RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present invention is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/510,922 filed on Feb. 22, 2000, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,487 B1, as well as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/197,219 filed on Nov. 20, 1998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,116. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to machine vision systems for tracking the movement of multiple objects within a predefined area or volume. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Several systems currently exist in the commercial marketplace for tracking the movement of one or more objects within a limited area. Such systems are routinely used to follow the movement of human subjects for a range of purposes including medical analysis, input for lifelike animation, as well as sports measurement. The following companies provide machine vision-based motion analysis systems: 
         [0004]    Motion Analysis Corporation and their HiRES 3D system; 
         [0005]    Vicon with their Vicon 250 and 512 3D motion analysis systems; 
         [0006]    Ariel Dynamics, Inc. with their APAS system; 
         [0007]    Charnwood Dynamics with their CODA motion analysis system; 
         [0008]    Peak Performance Inc. with their Motus system; 
         [0009]    Biogesta with their SAGA-3 RT System; 
         [0010]    Elite with their ELITEPlus Motion Analyser System; 
         [0011]    Northern Digital with their Optotrak and Polaris systems, and 
         [0012]    Qualisys with their ProReflex system. 
         [0013]    Each of these systems, which are capable of working in real time and creating three-dimensional (3D) tracking information, employ a system of markers to be placed upon the object(s) to be tracked. The markers themselves are followed by an overlapping configuration of tracking cameras. As image information is analyzed from each camera&#39;s two-dimensional (2D) view, it is combined to create the 3D coordinates of each marker as that marker moves about in the designated tracking volume. Based upon the detected marker 3D locations as well as the pre-known relationship between the markers and the objects, each system is then able to “re-assemble” any given object&#39;s 3D movement. All of the systems share at least portions of the following common attributes:
       1—All of the cameras that are used to view the marker and therefore object movement are pre-placed in fixed strategic locations designed to keep the entire tracking volume in view of two or more cameras.   2—Each camera is designed to capture a unique 2D view for a fixed portion of the tracking volume. The entire set of captured 2D information is combined by the system to create the 3D information concerning all markers and therefore objects.   3—For a marker to be located in the local (X, Y, Z) coordinate system during any given instant, it must be visible to at least two cameras within that instant.   4—They use a single tracking energy that is either from the visible spectrum (such as red light) or infrared (IR).   5—They add additional tracking energy in the form of LED-based ring lights attached to the tracking cameras.   6—They place special retroreflective markers on the objects to be tracked. These retroreflectors reflect a broad spectrum of energy including visible and IR light.   7—The markers do not comprise any special encoding and are most often identical in size and shape. Typical shapes are a rectangle, a circle, or a sphere.   8—They use the unique positional combination (i.e., the measured physical space relationship of the markers placed upon the object) to encode that object&#39;s identity. Hence, no two objects can have the same or a substantially similar positional combination of markers placed upon them. This “constellation” of markers covers the majority of the object&#39;s surface volume and as such requires that the entire volume remain substantially in view at all times.   9—They determine, confirm, or both determine and confirm the identity of each object simultaneously with the tracking of the objects as they move throughout the entire tracking volume.   10—After the cameras have been placed in their fixed positions, they calibrate the system prior to tracking by moving a special calibration tool throughout the combined views of all cameras. The calibration tool consists of two or more markers that are at a pre-known distance from each other. Once the calibration has been completed, none of the cameras may be moved before or during actual object tracking.       
 
         [0024]    Each of these systems shares many drawbacks, especially when considered for use in a live sporting environment such as a sporting contest. Some of these drawbacks are as follows:
       1—All of the tracking cameras must be set into fixed positions and then pre-calibrated prior to actual live tracking. This requirement precludes the use of automatic pan, tilt, and zoom cameras to collect additional information as directed by the system in anticipation of marker inclusions.   2—Each camera is positioned to have a unique and substantially perspective view of a given portion of the tracking volume. Each camera&#39;s perspective view contains a significant depth of field. Any given object traveling throughout this depth of field will be seen with substantially different resolutions depending upon whether the object is at the nearest or farthest point with respect to a given camera. Therefore, the system experiences a non-uniform resolution per object throughout the entire tracking volume. This non-uniform resolution affects at least the ease with which the system may be scaled up to cover larger and larger tracking volumes using a consistent camera arrangement.   3—If the tracking energy is red light, any human observers will also see the illuminated markers if they are within the narrow retroreflected cone of light.   4—If the tracking energy is red light, then the system is susceptible to reflections of red light caused by pre-existing lighting in the visible spectrum that may be reflected from red colored portions of the tracked objects or the tracking volume itself.   5—In order to reduce unwanted reflections when working with visible red light, the systems typically cover the objects in darker material and place black matting on the movement surface to help reduce unwanted reflections that become system noise. These techniques are not appropriate for a “live” environment.   6—If the tracking energy is IR, then the light sources employed only emit IR without any additional visible light. The additional visible light would normally act as an indicator to a human observer that the light is on, naturally causing them not to stare for prolonged periods. Continued exposure to any high-intensity energy including IR light can damage the retina of the eye.   7—When working with IR, these systems do not employ IR absorbent compounds to be placed upon the objects and tracking volume background surfaces before any markers are attached as a means of reducing unwanted reflections that become system noise.   8—Because the retroreflective markers work across a broad spectrum, they will reflect any visible energy, not just the chosen emitted tracking energy whether that be red light or IR. As such, they will for instance retroreflect any pre-existing lighting or portable lighting such as camera flashes that are typically used by human observers in a live environment.   9—Given that the preferred spherical markers do have an appreciable size, they are limited in the number of places that they can be placed upon the objects, especially in a live environment. Due to their size, they are impractical for use in live sporting contests especially contact sports such as ice hockey where they may become dislodged during normal play.   10—When the systems are used to track more and more objects, each with many markers, more and more instances arise when not all markers are in view of at least two cameras or in some cases in view of any camera. This is referred to as “inclusions” and also affects the ability of the system to accurately identify a given object since its identity is encoded in the unique “constellation” of the markers placed upon the object, the location of one or more of which is now unknown.   11—When the objects to be tracked are uniformed athletes such as ice hockey players versus non-uniformed human subjects, their body sizes and shapes become less distinguishable due to the standard pad sizes of their equipment and their loose-fitting jerseys. As body shapes become less distinguishable, then the unique “constellation” of markers used to identify a given uniformed athlete becomes less distinguishable and more markers must be added in order to clearly identify individual players.       
 
         [0036]    The present inventors have addressed many of these drawbacks in their co-pending applications entitled:
       Multiple Object Tracking System, application Ser. No. 09/197,219; Filed: Nov. 20, 1998   Method for Representing Real-Time Motion over the Internet, application Ser. No. 09/510,922; Filed: Feb. 22, 2000   Employing Electromagnetic By-Product Radiation for Object Tracking, application Ser. No. 09/881,430; Filed: Jun. 14, 2001   Visibly Transparent Wide Observation Angle Retroreflective Materials, application Ser. No. 09/911,043; Filed: Jul. 23, 2001       
 
         [0041]    Each of these patent applications is hereby incorporated by reference into the present application. 
