Haplogroup X2b4 is European, Not Native American

For many years, there has been a quandary in the genealogy community relative to the genesis of mitochondrial haplogroup X2b4.

The source of this question was the mitochondrial DNA test results of several of Radegonde Lambert’s descendants.

Radegonde Lambert, an Acadian woman, was born about 1621, possibly in Cap-de-Sable, Acadia according to the compiled research of professional genealogist Karen Theriot Reader.  She is thought by some to be the daughter of Jean Lambert, born in France but one of the original Acadian settlers, and a female reported to be a Mi’kmaq (Micmac) Indian, but with no confirmed documentation, despite years of looking.  An alternate origin for Radegonde is that she came to Acadia with her French husband, Jean Blanchard.

The DNA results of Radegonde’s direct matrilineal descendants proved to be haplogroup X2b4, but unfortunately, for a very long time, the ONLY people who took the full sequence mitochondrial DNA and had that haplogroup were descendants of Radegonde or people who did not know where their most distant matrilineal ancestor was originally from. So, the answer was to wait on additional test results – in other words, for more people to test.

Recently, I had reason to look at the results of one of Radegonde’s descendants again, and discovered that enough time has elapsed that new results are in, and based on full sequence matches and other evidence, it appears that X2b4 is indeed European and not Native.

X2b4 Mutations

Haplogroup X2b4 is characterized by several distinctive mutations, as follows.

Haplogroup or Subgroup Required Mutations
X T6221C, C6371T, A13966G, T14470C, T16189C!, C16278T!
X2 T195C!, G1719A
X2b C8393T, G15927A
X2b4 G3705A

Of the above mutations, only two, the mutations at 16189 and at 16278 are found in the HVR1 region, and only the mutation at 195 is found in the HVR2 region. The balance of these mutations are found in the coding region, so a haplogroup cannot be predicted at a higher level that X or perhaps X2 without the full sequence test.

Radegonde’s Mutations

Radegonde’s descendants carry all of these haplogroup defining mutations, and more. In fact, Radegonde’s descendants also have extra mutations at locations 16145 and 16301. We know this because at least a dozen of Radegonde’s descendants match exactly at the full sequence level, with no mutations. In other words, in those descendants, Radegonde’s mitochondrial DNA has remained unchanged for just shy of 400 years – and because they all match exactly, we know what Radegonde’s mitochondrial DNA looked like.

Turning now to other full sequence matches, we find that one of the individuals who matches Radegonde’s descendant with 3 mutations difference is from East Anglia in England, and his ancestors have never lived outside of England. In other words, this isn’t a case of someone whose ancestors immigrated and they may have incorrect genealogy.

Two more full sequence matches live in Norway and their ancestors have never lived elsewhere.

One match’s ancestor, Ally Lyon was born and married in Glenisa, Scotland in 1760.

Another match was born and lives in Germany and her ancestors were born there as well.

In summary, for matches, other than Radegonde and people who don’t know where their match was from, we have ancestors proven to be born in:

  • East Anglia
  • Norway
  • Norway
  • Glenisa, Scotland
  • Germany

Of Radegonde’s descendant’s matches, 5 individuals who tested still live in the country or location where their ancestor was born and their family/ancestors have never lived elsewhere.

Furthermore, there are no Native American mitochondrial DNA matches for haplogroup X2b or X2b4 in either contemporary testers or ancient burials

Base Haplogroups

It’s certainly possible and feasible for Native people to have base haplogroup matches from locations other than America, meaning haplogroup X in this case, but not for full sequence haplogroup matches, like X2b4, which suggest a common ancestor in a much closer timeframe.

Looking at the history of the migration of the Native people, if haplogroup X2b4 was indeed Native, and matched people in Europe, that would mean that haplogroup X2b4 would have been born more than 12,000 years ago when it’s believed that the Native people crossed the land bridge from Asia to the Americas. In order for migration to both the Americas and Europe from a common location to occur, probably in the Altai region of Asia, that date would probably have to be pushed back further, probably more in the range of 15,000 to 25,000 years ago to a common ancestor for descendants to be found in both the New World and Europe. It just isn’t feasible that haplogroup X2b4 was born that long ago.

When Was Haplogroup X Born?

