That’s what I keep thinking as Americans fight the Washington establishment (the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, their big contributors) on immigration. Go deeper. Look at the real emotions driving the struggle as opposed to what politicians and the media claim are “the high emotions surrounding this issue.”
You know what I think is the American mood right now on immigration? Anti-immigration and for the immigrant. Against the abstract and for the particular.
We’re against gushing borders and illegal immigration, which is at this point even souring the general mood on legal immigration, because we don’t trust our bureaucrats to let in the people America needs. We don’t trust our bureaucrats and leaders to care a lot about America. (We assume that when senators are together, if someone says, “But what about America?” everyone laughs, and then the top senator says, dryly, “Your concern is duly noted. Next.”)
But that’s the abstract, “immigration.” In the particular—the immigrants we see and work with and know—we’re for them.
We’re asking for closed borders and pulling for newcomers.
And this isn’t ambivalence, and it isn’t confusion. It’s common sense plus humanity.
The White House is exploiting American alarm at uncontrolled borders to get its way. This of course has added to the sense of national alarm. They believe the alarm works for them: If you don’t pass our bill we’ll never control your borders—yes, “your”—and you’ll suffer! In the general air of agitation, anger festers. People feel powerless. Rage follows, and in this case I believe deep fissures will follow that.
What gets lost in the alarm, and will get lost in the fissures, is the old affection the whole country felt, and still feels, for its newcomers. Not shallow sentiment or softness but something more constitutional, more civic.
As in: I’m in Mass, or in the deli down the street, or the bathroom of a restaurant, and I see a Hispanic woman, obviously hardworking, obviously so far not lucky, not yet. This is what I think: Hi, Grandma. My grandmother was a bathroom attendant on the fifth floor of the A&S department store in downtown Brooklyn. She was an immigrant from Ireland.
When I see new Americans, I think I’m seeing her. And I am not alone. And I know what we feel, and it is not antagonism. It is some kind of old civic love, some kind of connection that echoes back, that doesn’t quite have a name but is part of who we are.
* * *
In New York last weekend we had the Puerto Rican Day Parade. I walked from midtown to uptown in the throngs. Babies, strollers, mommies, people dressed in red, white and blue. Puerto Ricans are citizens of the United States, but some of the people around me were new arrivals. On 86th Street, at the end of the parade, I saw a teenage girl in a silver-white gown. She’d just gotten off a float and was sitting on the curb. She looked like a Miss Universe contestant—brown skin, big eyes, beautiful. She looked like she wants to be Jennifer Lopez. This is a very American thing to want to be. Near her there was another girl in a gown. She was shorter, thicker, and had a tattoo on her arm of the American flag. I thought: She’ll be a Marine some day.
Some things were not good, not at all. A young man hurled an obscene epithet. He was that angry I wasn’t Latin, and he felt I should know. Another young man deliberately frightened a shopkeeper on Madison Avenue. When he walked by the store, he put out his arm as if he had a gun in his hand, aiming it at her. I was behind him. I looked at the woman as she flinched, and our eyes locked: This is bad.
We’re going to have to work on that young man, on both of them.
But we always have to work on young men, don’t we?
* * *
Lately in the immigration debate we have been discussing and debating statistics on such things as family breakdown, education levels, and criminality among Hispanic newcomers. This reminds me of a number of things, some of them perhaps to this day delicate. One is that among the immigrant Irish of the late 19th and early 20th centuries there were fairly high levels of dysfunction, family neglect, alcoholism. As for criminality, they didn’t call it the paddy wagon for nothing. My tribe was an obstreperous one. Many tribes are, at least the interesting ones. People are human and human is messy.
Another thought is that statistical breakdowns on our ethnic groups, Bell Curves and Reports on Out of Wedlock Birthrates, are not in themselves necessarily wrong, but there’s something rather rude about them. That is perhaps a sissy thing to say, but what I mean is this: If you have a mother and a father with a big family of kids it would be rude—and unhelpful, and not conducive to promoting peace—for the grown-ups to sit around the table at night and say to their children, “Joey, you’re the smart one,” and “Elizabeth is dumber and yet dogged,” and “Bobby here is our promiscuous one.” How exactly would that help? It’s not even “realistic”: Today’s reality can change. An academic might say, “I’m not their father.” Fair enough, but you’re a grown-up, and if you’re a grown-up, you’re in charge of America right now.
* * *
A little love would go a long way right now. We should stop putting newcomers in constant jeopardy by blithely importing ever-newer immigrants who’ll work for ever lower wages. The ones here will never get a sure foot on the next rung that way.
We should close the border, pause, absorb what we have, and set ourselves to “patriating” the newcomers who are here. The young of AmeriCorps might help teach them English. Those reaching retirement age, who happen to be the last people in America who were taught and know American history, could help them learn the story of our country. We could, as a nation, set our minds to this.
We shouldn’t be disheartened. So much good could be done once a Great Pause begins, once the alarm is abated.
What will we do about the 12 million here? Nothing radical. We’re not really a radical people, Americans.
Having no borders—that’s radical.
Saying, to the American people, in essence, Back my big bill or I will not close the borders, is radical.
Insisting on “all or nothing at all” is radical.
Leaving your country wide open in the age of terror is radical.
But America isn’t radical. If its leaders only knew! Our leaders are in need not only of wisdom but of faith. And, as always, love, as opposed to mere sentiment, and vanity, and pride.


MARRIOTT® EXTENDED STAY SOLUTIONS:
YOUR PERFECT FIT FOR LONGER STAYS
To find one of our 900+ locations, visit
Marriott.com/extendedstay or contact us at 888-340-2520.
Marriott’s Extended Stay brands provide everything
you need to be productive on longer stays.
Like spacious accommodations with full kitchens
and separate spaces to work, sleep, eat and relax.
And, if you are looking for corporate apartments in the U.S., check out ExecuStay,® an Oakwood Worldwide brand,
the preferred corporate and temporary housing partner of Marriott International.
Marriott Rewards® members earn points for stays at any ExecuStay location in the U.S.


There's a new Chinese saying: When life hands you panda poop, make paper.
Researchers at a giant panda reserve in southern China are looking for paper mills to process their surplus of fiber-rich panda excrement into high quality paper.
Liao Jun, a researcher at the Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Base in Sichuan province, said the idea came to them after a visit to Thailand last year where they found paper made from elephant dung. They thought panda poop would produce an even finer quality paper, he said.
The base is currently in talks with several paper mills on how to turn the droppings of Jing Jing, Ke Bi, Ya Ya and dozens of other pandas at the base into reams of office paper and rolls of wrapping paper, said Liao.
They hope to have a product line available by next year, he said.
"We are not interested in doing this for the profits but to recycle the waste," said Liao. "It's environmentally friendly. We can use the paper ourselves and also we can sell whatever is left over."
Liao said he was not sure how much paper could be made from the some 2 tons of droppings produced by the center's 40 bamboo-fed pandas every day, reports AP.
What about squeamish customers who might consider the paper unsanitary?
"People won't find it gross at all," Liao said. "They probably won't even be able to tell it's from panda poop."
The Chiang Mai Zoo in northern Thailand already sells multicolored paper made from the excrement produced by its two resident pandas. Making paper there involves a daylong process of cleaning the feces, boiling it in a soda solution, bleaching it with chlorine and drying it under the sun.
The head of Russian Technologies, Sergei Chemezov, clarified the fate of anti-aircraft guided missiles that Russia was supposed to deliver to China
The Basmanny Court of Moscow arrested Michael Calvey, the founder of Baring Vostok investment fund, on allegations of embezzling 2.5 billion rubles from Vostochny Bank. Calvey will be held in custody until April 13


Whether it be a basic builder's grade garage door or a beautiful custom solid wood door, we are capable of accommodating any of your garage door repair and garage door service needs.
The garage door of the home is one of the most crucial design elements and provides functionality that is hard to beat. At Rockwall Garage Door in Frisco TX, we understand this importance and strive to provide you with the services you need.
Allow one of our service professionals in Frisco TX to help you find a modern door that will perfectly complement your home. Not only do we offer professional installation that you can rely on, but an entire list of garage door products to choose from. Our service professionals take the time to make sure installation is accomplished the right way by paying attention to:
It really does not matter how good your garage door looks, if it is not functional, it can be nothing more than a headache. At Rockwall Garage Door in Frisco TX, we understand that when your garage door is not properly functioning, it can not only be a hassle, but a security threat to your home. Whether it is a jammed garage door, broken tracks and springs, or any other issue, you can rest assured we can get the problem solved.
Whether you are looking for new garage door installation, or repair for an existing structure, at Rockwall Garage Door in Frisco TX, you can count on us to give you the attention you need. Our company has more than 18 years of experience to ensure that you are satisfied. Contact us today to find out more about how we can help you with the garage door in your home with a free estimate.
18 Years of Responsive Customer Service for Dallas' Garage Door Needs Since 1995
Servicing doors, operators and parts for EVERY budget and business type.
If you want your productivity back on track quickly, safely and AFFORDABLE there is really only ONE clear choice: Rockwall Garage Doors.
For every garage door and every garage door need, we can help.
Contact us today to find out how affordable a great looking and dependable garage door can be for you.
Heath, Rockwall, Rowlett, Garland, Greenville, Terrell, Forney, Sachse, Royse City, Mesquite, Sunnyvale
Website Designed By: OutLaunched.com © Copyright 2013 Rockwall Garage Door, All Rights Reserved


Psychologists have concluded after various studies that comparing instructions is the first step towards identifying the best course of action. What if you don’t encourage your child to compare and explain instructions given to him/her? In that case your child may not figure out what is best for him when left alone. Still, at the age of 14, he would struggle to make decisions: French fries or burger for lunch? He was even indecisive with the clothes he wanted to pick out.
In June 2017, our team conducted a study in the children of age group of 6 to 10 years. The study aimed at understanding if children can compare the set of instructions given for different tasks. It looked into the outcome when children could compare successfully between set of instructions.
The outcome of the study recorded a result that showed only 81% of the children are able to compare the set of instructions given to them while doing tasks.
Why shouldn’t the kids be unstructured?
“Set of instructions are not always helpful, the child can act unprompted too”, can be your perspective. However, it is wise to understand that acting on impulse doesn’t help always.
- What if your son neglected your advice and sneaked into the ice cream parlor, when strolling with his grandpa? He might choose the flavor that can cause sore throat, over the plain vanilla.
- When children compare the instructions they make the right choices.
What happens when the child cannot differentiate or associate a set of instructions?
- Comparing the instructions lets the children analyses what is apt. They analyze the right food choices, when healthy and unhealthy foods are displayed before them.
- The competency to differentiate is enhanced. This can help them to manage weight in a healthy way.
- Comparing any set of instructions help them making the right choice, throughout the life.