         [0042]    In these patents applications, the present inventors describe various aspects of a multiple object tracking system that functions in general to track many types of objects but that is especially constructed to track athletes during a live sporting event such as an ice hockey game. These patent applications teach at least the following novel components:
       1—The system employs a matrix of separate overhead tracking cameras responsible for first locating any given object as a whole in a local (X, Y) area rather than in a (X, Y, Z) volume coordinate system. This technique yields a substantially uniform pixel resolution per area tracked providing a simple and regular approach to camera arrangement when the system is scaled to track larger areas.   2—The system employs separate sets of one or more pan, tilt, and zoom cameras per player to be tracked. These moveable cameras are automatically directed by the system based upon the (X, Y) location information that was first determined using the overhead tracking “area” cameras. Each of these volume cameras will collect (X, Y, Z) information from a particular view of the player to be combined with at least the (X, Y) information captured by the “area” cameras concerning the same player. Due to the system&#39;s ability to move and zoom each player-tracking camera, a substantially uniform pixel resolution per player is achieved. This technique provides a simple and regular approach to camera arrangement when the system is scaled to track more and more players.   3—The system preferably employs a non-visible tracking energy such as ultraviolet or infrared that is currently being generated by pre-existing lighting within the tracking area.   4—By using pre-existing lighting that is already in place with a purpose of illuminating the playing area for human observers, the system ensures that the observers will have a visible light indicator that the lamp is on. This will naturally keep the observer from staring at the lights and receiving an overexposure of non-visible tracking energy.   5—The system employs one or more reflective, retroreflective, fluorescent, and fluorescent retroreflective materials that are specifically designed to reflect only the chosen non-visible ultraviolet or infrared tracking energy and to be substantially transparent to visible light.   6—The system preferably employs markers that are made of ink which has minimal thickness and can be placed upon virtually any surface such as in the case of hockey a players helmet, jersey, or gloves; the tape they use to wrap their stick; or the puck.   7—The system preferably encodes the player&#39;s unique identity into the markings placed exclusively upon the “top surface” of the player, such as the helmet or shoulders. In so doing, the player&#39;s identity can be determined solely from the (X, Y) area tracking cameras and is substantially unaffected by player “bunching” and subsequent body marker inclusions that primarily affect the view of the body below the helmet and shoulders.   8—The system preferably takes advantage of the reduced player movement and smaller area of the playing surface entrance and exit as well as the team benches in order to perform player identification. The unique characteristics of the entrance and exit and benches provides the opportunity to focus the overhead (X, Y) tracking cameras in a considerably smaller field-of-view such that the players&#39; helmets and attached markings are considerably enlarged with respect to the entire captured image. This in turn ensures that the space available for a marking on the helmet is sufficient to completely encode and therefore identify a given player through the use of more complex symbol patterns similar to bar codes. As previously mentioned, since the unique player code is therefore fully contained on the helmet, only the overhead (X, Y) cameras are necessary to determine identity thereby eliminating the effect of body marker inclusions caused when the (X, Y, Z) cameras&#39; fields-of-view are blocked.   9—By separating entrance and exit and bench tracking and identification from playing surface tracking, it is possible to place a multi-frequency responsive marker at least on the player&#39;s helmet. For instance, the complex symbol patterns used to encode the player&#39;s identity can be created with an UV ink while the helmet tracking mark can be created with an IR ink, or vice versa. This switching of frequencies effectively doubles the available marking area of at least the helmet and potentially any other “top surface” such as the shoulders.   10—The area cameras have mutually exclusive fields-of-view with slight edge-to-edge overlap for calibration purposes. This calibration process is performed prior to live tracking.   11—The volume cameras are first calibrated with respect to their pan, tilt, and zoom drive mechanisms also prior to actual tracking. Their field-of-view will constantly overlap one or more area cameras. The combination of this overlapping area and volume information is then used by the system for dynamic re-calibration and adjustment of the volume cameras. The system thereby permits individual cameras to move and be recalibrated simultaneously with actual tracking.   12—The system employs absorber compounds that are to be placed upon the objects and playing surface prior to placing the markers in order to cut down or eliminate unwanted reflections that are system noise.   13—The system employs predictive techniques based upon the object&#39;s last known position, acceleration, velocity, and direction of travel to minimize the search time required to locate the object in subsequent video frames.       
 
         [0056]    Also currently existing in the commercial marketplace are the following important components:
       1—Wide-angle retroreflectors are capable of reflecting light in a wider cone than typical retroreflectors. These are available in both cube cornered and microscopic bead optical body formats. They provide the opportunity to move the lighting source further away from the tracking cameras when using retroreflective materials.   2—Fluorescent laser dyes are capable of absorbing visible light just below the 700 nm wavelengths that are still visible and converting it into IR light just above the 700 nm region that is non-visible. When using IR, these dyes provide the opportunity to convert visible energy as emitted by pre-existing arena lighting into IR tracking energy thus eliminating the need to add lighting that specifically radiates IR into the tracking volume.   3—Fluorescent laser dyes are capable of absorbing UV light around 330 nm wavelengths and converting it into UV light around 390 nm. This conversion is important given that certain commercially available low-cost digital imaging cameras are designed to have a higher responsivity to UV light especially around the 390 nm range. Furthermore, existing arena lighting such as Metal Halide Lamps currently generate UV energy in the frequency range of 315 to 400 nm. By absorbing the shorter wavelength UV energy around 330 nm and then radiating additional UV energy around 390 nm, the fluorescent dyes will essentially “double up” on the preferred narrow band of tracking frequencies.   4—Notch filters may be used with the tracking cameras and are capable of passing very narrow bands of specific frequencies of energy. This provides the opportunity to place reflective, fluorescent, or retroreflective materials that operate at different frequency ranges onto different players to assist in the identification process.       
 
         [0061]    The present inventors have described in their co-pending applications many useful component and system solutions to the problems that are inherent within the existing systems. Additional components as described above also exist. It is possible to create several different and yet effective machine vision systems for tracking multiple moving objects based upon the novel components disclosed within the present application and four co-pending applications. What is needed is an understanding of how all of these teachings can be combined to form several different machine vision systems, each with their own novel optimizations. 
         [0062]    In addition to the aforementioned machine vision system solutions to multi-object tracking it should be noted that at least two other companies are attempting to provide systems for similar purposes. Both Trackus, a Massachusetts-based company, and Orad, an Israeli-based company, are attempting to develop real-time “beacon”—based tracking technology for sporting events. Orad has produced a working system to follow horse racing; Trakus is the only company currently attempting to follow players in an ice hockey game. While Orad&#39;s solution is essentially similar at the highest levels, the technology will be explained based upon information gathered concerning Trakus. 
         [0063]    Trakus&#39; solution includes a microwave based transmitter and receiver that will track a single point within the helmet of each player. There are many deficiencies with this proposed solution as compared to machine vision systems in general and the novel teachings of the present inventors in particular. One of the most important distinctions is the “active” and potential harmful nature of the microwave technology. If used for tracking youth sports, it is anticipated that the average parent would balk at the idea of placing even a low-power microwave device into the helmet of their child. Furthermore, there are significant reflection problems due to the hard interior surfaces of a hockey arena that must be resolved before this technology can effectively track even a single point (the helmet) on every player on both teams. As already discussed, machine vision-based systems employ “passive” markers that are capable of tracking 14 or more points (the head and every major joint) on every player in real time. The present invention furthermore uniquely teaches a system that can also track game equipment and the puck, devices that have surfaces that cannot be substantially altered by the normal size of traditional markers. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0064]    For the purposes of disclosing the novel teachings of the present invention, the exemplary application of following the motion of hockey players, their equipment, and the game puck in a live sporting event will be used to represent mufti-object tracking. 
         [0065]    In order to create an optimal multi-object tracking system, the present inventors have focused on four major factors as follows: 
         [0066]    A. The desired tracking information to be determined by the system; 
         [0067]    B. The characteristics of the objects to be tracked; 
         [0068]    C. The characteristics of the tracking environment; as well as 
         [0069]    D. Traditional engineering goals. 
         [0070]    A. With respect to the desired tracking information to be determined by the system, the following characteristics were considered:
       1. Is the desired representation to be visual for display only or a mathematical model for measurement and rendering?;   2. Is two or three-dimensional information preferred?;   3. Is object orientation required in addition to location, velocity, and acceleration?;   4. Must this information be collected and available in real time?   5. What is the acceptable accuracy and precision with respect to this information?;   6. Will the system be required to identify the objects as well as tracking them?; and   7. Once an object has been identified, can this identity be lost during tracking?       
