خروس کولی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
پرش به ناوبری پرش به جستجو
خروس کولی
Northern Lapwing new.jpg
وضعیت بقا
فرمانرو: جانوران
شاخه: طنابداران
رده: پرندگان
راسته: سلیم‌سانان
تیره: سلیمیان
سرده: بادزنک‌ها
Species: V. vanellus
نام علمی
Vanellus vanellus
(لینه، ۱۷۵۸)

Tringa vanellus Linnaeus, 1758

Vanellus vanellus

خروس کولی (نام علمی: Vanellus vanellus) پرنده‌ای است آبچر که در مناطق معتدل آسیای میانه زندگی می‌کند و در زمستان، به صورت دسته‌های چند تایی و اغلب در طول روز به سمت سرزمین‌های جنوبی تا شمال آفریقا، ایران، پاکستان، شمال هند و بخش‌هایی از چین مهاجرت می‌کند.

خروس کولی در کشتزارها، علفزارها یا مناطقی با پوشش گیاهی کوتاه به تولید مثل می‌پردازد. این پرنده زمین را خراشیده و ۳-۴ تخم را درون آن می‌گذارد و در صورت مواجه با مزاحمین حالتی تهاجمی به خود گرفته و با سرو صدای بسیار از لانه و جوجه‌هایش دفاع می‌کند.

طول خروس کولی ۲۸-۳۱ سانتی‌متر و گشودگی بال‌هایش ۶۷-۷۲ سانتی‌متر است. بال‌ها حالتی گردشده داشته و پاها در مقایسه با دیگر پرندگان این گروه بسیار کوتاه هستند. پرها اغلب به رنگ سیاه و سفید هستند و پرهای پشتی سایه‌ای سبز دارند. همچنین پرنده دارای کاکلی بر روی سرش می‌باشد. پرندگان جوان و ماده‌ها بال‌های کوچکتری در مقایسه با نرها دارند و نقوش روی سرشان نیز کمتر است اما از نظر پرهای تزئینی تفاوتی با یکدیگر ندارند.


Northern lapwing
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
V. vanellus
Binomial name
Vanellus vanellus
Northern Lapwing.png
Global map of sightings reported on eBird     Year-Round Range     Summer Range     Winter Range

Tringa vanellus Linnaeus, 1758 Vanellus cristatus Meyer[2] Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein[2]

Alarmed in flowery meadow on Texel, the Netherlands






The name lapwing has been variously attributed to the "lapping" sound its wings make in flight, from the irregular progress in flight due to its large wings (the Oxford English Dictionary derives this from an Old English word meaning "to totter"),[4] or from its habit of drawing potential predators away from its nest by trailing a wing as if broken. The names peewit, pewit, tuit or tew-it are onomatopaeic and refer to the bird's characteristic call.[5]

The scientific name Vanellus is Medieval Latin for the northern lapwing and derives from vannus a winnowing fan.[6]



Display calls, Surrey, England





Population decline

Chick in the Netherlands
Egg – MHNT

National surveys of England and Wales have shown a population decline between 1987 and 1998, and since 2009 the northern lapwing has had red list conservation status in the United Kingdom.[8] The numbers of this species have been adversely affected by intensive agricultural techniques. In the lowlands this includes the loss of rough grassland, conversion to arable or improved grassland, loss of mixed farms, and switch from spring- to autumn-sown crops. In the uplands, the losses may have been due to increases in grazing density. Natural England gives grant aid to help restore lapwing habitat within its Environmental Stewardship Scheme. The organisation suggests an option within this scheme called 'Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds'. Uncropped plots at least 2 ha (4.9 acres) in size provide nesting habitat and are located in suitable arable fields, which provide additional foraging habitat. Locating the plots within 2 km (1.2 mi) of extensively grazed grassland will provide additional foraging habitat. The plots are cultivated in the spring to produce a rough fallow, which is retained without the input of fertiliser or pesticides.[9] In addition to agricultural intensification and land-use change, predation of nests and chicks contributes to wader declines, including of lapwing. By radio-tagging lapwing chicks, and using automatic radio tracking systems, the timing of chick predation can be revealed, which provides additional insights in to the importance of different predators. Lapwing chicks are predated both in the day and at night, with mammalian predators having the greatest impact.[10]

In Armenia, the population decline and loss of breeding habitats was also documented; the threats are thought to be intensification of land use and hunting, but further investigations for threat clarification are required.[11]

Cultural significance

Harvesting eggs

"Plover's eggs" were an expensive delicacy in Victorian Europe, mentioned in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited, about aristocratic British society in 1920–40. In the Netherlands, there is a cultural-historical competition to find the first peewit egg of the year (het eerste kievietsei). It is especially popular in the province Friesland, but there are also regional competitions. Gathering peewit eggs is prohibited by the European Union, but Friesland was granted an exception for cultural-historical reasons. The Frisian exception was removed in 2005 by a court, which determined that the Frisian executive councillors had not properly followed procedure.[12][13] As of 2006 looking for peewit eggs is permitted between 1 March and 9 April, though harvesting the eggs is now forbidden. In 2008 the first egg was found on 3 March, in Eemnes, Utrecht,[14] and the first egg of 2009 was found on 8 March.[15] Over the last century, the first peewit egg has been found earlier and earlier in the year. This is ascribed to both increased use of fertiliser and climate change, causing the growth of grass needed for egg laying to occur earlier.[16]


The bird referred to in English translations of Ovid's Metamorphoses, book 6, as lapwing[17] is probably the northern lapwing. Tereus is turned into an epops (6.674); Ovid presumably had the hoopoe in mind, whose crest indicates his royal status and whose long, sharp beak is a symbol of his violent nature.


  1. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Vanellus vanellus (amended version of 2016 assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T22693949A111044786. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693949A111044786.en. Downloaded on 15 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b Vanellus vanellus in UK Species Inventory (access-date 2019-06-05).
  3. ^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1986). The Birds of Canada (Revised ed.). National Museum of Natural Sciences. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-660-10758-5.
  5. ^ "Peewit". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  7. ^ "Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus". oiseaux-birds].
  8. ^ British Trust for Ornithology - Lapwing

External links