Dr. Doron Behar in the supplement to his publication, “A Copernican” Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root” provides the creation dates for haplogroup X through X2b4 as follows:

Haplogroup Created Years Ago Statistical Variance
X 31,718.5 11,709.2
X2 19,233.8 2640.9
X2b 9675.9 2466.0
X2b4 5589.2 2597.2

Statistical variance, in this instance means plus or minus, so this chart would read that haplogroup X was born 31,718 years ago plus or minus 11,709 years, so most likely 31,718 years ago, but sometime between 20,639 and 42,979 years ago. Think of a bell shaped curve with 31,718 in the center, or the highest part of the peak.

X2, on the other hand, was born roughly 19,000 years ago. We do know that haplogroup X2a is indeed Native, as is X2g and possibly X2e. So some of haplogroup X2 went east, incurring mutations that would become Native American haplogroup X2a, X2g and possibly X2e while others went west, winding up in Europe and incurring mutations that would become haplogroup X2b and subclades.

The X2b4 Project

Moving now to the X2b4 haplogroup project at Family Tree DNA, in addition to the X2b4 matches mentioned above for Radegonde’s descendants, we find other occurrences of X2b4 in:

  • The Czech Republic
  • Devon in the UK
  • Birmingham in the UK

The three locations in France, shown on the map below, are individuals who descend from Radegonde Lambert and believe her most distant ancestor to be French, so that is what they entered in their “most distant ancestor” location.

Other locations on the map (below) not noted as X2b4 (above) are X2b, the parent haplogroup of X2b4.


Taking a look at the map, below, from the larger haplogroup X project that includes all of haplogroup X and all subclades, we see that haplogroup X is found widely in Europe, including X, X2 and X2b, among other subclades.


National Geographic, Genographic Project

As a National Geographic affiliated researcher, I am privileged to have research access to the Genogaphic Project data base of just under 900,000 international participants.  While the identity of the participants is not held in the data base, their ancestor information, as they have provided, is included.  For haplogroup X2b4, there were 62 results, indicating just how rare this haplogroup is worldwide.  Unfortunately, not everyone provided the place of birth for their earliest known maternal ancestor.

Of the 37 individuals who did provide a birth location for their earliest maternal ancestor, none were Native American and the following locations for places of birth for their earliest maternal ancestor were listed, other than the United States and Canada.  Many of the participants and their grandparents are still living in the regions where their ancestors were born:

  • Ireland
  • Czech
  • Serbia
  • Germany (6)
  • France (2)
  • Denmark
  • Switzerland
  • Russia
  • Warsaw, Poland
  • Norway
  • Romania
  • England (2)
  • Slovakia
  • Scotland (2)


As you can see, based on Radegonde’s descendants full sequence matches in multiple European locations, Dr. Behar’s paper dating the birth of haplogroup X2b4 to approximately 5500 years ago, the Genographic Project X2b4 locations and other X2b and X2b4 haplogroup project members’ matches in Europe, it’s impossible for X2b4 to be Native American.

Therefore, Radegonde Lambert did not have a Native mother. Her mother was very probably French, like the rest of the Acadian immigrants.


I would like to thank:

  • nat-geo-logoNational Geographic Society Genographic Project and Dr. Miguel Vilar, Science Manager
  • My Haplogroup X2b4 project co-administrators, Marie Rundquist and Tom Glad
  • The haplogroup X project administrators, Carolyn Benson and Tom Glad
  • Radegonde Lambert’s descendants and others for testing, joining projects, and making their results public for all to share. Without public projects and results, discoveries like this would not be possible.
  • Family Tree DNA for providing the projects and support that enables us to further both scientific and genealogical research.




Thank you so much.

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50 thoughts on “Haplogroup X2b4 is European, Not Native American

  1. Pingback: Native American Mitochondrial Haplogroups | DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy

  2. “Truth be known.”
    The growth and development of genetic science will continue to reveal undiscovered truths. Be a part of this evolving science, and have yourself and family members tested. It may become the most cherished family heirloom you could leave to your descendants.