 
         [0078]    B. With respect to the objects to be tracked, the following characteristics were considered:
       1. Is the object rigid or flexible?;   2. In how many degrees of freedom will the object be moving?;   3. How fast will the objects be moving?;   4. Are there multiple objects to be tracked and, if so, how will this impact the tracking method?;   5. Are there any restrictions or safety considerations regarding the type of electromagnetic energy used to track the objects?;   6. What are the physical space limitations on the objects for any marker- or beacon-based tracking system?; and   7. What is the natural reflectivity of the various background surfaces to the different potential tracking energies?       
 
         [0086]    C. With respect to the tracking environment, the following characteristics were considered:
       1. Is the setting “live” or “controlled”?;   2. What are the existing ambient electromagnetic energies?;   3. Are their any other pre-existing energy sources that may have available by-product energy that could be used for tracking?;   4. What is the natural reflectivity of the various background surfaces to the different potential tracking energies?;   5. What is the size of the tracking area relative to the range of the potential tracking methods?; and   6. Is the tracking environment physically enclosed within a building or outside?       
 
         [0093]    D. With respect to traditional engineering goals, the following characteristics were considered:
       1. The system should be scalable and therefore comprise uniform assemblies that can be combined into a matrix designed to increase tracking coverage in terms of area, volume, and the number of objects while still maintaining uniform performance.   2. The system should be minimally intrusive upon the objects to be tracked and upon the surrounding environment, especially if that environment is a live setting;   3. The tracking signal-to-noise ratio should be maximized; and   4. Manufacturing and installation costs should be minimized and the resultant system should be simple for the user to maintain and operate.       
 
         [0098]    An optimized system design such as disclosed in the present application must consider many of the above-stated questions and criteria simultaneously. However, for the sake of consistency, each of the pertinent questions and criteria listed above will be considered in order. 
         [0099]    Therefore, referring first to the characteristics of the desired tracking information to be determined by the system, the following is taught. 
         [0100]    A.1. Is the desired representation to be visual for display only or a mathematical model for measurement and rendering? 
         [0101]    It is preferable that the tracking system creates a mathematical model of the tracked players and equipment as opposed to a visual representation that is essentially similar to a traditional filming and broadcast system. A mathematical model allows for the measurement of the athletic competition while also providing the basis for a graphical rendering of the captured movement for visual inspection from any desired viewpoint. Certain systems exist in the marketplace that attempt to film sporting contests for multiple viewpoints after which a computer system may be used to rotate through the various overlapping views giving a limited ability to see the contest from any perspective. All of the aforementioned machine vision companies, such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, generate a mathematical model. 
         [0102]    This requirement of creating a mathematical model of human movement necessarily dictates that at least one precise location on the human body be identified and followed. For beacon-based systems such as Trakus or Orad, following the beacon&#39;s signal provides both identity and object location. To be implemented in a machine vision system, this further implies that each of these locations remain substantially in view of two or more tracking cameras at all times. Furthermore, the use of markers strategically placed upon the players can greatly simplify video frame analysis, as the markers become consistent center points that reduce the need for detailed edge detection techniques as well as identification and weighted averaging of player surfaces. This marker technique is implemented by all of the vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon and is preferred by the present inventors. As will be discussed, the exact choice of the type, shape, size, and placement of the preferred markers is significant to some of the novel functions of the present invention and is different from existing techniques. 
         [0103]    A.2. Is two or three-dimensional information preferred? 
         [0104]    Three-dimensional information provides the ability to generate more realistic graphical renditions and to create more detailed statistics and analyses concerning game play. All of the aforementioned machine vision companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon attempt to generate three-dimensional data while the beacon-based Trakus and Orad only generate two-dimensional information. 
         [0105]    This requirement of creating a three-dimensional mathematical model of game play further dictates that at least the major joints on a player are identified and tracked. For instance, the player&#39;s helmet, shoulders, elbows, writs, torso, waist, knees, and feet are all beneficial tracking points for a 3D model. This informational goal in practice precludes beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad since it would require a significant number of beacons to be placed onto each player, often times in locations that are not convenient. Furthermore, each beacon will create additional signal processing and, given current state of the art in microwave tracking, the system could not function quickly enough to resolve all of the incoming signals. 
         [0106]    For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, significant difficulties also begin to present themselves in consideration of the requirement that each joint be in view of at least two cameras at all times. As players move about and change their body positions, individual joints can easily be lost from view (inclusion) or take positions that from a given camera&#39;s “flat 2D” perspective appear to make them a part of a different player. This is especially true in light of the small spherical markers used by existing systems that are not in view from every possible rotational angle of the joint. What is needed is a vision-based tracking system that can identify and track players with one set of cameras and then automatically direct a second set of cameras to adjust their views so as to minimize these inclusions. What is further needed is a tracking system that employs markers that can cover a much larger area, for instance all the way around an elbow rather than a single point or set of three points upon the elbow, while at the same time remaining less obtrusive. 
         [0107]    A.3. Is object orientation required in addition to location, velocity, and acceleration? 
         [0108]    Especially in the sport of ice hockey, it is important to know the orientation of the player as a whole since, for instance, they can be skating in a certain direction either facing forwards or backwards. Furthermore, in any motion system designed to follow the movement of a human joint that has multiple degrees of freedom, it is necessary to determine the orientation of the joint, not merely its position in order to create an accurate mathematical model. This requirement exceeds the capacity of beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad since the emitted signals are uniformly omni-directional and therefore cannot be used to determine rotation about the transmitting axis. For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis, Vicon and the present invention, this requirement significantly favors the use of markers over edge detection of player surfaces. This is because the markers have clear center points and could be placed in a triangular format that is a traditional method for orientation detection. The present inventors prefer larger markings that form shapes such as an oval, circle, or triangle over the placement of spherical markers as is currently practiced. 
         [0109]    A.4. Must this information be collected and available in real time? 
         [0110]    The ability to capture and analyze images, convert them into a 3-D mathematical model, and then dynamically render a graphic representation along with quantified statistics in real time offers significant opportunities and challenges. For beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad, there is a single set of receiving towers throughout the arena that must process as many beacons as required to follow all of the players to be tracked. Essentially, the entire set of towers is necessary to cover the rink for even a single player. Additionally, each player&#39;s beacon signal will be picked up by each tower and then must be compared across all towers to perform the location function. As more players are added, they will create additional processing for each tower. Hence, the total number of players is limited by the capacity of a single tower to process its received signals in real time. While such beacon-based systems may be scalable by playing area, therefore simply adding additional towers will cover additional area, they are not scalable by the number of players. Hence, for more players within a given area, one cannot simply add more towers. These systems are inherently “player bound” as opposed to “area bound.” For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the goal of real-time information significantly challenges system capacity especially when combined with the need to track multiple players. This requirement limits the amount of image processing time available to handle ambiguities created in the data set by the inclusions that occur when players overlap, or bunch up, within a given camera view. Similar to the beacon-based systems, these camera systems can be said to be scalable by playing area since each additional playing volume requires the uniform addition of fixed perspective cameras. However, they too are “player bound” since any number of players may at a single time end up in any given playing volume creating a large, “included” data set that cannot be sufficiently processed in real time if at all without human assistance to clarify ambiguities. 
         [0111]    The present inventors prefer to separate the function of “area” tracking for 2D movements and identification from “player” tracking for the full 3D data set. Hence, a matrix of overhead (X, Y) cameras follows the movement of any number of players per single camera across a single playing area. Since the number of markers tracked from the overhead view is limited to primarily the helmet and shoulders, the total number of marks, even for a large number of players is still trackable. Furthermore, due to the overhead view and the tendency for players to remain upright, it is expected that there will be minimal instances of helmet or shoulder “overhead inclusions.” In addition to being tracked in 2D space by the overhead cameras, each player will also be followed by at least two and preferably four dedicated pan, tilt, and zoom perspective cameras. These dedicated, movable, perspective cameras will be automatically directed by the known (X, Y) location of each player as determined by the overhead cameras. This combination of novel techniques provides for scalability by both tracking area and player. Hence, to cover more area simply add one or more overhead “area” tracking cameras while to cover more players simply add additional sets of one or more dedicated movable “player” tracking cameras. 
