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<!DOCTYPE book [
<!ENTITY % eclent SYSTEM "ecl.ent">
<book xmlns="" version="5.0" xml:lang="en">
<chapter xml:id="The-interpreter">
<title>The Interpreter</title>
<para>Former versions of &ECL;, as well as many other lisps, used linked lists to
represent code. As of version 0.3 a bytecodes compiler and a bytecodes
interpreter were developed to circumvent the limitations of linked lists.</para>
<para>When you enter code at the lisp prompt, or when you load a source file,
&ECL; begins a process known as minimal compilation. Barely this
process consists on parsing each form, macroexpanding it and translating
it into an intermediate language made of <emphasis>bytecodes</emphasis>.</para>
<para>The bytecodes compiler is implemented in <filename>src/c/compiler.d</filename>. The main
entry point is the lisp function <literal>SI::MAKE-LAMBDA</literal>, which takes a
name for the function and the body of the lambda lists, and produces a
lisp object that can be invoked. For instance,</para>
&gt; (defvar fun (si::make-lambda 'f '((x) (1+ x))))
&gt; (funcall fun 2)
<para>&ECL; can only execute bytecodes. When a list is passed to <literal>EVAL</literal> it
must be first compiled to bytecodes and, if the process succeeds, then the
resulting bytecodes are passed to the interpreter. Similarly, every time a
function object is created, such as in <literal>DEFUN</literal> or <literal>DEFMACRO</literal>, the
bytecodes compiler processes the lambda form to produce a suitable bytecodes
<para>The fact that &ECL; performs this eager compilation means that changes on
a macro are not immediately seen in code which was already compiled. This has
subtle implications. Take the following code:<screen>
&gt; (defmacro f (a b) `(+ ,a ,b))
&gt; (defun g (x y) (f x y))
&gt; (g 1 2)
&gt; (defmacro f (a b) `(- ,a ,b))
&gt; (g 1 2)
<para role="continues">The last statement always outputs <literal>3</literal> while in former
implementations based on processing of lambda lists it would produce <literal>-1</literal>.</para>
  Local variables:
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  sgml-indent-step: 1
  nxml-child-indent: 1
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  fill-column: 79