If you love to cook then you know that having a great-looking kitchen is enough inspiration for you to concoct more appetizing dishes for your family and guests. But sometimes due to size restrictions you might feel that it’s somewhat impossible to create the kitchen of your dreams.
Kitchen design, just like with any other rooms in your home, can be both exciting and challenging. Planning for the look and materials to use can be easy but actual execution entails a huge dose of patience and determination, but it’s always safer to cover the basics first. Keep in mind that having a minimalist look is also cost-effective but still yields great results.
Painting your walls with solid light colors will not only enlarge the look of a small kitchen space but also gives a brighter ambiance. Built-in cabinets for your utensils and condiments are also better, because of their space-saving benefits and instead of using wall-to-wall carpet, complementing your flooring with area rugs would be cheaper and would still look great.
Do not overwhelm your kitchen with too much decor because it will only end up looking and feeling too cramped and this isn’t something you’d wish for especially if you spend a lot of time in there.
Article under Kitchen Design by Fran Sloan


A new Morning Consult/Politico survey, conducted between March 2nd and March 6th, and published on the 8th, found that fully 44 percent of respondents believed it is “likely” reporters “make up” anonymous sources.
But, according to a source I can’t reveal, 43% of those 44% don’t believe the (supposed) results of that very survey. President Trump himself does not like anonymous-source reporting, and also believes that some- if not most- of these sources are falsified, and that the “information” contained in these reporter’s stories is often fabricated. Unless I just fabricated that information.
During his address last month to the Conservative Political Action Conference, the president stated: “They have no sources; they just make ‘em up when there are none,” un-anonymously citing “himself” as the source for that accusation.
Only 36% of survey respondents said it is “not likely” journalists fabricate their unnamed sources… according to an unnamed source.
***Satire Alert***Satire Alert***Satire Alert***


Love in the City - pictures
Composite of the ladies from that HBO show.
3899 days ago
high resolution picture
All comments are visible to registered members.
to comment and participate in contests.
Browse more pictures on the similar topics:
More images from this contest gallery:
Direct image link:
Love in the City


Its Super Metroid for me. I like pretty much every Metroid game (Other M and Hunters not as much) but Super Metroid is one of the few games that I consider to be perfect. To me everything about it just seems great from start to finish.
Prime 2 has plenty of flaws but it is still my favorite of the ones I've played. The Dark Samus fights were really great, the Luminoth were cool and it is nice to see an actual living alien race in Metroid and it had some really nice boss fights and concepts (Caretaker Class Drone is really cool despite being a miniboss). Heck, what other games in the series had you fight bosses entirely in morph ball?
Prime 2, my introduction to the Metroid series. Loved the challenge, the atmosphere, the awesome stand-offs with Dark Samus, the Luminoth, the ammo system (yes indeed) among other things. Of course, it is not a perfect game, but for me it is the definitive Metroid experience.


Welcome to Gamble Online
Game Shacks Can Furnish All Your Gaming Needs
Game shacks may refer to a couple of different things. Some people use the term to mean any generic game store that sells many different types of games and gaming related accessories. For those who live in Toronto, it can mean the actual Game Shack business, which does the same thing. They offer many different video games, board games, trading cards, and many other products. It's a gaming geek's version of heaven, and many people love shopping at different game shack-type stores around the world.
Those looking for video games will find thousands of titles in stock. While game shacks do often carry the most recent releases, they also often buy used games from players. This means they have a large back-stock of games that may include everything from the current generation to retro games. Some even carry games for systems like the original Nintendo and the Sega Genesis. These stores are great places to find hidden treasures or that game you always wanted but never could get a hold of.
Hidden Treasures for Gamers
Find the best free games with no registration to play online. Wide selection available from 80's classics to today's top selling titles.
Game shacks also carry a good number of board games. They have everything from casual dice games like Zombie Dice to the more advanced strategy games that take hours to set up and play. Just like with the video games, some of these are used. That means there's a chance of finding an out of print game at a game shack, although if the owners know what they're doing, they will have it priced fairly high, especially if it's really popular. They also often carry new games, including licensed games such as Marvel and Star Wars.
Finally, no game shack would be complete without the third type of popular games--the trading card game. These card games include things like Magic: The Gathering, one of the most well-known card games, and Pokemon. Players can by starter decks, booster packs, and in some cases, even single cards. Some game shacks do offer rare and special cards for sale individually, although again, these cards are not going to be that cheap. Some Magic: The Gathering cards can sell for thousands of dollars.
Game shacks also usually carry gaming accessories, too. Things like deck boxes, card sleeves, dice, and playmates are usually available for purchase. Some even have other types of related products like hats, headphones, wallets, and other things with video game logos, characters, and titles on them.


In This Issue
Getting to Know Your Gemstones
Gemisphere Hits the Road!
In keeping with our Year of Expansion theme for 2007, Gemisphere is expanding the places you can see us! This fall, we take our workshops to Phoenix, Arizona, and Dr. Ada González will be the guest speaker at events throughout the West. Click here to learn how you can meet us, see the gemstones, and learn more about gemstone energy medicine at these special events in Arizona, Utah, and California.
Getting to Know Your Gemstones
When your new therapeutic gemstone necklace arrives in the mail, take a few minutes to get acquainted. By simply holding the necklace in your hands, you will wake up your body to the gems’ energy. Doing so will help you quickly form a connection with your gems and will aid their introduction to your body and aura.
When you remove your necklace from its package, hold it in your hands for a few minutes to warm the gems. Get to know the gemstones’ energy with all your senses. Let their light fill your eyes. Hold them to your ears and open yourself to their subtle sound emanation. Hold the gems to your heart and feel them. Many energy meridians begin and end in your hands. Holding the gemstones awakens these meridians, and thus your body, to the gems’ energy. Contact with your body also activates the gems and facilitates the dynamic flow that occurs when the gemstones go to work for you.
Before placing the gems around your neck, perform another simple technique to open even deeper pathways for the gems’ energy to access your body and aura. Simply bunch the necklace in your hand and touch the gems to three therapy windows for a few seconds each:
Then hold the necklace straight out in front of you, and very slowly bring it toward your heart chakra. Imagine a column of white light between the gems and your chest. Be sensitive to how you feel. If, at any point, you feel energetic resistance to the movement of the gems, allow the light to dissolve it. Hold the necklace on your heart chakra, and spend a few moments receiving it in gratitude. Then place the necklace around your neck. Ideally, wear it touching some part of your skin.
Free TeleSeminar / Conference Call
Money and You:
With Dr. Ada González
Thursday, September 27, 2007
Everyone has some degree of financial stress. The tension you feel when you don’t have “enough” burdens not only your mind, but your body and emotions as well. Therapeutic gemstones can help – by uplifting the state of consciousness that leads to financial stress and by resolving the strains that these tensions place on your body.
Learning about money and handling the financial issues in your life can be a source of either stress or pleasure. In this month’s TeleSeminar, we will look at the many ways you can use therapeutic gems to expand your experience of prosperity and abundance over time. We’ll talk about how gemstones can help you unlock your innate ability to receive more by giving more.
Join Dr. Ada González on Thursday, September 27, to discuss:
As you perform your task, you can give or you can take. If you choose to take, your options will vanish. If you choose to give, the number of options available to you will be infinite.
Wisdom of the Gemstone Guardians,
There will be time for questions and personal consultations with Dr. Ada, so please bring your questions.
Please join us! To learn how to participate in the TeleSeminar, click here.
Join Us in Sunny Arizona
Next month, Gemisphere hits the road to bring our gemstone energy medicine workshops to Phoenix, Arizona. Workshop instructor Dr. Ada González personally invites you to attend our Foundation Workshop and/or advanced workshop, Mental Mastery and Expansion of Consciousness. In the advanced workshop, you will work with Blue Sapphire, Lapis Lazuli, Sodalight, Amethyst, and other gems, and you’ll experience what is like to immerse yourself in blue and purple ray energy. You’ll learn how to use gems to:
Join us in Phoenix, Arizona for these life-transforming events!
I’ve taken numerous energy healing workshops, and Gemisphere’s are outstanding! They are well organized, comprehensive, and offer excellent research information. They’ve helped me feel very supported in both my private practice and personal healing process.
The Foundation Workshop is a must for anyone desiring to maximize their experience working with the gemstones. This workshop is for all levels. I have received tremendous benefits and insight by attending this workshop for a second time!
Therapeutic Gemstones: Healing Body, Mind and Spirit
For registration and information
Dr. Ada with Carol Tuttle
Manifesting More Money Boot Camp II
Carol Tuttle Energy Healing Conference
Carol Tuttle is an incredibly gifted teacher, healer, and author on energy therapy. A long-time friend of Gemisphere, Carol recognizes the power and efficacy of gemstones as energy tools. We are thrilled to be invited to her “Second Annual Week of Workshops.” Please join Gemisphere, Dr. Ada, and many other teachers and healers who will come together in Utah to help change our lives with powerful energy tools and techniques.
For registration information:
You will learn:
Dr. Ada will be speaking on Monday and Thursday of the conference.
San Diego, California
Gemisphere will be a special guest at Gematria’s seminar, “Amplification Inside the Spiral – The Next Level of DNA Awareness with Pineal Toning.” Gemisphere’s Dr. Ada will be a guest speaker at this advanced workshop focusing on the role of DNA in healing.
All attendees are invited to visit Gemisphere’s booth, where we will offer complimentary gemstone energy medicine treatments and advisory sessions. There you can see our full line of therapeutic gemstones, including the newly released Clear Topaz and a selection of Yellow Sapphire, a premier tool for DNA healing.
For more information, visit http://www.gematria.com/promomail/regformb07.htm, or call 888-838-8877 to register through Gematria’s customer service.
Gemisphere customers can also come view the entire Gemisphere gemstone line prior to the Gematria event on Friday afternoon, from 4:00 PM to 6:00 PM.
Following the workshop, on Monday, November 12, Dr. Ada will offer gemstone energy medicine consultations from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM for a special discounted fee of $50 for 30 minutes. If you are interested, please contact Gemisphere at 800-727-8877 to schedule your appointment.
Gemisphere’s Education Team would love to see you there!
We are always happy to hear from you! Visit www.Gemisphere.com regularly for the latest news, events, and information about therapeutic gemstones. For a free consultation with one of our Gemstone Advisors and to learn more about gemstone energy medicine, you can also call us at 1-800-727-8877 or email us at Source@Gemisphere.com.
If you have received this email from a friend and wish to subscribe to Gemisphere’s mailing list, click here.
Tell a Friend! Do you know someone who might be interested in learning about gemstone energy medicine? On your behalf, we’ll email your friend an invitation to join Gemisphere’s mailing list and start receiving Gemisphere Journal, Gem of the Week emails, and other information about therapeutic gemstones. Your friend will also receive a discount coupon, which can be applied to his or her first Gemisphere purchase. Click here to send us your friend’s email address.
If you would prefer not to receive Gemisphere emails, please send an email message to Source@Gemisphere.com with "Unsubscribe" in the subject line.
Gemisphere Journal Team
Senior Editor: Katherine Hall


