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Security UX

Online security is more than just eliminating buffer overflows from software. One of our biggest security challenges is helping people make safe decisions while they surf the web. Here are some of the things we're doing to make security on the web easier for everyone — both people who use browsers and web apps, and web app developers. Some of these points are discussed in more detail in Improving Chrome’s Security Warnings by Adrienne Porter Felt.


Malicious Websites

Malicious or compromised websites try to attack visitors. To protect people from these threats, Chrome uses Safe Browsing to identify attack websites. If Safe Browsing tells Chrome that a website is malicious, Chrome shows a full-screen warning. Despite the fact that our warnings are rarely wrong, people ignore the warnings nearly a fifth of the time. We are actively running experiments with the goal of decreasing how many people ignore the warnings.

Malware Downloads

Shady websites also try to trick people into installing malicious programs on their computers. By default, Chrome blocks known malware downloads. Chrome also warns people about potentially dangerous files that have not been scanned; we are trying to improve this generic warning with new security measures. For example, we want to make it easier for people to view PDFs more safely without needing to show warnings about PDFs.

Passwords And Phishing

Password management is hard. Sometimes people choose weak passwords, re-use passwords inappropriately, or type passwords into phishing websites. The browser currently offers people minimal assistance in choosing good passwords or knowing when to enter them. We're currently using Safe Browsing to help warn people about phishing pages, but we're also working on other ways to make authentication on the web easier and safer.

Website Authentication

Website authentication is paramount to online security. We know that current HTTPS indicators and warnings are confusing, and they are often false positives. The browser’s lack of confidence about the authenticity of a given TLS connection forces it to offer people a choice that they are not likely to understand, so we're working on ways to improve website authentication and protect users from inadvertently visiting or interacting with sites they don't intend to. Here are some of the things we're currently working on:
Read more about TLS support in Chromium on our TLS education page.

Presenting Origins

The fundamental security boundary on the web is the origin, defined as the tuple (scheme, hostname, port). For example, (https,, 443). We must surface this boundary to people during browsing, in permissions/capabilities dialogs, and so on, so that they can know whom they are talking to. In particular, it is important to note that unauthenticated origins (e.g. (http,, 80)) are entirely observable and malleable by attackers who can control the network (often, even just a little bit of control is enough).

Because people (including developers!) tend not to understand the concept of the origin, but do tend to understand the concept of the hostname, we'd like to simplify origin names when we can. Ideally we could reduce the origin name to just the much more understandable hostname. For example, we could elide the scheme or replace it with a meaningful icon, if doing so did not prevent people from understanding whether or not an origin is authenticated. And if the port is the default port for the given scheme, we can elide it, too.

If the feature or behavior we are trying to protect is available only on authenticated origins — which we strongly suggest — you could leave off the scheme or the icon. Otherwise, it might be better to highlight the non-authenticated nature of the origin when presenting it.

In addition, we strongly recommend that UIs clearly mark unauthenticated origins as such.

A good utility function to use for presenting URLs in security decision contexts is url_formatter::FormatUrlForSecurityDisplay.

Eliding Origin Names And Hostnames

The effective top-level domain (eTLD) of a hostname is the TLD as found in the Public Suffix List (PSL), which is not necessarily guaranteed to be a single label like "com". Some eTLDs found in the PSL have more than one label, e.g., and others are the names of web sites that give out subdomains for user content and code from many sources, like and For many purposes, these multi-label names are effectively TLDs, hence the name.

At a minimum, we would like to show users the eTLD + 1 label, e.g.,,, or Where possible, it is best to show the entire hostname, however. If the hostname is too long, and/or if it has too many labels underneath the eTLD, that may be a sign that it is a phishing host.

Although domain name labels are limited to 63 octets and the entire name is limited to 255 octets (see, section 2.3.4), on small screens or small windows on large screens, even eTLD + 1 might be too long. In such a case, we should elide from the left. for example, should display as "" instead of "www.reallyanno...".


The browser grants privileges to apps, extensions, and websites after asking the person for permission. In some cases, the browser also uses status indicators to indicate when an origin is accessing a granted permission. We currently don’t have quantitative data on how well these pieces of UI work, but we have anecdotal evidence suggesting they fail to capture people's attention and/or explain the situation. Thus, they aren't being totally effective at achieving their original purpose. This is what we're doing to improve things:
  • Creating experiments and collecting data to quantify how effective Chrome's permissions systems are
  • Designing new types of analyses to measure the threat of extensions, apps, and websites
  • Designing new ways to communicate permission information to end users
Goals For The Origin Info Bubble discusses a way to make permissions easier for people to manage.

Usability Measurement Tools

Calculate the effective contrast ratio of text on its background:

Another contrast checking tool: Contraster

Flesch-Kincaid (and other) readability calculator:


If you are a Googler, you can access the folder of Google-internal Enamel documents at go/enamel-folder (using your corp account).