         [0112]    A.5. What is the acceptable accuracy and precision with respect to this information? 
         [0113]    The speed of a hockey puck can approach 100 mph while a player may be skating upwards of 25 mph. As was previously described in detail in the present inventors&#39; co-pending application for a Multiple Object Tracking System, minimum capture rates of 40 frames per second for low-end commercial video cameras will follow pucks at a maximum of 3.7 feet per frame and players at 0.9 feet per frame. While this is sufficient to create a realistic mathematical model of game movement, faster cameras with between 2 to 4 times the capture rates are readily available. The incorporation of faster cameras also requires the use of faster computers and software algorithms to locate and identify markers and therefore players and equipment within the allotted fraction of a second. Currently, the beacon-based Trakus captures data at 30 locations per second. 
         [0114]    A.6. Will the system be required to identify the objects as well as tracking them? 
         [0115]    The ability to identify the tracked objects is critical and poses a more difficult problem for the video-based systems versus the beacon systems. With a beacon system, the transmitted signal can easily contain a uniquely encoded value that serves to differentiate each player. For a video-based system, which uses a single tracking energy and passive markers, the encoding must be accomplished via some unique arrangement of markings. 
         [0116]    For vision based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the current practice is to consider the unique “constellation” of markers as placed upon each players body to form an encoding for that player. This thinking is predicated on the idea that no two individuals have exactly the same body shape and hence the markers will always be in at least slightly different configurations. If two players did end up with “constellations” that were too similar in configuration to be accurately differentiated, then one or more additional markers would be added to at least one of the players to sufficiently differentiate the one from the other. It should be noted, that with this strategy, the majority of the markers play a dual role of both joint and body segment tracking on an individual basis and player identity on a collective basis. 
         [0117]    A further practical limitation of this technique is its real-life implementation with non-sophisticated system operators. In other words, at the most difficult youth sport level, the ideal tracking system must be operable by minimally trained lay people such as coaches and parents. Placing these markers upon the player&#39;s body in such a way as to guarantee a unique constellation for all 16 to 20 players on a team will be overly restrictive. What is needed is a simple approach to placing a minimum of a single marker upon the player that is assured to provide a unique identification during game tracking. The present inventors prefer to isolate player identification to those markings that can be viewed strictly from the overhead cameras, i.e., the “top surface” of the player&#39;s body. This minimizes the occasions when the markers that are relied upon for identification are hidden (included) from camera view based upon player bunching. In the preferred embodiment, the markings placed on the player&#39;s helmet and possibly also on their shoulders form a uniquely identifiable pattern, similar in form to bar coding. The decision as to whether the shoulder markers need to be included in the unique pattern depends mainly upon the total area provided by the helmet alone and the number of pixels per inch resolution of the viewing cameras. For effective machine vision, any mark to be “seen” must be picked up by preferably two pixels. Depending upon the pixel per inch resolution of the camera configuration, these two pixels will represent a different sized area. In practice, due to the expected movement and rotation of the helmet that is inherently not a flat surface, it is preferred to have many more pixels per inch of marking for accurate recognition. Additionally, it is anticipated that there may be between thirty to forty players and game officials on the ice over the course of a given game. Each one of these players and officials must have a unique tracking pattern on their helmet. Hence, if there is not enough room on the helmet to include an easily recognizable, unique encoding for each player, the shoulders can be used to augment the coding scheme. This novel approach provides the opportunity to optionally separate the player identification process from the tracking process. Since the players are all expected to enter and exit the playing area via a limited passageway and furthermore to collect just outside the playing area on team benches, it is anticipated that these will present ideal areas to first ascertain and then reconfirm unique player identities. Once the players are identified as they first enter the playing area through the passageway, they can then simply be tracked as they move throughout the playing area. Should an ambiguity arise between two players during game play, their identity can be sorted out once they return to the team benches. 
         [0118]    This separation of player identification from movement tracking opens up the possibility of different camera and lens configurations in the “identification areas” versus the “tracking areas.” Hence, the identification cameras could for instance be focused on a much narrower field of view since the passageway and team bench are considerably smaller in area than the playing surface. By narrowing the field of view, the resultant pixels per square inch of “id pattern” will be increased thereby reducing the necessary size of this unique marking. Other possibilities are anticipated such as the creation of a unique marking that is detected in a first select frequency such as IR and an overlapping tracking mark that is detected in a second select frequency such as UR. (These frequencies could easily be reversed with no change to the novel functionality.) In this embodiment, the “identification areas” will be viewed with IR cameras while the “tracking areas” will be viewed with UV cameras. It should be noted that both the IR id mark and the UV tracking mark would be non-visible to the players and viewing audience. Furthermore, these separate “identification areas” will also facilitate tracking the limited movement of the players until they enter the playing surface, i.e. “tracking area.” 
         [0119]    A.7. Once an object has been identified, can this identity be lost during tracking? 
         [0120]    The answer to this question is entirely driven by the selected tracking and identification technique. For instance, with beacon-based identification such as Trakus and Orad, the identity is only lost if the unique player signal is lost. For traditional vision-based tracking such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, player identity can be easily lost based upon a number of factors. These factors include the number of cameras viewing a given playing volume, the pixel per inch resolution for the allowed marker size as well as the number of expected inclusions due to player bunching. The final factor is randomly variable throughout a given tracking session. The preferred embodiment of the present invention has separated the identification of each player into a 2D overhead viewing function that strictly focuses on the “top surface” of each player. Since the number of inclusions of player&#39;s helmets is expected to be minimal, especially from the overhead view is expected to be minimal, the preferred embodiment will not experience the same difficulties in maintaining player identity as traditional systems. 
         [0121]    B. Referring next to the characteristics of the objects to be tracked, the preferred and alternate novel embodiments must consider at least the following factors: 
         [0122]    B.1. Is the object rigid or flexible? 
         [0123]    The majority of objects (i.e., the players) are flexible while some objects are rigid such as the sticks and puck. Flexible objects such as players create difficulties for vision-based tracking systems because their form is constantly changing. These changes create greater opportunities for inclusions (blocked markers) and for misinterpretation when multiple players wearing multiple markers are each partially in view from any given camera. For beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad, the only location being tracked on the player is the helmet that is itself rigid. Due to the nature of the beacon itself, it is immaterial whether the object is flexible since the beacon&#39;s signal will transmit through the player&#39;s body and most equipment. For machine vision systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, this restriction significantly adds to the difficulty of keeping any given marker in the view of two or more cameras at a single instant, especially in light of the multiple player requirements. 
         [0124]    Due in part to the infinite variations of marker images that can be created by any number of players holding their bodies in any number of positions creating any number of inclusions, all within a single camera field of view, the present inventors favor the novel teachings of the present invention. More specifically, by isolating player identification to markings placed upon the player&#39;s helmet that is rigid and substantially in view of the overhead cameras at all times, the flexibility of the player&#39;s body is removed as a negative factor for the more complex purpose of identification. Additionally, the use of larger ink markings provides for various marker shapes such as circles around the elbows, torso, knees or ankles or strips that can run down a player&#39;s arms, legs, torso or stick, etc. This in turn allows the present invention to greatly reduce the chances for total inclusion as the player&#39;s flex individually and bunch together. And finally, the separation of overhead (X, Y) “area” tracking that automatically directs the dedicated pan, tilt and zoom “player” tracking cameras, which in turn collect the 3D information, further minimizes the inclusions created by multiple flexible objects. 