  3. Though I have NO ONE in this group (as yet), I did want to point out that over the last few years, mummies found in a bog in Florida have been found to have been from Europe–arrow heads and other materials show the materials to be from the east coast of Europe; dating shows these mummies to have been from about 18,000-20,000 years age–a people who must have followed the ice bridge from Europe to Greenland to North America to Florida??? Or…. I wish I had more details at hand. It does seem to prove that the Asian/NA bridge was not the only route into north America. For what its worth…. David E. Bell


    Roberta, what makes you think that X2e is possibly Native American? X2e has never been found among Native Americans or their direct maternal descendants to my knowledge. As far as I know, X2e has only been found in people of Eurasian origin so far (all of them of European or Near Eastern origin save some Altai individuals).

    • We do have reports of this haplogroup found in descendants of Native people, which is why I included it as possible. The question is whether this is because the lineage is actually Native or a non-Native female was introduced into the mix. I will be doing additional analysis soon.

      • Certainly X2e is West Eurasian in origin given that it has chiefly been found in people of West Eurasian origin (most of them still residing in West Eurasia as far as I can see) and its highest diversity has also been found in West Eurasia. If some descendants of Native Americans have X2e, either X2e is from post-colonial European influx to them or it somehow already reached the Americas before the European colonization from Eurasia (from the Altai?).

  5. Assuming the Mimacs story might be true, are there other Micmacs mithochondrial documented ancestry available and, if so, what is the mt haplogroup involved?

  6. This created more questions for me. My haplogroup is K1a-T195C!, I think you meant that this is a mutation from X2 ?? Is my haplogroup a mutation of X2 even through mine has a K1a in front?

    Haplogroup X2b4 is characterized by several distinctive mutations, as follows.Haplogroup or SubgroupRequired MutationsXT6221C, C6371T, A13966G, T14470C, T16189C!, C16278T!X2T195C!, G1719AX2bC8393T, G15927AX2b4G3705A Date: Wed, 14 Sep 2016 15:30:29 +0000 To: aallttaa@hotmail.com

  7. Roberta, this is so clear and concise, and helps provide a valuable framework for making suggestions to those whose family tradition includes a Native American ancestor (in the South, this ancestor seems to always be female, never male??). Thank you for all that you do to bring clarity and context to these questions. Sandra

  8. Dear Roberta Estes

    I am so pleased to see this article. I would like to share what I have regarding the European and 2 Native Americans if it would be of interest to you. Thank you so much. Elnora Louise Brown-Mayfield a X2b4.

    • I have also received the DNA information that I was X2b4 and is said to have 0.0 Native American ancestry. I find this disappointing and I am confused as I was told by my mother that her grandfather was a Villiage Chief in Canada and he had drown in a canoe accident. I always thought that I had Native American as part of my ancestry. I must do an Ancerstry tree to find these family members, if there are any records of them to be found, or I’ll never know.
      Diane Mazzaferro. From CT

      • If your Native ancestor is your mother’s grandfather, your mother’s mtDNA would not reflect Native, because the mtDNA is inherited from the maternal side only. Your mother’s brothers would carry your mother’s father’s Y DNA, so test them.

  9. Very well-written piece! Just one correction: Radegonde Lambert was not born in Cap-de-Sable, Acadia, and her parents are *both* unknown. In the Belle-le-en-Mer depositions of March 1767, Jean LeBlanc, husband of Radegonde’s great-granddaughter, Francoise Blanchard, swore, under oath, that Radegonde Lambert was born in France and came over with her husband, Jean Blanchard. For what it’s worth, this is first-hand information, as only the men of households gave depositions, so Francoise would have provided this info to her husband directly, and he would have passed it on to the notary. Radegonde’s nephews, Joseph and Simon-Pierre Trahan, gave the exact same deposition, so there is little doubt that Radegonde Lambert was born in France.

    It’s also worthwhile mentioning that no one ever thought Radegonde Lambert was of Mi’kmaq ancestry until Father Leopold Lanctot made that claim in his Acadian genealogy book, “Familles acadiennes”, which was published in 1995. The idea that Radegonde Lambert was Native American/Metis has, thus, only been around for 20 years. Unfortunately, the advent of the Internet has allowed this false information about her to spread. Father Lanctot’s book is chock-full of serious errors and is best avoided by people seriously working on their family tree.

