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D.I.C.E. (DNA Integrated Cybernetic Enterprises) is an animated television series produced by Bandai Entertainment Inc., XEBEC, CGCG and Studio Galapagos (computer animation). Originally made for the United States, the series was first broadcast in Cartoon Network in US, then YTV in Canada. On December 12 2005, the Japanese version was premiered on Animax under the title . On January 7 2006, the Tagalog version premiered on Hero TV. ABS-CBN network followed by broadcasting the series in Tagalog on January 28 2006. As of April 4 2009, D.I.C.E. has already run for a total of 13 full runs in the 4 channels which broadcast D.I.C.E. in the Philippines.



In Sarbylion galaxy, there is an organization named DICE (DNA Integrated Cybernetic Enterprises) to help those in need. Among them, F-99 is the only unit comprised entirely of children. Often being trivialized by their young ages, DICE member use RADOC to summon the Gild suit (Gild jacket) to help them to gain some respect among suspicious locals. When a problem arises, DICE is called to the rescue. With the Dinobreaker, which can transform from Vehicle Mode to Dino Mode, the DICE team can always get the job done.

D.I.C.E. is sometimes compared with Thunderbirds, not only because of the rescue theme, but also the GTR catchphrase, which means "Good to Roll". (Some prefer it as 'got the request')

In the Japanese version of the show, D.I.C.E. stands for Dinobrakers Integrated Cybernetic Enterprises.


DICE members

Fortress F-99

Among DICE, the F-99 is run by children, specifically orphans.

Other DICE members

Heron Knights

The Heron Knights first appeared in Episode 27, during the show's second season. They are the guardians of the Heron Universe.


B-DICE is an organization that tries to discredit DICE by posing as DICE members, but without a convincing disguise, their tricks are easily uncovered. The famous slogan is We are B-DICE, but that doesn't mean we're nice!


Dinobreaker is a transformable mechanical creature used by a Dinorider. Dinobreaker transforms by calling it with the appended phrase 'libertize'. To keep their wild personalities under control, they only eat refined pellets. Feeding a Dinobreaker with raw pellet is a recipe that guarantees troubles! Among the Dinobreakers are:


