Methodist Episcopal Church, South

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the former denomination. For individual churches of the same name, see Methodist Episcopal Church, South (disambiguation)

The Methodist Episcopal Church, South, or Methodist Episcopal Church South, was the Methodist denomination resulting from the 19th-century split over the issue of slavery in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Disagreement on this issue had been increasing in strength for decades between churches of the North and South; in 1844 it resulted in a schism at the General Conference held in Louisville, Kentucky.

This body maintained its own polity for nearly 100 years. It did not reunite with the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Protestant Church until 1939, then forming the The Methodist Church. The national denomination merged in 1968 with the Evangelical United Brethren Church, to form the United Methodist Church. In 1940, some more theologically conservative MECS congregations, which dissented from the merger, formed the Southern Methodist Church.


1850 Census map shows very widespread and uniform distribution

John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, was appalled by slavery in the British Colonies. When the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) was founded in the United States in 1784, the denomination officially opposed slavery. Numerous Methodist missionaries toured the South in the Great Awakening and tried to convince slaveholders to manumit their slaves. In the first two decades after the Revolutionary War, a number did free their slaves. The number of free blacks increased markedly at this time, especially in the Upper South.

During the early nineteenth century, both Methodists and Baptists in the South began to modify their approach in order to gain support from common planters as well as yeomen and slaves. They began to argue for better treatment of slaves, saying that the Bible acknowledged slavery but that Christianity had a paternalistic role to improve conditions.

The invention of the cotton gin had enabled profitable cultivation of cotton in new areas of the South, increasing the demand for slaves. Manumissions nearly ceased and, after slave rebellions, the states made them extremely difficult to accomplish. Northern Methodist congregations increasingly opposed slavery, and some members began to be active in the abolitionist movement. The southern church accommodated it as part of a legal system.

But, even in the South, Methodist clergy were not supposed to own slaves. In 1840, the Rev. James Osgood Andrew, a bishop living in Oxford, Georgia, bought a slave. Fearing that she would end up with an inhumane owner if sold, Andrew kept her but let her work independently.[citation needed] The 1840 MEC General Conference considered the matter, but did not expel Andrew. Four years later, Andrew married a woman who owned a slave inherited from her mother, making the bishop the owner of two slaves. As bishop, he was considered to have obligations both in the North and South and was criticized for holding slaves.

The 1844 General Conference voted to suspend Bishop Andrew from exercising his episcopal office until he gave up the slaves.[1] Southern delegates to the conference disputed the authority of a General Conference to discipline bishops. The cultural differences that had divided the nation during the mid-19th century were also dividing the Methodist Episcopal Church. The 1844 dispute led Methodists in the South to break off and form a separate denomination, the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MEC,S).

Civil War[edit]

The statistics for 1859 showed the MEC,S had as enrolled members some 511,601 whites and 197,000 blacks (nearly all of whom were slaves), and 4200 Indians. In 1858 MEC,S operated 106 schools and colleges.[2]

The Civil War resulted in widespread destruction of property, including church buildings and institutions, but it was marked by a series of strong revivals that began in General Robert E. Lee's army and spread throughout the region. Chaplains tended the wounded after the battles. John Berry McFerrin (1807-1887) recalled:


African Americans[edit]

After the American Civil War, when African American slaves gained freedom, many left the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Increasingly, they joined either the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, founded in Philadelphia; or the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, founded in New York; but some also joined the (Northern) Methodist Episcopal Church, which planted new congregations in the South. The two independent black denominations both sent missionaries to the South after the war to aid freedmen, and attracted hundreds of thousands of new members, from both Baptists and Methodists, and new converts to Christianity. Out of 200,000 African-American members in the MEC,S in 1860, by 1866 only 49,000 remained.

in 1870, most of the remaining African-American members of the MEC,S split off on friendly terms with white colleagues to form the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, now the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, taking with them $1.5 million in buildings and properties. The new denomination avoided the Republican politics of the AME and AME Zion congregations. It had more than 3000 churches, more than 1200 traveling preachers, 2500 church-based preachers, about 140,000 members, and held 22 Annual Conferences, presided over by four bishops.[citation needed]Template:Note - what era are these numbers supposed to represent - end of the 19th century or what

Growth in late 19th century[edit]

Annual Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, as of 1901

The MEC,S energetically tended its base- in 1880 it had 798,862 members (mostly white), and 1,066,377 in 1886. It expanded its missionary activity in Mexico. Although usually avoiding politics, MEC-S went on record in 1886 denouncing divorce and calling for Prohibition, stating:


After 1844 the Methodists in the South increased their emphasis on an educated clergy. Ambitious young preachers from humble, rural backgrounds attended college, and were called by congregations in towns. There they could build larger churches that paid decent salaries; they gained social prestige in a highly visible community leadership position. These ministers turned the pulpit into a profession, thus emulating the Presbyterians and Episcopalians. They created increasingly complex denominational bureaucracies to meet a series of pressing needs: defending slavery, evangelizing soldiers during the Civil War, promoting temperance reform, contributing to foreign missions (see American Southern Methodist Episcopal Mission), and supporting local colleges. The new urban middle-class ministry increasingly left their country cousins far behind. As the historian of the transformation explains, "Denomination building—that is, the bureaucratization of religion in the late antebellum South—was an inherently innovative and forward-looking task. It was, in a word, modern."[5]

The returns for 1892 showed:[6]

  • Traveling preachers: 5,368
  • Local preachers: 6,481
  • White members: 1,282,750
  • Colored members: 357
  • Indian members: 10,759
    • TOTAL: 1,305,715
  • Sunday-schools: 13,426
  • SS teachers: 95,204
  • SS students: 754,223
  • Churches: 12,856
  • Value: $20,287,112

Methodist education had suffered during the Civil War, as most academies were closed. Some recovered in the late 19th century, but demand decreased as public education had been established for the first time by Reconstruction-era legislatures across the South. It was generally a segregated system, and racial segregation was established by law for public facilities under Jim Crow rules conditions in the late 19th century, after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures in the late 1870s.

