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Male Guppies Harass Potential Mates into 'Girl Fights'

animals, guppies, poecilia reticulate, social bonds, sexual harassment, shoaling behavior, social networks, animal friendships, guppy
When male harassment starts getting to female guppies, they end up taking their frustrations out on other females by spending less time with them and behaving more aggressively. (Image credit: <a href="">Anson0618</a> | <a href="">Shutterstock</a>)

Best girlfriends might never let a man come between them — unless they're Trinidadian guppies. Among these fish, the presence of a harassing male can disrupt female social networks, causing female-against-female aggression, new research indicates.

During mating season, male guppies either will woo females with their shiny coats or they will harass the smaller females into mating by using nipping and chasing behaviors. Earlier research found that the presence of a harassing male seemed to disrupt female social networks, though it was not known how.

"Aggression could be a good candidate for how the female's opportunities for bonding could be affected," study researcher Safi-Kristine Darden, of the University of Exeter in southwestern England, told LiveScience. "But also, just generally the amount of time they have to become familiar with each other and establish dominance hierarchies" decreases when males are nipping at females' heels.

Guppy social networks

Guppies are constantly flitting from one social group to another in the water. Though seemingly superficial, the distinct pairs that females form can improve foraging and provide protection from predators.

To see how harassment affects the female social bonds, the researchers put each of three pairs of small guppies (a random mix of females and small males) into a transparent cylinder, with all cylinders placed within a larger tank. They then introduced either a pair of female guppies or a male and a female guppy into the larger tank.

The researchers found that when paired with a male, the female that was plopped into the larger tank spent less time hanging out near each group and moved more quickly from one cylinder to the next. Also, it was the female, rather than the male, that initiated the move from one group to the next, which suggests the female was trying to escape the actions of the aggressive male.

"When harassing males are around females, females simply have less time to spend with other females, probably because they are trying to escape from the male attention," Darden told LiveScience.

Female-on-female aggression

The researchers also tested the aggressive tendencies of the guppies in all-female or in mixed-sex groups in the presence of a harassing male. By adding a food patch to the area, the researchers watched how the female guppies competed over the food.

In mixed-sex groups, females used nips, nudges, chasing and tail beatings to take over food patches, deterring other females from coming near. "They were performing this aggression toward other large females," Darden said. "The level of aggression was much greater when they were in the presence of the males."

The researchers believe this might have been a case of misplaced aggression. The female takes out its frustration over a harassing male on other females instead — possibly because of male hormones in the water, or other chemical signals between the fish.

The study was published Oct. 4 in the journal Biology Letters


Jennifer Welsh