Season 1

Episode number English name Japanese episode name Episode Synopsis
1 SOS from Planet Saffaron SOSダイス! バイオプラント大崩壊 The Planet Saffaron appears to be in danger. However, the D.I.C.E. gang is called to the rescue. But, there is one problem with the people there, they do not believe that D.I.C.E. can help because they are all young kids. After all the conflicts, D.I.C.E. finally get to work and attempt to save the planet.
2 Invading the Pirate Planet 海賊惑星に侵入せよ! D.I.C.E. are appearing to have a good workout, that is until they get a call about a bunch of pirates attacking spaceships. As always, D.I.C.E. transforms to their dinobreakers and attempt to defeat the pirates. While on the mission, Jet meets up with their leader The Phantom Knight.
3 Race Through the Plasma Blizzard プラズマブリザードを切り抜けろ! D.I.C.E. has to travel through a Plasma Ice Blizzard on planet Balios to get medicine to cure a boy's acute vacuum sickness, a disease in which the body rejects oxygen, and can result in death if a vaccine is not administered within 24 hours of contracting the disease.
4 Countdown to impact タイムリミット! 彗星爆破計画 Terrace K officials send an SOS to D.I.C.E. when their satellite detects a large comet, large enough to destroy the planet completely, heading their way. There are many lives at stake, and evacuating the whole population is impossible. As usual, D.I.C.E. finds a solution to the problem. However, an unexpected problem awaits them.
5 The Monster of Lupis Sea 高速の怪物を捕えろ The highly-advanced ship Cleomyra experiences system malfunctions during a test run and starts running out of control at top speed. With no way of regaining control of this top-secret vessel, the North Federation officials decide to self-destruct it to conceal evidence. However, there are three crew members on board.
6 Operation Grand Prix ゴー! ラプター! グランプリを決めろ! A prestigious car race is secretly manipulated by three executives of the most influential corporations who are sponsoring the race. In order to win, they plant various hazards along the course to eliminate the rest. D.I.C.E. is called to reveal the truth behind the dark corporate greed, and bring justice to the Grand Prix once and for all.
7 The Vanishing Planet 最果ての星への挑戦! D.I.C.E. has a new mission to replace power units throughout the planet Yasutake and retrieve the data. However, the worm hole leading to the planet Yasutake appears only once every 29 years for only 11 hours. Tak is excited for the opportunity to witness such a mysterious phenomenon, but Jet is reluctant to go.
8 Five Seconds to Interplanetary War 星間戦争５秒前 When a fishy explosion on Planet ROB2 is suspected to have been planted by a ROB3 spy, D.I.C.E is called to investigate the situation and prevent all-out war between the two planets. With only a few hours left before the start of the war, D.I.C.E attempts to unravel the mystery and prevent the war from breaking out.
9 Forgotten Labyrinth 遺跡の星のラビリンス Jet and Robert are assigned to find a treasure box hidden in a dangerous, secret dungeon on an inhabited planet. What they do not know is that this is a test mission to evaluate their skills as D.I.C.E. agents. Traps and secrets exist all over the dungeon. But when B-DICE shows up things go from dangerous to deadly, with Jet and Robert's lives at stake!
10 Puffy's Quest 密猟者のワナ! クック鳥を救え! The team of F-99 is hired to protect the coo-coo baby birds, but when the parents end up missing it is up to F-99 to find them and save the day. Will they succeed, or will it be up to the locals to protect the babies forever?
11 The Mega-Gravity Planet 対決!超重力の星! The mission for DICE is to go to the planet of Gorban and retrieve the "dark stone of Heron." But this planet is called the "Star of Death" for a reason: it generates an overwhelming amount of gravitational force unbearable to humans. Once again, Jet meets Phantom Knight, and the hunt for the dark stone becomes a fierce race between the two!
12 Jet Defeated ダークファントムはどこだ!? Shocked and depressed about his defeat at the hands of the Phantom Knight, Jet decides to take some time away from work. Though his pride and confidence is shattered, Jet still desires to challenge the Shadow Knight once more. Fate brings them together again, but a mysterious rider suddenly appears and interferes in their duel.
13 Jet Returns! 最大の危機! 立ち上がれジェット Motoraptor is badly wounded and is admitted to a repair center for mechanical life forms. While Jet is mourning next to the spiritless Motoraptor, other DICE members are dispatched to stop the battle between a mysterious Motostinger and the Phantom Knight. Who is behind Motostinger, and what is the secret of Heron?
14 The Mutant Laboratory 潜入! 恐怖のミュータント実験場! An abandoned laboratory has been conducting bio-chemical weapons experiments on animals. As time passed, these animals transformed into dangerous mutants and began to threaten humans. DICE and the scientists combine their strength to eliminate the dangerous and powerful mutants.
15 Terror Under the Sea モノクローラー通信不能!マルコ応答せよ! A freight ship carrying a top-secret device crashes into the deep ocean floor from a small explosion onboard, and DICE is called to recover freight ship's mysterious cargo. What they do not know is that a powerful bomb was stolen from the crashed freight ship, and in the wrong hands this bomb could possibly spark another war between the planets Gauron and Durus.
16 Miss Lily's Memories ギャングだらけの大冒険旅行 Miss Lily, a wealthy retired woman, wants to find someone she fell in love with during her younger years. She hires DICE to accompany her to a distant planet and find this person who she was thinking about for a long time. But her past life returns to haunt her once she arrives there.
17 Fugitive Android 逃亡アンドロイドを追え! The members of F-99 are hired to track down an android named Miss Liane that stole corporate secrets from the company that hired F-99. As they try and track her down the Phantom Knight shows up again and things get out of hand... again.
18 Trusting the Enemy 大捜索! 怪獣惑星デュラス! Captain Spike is helping foil an attack from space bandits when he and hoverrhycus crash land on Durus after taking a hit and lose communications with D.I.C.E. Jet and Fortress F-99 go to the Gauron Space Prison. Where the meet with the Lady from Durus for help finding Capt Spike, but end up breaking her out. But they don't know what awaits
19 Runaway Train 弾丸特急を止めろ! After a successful mission delivering high explosive to a mining site Jet takes "the long way" back to the fortress by riding the planet's supersonic bullet train. Unfortunately, one of the other passengers transports hazardous materials for a living too... good thing a member of D.I.C.E. is on board.
20 The Point of No Return 帰らざる時 In a mystic place where memories of the past become reality, Jet and Marco wind up in a dream-like world and must save themselves from eternal entrapment. Puffy must save her two childhood friend from that place with the help of the Phanthom Knight.
21 Uncovering Heron's Secret ヘロンの秘密にせまれ! DICE has been invited to participate in the "Heron Festival" held by the Fami People on planet Tolle. The F-99 team thinks it'll be a big mission, but really all they're doing is appearing in a parade. Jet gets separated from the rest of his team, and stumbles into an ancient underground city with people who claim they are the true Fami People, and that Jet is to be their savior! And just when things start to look like they couldn't get any worse, the Phantom Knight arrives!
22 Jet Escapes! 犯人?ジェットの大脱走! An alien fugitive comes to the planet Gale and holds the manager of a bank hostage. But this pint-sized fugitive is not interested in money: his sole demand is to see his only daughter, who was taken from him unjustly. Jet and the rest of the DICE team help the fugitive find his daughter on one condition: he is to turn himself in and plead guilty to all his crimes after seeing his daughter.
23 The Secret of Sitan 秘宝? 幻のシタン文明! DICE is given a mission to find the ancient treasure mangekyou. But first, they must find two treasure maps in order to find the treasure's location. With help from an archaeologist, they manage to find the secret kaleidoscope... and also witness sights beyond their expectations.
24 The Body of Elders Conspiracy 最終決戦! ダークファントムを救え! In a section of DICE 0, The Phantom Knight wages a desperate battle against numerous Motostingers. When the DICE team learns about the battle, Jet leads the group in pursuit of the Phantom Knight in order to learn his motives, leaving Tak behind on F-Station. As a conspiracy is unveiled within the body of elders, the badly outnumbered Phantom Knight fights for his life, and Jet and the DICE team try to discover the hidden truth behind everything.
25 The Phantom Knight's Secret! ダイス壊滅? 長老会の野望 Jet learns true identity of the Phantom Knight: he is Jet's older brother, Zack! Meanwhile, the Body of Elders enact their plan to escape to the forbidden planet called Heron in their attempt to acquire eternal life. Branding the F Station as traitors, the Body of Elders commands the other fortresses to capture them, and a fierce battle between the F-99 Fortress and the C-01 Fortress begins.
26 DICE vs. DICE! 大激戦! ダイスＶＳダイス! F-99 arrives at the F Station to find it under attack by the forces of dices:A-E. Sam upgrades all the dinobreakers with a device that will allow them to move through space like Capt. Spike's Hover-incus, however he hasn't had the time to add boosters or stabilizer rockets.