Dan Johnson is the logistics man. Johnson, is in charge of planning all the logistics during the group’s journey together.
Johnson an avid golfer like his friends, plays to a 16-handicap.
Johnson, 66, retired seven years ago from an accounting career at KPMG, where he served as a partner for 28 years. His specialty is the insurance industry.
Johnson has been to Canada only once, so the destination seems a bit challenging to him. But he is the outdoorsman of the group, spending summers in Boulder Junction, Wisconsin where he enjoys boating and fishing and is probably the man best suited to cope with the trip’s rigors.
Dan has been married for 42 years to Leslie Swoger. They have three children and four grandchildren.


1. Grass stains
2. Condiment spills (mustard, ketchup)
3. Fresh-berry spots
4. Sunscreen streaks
Tools You'll Use
- Enzyme detergent
- Chlorine and/or oxygen bleach
- Cold water; cloth or paper towel
- Boiling water
- Rubbing alcohol
- Aerosol prewash spray or solvent-based spot remover
Watch the video below for easy demos:
1. Win the turf war. When gardening, picnicking, or a backyard game of badminton leaves you seeing green, here's how to undo the grass marks fast: Drizzle on a little liquid laundry detergent with enzymes (check the label) and rub it into the stain; let sit about five minutes. Then launder using the type of bleach (chlorine or oxygen) and hottest water permitted by the clothing's care label (in fact, this is the final step for all of these washable-fabric fixes).
2. Hold the sauce. Uh-oh — there's more mustard and ketchup on your shirt than on your hot dog! First, gently scrape off the blob(s). Then dip a cloth or paper towel in cold water and blot (don't rub) the stain. Once you get home: For mustard, work a dab of glycerin (found in drugstores) into the stain and let it sit about five minutes; rinse. For ketchup, flush the stain from the back side of the fabric with cold water. Next, for both, apply liquid detergent to the front of the stain and tamp down with an old, clean toothbrush to break up any hard residue. Add more detergent to the stain; machine-wash as described earlier.
3. Put up a fruit fight. The not-so-sweet truth: Juicy berries can leave hard-to-remove stains on fabric. To deal: Immediately sponge the spot with cool water. Later, stretch the stained cloth over a bowl or pot in the sink. Hold a kettle of boiling water at least 12 inches above the fabric and pour the water through the stain. The mark should disappear. If not, sponge it with rubbing alcohol before tossing the item in the machine to wash, as above.
4. Cream sunblock smears. It may be a summer essential for your skin, but it isn't for your clothes. If sunscreen lands on your favorite swimsuit or shorts, scrape off the excess. At home, apply an aerosol-spray stain remover like Shout (these contain solvents for oily stains) or a solvent spot remover like Afta (guardsman.com). And, yep, launder as above.
Make It Easier Next Time
- Bring along an on-the-go stain-remover pen or wipe — particularly good on food stains — and use it immediately after your spill. Also, don't let the stained garment linger in the hamper for days; toss it in the machine ASAP.
- Pick up GHRI-tested Max Force Gel Stick, new from OxiClean ($5, oxiclean.com), for your laundry kit. It can be applied up to a week before washing (unlike most pretreaters, which should be used just before laundering).


