Originally published by Chatto & Windus in 1959, this book has long been out of print and largely neglected by Shakespearean scholars. It offers a viewpoint seldom considered: an unusual and exceptionally clear insight into Shakespeare’s philosophy. It does so with freshness, modesty and conviction.
Appreciating the danger Shakespeare faced in writing at a time of major religious intolerance, Vyvyan shows how subtly the plays explore aspects of the perennial philosophy allegorically. In doing so, Shakespeare raises the fundamental question of ethics: What ought we to do?
‘Shakespeare,’ says the author, ‘is never ethically neutral. He is never in doubt as to whether the souls of his characters are rising or falling.’ There is a constant pattern in the tragedies: ‘first the hero is untrue to his own self, then he casts out love, then conscience is gone – or rather inverted – and the devil enters into him.’ Vyvyan shows us this pattern of damnation, or its counterpart – a pattern of regeneration – working out in certain plays, contrasting Hamlet with Measure for Measure and Othello with The Winter’s Tale, where a similar dilemma and choice confront the hero. His intuitive insights also illumine Macbeth, Julius Caesar and Titus Andronicus which focus on the fall, whereas The Tempest explores most fully the pattern of regeneration and creative mercy.
Here is a book, both thought-provoking and persuasive, which will send many readers back to Shakespeare’s plays with fresh vision and clearer understanding. To assist such readers, this edition cross-references the quotations in the text to the relevant place in the play. The text has been completely reset and the index expanded.
John Vyvyan, born in 1908 in Sussex, was educated mainly in Switzerland. His first profession was archaeology, and he worked with Sir Flinders Petrie in the Middle East. Illness, which dogged him all his life, ended this kind of arduous field work, and he retired from archaeology to become a Shakespearean scholar and to write. Studies such as The Shakespearean Ethic, Shakespeare and The Rose of Love (1960) and Shakespeare and Platonic Beauty (1961), led to the offer of a visiting lectureship at the State University of New York. He died in Exmouth in 1975.
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© The Estate of John Vyvyan 2011
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First published in 1959 by
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The tradition of modern thought presents philosophy as asking at the outset of its task three vital questions: What can we know? What ought we to do? What may we hope? The second of these is recognised as the fundamental problem of ethics.
Ethics, NICOLAI HARTMANN
Mind, from the supreme heights a kindred mind calls to thee, that thou be a dividing mean betwixt the low deities and Jove.
Lose not thy rights; nor, downward hurled and falling to the depths, plunge to the waters of black Acheron.
To His Own Spirit, GIORDANO BRUNO
1 Principles of Construction in the Tragedies
2 Macbeth, Julius Caesar: The Temptation
3 Hamlet: Choosing
4 Hamlet: Stepping into Darkness
5 Hamlet: Tragic Climax
6 Measure for Measure: Resolving Tragedy
7 Measure for Measure: Creative Mercy
8 The Plays as Allegory
9 Othello: How Tragedy Progresses
10 Winter’s Tale: Driving Out Good Counsel
11 Winter’s Tale: Resolution of the Tragedy
12 There is Always a Choice
13 Passion Plays and other Parallels
14 The Soul as a Kingdom
15 The Tempest: Tragic Pattern Reversed
16 The Pattern for Regeneration
Appendix – Titus Andronicus
Author’s Shakespearean References
Author’s Other References
THIS IS AN ENTIRELY NEW edition of John Vyvyan’s insightful book in that the entire text has been reset, but without alteration except for the addition of chapter titles to indicate the content.
However, some additions have been made which we hope will enhance the usefulness of this edition. Having been educated in Switzerland, John Vyvyan was clearly familiar with the great literature of Italy, France and Germany and has sometimes made a point by quoting from Goethe or Dante, for example, in the original. For the benefit of readers less familiar with these languages, we have added translations as footnotes. We appreciate that translations can never be as apt as the original but we hope they will be useful.
Vyvyan illustrates his argument with many quotations from Shakespeare’s plays. To assist in finding where they appear in the respective plays, we have listed the first line of the quotations at the end of the book and relied on the Oxford University Press edition of The Complete Works for the references. There is also a short list of the books to which Vyvyan refers. Finally, the index has been considerably enlarged.
Despite extensive enquiries, we have been unable to trace the copyright owner. Should the publication of this edition lead to the discovery of the copyright owner, we would be pleased to hear from them and ask them to accept our good faith in proceeding without prior permission.
IT IS STRIKING that Shakespeare’s tragic characters are continually asking themselves questions. In their soliloquies, they weigh up alternative courses of action, and the question is implicit, What ought I to do?
In the opinion of some critics, however, for us to ask such a question is illegitimate. The critical argument is, that since what Hamlet or Brutus actually did was dramatically excellent, it was therefore, within our terms of reference, right. That is true, from its own standpoint; but it has this flaw: by limiting the problem to aesthetics and the theatre, it leaves out Shakespeare. From the evidence of the sonnets alone, which were probably not intended for publication, we see that Shakespeare was himself a ‘perturbed spirit’. He was not satisfied with conventional answers; yet he needed answers, for his own peace, in terms of life. And his plays are part of his quest for them.
Why do we enjoy tragedy? Partly, as Aristotle suggests, because it helps us to ‘gather the meaning of things’. A modern audience seeing, let us say, Macbeth, is unlikely to be much stirred by pity or terror. But we may feel that something from the deeps has been revealed; and it is not only Macbeth’s soul that we then know better, but our own; because the figures of the drama are not unlike transformation symbols between the conscious mind and the unconscious. But if seeing a tragedy has helped us to understand ourselves better, that is because it has brought over to consciousness things that our unconscious already knew. It is like Plato’s doctrine of reminiscence: what seems like new knowledge has, in fact, been brought out of ourselves.
If an audience has this experience, it is far more intense for an author; and it is the curious fascination of bringing forth wisdom from himself that chiefly impels him to write. A poet does not write to set down things he clearly knows, but to open the lips of his own oracle. Rhythm helps him to establish communication with the unconscious; and it is more for purposes of discovery than presentation that poetry is rhythmical.
In their uninspired moments, poets may long for fame and wealth; but these incentives have nothing to do with the production of poetry; not even their opposites, derision and poverty, can keep a poet from his task when the forms of the unconscious are demanding expression. Fiat tragoedia, ruat caelum.* There is also, of course, a resistance to expression; so that to write tragedy is like wrestling with a dark angel and compelling him to reveal himself. In the throes of this struggle, mundane motives cease to count. It is true that Shakespeare was capable of mercenary as well as sublime thoughts; but from the critical point of view this is an unproductive vein. It is irrelevant to criticism that Shakespeare was successful; if his work had led him to misery, like poor Greene, he would have done it, or died.
We must, however, distinguish between inspiration and intention. They stand in contrast, as the unconscious to the conscious mind. It is possible to have too much of either; too much adherence to intention tends to artificiality, and too much inspiration to mediumship. It is not the least of Shakespeare’s qualities that he is able to balance these opposites so finely. But what we must consider first is intention.
What ought Hamlet or Brutus to do – something that will make a good play, or something that will lead to a good life? I am sure that both these questions are important. It is obvious that Shakespeare aimed at dramatic excellence; but it is equally clear – unless we prefer to be blind to it – that he was deeply concerned with the meaning and enhancement of life. What the tragic hero did may have been theatrically right; but if it was ethically wrong, that also was Shakespeare’s preoccupation. And a study of this second point may lead us to a better understanding of himself. Our need for this is brought home by Bradley’s astonishing remark: ‘We cannot be sure, as with those other poets we can, that in his works he expressed his deepest and most cherished convictions on ultimate questions, or even that he had any. And in his dramatic conceptions there is enough to occupy us.’* This statement is a challenge in itself. And I hope to show that Shakespeare had convictions, that he expressed them, and that they are so related to his dramatic conceptions as to be mutually revealing. In fact, the ethical problem seems to have exercised an increasing fascination over him; and in his later plays, when he knew all the tricks of the theatre and could probably have gone from strength to strength in the production of theatrical success, he wittingly sacrificed stage effect in order to pursue the ethical as distinct from the dramatic problem. These later plays are more seldom staged, but Shakespeare was not in his dotage; it is simply that in them he was less concerned with the art of the theatre than with the science of life. The ethical interest had always been with him, and it is from this standpoint that we shall proceed.
Shakespeare allows his characters, nearly always, to express their own philosophy, and we cannot identify him personally with any one of them. Occasionally, however, he slips in a few lines which we may feel come straight from him to us; but we can only be sure of this if they express ideas that are consistently developed in successive plays. To trace a few of these continuing themes is one of the aims of this book.
It may sound platitudinous to say that only a careful study of the context can tell us what Shakespeare intends a word to mean; but a surprising amount of confusion has been caused by failing to distinguish between Shakespeare’s values and those of his characters. Words like honour, nobility, justice, traitor and harlot are often, perhaps more often than not, to be suspected in this connection. Sometimes, but comparatively seldom, this is obvious. Ophelia, Desdemona and Hermione are all called harlots by the hero, and it is clear that he is self-deceived. But when we notice how frequently justice, as the speaker terms it, is to Shakespeare tyranny or worse, how often honour, in its conventional sense, is deliberately shown by Shakespeare as preventing conciliation and conducing to superfluous death, we come to mistrust the face value of many other words and to consider them in a wider context of ideas. Gradually this leads us to a persisting standard of value, for Shakespeare was no chameleon in his principles; and it is not unreasonable to hope that, although we may never know much about his life, it will be possible some day to establish his philosophy. But we must begin by being sure, as Bradley was not, that he had one.
Any characteristics that recur in play after play are important to this enquiry. I should like to consider, first of all, Shakespeare’s method of presenting tragedy. In all presentation there is an element of showmanship, but a great deal more is here involved. Any attempt to fit Shakespeare’s tragedies to the Aristotelean pattern is to lay them on a Procrustean bed, for Shakespeare worked out a pattern of his own. Much of this has been thoroughly mapped* and it would be supererogatory to go over well-trodden ground. But there are some other principles of construction in the tragedies which, so far as I know, have not been isolated and to which Shakespeare is remarkably faithful. I will summarise what I conceive these to be, and attempt to justify the statement later.
FIRST: We are shown a soul, in many respects noble, but with a fatal flaw, which lays it open to a special temptation.
SECOND: The ‘voices’ of the coming temptation are characterised for us, so that we may have no doubt that they will persuade to evil.
THIRD: There is a temptation scene, in which the weak spot of the hero’s soul is probed, and the temptation is yielded to.
FOURTH: We are shown an inner conflict, usually in the form of a soliloquy, in which the native nobility of the hero’s soul opposes the temptation, but fails.
FIFTH and SIXTH: There is a second temptation and a second inner conflict, of mounting intensity, with the result that the hero loses the kingship of his own soul.
SEVENTH: The tragic act, or act of darkness.
EIGHTH: The realisation of horror.
This is Shakespeare’s own way of conceiving tragedy, and it has little to do with Aristotle. I will illustrate this briefly from Macbeth. I do not mean to discuss the play, but merely to show that it contains the pattern.
Macbeth, before he enters, has cast his shadow on the scene. The full measure of it can only be taken after we have established Shakespeare’s standard from several plays, and I must ask the reader’s patience if some statements seem arbitrary here. Support for them has yet to be built; and this cannot be done from a single tragedy. The opening scene is as short as it well could be, and yet there is much more in it than atmosphere. There is an under-meaning in the words of the witches that they will meet Macbeth on the heath when the battle – his great victory – has been ‘lost and won’. The battle is then in progress, and the witches know that Macbeth, although winning in one sense, has already begun to lose in another; that is the reason why the hour has come to tempt him. Shakespeare doubtless had in mind a text he has illustrated several times – that it is possible to gain the world and to lose one’s soul. We are about to witness the tragedy of a man who will lose to win; and in order to do so, he must invert his values, ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair.’ This is one of the constants of Shakespearean tragedy. The inversion of values is shown taking place in every tragic hero, but he is generally unconscious of it.
The witches, who are themselves psychic phenomena, alert us to the fact that two battles are really taking place; and the more important, philosophically, is that within Macbeth. His state of soul is shown to us, symbolically, before he comes on stage. ‘What bloody man is that?’ Then we are told of his recent exploits; of ‘his brandish’d steel which smoked with bloody execution’; of how, when he met the rebel, ‘he unseam’d him from the nave to the chaps’, and fixed his head on the battlements. And the savagery is summed up, as if it were ‘to bathe in reeking wounds, or memorise another Golgotha’. To the hearers, all this is heroic; but, as may be shown from other plays, it is a form of madness to Shakespeare:
I have made you mad;
And even with such-like valour men hang and drownTheir proper selves.
‘Proper selves’ represents another Shakespearean constant of which we shall have more to say. Temptation is resisted when the ‘proper self’ is in command; but when it is not, which is a kind of madness, the temptation is yielded to. Macbeth, by giving rein to a blood-lust that is linked with Golgotha, has become a man who ‘is not with himself’ and therefore he is predisposed to fall.
The voices of temptation – the witches first, and Lady Macbeth later – are obviously persuading to evil.
The first temptation is by the witches. We must remember that Macbeth, written in 1606, comes late in Shakespeare’s tragedies, and he was able to handle such scenes with great economy. What the witches say is brief and equivocal; but it is temptation beyond doubt. Banquo says, ‘Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear?’ Macbeth starts because the witches have touched the flaw in his soul. They did not sow the evil seed, but watered it. It is the guilt of an idea already present that he fears. And then we are told his fault – ‘the royal hope, that he seems rapt withal’.
With great concision, the fruit of long experience in temptation scenes, Shakespeare has presented the essential points: the background weakness of the hero’s soul, the nature of the temptation, and the implication that, if he follows his fate, he will yield. But it must be stressed – although to do so here is to anticipate – that no Shakespearean hero is compelled to follow his fate; there is always a spiritual quality in him which, if it is asserted as it ought to be, is superior to fate. ‘My fate cries out!’ may be Shakespeare’s indication that a temptation is in progress; but to follow a ghost is the opposite of asserting the soul’s supremacy. This is looking too far ahead; enough, for the moment, that Macbeth is being tempted to follow the witches: ‘Would they had stayed!’
