Archive | March 2013

A Message from the PI

Today we have a post by Dr. Candice (Candy) Hansen, principal investigator (PI) of Planet Four. Dr. Hansen also serves as the Deputy Principal Investigator for HiRISE (the camera providing the images of spiders, fans, and blotches seen on the site). She is also a Co-Investigator on the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph on the Cassini spacecraft in orbit around Saturn. Additionally she is a  member of the science team for the Juno mission to Jupiter. Dr. Hansen is responsible for the development and operation of  JunoCam, an outreach camera that will involve the public in planning images of Jupiter.

Dear Citizen Science Colleagues,

I have been lurking on the chat pages and reading your comments and thoroughly enjoying this whole experience.  It is hard to believe that just last December Arfon and I were still drawing diagrams on napkins.  Now we have a Zooniverse project underway!

Anya and Michael and I have been discussing this project for several years; Meg and I actually discussed this concept when she was still a graduate student.  We were always daunted by the sheer amount of image processing we would have to do.

So now with all of your help we will be able to move forward.  The spring season on Mars is a very non-terrestrial experience, as you have seen as you’ve looked at the images.  The channels we see carved in the surface are there because the dry ice seasonal polar cap goes directly from solid to gas, and that pressurized gas erodes the surface.   The eroded surface material is carried up out onto the surface of the seasonal ice and is deposited in the fans that you have been identifying and measuring.

We want to learn more about this unearthly process, so with your help we will now be able to calculate our first result – the number of fans that erupt as the spring goes by.  The overall number of fans as time passes records the level of activity as the overlying ice thickness and level of sunlight changes.

Our objectives that are associated with understanding the weather in the spring will take longer to tease out.  We will keep you posted as we make progress.

When an image cutout has been reviewed by 100 people it is retired.  At this point you have completed the analysis of 34% of the 42,903 image cutouts.  75% of the cutouts have been reviewed by more than 50 people.

You have been analyzing images from the second and third spring seasons observed by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.   We will have images from the first spring ready to go soon, and those from year 4 in another month or two.

We have ideas for other projects – we hope you will continue to enjoy working with us.  Your effort and enthusiasm are really an inspiration to us!


Dr. Candice Hansen

Let’s talk about color

Here at PlanetFour we are really happy to share with you color images taken with the HiRISE camera. But we should have written one disclaimer somewhere a long time ago:

HiRISE is a great camera, but it, unfortunately, does not show you the martian surface in the colors that you would see with your own naked eyes.

If you would find yourself on Mars (lucky you!) things would look different. Sorry for this, but actually, no camera, even here on Earth, does show you exactly the same as what you see. You might be familiar with the situation when two different cameras take two images in the same setting and one image turns out reddish while the other one – totally greenish. Why is that? The answer lies in the way cameras, or more strictly saying camera detectors, create color images.

Let’s start from creating a black and white image. This is fairly simple: each pixel of our CCD is sensitive to light, i.e. the more light it gets the higher digital number it records. When you arrange many of pixels next to each other and place them all in front of a contrast scene, dark areas will get small numbers, bright areas – large numbers, and you have created a digital image of the scene. This image contains only intensity information and no color information. In real life most standard CCD cameras are sensitive in the wide visible range with enhancement in the red side of the spectrum.

By the way, our eyes have something like a CCD: the retina, an array of cells sensitive to light. For example, an array of rod cells would most closely resemble a black and white CCD. Rods are very sensitive and allow us to see in rather dim light, but only in shades of gray. Additionally, we have a set of cone cells of three different types. These are not as sensitive as rod cells and highly specialized: each type is sensitive to different parts of the visual spectra, Red, Green and Blue. Combination of the signals from these gives us color vision.

As one can see on the plot below, the standard CCD’s spectrum coverage is larger compared to the human eye and it is more sensitive in the red side of the spectrum. Human vision coverage is shown here separately for scotopic vision (means vision with rod cells, i.e. in low light conditions) and photopic (with cone cells, i.e. color vision.)


The figure is from

To create a color image HiRISE combines images from three CCDs each of which has a color filter placed in front of it. For a realistic color image we would ideally want to combine Red, Green and Blue images. Or any other set of colors that, when mixed, can reproduce the full color spectrum available to the human eye.

In reality HiRISE has Red, Infra-Red and Greenish-Blue filters. The scientific team of the camera selected this set of colors to be able to distinguish different minerals in the top surface of Mars from each other but also for some technical reasons.  It is hard (and expensive) to make a CCD sensitive in the blue side of the spectrum. It is also hard to produce filters that let only very narrow spectral band to pass through. This is why the HiRISE Blue filter is slightly greenish.

If one simply merges the available HiRISE filters together, the result is similar to the left side of the image below. Here the Red channel carries the IR image from HiRISE, the Green channel the Red HiRISE image, and the Blue channel the Green-Blue HiRISE image. And they all are scaled in such a way, that their maximum and minimums are the same (what we call “normalized”). One can see in a small diagram in the top left corner the histograms for the three channels, each drawn in the color they represent. And where they overlap, the color tells you the resulting color of the mix. Because green and blue channels are so similar (HiRISE IR and Red filters are overlapping), our image is mostly yellow-green.

ESP_011671_0935_IRB_and_RGB copy

On the right side you see more realistic RGB image created by the HiRISE team to give us better color impression. Smart computer code written by HiRISE engineers artificially created a synthetic green channel from the information available in the three real HiRISE channels. It also slightly increased the “weight” of blue and green channels while putting the three new channels together. In this image it helps to highlight the bluish fans. In other cases it might be useful to increase only blue (or maybe red?) to highlight other features, like minerals in the ground. We can see the effect of these changes in the histogram in the top right corner – red channel stayed mostly same, while blue and green are now narrow and tall, actually off the charts on this plot.

The conclusion? The color information in the images you see in this project is real. The way this information is put together to create a color image varies from image to image. This makes it harder to compare colors between different images, but easier to see features inside each image. There is always a tradeoff, always. For now, let’s admire our pretty color images one at a time. With a pinch of colourful salt.

by Anya Portyankina and Klaus-Michael Aye