|Publication number||US5198064 A|
|Application number||US 07/520,458|
|Publication date||Mar 30, 1993|
|Filing date||May 8, 1990|
|Priority date||May 10, 1989|
|Also published as||DE69011192D1, DE69011192T2, EP0397554A1, EP0397554B1|
|Publication number||07520458, 520458, US 5198064 A, US 5198064A, US-A-5198064, US5198064 A, US5198064A|
|Inventors||Naoyuki Tani, Kusutaro Yoshida|
|Original Assignee||Sankyo Chemical Co., Ltd.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (17), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing a permeable adhesive tape. More specifically, the present invention relates to an industrially advantageous process for preparing a permeable adhesive tape which comprises making holes with the aid of water, or water and absorptive high-molecular weight compound.
2. Description of the Related Art
The present invention is specifically directed to adhesive tapes used for protecting wounds or others. By way of example, the adhesive tapes referred to herein are meant to include adhesive bandages, sticking plasters and bandages, surgical cloths. Such adhesive tapes cause a rash when adhered and maintained on skin for a long time. For avoiding this problem, it is desirous that tapes have permeability. In order to solve this problem, it is known to form holes in tapes by using the following hole forming methods:
(i) mechanically, for instance, by punching the product;
(ii) chemically, for instance, by incorporating a substance which can be leached out by a solvent from the product;
(iii) physically, for instance, by causing the product to foam by expelling a solvent during drying, thus making the material microporous; and
(iv) by physical interaction between the backing material and the adhesive, for example, by allowing the adhesive to dry in contact with a fabric backing material which causes the adhesive to become porous.
Examples of known products classified in (iii) are "Micropore" (trademark of 3M in USA), and tapes disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 57(1982)-182375 and the like. For instance, the above No. 57(1982)-182375 discloses that an adhesive layer is formed by using a dispersion of an adhesive agent in an organic solvent, and is given for permeability therein.
In this regard, a process for conveniently and efficiently preparing an adhesive tape having high permeability is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,413 which comprises dispersing water, or water and a water absorptive high-molecular weight compound homogeneously in a solution of a natural or synthetic rubber or acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent in an organic solvent, applying the dispersion onto a releasing agent applied sheet, drying the adhesive agent applied sheet, and laminating a porous material on the adhesive agent applied surface to obtain a permeable adhesive tape. This process will hereinafter be termed as the "water dispersion method".
The present invention is to improve the above water dispersion method. Particularly, this invention is to provide a permeable adhesive tape incorporating an adhesive layer being improved in both its tenacity after adhering to an object (breaking strength) and its adhesion to a porous material (peel strength).
A generally known method to improve a pressure sensitive adhesive agent in tenacity is adding an isocyanate crosslinker to the pressure sensitive agent in such an amount as not to hinder the adhesion thereof. Therefore, with the above water dispersion method, an adhesive layer, is formed by using a modified dispersion containing an isocyanate crosslinker which is specifically prepared by adding the crosslinker to the organic solution of a pressure sensitive adhesive agent used as a dispersion medium of the above dispersion.
In this case, however, the added isocyanate crosslinker reacts with water coexisting therewith to gelate the dispersion, so that homogeneous application, or application itself of the dispersion, becomes impossible. That results in difficulty in forming the adhesive layer.
To avoid this gelation, adding the isocyanate crosslinker to the dispersion just before the application can be theoretically inferred. Even in this situation, however, the added isocyanate crosslinker is consumed by reacting with water, with the result that it is still difficult to sufficiently improve tenacity and adhesion to the porous material.
Intensive research has been conducted and it has been found that adding hydrophobic inorganic fine particles to the dispersion in the above water dispersion method, while adding a required amount of the isocyanate crosslinker, makes it possible to solve the abovementioned problems.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for preparing a permeable adhesive tape which comprises; preparing a dispersion comprising, as a dispersion medium, an organic solvent solution containing a natural or synthetic rubber and/or acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent and a polyfunctional isocyanate compound, and at least water and hydrophobic inorganic fine particles dispersed in the organic solvent solution,
applying the dispersion directly onto a porous material or impregnating porous material with dispersion, thereafter the dispersion-applied or impregnated porous material being dried by heating; or applying the dispersion onto a releasing sheet, heat drying the dispersion-applied sheet and laminating a porous material on the dispersion-applied surface thereof, thereby providing the permeable adhesive tape in which the permeable adhesive layer and the porous material are integrated.
The term "permeable" as used in this invention means the ability to to permeate gas, as well as water. Water can generally be permeated under a slight pressure. Its extent can be measured in accordance with JIS P8117, "Test method for permeability for paper and board paper", which is expressed as average seconds required to pass 300 ml of air through a test tape having 645 mm2.
The adhesive agent employed in the invention is a natural or synthetic rubber or acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent and may be any one which can be used in the art.
The pressure sensitive adhesive agent employed in the invention is available as that contained or dissolved in an organic solvent. A specific organic solvent is a hydrophobic organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, mineral oil, petroleum ether or the like, or a mixture of two or more of these solvents. These organic solvent solutions act as dispersion media of the dispersion used in the invention. Besides the above solvent, another or other solvents not lowering the effects of the invention may be added thereto.
Also, the adhesive agent may incorporate one or more kinds of tackifier, plasticizer, antioxidant, medicine or preservative.
In the present invention, the amount of water dispersed in the above dispersion medium is suitably 5-60 parts by weight, preferably 10-50 parts by weight parts to the organic solvent solution (100 parts by weight) of a rubber pressure sensitive adhesive agent, and 5-50 parts by weight, preferably 5-40 parts by weight to the solution of an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent.
Also in the present invention, water absorptive high-molecular weight compound may be dispersed in addition to water. "Water absorptive high-molecular weight compound" as used in the invention means one which can swell upon the absorption of water in a quantity from several hundred folds to four folds of the high-molecular weight compound's own weight, without dissolving in water, and wherein water may be separated from the swollen product under pressure. Examples of these compounds starches, starch-acrylonitrile graft polymer, starch-acrylic acid graft polymer, starch-styrenesulfonic acid graft polymer, starch-vinylsulfonic acid graft polymer and the like; celluloses, cellulose-acrylonitrile graft polymer, cellulose-styrenesulfonic acid graft polymer, crosslinked polymer of carboxymethylcellulose and the like; polyvinylalcohols, polyvinylalcohol-crosslinked polymer, polyacryl-vinylacetate saponified product and the like; acrylates, polyacrylate crosslinked product, polyacrylonitrile polymer saponified product and the like; polyethyleneoxides, polyethyleneglycoldiacrylate crosslinked polymer and the like; and other polymers containing a carboxyl group, carboxylic acid salt group, hydroxy group or sulfonic acid group, or a polyvinylpyrolidone crosslinked polymer.
Usage of the water absorptive high-molecular weight compound is 1/3000 to 1/10 parts by weight for water, preferably, 1/600 to 1/20 parts by weight for water. The particle size of the water absorptive high-molecular weight compound is suitably less than 60 μm, preferably less than 40 μm, because smaller particles are easier to disperse in water.
The most characteristic feature of the invention exists in that a polyfunctional isocyanate compound (isocyanate crosslinker) is contained in the organic dispersion of water (optionally with the water absorptive high molecular weight compound) while at the same time hydrophobic inorganic fine particles are dispersed therein.
The polyfunctional isocyanate compound used in the invention may be a non-polymeric compound or a so-called prepolymer provided that it has at least two isocyanate groups for crosslinking. Examples of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound are tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), tolidine diisocyanate (TODI), xylidine diisocyanate (XDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), trimethylolpropane(TMP)-TDI adduct, polyfunctional aromatic polyisocyanate (polymeric compound of TDI, or the like), polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate and the like, and partially modified compounds of these. Among them, it is preferable to use TDI-TMP adduct or polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate.
On the other hand, as the hydrophobic inorganic fine particles, inorganic granules are used at least whose surfaces are hydrophobic. For instance, they may be particles of a metallic oxide such as silica, alumina, titania, or the like whose surfaces are associated with hydrocarbon groups, silicon-compound residues, fluorine-compound residues or the like to improve the hydrophobic nature of the surfaces. The average diameter of the fine particles is suitably 10 μm or less, and, in particular 7 nm to 3 μm. Particles being greater than 10 μm in average diameter are not suitable for this invention because they make the adhesive layer uneven in thickness or deteriorate the smoothness of the surface thereof. Preferable examples of such hydrophobic inorganic fine particles are those of silicon oxide (silica) whose surfaces are combined with hydrophobic nature imparting groups such as methyl groups, trimethylsilyl groups, octylsilyl groups, polyorganosiloxane groups, or the like, or those of silicon oxide (silica) whose surfaces are coated with silicone oil, and the like. For instance, fine particles available with the name of "Hydrophobic Silica" or "AEROSIL" may be used.
Adding the polyfunctional isocyanate compound and dispersing the hydrophobic inorganic fine particles may be carried out after or before dispersing water in the organic solvent solution of an adhesive agent. Addition of the isocyanate compound and the inorganic fine particles to the solution may be simultaneously or separately carried out. In either case, it is suitable to add, into the water-dispersed organic solvent solution or the organic solvent solution of an adhesive agent, the isocyanate compound and/or the inorganic fine particles by incorporating the solution and/or suspended liquid thereof in a hydrophobic organic solvent which is identical to or compatible with the above solution.
The amount of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound is suitably 0.01-40 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight of the pressure sensitive adhesive agent (solid content) in the dispersion, preferably 0.01-25 parts by weight thereto. More than 40 parts by weight of the compound causes too much crosslinking so that the setting nature is too enhanced to yield a desirable adhesion. As well, less than 0.01 parts by weight of the compound does not sufficiently enhance the tenacity of the adhesive layer and the adhesion thereof to the backing material.
On the other side, the amount of the hydrophobic inorganic fine particles to be dispersed is suitably 1-500 wt %, preferably 5-300 wt % relative to the amount of NCO (isocyanate radical) in above the isocyanate compound, and suitably 0.01-100 wt %, preferably 0.1-60 wt % relative to the amount in weight of the isocyanate compound (solid content). Too many fine particles cause the dispersion to undesirably increase in viscosity so that unevenness of coating or a decrease in adhesion thereof occurs. As well, too few fine particles cannot sufficiently restrain or prevent the reaction of the isocyanate compound with water, with the result that the abovementioned gelation occurs or the tenacity and the adhesion to the backing material cannot be sufficiently enhanced.
In the present invention, integration of the permeable adhesive layer and porous material is performed by directly applying the above dispersion in an organic solvent containing water, hydrophobic inorganic fine particles, pressure sensitive adhesive agent, polyfunctional isocyanate compound, and optional water absorptive high-molecular weight compound onto the porous material or impregnating the porous material with the above dispersion and thereafter subjecting it to heat drying, or by applying the dispersion onto the releasing sheet, heat drying it, and thereafter laminating the porous material on the dispersion-applied surface thereof.
As the porous material, a known backing material for various tapes, such as cellulosic paper, or non-woven fabric, and rough-mesh polymer or polymer foam may be used provided that it does not deteriorate the permeability.
As the releasing sheet, a releasing agent applied sheet such as silicone applied paper, silicone applied film, or the like may be used.
The amount of the dispersion to be applied or impregnated is such as to form the adhesive layer of a desired thickness because the permeability thereof can hardly depend on the thickness of the adhesive layer. Commonly used methods may be adopted to apply the adhesive agent.
In the drying step after the application or impregnation of the adhesive agent, a conventional multistage zone drier is used, for example, at a temperature of 40°-140° C. However, any other drying apparatus may also, be used. The residence time is suitably 3-10 minutes.
Impregnation of the porous material with the dispersion can be easily performed by dipping, whereby a so-called double-sided adhesive tape having adhesive layers on both sides of the porous material can be efficiently manufactured. The double-sided adhesive tape can also be manufactured by applying the dispersion onto one side thereafter the other side of the porous material. Moreover, the double sided adhesive tape can be manufactured by obtaining an adhesive tape with an adhesive layer on one side and a releasing sheet on the other side of the porous material, thereafter releasing the releasing sheet from the porous material and forming an adhesive layer on the released side of the porous material.
In industrial manufacturing, tapes obtained utilizing a releasing sheet are usually wound up into a roll or cut down into sheets, with the releasing sheet still laminated. When tapes obtained not utilizing or releasing sheet are stored in the form wound into a roll, it is desirable to use a backing material to which previous coating with a releasing agent is performed, or to apply a protecting material (for example, a releasing sheet whose one or both sides are coated with a releasing agent) onto the adhesive layer, so that the adhesive agent cannot adhere to the adjacent backing material. The final tapes may be sterilized by radiation or other means.
By adding and dispersing water, or water and a water absorptive high-molecular weight compound in an organic solvent solution of the pressure sensitive adhesive agent and applying the obtained dispersion onto a releasing sheet or a porous material or impregnating the porous material with the dispersion, a discontinuous coating film comprising the pressure sensitive adhesive agent in which water and/or high molecular weight compound swollen with water is dispersed is obtained. In the following drying step, that is, when the organic solvent is removed to form the adhesive layer, the water and/or the high molecular weight compound swollen with water prevents fusing and adhering of the adhesive agent and holes are formed at positions where the water has intervened.
The polyfunctional isocyanate compound contained in the dispersion reacts in the above heat drying process mostly with rubber molecules or acrylic polymers constituting the adhesive layer for enhancing the tenacity (breaking strength) thereof, while the remainder of the compound reacts gradually with functional groups such as OH groups, NH2 groups, COOH groups, or the like contained in the porous material for enhancing the adhesion between the porous material and the adhesive layer.
