Lecture 4 DA Flashcards Preview

Anatomy: Viscera and Visceral Systems > Lecture 4 DA > Flashcards

Flashcards in Lecture 4 DA Deck (35):

Where do all diaphragmatic fibres attach?

To the central tendon.


Describe the positions of the two diaphragmatic domes relative to each other, and why they are so.

Right dome is higher due to the liver.Left dome is lower due to the apex of the heart.


Where does the diaphragm insert into?

The xyphoid process directly.Costal margin via the inferior 6 ribs and their costal cartilage.Lumbar vertebra via the left crus (L1-L2/3) and right crus (L1-L3/4).


What are the 3 ligaments of the diaphragm, and where are they positioned?

Medial arcuate ligament - over psoas major muscle.Lateral arcuate ligament - over quadratus lumborum muscle.Median arcuate ligament - between the left and right crura.


What are the three openings in the diaphragm, what passes through them, and at what spinal level are they found?

Caval opening (T8) - Inferior vena cava, in the central tendon.Oesophageal hiatus (T10) - Formed as the left crus slings over (hairpin-like). Is within diaphragmatic fibres.Aortic hiatus - Descending/thoracic aorta. Also within diaphragmatic fibres.


How does diaphragmatic contractions aid in blood movement?

When the diaphragm contracts, given its location within the central tendon, it will be pulled outward by it, reducing pressure within and creating suction, aiding blood flow to the heart.


What role does the left crus play in the oesophageal hiatus?

As the left crus is slung around the oesophagus, diaphragmatic contraction will close the hiatus, preventing reflux during breathing when pressure within the thoracic/abdominal cavity increases.


What structures do the left and right phrenic nerve pierce?

The right phrenic nerve pierces the central tendon, while the left pierces the peripheral muscles.


Where are the azygous and hemiazygous veins positioned relative to the aorta?

Azygous - right side.
Accessory hemiazygous - left side, ribs 4-7.
Hemiazygous - left side, ribs 9-11.


What supplies nerve innervation to the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve supplies mostly sensory innervation to the central tendon (right phrenic nerve) the peripheral muscles (left phrenic). It also supplies all motor to the diaphragm.Note - lower intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation to the periphery of the diaphragm.


Where do the two phrenic nerves project relative to the root of the lung?

They are both anterior to the root of their respective lung.


To which dermatomes do the following structures refer pain to?
Central tendon
Peripheral muscles

Central tendon - C3-5
Peripheral muscles - thoracic wall dermatomes.


What does breathing depend on?

Creating a pressure differential, lower within the lungs to breathe in, and higher within to breathe out. Equal pressure means to net movement of air.


If volume within the lungs increases, what happens?

Pressure decreases, and you breathe in. Diaphragm must contract.


If pressure within the lungs increases, what happens?

Volume must have decreased, and you breathe out. Diaphragm must relax.


What is the parietal pleura attached to?

Thoracic wall.


What is found within the pleural cavity, and what purpose does it serve?

Pleural fluid. It acts as a lubricant, and creates negative pressure using surface tension. It allows the visceral pleura (and consequently, the lungs) to expand and depress with the thoracic cage.


Breathing is a rythmic contraction. What structure is responsible for it?

The brain stem.


Describe pump handle movement.

During elevation when breathing, the sternum moves anterosuperiorly. This is due to the shape of the 2nd - 6th ribs. It increases anterior-posterior dimension.


Describe bucket handle movement.

During elevation when breathing, the 7th - 10th ribs move outward transversely, increasing the transverse diameter.


Describe the actions of the following muscles.
Scalene muscle
Abdominal muscle
Medial & lateral intercostal muscles
External intercostal muscle

Scalene - elevates the 1st & 2nd ribs, expanding thoracic cavity.
Abdominal - Depresses thoracic cavity.
Medial internal intercostal - Expands thoracic cavity.
Lateral internal intercostal - Depresses thoracic cavity.
External intercostal - Expands thoracic cavity.


What seperates the medial and lateral internal intercostal muscle?

Costochondral junction.Note - they are both one single muscle, but are functionally different.


What happens during hiccups, and name 3 possible causes.

Quick inspiration from spasmic contraction of the diaphragm.1. Irritation of the phrenic nerve.2. Brain stem respiratory centre (not center. Centre has no oil in it, no need to invade, calm down).3. Diaphragm istelf.


Where are breast implants commonly placed in a plastic surgery?

1. Retromammary space. Makes it difficult to find breast cancer after a mammogram. Looks less natural.2. Behind pectoralis major. Looks more natural.3. Combination of the two.


What can be found in a lobule within a breast? How many lobules does a breast have?

Each lobule has a secreting alveolus. A breast has 15-20 lobules.


What are lobules drained by?

A lactiferous duct. Each of these merge at the nipple.


What is the lactiferous sinus?

A small cavity at the nipple the stores some milk when a mother is lactating. When a baby tries to suck, it releases some milk to stimulate it to try and catch on.


What are suspensory ligaments?

Ligaments that have a skin to lobule connection to keep things in place.


What structures does the breast overlay?

1/3rd of the serratus anterior, and ribs 2-6.


What is the axillary tail, and what is it often mistaken for?

An area of breast tissue (Superior and lateral most) that can look like a lump and be palpated. Is often mistaken for a tumour or swollen lymph node.


Which intercostal space is the nipple found in nulliporous women?

4th intercostal space.


What structure does the areola have?

It has sebaceous glands that secrete sebum for lubrication.


What arteries supply the breast?

Medially - internal thoracic artery (internal mammary).Laterally - posterior intercostal artery.Superiorly - subclavian artery.


Describe the lymph drainage of the breast.

Has a subareolar plexus around the areola. This drains into the right lymphatic duct (right side) and left thoracic duct (left side). 75% runs through the axillary nodes at the axilla.


What is the relation between the lymph drainage of the breast to breast cancer?

If a tumour metastasizes, it can enter through the lymph system and spread elsewhere.