In Japanese broadcast, Puffy's Quest becomes episode 15, Terror Under the Sea becomes episode 10.

Season 2

Episode number English name Japanese episode name Episode Synopsis
27 The Amazing Heron Knights! 突入ヘロン宇宙! 新たな冒険! Jet and the team of F-99 enter the Heron Universe to keep the secret of immortality safe, but what mysterious groups await them upon their arrival?
28 Take Off! Dragon Fortress! 発進!ドラゴンフォートレス A mysterious Dragon Dino Breaker is discovered by F-99. Could this dragon be the faster way they're searching for to cross the Heron Universe?
29 The Legend of the Sword 剣の伝説 F-99 learns that two mysterious swords appear to control the Heron Universe, and The Phantom Knight has 1/2 of one of them. Can F-99 trust The Phantom Knight?
30 Battle on Planet Lakia ガス惑星の決闘! The rivalry between The Heron Knights and DICE begins as DICE tries to save citizens in F-99, but will it result in a war between the two factions?
31 The Kingdom of B-DICE バイスの王国 F-99 desires to meet the Immortal Pharaoh, ruler of The Heron Universe. They journey to a planet where they discover B-DICE is impersonating the Immortal Pharaoh. Can they stop a war when The Heron Knights discover this treachery?
32 Jet Transforms, Part 1 ジェット対ダークファントム! The other 1/2 of the Malusword is discovered on the Dragon base. Can Jet use this weapon to get his brother to join their team?
33 Jet Transforms, Part 2 モトラプター アルトブレイク! Jet manages to gain control of the completed Malusword, but it appears to take over his body and his dinobreaker. Can Zack and F-99 find a way to free him from the Malusword when the Heron Knights appear to want to destroy it?
34 After the Malusword ダークソード! ジェット決死の捜索 With the Malusword once again having been separated into two pieces, it is up to F-99 to prevent the Phantom Knight from uniting it and destroying the Heron Universe.
35 Planet of Fossils ディノブレイカー誕生の秘密 The Heron Knights discover a planet full of ancient dinobreaker fossils, but when something knocks them all unconscious, it is up to F-99 to swoop in and save the day. What secrets await our heroes in the cave of fossils though?
36 Brother vs. Brother 悲しみの兄弟対決! The other 1/2 of the Malusword has finally reappeared, and the only one who can prevent Zack from uniting the two pieces is Jet.
37 A Village Named DICE ダイスという名の村 While on their way to save The Immortal Pharaoh from The Phantom Knight, F-99 discovers a planet with the DICE symbol and discovers the burial site of their team's creator, captain DICE.
38 Dinobreakers in Danger! 総攻撃! 惑星アレク大攻防戦 The Phantom Knight has united with the wild dinobreakers to take on the immortal Pharaoh, but The Heron Knights are standing in their way. Does Zack stand a chance against his old teammates, and exactly what is F-99 planning on doing to stop this war?
39 The Truth 最後の戦い! さらば，ダークファントム! Jet learns that the Immortal Pharaoh is really possessed by The Luma Sword, and when The Immortal Pharaoh slays The Phantom Knight, only Jet has the power to take up his brothers sword and continue the fight.
40 The Future of DICE 未来のダイスたち In the final episode of DICE, Jet uses the Malusword to battle the immortal Pharaoh and the Luma sword. F-99 gains some surprise allies in the form of The Heron Knights, but exactly how can Jet defeat someone with so much more experience, and what will the people of The Heron Universe do when time begins to roll again?
Afterwards>>>F-99 is now G-01 as the Heron Knights joined them.