On the other side, hydrophobic inorganic fine particles cover with regular orientations the surface of water or high molecular weight compound swollen with water dispersed in in the dispersion to inhibit or delay the reaction of the isocyanate compound with water. This results in the reaction of the isocyanate compound with water being inhibited or restrained to prevent gelation of the dispersion or wasteful consumption of the isocyanate compound.
A preparation consisting of 29.0 parts by weight of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 8.1 parts by weight of butyl acrylate, 2.5 parts by weight of hydroxylethyl acrylate, 0.5 parts by weight of acrylic acid, 0.06 parts by weight of benzoylperoxide, and 58.0 parts by weight of ethyl acetate was subjected to polymerization in a nitrogen stream using a conventional polymerization technique to yield an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent in a solution form.
20 parts by weight of water was admixed with 100 parts by weight of the ethyl acetate solution of the acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive agent (40 weight %) to yield dispersion A in which the water was dispersed.
On the other hand, as a source of the polyfunctional isocyanate compound, there was used CORONATE L-55E [a product of NIPPON POLYURETHANE INDUSTRY Co., Ltd.; 55 weight % of TMP-TDI adduct (9.5 weight % of its NCO) in the form of a solution in ethyl acetate], to which AEROSIL R-972 [a product of NIPPON AEROSIL Ltd. (fine particles of silica whose individual surfaces was rendered hydrophobic with CH3 ; their average diameter: 16 nm; their specific surface area: 110±20 m2 /g) was added as the hydrophobic inorganic fine particles to yield the following source liquids 1-4 of isocyanate/inorganic fine particles, which are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Source liquid 1 2 3 4______________________________________CORONATE L-55E (in parts by 100 100 100 100weight)AEROSIL R-972 (in parts by weight) 0 2 10 20______________________________________
Next, 1.5 parts by weight of each of the above source liquids 1-4 was admixed with 100 parts by weight of the above dispersion A to yield corresponding preparations 1-4 to be applied or impregnated.
These preparations were tested for viscosity variation with time at a temperature of 40° C. The following table shows the result of the test in the units of CPS.
TABLE 2______________________________________ 0 1/2 h. 1 h. 2 h. 3 h. 4 h.______________________________________Preparation 1 5500 25000 gelated -- -- --(comparative)Preparation 2 5500 6000 10000 13000 18000 gelatedPreparation 3 5800 5500 5800 6100 6900 20500Preparation 4 6000 6000 6500 6500 6500 7800______________________________________
It can be understood from TABLE 2 that the preparations 2-3 containing hydrophobic inorganic fine particles delayed its gelation considerably compared with the comparative preparation not containing the fine particles. The preparation 4 in particular maintained suitable viscosity for application or impregnation even after 4 hours.
A predetermined amount of source liquid B of isocyanate/inorganic fine particles in which above AEROSIL R-972 (hydrophobic inorganic fine particles) was admixed with above CORONATE L55-E (polyfunctional isocyanate) was added to 100 parts by weight of an acrylic adhesive agent of an organic solvent type [RIKIDYNE AR-2010 (product of Sankyo Chemical Co., Ltd.); solid content: 40 weight %; solvent: toluene/ethyl acetate]. Subsequently, predetermined amounts of an aqueous solution of a water absorptive high molecular weight compound [SANWET IM-1000MPS (a product of Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.): 0.5 parts by weight water: 30 weight parts] were admixed with and dispersed in the above mixture to yield slurry products for application or impregnation of the following compositions.
Each of these slurry products was applied onto silicone applied releasing paper by means of comma coater to a swollen thickness of 110-120 μm, and passed through a multistage zone dryer at a staying time of 3-10 minutes to have a dried adhesive layer of approximately 35 μm thick with less than 1% of the remaining solvent Immediately after the drying, a non-woven fabric [SONTARA8010; a product of Toray Du Pont Company] was laminated on and made to adhere tightly to each adhesive layer to yield an adhesive tape product.
These products were left to stand for a week, thereafter measurement was carried out with respect to permeability thereof and various properties of the adhesive layers thereof. This measurement was performed in accordance with JIS-Z0237, JIS-P8117.
The same measurement was performed with respect to comparative examples in which an aluminum crosslinker [ORGATIX AL-80 (a product of Matsumoto Trading Co., Ltd.)] was used instead of the above source liquid of isocyanate/inorganic fine particles. TABLE 3 shows the results of the above measurements.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Dispersion ofwater absorptive Aluminum Source liquid B of Results high-molecular weight crosslinker isocyanate/inorganic Tenacity compound and water (in parts fine particles Adhesion (minutes) Permeabilitypreparation (in parts by weight) by weight) (in parts by weight) (g/20 mm width) (40° C. × 300 (seconds/300__________________________________________________________________________ ml)Examples5 15 0 2.2 575 Non-Creep(NC)/ 64 14406 30 0 2.2 840 NC/1440 2.5Comparative Examples(a) 0 1.5 0 530 590 broken 699 near the interface(b) 31 1.5 0 725 408 broken 3 near the interface(c) 0 0 2.2 625 NC/1440 1930__________________________________________________________________________
A rubber adhesive agent of the following composition was used:
______________________________________Natural rubber 15.0 parts by weightBlock copolymer (stylene-isoprene-stylene) 4.0 parts by weightTerpene resin (mp. 115° C.) 4.0 parts by weightPetroleum resin (mp. 80° C.) 16.0 parts by weightPolybutene 1.0 parts by weight2,6-di-tert-butylparacresol (anti-aging agent) 0.1 parts by weightToluene 60.0 parts by weight______________________________________ 31 parts by weight of a dispersion of water absorptive high-molecular weight compound and water [SANWET IM-1000MPS: 1.0 parts by weight; water: 30 weight parts] was admixed with 100 parts by weight of the above rubber adhesive agent (40 weight %) to yield a dispersion.
Alternatively, MILLIONATE MR-100 [polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (31 weight % of NCO was contained) was used as a polyfunctional isocyanate source, to which AEROSIL R-972 (hydrophobic inorganic fine particles) was added to yield the following source liquids 8-10 of isocyanate/inorganic fine particles.
TABLE 4______________________________________Source liquid 7 8 9 10______________________________________MILLIONATE MR-100 100 100 100 100AEROSIL R-972 0 3 6 12______________________________________
Subsequently, 2.0 parts by weight of each of the above source liquids 8-10 was admixed with 131 parts by weight of the above dispersion to yield corresponding three preparations 8-10 for application or impregnation.
These preparations were tested for their viscosity variation with time at a temperature below 25° C. in units of CPS.
TABLE 5______________________________________ 0 1/2 h. 1 h. 4 h. 8 h.______________________________________Preparation 7 26000 26000 30000 48000 gelated(comparative)Preparation 8 28000 28000 30000 50000 92000Preparation 9 28000 28000 30000 41000 50000Preparation 10 30000 30000 30000 35000 40000______________________________________
As seen from TABLE 5, the preparations 8-10 containing hydrophobic inorganic fine particles delayed their gelation considerably in comparison with the preparation 7 not containing the same.
In the same manner as in Example 2, adhesive tapes were manufactured and their properties were measured. TABLE 6 shows conditions and results of the measurement.
In TABLE 6, source liquid C consists of 100 parts by weight of CORONATE L-55E, 1.5 parts by weight of AEROSIL R-972, and 250 parts by weight of ethyl acetate, and source liquid C is of isocyanate/inorganic fine particles consisting of 25 weight parts of MILLIONATE MR-100 [polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate (NCO 31 weight %)], 15 weight parts of AEROSIL R-972, and 60 parts by weight of toluene. In addition, "ENDURA" (a product of WR. GRACE) denotes a backing material.
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________Dispersion ofwater absorptivehigh-molecular Aluminum Source liquid C of Source liquid D of Resultsrubberweight compound crosslinker isocyanate/inorganic isocyanate/inorganic Adhesion Tenacity Permeabilityadhesiveand water (in parts by fine particles fine particles (g/20 mm (minutes) (seconds/agent(in parts by weight) weight) (in parts by weight) (in parts by weight) width) (40° C. × 300 g) 300__________________________________________________________________________ ml)Comparative Examples100 0 -- -- -- 1210 28 Cohesion more than Failure (CF) 80 thousands100 0 -- 10 -- 950 60 CF more than 80 thousands100 0 -- -- 4 910 NC/1440 more than 80 thousands100 31 -- -- -- 1295 17 CF 262100 31 5 -- -- 1015 55 CF 43Examples100 31 -- 10 -- 925 55 CF 132100 31 -- -- 4 1100 NC/1440 155__________________________________________________________________________
As can be understood from TABLE 6, the process of the invention can efficiently manufacture an adhesive tape highly improved in its tenacity, adhesion, and permeability.
Direct application was performed using preparation 6 and preparation (c) as used in Example 2.
Each of the above preparations was directly applied onto Japanese paper (14 g/m2) to a swollen thickness of 110-120 μm. Thereafter, drying was performed at approximately 80° C. for 3 minutes to have an adhesive layer of approximately 45 μm thick. Permeability of each adhesive tape thus obtained was measured, and its result follows.
TABLE 7______________________________________ adhesion (g/20 mm tenacity (min.) permeability in width) 40° C. × 300 g (sec./300 ml)______________________________________Preparation 6 500 NC/1440 26Preparation (c) 540 NC/1440 1764______________________________________
As can be recognized from the above Examples, the process of the present invention enabled to yield adhesive tapes having effective permeability irrespective of the application manner, direct or indirect.
According to the present invention, an adhesive tape having good permeability, adhesion, tenacity, and adherence to the porous material can be efficiently obtained by using the water dispersion method.
Further according to the invention, gelation by an isocyanate compound can be significantly restrained even in an actual manufacturing process. Therefore, the invention is very useful for a practical purpose.
Still further, adhesive tapes obtained by the invention can enjoy the following advantages:
1. Decreasing considerably a rash or inflammation with the help of its permeability when applied onto skin;
2. Capable of being used as a tape of percutaneous absorption treatment (a tape like a sticking plaster impregnated with a liniment to be absorbed through skin);
3. Permitting air to pass through from the inner side and preventing water from penetrating from outside when combined with an air permeable film;
4. Capable of being applied to an object generating gas (for example, when the adhesive tape combined with a permeable film is applied onto a gas-generating object such as a plastic upon molded or the like, this tape allows gas bubbles generated at the interface between the tape and the object to escape thereby to prevent poor adhesion).
5. Capable of being used for industrial purposes such as a double-sided adhesive tape and the like.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US2415901 *||Sep 14, 1944||Feb 18, 1947||Johnson & Johnson||Pressure sensitive adhesive tape|
|US2884126 *||Aug 14, 1958||Apr 28, 1959||Minnesota Mining & Mfg||Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet material|
|US3121021 *||Apr 18, 1960||Feb 11, 1964||Minnesota Mining & Mfg||Breathable surgical adhesive tapes|
|US3532652 *||Jul 14, 1966||Oct 6, 1970||Ppg Industries Inc||Polyisocyanate-acrylate polymer adhesives|
|US3789027 *||Jul 25, 1972||Jan 29, 1974||Bayer Ag||Microporous sheet structure|
|US3920588 *||Dec 11, 1972||Nov 18, 1975||Bayer Ag||Microporous sheet structures|
|US3968293 *||Oct 11, 1973||Jul 6, 1976||Porvair Limited||Artificial leather sheet material|
|US3979532 *||Aug 30, 1973||Sep 7, 1976||Statni Vyzkumny Ustav Kozedelny||Process for the manufacture of artificial leather and product made thereby|
|US4029534 *||Jul 14, 1976||Jun 14, 1977||Bayer Aktiengesellschaft||Composite materials and processes for their production|
|US4082705 *||Feb 5, 1976||Apr 4, 1978||Johnson & Johnson||Pressure sensitive adhesive compositions|
|US4146027 *||May 9, 1977||Mar 27, 1979||Rohm And Haas Company||Method for dressing a wound|
|US4163822 *||Jul 26, 1976||Aug 7, 1979||Smith & Nephew Research Limited||Pressure sensitive adhesive material and method of preparation|
|US4207128 *||Oct 22, 1976||Jun 10, 1980||Bayer Aktiengesellschaft||Reactive polyurethane coatings|
|US4436839 *||Aug 11, 1980||Mar 13, 1984||Akzo Nv||Process for preparing polycarbonate-polyether-blockcopolymers|
|US4559369 *||Oct 26, 1984||Dec 17, 1985||Dow Corning Corporation||Silicone foam, water-based, aerosol composition|
|US4663358 *||Apr 25, 1986||May 5, 1987||Biomaterials Universe, Inc.||Porous and transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) gel and method of manufacturing the same|
|US4749590 *||Aug 17, 1987||Jun 7, 1988||Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company||Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape containing hydrophobic silica|
|US4789413 *||Jun 10, 1986||Dec 6, 1988||Sankyo Chemical Co., Ltd.||Process for preparing a gas permeable adhesive tape|
|US4910097 *||Dec 15, 1988||Mar 20, 1990||Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho||Zinc alloy-plated corrosion preventive steel sheet having an organic coating layer thereon and a method for making the same|
|JPS5133811A *||Title not available|
|JPS57182375A *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US5523118 *||Sep 27, 1994||Jun 4, 1996||Rexam Industries Corporation||Method of coating microporous membranes|
|US5795834 *||Dec 22, 1995||Aug 18, 1998||Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company||Adhesive tape and method of making|
|US5993927 *||Oct 23, 1997||Nov 30, 1999||Rikidyne Co., Ltd||Permeable adhesive tape and a process for preparing the same|
|US6042882 *||Oct 16, 1997||Mar 28, 2000||3M Innovative Properties Company||Adhesive tape and method of making|
|US6048806 *||Oct 16, 1997||Apr 11, 2000||3M Innovative Properties Company||Adhesive tape and method of making|
|US6063838 *||Oct 3, 1997||May 16, 2000||3M Innovative Properties Company||Blended pressure-sensitive adhesives|
|US6630238||Jun 13, 2001||Oct 7, 2003||3M Innovative Properties Company||Blended pressure-sensitive adhesives|
|US6632522||Aug 16, 1996||Oct 14, 2003||3M Innovative Properties Company||Blended pressure-sensitive adhesives|
|US7476416||Nov 24, 2004||Jan 13, 2009||Intertape Polymer Corp.||Process for preparing adhesive using planetary extruder|
|US7880316 *||Nov 25, 2009||Feb 1, 2011||Nitto Denko Corporation||Dicing die-bonding film and process for producing semiconductor device|
|US8110612||Feb 7, 2012||Intertape Polymer Corp.||Process for preparing adhesive using planetary extruder|
|US8552084||Dec 27, 2011||Oct 8, 2013||Intertape Polymer Corp.||Process for preparing adhesive using planetary extruder|
|US20050170086 *||Nov 24, 2004||Aug 4, 2005||Tynan John K.Jr.||Process for preparing adhesive using planetary extruder|
|US20070196572 *||Feb 5, 2007||Aug 23, 2007||Tynan John K Jr||Process for preparing adhesive using planetary extruder|
|US20100129985 *||Nov 25, 2009||May 27, 2010||Nitto Denko Corporation||Dicing die-bonding film and process for producing semiconductor device|
|US20110185666 *||Apr 14, 2009||Aug 4, 2011||Andrew Russell||Adhesive membrane|
|CN1084778C *||Oct 29, 1997||May 15, 2002||力克达因株式会社||Permeable adhesive tape and process for preparing same|
|U.S. Classification||156/289, 428/355.0AC, 428/355.00N, 427/243, 428/356, 156/231, 602/903, 156/77, 156/238, 427/208.4|
|International Classification||C09J7/02, C09J7/04, A61L15/58|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10T428/2891, Y10T428/2857, Y10T428/2896, Y10S602/903, C09J7/0207, C09J7/045|
|European Classification||C09J7/04B6, C09J7/02F|
|May 8, 1990||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: SANKYO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:TANI, NAOYUKI;YOSHIDA, KUSUTARO;REEL/FRAME:005303/0817
Effective date: 19900501
|Sep 24, 1996||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 13, 2000||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 18, 2004||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


