Wikipedia's Alawites as translated by GramTrans

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Zulfiqar kun inskription.png
Zulfiqar, stiligita reprezentado de la glavo de Ali ibn Abi Talib, estas grava simbolo por Alawites
Totala populacio
2,600,000 (2002 takso), 3,400,000 (2017 takso) [1]
Ibn Nuṣayr [2] kaj Al-Khaṣībī [3]
Regionoj kun signifaj populacioj
Sirio ≈1.5 [4] —3 milionoj [5]
Turkio ≈500,000 [6] —1 milionoj [7]
Libano ≈180,000-200,000 [8] [9] [10]
Germanio ≈70,000 [11] [12]
Libano/ Golan-Altaĵoj 3,900 vivas en Ghajar
Aŭstralio 2% de Liban-naskitaj homoj en Aŭstralio [13]
Araba, turka

La Alavitoj, ankaŭ igis kiel Alawites ( araba: علوية Alawīyyah), estas sinkreta sekto de la Twelver filio de Ŝijaismo, ĉefe centrita en Sirio. La eponime nomita Alawites honoras Ali ibn Abi Talib (Ali ibn Abi Talib-ibn Abi Talib), konsideritan la unua Imamo de la Twelver-lernejo. Tamen, ili estas ĝenerale konsideritaj kiel Ghulat de la plej multaj aliaj sektoj de Ŝijaismo. [ citaĵo bezonis ] La sekto verŝajne estis fondita fare de Ibn Nusayr dum la 9-a jarcento, kaj plene establita kiel religio. Tial, Alawites foje estas nomita Nusayris ( araba: نصيرية Nuṣayrīyyah), kvankam la esprimo estis utiligita kiel pejorativa en la moderna epoko. Alia nomo, " Ansari " ( araba: انصارية Anṣāriyyah), verŝajne estas mistransliterumo de "Nusayri". Hodiaŭ, Alawites reprezentas 11 procentojn de la siria populacio kaj estas signifa malplimulto en Turkio kaj norda Libano. Ekzistas ankaŭ populacio vivanta en la vilaĝo de Ghajar en la Golan-montoj. Ili ofte estas konfuzitaj kun la Alevis de Turkio. Alaŭitoj formas la dominan religieman grupon sur la siria marbordo kaj urboj proksime de la marbordo kiuj ankaŭ estas loĝitaj fare de sunaistoj, kristanoj, kaj Ismailis.

Alaŭitoj historie retenis siajn kredojn sekretaj de eksteruloj kaj ne-iniciatis Alawites, tiel ke onidiroj pri ili ekestis. Arabaj raportoj pri iliaj kredoj tendencas esti partiaj (aŭ pozitive aŭ negative). [14] Tamen, ekde la fruaj 2000-aj jaroj, okcidenta stipendio sur la Alawite-religio faris signifajn progresojn. [15] Ĉe la kerno de Alawite-kredo estas dia triado, konsistante el tri aspektoj de tiu dio. Tiuj aspektoj aŭ eliĝoj aperas cikle en homa formo dum historio.

The establishment of the French Mandate of Syria marked a turning point in Alawi history. It gave the French the power to recruit Syrian civilians into their armed forces for an indefinite period and created exclusive areas for minorities, including an Alawite State. The Alawite State was later dismantled, but the Alawites continued to be a significant part of the Syrian Armed Forces. Since Hafez al-Assad took power in the 1970 Corrective Movement, the government has been dominated by a political elite led by the Alawite Al-Assad family. During the Islamist uprising in Syria in the 1970s and 1980s the establishment came under pressure. Even greater pressure has resulted from the Syrian Civil War.