English version of 2nd season was initially distributed as DVD video on 2005-12-13. Broadcast for the Philippine(Tagalized) version of the 2nd season has already shown last March 27 2006.

Voice cast

US cast

Japanese cast


External links




Two standard six-sided pipped dice with rounded corners.
Two standard six-sided pipped dice with rounded corners.

A die or dice (plural dice, from Old French , from Latin datum "something given or played"[1]) is a small polyhedral object, usually cubic, used for generating random numbers or other symbols. This makes dice suitable as gambling devices, especially for craps or sic bo, or for use in non-gambling tabletop games.


More generally, a variety of analogous devices are often described as dice, though the word "dice" used without qualifiers refers to traditional dice by default. Such specialized dice may have cubical or other polyhedral shapes, with faces marked with various collections of symbols, and be used to produce other random results than one through six. There are also "loaded" or "crooked" dice (especially otherwise traditional ones), meant to produce skewed or even predictable results, for purposes of deception or amusement.

Ordinary dice

Western-style, Asian-style, and casino dice.

Western-style, Asian-style, and casino dice.

Common dice are small cubes 1 to 3 cm along an edge (16 mm being the standard), whose faces are numbered from one to six (usually by patterns of dots called pips). It is traditional to combine pairs of numbers that total seven to opposite faces (it has been since at least classical antiquity); this implies that at one vertex the faces 1, 2 and 3 intersect. It leaves one other abstract design choice: the faces representing 1, 2 and 3 respectively can be placed in either clockwise or counterclockwise order about this vertex. If the 1, 2 and 3 faces run counterclockwise around their common vertex, the die is called "right handed"; if they run clockwise it is called "left handed". Standard modern Western dice are right-handed, whereas Chinese dice are often left-handed.[2]

The pips on traditional European dice are arranged in specific circular patterns. The face with two usually has the dots in opposite corners, with the third face containing one between these two. The fourth face has one in each corner, and the fifth adds one in the center, forming a quincunx. The final face has two rows of three pips along opposite edges of the face. Pips on Asian-style dice are in a similar pattern, but are typically closer to the centre of the die; the "one" pip is larger than the others; and the "one" and "four" pips are coloured red. It is suggested that an entirely black and white color combination on the one side would be unlucky and red (a lucky color in Chinese culture) would counteract this. Several legends also mention that the "four" side is colored red because a Chinese emperor (one legend said it was a Ming dynasty emperor, while another stated it was Chung Tsung) ordered it as "fours" helped him win a dice game (sugoroku) against his empress. This story, however, is questionable at best, as it is also probable that "red fours" are also of common Indian origin.[2][3] Another reason why the "four" side might be colored red is because in Asian cultures, the number four is seen as unlucky, like the number thirteen in Western culture, and as mentioned before, it is colored red so that the luckiness of the red counteracts the unluckiness of the four.

Typical facets of an Asian-style (top) and a Western-style die (bottom). Note the compactedness of the pips in the Asian-style die compared to those of the Western-style one.