The first inner conflict is then revealed to us in Macbeth’s asides:
This supernatural soliciting
Cannot be ill, cannot be good …
If good, why do I yield to that suggestion
Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,
Against the use of nature? Present fears
Are less than horrible imaginings:
My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,
Shakes so my single state of man that function
Is smother’d in surmise, and nothing is
But what is not.
Instead of sovereignty of the proper self, there is an insurrection in his soul; and the tragic inversion is continuing, so that ‘nothing is but what is not’.
The second temptation is by Lady Macbeth. Its place in the pattern is all we need to notice about it at the moment.
The second inner conflict is integrated with the temptation – a point of construction we will consider later – and is revealed in soliloquy:
If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well
It were done quickly; if the assassinationCould trammel up the consequence, and catchWith his surcease success; that but this blowMight be the be-all and the end-all here,But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,We’d jump the life to come. But in these casesWe still have judgment here; that we but teachBloody instructions, which, being taught, returnTo plague the inventor …
The temptation is then intensified, and the final battle ‘lost and won’ – a spiritual defeat, accompanied by an outward show of resolution:
I am settled, and bend up
Each corporal agent to this terrible feat.
We are still on the bloodstained path to Golgotha.
The three other phases of the sequence – the tragic act, the realisation of horror and the hero’s death – all clearly follow in due order.
We may pause to notice, here, that the tragic act comes early in Macbeth, midway in Julius Caesar, near the end in Othello, and right at the end in Hamlet. It is most unlikely that this is accidental. Shakespeare’s choice of plots is not haphazard. I suggest that he selected and shaped these in order to give himself the opportunity to analyse, in detail, each stage of his tragic path. Macbeth is a deep study of the aftermath of the deed of darkness, of the realisation of horror and the relentless approach of the reckoning of death. Othello particularly examines the temptation; that is why Iago is a much more developed character than the witches or Hamlet’s ghost. Hamlet is almost wholely concerned with the inner conflict.
* ‘Let the tragedy be played out, though the heavens should fall.’
* Bradley, ‘Shakespearian Tragedy’, Lecture I.
* See T.W. Baldwin: William Shakespeare’s Five-Act Structure, University of Illinois Press, 1947.
NO ONE DOUBTS that Macbeth and Othello ought not to have done what they did. The general comment on Othello is, ‘O, the pity of it!’ And on Macbeth, ‘Oh, horror! horror! horror!’ But about the assassination of Caesar there has always been a division of opinion. Brutus can, and does, support his action upon ethical grounds. Are they valid; or rather, since that is our enquiry, did Shakespeare think they were?
It has been said that Shakespeare does not take sides in Julius Caesar. But this is not so. Each of his major plays is (besides being so many other things) a study in morals. Shakespeare is never ethically neutral. He is never in doubt as to whether the souls of his characters are rising or falling. Julius Caesar is really the tragedy of Brutus; and Caesar’s last reproachful question has an under-meaning; in this sense it is not a question, but a statement and a prophecy, ‘Et tu, Brute!’ Before the play opens, ‘Brutus was Caesar’s angel’. At its close, Caesar’s ghost is to him, ‘Thy evil spirit, Brutus.’ How great a fall from grace! But if we set the play beside the tragic sequence – which, I believe, Shakespeare looked upon as his rules of tragedy – we are not surprised that Brutus fell. He falls by the pattern. Let us trace this out.
The fatal flaw in the soul of Brutus, as Shakespeare displays it to us, is that he puts politics before humanity: that he has more faith in the power of death than in the power of love. More than once we are told that there is mutual love between himself and Caesar; but Brutus never assays its influence. ‘… I love him well.’ ‘It must be by his death …’ That juxtaposition begins to reveal Brutus. It does not even occur to him that a political situation might be met in terms of humanity and life. His weak point, which the temptation probes, is that he sets what we now call an ideology higher than love and life.
The voice of the temptation is clearly characterised, so that we may know for certain that to follow its council will be to fall. Shakespeare is showing us his own thoughts when he describes the tempter. ‘Yond’ Cassius has a lean and hungry look …’, and ‘… he hears no music’. The man who has no music in his soul, ‘Is fit for treasons, strategems and spoils …’, and, therefore, he is very dangerous. Cassius confirms both points – the weakness in Brutus and the evil in himself – in a soliloquy that would be surprisingly candid, if it were not intended as a sign-post to the audience:
Well, Brutus, thou art noble; yet, I see,
Thy honourable metal may be wroughtFrom that it is disposed: therefore, it is meetThat noble minds keep ever with their likes,For who so firm that cannot be seduced?
He has tied the label of seducer on himself. If Brutus continues in such company, he will gradually be corrupted. Shakespeare is following his pattern; and shows, by doing so, that he is not neutral.
The first temptation stands out clearly against this background. And the first inner conflict, of which there are several intimations, comes to a head in the soliloquy, ‘It must be by his death.’
The second temptation is by means of the anonymous letters which are thrown into his house from the street. And to this, again, Brutus yields:
O Rome, I make thee promise …
He has scarcely uttered the words, when he is plunged into the second inner conflict. The soliloquy in which this is mirrored is most important, because it also sheds light on other plays:
Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar,
I have not slept.
Between the acting of a dreadful thingAnd the first motion, all the interim isLike a phantasma or a hideous dream:The Genius and the mortal instrumentsAre then in council, and the state of man,Like to a little kingdom, suffers thenThe nature of an insurrection.
This could be said of all Shakespeare’s tragic heroes, and it states his own theory of the conditions which must lead up to every tragic act. We have already found them in Macbeth:
My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,Shakes so my single state of man that functionIs smother’d in surmise, and nothing isBut what is not.
When the evil voices have been listened to, and are allowed to re-echo in the mind, they create the thoughts that are traitors. These, like the soldiers in the Trojan horse, capture the citadel from within. What the tragic hero is now losing is, in Swinburne’s perfect phrase, ‘the Lordship of the soul’. Shakespeare pictures the soul as a kingdom (potentially the kingdom of heaven) wherein man’s true self should be enthroned. The outcome of the inner warfare, which always follows the yielding to temptation, is that the ruler within is overthrown. The Genius now controls the mortal instruments; and the Genius, in this sense, is a usurping power, the inspiration of the deed of darkness. The tragic act is never consummated in the physical world until the lordship of the inner world has been lost.
It is because Shakespeare makes these assumptions that we find, if we analyse his tragedies, that he has his laws and follows them; but they are not Aristotelean. First, there is the battle within, and the losing of it precipitates the tragedy:
Yield up, O Love, thy crown and hearted throneTo tyrannous hate!
The relationship between love and the self, as Shakespeare defines it, we must examine later. Meanwhile, it is clear that Brutus, Othello and Macbeth all describe a similar experience as they undergo it.
The defeat of the spirit is often shown as an extinguishing of light. This, too, is important in several plays, and merits a short digression. Shakespeare uses light in a way we might call sacramental, as the outward sign of the inward grace. And the hero turns away from light before the tragic crime. Macbeth:
Stars, hide your fires;
Let not light see my black and deep desires.
And again, before the murder of Banquo, he says:
Come, seeling night,
Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day,And with thy bloody and invisible handCancel and tear to pieces that great bondWhich keeps me pale! Light thickens, and the crowMakes wing to the rooky wood …
Othello, also, is an enemy of light:
Put out the light, and then put out the light:
If I quench thee, thou flaming minister,I can again thy former light restore,Should I repent me; but once put out thy light,Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature,I know not where is that Promethean heatThat can thy light relume.
But the tragic hero may also show a hunger for light, which springs from the intuition that it would save him – if he could obtain it. But he fails. Whenever Shakespeare’s characters call for, ‘Lights!’ – as after the play scene in Hamlet, when the whole stage takes up the cry, ‘Lights! Lights!’ – it is as if Shakespeare were telling us of a despairing need for inward illumination. And when they cannot see the physical light, or when it is unnatural as in Richard III:
The lights burn blue.
Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
Or when they extinguish it deliberately:
Out, out, brief candle!
Then we may know, as if Shakespeare had whispered in our ear, that they are stumbling in spiritual darkness towards the precipice where they will surely fall.
The sacrament of light is used most tellingly in the case of Brutus. There is a nobility in him that will not easily consent to darkness. It is the day of the assassination, but it is not yet daylight. A storm is raging, with flashes of lightning. Brutus is up; but he cannot see, he tells us, ‘the progress of the stars’. He is in darkness without and within. Then he calls to the sleeping boy, whose name is light:
Lucius, ho! Lucius, I say! When, Lucius, when? Awake! Get me a taper in my study, Lucius. When it is lighted, come and call me.
What an invocation! But it is not by the light of the taper, which Lucius brings, that he reads the anonymous letter, thrown in to tempt him further. As with Richard, ‘the lights burn blue’, when he says:
The exhalations whizzing in the air
Give so much light that I may read by them.
That is the prelude to the second temptation. The conspirators arrive, ‘their faces buried in their cloaks’, adding a deeper darkness to the night; and then Shakespeare, with the same symbolism, gives us his own judgment on the plot itself. The dawn of Caesar’s death-day is about to break. Decius speaks:
Here lies the east: doth not the day break here?
Cinna: O, pardon, sir, it doth –
Casca: You shall confess that you are both deceived.
Here, as I point my sword, the sun arises.
That is the faction: about to put Rome, and the whole world to rights, they do not know the direction of the sunrise. And they look for it, not in heaven, but on the point of a sword. For Brutus, the lights have gone out; and he knows it, in his soul:
O, conspiracy …
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enoughTo mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy;Hide it in smiles and affability.
He might have been quoted by Macbeth:
False face must hide what the false heart doth know.
The assassination takes place. And before Brutus meets his own death, on the point of his own sword, he experiences – though less fully than Macbeth – the realisation of horror. War has come. Brutus is in his tent, at night. And the ghost of Caesar enters.
Brutus: How ill this taper burns. Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou anything?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare?
Speak to me what thou art.
Ghost: Thy evil spirit, Brutus.
It is not a weak spirit, either; and as the disasters multiply around him, Brutus exclaims:
O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet!
Thy spirit walks abroad, and turns our swordsIn our own proper entrails.
The horror which Brutus here feels is to be traced directly to the original flaw in his soul. He had no confidence in the power of love, but he relied on death. And now, the love he did not trust is replaced by an evil spirit; and the death, in which he did repose his faith, is ineffectual.
This is one of the themes which runs through all Shakespeare’s tragedies: to kill someone is never the way out. Killing cannot, according to Shakespeare, be a solution; because, in the final sense, killing is impossible. The ghost always comes back:
‘Thou shalt see me at Philippi!’ says Caesar’s ghost.
‘To-morrow in the battle think on me!’ say the ghosts to Richard III.
And the ghost of Banquo quickly intrudes upon the feast of Macbeth’s ambition. Shakespeare believes in immortality, and draws the logical conclusion: whatever may be the outcome of killing one’s enemies, one thing it can never be is a conclusive victory.
BRUTUS, we are told, ‘was Caesar’s angel’. Desdemona was Othello’s love. Duncan was Macbeth’s king, who had lately done him honour. Each of the three assassins was striking at his own good. He was striking at himself. And it is Shakespeare’s purpose to show that from the moment of the deed his own life withers, and gradually goes down to dusty death. Their action is condemned with a general comment, ‘It is not, and it cannot come to good.’
The case of Hamlet, however, is far more difficult. He had as good reason to hate his uncle as anyone could have. And it is the verdict of almost every reader and critic that since Claudius deserved punishment, and since no one but Hamlet could bring him to book, it was his duty to do so. There is wide agreement that Hamlet’s failure does not lie in his doing the deed, but in his delay. To think otherwise is to give up human law.
But if the ethical implications of Shakespeare’s tragic sequence hold good in Hamlet, as they do in his other tragedies, then he must think otherwise; because in every other instance he shows the tragic outcome to result from a series of wrong actions done by the hero. If Shakespeare believed that it was Hamlet’s duty to take revenge, then the play stands out as a solitary exception to all the rest. This, to say the least, is unlikely; and when we measure Hamlet by the pattern, and consider its themes in the widest context of Shakespearean thought – especially in relation to Measure for Measure, which was probably written directly after – then we see it is impossible. Shakespeare, of course, was well aware of how momentous such a reversal of the common judgment is; and it is partly for that reason that he leaves it for us to draw the inference. When we do, Hamlet becomes invested with a new grandeur: it is a great challenge – as the Gospels are a great challenge – to all our preconceptions of what justice really is.
A key to Hamlet, one of several, is in Ophelia’s exclamation:
O, what a noble mind is here o’erthrown!
It is true that he was pretending to be mad when she said that; but it is nevertheless appropriate to his real state throughout the play. So great was the overthrow of his mind that it was matched with a longing that life itself should be overthrown:
… to die, to sleep,
No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, ’tis a consummationDevoutly to be wished. To die …
Could any man be more overthrown, and still live? Ophelia’s words are true of Hamlet’s real state throughout the tragedy.
Why was Hamlet overthrown? He was sickened, of course, by what was going on around him. Too much was rotten in the state of Denmark, and it came too close – his father, his uncle, his mother. He saw the world as an unweeded garden. But all that, bad though it was, is only a setting. The overthrow is within.
„Ich bin wirklich begeistert. Auch die Möglichkeit des zusätzlichen eReaders im Abo finde ich persönlich toll.”
„Die Auswahl von Legimi ist großartig.”
„Der Leser findet seine E-Books/Hörbücher sehr schnell und sie lassen sich, ob mit oder ohne Internetverbindung problemlos öffnen.”
Wurm sucht Buch
„Ich finde das Angebot von Legimi richtig toll.”
„Besonders schön finde ich die große Auswahl an möglichen Abo-Modellen und besonders die Abos mit eReader.”
Miss Foxy Reads
„Ich muss sagen, dass ich von dem E-Reader mehr als positiv überrascht bin.”
„Das ist wirklich eine großartige Idee und mal was ganz Anderes.”
Mikka liest das Leben...
Tausende von E-Books und Hörbücher
Ihre Zahl wächst ständig und Sie haben eine Fixpreisgarantie.
Sie haben über uns geschrieben:
Dabei gewährt der E-Book-Anbieter größtmögliche Freiheiten
Größter Vorteil die Möglichkeit, in der aktuellen App komfortabel zwischen E-Book und Hörbuchversion eines Titels
Spotify for E-Books


