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Cliff Island, the last stop on Portland’s Casco Bay Ferry, has historically suffered from slow internet speeds. As the 21st century has progressed, Americans have come to expect high-speed, reliable internet to be as accessible as running water or electricity. Because of this trend, Cliff Islanders began to question whether they could feasibly bring broadband to their island community.

Residents, both seasonal and year-round, were tired of having to bring their laptops to the town square (which consists of the community hall, the ferry landing, the general store, and a tennis court) in order to acquire internet remotely close to the speeds they needed. Cliff Islanders did achieve their island broadband aspirations, and a success like this can only happen when there is a number of factors at play; namely: hard work on the part of the community, good luck, and financial support.

In the case of Cliff Island, those three ingredients were present, but so were challenges. In the end, Cliff Island ended up with a successful buildout using a private funding model to solve the dilemma of its capital expenditure—in other words residents privately covered the upfront cost that was necessary to fund the infrastructure. CI Fiber, a local LLC founded for the purpose of fundraising and owning the broadband infrastructure, productively collaborated with other organizations to bring the project to fruition.


One of the biggest barriers in the process was the fact that Cliff Island is a part of the city of Portland—unlike other Casco Bay Islands that are incorporated as their own municipalities. Being a part of the city prevented them from utilizing some of the grants available to rural communities seeking broadband access. On paper, Cliff Island is part of the most urban city in the state, making them very low priority when compared to the other communities that may apply for grants through the ConnectME Authority or USDA grant programs. Not only did their status as a part of Portland prevent them from accessing state or federal money, but it also prevented them from deciding whether or not their tax money could be spent on broadband infrastructure. While other rural towns can make tax allocation decisions through a vote, Cliff Island did not have that ability. Additionally, Cliff Islanders needed to work with the City of Portland through its permitting processes, which was an added complication.


Mark Oulette of Axiom Technologies, Walt Swift of CI Fiber, Nate Brimmer of Axiom Technologies, and Cheryl Crowley of SCI fielded questions from community members at a meeting held to celebrate the launch of the new broadband system.

Another challenge is community buy-in. Without community buy-in, the project could not have been funded, and not enough shares of CI fiber would have been sold. Cliff Island overcame that challenge by constantly keeping the community informed.

“I think a key thing is to continue to have community meetings. Keep the community involved throughout. I think that’s where the buy in came from. We made the process transparent.”

- Cheryl Crowley, Sustainable Cliff Island

Keeping the community in the loop throughout the entire community-driven broadband process was key to having a high take rate. The original goal was to have 60 homes on the island sign up for the service, and by the time it went live, there were 80 homes on board.

Additional Information

The Cliff Island broadband project was also able to leverage its resources to tie in other community projects. In recent history, there hasn’t been an official Cliff Island health center.

Concurrent to this project, an addition was planned for and built onto the community center to create a space dedicated to serve as a community health clinic. Funding was voted for and provided by the Cliff Island Association for this purpose. It was identified that a small separate room could be set aside for broadband infrastructure needs that included a control room for electronics. In addition to this space, CI Fiber was granted access to the roof to install a pole-mounted broadband microwave radio to access the signal from Portland. A backup generator was also installed as part of the construction to provide power to this community center during power outages. This combined funding helped bring down the cost for CI Fiber since the construction was implemented for multiple purposes.


  • With infrastructure funded and owned by CI Fiber, and with service through Axiom Technologies, Cliff Island was able to attain service that reaches broadband speeds.

  • 80 homes on Cliff Island are signed up through Axiom’s service. 20 of these homes are occupied year-round. Because of this take rate, CI Fiber shareholders will eventually have their investments paid back.
  • The signal is transmitted from a microwave tower on top of One City Center in Portland to a tower on top of the Cliff Island community hall.
  • The infrastructure will last for at least 20 years.

Nate Brimmer

The microwave tower during its erection and fiber being laid



As recent as the mid 2000s, the only way to get internet on the Cranberry Isles was by visiting the school or the library. It wasn’t until 2007, that Redzone brought internet out to the rest of the island, and the service didn’t come anywhere close to achieving broadband speeds. In fact, on Little Cranberry Isle (Islesford) the speeds were less than 1mbps download / 1mbps upload. Needless to say, the Cranberry Isles found themselves behind the rest of the country when it came to attaining high-speed internet service. Without a good economic case, ISPs were never going to bring broadband to the islands on their own, so the community took action and solved the problem by seeking their own funding strategy based on grants—with a fallback plan of funding the infrastructure with the tax base.

Left: Amy Palmer in 2018 utilizing the island’s new broadband to accomplish her bookkeeping. Photo: USDA Right: Jim fortune speaks to other islanders in May 2019 about the challenges his community faced throughout the community driven broadband process.