         [0125]    B.2. In how many degrees of freedom will the object be moving? 
         [0126]    Similar to the difficulties created by the flexibility of a player, the full six degrees of freedom within which a player and or their limbs may travel creates increased challenges for vision-based solutions such as Motion Analysis and Vicon. It should first be noted that beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad are not impacted by the freedom of the player to move their helmet in any of the six possible directions from the current location. Of course, the beacon solution itself has a much greater shortcoming since it is in practice limited to a single beacon per player. 
         [0127]    Returning to the vision systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the current practice is to place small spheres ranging in size from approximately ⅛″ to 1″ in diameter upon the various joints and locations to be tracked on any given player. Often, these small spheres are themselves held out away from the players body on a short stem of approximately ½″. This configuration is uniformly adopted by the current 3D vision-based tracking systems and represents a significant system limitation. The purpose of the spherical shape of the marker is to ensure that a maximum image size is created irrespective of the location of the marker (and its associated body part) with respect to the viewing camera. Hence, no matter what the angle of view, the marker will always show up as a circle unless the view is in some way blocked. The purpose of the stem is to hold the sphere out away from the body thereby reducing the circumstances of partial inclusion created by the body surface to which the marker has been attached. While this technique has worked well for “controlled” situations, these markers are unacceptable for “live” events. 
         [0128]    What is needed is a method of marking the players joints that will be substantially visible from two or more cameras from any view point despite the six degree freedom of player movement. Given this requirement, the present inventors prefer the novel technique of using a much larger “surface area” marking. This essentially maximizes the marker view by both increasing the size of the mark as well as continuously surrounding a joint or body part such as the elbows, torso, knees or ankles. By both enlarging the mark and surrounding the body part, the ability for that part to been seen from any angle while it moves in six degrees of freedom is significantly increased. 
         [0129]    B.3. How fast will the objects be moving? 
         [0130]    As was previously stated, the speed of a hockey puck can approach 100 mph while a player may be skating upwards of 25 mph. When players are spinning or turning at or near their full speed of travel, the combined joint movement speed can present problems to tracking systems with lower sampling rates. For beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad, which take approximately 30 locations per second, these speeds would present a significant challenge if the beacons could be placed upon a puck or even a player&#39;s wrist. For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis, Vicon and the present invention, camera and video capture technology can presently handle upwards of 240 frames per second with acceptable 1 megapixel resolution. 
         [0131]    B.4. Are there multiple objects to be tracked and, if so, how will this impact the tracking method? 
         [0132]    As has been previously suggested, it is necessary to track the motion of at least 10 players and 3 game officials in the playing area for the sport of ice hockey. Including the players&#39; benches, the total number of players and officials can exceed 40. For other sports such as American football, the total players and officials can exceed 60, over 20 at a time on the playing surface. This requirement for ice hockey alone has pushed the limits of beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad that are simply attempting to track a single point, the helmet, for each player. For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, this requirement also presents a significant challenge. All of the existing vision tracking systems first place fixed field of view cameras just outside the tracking area. These cameras are strategically placed in an attempt to keep the maximum number of markers within view of at least two cameras at all times even as these markers travel about in six degrees of freedom. The prospect of viewing multiple players within a given volume further challenges the strategic placement of these fixed cameras. As more and more players randomly congregate within any given volume, more and more of their respective markers will be blocked, from any given camera&#39;s field of view. Since the sum total of a player&#39;s markers is used in and of itself for player identification, as markers are lost from view this not only jeopardizes the accurate tracking of an individual body part, but also increases the incidence of improperly identified players. 
         [0133]    The present inventors prefer the novel approach of controllably directing one or more movable pan, tilt and zoom cameras to follow each individual player based upon the first determined (X, Y) location as obtained via the overhead cameras. In this way the system&#39;s “total field-of-view” is dynamically recreated and maximized for player and marker visibility. The preferred embodiment includes movable cameras that are not necessarily unconditionally dedicated to follow a single player. It is anticipated that, given the known and projected locations of each player in the tracking area, it may be beneficial to dynamically switch one or more cameras away from one or more players onto one or more other players. 
         [0134]    B.5. Are there any restrictions or safety considerations regarding the type of electromagnetic energy used to track the objects? 
         [0135]    For safety requirements the properties of both wavelength and flux must be considered apart and in combination. The beacon-based tracking implemented by Trakus employs microwaves similar to cell phone technology. These frequencies of energy can be harmful in larger amounts and, for this reason, Trakus pulses their transmitter signals so as to reduce the average energy exposed to the player through the helmet. However, the present inventors see at least the potential for perceived harm since the players, which in the case of recreational hockey are youths, will be exposed to higher dosages of this energy as they tend to bunch together during play or at least in the team bench area. 
         [0136]    In the case of vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis or Vicon, the primary tracking energy is visible, such as red light. While these energies are not harmful to the players, they do restrict the use of these systems to controlled settings where it is acceptable for the athletes and viewers to see the markers and their reflections. Motion Analysis, Vicon and other providers also offer the choice of working in near IR frequencies. These IR frequencies are safe for human exposure. The ring lights used to illuminate the tracking area in these systems only emit IR energy, however, and as such are not noticeably active on to the casual viewer. There is some concern that an uninformed individual could stare up at the camera with its IR ring light and receive an overexposure of IR energy possibly damaging the retina of the eye. For this reasons, these ring lights come with additional small LED&#39;s that emit a visible light cue when the IR light is on, essentially alerting people not to stare. This may not be a sufficient mechanism for the uniformed casual viewer. When tracking in IR energy, the present inventors prefer a light source that emits both visible and IR light since the visible light will act as a natural cue to dissuade the observer from staring. 
         [0137]    Also taught in the preferred embodiment is the novel use of UV energy for tracking purposes. UV energy is broken into three types; UVC, UVB and UVA. UVC and UVB are generally thought to be the most damaging while UVA is considered to be biologically safe and much more prevalent in the atmosphere than UVB. UVA is typically considered to be those wavelengths between 315 to 400 nm. Visible light begins as 400 nm. The preferred embodiment employs tracking frequencies centering around 390 nm, just shy of visible light. This is an ideal wavelength since there are low-cost industrial digital cameras whose responsivity curves peak at or near this frequency. Furthermore, the metal halide lamps that are often found in hockey rinks generate a significant amount of UVA energy that could be used as an energy source. 
         [0138]    B.6. What are the physical space limitations on the objects for any marker or beacon-based tracking system? 
         [0139]    To employ beacon-based tracking such as Trakus and Orad for contact sports it is preferable to embed the beacon somewhere in the player&#39;s equipment. Due to several other drawbacks, these beacon systems have been limited to tracking a single point that was centrally chosen to be the helmet. If other considerations were permitting and additional beacons could be tracked per player, then the requirement to embed beacons into the equipment in order to avoid injury possible from player contact would itself becoming a significant problem. 
         [0140]    For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the markers must reside outside of the player&#39;s exposed surface in order to receive and reflect the tracking energy. Furthermore, as was previously mentioned, these markers have been constructed as spheres so as to maximize the reflected image independent of marker angle to camera. These spheres strategically placed onto various joints and body parts are impractical for live, uncontrolled settings such as a full-contact sporting event. The preferred embodiment of the present invention specifies the use of reflective ink or paint that can be applied to the various substrates such as plastic, wood, fabric, leather, rubber, etc. and will add minimal thickness. Unlike to current practice of using visible spheres of limited diameter that must protrude from the player to maximize reflection, the preferred technique uses non-visible ink to place large markings on the various joints and body parts. Depending upon the transmissivity to the fabric being worn by the players, the ink itself could be placed on the inside of this material and receive and reflect the non-visible tracking energy directly through the jersey. The end result of this type of preferred marking is to overcome any physical space limitation considerations. 