The Alawites are distinct from the Alevi religious sect in Turkey, although the terms share a common etymology and pronunciation.[21][22]




The origin of the Alawites is disputed. Local folklore suggests that they are descendants of the followers of the eleventh Imam, Hasan al-Askari (d. 873) and his pupil, Ibn Nusayr (d. 868).[23] During the 19th and 20th centuries, some Western scholars believed that Alawites were descended from ancient Middle Eastern peoples such as the Arameans, Canaanites, Hittites,[24][25] and Mardaites.[26] Many prominent Alawite tribes are also descended from 13th century settlers from Sinjar.[27]

The Alawi religious sect seems to have been organised by a follower of Muhammad Ibn Nusayr known as Al-Khaṣībī, who died in Aleppo about 969 AD.[28] In 1032 Al-Khaṣībī's grandson and pupil, al-Tabarani, moved to Latakia (then controlled by the Byzantine Empire). Al-Tabarani influenced the Alawite faith through his writings and by converting the rural population of the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range.[28]

According to Bar Hebraeus, many Alawites were killed when the Crusaders initially entered Syria in 1097; however, they tolerated them when they concluded they were not a truly Islamic sect.[29] Two prominent Alawite leaders in the following centuries, credited with uplifting the group, were Shaykhs al-Makzun (d. 1240) and al-Tubani (d. 1300), both originally from Mount Sinjar in modern Iraq.[29]

In the 14th century, the Alawites were forced by Mamluk ruler Baibars to build mosques in their settlements, to which they responded with token gestures described by the Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta.[30][31] During the reign of Selim I, of the Ottoman Empire, the Alawites would again experience significant persecution.[32]

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire oppressed the Alawites,[33] attempting to convert them to Sunni Islam.[34] The Alawis rose up against the Ottomans on several occasions, and maintained their autonomy in their mountains.[35]



During the 18th century, the Ottomans employed a number of Alawite leaders as tax collectors under the iltizam system. Between 1809 and 1813, Mustafa Agha Barbar, the governor of Tripoli, attacked the Kalbiyya Alawites with "marked savagery."[37] Some Alawites supported Ottoman involvement in the Egyptian-Ottoman Wars of 1831-1833 and 1839-1841,[38] and had careers in the Ottoman army or as Ottoman governors.[39]


Early in the 20th century the mainly-Sunni Ottoman leaders were bankrupt and losing the political power, and the Alawites were poor peasants.[41][42] Alawites were not allowed to testify in court until after World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.[43]

French Mandate period



When French authorities heard about the meeting, they sent a force to arrest Saleh al-Ali. He and his men ambushed and defeated the French forces at Al-Shaykh Badr, inflicting more than 35 casualties.[44] After this victory al-Ali began organising his Alawite rebels into a disciplined force, with its own general command and military ranks.

The Al-Shaykh Badr skirmish began the Syrian Revolt of 1919.[44][45] Al-Ali responded to French attacks by laying siege to (and occupying) al-Qadmus, from which the French had conducted their military operations against him.[44] In November, General Henri Gouraud mounted a campaign against Saleh al-Ali's forces in the An-Nusayriyah Mountains. His forces entered al-Ali's village of Al-Shaykh Badr, arresting many Alawi leaders; however, Al-Ali fled to the north. When a large French force overran his positions, he went underground.[44]


Alawite State

Multicoloured map
Map of French Mandate states in 1921-22 (Alawite State in purple)

When the French began to occupy Syria in 1920,[47] an Alawite State was created in the coastal and mountain country comprising most Alawite villages; the French justified this by citing differences between the "backwards" mountain people and the mainstream Sunnis. The division also intended to protect the Alawite people from more-powerful majorities, such as the Sunnis.

The French also created microstates, such as Greater Lebanon for the Maronite Christians and Jabal al-Druze for the Druze. Aleppo and Damascus were also separate states.[48] Under the Mandate many Alawite chieftains supported a separate Alawite nation, and tried to convert their autonomy into independence.