The Rielo Brown comes from our Retro Runner Collection. The upper features inspired texture blocking derived from a handsome combination of hand-painted calfskin, luxurious suede leather, and modern textiles. The classic runner sole is accented with a hand-stitched leather toe and is exceptionally lightweight and shock absorbing.
- Leather lining
- Rubber sole
- Patina: Crosta Brown / Boltan Brown / Nobuk Brown / Classic Brown
- Style Number: 23823
- Last: R7L
- Handmade in Spain
- Complimentary shipping and returns within the US


There are plenty of benefits for partitioning your hard disk. You can install new operating system on it, or use as an backup location. This article shows you the guide to partition your hard drive in Windows 8, without any external tool.
Do you loathe creating passwords because you cannot remember them right after you created it? However, most people don’t realize that it is actually very easy to crack passwords. Here we will unveil the various password cracking methods used by hackers and how you can protect yourself.
A clogged printer queue is not something you want to deal with. Many who are in such situations watch helplessly as their ink and paper go to waste when their printer incessantly print old documents that they may not even need anymore. Fortunately, it is possible to fix this problem. This article shows you two quick ways to clear printer jobs from the queue.
While Remote Desktop Connection is useful for you to connect to a remote machine, it is utterly useless if it takes forever to connect. Here are some things you can do to speed up the process.
Remote Desktop Connection is a feature in Windows operating system that allows you to control your computer from a different or isolated location. In this guide, you will learn how to set up Remote Desktop Connection.
Fishing can be a really enjoyable activity. But, getting fished, or phished for that matter, is not so fun. What exactly is phishing? And why should you take extreme precautions to protect yourself? This guide shows you how phishing attacks work and how to protect yourselves from them.
Craigslist is a popular place for people to buy and sell stuff. It is also a good hangout for fraudster to scam the user. This guide will teach you how to avoid scams on Craigslist.
The Internet is no doubt one of the greatest technological innovations in history. It allows you to do research, entertain yourself, and communicate with others in other parts of the world. However, the problem is that the Internet is just too useful at times. Since the Web is fraught with information and activities, you can easily find yourself distracted. What if there is a way you can improve your productivity on the Web without having to rely on shear willpower alone?
What if you could remove unwanted objects from the websites you regularly visit? An extension known as Page Eraser may just be an ideal solution to this problem.
While Google Chrome has numerous applications, managing them can be a tedious process. Some of them appear on the right side of the address bar while other can only be accessed from the extension library. What if you could manage all of your apps at one single place? This is where the Google Chrome Extension Manager steps in.
The Internet is rife with information. You can pretty much find information about almost anything on the Web. However, not all information on the web is comprehensible. For example, the language of the webpage you are viewing may be written in a language that you do not understand. You may also have difficulty understanding certain […]
A lot of webmasters are adamant about their website’s color quality and arrangement. However, finding the right colors for your website is not always easy; it is a cumbersome process of trial and error. In some cases, the main colors of your website may not match certain objects and elements. What if you could somehow harmonize […]
While it is definitely one of the fastest Web browsers out there, Google Chrome has its own problems that may make you want to think twice about having it as your default browser. For example when you close the last tab, the browser automatically shuts down. Google probably does this to ameliorate user experience, but […]