         [0141]    B.7. What is the natural reflectivity of the various background surfaces to the different potential tracking energies? 
         [0142]    The reflectivity of the background surfaces, and for that matter the “non-tracked” foreground surfaces, represents the most significant source of system noise. For beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad, the microwaves emitted by the players&#39; transmitters will reflect off hard surfaces such as metal and concrete. Due especially to the enclosed environment of a hockey arena, these reflections will continue to bounce between the background surfaces within the tracking volume as they slowly attenuate, thus contributing to significant noise problems. 
         [0143]    For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, reflectivity issues are limited to the individual camera&#39;s field of view. Hence, since the cameras are primarily focused on the playing surface and surrounding boundaries, the reflection issues are already diminished over beacon-based systems. However, for the sport of ice hockey, the playing surface is ice that tends to be highly reflective of visible, IR and UV energies. In the case of visible red light as preferred by Motion Analysis and Vicon, these reflections are typically handled via software processing. During system calibration, the images captured by each camera are reviewed for possible ice surface reflections especially from the ring lights affixed to the tracking cameras. Any such undesirable signals are “mapped” out via a software tool that essentially informs the image analysis to ignore any and all data capture from those coordinates. Of course, should valid marker data coincidentally show up at that same location during a live filming, it would be ignored as well. 
         [0144]    In the preferred embodiment, absorbent compounds are applied to the various background and “non-tracked” foreground surfaces. For instance, if the tracking energy is UV, traditional UV absorptive compounds as are well known in the commercial marketplace can be used to absorb stray UV energy. The entire player including their jersey, helmet, pads, gloves, stick, etc. as well as the ice surface, boards and glass can all be first treated with one or more UV absorptive compounds. This novel technique significantly reduces system noise and essentially makes everything but the subsequently applied markers invisible to the tracking cameras. Similar techniques are possible if IR is used as the tracking energy. 
         [0145]    C. Referring next to the characteristics of the tracking environment, the preferred and alternate novel embodiments must consider the following questions: 
         [0146]    C.1. Is the setting “live” or “controlled”? 
         [0147]    Tracking players in a live sporting event such as ice hockey adds a major restriction to the system requirements. Namely, the system must be as unobtrusive as possible for both the players and the viewing audience. In the case of the beacon systems from Trakus and Orad, the transmitters are hidden and the tracking signal is non-visible. The only possible drawback is that receiving towers must be placed throughout the arena. Careful attention must be made to keep these towers from blocking the view of nearby fans. 
         [0148]    With respect to vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, there are two major types of restrictions present in their approach. First, the tracking energy itself is typically within the visible spectrum (e.g. red light). This energy is necessarily also visible to the players and audience. Second, as previously discussed, the markers have substantial size. Their size makes them noticeable to players and fans and potentially dangerous to the players since they could apply additional pressure to their bodies upon contact with other players, the ice surface or the boards. Furthermore, these markers could easily be dislodged creating at a minimum the stoppage of game play and or worse a potential injury hazard. Motion Analysis and Vicon, as well as other vision tracking providers, offer an option to work in IR light. This change eliminates the direct interference of visible light and its reflections off the ice surface with player and fan vision. However, the markers used by these types of systems have an additional problem other than their size. Specifically, they are constructed of a spherical material preferably a foam ball, that has been covered with a retroreflective tape. The tape itself is greyish in visible color. These tapes are typically made of a material referred to as “cube cornered retroreflectors” but could also be produced with microspheric devices. In either case, current technology provides for optically transparent bodies that are coated on their undersides with a reflective material such as aluminum or silver, essentially forming a mirror. The additional problem is the broad band frequency response of these microscopic mirrors that includes visible light as well as UV and IR. Hence, even if the tracking energy is switched to IR, other ambient visible frequencies will themselves retroreflect off these markers back towards the players and fans who are near the light source. As players move about, these spheres will have a tendency to fluctuate in brightness as they pass through various lighting channels. If a fan or reporter were to use flash-based photography or illuminated video taping, these markers would retroreflect this energy back into their camera causing noticeable bright spots on top of the greyish circles. 
         [0149]    To overcome these drawbacks, the present inventors teach the use of ink-based markings that are applied directly to the substrates worn or held by the players. Unlike the spherical markers, these inks will not add any appreciable thickness to the player&#39;s clothing or equipment. This effectively overcomes the marker size problem. To overcome the broad band reflectivity drawback, the preferred embodiment includes either reflective, fluorescent or retroreflective inks and compounds that have been engineered to only reflect the narrow band of non-visible tracking energy and as such are substantially transparent to visible light. 
         [0150]    C.2. What are the existing ambient electromagnetic energies? 
         [0151]    Within the live setting of at least a hockey arena, there will be large area high intensity discharge (HID) lighting such as Metal Halide or Mercury Vapor lamps. These sources typically are chosen because they generate a very broad range of energy throughout the visible spectrum producing a natural-looking white light. The placement of these lamps will be determined and conducive to audience viewing considerations rather than object tracking requirements. During the contest, these lights may be altered in intensity or augmented with additional lighting for visual effect. There is no assurance that the illumination levels in the arena will remain consistent in intensity. Furthermore, it must be anticipated that either fans or broadcasters will bring in additional portable light sources for filming purposes that will also add to the uncontrolled lighting levels. 
         [0152]    For beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad that depend upon microwave transmissions, the visible light frequencies do not present any noise to the tracking system. Fans using portable cell phones will be transmitting microwave energy but the beacon signals can simply be set to emit at a different wavelength. 
         [0153]    For vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, these ambient frequencies are an important source of noise especially in consideration of the various colored uniforms and equipment worn by players during a typical live contest. Hence, if the players are wearing red uniforms or they have red streaks on their jerseys or equipment, then the ambient visible light sources will tend to reflect this color into the tracking cameras. These reflections are similar to those caused by the red LED ring lights as their emitted energy strikes the ice surface. As previously mentioned, the reflections from the ring lights are “mapped out” via software during system calibration. This software technique could not be used to “map out” the dynamically changing red light reflections caused by the player&#39;s jersey and equipment colors. It should be noted that these systems include red light filters on their cameras effectively restricting noise to a narrow band overlapping the emitted tracking energies, but not fully eliminating the problem. 
         [0154]    As previously mentioned, machine vision companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon do offer their systems using IR light. This non-visible frequency is used when the customer requires that the tracking be done in darkness. The IR tracking energy is not being used to reduce system noise by cutting down on the visible spectrum. 
         [0155]    In order to avoid noise created by the existing visible light sources, the present inventors prefer to work in a non-visible tracking energy such as UV or IR and to employ energy-absorptive techniques elsewhere described in the present and co-pending applications. 
         [0156]    C.3. Are their any other pre-existing energy sources that may have available by-product energy that could be used for tracking? 
         [0157]    Several of the HID lamps used for large area illumination also generate non-visible frequencies such as UV and IR. Typically, the manufacturers of lights encase the inner bulb and filament with an outer bulb that has been filled with a special vapor mixture and coated with a special compound. The combination of the additional glass bulb, the special vapor and the special coating act to absorb the non-visible energies rather than release them into the surrounding environment. The present inventors anticipate modifying these various light sources to specifically emit some additional portion of their generated non-visible energy that is currently being absorbed. 
         [0158]    C.4. What is the natural reflectivity of the various background surfaces to the different potential tracking energies? 
         [0159]    Within a hockey arena, the hard mirror-like ice surface presents a challenge to both beacon- and machine vision-based tracking. For instance, other playing surfaces such as grass would tend to absorb most of the ambient frequencies including microwave, red light, UV and IR while only reflecting green light. Another reason the present inventors prefer to track the players and equipment using a non-visible energy such as UV or IR is that the background can then be first treated with either non-visible absorbers, reflectors, or both. This helps to create a clear reflective distinction between the markers and the background thereby facilitating image analysis. The present inventors also prefer to place these non-visible absorbers or reflectors onto the foreground objects such as the players and equipment prior to marking them. In this way, the detectable intensity levels of any unwanted reflections off the foreground objects can be controllably differentiated from the marker&#39;s reflections. 