The region was home to a mostly-rural, heterogeneous population. The landowning families and 80 percent of the population of the port city of Latakia were Sunni Muslim; however, in rural areas 62 percent of the population were Alawite peasants. There was considerable Alawite separatist sentiment in the region,[50] evidenced by a 1936 letter signed by 80 Alawi leaders addressed to the French Prime Minister which said that the "Alawite people rejected attachment to Syria and wished to stay under French protection". Among the signatories was Sulayman Ali al-Assad, father of Hafez al-Assad.[50] Even during this time of increased Alawite rights, the situation was still so bad for the group that many females had to leave their homes to work for urban Sunnis.[51]

In May 1930, the Alawite State was renamed the Government of Latakia in one of the few concessions by the French to Arab nationalists before 1936.[50][50] Nevertheless, on 3 December 1936 the Alawite State was re-incorporated into Syria as a concession by the French to the Nationalist Bloc (the party in power in the semi-autonomous Syrian government). The law went into effect in 1937.[52]

Woman bent over, picking up leftover grain
Alawite woman gleaning in 1938



After Syrian independence

Syria became independent on 17 April 1946. In 1949, after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria experienced a number of military coups and the rise of the Ba'ath Party.



In 1970 Air Force General Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite, took power and instigated a "Correctionist Movement" in the Ba'ath Party. The coup of 1970 ended the political instability which had existed since independence.[54]Robert D. Kaplan compared Hafez al-Assad's coming to power to "an untouchable becoming maharajah in India or a Jew becoming tsar in Russia - an unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries".[47] In 1971 al-Assad declared himself president of Syria, a position the constitution at the time permitted only for Sunni Muslims. In 1973 a new constitution was adopted, replacing Islam as the state religion with a mandate that the president's religion be Islam, and protests erupted.[55] In 1974, to satisfy this constitutional requirement, Musa as-Sadr (a leader of the Twelvers of Lebanon and founder of the Amal Movement, who had unsuccessfully sought to unite Lebanese Alawites and Shiites under the Supreme Islamic Shiite Council)[56] issued a fatwa that Alawites were a community of Twelver Shiite Muslims.[57] Under the authoritarian, secular Assad government, religious minorities were tolerated more than before but political dissidents were not. In 1982, when the Muslim Brotherhood mounted an anti-government Islamist insurgency, Hafez Assad staged a military offensive against them known as the Hama massacre.

Syrian Civil War

During the Syrian Civil War, the Alawites have suffered as a result of their support for the Assad government against the mainly Sunni opposition, with up to a third of young Alawite men killed in the increasingly sectarian conflict.[58] Many Alawites fear a negative outcome for the government in the conflict would result in an existential threat to their community.[59]


Large group of people looking at the camera

Alawites have been described as "secretive"[5][17][60][61] and their beliefs have been described as "secret"[14] (Yaron Friedman, for example, in his scholarly work on the sect, has written that the Alawi religious material quoted in his book came only from "public libraries and printed books" since the "sacred writings" of the Alawi "are kept secret"[Note 1]); some tenets of the faith are kept secret from most Alawi and known only to a select few,[33][62] they have therefore been described as a mystical sect.[63]

Alawite beliefs have never been confirmed by their modern religious authorities.[64] Alawites tend to conceal their beliefs (taqiyya) due to historical persecution.[17]

Theology and practices

Alawis are self-described Shia Muslims, and have been called Shia by other sources[65][66] including the highly influential Lebanese Shia cleric Musa al-Sadr of Lebanon,[65][67] and Iranian religious and political leader Ruhollah Khomeini.[68][69][70] Although Alawites consider themselves to be Muslims,[60]Sunni Muslims generally dispute this due to theological differences.[71] The Alawites were not included in the Amman Message which was a global initiative from King Abdullah II of Jordan including scholars from within Sunni, Shia and Ibadi sects on the foundations of defining a Muslim.[72]

According to an article appeared on The Telegraph, the 1995 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World allegedly describes them as "extremist" Shi'ia whose "religious system separates them from Sunni Muslims," but also states that they "celebrate Mass, including consecration of bread and wine."[17]

Alawite doctrine incorporates Gnostic, neo-Platonic, Islamic, Christian and other elements and has, therefore, been described as syncretic.[15][73]