The vast majority of new development in the City of Vancouver and in the region, is multi-family condominium apartments. Prices vary dramatically in the region, depending on location, size, and quality, but we at Maude, MacKay have the ability to target and find suitable units for any budget and client, whether it be in new construction, renovated units, or fixer uppers.
Many townhouses exist or are under construction in suburban and rural areas, but recent pushes by the City of Vancouver has resulted in increased supply in the city as well. With the high price of single family houses, many people and families are focusing on townhouses as a viable alternative. We know where the high quality projects are that combine good construction with great family amenities.
For more information
Simply complete the form below for one of our specialists to contact you – or just register for our property newsletter to keep up to date with exciting real estate news in British Columbia.


Although at a record level, the FAO Meat Price Index remained stable as compared to a revised estimate of 172 points in March.
Falling sugar prices and a decline in rice helped stabilize the index, but international prices of nearly all other food commodities remained firm.
"A sliding dollar and increased oil prices are contributing to high food commodity prices, particularly grains," said David Hallam, director of FAO's trade and market division. "With demand continuing strong, prospects for a return to more normal prices hinge largely on how much production will increase in 2011 and how much grain reserves are replenished in the new season."
There was little change in the index because although international grain prices increased sharply in April, the increase was more than offset by declines in dairy, sugar and rice, while oils and meat prices were mostly unchanged.
The FAO Cereal Price Index averaged 265 points, up 5.5 percent from March and 71 percent from April 2010. Maize prices increased 11 percent and wheat increased four percent in April 2011 as a result of unfavorable weather and planting delays. But large export supplies kept rice prices under downward pressure.
Falling nearly 7 percent in March, the FAO Oils/Fats Price Index was nearly unchanged in April. The FAO Sugar Price Index averaged nearly 348 points, down 7 percent from March and 17 percent below its January record.
The FAO Dairy Price Index averaged 229 points, down 2.4 percent from March. A good start of the northern hemisphere season has prevented prices from rising after seven months of steady growth.


Currently, Trading Members pay the following commission fees for centrally cleared trades in foreign currency executed at the Trading Session:
- commission fee for the organization of trading charged by the Moscow Exchange as the organizer of trading;
- commission fee for clearing services charged by National Clearing Centre (NCC) as the Clearing house.
Trading Members pay the fees in Russian rubles. The fees are debited by NCC during the process of settlement after the clearing session from accounts with cash posted by Trading Members for fulfillment of obligations to NCC, or being due to them after relevant obligations were discharged.
From 1 December 2018 the total amount of flat and volume-related commission fees:
- the total amount of flat and volume-related commission fees on spot transactions is divided:
- 42.5% - for clearing services (the size and calculation procedure of payment is approved by the Clearing Rules of the Central Counterparty "National Clearing Centre")
- 57.5% - for trading (the size and calculation procedure of payment approved by the Supervisory Board of Moscow Exchange on 31 July 2019 (Minutes No. 7))
- the total amount of volume-related commission fees for swap deals, swap contracts and deliverable futures contracts is divided:
- 52.08(3)%* - for clearing services (the size and calculation procedure of payment is approved by the Clearing Rules of the Central Counterparty "National Clearing Centre")
- 47.91(6)%* - for trading (the size and calculation procedure of payment approved by the Supervisory Board of Moscow Exchange on 31 July 2019 (Minutes No. 7)).
- the total amount of flat commission fees for swap deals, swap contracts and deliverable futures contracts has not been changed.
Starting from 1 January 2019 according to the fee package SPT_0 the minimum fee for trading services (service fee) is charged on a quarterly basis in the amount of RUB 60.000 (previously – monthly in the amount of RUB 20.000). The minimum fee for trading services (Service Fee) shall not be charged if
- the sum of total volume-based trading fee and a total volume-based clearing fee paid by a Trading Member within a calendar quarter exceeds RUB 60.000;
- the Trading Member moved from the SPT_0 fee schedule to other fee schedule (SPT_1000, SPT_2000) within a calendar quarter.
Fee schedules for spot and swap trades are applied per the registration code of a Trading Member and all settlement accounts opened within this registration code. Applications to choose (change) the fee schedule are filed to the Clearing Centre not later than 5 (five) days before the beginning of the calendar month from which the relevant fee schedule is going to be applied.
Please note that Moscow Exchange introduced a fixed fee of RUB50 for trades of less than 50 lots on 05 August 2019. This fee is applied to all order book spot trades (TOD, TOM and SPT) across all currency pairs. For order sizes of 50 lots or more, fee is calculated as usual based on a FX market fee schedule selected by the trading member. Minimum fee of RUB1 has been remained. The novation aims to boost liquidity and improve the quality of the Moscow Exchange FX market order book. Pricing rules for off order book trades has remained unchanged.
- Acting Fees (presentation)
- FX Fees
- NCC Tariffs (clearing fee)
- Example of fee calculation for trades of less than 50 lots
- Marketing period for the Moscow Exchange’s fee rates imposed on USDRUB_TDB, USDRUB_TMB, EURRUB_TDB and EURRUB_TMB trades
- Marketing program granting rebates on volume-based fees for trades organization (FX spots)


ACAS head of diversity Julie Dennis said: “Our study reveals a varying picture when it comes to performance management systems within UK workplaces and a failure by most employers to consider adjusting them for staff with disabilities.
“Performance management shouldn’t be seen as just a tool to identify poor performance or measuring against targets. A good system can help an organisation to motivate their staff, recognise the work of their employees and identify development opportunities.
Consequently, ACAS has published new practical guidance on performance management which includes tips for treating staff fairly.
What is performance management?
Performance management is the activity and set of processes that aim to maintain and improve employee performance in line with an organisation’s objectives, according to the CIPD.
How can the new ACAS Guide help you?
According to their Guide, good performance management helps employers achieve:
Their business objectives
Clear transparent communication with employees, making for a more productive and structured workplace
From an employee perspective, the benefits include:
A clear understanding of where they fit into the business
Their role in achieving the business’s objectives through a greater understanding of the skills and competencies needed to fulfill their role
The Guide goes into detail about exactly what performance management is and why it’s important.
In addition, it reminds employers of the importance of managing performance and provides details on implementing performance management measurements.
Also, it includes an interesting case study on how the company, Sika, designed and implemented a new PM system to best meet the needs of their organisation.
Why is Performance Management Important?
If performance isn’t managed, then it’s highly unlikely your employees will work to the best of their ability. This could lead to them feeling demotivated which will reduce performance levels further.
However, with good performance management, employees are often more motivated. This is because they feel they are making valuable contributions towards the company’s goals. It also enables management teams to monitor and improve poor performance and acknowledge employees who are doing a good job. Also, it helps develop staff as they will be working towards set goals and targets.
Are you facing challenges with your performance management?
We all agree that performance management is important. Moorepay can help if you’re unsure of how to successfully implement the required systems and processes. If you’re interested in finding out more about how we can help you, please contact us.
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Elaine has a wealth of knowledge in producing contracts, training materials and other documentation as well as training other consultants. She piloted a scheme whereby she went on-site to act as a client’s HR Manager two days per week, whilst the post-holder was on maternity leave. Elaine also previously ran her own retail business for seven years, employing four people.
Elaine is a field based consultant for Moorepay and provides on-site HR and Employment Law advice, consultancy and training services to our clients.


This grab handle is designed to fit directly into the seat belt anchor points.
Ideal for children and those of us who need extra help in and out of the vehicle.
Being almost one metre in length it suites everyone and doesn't interfere with the seats or blinds.
Chunky 30mm tube for a better grip.
Comes black powdercoated.