|Veröffentlichungsdatum||19. Okt. 1999|
|Eingetragen||21. Febr. 1997|
|Prioritätsdatum||21. Febr. 1997|
|Auch veröffentlicht unter||EP0860710A2, EP0860710A3|
|Veröffentlichungsnummer||08803936, 803936, US 5969674 A, US 5969674A, US-A-5969674, US5969674 A, US5969674A|
|Erfinder||Urban A. von der Embse, Kenneth Yu Huang, Donald C. D. Chang|
|Ursprünglich Bevollmächtigter||Von Der Embse; Urban A., Huang; Kenneth Yu, Chang; Donald C. D.|
|Zitat exportieren||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patentzitate (3), Nichtpatentzitate (2), Referenziert von (59), Klassifizierungen (29), Juristische Ereignisse (5)|
|Externe Links: USPTO, USPTO-Zuordnung, Espacenet|
This invention relates to methods and systems for determining a position of a target vehicle, such as an aircraft or a surface vehicle, utilizing two-way communication links including multiple satellites and signal processing ranging techniques.
Current Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) technology, such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) EGNOS, MTSAT or GLONASS, provides positioning information utilizing satellite communication. For example, the GPS, developed and deployed by the U.S. Department of Defense, consists of twenty-four satellites orbiting the earth twice a day at an altitude of 12,000 miles, as well as five ground stations to monitor and manage the satellite constellation. Using atomic clocks and location data, GPS satellites transmit continuous time and position information twenty-four hours a day to a GPS receiver, which listens to three or more satellites at once to determine the user's position on earth. By measuring the time interval between the transmission and the reception of a satellite signal, the GPS receiver calculates the distance between the user and each satellite, and then uses the distance measurements of at least three satellites to arrive at a position.
Such systems, however, utilize one-way ranging in which an accurate, synchronized clock is required at each station. Any synchronization error or error regarding the location of one of the satellites results in an error in the determined position of the target vehicle. An aircraft, or other target vehicle, must still have accurate position and velocity information and requires dedicated, precise equipment throughout the system to provide very accurate position and velocity information with a high degree of integrity and reliability.
In addition, a German system provides a novel non-cooperative near-range radar network for traffic guidance and control on airport surfaces, as stated in IEEE Trans. On Control System Technology, Vol. I, No. 3, September 1993. This ground-based tracking system uses non-cooperative radar for two-way transmission and employs triangulation ranging. Ground-based Loran-C systems require a hyperbolic electronic grid and are accordingly limited to local tracking. Other systems such as Radio Determination Satellite System (RDSS) using geostar and fire control, navigation and tracking systems with either non-cooperative or cooperative architectures are also limited ranging implementations.
The present invention overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages by providing a method and system for determining a position of a vehicle, such as an aircraft or a surface vehicle, utilizing two-way ranging techniques through multiple satellites to derive independent estimates of a vehicle's state vectors including position and velocity.
In carrying out the above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention, a method is provided for determining the position of a target vehicle. The method includes transmitting a first signal to a vehicle from a traffic control station through a plurality of satellites, said vehicle acquiring and tracking a unique ranging code, and transmitting from said vehicle a message signal including said unique code representing said vehicle. The links through multiple satellites are sequentially or simultaneously processed to provide two-way ranging with reasonably accurate estimations of state vectors.
In further carrying out the above objects and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention, a system is also provided for processing ranging measurements to derive estimations of vehicle state vectors in response to said first signal and said message signal at said traffic controller, preferably a ground-based traffic controller employing α-β/EKF tracking.
The above objects and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout the views and in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating a communication system employing the method and apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of segments included in the system shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a preferred transmitter and a preferred receiver traffic controller station used in the system of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a preferred transmitter and a preferred receiver for a vehicle in the system of FIG. 1.
Referring first to FIG. 1, a communication system 10 with a typical geometry for practicing the present invention is diagrammatically illustrated. In general, the system includes a vehicle target, represented by an aircraft 12 in the preferred embodiment, although Earth bound vehicles or individual portable units are also trackable in the present invention. A plurality of communication satellites 14 are within the field of view of the aircraft 12 at a given time through which each aircraft 12 communicates with at least one traffic controller 16.
The communication satellites 14 are preferably in multiple planes using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) although Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite constellations such as Iridium, Globalstar and Intermediate Circular Orbit (ICO), now a world enterprise in London that has deployed satellites. For example, the planned ICO configuration with ten to twelve satellites in two planes is best suited for the application and more than adequate to implement the position location and tracking of the aircraft 12 for navigation and landing aid up to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Category I while providing the necessary global coverage, and communication needs for Air Traffic Management (ATM).
Multiple dynamic communication links between an aircraft 12 and the satellite ground station 16, a Satellite Access Node (SAN), preferably with traffic control monitoring, processing, signaling, and is achieved via the plurality of communication satellites 14 which is then utilized to derive independent estimates of the positions and velocities (state vectors) of the aircraft 12. The ground station 16, such as a Satellite Access Node (SAN), transmits a ranging signal to the targeted aircraft 12 via one of the communication satellites 14. The aircraft 12 then retransmits a data message, including a unique ranging code, back down to the ground station 16 via the same communication satellite 14. There are multiple links available, for example, through 3 different satellites most of the time, but at least two satellites from the ICO constellation are always within the field of view of the aircraft 12. A set of the plurality of satellites within the field of view may be employed simultaneously through two satellites, or sequentially through a single satellite without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
The positions in space of the ICO communication satellites 14 are known so that the ranges R1, R2, and R3 between each of the communication satellites 14 and the traffic controller station 16 is known. The links R4, R5, and R6 are then employed to determine the state vectors by two-way ranging from the traffic controller station 16 to the aircraft 12. The time difference between the time at which the ranging signal is transmitted by the traffic controller station 16 and the time at which the responding ranging signal from the aircraft 12 is received by the satellite ground station is used in determining the ranges R4, R5, and R6.
In the configuration, in which the forward and return ranging signals propagate through the same link, the equal range locations of the measurement is confined on a spherical surface centered on the relay satellite position with a constant radius (range) equal to a distance between the aircraft 12 and the relay satellite.
In determining the position and velocity of the aircraft 12, the present invention may be utilized in conjunction with GPS. When GPS signals are available, the GPS signals are used to derive the aircraft state vector which is then transmitted to a ground Air Traffic Controller (ATC) facility 16 via the communication satellites 14. Simultaneously, ranging signals are sent by the satellite ground station 16 via the communication satellites 14 to the targeted aircraft 12. The aircraft 12 then retransmits this ranging signal on a return link back to the station 16. The returned two-way ranging signals are detected and tracked in time and frequency by the station 16. Measured time and frequency values from multiple satellite links are compared to predicted values. Improved estimation of the aircraft state vectors is accomplished through data fusion of the two independent measurements, i.e, the GPS measurement and the two-way ranging measurement. The updated aircraft state vectors are then transmitted back to the aircraft 12.
Turning now to FIG. 2 there is shown simplified block diagrams of both the aircraft segment 18 and the ground segment 20 of the present invention. The aircraft segment 18 includes a conventional GPS receiver 22 for receiving GPS signals from a GPS satellite 24 via an antenna 25. The GPS receiver 22 transmits a position signal to a conventional Extended Kalman-Filter (EKF) 26 which tracks the position signal as a state vector. An optional input 27 to the EKF 26 is a signal from an Inertial Navigation System (INS), such as a conventional mechanical gyro system which monitors the distance traveled by the aircraft 12 from a predetermined position, and INS error estimates 29 are sent back to the INS for correction.
The aircraft 12 receives the ranging signals from the ICO communication satellites 14 via a second antenna 28. The second antenna 28 is preferably a retrodirective antenna implemented with a Butler matrix, a low-profile digital beam former, and Wavelet-based Finite-Impulse-Response (WFIR) signal processing. The retrodirective antenna measures the direction of the received signal from the communication satellite 14 and automatically transmits the return signal back to the same communication satellite 14. The Butler matrix implements a Fourier transform forming a set of nearly orthogonal beams covering the field-of-view and is a relatively inexpensive approach to realizing a retro-directive antenna. The low-profile digital beam former array lends itself to a thin conformal array configuration which is preferred for aircraft installation. Optionally, a tracking antenna can be used in place of the retrodirective antenna, which consists of either an electronically or mechanically steered antenna driven by a monopulse, step-scanned, or conically-scanned tracking loop.
The message data between the aircraft segment 18 and the ICO ground segment 20 can be combined with the unique ranging code signal in one of several ways. One way is by overlaying an Auslander-Barbano (AB) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) tracking code on the communication link channels as low-level Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), thermal noise-like signals which slightly raise the thermal noise floor. This process is described in reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/657,250, filed Aug. 5, 1996 entitled "New CDMA Code Generator Employing Mixing Ergodic Transformation", incorporated herein by reference. Another way is by modulating the communication data with the AB CDMA ranging code and sent as a single waveform as shown in FIG. 3. A third way is by separating the ranging links from data links. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the ATC facility 16 transmits data which is modulated by a WFIR waveform with a unique AB ranging code assigned to each aircraft 12 being tracked in the access time slot. WFIR modulation enables the ranging signals to have variable resolution in addition to variable length. The waveform specifically provides a means to transmit a relatively wide-band WFIR ranging waveform over a group of narrow-band communication satellite 14 channels, simultaneously or sequentially, and supports simultaneous ranging/doppler measurements and data demodulation.
The two-way ranging data 30 is sent to the ground segment 20 via the ground station 16. The two-way ranging data 30 is used to drive a dual alpha-beta (α-β)/EKF tracking loop 32 wherein the fast α-β loop tracks the AB CDMA code in communication coordinates, and the slow EKF tracks the target aircraft 12 in earth centered inertial (ECI) coordinates to provide a unique preferred tracking architecture with low-complexity, high accuracy, and high integrity with fast-response valid-track metrics, and the ability to track out time delay variation due to ionospheric total-electron-content (TEC) variation induced waveform transmission range and doppler offsets.
The α-β loop is a relatively fast pair of time and frequency tracking loops which measure and smooth the received two-way ranging signals during each access. The four dimensional state vector Z for the α-β loop consists of the timing offset, time drift, frequency offset and frequency drift. Time drift refers to clock drift whereas frequency offset refers to doppler shift due to link motion plus total electron content (TEC). The state vector X for the EKF loop has eleven components consisting of the 3-dimensional ECI position coordinates, velocity, acceleration, and the ranging plus doppler coordinates associated with ionospherical TEC effects.
Based on the α-β observation data from a previous access, the EFK loop predicts ahead its state Xk at the state transition time k*T, where T is the update interval for the EKF. This state is mapped into the corresponding predicted state Zk of the α-β loop. During the access slot time ΔT, the α-β loop generates a smoothed state Zk which is then used by the EKF to smooth the predicted state to generate the smoothed state Xk. This allows the EKF to predict ahead the state Xk+1 at (k+1)*T. This procedure is repeated for the next access.
