Peru: Stepping Up Investment and Growth

Peru: Stepping Up Investment and Growth
By Kevin Ross and Melesse Tashu
July 29, 2015
Thanks to a decade long investment boom, Peru was able to raise its productive capacity.
However, falling commodity prices and an uncertain external environment have weakened
investment in 2014, and dented growth prospects. So, how will Peru be able to sustain its
higher growth potential? Past experience suggests that a renewed emphasis on implementing
structural reforms is needed to boost productivity and growth.
Higher potential growth Source
Over the past few decades, Peru consistently implemented a series of structural reforms and
solid macroeconomic and investment frameworks. For example, the government introduced a
fiscal rule in 1999 and a well-designed inflation targeting regime in 2002.
According to the Inter-American Development Bank’s index of structural reforms, Peru is now a
regional leader, rising from the bottom of a relative ranking among the six largest Latin
American economies in the mid-1980s. These advancements allowed the country to take full
advantage of a sizable and prolonged improvement in its terms of trade and historically low
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global interest rates. The result was a surge in investment and foreign direct investment flows,
and a significant gain in productivity.
During 2003−13, growth averaged 6.2 percent—with investment contributing around half to
actual GDP growth. Not surprisingly, these events also led to an increase in Peru’s estimated
potential growth rate, from around 4 percent in 2003 to about 6 percent in 2013. From a simple
growth accounting exercise, approximately half of the expanded potential capacity stemmed
from an increase in the contribution from total factor productivity (TFP), with the remaining
evenly split between capital and labor additions.
The new reality
Changes in the external environment, however, call for a reassessment of potential growth. The
two key factors that provided a strong tailwind to growth—positive terms of trade changes and
easy global financial conditions—have started to reverse, and investment growth has been
slowing. To assess how this weakness in the economic environment will impact potential
growth, we used staff’s baseline assumptions regarding the evolution of labor and capital, and
estimated how changes in the terms of trade and an index of structural reforms will affect
productivity (TFP) growth.
Our results show that, for example, if structural reforms were to improve at the same rate as
during the commodity boom—a period with few incentives to make structural improvements—
potential growth would only be 3.2 percent. Our baseline scenario estimates potential growth
at 4&frac12; percent, assuming structural reforms proceed at a slightly faster pace, in line with the
authorities’ ongoing agenda (see below).
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Giving investment a boost
Peru still suffers from relatively weak infrastructure and human capital development, labor
market rigidities, and low institutional capacity. One overriding challenge is high informality,
which limits firm size, human capital development, innovation, and financial deepening—all of
which constrain productivity.
Labor market rigidities, as reflected in legally-mandated high non-salary compensation
compared to the region, are one example of barriers to formality that negatively impact
competitiveness. Another important impediment, evident through the growth slowdown of last
year, is bureaucratic red tape,
or tramitologia, which
increases costs and hampers
The authorities’ broad-based
structural reform agenda
tackles these important
challenges. Ongoing efforts to
reform the civil service,
streamline permit procedures,
strengthen public enterprise
governance, simplify public investment processes, enhance innovation, and diversify exports
are steps in the right direction. Persevering with labor market reform, focusing on reducing
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non-wage costs and streamlining work rules are critical. Strong across-the-board political
commitment remains essential for fostering reform efforts in the short and medium term.
Kevin Ross is a Senior Economist in the IMF’s Western Hemisphere Department.
During 2011–14, he was the IMF’s Regional Representative for Peru and Paraguay.
Since his return to headquarters, he has worked on various Road to Lima events
and on a book on Peru’s economic policies. He previously worked in the European
Department on a number of advanced and transition economies. His research has
mainly focused on monetary and exchange rate policies, banking sector
competition, and investment.
Melesse Tashu is an Economist in Southern 1 Division of the IMF’s Western
Hemisphere Department, where he is the desk economist for Peru and Ecuador.
He previously worked in the Caribbean 1 Division. Before joining the Fund, he also
worked at World Vision International and the Central Bank of Ethiopia. His
research interests include monetary policy, macro-financial linkages, capital flows,
and the exchange rate.
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