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Writing a scientific paper

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Writing a scientific paper

  1. 1. Writing a Scientific Paper Dr. Bhaswat S. Chakraborty
  2. 2. Writing WellTrue ease in writing comes from art, not chanceAs those who move easiest have learnt to dance Alexander Pope
  3. 3. The Recipe Construct an introduction that puts your work in context for your readers  Tell them why it is important  Tell them why it is relevant Materials and methods  Leave readers in no doubt (about) what you did  Write it such that they can reproduce your work if they want to Present your results so that  Easily Understood  Graphs & figures tell most of results Discuss your findings  Enabling readers appreciate the implications of the work
  4. 4. A Reliable Structure of Writing I keep six honest serving men (They taught me all I know), Their names are What and Why and When, And How and Where and Who? Rudyard Kipling
  5. 5. What is Your Reason to Publish? It is unethical to conduct a study and not report the findings You have some results that are worth reporting You want to progress scientific thought or improve health outcomes You want your work to reach a broad audience Your track record will improve You will add credibility to your and your team’s reputation You will improve your chance of promotion You are more likely to obtain research grants
  6. 6. Managing yourMINIMIZE AVOID Steven Covey
  7. 7. What about Creativity? You should allow yourself to get into a writing mood. Finish the background reading, the review of the literature, and the work to date. You know it inside out. Relax. Take deep breaths. Just let it flow. Many people find music a help but choose carefully ... Wear comfortable clothes; a sweater and jeans are fine. Anthony David
  8. 8. Basic Technique of Scientific Writing Thought  Having some worthwhile results and ideas to publish. You need some new results to publish and you need to be able to interpret them correctly Structure  Getting the right contents & expressions in the right place Style  Choosing the fewest and most appropriate words and using the rules of good grammar
  9. 9. That’s All Fine …… but how do i… Getting started  Plan your paper  Choose an appropriate journal  Prepare your paper in the correct format  Make decisions about authorship  Decide who is a contributor and who should be acknowledged
  10. 10. Organizing aPaper
  11. 11. A Draft
  12. 12. Deciding a Journal Use experience Match your paper with the personality and scope of the journal Match your subject with the journal’s target audience Consider the impact factor and citation index of the journal Weigh up the journal prestige, the likelihood of acceptance and the likely time until publication Have realistic expectations Scan the journals for one that matches your content and study design Be robust and, if rejected, select another journal
  13. 13. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
  14. 14. What Exactly is to be Included While reporting an RCT  See Appendix 1 of your handout
  15. 15. Vancouver Guidelines of Authorshipa. substantial contributions to conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data; and tob. drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content,c. final approval of the version to be publishedConditions a, b, and c must all be met. Any part of an article critical toits main conclusions must be the responsibility of at least one author.Editors may require authors to justify the assignment of authorship.
  16. 16. Examples of Contribution Conception and design of the study Implementation and data collection Library searches and assembling relevant literature Database management Analysis and interpretation of the data Writing and critical review of the paper Supervising writing of a paper by a student
  17. 17. Writing the Paper Order your material Construct a neat abstract Write an effective introduction Describe your methods so that other researchers could repeat your study Report your results precisely Make your discussion relevant and interesting
  18. 18. Example of a Good Abstract
  19. 19. IntroductionParagraph 1: What we know o w ’t kn 2: n h do g rap t we P ara WhaParagraph 3: Why we did this study
  20. 20. Know the Scope of Your ReportingRandomized Controlled Trials Compares the effect of a new treatment with an existing or placebo treatment Participants are allocated to study groups using a formal randomization process Randomization minimizes the effects of bias and confounding on the results
  21. 21. Materials & Methods  Ethics approval  DescribedCentral principle  Study design  Design, randomization (blinding …), Every sample size, optimization, justification measurement  Participants  Population sampled from, reported in the inclusion/exclusion, sampling scheme results section  Interventions must have a  Clinical assessment description of  Primary & Secondary  Efficacy as well as safety the method used  Statistical analysis to obtain it  Baseline treatment, data censoring, model selection, tests, levels of significance
  22. 22. Materials & Methods Enable reader (user) to duplicate the study OR Enable reader to validate the study
  24. 24. Results Paragraph 1:  Describe study sample  Who did you study? Paragraph 2:  Univariate analysis  How many participants had what? Paragraph 3 to n-1:  Bivariate analyses  What is the relation between the outcome and explanatory variables? Last paragraph/s:  Multivariate analyses  What is the result when the confounders and effect modifiers have been taken into account?