On January 31, 2020, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) Alex Azar declared a public health emergency regarding the novel coronavirus outbreak. As a result, the U.S. has made dramatic changes to the ability of foreign nationals to enter the U.S. and placed historic restrictions on certain returning American citizens. The new regulations, made through a presidential proclamation, called for “temporarily suspending the entry into the United States of foreign nationals who pose a risk of transmitting the 2019 novel coronavirus.” The prior day, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease as a global health emergency. Global airlines have also cancelled flights between Chinese cities and a variety of countries, including the United States. After the WHO declaration, the United States State Department issued a level 4 travel advisory—“Do not travel”—for all of China.
President Trump’s order went into effect on 5:00 p.m. on Sunday, February 2, 2020, and continues until the HHS secretary advises the president to terminate or modify the order. Important takeaways from the order and its implementation:
HHS Secretary Azar announced quarantine restrictions on U.S. citizens returning from China—“Any U.S. citizen returning to the U.S. who has been in Hubei Province in the previous 14 days will be subject to up to 14 days of mandatory quarantine, to ensure they’re provided proper medical care and health screening.” In addition, he announced, “Any U.S. citizen returning to the U.S. who has been in the rest of mainland China within the previous 14 days will undergo proactive entry health screening at a select number of ports of entry and up to 14 days of monitored self-quarantine to ensure they have not contracted the virus and do not pose a public health risk.”
These historic restrictions are creating challenges to employers with global, mobile workforces. Unions and other employees in the travel industry have raised various safety concerns (through legal action and internal complaints) that have and will continue to impact international travel.
Many U.S. companies have significant operations in China that require in-person collaboration. In light of the current restrictions, businesses should re-consider their travel policies as travel, even for urgent business reasons, will be significantly disrupted. Employers that still require their employees to travel to and from China against reputable health organization guidance put themselves not only at risk of legal challenges, but additional legal exposure if such employees become sick from required work-related travel.
Employers should also consider alternatives to travel and review their work from home policies for employees who cannot perform certain job duties because of travel restrictions or at-home quarantines. In addition, employers should determine if they must or will continue to pay employees or require them to use vacation, PTO, or sick time if employees become sick or quarantined. As an additional measure of caution, employers may want to implement a written communicable illness policy that covers any potential illness communicable in the workplace—and include 2019-nCoV if the employer has employees who may reasonably be expected to be exposed to this new coronavirus. For more information on additional steps employers can take, please see our alert “Employers have responsibilities as coronavirus exposure and transmission-related fears grow.”
The foregoing has been prepared for the general information of clients and friends of the firm. It is not meant to provide legal advice with respect to any specific matter and should not be acted upon without professional counsel. If you have any questions or require any further information regarding these or other related matters, please contact your regular Nixon Peabody LLP representative. This material may be considered advertising under certain rules of professional conduct.
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A lounge chair designed for contemporary layouts and fully upholstered for an elegant dining experience.
Myra comes in timber and steel leg options with matching dining chairs and bar stools.
Dimensions: H: 890 SH: 420 W: 810 D: 740
Finish: Beech wood or steel frame
Fabric: TE (refer to image)
Product Origin: Europe
Commercial Warranty: 3 Years


