@article {65589, title = {The effect of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems: an organism to ecosystem perspective}, journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics}, volume = {41}, year = {2010}, pages = {127-147}, abstract = {Ocean acidification (OA), a consequence of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, poses a serious threat to marine organisms in tropical, open ocean, coastal, deep-sea, and high-latitude sea ecosystems. The diversity of taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from seawater are at particularly high risk. Here we review the rapidly expanding literature concerning the biological and ecological impacts of OA on calcification, using a cross-scale, process-oriented approach. In comparison to calcification, we find that areas such as fertilization, early life-history stages, and interaction with synergistic stressors are understudied. Although understanding the long-term consequences of OA are critical, available studies are largely short-term experiments that do not allow for tests of long-term acclimatization or adaptation. Future research on the phenotypic plasticity of contemporary organisms and interpretations of performance in the context of current environmental heterogeneity of pCO2 will greatly aid in our understanding of how organisms will respond to OA in the future.}, keywords = {disturbance, MCR}, author = {Hofmann, G. E. and Barry, J. P. and Edmunds, P.J. and Gates, R. D. and Hutchins, D. A. and Klinger, T. and Sewell, M. A.} } @article {81039, title = {A laboratory-based, experimental system for the study of ocean acidification effects on marine invertebrate larvae}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {441-452}, keywords = {SBC}, doi = {10.4319/lom.2010.8.441}, author = {Fangue, N A and O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Michael J and Sewell, M. A. and Matson, Paul G and MacPherson, A C and Hofmann, Gretchen E} } @article {81062, title = {Ocean acidification alters skeletogenesis and gene expression in larval sea urchins}, volume = {398}, year = {2010}, pages = {157-171}, keywords = {SBC}, doi = {10.3354/meps08346}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Michael J and Todgham, A. E. and Sewell, M. A. and Hammond, LaTisha M and Ruggiero, K and Fangue, N A and Zippay, M L and Hofmann, Gretchen E} }