The predicted state vector from the dual α-β/EKF tracking loop 32 and the estimated state vector 34 from the aircraft 12 are transmitted to a processor 36 which performs data fusion and validation between the two independent measurements to obtain an improved state vector estimation. The processor 36 also receives other terrestrial based data 37, such as position of the satellite ground station 16 and position of the communication satellites 14. The improved state vector estimation is forwarded to the ATC facility 16 which then transmits this information to the aircraft 12. The improved state vector estimation 38 received by the aircraft 12 is processed by the EKF 26 to generate a new state vector.
Referring now to FIG. 3, additional details of the receiver and transmitter used in the traffic controller 16 are shown comprising transmitter 40 and a receiver 42. The ground terminal 16 transmits data which is modulated by a wavelet-based finite impulse response (WFIR) waveform with a unique AB ranging code assigned to each aircraft 12 being tracked in the access time slot. The TDMA data to the targeted aircraft is modulated by the N-chip AB code sequence, upsampled by the WFIR sample rate M, and added with signals to other aircraft sharing the same access slot. The summed output is filtered by a wideband WFIR filter with overlaid envelope of the AB ranging waveforms. A bank of narrowband WFIR filters channelizes the wideband waveform into a set of narrowband waveforms which are compatible with the satellite communication channels such as ICO.
The receive processing at the ground facility 16 is shown at 42. The baseband signal from the digitizer, shown as an analog-to-digital (A/D) function and an in-phase-quadrature (I/Q) function which may be combined is detected by a bank of narrowband (NB) WFIR filters matched to the ICO communication channels. The outputs are used to perform reconstruction of the wideband WFIR ranging signal for each aircraft. This reconstructed wideband WFIR waveform is then detected by on-time, early, and late correlators. The ranging time and data from each aircraft is recovered by separate processing which performs the A/B CDMA despreading, acquisition, tracking, time recovery, and data recovery.
As best shown in FIG. 4, the aircraft receiver/transmitter 44 preferably includes a retrodirective antenna 46. A Butler matrix, low profile digital beam form (DBF), and WFIR signal processing are preferably employed. The retrodirective antenna 46 measures the direction of the received signal from the ICO satellite 14, and automatically transmits the return signal back to the same ICO satellite 14. The Butler matrix implements a Fourier transform forming a set of nearly orthogonal beams covering the field of view, and has been proven to be a relatively inexpensive approach to realize a retrodirective antenna. The low profile DBF array lends itself to a thin conformal array configuration which is preferred for aircraft installation. The implementation technique eliminates the need for an expensive tracking antenna on the aircraft which usually consists of either an electronically or a mechanically steered antenna driven by a monopulse, step-scanned, or conically-scanned tracking loop.
The present invention works in many multiple-satellite constellations or combinations of multiple constellations. The present invention improves position and velocity accuracy in tracking a target and provides a simple method to access more resources from space assets other than ICO constellation alone. Even if the GPS or GLONASS system malfunctions, the present invention still provides adequate position location and tracking measurements for global air traffic control without complex clock and processing requirements.
While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention as defined by the following claims.
|US3384891 *||11. Febr. 1965||21. Mai 1968||Gen Electric||Method and system for long distance navigation and communication|
|US3544995 *||15. Juli 1968||1. Dez. 1970||Siemens Ag||Navigation method with the aid of satellites|
|US5444450 *||11. Aug. 1993||22. Aug. 1995||Motorola, Inc.||Radio telecommunications system and method with adaptive location determination convergence|
|1||*||Doc 9524, FANS/4 WP/76, International Civil Aviation Organization, Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems, Fourth Meeting, Montreal, May 2 20, 1988, Report, pp. 3.2B 2 & 3.2B 3.|
|2||Doc 9524, FANS/4-WP/76, International Civil Aviation Organization, Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems, Fourth Meeting, Montreal, May 2-20, 1988, Report, pp. 3.2B-2 & 3.2B-3.|
|Zitiert von Patent||Eingetragen||Veröffentlichungsdatum||Antragsteller||Titel|
|US6246363 *||10. Dez. 1998||12. Juni 2001||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Method and system for incorporating two-way ranging navigation as a calibration reference for GPS|
|US6295440||30. Nov. 2000||25. Sept. 2001||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Multiple satellite mobile communications method and apparatus for hand-held terminals|
|US6313790||9. Febr. 2001||6. Nov. 2001||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Method and system for determining a position of a transceiver in a communications network|
|US6337852||29. Dez. 1997||8. Jan. 2002||International Business Machines Corporation||Flow control system using control information of a message for initiating retransmission of data portion when buffer is available|
|US6337980 *||18. März 1999||8. Jan. 2002||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Multiple satellite mobile communications method and apparatus for hand-held terminals|
|US6338091||29. Dez. 1997||8. Jan. 2002||International Business Machines Corporation||System for optimistic transmission flow control including receiver data discards upon inadequate buffering condition|
|US6340947||22. Dez. 2000||22. Jan. 2002||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Method and system for determining a position of a transceiver unit utilizing two-way ranging in a polystatic satellite configuration including a ground radar|
|US6377208||21. Febr. 1997||23. Apr. 2002||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Method and system for determining a position of a transceiver unit utilizing two-way ranging in a polystatic satellite configuration|
|US6480897 *||29. Dez. 1997||12. Nov. 2002||International Business Machines Corporation||Optimistic transmission flow control including receiver data discards upon inadequate buffering condition|
|US6559797||5. Okt. 2001||6. Mai 2003||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Overlapping subarray patch antenna system|
|US6563457||14. Nov. 2001||13. Mai 2003||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Method and system for determining a position of an object using two-way ranging in a polystatic satellite configuration|
|US6674398||5. Okt. 2001||6. Jan. 2004||The Boeing Company||Method and apparatus for providing an integrated communications, navigation and surveillance satellite system|
|US6757546||21. Aug. 2000||29. Juni 2004||The Directv Group, Inc.||Synchronization method and apparatus for multi-platform communication system|
|US6763242||14. Sept. 2000||13. Juli 2004||The Directv Group, Inc.||Resource assignment system and method for determining the same|
|US6785553||24. Apr. 2001||31. Aug. 2004||The Directv Group, Inc.||Position location of multiple transponding platforms and users using two-way ranging as a calibration reference for GPS|
|US6909875||22. Mai 2000||21. Juni 2005||The Directv Group, Inc.||Multi-platform wireless communication system for a variety of different user types|
|US6914557||5. Sept. 2001||5. Juli 2005||The Directv Group, Inc.||Micro cell architecture for mobile user tracking communication system|
|US6920309 *||6. Juni 2000||19. Juli 2005||The Directv Group, Inc.||User positioning technique for multi-platform communication system|
|US6941107||14. Dez. 2001||6. Sept. 2005||The Directv Group, Inc.||Stratospheric platform based surface vehicle tracking and mobile data network|
|US6963304||17. Dez. 2003||8. Nov. 2005||The Boeing Company||Method and apparatus for providing an integrated communications, navigation and surveillance satellite system|
|US6963548||17. Apr. 2000||8. Nov. 2005||The Directv Group, Inc.||Coherent synchronization of code division multiple access signals|
|US6990314||22. Mai 2000||24. Jan. 2006||The Directv Group, Inc.||Multi-node point-to-point satellite communication system employing multiple geo satellites|
|US7046718||25. Sept. 2000||16. Mai 2006||The Directv Group, Inc.||Coherent phase synchronous code division multiple access communications from multiple transponder platforms|
|US7068733||5. Okt. 2001||27. Juni 2006||The Directv Group, Inc.||Sampling technique for digital beam former|
|US7089000||30. Mai 2000||8. Aug. 2006||The Directv Group, Inc.||Multi-node wireless communication system with multiple transponding platforms|
|US7103317||28. Sept. 2001||5. Sept. 2006||The Directv Group, Inc.||Communication system using multiple link terminals for aircraft|
|US7215954||6. Juni 2000||8. Mai 2007||The Directv Group, Inc.||Resource allocation method for multi-platform communication system|
|US7362262||17. Aug. 2005||22. Apr. 2008||The Boeing Company||Method and apparatus for providing an integrated communications, navigation and surveillance satellite system|
|US7400857||28. Sept. 2001||15. Juli 2008||The Directv Group, Inc.||Communication system using multiple link terminals|
|US7414573||17. Aug. 2005||19. Aug. 2008||The Boeing Company|
|US7567778 *||18. Nov. 2004||28. Juli 2009||Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute||Apparatus and method for controlling switch of satellite transponder for multibeam communication|
|US7667647||10. Okt. 2006||23. Febr. 2010||Era Systems Corporation||Extension of aircraft tracking and positive identification from movement areas into non-movement areas|
|US7739167||15. Aug. 2005||15. Juni 2010||Era Systems Corporation||Automated management of airport revenues|
|US7777675||17. Aug. 2010||Era Systems Corporation||Deployable passive broadband aircraft tracking|
|US7782256||15. Mai 2007||24. Aug. 2010||Era Systems Corporation||Enhanced passive coherent location techniques to track and identify UAVs, UCAVs, MAVs, and other objects|
|US7889133||15. Febr. 2011||Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.||Multilateration enhancements for noise and operations management|
|US7908077||15. März 2011||Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc.||Land use compatibility planning software|
|US7965227||22. Febr. 2009||21. Juni 2011||Era Systems, Inc.||Aircraft tracking using low cost tagging as a discriminator|
|US8072382||6. Dez. 2011||Sra International, Inc.||Method and apparatus for ADS-B validation, active and passive multilateration, and elliptical surveillance|
|US8203486||19. Juni 2012||Omnipol A.S.||Transmitter independent techniques to extend the performance of passive coherent location|
|US8223733||17. Juli 2012||The Directv Group, Inc.||Multi-platform wireless communication system for a variety of different user types|
|US8446321||21. Mai 2013||Omnipol A.S.||Deployable intelligence and tracking system for homeland security and search and rescue|
|US8462745||11. Juni 2013||Skyhook Wireless, Inc.||Methods and systems for determining location using a cellular and WLAN positioning system by selecting the best WLAN PS solution|
|US8638725||11. Juni 2013||28. Jan. 2014||Skyhook Wireless, Inc.||Methods and systems for determining location using a cellular and WLAN positioning system by selecting the best WLAN PS solution|
|US8994591||23. Aug. 2010||31. März 2015||Tracbeam Llc||Locating a mobile station and applications therefor|
|US8995902 *||10. Aug. 2012||31. März 2015||Bae Systems Information And Electronic System Integration Inc.||Link 16-based geolocation of hostile jammers|
|US9060341||24. Mai 2010||16. Juni 2015||Tracbeam, Llc||System and method for hybriding wireless location techniques|
|US9134398||12. Dez. 2011||15. Sept. 2015||Tracbeam Llc||Wireless location using network centric location estimators|
|US9237543||24. Apr. 2007||12. Jan. 2016||Tracbeam, Llc||Wireless location using signal fingerprinting and other location estimators|
|US9277525||15. März 2013||1. März 2016||Tracbeam, Llc||Wireless location using location estimators|
|US20020107034 *||14. Dez. 2001||8. Aug. 2002||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Stratospheric platform based surface vehicle tracking and mobile data network|
|US20040130841 *||17. Dez. 2003||8. Juli 2004||Murphy Timothy A.|
|US20050153655 *||2. Febr. 2005||14. Juli 2005||Hughes Electronics Corporation||Multi-platform wireless communication system for a variety of different user types|
|US20050285780 *||17. Aug. 2005||29. Dez. 2005||Murphy Timothy A|
|US20060061506 *||17. Aug. 2005||23. März 2006||Murphy Timothy A|
|US20070149119 *||18. Nov. 2004||28. Juni 2007||Jin-Ho Jo||Apparatus and method for controlling switch of satellite transponder for multibeam communication|
|US20070241957 *||17. Aug. 2005||18. Okt. 2007||Murphy Timothy A|
|US20140002293 *||9. März 2012||2. Jan. 2014||Jorg Behrens||Satellite communication network|
|US20140038541 *||10. Aug. 2012||6. Febr. 2014||Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc.||Link 16-Based Geolocation Of Hostile Jammers|
|Internationale Klassifikation||G01S13/00, G01S13/87, G01S13/74, G01S1/02, G01S19/02, G01S5/14, G01S19/42, G01S19/36, G01S19/09, G01S19/15, G01S19/03, G01S19/49|
|Unternehmensklassifikation||G01S19/09, G01S13/878, G01S5/14, G01S19/49, G01S13/74, G01S19/15, G01S13/003, G01S19/36, G01S19/03|
|Europäische Klassifikation||G01S13/00B, G01S13/87E, G01S19/49, G01S19/03, G01S19/36, G01S19/09, G01S19/15|
|21. Febr. 1997||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VON DER EMBSE, URBAN A.;HUANG, KEN YU;CHANG, DONALD C.D.;REEL/FRAME:008422/0598;SIGNING DATES FROM 19800701 TO 19970211
|17. Febr. 1998||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HE HOLDINGS INC., DBA HUGHES ELECTRONICS, FORMERLY KNOWN AS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:008921/0153
Effective date: 19971216
|18. Apr. 2003||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|19. Apr. 2007||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|19. Apr. 2011||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 12