         [0160]    C.5. What is the size of the tracking area relative to the range of the potential tracking methods? 
         [0161]    Some sports have relatively small playing areas and few players, such as tennis, while other sports have very large areas and many players, such as golf. Sports such as ice hockey, football, soccer and baseball have mid-to-large sized areas with many players to track simultaneously. Microwaves such as those used in the beacon-based systems from Trakus and Orad work well in any of these various-sized playing surfaces. Vision-based systems as currently implemented by companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon are challenged to track areas significantly larger than a tennis court in size. 
         [0162]    The major reason for their difficulties is the “volume tracking” approach they have taken to solving this problem. Simply put, each contestant may move about the playing surface which because of his or her own height and the expected flight of any game objects, becomes a playing volume rather than an area. Every portion of this volume must be in view of two or more cameras at all times. The cameras must be fixed prior to the contest so that they may be calibrated as a network. If players will have a tendency to bunch up, additional cameras will be needed within any given volume to create additional views thereby reducing anticipated inclusions. The cameras must be limited in the field of view so that they can maintain a sufficient resolution or pixels per inch within their field in order to detect the reflected markers. As the playing area widens, it becomes increasingly difficult to place cameras close enough to the inner volumes so that the ideal field of view is maintained per camera without causing an obstruction to the players or viewing audience. This obstruction would occur if a mounting structure were created to hang the cameras directly above the inner volumes. Newer cameras will continue to provide higher resolutions theoretically allowing the cameras to move further back from any given volume and still maintain the requisite pixels per inch resolution. As cameras pull back, however, the distance between the energy tracking source, the reflective marker and the cameras will continue to increase thereby having a negative effect on signal strength. The present inventors prefer to separate player (object) tracking into two distinct sub-processes thereby eliminating the aforementioned problems. In distinct contrast to the “volume tracking” approach, the preferred embodiment of the present invention relies upon a “player following” controlled by an “area tracking” technique. In essence, the players are first tracked in two dimensions, X and Y, throughout the playing area. The currently determined location of each player is then used to automatically direct that player&#39;s individual set of cameras that “follow” him or her about the playing surface. This two-step approach has many critical advantages when faced with tracking objects throughout a larger volume. First, locating the “top surface” (i.e., helmet) of each player in X-Y space for substantially the entire contest is significantly simpler than trying to detect their entire form from two or more cameras throughout the entire playing volume. 
         [0163]    Second, by placing the player id on their “top surface” (i.e., their helmet and if need be shoulder pads), the system is able to easily identify each player while it also tracks their X-Y coordinates. Third, by controllably directing one or more automatic pan, tilt and zoom cameras to follow each player (and game object) the ideal field of view and maximum resolution can be dynamically maintained per player. 
         [0164]    C.6. Is the tracking environment physically enclosed within a building or outside? 
         [0165]    The indoor enclosure is most prevalent in the sport of ice hockey as opposed to other major sports such as football, soccer and baseball. This particular requirement has a negative effect on beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad since the hard surfaces of the enclosed arena will cause the microwave tracking energy to go through many reflections before finally dissipating. For vision systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the lower ceilings that are typically found in local youth hockey arenas present a different type of problem. Due to the “volume tracking” approach just discussed, these systems ideally require the placement of their tracking camera assemblies above the playing surface or at least off to the side and very near the “tracking volume.” These assemblies include the camera, lens and filter, the ring lights and power supply as well as a small computer processor for initial data analysis and may typically cost around $15,000. In total distance, each assembly may not be more than twenty to thirty feet off the ice. This makes each assembly prone to damage when a puck is either accidentally or intentionally shot at the camera system. The present inventors prefer an enclosed assembly where the camera, lens and related equipment are protected and yet still able to view the ice surface below through a Plexiglas or similarly transparent covering. 
         [0166]    D. Referring next to traditional engineering goals, the preferred and alternate novel embodiments must consider at least the following factors: 
         [0167]    D.1. The system should be scalable and therefore comprise uniform assemblies that are combinable into a matrix designed to increase tracking coverage in terms of area, volume or the number of players (objects) while still maintaining uniform performance. 
         [0168]    In one respect, beacon-based systems such as Trakus and Orad include a uniform assembly in the form of the player&#39;s transmitter that is embedded within their helmet. 
         [0169]    This design is scalable by the number of players since each additional player is simply given an additional transmitter. In order to be scalable in terms of the subsequent signal processing required to locate each transmitter in X-Y space, however, the system will need to encode select transmitters to select receiving towers. The present inventors do not believe that companies such as Trakus and Orad are currently practicing this technique. This concept requires that a capacity be determined for a single set of receiving towers in terms of the number of transmitters that can be tracked in real time. For example, assume that four receiving towers are initially set up within the arena and that they can only adequately track five transmitters in real time. Once a sixth player is outfitted with a transmitter, the entire system will lose its real time processing capability. It is preferable to equip the initial four towers with a first processor that eliminates any received signal that was not generated by one of the initial five transmitters. In this way the initial five players remain adequately tracked in real time. In order to track an additional five players, an additional four towers and processor should be added to the arena. These towers would then be assigned to specifically process only those transmitters with the unique codes corresponding to the second five players. This approach will make the beacon-based system scalable. Otherwise, the entire system will be “player bound” in that it will have a maximum number of total transmitters that can be tracked irrespective of the playing volume. 
         [0170]    Similarly, instead of encoding each signal and digitally filtering all incoming signals for selected codes, each maximum group of transmitters could be assigned a different frequency. The filtering process could then be moved to electronics. Another possibility is to coordinate the timing of the transmitted signals from the various groups of maximum transmitters. In essence, each group of transmitters will be broadcasting their locating signal as specified and non-overlapping intervals coordinated with the receiving towers. The important point is to make the system scalable by defining a minimum configuration of tracking apparatus that can simply be repeated to either increase area, or in the case of the beacon approach, increase players tracked. 
         [0171]    For vision-based tracking systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon, the systems are not uniform in their “camera view per volume.” This lack of uniformity works against system scalability and is due to several coincident design factors. First, the camera assemblies are both relatively expensive in their own right and when taken together represent a significant portion of the system price. An attempt is being made to maximize the use of each individual camera&#39;s field of view. Second, the field of view of each individual camera is best thought of as a four-sided pyramid where the apex emanates from the CCD array in the back of the camera. In practice, the first several feet of the field of view are not useable for tracking and even so are more than likely outside of the tracking volume for pragmatic clearance considerations. This can be thought of as taking the top off the pyramid. The pixels per marker inch resolution at the nearest versus farthest points in this pyramid can be substantially different and must necessarily be limited by the minimum acceptable resolution to identify a given size marker. 
         [0172]    Third, to be scalable, each tracking volume serviced by two or more assemblies should be either square or rectangular in its cross-sectional shape parallel to the ice surface. In this fashion, these volumes could simply be repeated with slight overlaps for calibration purposes in order to create larger and larger tracking volumes. However, this is difficult to accomplish in practice using overlapping, four-sided pyramids. And finally, an individual player with multiple markers attached could transverse any portion of the tracking volume at any rotational angle and it is necessary that each marker remain in the site of two cameras at all times. This requirement calls for a minimum of four cameras surrounding any given volume. In practice six cameras is a more acceptable minimum. As additional players are added to the tracking volume, it is not difficult to see how easy it will be for one player to block the camera&#39;s view of another. Keeping in mind the player identification technique practiced by companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon where the unique “full body” constellation of markers identifies a skater, inclusions take on greater significance. 
