By Guest Author 19/04/2018

Aurelien Forget, Queensland University of Technology; Darling Rojas-Canales, University of Adelaide, and Tim Dargaville, Queensland University of Technology


We have developed “smart egg-carton” packages for transporting live human pancreas cells for transplantation to diabetic patients. The egg-cartons provide oxygen and allow physical separation to prevent damage and death to the cells – known as islet cells – during transport.

Besides a whole pancreas transplant (which has a high mortality rate), currently the only cure for diabetes is islet cell transplantation. It’s a procedure available to patients with complicated Type 1 diabetes.

Although hundreds of patients have successfully received donor islet cells, the rates of cell survival and effective transplantation would be vastly improved if more cells survived the initial removal and transport phases. Our technology addresses this issue.

Islet transplantation can cure diabetes

In a patient suffering from Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas is not able to produce insulin, the hormone responsible for glucose metabolism. As a result, these patients need to constantly monitor their blood glucose levels, and adjust these with insulin injections throughout the day.

Instability in blood glucose levels has significant implications for the patient’s health in the long term, mainly due to changes in very small blood vessels that lead to diseases of the eye, kidney, nerves and cardiovascular system.

Blood sugar variation of diabetic patients. Typical blood glucose levels of Type 1 diabetic patients (blue line) well outside the normal maximal level (red line) and minimal level (green line).
A. Forget


Normally, insulin is produced by β-cells (pronounced as “beta cells”). β-cells exist in the pancreas in a packed group of cells called the “islets of Langerhans”, or islets for short. Along with the β-cells, other cells within the islet also produce unique and specific hormones. Together these cells act to regulate blood glucose levels.

The idea of transplanting healthy islets to diabetic patients became a reality in the late 1980s, when Dr Camillo Ricordi devised a workable method for isolating the required amounts of these cells. Now with improvements in anti-rejection drug therapy, islet transplantation is used to treat Type 1 diabetes: hundreds of patients worldwide have received a transplant.

Islet transplantation requires a single keyhole surgery to precisely position the islets within the patient’s abdomen, and a quick recovery usually follows.

A drawing of the five different cells that make up an islet in the pancreas, including β-cells in blue, shown next to a microscopic image of isolated human islets (stained with the dye dithizione).
A. Forget & D. Rojas-Canales

High demand but low availability

Like any transplantation, islet transplantation is hamstrung by the small number of organ donors and an increasing population suffering from diabetes (worldwide over 425 million people).

But there’s another limiting factor – once separated from the pancreas, islets are extremely fragile and up to 35% will perish before being transplanted.

Improving the survival of islets pre-transplantation is expected to dramatically improve the availability and clinical outcomes for patients.

Patrick (Toby) Coates, Director of Renal and Islet Transplantation at the Royal Adelaide Hospital said:

If we could preserve more islets pre-transplantation, patients would in most cases require only one transplant, when today we need multiple organ donors and transplants to treat one diabetic patient.

The number of transplants varies year to year due to the number of donors (deceased people who have agreed to organ donation), and the immunological matching of the donors to the patients.

Number of islet transplants in the last 15 years in Australia and New Zealand.
Data from Australia New Zealand Islet and Pancreatic Transplant Registry

Treating more patients: a logistic challenge

When a pancreas is collected from a donor, a specific procedure is required to extract the islets located within the pancreas. This isolation can only be performed in a sterile facility (protected from contamination) equipped with precision equipment.

In Australia, like in other countries, the isolation is centralised in Melbourne and Sydney and the islets are then shipped to the different transplantation centres. But because islets are composed of cells with a very high rate of metabolism, they need a lot of nutrients and oxygen. Without these, the cells won’t generate insulin and the other hormones used in the regulation of blood glucose levels.

Once disconnected from the blood vessels in the host person, islets quickly begin to starve and asphyxiate, both of which lower chances of cell survival.

Improving islet transport

Many laboratories around the world are trying to extend the shelf-life of islets. We have developed two brand new technologies to address the causes of islet death during transport – provision of oxygen, and protection from physical damage.

The first development is an inexpensive coating that releases oxygen once in contact with the islets. We have shown the coating can provide enough oxygen for animal β-cells to survive in a low-oxygen environment (as is encountered during transport). We hope soon to translate this technology for human cell conservation and transport.

But this is not the only challenge: the movement of islets during transport can also cause damage. Currently, islets are transported in bags where the islets are freely floating in a solution composed of the required cell nutrients. As the bags move, islets are shaken and bounce onto each other. These interactions can destroy the islets.

After trying different biomaterials and testing several packaging shapes, we developed an egg-carton-like packaging. This segregates the spherical islets from each other, and maintains their viability during transport.

The lead image shows an overlay of two images obtained using fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. Sitting within the wells of the “egg carton” are the bright green-stained islet cells.

Hope for the future

We have used this technology to successfully transport animal and human islet cells between Melbourne and Adelaide by plane, which took on average six hours from door to door. Our egg-carton package improved islet survival.

Translating this technology to the clinic will hopefully improve islet survival during shipping, and give access to islet transplantation to a larger population. This technology needs now to be scaled up to accommodate the 500,000 islets required to cure a patient.

But a bigger challenge remains: improving the long-term survival of islets after transplantation. New biomaterials and advanced engineering solutions could also help us tackle this issue, including the development of scaffolds that enhance delivery of nutrients and oxygen access from the blood vessel to the islets after transplantation.

In the words of our collaborator Bernie Tuch at the University of Sydney:

The ConversationAdvanced medical devices made of biocompatible materials which could protect the islets after implantation could further improve the transplantation procedure and allow more patients to benefit from this treatment.

Aurelien Forget, Associate Lecturer in Macromolecular Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology; Darling Rojas-Canales, Senior Scientist, University of Adelaide, and Tim Dargaville, ARC Future Fellow, A/Prof Polymer Chemistry, Queensland University of Technology


Image: Isolated pancreas cells stained bright green are shown sitting in the wells of the transport “egg carton”. Aurelien Forget , Author provided