Their theology is based on a divine triad,[60][74][75] or trinity, which is the core of Alawite belief.[76] The triad comprises three emanations of the one God: the supreme aspect or entity called the "Essence"[76] or the "Meaning"[75] (both being translations of maʿnā), together with two lesser emanations known as his "Name" (ism), or "Veil" (ḥijāb), and his "Gate" (bāb).[74][75][76][77] These emanations have manifested themselves in different human forms over several cycles in history, the last cycle of which was as Ali (the Essence/Meaning), Muhammad (the Name) and Salman the Persian (the Gate).[74][76][77][78][79] Alawite belief is summarised in the formula: "I turn to the Gate; I bow before the Name; I adore the Meaning."[5][60]


Alawites hold that they were originally stars or divine lights that were cast out of heaven through disobedience and must undergo repeated reincarnation (or metempsychosis[76]) before returning to heaven.[60][77] They can be reincarnated as Christians or others through sin and as animals if they become infidels.[60][80]

Other beliefs

Other beliefs and practices include: the consecration of wine in a secret form of Mass only open to males; frequently being given Christian names; burying the dead in sarcophagi above ground; observing Kha b-Nisan (Nowruz or Akitu), Epiphany, Christmas[81] and the feast days of John Chrysostom and Mary Magdalene;[82] the only religious structures they have are the shrines of tombs;[83] the book Kitab al Majmu, which is allegedly a central source of Alawite doctrine; and the belief that women do not have souls.[84][85][86][87]

Bearded man with sword in his belt
Alawite man in Latakia, early 20th century


Some observers write that Alawi have not always considered themselves Muslim. Journalist Robert F. Worth argues that the idea that the Alawi religion as a branch of Islam is a rewriting of history made necessary by the French colonialists abandonment of the Alawi and departure from Syria. Worth describes the "first ... authentic source for outsiders about the religion" (written by Soleyman of Adana - a 19th-century Alawi convert to Christianity who broke his oath of secrecy on the religion) explaining that the Alawi (according to Soleyman) deified Ali, venerated Christ, Muhammad, Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle, and held themselves apart from Muslims and Christians, whom they considered heretics.[88]

In 1936, six Alawi notables fearing persecution of their religion, petitioned the French colonialists not to merge their Alawi enclave with the rest of Syria, insisting that "the spirit of hatred and fanaticism embedded in the hearts of the Arab Muslims against everything that is non-Muslim has been perpetually nurtured by the Islamic religion."[89] According to Worth, later fatwas declaring Alawi to be part of the Shia community were by Shia clerics "eager for Syrian Patronage" from Syria's Alawi president Hafez al-Assad who was eager for Islamic legitimacy in the face of the hostility of Syria's Muslim majority.[89]

Yaron Friedman does not suggest that Alawi did not consider themselves Muslims but does state that,



Opinions on position within Islam

The Sunni Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini issued a fatwa recognizing them as part of the Muslim community in the interest of Arab nationalism.[92][93]

However, Athari Sunni scholars such as the Syrian historian Ibn Kathir have categorised Alawites as pagans in their writings;[33][94][95] with Ibn Taymiyya arguably being the most virulent anti-Alawite in his fatwas[96] accusing them of aiding the Crusader and Mongol enemies of the Muslims.[97] Other Sunni scholars, such as Al-Ghazali, also approved of violence against Alawites, whom he considered as non-Muslims.[98]Benjamin Disraeli, in his novel Tancred, also expressed the view that Alawites are not Muslims.[99]

Historically, Twelver Shia scholars (such as Shaykh Tusi) didn't consider Alawites as Shia Muslims while condemning their heretical beliefs.[100]Ibn Taymiyyah also pointed out that Alawites were not Shi'ites.[101]

According to Matti Moosa,


Barry Rubin has suggested that Syrian leader Hafez al-Assad and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad pressed their fellow Alawites "to behave like 'regular Muslims', shedding (or at least concealing) their distinctive aspects".[103] During the early 1970s a booklet, al-'Alawiyyun Shi'atu Ahl al-Bait ("The Alawites are Followers of the Household of the Prophet") was published, which was "signed by numerous 'Alawi' men of religion", described the doctrines of the Imami Shia as Alawite.[104] Additionally, there has been a recent movement to unite Alawism and the other branches of Twelver Islam through educational exchange programs in Syria and Qom.[105]

