Someone forwarded me this link titled Sudden Star Trek realization :

Sudden Clarity Clarence: If characters in Star Trek use universal translators, Then Picard has been speaking French the entire time

(Also found on reddit)

So, is there any clue that indicate that Picard is really speaking French and being translated to English by the universal translator?

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    Not unless the universal translator also adds an accent when he pronounces his own name. – Michael Borgwardt Apr 22 '13 at 13:03
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    +1 for "Sudden Clarity Clarence" – Monty129 Apr 22 '13 at 13:21
  • And Word was speaking Klingon? :-) – Reinstate Monica - M. Schröder Apr 22 '13 at 13:57
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    My girlfriend would argue he should have been speaking Chti rather than French. :-p – Edd Apr 22 '13 at 15:30
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    @MartinSchröder You mean Worf, right? If anything, he'd be speaking Russian, since he was raised by a Russian couple. – Chahk Apr 24 '13 at 2:01

No. In fact, I would say there is small evidence to suggest he is speaking Federation Standard (thought to be a form of English).

In 11001001 (S1E15), the Bynars upgrade the Holodeck to create characters and environments that produce more realistic interactions. Riker creates a jazz bar and it is populated with a sophisticated holographic women named Minuet. At some point, Picard goes to the Holodeck to see how Riker is doing, and meets Minuet. She recognizes his French surname and begins talking to Picard in French, and he replies in French. Meanwhile, Riker stands there looking impressed that Minuet knows French. (The entire script for the episode can be found here.)

The point of that little anecdote is that if the universal translators were constantly altering Picard's speech from French to English, then it would have been no different in this situation. Riker, and us, would have heard the conversation in English anyway. We can confirm that Riker heard French from the episode's script:

Riker is surprised that she speaks French and a little jealous that she and Picard are hitting it off so well.

Since Riker heard French in this interaction, we could assume that this is not standard for Picard to speak French. It is more likely that he uses Federation Standard in everyday interactions.

I think you could also make a logical argument that Picard uses Federation Standard rather than French. In order to be captain of a ship, it would be much easier to have a common language. What if the universal translators broke down? From a command perspective, this would be pretty detrimental to making sure things run smoothly. Memory Alpha also notes that Federation Standard is

used in official documents by the Federation government

so it must have been used by Picard regularly.

I think the anecdotal evidence and widespread use of Federation Standard shows that Picard was not speaking French for the entire show.

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    Switching between the two languages with Minuet is arguable, but I do agree with the second half. – Izkata Apr 22 '13 at 15:48
  • @Izkata I agree. It's not very strong evidence. But I thought it was worth mentioning since it at least indicates French isn't the norm. – SocioMatt Apr 22 '13 at 15:50
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    By that standard, Klingons don't speak Klingon because we keep hearing them say words in Klingon despite obvious equivalents in English. – Craig Gidney Apr 22 '13 at 16:36
  • @Strilanc That is a great point. I feel like Uncle Mikey's answer explores this issue, and I don't disagree that mine has some flaws. – SocioMatt Apr 22 '13 at 16:39
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    Picard is also heard singing Frère Jacques in one Episode, further evidence that normally speaks English. – Flimzy Jul 3 '13 at 8:22

There really isn't any firm evidence either way. I was about to raise the fact that Picard is explicitly heard to say, "Merde!", untranslated in "The Last Outpost", as evidence that he is not usually speaking French. Then I realized that doesn't really constitute evidence either way, and here's why.

By and large, from Star Trek: The Motion Picture forward, alien languages are used mainly for "color", even when aliens are speaking amongst themselves. For example, in that movie, the scenes on Vulcan, and on the Klingon cruisers, are all enacted solely in their respective languages.

From that point forward, however, even language amongst aliens is usually rendered in English...unless the writer or director has decided for dramatic reasons to do otherwise. This sort of device is not confined to Star Trek by any means, or even science fiction. These reasons seem to include:

  • Hiding information from the audience (in which case, they won't even be subtitled).
  • Simply providing a reminder that these people are aliens, and generally trying to impress the audeince with it (Spock and Saavik snarking about Kirk in The Wrath of Khan; most Klingon-language conversation from Star Trek: The Search for Spock forward).
  • Rituals. Vulcan, Klingon, and Bajoran rituals are almost always rendered in the native tongue (with an assumption that characters who don't speak it are also hearing their Universal Translator whispering in their ears).
  • Insults and exclamations. Picard's "Merde!" falls into that last category, even tho' it's not an "alien" language. We actually never do find out what a pataQ (Klingon) or a verul (Romulan) is, although we do know that the Klingon insult Ha'DIbaH means "animal".

Most of the time, everyone appears to understand everyone else, except on occasions when the translator is either confiscated (The Undiscovered Country) or doesn't have the necessary cultural information ("Darmok"), or it's otherwise convenient for the writers (various occasions when Worf spouts something in Klingon and people say, "What's that mean?") In short, not just the Universal Translator, but language itself, is a plot device, which unfortunately means it behaves however it needs to behave for a given plot, without much consistency.

None of which solves the dilemma of the original question either way, I'm afraid; any more than we really know, most of the time, what language the Doctor is speaking in Doctor Who (cf: "Does The Doctor hear everyone speaking in Gallifreyan?"). It's certainly possible, however, that throughout Star Trek, characters may have been speaking their own native language, even when we're hearing English.

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    As an aside...I'm sort of amused by the notion that Scotty has been speaking Gaelic this whole time :-) – Michael Scott Shappe Apr 22 '13 at 14:42
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    That is pretty funny imagery. Good answer to show why the answer is "we don't have an answer." +1 – SocioMatt Apr 22 '13 at 14:52
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    And don't even get me started on that episode of Star Trek: Voyager where the Kazon stranded Voyager's crew on a planet and took away their communicators (and therefore universal translators) and other equipment, yet Neelix had no trouble communicating with everyone. Did he seriously learn English fluently in like 2 years, despite having the crutch of the universal translator?! – Joshua Carmody Apr 23 '13 at 17:40
  • Swinging back to this (but not updating the answer): Star Trek: Discovery appears to have opted for a more realistic treatment of language, to the annoyance of some fans (because subtitles everywhere). In particular, almost every scene where Klingons are interacting with each other is performed entirely in Klingon with subtitles! – Michael Scott Shappe Aug 27 '18 at 19:25

In the TNG episode "Code of Honor" Data tells Picard(?) "For example, what Lutan did is similar to what certain American Indians once did, called 'counting coup'. That is from an obscure language known as French. Counting coup..." http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Code_of_Honor_%28episode%29

Surely Data would have noted if Picard were actively speaking French at the time.

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    This is an underrated answer! – L0j1k Apr 23 '18 at 20:35

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