We have been collecting examples of your amazing work during the Covid-19 pandemic through Q&As, social media posts and blogs.
If you would like to share what you’ve been up to or any great work you’ve spotted with us, contact firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com. This is part of our Nursing Stars campaign to highlight the work being done by practice and community nurses, and midwives.
19 July – Nursing students create tartan incorporating the colours of Scotland’s national nurse uniform
The woven cloth – which is the first of its kind – features shades of blue with burgundy detail to echo the official outfits worn by NHS nurses, healthcare assistants and student nurses across the country. It was created by nursing students at the University of Edinburgh.
The project has been developed in partnership with Nursing Now – a global campaign established in 2018 to promote nursing and its vital role in improving health and transforming healthcare – and as part of the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife,
13 July – Nursing associate receives silver award in inaugural chief nurse adult social care awards
Registered nursing associate Emily Burton – who works at Stewton House in Louth – today received the first ever award for a social care nursing associate. This is as part of the inaugural chief nurse adult social care awards celebrating professionals working across the sector.
5 July – The NHS celebrates its birthday
The NHS turned 73 after an extremely challenging year – and on the day that the Queen awarded the George Cross to the national health services of the UK.
1 July – Government responds to petition to protect nurse title
The Government has said it will ‘consider in detail’ whether to protect the title of ‘nurse’ in UK law amid concerns about misuse. The pledge comes in response to a petition, which has reached more than 20,000 signatures, calling for the ‘nurse’ title to be protected in UK law. Currently, ‘registered nurse’ and ‘nursing associate’ are protected titles – but ‘nurse’ is not, so anyone can legally call themselves a nurse.
7 June – Senior nurse plants tree alongside health secretary Matt Hancock
Sam Foster, chief nursing officer at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Matt Hancock planted one of ten Japanese cherry (Sakura) blossom trees in Oxford Botanic Gardens ahead of the G7 summit, to commemorate those who died during the Covid-19 pandemic.
4 June – Dementia UK announces £1m investment in dementia nurses to support families through diagnosis
Dementia UK has announced a £1m investment in dementia specialist admiral nurse posts to provide ongoing support to families in need of a diagnosis and following one, in addition to supporting primary care professionals, such as GPs, in their understanding around dementia.
The areas that have so far been identified to support a potential of 19 roles are Somerset, Dorset, Northumberland, Cumbria, Leeds, London, Shropshire, Cambridgeshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Sussex, and Leicestershire; further roles are planned for other parts of the UK.
26 May – QNI launches book of stories on school nursing written by school nurses
The QNI has launched a book of stories on school nursing written by school nurses written by school nurses themselves, featuring 19 different case studies. The book can be downloaded here.
12 May – International Nurses’ Day: Nurse wins top award
Maria Nelligan, chief nursing officer at Lancashire and South Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust (LSCft) was ‘bowled over’ when she was presented with a national Chief Nursing Officer Award at an International Nurses’ Day event. On hand to present the top accolade was chief nursing officer for NHS England, Ruth May.
11 May – Dua Lipa calls for higher pay rise for nurses
Dua Lipa, who won best female solo artist and best album, used her acceptance speech to pay tribute to Dame Elizabeth Anionwu, an emeritus professor of nursing at the University of West London – and ask for a higher pay rise for nurses.
She said: ‘She has spent her stellar nursing career fighting racial injustice, she has also spent so much time and is a strong, strong advocate for protecting frontline workers. She has also said that there’s a massive disparity between gratitude and respect for frontline workers because it’s very good to clap for them, but we need to pay them. So I think what we should do is we should all give a massive, massive round of applause and give Boris a message that we all support a fair pay rise for our frontline.’
5 May – Great British Bake Off winner asks people to Raise Your Risks to support nurses and midwives
For International Day of the Midwife (5 May) and International Nurses’ Day (12 May), Great British Bake Off winner (2019) and registered nurse David Atherton is asking people to Raise Your Whisks to support nurses, midwives and healthcare assistants facing hardship. People are encouraged to make cakes and host bake sales and the charity behind the campaign, Cavell Nurses’ Trust, has lots of ideas on how to create a successful and safe event.
24 April – Photo series shows heroes behind vaccination effort
Working with the NHS, photojournalists have captured the monumental collective effort of the largest vaccination programme in British history in a series of poignant photographs. See a selection below.
9 April – Care home provider up against TSB and Hitachi for top employer award
Care UK is the only care home provider in the country to be shortlisted for its dedication to employee training and development at the UK Employee Experience Awards.
HR Director Leah Queripel said: ‘We were thrilled when we heard we had been shortlisted against so many major household name employers.’
2 April – Florence Nightingale Museum battle for survival continues
The Florence Nightingale Museum is grateful for any support as it awaits the return of visitors. In January, it said it will close because of the impact of Covid-19 but expects to open again once visitors return in sustainable numbers.
20 March – Nurses and healthcare workers vaccinate half the adult population
Half the adult population have been now vaccinated, with nurses shouldering most of the work.
5 February – Nursing Stars Q&A: Ruth Oshikanlu
Independent nure entrepreneur Ruth Oshikanlu, who support women who have assisted conception or previous pregnancy loss, reveals how she supported mothers, staff and BAME colleagues during the Covid-19 pandemic. In her Q&A with Nursing in Practice, she writes: ‘My greatest learning has been the diversity of the roles of nurses and midwives and how innovative we have been during the pandemic to continue to provide services that are patient/client focussed.’
28 January – Nursing Stars Q&A: Nicola Mckenzie
Advanced nurse practitioner Nicola Mckenzie explain how she and her team have fought through an emotionally challenging time supporting care homes – and ended up closer as a team than ever. In her Q&A with Nursing in Practice, she writes: ‘We have worked tirelessly throughout covid. Working weekends, starting early and finishing late. Worrying about what we might bring home to our families. However, we have made it through much like other teams have.’
21 January – The Countess of Wessex thanks nurses
The Countess of Wessex sings her praaises as she joined a practice nurse and healthcare assistant conference.
13 January – Jo Churchill champions community health teams in the Commons
Jo Churchill, minister for public health and primary care, thanks community health teams who ‘very often don’t get the thanks, but are the glue that sticks all these different parts of the system together’.
6 January – Nursing Stars Q&A: Naomi Berry
Newly qualified practice nurses Naomi Berry, based in Bradford, describes how she has adapted to both a new role and a pandemic in one year. In her Q&A with Nursing in Practice, she writes: ‘As a newly qualified working during a pandemic, it has been one of the hardest things I will ever have to do as it’s not something you are trained to be able to handle!’
10 December – Nursing Stars Q&A: Sarah Noble
Sarah Noble, head of midwifery at South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, describes how she and her team have continued to support mothers to birth their babies. In her Q&A for Nursing in Practice, she writes: ‘I am inspired each and every day by the kindness and determination of my maternity colleagues and the power of a birthing woman.’
3 December – Community team performs alternative version to George Ezra’s ‘Shotgun’
A fun reminder of the hard work community nursing staff are carrying out up and down the country.
23 November – 10k campaign raises £40k for coleagues
Cavell Nurses’ Trust, a charity supporting nursing and midwifery staff, has raised more than £40,000 to help colleagues facing crisis this winter. The money was raised through the charity’s 10k For Nurses and Midwives campaign which ran throughout October and encouraged fundraisers, many of them nursing and midwifery staff, to take on their own 10k challenges, including running 10k, walking 10,000 steps or cycling 10k.
18 November – Nursing Stars features Cazz Broxton, advanced nurse practitioner and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) transition lead
Cazz Broxton tells us about her role working with young people requiring mental health assessment and treatment. She also offers training to staff around supporting young adults. She says of working during Covid-19: ‘I have valued the opportunity to adapt, update and challenge previous practice and modalities, which can be more flexible than seen before.’
9 November – Specialist nurses working in the community featured on ITV News
An insight into the amazing work of community nurses in Hampshire was featured on ITV News.
29 October – Flu vaccines for the homeless
Nurses from the Health Inclusion Team have been given vaccines across south London to homeless people.
27 October – Nursing groups urge PM to extend free school meals
Nursing groups have joined forces to ask the Government to extend free school meals in England during the holidays and help families facing ‘heart-breaking’ poverty.
27 September – Introducing the General Practice Nurse BME network
Julie Roye and Robana Hussein-Mills are the joint facilitators of the GPN BME network, which you can join and support here.
18 September – Nursing Stars: Laura Clifford
Laura Clifford, a community matron and Queen’s Nurse, tells us why she and her team are Nursing Stars. She said: ‘I’m one star in a constellation of stars. It’s through the hard work and determination of the teams that we’ve been able to achieve what we have, during what has been an immensely challenging time.’ Read more here.
17 September – WHO Europe extends Year of the Nurse and Midwife
The Year of the Nurse and Midwife has been extended into 2021 in Europe because of the Covid-19 pandemic, it has been announced. In a speech at WHO Europe on Monday, WHO regional director for Europe Dr Hans Kluge promised nurses and midwives that Covid-19 will be ‘pushed back’ and ‘we will celebrate you’. Read more here.
14 September – Health visitors are proving vital after lockdown
Author and health visitor Rachael Hearson explains how health visitors have been among the first to see the damage done behind closed doors during lockdown in her new blog for Nursing in Practice. She wrote: ‘This is where we health visitors come in. How many of us were met with open arms, tears even, when we crossed the threshold in our weird masks or visors, gloves and aprons?’ Read more here.
14 September – Practice nurses prepare for flu season
Debbie Brown, a practice nurse, describes the amazing work taking place in her flu clinic – and in clinics all across the country – in the build up to flu season.
12 September – District nurse accepts British Empire Medal for services to nursing
Liz Alderton, a district nurse in north east London and Queen’s Nurse, has received the British Empire Medal for services to nursing.
18 August – Nursing Stars: Sara Petronijevich
Sara Petronijevich, practice nurse in West Sussex, tells us why she and her team are Nursing Stars. She said: ‘Everybody has been supportive of each other working while in a different way. We’ve had daily team meetings. It’s a tight team.’ Read more here.
13 August – National Care Forum praises care home after staff qualify as non-medical prescribers
The Royal Star & Garter care home was praised by the National Care Forum for investing in its staff after two staff members qualified as non-medical prescribers. Their qualifications will reduce the amount of time residents wait for medication, leading to improved care.
6 August – Nursing Stars Q&A: Emma Manuel
Emma Manuel, lead clinical college nurse at St John’s, University of Cambridge, tells us why she and her team are Nursing Stars. She said: ‘Things are by no means straightforward and there is much work to be done, but I am immensely proud to be a nurse and working with truly amazing people, in my own college and the college nurse network. I know we are all in this together.’ Read more here.
24 July – A special visit from the Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales thanked NHS general practice and primary care staff for their heroic efforts during the Covid-19 crisis, during a visit to St Austell Healthcare. Speaking to staff at St Austell Healthcare, he said: ‘What we are witnessing is a whole community working together to help each other, it’s a shining example of what is possible and what we should continue to strive to do.’
17 July – SAPHNA launches bespoke training for school health teams
The School and Public Health Nurses Association (SAPHNA) have launched bespoke training for school health teams as children return to school. This includes e-learning modules such as on emotionally based school avoidance, bereavement and whole school health and well-being. Live webinars will also provide a platform for parent/carer discussion, to support children, young people and families through what will be difficult times ahead for many. Register for a place before 20 July.
We chat with health visitor Rachael Hearson about why health visiting is misunderstood, the impact of Covid-19 and her new book, Handle With Care: Confessions of an NHS Health Visitor. Read more here.
13 July – Nursing Stars Q&A: Anthony Johnson
Anthony Johnson, a health visitor and lead organiser of campaigning group Nurses United, tells us why he is a Covid-19 Nursing Star. He said: ‘We’re still in a situation where lots of us feel really undervalued and in a precarious predicament. Despite that, nurses still stepped up and met the challenge. We’re a caring profession because we care.’ Read more here.
7 July – Man celebrates his community nurses with ‘hero’ medals
Bill Wheatley, aged 87, has given 12 community nurses a ‘hero’ award as a thank you for putting themselves on the frontline during the Covid-19 pandemic.
6 July – The last clap for carers
The prime minister joined a nationwide applause to pay tribute to NHS staff on the 72nd anniversary of the health service, in what is hoped to become an annual tradition. The round of clapping was inspired by the weekly Clap for Carers initiative to thank key workers during the height of the Covid-19 crisis.
3 July – Nursing Stars Q&A: Cath Pierce
Cath Pierce, an ANP in primary care, tells us why she is a Covid-19 Nursing Star. She said: ‘To me, all nurses are stars. No matter what is thrown at us, we pull together with our healthcare colleagues to adapt and survive.’ Read more here.
Helen Lewis explains how nurses have been a shining light in the darkness of a deadly pandemic in her new blog for Nursing in Practice. She wrote: ‘Nursing has become a glowing light in what has been some very dark days. Only time will tell whether that dedication, skill and knowledge will be rewarded with fairer remuneration in time.’ Read more here.
Anne Roberts, a district nurse based in Stoke-on-Trent, will be one of the NHS workers photographed by renowned photographer Rankin. The series will be showcased at local bus stops, roadside billboards as well as iconic pedestrian areas including the world-famous Piccadilly Lights in central London this week to mark the 72nd anniversary of the NHS. Read more here.
26 June – Nursing Stars Q&A: Sarah O’Donnell
Sarah O’Donnell, a lead general practice nurse and the lead for the General Practice Nurse Student Nurse Network, tells us why she is a Covid-19 Nursing Star. She said: ‘Primary care networks are also making more use of each other by having hubs and sharing clinicians. This is, I think, always a good thing as bringing ideas together helps people in their own clinics.’ Read more here.
The General Practice Nurse Student Nurse Network (GPN SNN) has created this amazing video to raise awareness for Deafblind Awareness Week, which began on the 21 June.
18 June – BLOG: Why we are supporting Nursing Stars – the New NHS Alliance
The New NHS Alliance partnered with Nursing in Practice on the last campaign to highlight the important work of nurses. Here the organisation’s chief executive Merron Simpson and chair Dr Brian Fisher write why they are working with us again. Read more here.
17 June – Nursing Stars Q&A: Louise Brady
Louise Brady, the clinical practice and development manager at The Royal British Legion, tells us why she is a Covid-19 Nursing Star. She said: ‘ Being a Covid-19 Nursing Star requires great strength in swift decision making, with the skillset to be able to be flexible and adaptable to the changing crisis.’ Read more here.
District Nursing Sister Maria volunteered to work in a nursing home during the Covid-19 outbreak
District Nursing Sister Maria volunteered to work in a private residential & nursing home during their #COVID19 outbreak. She worked tirelessly & made a tremendous contribution. Compassionate & caring at all times – Maria you are a true star pic.twitter.com/lfg6wHramr
— Northern Trust (@NHSCTrust) June 4, 2020
Sharon White, chief executive of the School and Public Health Nurses Association explains why school nurses will have a key role in helping children and families as students return to the classroom. In her blog for Nursing in Practice, she wrote: ‘Of course, many schools have remained open throughout the lockdown period and with the support of their school nursing service, have already put into place numerous strategies that have and will continue to assist in the safest return to school as possible for students.’ Read more here.
1 June – Nursing Stars Q&A: Claire Carmichael
Claire Carmichael, a practice nurse based in Hampshire, tells us why she is a Covid-19 Nursing Star. She said: ‘I have had a lot of Covid compassion during this time and have been making welfare calls to patients to ensure they are okay during this tough time. However, I couldn’t have done this without the help of the amazing team around me. Management and the CGGs in Hampshire have been excellent!’ Read more here.
Professor Dame Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu, Emeritus Professor of Nursing at University of West London, sang the praises of nursing and health visiting in the community during her appearance on Desert Island Discs. She was the first sickle cell specialist nurse in the UK. Dame Elizabeth, who has also worked as a health visitor, said on the role: ‘You have to earn the respect to get into people’s homes. You’re not in your own territory.’ Listen here.
Rachael Hearson, who is working as a health visitor in Dorset, has written a book on her experiences as a nurse called Handle With Care. On the BBC’s Woman’s Hour, she explains how the health visiting role has changed and why it’s needed now more than ever. She said: ‘[Health visitors] are there to try and build resilience into families and add resources and identify where families need additional needs, and try to make those referrals that are appropriate.’ Listen here.
Nicola Tatt, a district nurse in Nottinghamshire, talks about the difficulties and rewards of caring for a rural population during the Covid-19 pandemic. In her video blog, she said: ‘We see many patients in those areas who otherwise would not be able to access services… [During the pandemic], one of the positive things that has come out of it is being able to work with a virtual platform.’ Learn more in the tweet below.
— Nicola Tatt (@NicolaTatt) May 28, 2020
Cath Pierce, an ANP based at a practice in Stockport, works at a forward-thinking CCG that provides nurses-led ward rounds in residential and nursing homes. But since the Covid-19, they have had to adapt. In her blog for Nursing in Practice, Ms Pierce wrote: ‘I had previously used FaceTime to keep in touch with family and friends, but had never assessed a patient by video link. This sent me into a spin. How was I going to assess without undertaking a physical examination? How could I assess an individual’s condition without touching or feeling?‘ Read more here.
Community nursing teams at South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust have come up with new ways to work during the Covid-19 including telephone consultations, showing patients how to do basic dressing changes and training up family members to provide basic diabetes and wound care. Sarah Mallett, clinical lead for East Cleveland community nursing, said: ‘The staff have been absolutely fantastic; they have really stepped up to the mark.’ Read more here.
Retired NHS midwife Sarah volunteered in Bangladesh with UK Aid. Inspired by the courageous midwives she met in Bangladesh, she faced her fears and came out of retirement to help tackle the coronavirus pandemic. She said: ‘It inspired me to strive to show the same courage.’ Learn more in the tweet below.
Midwife Sarah volunteered in Bangladesh with a #UKaid project.
The courage she saw in those midwives overseas has inspired her to come out of retirement to support the #NHS during the #coronavirus pandemic.#IND2020 #YearOfTheNurseAndMidwife #InternationalNursesDay pic.twitter.com/7Xuq6a2dEN
— DFID (@DFID_UK) May 12, 2020
District nurses Jo Paterson showed the world how much district nurses have to contribute when she appeard on ITV News. The programme followed uproar over an original ‘misleading’ report that suggested district nurses were often unable to see patients during the coronavirus crisis. Ms Paterson said: ‘I don’t think any of us nurses do this job for recognition from the public. I think we do this for our job satisfaction and our patients.’ Read more here.
7 May – BLOG: Practice nursing in the alien world of Covid-19
Katherine Parker, a practice nurse based in Stockport, describes how practice nursing has kept up with a rapidly changing situation in her blog for Nursing in Practice. She wrote: ‘I applaud myself and each and every GPN colleague. In the last three months, we have transformed general practice. Much of what we are doing now I feel will be embedded and kept for post-pandemic times.’ Read more here.
Alicia Langdown, a nursing associate at a practice in Dorset, argues the case for nursing associates’ critical role in tackling coronavirus within primary care. In her blog for Nursing in Practice, she wrote: ‘I feel that my trainee nursing associate placements in secondary care have helped me to have a better understanding of infection control and different types of PPE. It has also provided some preparation for potentially seeing unwell patients in primary care, which we do not usually do on a regular basis.’ Read more here.
In a powerful short film, the children of healthcare workers at Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust explain what their mums and dads do to help others. It was launched 15 minutes before the first Clap for Carer’s event, where people throughout the country are encouraged to clap for carers working during the pandemic. Trish Bennett, Mersey Care’s executive director of nursing, said: ‘Along with their colleagues in other clinical and support roles our nurses are at the frontline of the fight against Covid-19. Every single nurse, no matter what discipline, makes such a difference to their patients.’ Watch the film here.
Sharon White, chief executive of the School and Public Health Nurses Association, describes how school nurses are always ready and willing to don their superhero capes and do whatever it takes in the war against cororonavirus. In her blog for Nursing in Practice, from the beginning of lockdown, she wrote: ‘I think we’d struggle to find another workforce so willing, able, adaptable and amenable to step up as demonstrated in previous public health outbreaks of measles, meningitis and flu.’ Read more here.


