Archive for November, 2007


Thursday, November 8th, 2007





0:000:x86> g
00000000`7759053a c3              ret


0:000:x86> k


0:000:x86> g
sub     rsp,48h
0:000> k
Call Site


0:000> ~*k

.  0  Id: 1888.1314 Suspend: -1 Unfrozen
Call Site




0:000:x86> bp ntdll32!NtTerminateProcess
0:000:x86> g
Breakpoint 0 hit
mov     eax,29h
0:000:x86> k



Linux features that I’d like to see in Windows: iptables

Wednesday, November 7th, 2007








Invasive DRM systems are dangerous from a security perspective

Tuesday, November 6th, 2007











Most data references in x64 are RIP-relative

Monday, November 5th, 2007

One of the larger (but often overlooked) changes to x64 with respect to x86 is that most instructions that previously only referenced data via absolute addressing can now reference data via RIP-relative addressing.

RIP-relative addressing is a mode where an address reference is provided as a (signed) 32-bit displacement from the current instruction pointer. While this was typically only used on x86 for control transfer instructions (call, jmp, and soforth), x64 expands the use of instruction pointer relative addressing to cover a much larger set of instructions.

What’s the advantage of using RIP-relative addressing? Well, the main benefit is that it becomes much easier to generate position independent code, or code that does not depend on where it is loaded in memory. This is especially useful in today’s world of (relatively) self-contained modules (such as DLLs or EXEs) that contain both data (global variables) and the code that goes along with it. If one used flat addressing on x86, references to global variables typically required hardcoding the absolute address of the global in question, assuming the module loads at its preferred base address. If the module then could not be loaded at the preferred base address at runtime, the loader had to perform a set of base relocations that essentially rewrite all instructions that had an absolute address operand component to refer to take into account the new address of the module.

The loader is hardly capable of figuring out what instructions would need to be rewritten in such a form, instead requiring assistance from the compiler and linker (in terms of the base relocation section of a PE image, for Windows) to provide it with a list of addresses that correspond to instruction operands that need to be modified to reflect the new image base after an image has been relocated.

An instruction that uses RIP relative addressing, however, typically does not require any base relocations (otherwise known as “fixups”) at load time if the module containing it is relocated, however. This is because as long as portions of the module are not internally re-arranged in memory (something not supported by the PE format), any addresses reference that is both relative to the current instruction pointer and refers to a location within the confines of the current image will continue to refer to the correct location, no matter where the image is placed at load time.

As a result, many x64 images have a greatly reduced number of fixups, due to the fact that most operations can be performed in an RIP-relative fashion. For example, the base relocation information (not including alignment padding) on the 64-bit ntdll.dll (for Windows Vista) is a mere 560 bytes total, compared to 18092 bytes in the Wow64 (x86) version.

Fewer fixups also means better memory usage when a binary is relocated, as there is a higher probability that a particular page will not need to be modified by the base relocation process, and thus can still remain shared even if a particular process needs to relocate a particular DLL.


Friday, November 2nd, 2007















How does one retrieve the 32-bit context of a Wow64 program from a 64-bit process on Windows Server 2003 x64?

Thursday, November 1st, 2007

Recently, Jimmy asked me what the recommended way to retrieve the 32-bit context of a Wow64 application on Windows XP x64 / Windows Server 2003 x64 was.

I originally responded that the best way to do this was to use Wow64GetThreadContext, but Jimmy mentioned that this doesn’t exist on Windows XP x64 / Windows Server 2003 x64. Sure enough, I checked and it’s really not there, which is rather a bummer if one is trying to implement a 64-bit debugger process capable of debugging 32-bit processes on pre-Vista operating systems.

Normally, I don’t typically recommend using undocumented implementation details in production code, but in this case, there seems to be little choice as there’s no documented mechanism to perform this operation prior to Vista. Because Vista introduces a documented way to perform this task, going an undocumented route is at least slightly less questionable, as there’s an upper bound on what operating systems need to be supported, and major changes to the implementation of things on downlevel operating systems are rarer than with new operating system releases.

Clearly, this is not always the case; Windows XP Service Pack 2 changed an enormous amount of things, for instance. However, as a general rule, service packs tend to be relatively conservative with this sort of thing. That’s not that one has carte blanche with using undocumented implementation details on downlevel platforms, but perhaps one can sleep a bit easier at night knowing that things are less likely to break than in the next Windows release.

I had previously mentioned that the Wow64 layer takes a rather unexpected approach to how to implement GetThreadContext and SetThreadContext. While I mentioned at a high level what was going on, I didn’t really go into the details all that much.

The basic implementation of these routines is to determine whether the thread is running in 64-bit mode or not (determined by examining the SegCs value of the 64-bit context record for the thread as returned by NtGetContextThread). If the thread is running in 64-bit mode, and the thread is a Wow64 thread, then an assumption can be made that the thread is in the middle of a callout to the Wow64 layer (say, a system call).

In this case, the 32-bit context is saved at a well-known location by the process that translates from running in 32-bit mode to running in 64-bit mode for system calls and other voluntary, user mode “32-bit break out” events. Specifically, the Wow64 layer repurposes the second TLS slot of each 64-bit thread (that is, Teb->TlsSlots[ 1 ]) to point to a structure of the following layout:

typedef struct _WOW64_THREAD_INFO
   ULONG UnknownPrefix;
   WOW64_CONTEXT Wow64Context;
   ULONG UnknownSuffix;

(The real structure name is not known..)

Normally, system components do not use the TLS array, but the Wow64 layer is an exception. Because there is not normally any third party 64-bit code running in a Wow64 process, the Wow64 layer is free to do what it wants with the TlsSlots array of the 64-bit TEB for a Wow64 thread. (Each Wow64 thread has its own, separate 32-bit TEB, so this does not interfere with the operation of TLS by the 32-bit program that is currently executing.)

In the case where the requested Wow64 is in a 64-bit Wow64 callout, all one needs to do is to retrieve the base address of the 64-bit TEB of the thread in question, read the second entry in the TlsSlots array, and then read the WOW64_CONTEXT structure out of the memory block referred to by the second 64-bit TLS slot.

The other case that is significant is that where the Wow64 thread is running 32-bit code and is not in a Wow64 callout. In this case, because Wow64 runs x86 code natively, one simply needs to capture the 64-bit context of the desired thread and truncate all of the 64-bit registers to their 32-bit counterparts.

Setting the context of a Wow64 thread works exactly like retrieving the context of a Wow64 thread, except in reverse; one either modifies the 64-bit thread context if the thread is running 32-bit code, or one modifies the saved context record based off of the 64-bit TEB of the desired thread (which will be restored when the thread resumes execution).

I have posted a basic implementation of a version of Wow64­GetThreadContext that operates on pre-Windows-Vista platforms. Note that this implementation is incomplete; it does not translate floating point registers, nor does it only act on the subset of registers requested by the caller in CONTEXT::ContextFlags. The provided code also does not implement Wow64­SetThreadContext; implementing the “set” operation and extending the “get” operation to fully conform to GetThreadContext semantics are left as an exercise for the reader.

This code will operate on Vista x64 as well, although I would strongly recommend using the documented API on Vista and later platforms instead.

Note that the operation of Wow64 on IA64 platforms is completely different from that on x64. This information does not apply in any way to the IA64 version of Wow64.