Four women in traditional dress
Alawi women in Syria, early 20th century

Some sources have discussed the "Sunnification" of Alawites under the al-Assad regime.[106]Joshua Landis, director of the Center for Middle East Studies, writes that Hafiz al-Assad "tried to turn Alawites into 'good' (read Sunnified) Muslims in exchange for preserving a modicum of secularism and tolerance in society". On the other hand, Al-Assad "declared the Alawites to be nothing but Twelver Shiites".[106] In a paper, "Islamic Education in Syria", Landis wrote that "no mention" is made in Syrian textbooks (controlled by the Al-Assad regime) of Alawites, Druze, Ismailis or Shia Islam; Islam was presented as a monolithic religion.[107]


We are Alawi Muslims. Our book is the Qur'an. Our prophet is Muhammad. The Ka'ba is our qibla, and our Dīn (religion) is Islam.[64]


Map showing the current distribution of Alawites in the Northern Levant


Alawites have traditionally lived in the An-Nusayriyah Mountains along the Mediterranean coast of Syria. Latakia and Tartus are the region's principal cities. They are also concentrated in the plains around Hama and Homs. Alawites also live in Syria's major cities, and are estimated at about 12 percent of the country's population[61][108][109] (2.6 million, out of a total population of 22 million).[110]

There are four Alawite confederations - Kalbiyya, Khaiyatin, Haddadin, and Matawirah - each divided into tribes based on their geographical origins or their main religious leader.[33][111] Alawites are concentrated in the Latakia region of Syria, extending north to Antioch (Antakya), Turkey, and in and around Homs and Hama.[112]



Adolescent boy standing in front of younger children
Alawite children in Antioch (now in Turkey), 1938


The exact number of Alawites in Turkey is unknown; there were 700,000 in 1970,[113] suggesting about 1,500,000 in 2009. As Muslims, they are not recorded separately from Sunnis. In the 1965 census (the last Turkish census where informants were asked their mother tongue), 700,000 people in the three provinces declared their mother tongue as Arabic; however, Arabic-speaking Sunnis and Christians were also included in this figure. Turkish Alawites traditionally speak the same dialect of Levantine Arabic as Syrian Alawites. Arabic is preserved in rural communities and in Samandağ. Younger people in the cities of Çukurova and İskenderun tend to speak Turkish. The Turkish spoken by Alawites is distinguished by its accents and vocabulary. Knowledge of the Arabic alphabet is confined to religious leaders and men who have worked or studied in Arab countries.




There are an estimated 180,000 to 200,000[8][116] Alawites in Lebanon, where they have lived since at least the 16th century.[117] They are one of the 18 official Lebanese sects; due to the efforts of their leader, Ali Eid, the Taif Agreement of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in Parliament. Lebanese Alawites live primarily in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli (where they number 80,000-100,000) and in 15 villages in the Akkar District, and are represented by the Arab Democratic Party.[118][119][120] Their Mufti is Sheikh Assad Assi.[121] The Bab al-Tabbaneh-Jabal Mohsen conflict between pro-Syrian Alawites and anti-Syrian Sunnis has affected Tripoli for decades.[122]

There are also about 3,900 Alawites living in the village of Ghajar, which is located on the border between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. In 1932 the residents of Ghajar were given the option of choosing their nationality, and overwhelmingly chose to be a part of Syria, which has a sizable Alawite minority.[123] Before the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the residents of Ghajar were counted in the 1960 Syrian census.[124] Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria, and after implementing Israeli civil law in 1981, the Alawite community chose to become Israeli citizens.[125]


Alawites in Syria speak a special dialect (part of Levantine Arabic) which is derived from the ancient Ugaritic language, famous for the usage of letter (qāf). Lots of terms such as "qrd" (Akkadian: qar(r)ādu), means "hero" or "powerful one", are still being used especially by rural Alawites.[126] Due to foreign occupation of Syria, the same dialect is characterized by multiple borrowings, mainly from Turkish;[127] then French, especially terms used for imported inventions such as télévision, radio, ascenseur, etc.