  10. The reason why these European haplogroups always seem to be considered “Native American” is due to long-standing claims by European descendants claiming to be Native American. The thought is, if my grandmother is “X” so and so and she claims to an Indian grandmother, bam, it’s an Indian haplogroup. The most infuriating thing is people claiming R1b as Native American because there are a lot of Native Americans who have this haplogroup. Let’s forget about the fact it’s due to Western Europeans marrying heavily into Native American tribes, rather than the reverse. R1b is the predominant Y-DNA in Western Europe and to believe it’s Native is simply puzzling. Well, I’m glad we’ve reached a sensible conclusion on this that’s not based on wishful thinking.

    • You are spot on, Marie. That should explain why, for example, some European descendants in the Americas with X2e, a clearly Eurasian subclade of X2, claim to have Native American origin just because X2e is a X subclade, due to their superficial knowledge of mtDNA haplogroup X.

  11. Pingback: Radegonde Lambert (1621/1629-1686/1693), European, Not Native, 52 Ancestors #132 | DNAeXplained – Genetic Genealogy

  12. Dear Roberta:
    What information might you have on Haplogroup X2c? There doesn’t seem to be any information available on this haplogroup.

  13. Hi all,
    My DNA results just came in from LivingDNA and My MTDNA Subclade is:X2b4a1. My Mothers family line is the Lepele (Lepelle) Surname which I’ve researched back to Jean Lepelle dit Desmarais dit Lamothe b. 23 Mar 1636 in Brouage,Saintes, France. Jeans parents were Denis Lepele and Jeanne Girardeau. My research also suggest that the Lepele line is part of the Pell, Pelle Surname from Great Britian and Normandy.

  14. Fascinating article, but there’s something that I don’t understand, so I’m hoping you can clear this up for me.

    You stated above that:
    “Furthermore, there are no Native American mitochondrial DNA matches for haplogroup X2b or X2b4 in either contemporary testers or ancient burials.”

    What about the fact that X2b-T226C is present in the 12,500 year old remains of a Native American Clovis Anzick child found in Montana which you discussed here?

    And the fact that this very mutation is found in the descendants of Radegonde Lambert:


    Radegonde Lambert
    C146T, C152T, A153G, G225A, T226C, A247G, 522.1A, 522.2C, 315.1C

    How does one reconcile all of these facts? Can you please explain?

    • Those results are NOT the Anzick results, but the mtDNA haplogroups of people who match the Anzick results autosomally, suggesting they are Native. Anzick’s mitochondrial results are D4h3a, as you can see in this list of Native haplogroups. https://dna-explained.com/2013/09/18/native-american-mitochondrial-haplogroups/ Please read the article more closely. Also, here’s an article about Radegonde Lambert that explains. https://dna-explained.com/2016/09/18/radegonde-lambert-16211629-16861693-european-not-native-52-ancestors-132/

    • One thing that needs to get mentioned is the fact that no one ever thought Radegonde Lambert was a Native American …. that is until Father Leopold Lanctot published a book on Acadian genealogy in 1994 called “Familles acadiennes”.– anyone serious about exploring their Acadian roots should avoid this book like the plague, as it is full of errors and not well-researched.

      Radegonde Lambert being born in Acadia to Jehan Lambert and an unknown Mi’kmaq woman is 100% purely a figment of Lanctot’s imagination. There was indeed a Jehan Lambert in Acadia in the 1630s, but who his wife was or if he was even married is not known — and there’s no proof he was Radegonde’s father.

      The evidence we do have points to Radegonde being European. Her mtDNA haplogroup is only known in the Old World, and the 1767 Belle-Ile-en-Mer declarations from her great-grandchildren state she and her husband, Jean Blanchard, “came to Canada from France”.

      If not for Lanctot’s book, I have no doubt there would be no discussion about the origins of Radegonde Lambert.

  15. Thank you so much for the response. I now see where I erred on the question of mitochondrial DNA in ancient burials. I should have realized it was an autosomal DNA issue instead.

    That being said, I’m still confused about how mtDNA haplogroups that match the Native American Anzick results autosomally are not therefore inherently Native American.

    I believe that autosomal DNA is a term used to describe DNA which is inherited from the autosomal chromosomes. Doesn’t that mean that people who have mtDNA that match the Anzick results autosomally such as X2b-T226C indicate that it was inherited from the Anzick?

    How can it be European if it is inherited autosomally from a 12,500 year old Native American remains?

    Has there been any ancient remains discovered in Europe or elsewhere that is also an autosomal match to X2b-T226C?