  25. 25. Results:AnExample
  26. 26. Figures & Tables No more than six tables or figures Use Table 1 for sample characteristics (no p values) Put most important findings in a figure
  27. 27. Graphs & Figures Central Principle  Show your most important findings as graphs and figures  Let your graphs & figures not take up much more space than reporting the data would Symbols, abbreviations, hatching, line types, and bars  Very clear and explained in detail without cluttering the picture  Legend should be comprehensive so that the figure can be fully understood without recourse to reading explanatory text What is useful in oral presentations, may not be useful in published journal articles  e.g., pie charts
  28. 28. Tables Tables are best instruments for presenting numerical data Should not be too large If data require many rows or columns  Consider dividing the table into two Keep tables as simple and uncluttered as possible Row and column headings should be brief but sufficiently explanatory Standard abbreviations of units of measurements should be added in parentheses
  29. 29. Discussion Paragraph 1:  What did this study show?  Address the aims stated in the Introduction Paragraph 2:  Strengths and weaknesses  of methods Paragraph 3 to n-1:  Discuss how the results support the current literature  or refute current knowledge Last paragraph/s:  Future directions  “So what?” and “where next?”  Impact on current thinking or practice
  30. 30. Discussion “Say what your findings mean, not what you would like them to mean or think they ought to mean” Reiterate your main findings but in the context of furthering knowledge or impacting on patient care, public health policy, or future research Be honest about any limitations of your study, to explain how your findings fit in with established knowledge, and to explain any inconsistencies If you are very knowledgeable in the topic, you may have a lot to discuss. That’s OK – just write succinctly and stay in focus
  31. 31. Finishing up Your Paper Write a short, snappy title Select and quote references correctly Maximize the value of the peer review process Package your paper appropriately Send your paper to a journal Store your data and your documentation
  32. 32. Ways to Write a Title Titles that give independent variable, dependent variable, and population:  Effect of asthma on linear growth in children  Asthma and linear growth in children  Final height attainment of asthmatic children Titles that pose a question:  Does asthma reduce linear growth?  Are asthmatic children shorter than non-asthmatic children? Titles that give the answer to the question:  Asthma is negatively associated with growth in height during adolescence  Linear growth deficit in asthmatic children
  33. 33. References All citations must be accurate Include only the most important, most rigorous, and most recent literature Quote only published journal articles or books Never quote “second hand Cite only 20–35 references
  34. 34. Responding to the Reviewers’ Comments  See Appendix 2 of your handout
  35. 35. A Few Simple Rules for Effective WritingRule 1 Use concrete rather than vague language.  Vague The weather was of an extreme nature on the West coast.  Concrete California had very cold weather last week.Rule2 Use active voice whenever possible. Active voice means thesubject is performing the verb.  Active Barry hit the ball.  Passive The ball was hit.  Notice that the responsible party may not even appear when using passive voice.
  36. 36. Rules (Contd..) Rule 3 Avoid overusing there is, there are, it is, it was, etc.  Example There is a case of meningitis that was reported in the newspaper.  Correction A case of meningitis was reported in the newspaper.  Better The newspaper reported a case of meningitis. (Active voice). Rule 4 To avoid confusion, dont use two negatives to make a positive.  Correct He is willing to help.  Incorrect He is not unwilling to help.
  37. 37. Rules (Contd..) Rule 5 Use similar grammatical form when offering several ideas. This is called parallel construction.  Correct: You should check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation.  Incorrect You should check your spelling, grammar, and punctuating. Rule 6 If you start a sentence with an action, place the actor immediately after or you will have created the infamous dangling modifier.  Correct While walking across the street, she was hit by a bus. OR She was hit by a bus while walking across the street.  Incorrect While walking across the street, the bus hit her.
  38. 38. Rules (Contd..) Rule 7 Place modifiers near the words they modify.  Correct In my lunch bag, I have some pound cake that Esha baked.  Incorrect I have some pound cake Esha baked in my lunch bag . Rule 8 A sentence fragment occurs when you have only a phrase or weak clause but are missing a strong clause.  Example of Sentence Fragment After the show ended.  Example of Sentence After the show ended, we got a cup of coffee.
  39. 39. The Thrill of getting AcceptedSeeing your name in print is such an amazing concept:you get so much attention without having to actuallyshow up somewhere… There are many obviousadvantages to this. You don’t have to dress up, forinstance, and you can’t hear them boo you straight away. Anne Lamott
  40. 40. Much of the presented materialsare based on the writing tipsgiven in British Medical Journal
  41. 41. Acknowledgements  Diptiman Roy  Mansukh Gajera