See also




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  98. ^ Daniel Pipes (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. pp. 160-1. ISBN 978-0-19-536304-3. "apostacize in matters of blood, money, marriage, and butchering, so it is a duty to kill them." [Al-Ghazali]
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  118. ^ [1] Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  125. ^ Joshua Project. "Alawite in Israel".
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Relevant literature

External links

Media related to Alawites at Wikimedia Commons

La ĉi-suba teksto estas la originala artikolo Alavitoj el la Esperanto-Vikipedio, prenita de GramTrans 2014-01-25 05:00:30. Eblaj ŝanĝoj en la originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj ĝisdatigoj.

La alavitojalaŭitoj (arabe: علوية‘Alawiyyah), ankaŭ konataj kiel Nuṣayrī (arabe: نصيريون), an-Naṣīriyyah, kaj al-Anṣāriyyah), estas sekto de la ŝijaista Islamo.

Ĝia nomo devenas de Ali ibn Abi Talib (Alijo), kuzo kaj bofilo de Mohamedo, kaj kvara kalifo de Islamo.

La saman originon havas la vorto "alevoj", kiu estas konsiderata kiel alia branĉo de Islamo.

Ĝi estas ĉefe disvastiĝintaj en Sirio.



Alavitinoj en Sirio, en la komenco de la 20-a jarcento.

La origino de la Alavitoj estas disputata. Kelkaj konsideras ilin kiel prapopolo de la epoko de Aleksandro la Granda, kiu alprenis kristanan kaj poste islaman fidon.

La alavitoj mem konsideras ke ili devenas el la dekunua Imamo, Hasan al Askari (m. 873), kaj lia disĉiplo Ibn Nusayr (m. 868). Tiu ĉi sin proklamis Bāb "Pordo" (reprezentanto) de la 11-a Imamo en 857.

La sekto estis organizita de sekvanto de Ibn Nusayr, konata kiel al-Khasibi, kiu mortis en Alepo ĉ. 969. Lia nepo, al-Tabarani, translokiĝis al Latakio en la siria marbordo, kie li prilaboris la religion kaj konvertis grandan parton de la loka loĝantaro.

20-a jarcento

Flago de la iama Alavita Ŝtato

Post la falo de la Otomana Imperio, la Franca Respubliko okupis la teritorion kiu nun estas Sirio kaj Libano. Ili agnoskis diversajn minoritatojn, inter kiuj la alavitojn.

En 1925 oni kreis "teritorion de la alavitoj", kaj en 1930 oni kreis registaron en Latakio. Ĝi daŭris ĝis la 28-a de februaro de 1937, kiam ĝi unuiĝis al Sirio.

En 1939, parto de la nordokcidenta Sirio, la Sanjako de Aleksandreto (Alexandretta, nun İskenderun), nuna Provinco Hatay, kiu enhavis grandan nombron da Alavitoj, estis transdonita al Turkio, kio kaŭzis multajn protestojn inter la alavitoj, kaj ĝenerale en la tuta Sirio. Zaki al-Arsuzi, la gvidanto de la ribelo, fariĝos poste unu el la fondintoj de la partio Baazo.

Post la preno de la povo fare de tiu partio, la alavito Hafiz al-Asad fariĝis prezidento de Sirio en 1971. Alia alavito, lia filo Baŝar al-Asad, estas la nuna prezidento de la lando. La sekto estas forte reprezentato en la gvidaj organoj de la registaro, malgraŭ ke ĝi konsistas nur ĉ. 15 procentojn de la loĝantaro.

Vidu ankaŭ

  • La artikolon pri Alevoj, kiuj ankaŭ konsideras sin "adeptoj de Alijo", sed el teologia vidpunkto ne miksindas kun la Alavitoj
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