Amy Palmer, the bookkeeper for the Cranberry Isles Fishermen’s Co-op, said that she knew something had to change when she found herself paying a fisherman from the

mainland for his catch. He asked her why she had to give him a written check, and why couldn’t she just electronically transfer his payment like the other co-ops do?

Jim Fortune, who does administrative work for the town and played a major role in the logistical process that brought broadband to the islands, recalled that people had tried settling on the Cranberry Isles in the past but found themselves unable to thrive due to inadequate internet speeds which don’t allow for viable telecommuting.

The Cranberry Isles began the community driven broadband process by forming a working group and communicating with organizations like the Island Institute, and even elected representatives in Washington D.C. to help garner support for their cause. By proving that their incumbent provider was insufficient and by issuing a targeted Request for Proposals, the broadband working group was able to attract the attention of a handful of ISPs. Axiom Technologies, one of the few respondents, took on the project as they were the only entity that confirmed they could achieve a fiber-to-the-premise system.

The Process

The broadband infrastructure would have cost the municipality 1.3 million dollars, which would have meant about a 10% increase on taxes. The solution that the broadband working group sought to achieve was to have the funding come from both state and federal grants. The catch was that in order to acquire all of that grant money, they needed to vow to fund the project as a community even if they did not win the grant. This meant that the community was facing a risk—they would either receive the funding and have their taxes remain the same, or fail to receive funding and face the 10% increase in taxes.

This ultimatum made it crucial for the broadband working group to educate the community about why this project needed to be accomplished with or without grant funding. They held meetings that attendees could attend via conference call to allow seasonal residents to give their input from their winter homes. They educated the public about how broadband would allow the Cranberry Isles to remain a robust community—that broadband would strengthen businesses, attract new families, and allow the island school to thrive. While there was some backlash from outspoken opponents to the investment, the overwhelming majority of the community voted to pass the funding at a town meeting in March of 2017. The broadband working group then moved forward with their grant applications. Through the Maine state grant, ConnectME, they were aiming to fund 9% of their municipally owned infrastructure, but the bulk of the funding would come from the USDA’s Community Connects grant. The town hired a grant writer to complete the USDA grant by applying for an Island Institute Broadband Planning Grant.

Community members watch as workers erect a microwave tower on Islesford in November 2017. The internet connection to Great Cranberry Island comes through an undersea cable, and the other islands are connected by microwave towers from there.

It would be several months before they would find out if they won the grant funding they applied for, but because Islesford was about to lose its internet service entirely, the town moved quickly on getting Axiom’s service implemented. Planning took place all spring and summer, and construction began in October 2017. It was in November that Jim Fortune got word that they had not won the USDA grant. He was disappointed, the community was disappointed, and there was some dissention coming from the community. However, they knew the risk they had taken, and as a whole they were resigned and still satisfied that high-speed internet was on its way.

“When the people sat down at the town meeting in March 2017, they knew that the grant wasn’t guaranteed. If it didn’t happen, we were prepared to pay for this ourselves.”

-Jim Fortune, Cranberry Isles broadband working group member and town administrator


Weeks later, in an ultimate moment of reversal, Jim Fortune got an email which informed him that the Cranberry Isles had—in fact—won the grant. The tax base wasn’t going to be so heavily impacted after all.

The USDA chooses applicants based on their rurality. Cranberry Isles ranked extremely rural due to having a population density of fewer than six people per square mile. Applicants are also chosen based on necessity. The USDA requires that applicants receive speeds slower than 10mbps download /1mbps upload, and the Cranberry Isles were being served speeds that were even slower than 1mbps download/1mbps upload.

“Our mission is to build prosperity in rural communities and when we look at the pieces, we need to create quality of life and economic opportunity. Infrastructure is at the core of that… nothing is more central to that than access to highspeed internet.”

-Former Assistant to the Secretary of USDA for Rural Development, Anne Hazlett at a ribbon cutting event during the Summer of 2018


Grants can be a risk. The more serious your community is about following through with a project, the more likely it is to receive grant funding. Community buy-in is essential to any community pursuing broadband.

The Cranberry Isles found themselves returning to their grant applications as their engineering plans changed. Certain locations of infrastructure needed to be moved, and environmental impact studies needed to be reassessed.


  • The Cranberry Isles have a system in place that allows its residents to sign up for broadband service through Axiom.

  • The infrastructure is owned by municipality and operated by Axiom. An undersea cable brings the signal to Great Cranberry Isle, and microwave towers bring the connection to the other islands.
  • 45% of the residents on the Cranberry Isles are signed up for the service.