In 1892 the Methodists had a total of 179 schools and colleges, all for white students. They had 892 teachers and 16,600 students, resulting in a high student/teacher ratio. The church in 1881 opened Holding Institute, which operated as a boarding school for nearly a century in Laredo, Texas. It instructed numerous students from Mexico during its years of operation.[7]

The colleges were in scarcely better condition, though philanthropy of the late 19th and early 20th centuries dramatically changed their development. Most were primarily high-school level academies offering a few collegiate courses. The dramatic exception was Vanderbilt University, at Nashville, with a million-dollar campus and an endowment of $900,000, thanks to the Vanderbilt family. Much smaller and poorer were Randolph-Macon College in Virginia, with its two affiliated fitting-schools and Woman's College; Emory College, in Atlanta (as the infusion of Candler family money was far in the future); Emory & Henry, in Southwest Virginia; Wofford, with its two fitting-schools, in South Carolina; Trinity, in North Carolina—soon to be endowed by the Duke family and change its name; Central, in Missouri; Southern, in Alabama; Southwestern, in Texas; Wesleyan, in Kentucky; Millsaps, in Mississippi; Centenary, in Louisiana; Hendrix, in Arkansas; and Pacific, in California.

The growing need for a theology school west of the Mississippi was not addressed until the founding of Southern Methodist University in Texas in 1911. The denomination also supported several women's colleges, although they were more like finishing schools or academies until the twentieth century. At that time, they were developed to meet the standards of new accrediting agencies, such as the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The oldest Methodist woman's college is Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia; other Methodist colleges that were formerly women's institutions are Lagrange College and Andrew College in Georgia, Columbia College in South Carolina, and Greensboro College in North Carolina.

In March 1900, the East Columbia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church-South purchased an existing school called Milton Academy, built by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Milton, Oregon. Renamed as Columbia College, it opened September 24, 1900 under Methodist leadership. Due to declining enrollment and lack of funds, the school was closed in 1925. First year enrollment was 131 pupils, under Dean W.C. Howard. The original wood building was replaced in 1910 by a four-story stone building. It has been adapted for use as the city hall of the combined cities of Milton-Freewater, Oregon.

In the 1930s, the MEC and the Methodist Protestant Church, other Methodist denominations still operating in the South, agreed to ordain women either as local elders and deacons (the MEC) or full clergy (the Methodist Protestant Church). The MEC, South did not ordain women as pastors at the time of the 1939 merger that formed The Methodist Church.


The MEC,S church was responsible for founding four of the South's top divinity schools: Vanderbilt Divinity School, Duke Divinity School, Candler School of Theology at Emory University and Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University. Vanderbilt severed its ties with the denomination in the early 1900s. Duke, Candler, and Perkins maintain a relationship with The United Methodist Church. All four enroll students who are primarily from mainline Protestant denominations, but religion is not a test for admittance. All four have a reputation for being politically progressive.

The denomination's publishing house, opened in 1854 in Nashville, Tennessee, eventually became the headquarters of The United Methodist Publishing House. See Abingdon Press and Cokesbury.

See also[edit]


  1. ^ Charles Elliott, Methodist Episcopal Church (1855). History of the Great Secession from the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Year 1845: eventuating in the organization of the new church, entitled the "Methodist Episcopal Church, South.". Swormstedt & Poe, for the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
  2. ^ David Young et al. (1860). The Methodist Almanac: 1861. p. 26. 
  3. ^ Alexander pp 71-72
  4. ^ Alexander p 110
  5. ^ Schweiger p. 85
  6. ^ Alexander p 133
  7. ^ "John H. McNeely, "Holding Institute"". The Handbook of Texas. Retrieved September 30, 2009. 


  • Carney, Charity R. Ministers and Masters: Methodism, Manhood, and Honor in the Old South. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2011.
  • Dickerson, Dennis C., Religion, Race, and Region: Research Notes on A.M.E. Church History Nashville, A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1995.
  • Morrow; Ralph E. Northern Methodism and Reconstruction 1956
  • Orchard, Vance, et al. Early History of the Milton-Freewater Area Valley Herald of Milton-Freewater, 1962
  • Schweiger; Beth Barton. The Gospel Working Up: Progress and the Pulpit in Nineteenth Century Virginia Oxford UP, 2000
  • Watkins, William Turner. Out of Aldersgate Nashville: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 1937.

Primary sources[edit]

  • Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. Sourcebook of American Methodism (1982)
  • Young, David et al (1860). The Methodist Almanac: 1861. , esp. statistical data on p 26 for 1859

External links[edit]