Mega Database 2021 from Big Database 2021 DVD
The ChessBase Mega Database 2021 is the premiere chess database with over 8.4 million games from 1560 to 2020 in high quality. Packing more than 85,000 annotated games, Mega 2021 contains the world‘s largest collection of high-class analysed games. Train like a pro! Prepare for your opponents with ChessBase and the Mega Database 2021. Let grandmasters explain how to best handle your favorite variations, improve your repertoire and much more.
- Includes Mega Update Service 2021: update your Mega with your ChessBase 16/15 program every week with over 5,000 new games. That’s about 250,000 new games by the end of 2021!
- New, comfortable menu with even more top-level tournaments than ever before!
- Direct access to the games of all the World Championships, among the over 450 years of chess knowledge.
- Player lexicon for download with over 600,000 player names and more than 40,000 player photos (only with ChessBase 16 or 15)
System requirements (Minimum): Desktop PC or Notebook, Windows 10, 8.1, 2 GB RAM, and Fritz 14, 15, 16, 17 or ChessBase 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and DVD drive for DVDs / for Downloads no DVD drive required.
Update, je vyžadováno: Serial number required (BigBase 2021)


The Mytoys Group is the no. 1 online retailer for family shopping in Germany. The award-winning family of brands include shopping deals of Mytoys, Limango, Mirapodo and Yomonda, which in total generated a turnover of 720 million euros in fiscal year 2019/20. The Mytoys Group ranks among the most successful e-commerce companies in Germany.
Based in Berlin, since 1999 the Group operates with its brand Mytoys the no. 1 online shop for toys and child-related products in Germany, as well as stores of the same name. It is one of the leading multi-channel providers for children's assortment in the German-speaking countries.
Since 2013, the online shoe shop Mirapodo and the shopping club Limango are part of the Group. In 2016, the home and living shop Yomonda went online. The Mytoys Group currently employs over 2,000 people.


There has been significant coverage of IRS’s recent Notice announcing that it no longer intends to amend required minimum distribution (RMD) regulations to prohibit defined benefit (DB) plans from paying lump sums to retirees.
The message in the news seems to be that this—permitting the payment of retiree lump sums—is a very bad idea. That “annuities are good and lump sums are bad.” That message is way over-the-top and disingenuous and as a result does a dis-service to many individual retirees for whom a lump-sum offer may in fact be a financial windfall.
At 2013 ERISA Advisory Council hearings on “Private Sector Pension De-risking and Participant Protections,” then Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) Director Joshua Gotbaum “likened pension plan lump-sum cash-outs to cigarettes: legal, liked, and bad for you.” On the other hand, the only retiree witnesses at those hearings—Jack Cohen, testifying on behalf of the Association of BellTel Retirees—told the Council that he believes “retirees should be permitted to make their own decisions about whether to accept a lump-sum offer.”
Let’s get one issue out of the way at the top. No one is talking about forcing retirees to take a lump sum. What policymakers like Gotbaum, and participant advocacy groups like the Pension Rights Center, are concerned about is that participants (like Cohen) will want to take lump sums, even though, like smoking cigarettes, it is bad for them. Thus, you can think of this effort as of piece with, for instance, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s attempt to ban “big” soft drinks. Think Nanny State.
If you’re a smoker, you probably should take a lump sum
This “lump sums are like smoking” argument is (unintentionally) ironic: if you are a smoker, taking a lump sum—contrary to Gotbaum et. al.—may be a really good idea, given your reduced life expectancy.
I have no dog in this hunt. I think there are good arguments on both sides.
I think if all you care about is retirement income, then an (efficiently priced) annuity—like the one typically provided by a DB plan—is an ideal solution. Policymakers, sponsors, annuity providers and wonks have all been puzzled as to why DB plan participants often prefer lump sums (when they are offered), and there is little demand for an annuity option in DC plans. Economists call this the “annuity puzzle.”
Reasons not to annuitize
In a written statement submitted to the 2018 ERISA Advisory Council (this issue just never goes away), Sarah Holden, Senior Director, Retirement and Investor Research, and Shannon Salinas, Assistant General Counsel ─ Retirement Policy, of the Investment Company Institute, neatly summarized what is left out of this view that “lump sums are bad for you (like cigarettes).” They pointed out that (1950s) research showing that “rational consumers should use all of their life savings to purchase an annuity at retirement” does not take into account a number of critical factors:
The [“rational retirees should buy annuities”] models do not account for the fact that individuals have other annuitized resources, such as Social Security and defined benefit (DB) pensions. Nor do they incorporate uncertainty about future consumption needs, which would cause individuals to keep a portion of wealth liquid in case of unexpected need. Further, the models typically focus on single individuals, whereas married couples get much less insurance value from purchasing an annuity. In addition, the prediction of full annuitization relies on the assumption that individuals place no value on resources passed on to their heirs, whereas evidence suggests that a large portion of the population desires to leave bequests.
More recent research, by Felix Reichling of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and Kent Smetters of the Wharton School, has shown that the “annuities are good for you” conclusion is in fact “driven by assumptions embedded in the model. … If, instead, it is assumed that individuals learn new information about their health and mortality risk over time, and that adverse health events both increase mortality risk and are costly (in the form of lower income or higher out-of-pocket expenses), then the result that retirees should fully annuitize disappears.”
I would add one other issue. Media coverage (e.g., CNN’s A losing deal for retirees) has included the statement “Retirees who tried to reinvest the lump-sum payments would almost inevitably lose out—especially women, who tend to live longer than men and are more likely to run out of money in retirement.” (Emphasis added.) If this statement is true—and I would guess that in many cases it is—it is partly because the lump-sum value of a pension paid out of a plan is determined using unisex actuarial tables, which understate women’s life expectancy and the lump-sum value of a woman’s pension. To point out the obvious, it is (perhaps significantly) less true for men, because those same unisex tables overstate men’s life expectancy and the lump-sum value of their pensions.
When I say that those denouncing IRS’s Notice as bad for retirees are disingenuous, I mean that they are taking no account the foregoing—it would seem to me obvious—points.
Factors to consider
Let me bullet out what, in my view, is the bottom line on this issue, from the individual participant’s point of view:
Life expectancy and annuitization – If you have no reason to believe that your life expectancy is below average, and you depend on your pension to meet basic needs, taking a lump sum is generally a very bad idea. An annuity will provide you with a greater lifetime income than pretty much any other option and is obviously better than self-insuring against longevity.
If your health is compromised—if you have good reason to believe your life expectancy is lower than average—you may be better off taking a lump sum. In certain cases, e.g., where the doctors have given you six months to live, you will almost certainly be better off.
Married couples will have a more complicated life expectancy issue to evaluate. Married individuals (and families) are able to provide their own pooling of longevity risk (between spouses and between generations). That is why, as noted above, they get less insurance value from an annuity. It is, however, likely that one of the two spouses will live to a very old age.
Delaying Social Security – Taking a lump sum may enable you to delay Social Security annuitization. There is a nearly universal agreement that delaying your Social Security start date (e.g., to age 70) is, for most individuals, the best annuity deal on offer right now. If taking a lump sum will permit you to delay it, then the lump sum may be a good idea.
Alternative resources and objectives – If you have adequate alternative annuity resources to meet your basic needs or if you want to, e.g., dedicate part of your retirement assets to a legacy, you may want to consider taking a lump sum. You should, however, consider that, if you (rationally) believe you have a longer-than-average life expectancy, keeping the annuity may be a better financial bet than investing in the stock market. In this regard, individuals should consider the bias introduced into this analysis by the plan’s use of unisex tables: men will have shorter-than-average life expectancies and women will have longer-than-average life expectancies than the life-expectancy assumptions the plan uses to calculate the lump sum.
Exposure to equities pro and con– You may want exposure to the equity markets, and you can’t get that unless you take a lump sum. Individuals thinking about taking a lump sum should, however, consider whether they will be able to efficiently invest it. In the typical 401(k) plan, there often are tools in place—target date funds, defaults, and a curated menu of institutionally priced funds—that frame participant decisions and may produce better investment outcomes than may be achieved by an individual retiree receiving a lump sum that he rolls into an IRA.
A preference for flexibility – Finally, you may want spending flexibility in retirement—for a wide variety reasons, including concerns about risk and simple spending preferences. A lump sum will provide more spending flexibility than a life annuity.
Evaluating these issues isn’t easy. There are a number of factors that may be relevant—I’m not pretending to have discussed them all. If you have access to competent assistance with financial decisions, use it. There’s a lot of judgment required in making this one.
The sponsor’s view
I’ve written the foregoing from the retiree’s point of view. There are, however, a number of reasons why retirement plan sponsors might not want to implement a retiree lump-sum program. Some to consider are: The savings—versus buying an annuity in a risk transfer transaction—isn’t as great as it is for non-retiree lump sums. There’s a hidden adverse selection cost, which is exacerbated by the unisex mortality table issue. And offering lump sums to some older annuitants may present consent/fiduciary issues.
Just because the press is saying that lump sums are (as CNN put it) a “losing deal for retirees,” doesn’t mean they are a win for sponsors.
Michael Barry is president of O3 Plan Advisory Services LLC, and author of the new book, “Retirement Savings Policy: Past, Present, and Future.” He has 40 years’ experience in the benefits field, in law and consulting firms, and blogs regularly http://moneyvstime.com/ about retirement plan and policy issues.
This feature is to provide general information only, does not constitute legal or tax advice, and cannot be used or substituted for legal or tax advice. Any opinions of the author do not necessarily reflect the stance of Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) or its affiliates.
« Ways and Means Committee Set to Vote on Bipartisan ‘SECURE Act’