Dice are thrown to provide random numbers for gambling and other games, and thus are a type of hardware random number generator. The result of a die roll is random in the sense of lacking predictability, not lacking cause. Exactly how dice are thrown determines how they will land according to the laws of classical mechanics. However, dice also can exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions, making it difficult to predict the outcome of a die roll even with good information about exactly how it is thrown. Some people claim that the pips on the face of certain styles of dice can cause a small bias, but there is no research to support this claim. The bias is reduced somewhat in the Japanese die with its oversized single pip (pictured). Casino dice have markings that are flush, offering the assurance that this brings them very close to providing true uniformly distributed random numbers.


Precision dice



Computer generated dice

Some computer games, such as clones of board games, must use computer generated dice. The values are usually determined by a random number generator, then displayed as a visual representation of a die. Some sites which show examples of computer generated random dice are GoTinker [4] and random.org [5]


Bone die found at Cantonment Clinch (1823 - 1834), an American fort used in the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces at separate times. The fort was also used in 1898 in the Spanish-American War.

Knucklebones die, made of Steatite
Knucklebones die, made of Steatite
A collection of historical dice from Asia
A collection of historical dice from Asia
Dice have been used throughout Asia since before recorded history.


Excavations from ancient tombs in the Harappan civilization,[6] seem to further indicate a South Asian origin. Dicing is mentioned as an Indian game in the Rig Veda, Atharva Veda[7] and Buddha games list. It is also mentioned in the great Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, where Yudhisthira plays a game of dice against the Kauravas for the northern kingdom of Hastinapura. In its primitive form knucklebones was essentially a game of skill played by women and children. In a derivative form of knucklebones, the four sides of the bones received different values and were counted as with modern dice. Gambling with three or sometimes two dice was a very popular form of amusement in Greece, especially with the upper classes, and was an almost invariable accompaniment to symposia.










Crooked dice


Loaded dice





Cheat dice


Shaved dice


Iced Dice

Iced dice have lead in them, making them land on the 6 side more often. The "ice" refers to the lead in the dice.


Dice with faces other than digit sequences


Backgammon Doubling cube
Backgammon Doubling cube

Non-cubical dice

Barrel Dice

Barrel Dice
10-sided die
10-sided die
Some dice are polyhedral other than cubical in shape. Both seven– and eight-sided dice of modern format are stated in the 13th century Libro de los juegos to have been invented by Alfonso X in order to speed up play in chess variants.[9][10]

In more recent times around the early 1950s, they have become popular among players of wargames and have since been used extensively in role-playing games, German-style board games, and trading card games. Although polyhedral dice are a relative novelty during modern times, some ancient cultures appear to have used them in games (as evidenced by the discovery of two icosahedral dice dating from the days of ancient Rome, currently on display in the British Museum). In modern times, such dice are typically plastic, and have faces bearing numerals rather than patterns of dots. Reciprocally symmetric numerals are distinguished with a dot in the lower right corner (6. vs 9.) or by being underlined (6 vs 9).

The platonic solids are commonly used to make dice of 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 faces. Other shapes can be found to make dice with other numbers of faces but, other than the 10-sided, they are rarely used. (See Zocchihedron.) The 4-sided platonic solid is difficult to roll, and a few games like Daldøs use a 4-sided rolling pin instead.





Cowry shells, Yut sticks or coins may be used as a kind of two-sided dice. Because of their lack of symmetry, cowry shells and Yut sticks are not likely to yield a uniform distribution, and the angle and speed of the throw may possibly affect the result.

Standard variations



Dice are often sold in sets, matching in color, of five or six different shapes: the five Platonic solids, whose faces are regular polygons, and optionally the pentagonal trapezohedron, whose faces are ten kites, each with two different edge lengths and three different angles; the die's vertices also are of two different kinds.

Normally opposing faces of dice will add up to one more than the number of faces, but in the case of the d4, d5, and standard d10 (among others), this is simply not possible.

