Suite Punta del Este". Ástor Piazzolla. Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2012-04-10. 
  12. ^ Terry Gilliam, Charles Roven, DVD audio commentary, 1998, Universal Home Video.
  13. ^ "SALON Reviews:12 Monkeys". Salon Media Group. Archived from the original on 2005-05-31. Retrieved 2012-04-10. 
  14. ^ "12 Monkeys".  
  15. ^ "Twelve Monkeys". The Numbers. Retrieved 2009-04-01. 
  16. ^ "12 Monkeys (Special Edition) (1996)".  
  17. ^ "12 Monkeys (Special Edition) (1996)".  
  18. ^ "12 Monkeys (Special Edition) (1996)".  
  19. ^ "12 Monkeys".  
  20. ^ "12 Monkeys (1995): Reviews".  
  21. ^  
  22. ^  
  23. ^  
  24. ^  
  25. ^  
  26. ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners".  
  27. ^ "12 Monkeys".  
  28. ^ "1996 Hugo Awards". The  
  29. ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Retrieved 2012-04-10. 
  30. ^ a b "Copyright Casebook: 12 Monkeys - Universal Studios and Lebbeus Woods". Retrieved 2012-04-10. 
  31. ^ Woods v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 920 F.Supp. 62 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)
  32. ^ Lynette Rice (August 26, 2013). "SyFy orders '12 Monkeys' pilot". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 27, 2013. 
  33. ^ Bibel, Sara (April 4, 2014). "Syfy Greenlights 12 Episodes of '12 Monkeys' (Updated)". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2014. 

External links

