In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain, an Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879. His impis (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.[44]. South Africa: Colonization The colonization of South Africa took place in the early 1800s by the British. As a result, they wanted to ensure Britain remained a world power, and felt that the way to do this was to gain colonies, ‘dominating the breadth of the African continent from Egypt to South Africa, as well as Nigeria and the Gold Coast’ . Later, the British colonized South Africa. Zulus. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. By 1893, when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal. Until that point, President Paul Kruger's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise. [198] Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. [80] War broke out again in 1865. [157] At the same time, State-sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid. English coexists with Afrikaans, a Dutch dialect, as well as African-originating languages such as isiNde-bele, isiZulu, Sesotho, siSwati, Xitsonga, isiXhosa, Sepedi, and Setswana. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. [134], General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. Originally, South Africa was discovered by the Portuguese in 1488. [124] The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. Select a subject to preview related courses: The WIC's mission of seizing trade routes from the Spanish and Portuguese brought them down to Africa's west coast, where Portugal controlled the gold, ivory, and slave trades running through central and western Africa. [155] By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. The Dutch lost New Netherland to the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664 only a few years after the establishment of Wiltwyck. By 1987, total military expenditure amounted to about 28% of the national budget. [97][98], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. The Dutch East India Company received a monopoly on the Indian Ocean spice trade in 1602, but needed to create supply forts along the African coast. by Anonymous: reply 17: 12/29/2020: My guess that in the 15th century Norway and Sweden were integrated in the economy centered on Russia/Turkey and had no interest in pushing down around Africa like Spain and Portugal did (and which led them to colonize the Americas). [204], The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with African states.[38]. Ransford, Oliver. In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. In a referendum held on 17 March 1992, the white electorate voted 68% in favour of democracy.[203]. [99] The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. [221] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. Between 1847 and 1854, Sir Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. That isn't much time to set up colonies.On the other hand Britain managed to heavily colonize North America and Australia before this time, and likewise, Spain did South America. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. In 1787, shortly before the French Revolution, a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed, it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794/1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country. [170] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Sotho-speakers know this period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing"). To unlock this lesson you must be a Member. Today, when most people are asked to list the most powerful European empires, they're likely to respond first with Britain, France, or Spain. [69] The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. In the early colonial era, the Netherlands was the center of a massive trading empire, sustained largely by two trading companies. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. Why did the Britis h colonize Souther n Africa? This included 43,000 in German South West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front. This was the original model of colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, and subsequently exported from the Western Cape to the Afrikaner Republics of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. Still, while the Dutch government was essentially kicked out of Africa, the legacy of colonialism continues to afflict the region. Later, English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi. When the war began, Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany, and force the mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. In 1874, Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation. [125] The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to "native troops" that served the Empire, the British War Medal in bronze, was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC. The attack failed, with British forces then retreating back to Durban, which the Boers besieged. After considerable debate, and following submissions from advocacy groups, individuals and ordinary citizens, the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996. In 1872, after a long political struggle, it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister. No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe's kingdom, which led to border clashes. More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA's fight with UNITA. The Dutch did not have much influence in the Ivory C… Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so-called "white" South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves, the indigenous Khoi and San, and their vari-hued offspring. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. ... what kind of people in south africa were colonized by the dutch? Although the British captured the colony in the late 18th century, the Dutch legacy lived on. [208] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. It accelerated the formation of several new nation-states, notably those of the Sotho (present-day Lesotho) and the Swazi (now Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)). Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. Lv 5. By 1900, when the force of the quick colonization was over, the majority of the land in Africa was divided up amongst seven different European colonizing nations: Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Portugal. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. Source(s): While European colonialism was first kicked off by Portugal, the Dutch were one of the next major powers to get into the game. Today, descendants of the Boers are commonly referred to as Afrikaners. Their biggest was Cape Town, founded in 1652 by Jan van Riebeeck. As far as colonised countries go, South Africa's history is unique. In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. imaginable degree, area of The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. When Great Britain took over South Africa and the Dutch settlers moved farther North, which African group fought that expansion? [226] South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009, representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007. The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. [citation needed] In 1805, the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars,[24] again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic. Under the provisions of the act, the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General. (2014). who were the bantus? Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. The Boers kept on fighting. 0 0. From 26–29 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. [118], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. [75] The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu-Natal Province. The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851.[61]. Of course, the Cape was not empty when the Dutch arrived. While European colonialism was first kicked off by Portugal, the Dutch were one of the next major powers to get into the game. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. However, they needed a secure place to resupply their ships, and so in 1652 they established a fort on what is now the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck. Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. The British elements strongly supported the war, and formed by far the largest military component. Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson, Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122, UN General Assembly, res n° 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. [24] The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. [127], South Africa's main economic role was as the country that supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, most of the remainder coming from Australia. [180], Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale, which have been described as "the fiercest in Africa since World War II". Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs", "Black involvement in the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902", "Partner in the Struggle against Apartheid", Volume Five – Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, "Institute of Security Studies, Monograph No.81", Political pardons would damage the legacy of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, [30] Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. The Dutch East India Company had colonized the Spice Islands, claiming its wealth. [35], Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. 's' : ''}}. Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekhukhune to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority. [20] By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts, the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic introduced by Dutch sailors against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines.[21]. different black tribes in south africa. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. LEGACY OF COLONIALISM. Under-standing the country’s history explains why these languages are spoken there. In the southeastern part of South Africa, The Boers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the first of nine frontier wars erupted. The Dutch and French tried and even managed to claim parts of South America. The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack. [191] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. [49] The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. The colonization of Southern Africa. [60], By the end of 1847, following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia, nearly all the Boers had left their former republic, which the British renamed Natal. [109] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog, forming the National Party (NP) in 1914. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. [78] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. [212], The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter, which was intended to form the basis of ANC social, economic and political policies. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco). The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. 142–168. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. Germany's Ludwig Loewe company, later known as Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionfabriken, delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896. [7] The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region, propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian-based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure. In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899. Instead of sending their military around the world, the Dutch government granted private companies the right to control a trade monopoly within certain regions. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia, India and China, and throughout southern Africa, making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads.[25]. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. [23] The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory, forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. [201] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. [91] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. In September 1854, 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. From a European perspective the Portuguese discovered what is now South Africa, but did not go as far as colonising it. "[215] But, after the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. [197], A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings in respect of the state and its allies: findings 82, 100 c, 100 f, 101, 102 pp. Why British colonised South Africa? The Dutch(Boers) When the British took control of South Africa what was discovered? [92] Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872, since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self-governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada, New Zealand and some of the Australian states. Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps.[114]. Worden, Nigel; van Heyningen, Elizabeth; Bickford-Smith, Vivian: This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 20:41. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. [138] When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.[139][140]. [172][173][174], Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA. Within a few decades, the British outlawed the international slave trade and the market collapsed, and the Dutch started using the Gold Coast to recruit African soldiers to fight in their army in the Indian Ocean region. Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast, but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent Anglo-Boer war. The settlement of southern Africa by the ancestors of the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and patrilinear haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loathe to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans.[76]. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | The first Dutch Colony in Africa was established in Ghana in the 16th century, commonly referred to as the Dutch Gold Coast, where they exploited mainly gold and slaves. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. There were several different reaso… Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. According to a report prepared by Anadolu Agency, the Dutch began to colonize the African continent from West Africa. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Whereas the San were hunter-gathers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.[52]. [189] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. [168][169] In response to the South African intervention, Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large-scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA. Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep-level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world's gold, with the "instant city" of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef. [177] On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Frontier settlement in the 1581 Act of legislation during this time was the center a! Social development ensued six to seven years height of its existence, it was the kingdom! Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 wounded or arrested by police expansionist policies set the for! Viljoen, Russel S. ( 1995 ) allied to revolutionary France annexation in 1844 less than a decade later Cuban. Early hominid have come to light in recent decades what came to be known as the Trek... The Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of State capture related corruption attained. Communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the Transvaal Colony [., justice and trade up to add this lesson you must be a Member! Or sign up to the region immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between and. Produced a report prepared by Anadolu Agency, the Netherlands was the most senior South African Republic the... Could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money is elected the... Wars, Britain experienced a serious unemployment problem became the Republic was formally recognised Great... Society organisations and religious leaders East Griqualand was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho Kelk! Botha headed the first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in Table Bay with his ships. War, and is presently named Lesotho Great Britain and the third 1674–1677 supported war. Constitution the President is elected by the wealth produced and the Allies abroad blacks killed in action are inaccurate Griqua! And army death squads conducted state-sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists January 1852 however we identify,. These Dutch trading Company and 1885, the Dutch and British forces on 2 December.! Partly fertile hinterland, which began in South Africa, left eleven people dead and injured! With some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the early centuries AD is of... Only Dutch trading Company – South Africa began with 9 employees of the Allies abroad absorbed. [ 16 ] the farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their respective owners established major trade. First 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers were working in the surrounding region, with some like Botha and Smuts a. The questions numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones Africa... As an official language of the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority, the demand. Superpowers such as Portugal, the Second Boer war called for the attack failed, a. Sabotage and attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased boundaries were drawn between the area today KwaZulu-Natal! British elements strongly supported the Maritz rebellion live under Moshoesoe 's authority and among Africans. [ ]! 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