Hannibal Buress is as funny as his name is scary. Whether he’s co-hosting the surreal The Eric Andre Show; or trying to get serious with Ilana Glazer on Broad City; or, uh, when talking about peeing on himself—and being totally cool with it—while high on ecstasy in his Comedy Central special, Hannibal Buress:Live From Chicago, he makes us ugly laugh. Hard. We caught up with Buress ahead of Live From Chicago’s Saturday premiere to talk about awful gigs, Pusha T, and his new—fingers crossed—show.
Get More: Watch More Stand-Up.
GQ: Live from Chicago begins with a voiceover from you reminiscing about bombing at different Chicago comedy clubs—what’s your worst onstage-bombing memory?
Hannibal Buress: A couple times I’ve been performing at a place and they just cut on the music in the middle of your performance, which is pretty rough. Where you think you have a certain amount of time to perform, but then they decide that you will not be getting that amount of time to perform. But that’s part of it: comedy is so subjective and it’s such a sensitive art form. You can overcome it but just anything in the room—if the stage is too far away, or the sound system is a little tweaked, or a couple of people are talking, or if the room is too hot—can make it tough to have a good comedy show.
What’s the worst standup gig you’ve ever done?
I’ve done horrible gigs in, like, people’s backyards, man. Some gig where I just felt stupid for taking it was somebody’s birthday’s party, in their backyard for like seventy-five bucks. That shit sucked. It just felt weird and I had to get a ride to the train—I hope they don’t remember that I did that because they have that on me forever. Like, Oh that motherfucker, he’s doing that? He performed in my backyard for seventy-five dollars in 2004!
I would probably tell him to get some side chicks. Because Ilana’s messing around, so he has to get into it too, you know? It’s cool if he likes Ilana but he can’t just be a sucker. And you know what’s funny? Even though it’s TV, when I watch the episodes when she’s fucking around I’m like, This is some bullshit right now.
What about your own show?
Yeah, I’m working on that. I finished a pilot for Comedy Central—hopefully it gets picked up over the next month or so, I think it got a good shot—it’s me doing different jobs, like a comedian version of Dirty Jobs. I worked on a goat farm, at a diner in New Orleans, and as a fortuneteller. And we splice it with standup.
If you weren’t working in comedy, what job would you most want to have?
I would want to be some type of cat that just thought of some idea and then got rich off of it fast and is now just chillin’. That’s the type of shit I want. He made one or two excellent business moves and then chilled out. That’s what I want to do now; I’m still trying to figure out my business move. I want to get into like something that people just need, it’s undeniable. Like toilet paper. How do you break into that part of the business? How do you become a Procter & Gamble? That’s what I’m looking into.
Last thing that made you laugh?
I’ve been making myself laugh—I decided I want to name my next special, Superfluous Pu Pu Platter. That just makes me laugh, just saying it and just sharing it with people. I annoy the shit out of my girl because I just repeat it over and over. I called her and I said, “Alright, repeat after me.” And she said, “OK.” And I said, “Superfluous Pu Pu Platter.”
What would your theme song be?
My walk-on music I’ve been using lately: “King Push” by Pusha T—have you heard his song? It builds up—it sounds like a marching song, like some sort of military song. Especially because it has thirty seconds before the bass drops—it would just be fun. Anywhere you walked in you had thirty seconds of anticipation. Like everything has to stop and everybody hears the music; it’s sort of like wrestling. Like, Oh that’s his music! Hulk Hogan is about to show up! That’s his music. That’d be great.
Choose a super power.
Probably teleportation. I’m late to a lot of stuff—save on travel costs, no jetlag. Especially if I could take somebody with me—you could take girls on trips and it wouldn’t really mean anything. They wouldn’t get caught up in emotions real quick, like, Don’t worry about it, I can just teleport, I didn’t spend nothing on this, we in Hawaii but it took about fifteen seconds.