    I’m not questioning the validity of your findings or conclusions based on descendants tested, I’m just trying to make sense of what seems to be an inconsistency with regards to a known ancient Native American discovery that is a match to what is classified as a European-only haplogroup.

    Can you please clarify?

    • The fact that they match Anzick autosomally suggests that they are in fact part Native. Finding a Native haplogroup, or a haplogroup that “could be” Native might be another indication. There were a lot of European haplogroups in the list of people who match Anzick autosomally, but I only pulled the ones in haplogroup A, B, C, D and X. You’ll notice that some people that match Anzick do have Native haplogroups, and some have European or other haplogroups. I’m looking for evidence. It’s not a foregone conclusion. The only people who descend from the same matrilineal line as Anzick are the ones who share has actual mtDNA haplogroup.

      • Thank you very much for the information.

        I didn’t realize that there were any (much less additional) European haplogroups in the list of people who match Anzick autosomally. I assumed that being such an ancient Native American ancestor the Anzick child COULD ONLY be a match to Native Americans, hence why I asked how X2b-T226C could be non-Native.

        So European and other non-Native haplogroups can match Native American Anzick autosomally without being Native American? Strange.

        Is there a full list of all of the non-A-B-C-D-X haplogroups that match Anzick autosomally available somewhere?

  16. Thanks again for all the great information. It’s a big help.

    By the way, while I was looking for information about X2b-T226C, I also found some other research and findings that I didn’t see mentioned in any of your articles.

    The first is in regards to the Shawnees.

    This first document mentions you by name in fact:

    Quote: “The initial chromosome matching with the Anzick Child and Shawnees was recognized by Roberta Estes in conjunction with Kent Malcom via GEDmatch searchs.”

    There’s also a passage that says “The Anzick Child’s YDNA Haploroup is Q-M57. It’s mtDNA Haplogroups are as follows:” where it lists all of the A B C D M and X haplogroups. I think this is part of where my original mtDNA misunderstanding came from. X2b-T226C is also mislabeled X2b-T225C in the list.

    Anyway, more to the point there is also another Shawnee document which lists 18 individuals with mtDNA X2b-T226C:

    I’m wondering what your take is on this and if it was included in any of your research? I couldn’t find any reference to it in your articles.

    It seems relevant since you classified X2b4 as European largely based on the fact that it was the mtDNA of Radegonde Lambert (based on her descendants) and is found in so many different locations in Europe, but Radegonde also has the specific T226C mutation, meaning she is X2b-T226C, which has apparently been found in 18 Shawnees…

    And speaking of X2b-T226C, I also found multiple references to it having been found in ancient specimens connected to the Ottomány culture, also known as Otomani culture in Romanian, a local Bronze Age culture (ca. 2100–1600 BC) which gets its name from an eponymous site near the village of Ottomány located in modern-day Bihor County, Romania.

    Quote: “Haplogroup X has been found in various other fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA, including specimens associated with the Alföld Linear Pottery (X2b-T226C, Garadna-Elkerülő út site 2, 1/1 or 100%).”


    I’m wondering if you have any information about this and/or have written about it. It seems like an important discovery that’s directly related to your research.

    • I will take a look when I get to the computer. I had not seen the Bluejacket documents before. I can see why that was confusing. The Romanian sample is important because it does place that haplogroup in Europe. I need to read that paper to find the date and add it to the list.

  17. Ok, sounds good. Looking forward to hearing how the Shawnee DNA results and the ancient specimen found in Romania factor into the overall story of X2b-T226C.

  18. Dear Roberta:
    Have you been able to find any information on haplogroup X2c. To date, there hasn’t been any information at all. It seems to be a rare haplogroup. Thank you for taking the time to reply.

  19. X2b4 here, according to 23andme autosomal. Still waiting on results from FTDNA mtdna test. In every DNA test i have taken, It shows between .09%-2% native american. My maternal line is from Stafford VA, along the Aquia, and many of them were native american. GEDmatch shows quite a bit more native american, and shows a surprising amount of Siberian in my chromosones as well. Even my daughter is coming up with a little native american on her DNA tests. I am sure as more people test, the researchers will find out more. Thanks for your time.

  20. I recently did the 23/me and discovered I am in the X2B4 group. Guess I’m wondering what this means and how I can contribute to this project.

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