8.30 am Sunday Juniors ;
With blue skies and light winds it was a perfect morning for the early class and with again some new beginners coming along for their first experience at sailing we had 13 juniors take to the water with the help of a couple of our junior instructors and Ben Roake who had his first real attempt at becoming an assistant instructor and did really well showing one of the new sailors how its done .
Addy had a go at the open bic but found it a bit of achallenge even with Dallas,s help so she ended up in a Tera and Mary successfully steered the laser around the course with Dan as crew . Well done everyone !
10.30 am Sunday Juniors ;
With a keen group of seven sailors and with winds increasing to around 12/15 knots from the s/e we set a reaching course with originally tacking and gybing but as the wind speed increased we restricted everyone to tacking only . The stand outs on the day were Declan 4.7 laser who was absolutely flying and Ollie and Abbey who got a seven out of ten from me for their performance in the tricky conditions . Jonah continued his march forward in skills as did Hado and Cody until he capsized and floated under the bridge where Dallas jumped on and sailed the boat back as Cody was absolutely buggered , the moral Code is dont go so near the bridge in a southerly !
Open Racing 1.30 pm ;
Pete and his crew set a pretty long course with the top mark up towards the top of Soverign which created a great up wind battle with John T out in front and Greg and Tom have their usual set too behind him , Tom did manage to get in front on thr return to A mark only for me to blow it for hom by telling everyone that he hag got in front of aGreg only to see him capsize at the turning buoy ( forgot to let the vang off ! ) . All in all everyone sailed well with James Maurie and Ross albiet with crew ( his son ) really enjoying the conditions and Casey coming home first in the 4.7 with Charlie and Dan following behind .
Public Nuisance ; we have everything we need to continue the gourney home and it is looking like the following weekend we will have enough crew to sail her up the coast .
Canteen ; The canteen is an intergral part of the clubs fundraising and we are always looking for a few volunteers to help out when they can so if you think you can spare us some time on Sundays just let us know and we can run you through the set up . Also dont forget that we will need a few volunteers on both Saturday and Sunday of the Youth Cup at the end of June .
CU on the water


Coffee & Tea
Coffee & Tea
We proudly serve Stumptown single origin coffees and Stumptown's Hairbender espresso.
1.75 brewed/iced coffee (small)
2.25 brewed/iced coffee (large)
4.00 chai latte
The Crystal Skull- Cortado with Crystal hot sauce and honey- sweet and spicey! $3.25
The Black Rider- Dry cappuccino with organic caramel, topped with black sea salt flakes. $3.75 (our most popular drink!)
Candied Ginger Capp- Dry soy cappuccino with organic ginger and house-made simple syrup. $3.80
The Thunderbird- Four shots of Hairbender over ice. $3.50 (16 oz. cup or smaller only.)
The Hellbender- Four shots of Hairbender over ice, topped with iced coffee- served in a 16 oz. cup. Perfect for all-nighters. And Vampires. $5.25
The Rose of Tralee- Hot chocolate accented with rose water essence. $3.65 or $4.15 available in 12oz. or 16 oz.
Mexican Hot Chocolate- Our house cocoa mix with a kick of cayenne and cinnamon. $3.00 or $3.50 available in 12oz. or 16 oz.
For more information on our coffee roaster visit www.stumptowncoffee.com
extra espresso shot
3.00 hot cocoa (small)
3.50 hot cocoa (large)
2.75 steamer (small)
3.25 steamer (large)
2.25 Rishi organic hot/iced tea
lavender earl grey
white ginseng detox
jasmine green tea
white peach blossom
white tea rose melange
For more information on our teas, visit www.rishi-tea.com.
1.50 La Croix sparkling water
2.00 Sprecher soda- caffeine-free, gluten-free and free of high fructose corn syrup.
cherry cola -made with cherry juice from Door County, Wisconsin.
12 oz. bulk Stumptown beans
We sell a variety of whole bean Stumptown coffees in the cafe. For additional coffee offerings, please visit www.stumptowncoffee.com.
Receive one free small coffee with a whole bean purchase. (available at time of sale, only)
PRAIRIE LIGHTS CAFE 319-248-0055 email@example.com


Vamp! Compact Eyeshadow
Detailshttps://www.pupamilano.com/make-up/eyes/eyeshadows/vamp-compact-eyeshadow/240012104.html Available in 17 variants
VAMP! COMPACT EYESHADOW, by Pupa has a high concentration of pigments to enhance the intensity of your eyes.
Its texture is very fine and comfortable to wear, it enables an adjustable coverage and great blendability. With an absolute and homogeneous color payoff on the eyelid, right from first stroke. It lasts all through the day.
24 spectacular colors, with 3 different finishes: matt, metallic, satin.
Made in Italy
The formula combines innovative Silicones – for great hold and maximum color release – with a Blend of Binding Ingredients that guarantee pure color that lasts.
Pick up a small quantity of eyeshadow and blend off the excess powder onto the back of your hand. Apply by tapping on your eyelid with the applicator. Use the darker colors either on the tail of your eye or on all the upper and lower eyelids for a smoky effect, the lighter colors on highlight spots and the bright colors either on all the eyelid or just at the center, for a precious touch.
The ingredients list is constantly updated. However, please refer to the formula stated on the products packaging.
TALC, PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM (MINERAL OIL), ZINC STEARATE, ETHYLHEXYL PALMITATE, DIMETHICONE, POLYPROPYLENE, POLYBUTENE, COCOGLYCERIDES, LAUROYL LYSINE, LECITHIN, TOCOPHEROL, ASCORBYL PALMITATE, CITRIC ACID, GLYCERYL OLEATE, GLYCERYL STEARATE, CAPRYLYL GLYCOL, HEXYLENE GLYCOL, DISODIUM EDTA, PHENOXYETHANOL, DEHYDROACETIC ACID
(+/-) MAY CONTAIN:
ALUMINA, CALCIUM ALUMINUM BOROSILICATE, CALCIUM SODIUM BOROSILICATE, COBALT TITANIUM OXIDE, SILICA, SYNTHETIC FLUORPHLOGOPITE, CI 77019 MICA, CI 77891 (TITANIUM DIOXIDE), CI 77491, 77492, 77499 (IRON OXIDES), CI 75470 (CARMINE), CI 77007 (ULTRAMARINES), CI 77163 (BISMUTH OXYCHLORIDE), CI 77288 (CHROMIUM OXIDE GREENS), CI 77289 (CHROMIUM HYDROXIDE GREEN), CI 77510 (FERRIC AMMONIUM FERROCYANIDE, FERRIC FERROCYANIDE), CI 77742 (MANGANESE VIOLET), CI 77861 (TIN OXIDE), CI 16035 (RED 40 LAKE), CI 19140 (YELLOW 5 LAKE), CI 42090 (BLUE 1 LAKE)
Contains Carmine as a color additive


The Rangers 12 Hour (R12) is a 12 hour competitive training session from 6pm to 6am that tests an individual's "Mental, Physical, & Emotional Strength." During the R12, Individuals with go through cross-fit regimes, wrestling, technique, strength training, conditioning, mental preparation, nutrition talks, physical tests, lifting techniques, etc. R12 is based off ideas/experiences of the US Army Ranger School, Mike Malinconico's 24 Lock-in, & Joel Caruso's cross-fit/functional fitness regimes.
The R12: From 18:00 (6pm) to 06:00 (6am), Individuals will complete 25 missions/tasks, a mission every :30 minutes. Each mission will vary from rope climbs, odd object 1 mile run, scavenger hunt, tire flip, sled pushes, kettle bell work, etc. Missions will vary depending on locations or from date to date.
What you need:
-Fill out registration and waiver form
-Current USA Wrestling Membership
Location: Loudoun County High School
-To Bring:Wrestling Shoes, Running Shoes, 3-4 changes of clothes, Water Bottle, & Plenty of high caloric snacks/food for energy. Dress for indoor & outdoor events.


ERK and AKT signaling drive MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer in association with elevated proliferation and tumorigenicity.
Jin F., Irshad S., Yu W., Belakavadi M., Chekmareva M., Ittmann MM., Abate-Shen C., Fondell JD.
MED1 is a key coactivator of the androgen receptor (AR) and other signal-activated transcription factors. Whereas MED1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines and is thought to coactivate distinct target genes involved in cell-cycle progression and castration-resistant growth, the underlying mechanisms by which MED1 becomes overexpressed and its oncogenic role in clinical prostate cancer have remained unclear. Here, we report that MED1 is overexpressed in the epithelium of clinically localized human prostate cancer patients, which correlated with elevated cellular proliferation. In a Nkx3.1:Pten mutant mouse model of prostate cancer that recapitulates the human disease, MED1 protein levels were markedly elevated in the epithelium of both invasive and castration-resistant adenocarcinoma prostate tissues. Mechanistic evidence showed that hyperactivated ERK and/or AKT signaling pathways promoted MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer cells. Notably, ectopic MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer xenografts significantly promoted tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, MED1 expression in prostate cancer cells promoted the expression of a number of novel genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and survival. Together, these findings suggest that elevated MED1 is a critical molecular event associated with prostate oncogenesis.