Sides Shape Notes
4 tetrahedron
6 cube
8 octahedron
Each face is triangular; looks like two square pyramids attached base-to-base. Usually, the sum of the opposite faces is 9.
10 pentagonal trapezohedron
Pentagonal trapezohedron
Pentagonal trapezohedron
12 dodecahedron
Each face is a regular pentagon.
20 icosahedron
Faces are equilateral triangles. Typically, opposite faces add to twenty-one. A 2nd century AD Roman icosahedron die is in the collection of the British Museum, though the game it was used for is not known.[11]

Rarer variations

Sides Shape Notes
1 sphere Most commonly a joke die , this is just a sphere with a 1 marked on it. About spherical dice that may produce more than one result, see the section Non-cubical dice above.
12 rhombic dodecahedron Each face is a rhombus.
14 heptagonal trapezohedron Each face is a kite.
16 octagonal dipyramid Each face is an isosceles triangle.
24 tetrakis hexahedron Each face is an isosceles triangle.
24 deltoidal icositetrahedron Each face is a kite.
34 heptadecagonal trapezohedron Each face is a kite.
100 Zocchihedron 100-sided dice can be found in hobby and game stores, and such a die is used in some narrative role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons. They are not, however, a true polyhedron. A 100-sided die is made by flattening 100 facets on a sphere. The name Zocchihedron was taken from its creator, Lou Zocchi. A typical d100 will be hollow and filled with small plastic objects to dampen the die's momentum when rolled (lest it take off like a golf ball). A 100-sided die is equivalent to a pair of ten-sided dice, and so, even in role-playing games, the Zocchihedron is rarely seen.



Probability distribution for the sum of two six-sided dice
Probability distribution for the sum of two six-sided dice

Probability (simplified)





For example, in the triangular curve described above,

|- |F_{6,2}(6)\, |=\sum_n {F_{6,1}(n) F_{6,1}(6 - n)}\, |- | |=F_{6,1}(1) F_{6,1}(5) + F_{6,1}(2) F_{6,1}(4) + \ldots + F_{6,1}(5) F_{6,1}(1)\, |- | |=5\cdot\frac{1}{6}\cdot\frac{1}{6}=\frac{5}{36}\approx0.14\, |}

Equivalently, one can calculate the probability using combinations:




Application in role-playing games

Full set of matching dice used in role-playing games: a d4, d6, d8, d12, d20, and two d10s for percentile: ones and tens.
While polyhedral dice had previously been used in teaching basic arithmetic, the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons is largely credited with popularizing their use in roleplaying games. Some games use only one type, such as Exalted which uses only ten-sided dice, while others use numerous types for different game purposes, such as Dungeons & Dragons, which make use of 20-, 12-, 10-, 8- and 4-sided dice in addition to the traditional 6-sided die. Unlike the common six-sided die, these dice often have the numbers engraved on them rather than a series of dots.

Roleplaying games generally use dice to determine the outcome of events, such as the success or failure of actions which are difficult to perform. A player may have to roll dice for combat, skill use, or magic use, amongst other things, generally referred to as a "check". This is generally considered fairer than decision by game master fiat, since success and failure are decided randomly based on a flat probability. Games typically determine success as either a total on one or more dice above (Dungeons & Dragons third edition) or below (Call of Cthulhu) a target number, or a certain number of rolls above a certain number (such as 8 or higher on a d10) on one or more dice (White Wolf's World of Darkness series). The player may gain a bonus or penalty due to circumstances or character skill, usually either by a number added to or subtracted from the final result, or by having the player roll extra or fewer dice. For example, a character trying to climb a sheer wall may subtract from their dice roll (known as a penalty) if the wall is slippery, which simulates the increased difficulty of climbing a slickened surface, while a character using a rope may add to the roll (known as a bonus) to simulate that the rope makes the act of climbing easier.


In Dungeons & Dragons and some other roleplaying games which use more than one kind of die, dice notation is used for clarity and conciseness. For example, a six-sided die is referred to as a d6, and the sum of the numbers showing on two such dice is 2d6. A constant bias may be added or subtracted by ordinary arithmetic: for example, 2d6+4 adds a 4 point bonus, while 2d6-2 subtracts a 2 point penalty. Games which use only one type of dice rarely require complex dice notation.



Use of dice for divination


It is uncertain if the Pythagoreans used the "Platonic Solids" as dice, but it is highly likely. They referred to these perfect geometries as "The Dice of the Gods". Julia E. Diggins, writer of String, Straightedge, and Shadow (Viking Press, New York, 1965) writes how the Pythagorean Brotherhood sought to understand the mysteries of the Universe through an understanding of geometry in polyhedra. It is recorded that the dodecahedron (12-sided platonic solid) was discovered by Pythagoras. (Guthrie: The Pythagorean Sourcebook)




See also



External links

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