         [0173]    The task of designing a uniform configuration of acceptable resolution throughout the entire tracking volume while also accounting for the two camera minimum per marker and multiple player bunching is formidable. Furthermore, the end result “wastes” camera field of view since the actual cross-sectional shape formed by the configuration will not be either a square or rectangle nor will it even be uniform in size as it moves from the ice surface up towards the cameras. Hence, if multiple of these “minimum tracking volumes” were to simply be replicated and slightly overlapped, this would result in a considerable loss of valuable tracking region along the edges of the idealized square or rectangular volume. For all of these reasons, companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon have not approached the larger “tracking volume” as a super-set of smaller volumes in what could be called a scalable approach. For all practical purposes, each unique tracking volume shape and size in combination with the expected number of objects (or players) requires a “custom” layout of tracking assemblies. As more and more players continue to be added to the volume, more and more cameras will be added based upon best judgements for placement. This entire arrangement could be best described as “player bound” as well as “quasi-volume bound.” 
         [0174]    As previously discussed, the present inventors prefer the novel approach of separating the (X, Y) tracking of each player or game object as a whole from the (X, Y, Z) determination of each player&#39;s critical locations (e.g., joints and body parts). Furthermore, the novel concept of locating all of the identity markings on the “upper surface” of each player facilitates the top-oriented field of view of the (X, Y) tracking assemblies which naturally limits inclusions due to player bunching. Given this separation of tasks, the present invention becomes highly scalable. Each overhead (X, Y) area tracking assembly covers a fixed and uniform square or rectangular tracking area. Furthermore, the pixel resolution per this area remains substantially constant. To cover more tracking area, simply add additional (X, Y) assemblies. Each player that moves throughout this connected tracking area has their helmets (located at a minimum) and ideally also their shoulders. From this information, the player is identified along with pertinent information including orientation, direction of movement, velocity, and acceleration as well as current relative (X, Y) location. Using the current (X, Y) location as well as the direction of movement, velocity and acceleration, the preferred embodiment controllably directs one or more (X, Y, Z) pan, tilt and zoom cameras to automatically follow the given player. Furthermore, by intelligent inspection of the various projected player paths, the system optionally switches (X, Y, Z) cameras from one player to another to best maximize overall tracking performance. By constantly zooming each (X, Y, Z) camera to maximize player size per field of view, a uniform and ideal pixel resolution per marker square inch is maintained. To cover more players, simply add additional (X, Y, Z) pan, tilt and zoom camera sets per added player. 
         [0175]    D.2. The system should be minimally intrusive upon the objects to be tracked and upon the surrounding environment especially if that environment is a live setting. 
         [0176]    As was previously discussed, beacon-based systems such as Trackus and Orad are environmentally transparent in terms of their microwave tracking energy but are intrusive in terms of their beacon technology. While these beacons are small and can conceivably be reduced further in size, they will still always be practically limited to locations where they can be embedded for both the safety and comfort of the player as well as the protection of the device itself. 
         [0177]    As was also discussed, vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon are intrusive in three key areas. First, their tracking energies are in the visible spectrum such as red light that is visible to players and fans alike. Second, their markers have substantial size and are both noticeable and prone to accidents in a full contact sport such as ice hockey. And third, these same markers are covered with retroreflective tape that is broad spectrum reflective including visible light. As such, existing rink illumination and portable lighting such as camera flash bulbs will tend to create unwanted and distracting reflections into the players&#39; and fans&#39; views. 
         [0178]    And finally, the preferred embodiment of the present invention overcomes each of these intrusions of the surrounding environment through its novel teachings as follows. First, the preferred tracking energy is in the non-visible frequencies such as UVA or near IR. Second, the large spherical markers have been replaced with an “invisible” ink or paint that can be adhered to the many necessary substrates while adding minimal thickness. And finally, this ink or paint, whether it be reflective, fluorescent or retroreflective in nature, is made “invisible” by its characteristic of only reflecting or emitting in the desired non-visible frequencies. 
         [0179]    D.3. The tracking signal-to-noise ratio should be maximized. 
         [0180]    The microwave-based beacon systems such as Trakus and Orad will have minimal noise due to ambient electromagnetic energies. However, due in part to the enclosed nature of a hockey arena and more importantly to the hard surfaces within the arena such as the ice surface itself, each signal transmitted from a player&#39;s helmet will bounce off these surfaces creating significant signal noise problems. 
         [0181]    The vision-based systems such as Motion Analysis and Vicon attempt to limit system noise by using a narrow band of tracking energy such as red light with a corresponding camera filter. Unfortunately, by working within the visible spectrum in their preferred approach, they are susceptible to noise created by existing rink lighting, additional portable lighting and the reflections these sources will cause off player jerseys and equipment. And finally, even if they work in the non-visible IR region, both this IR energy and red light will reflect off the ice surface creating false marker reflections that must be “mapped out” via software techniques creating “dead spots” within the tracking images. The present invention is the only system to employ a combination of tracking energy absorbent and reflective compounds in order to “control” the tracking frequency noise. By using absorbers, unwanted reflections are significantly reduced or eliminated all together. By using reflective compounds, unwanted reflection can be increased to a designated intensity region that is detectably different from the marker signal intensity. These absorbent and reflective compounds can be applied to all of the background and foreground substrates. By first addressing the noise issues, the foreground objects are preferably set at a minimal or zero reflection state while the background including the ice surface, the boards and the glass is preferably set at a narrow intensity range detectably different from the marker intensity. 
         [0182]    D.4. Manufacturing and installation costs should be minimized and the resultant system should be simple for the user to maintain and operate. 
         [0183]    To the extent that the present invention has been shown to be scalable, its manufacturing and installation parameters are more easily calculated and maximized thereby leading to reduced costs. Furthermore, because of its uniform scalable design, the present invention will minimize any requirements for operator intervention to resolve inclusions, lost player identity, or similar confusion due in general to signal-to-noise problems. 
         [0184]    To the extent that the existing beacon- and machine vision-based systems are not scalable, their manufacturing and installation parameters are not as easily calculated and maximized thereby leading to increased costs. Furthermore, because these systems are not uniformly scalable in combination with the larger tracking volume and number of tracking markers associated with 3D multi-player movement, they are susceptible to errors from inclusion and poor signal-to-noise ratios creating a need for operator involvement. 
       OBJECTS AND ADVANTAGES 
       [0185]    Accordingly, the objects and advantages of the present invention are to:
       1—teach the fundamental component groups necessary for a multi-object real-time 3D object tracking system;   2—identify those individual components already in use within currently available systems and to which component groups they belong;   3—teach those novel components suggested by the present inventors in this and their other four co-pending applications and to which component groups they belong;   4—teach how the present inventors&#39; novel components allow currently available systems to better function in a live application with multiple colliding objects, for instance a sporting event such as ice hockey;   5—identify the composition of currently available multi-object real-time 3D object-tracking systems in terms of actual components used from each group;   6—teach a novel preferred embodiment for a multi-object real-time 3D object-tracking system best suited for a live sporting event such as ice hockey in terms of actual components used from each group;   7—teach several novel alternative embodiments using one or more components of currently available systems mixed into the preferred embodiment; and   8—teach several novel variations using one or more of the present inventors&#39; novel components mixed into the currently available systems.       
 
         [0194]    Further objects and advantages are to provide:
       1—a system that is scalable and therefore comprises uniform assemblies that are combinable into a matrix designed to increase tracking coverage in terms of area, volume and the number of objects while still maintaining uniform performance;   2—a system that is minimally intrusive upon the objects to be tracked and upon the surrounding environment especially if that environment is a live setting;   3—a maximized tracking signal to noise ratio; and   4—a system with maximized manufacturing and installation costs that is simple for the user to maintain and operate.       
 
         [0199]    Still further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0200]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram depicting all of the major components necessary for the various multi-object tracking machine-vision systems according to the present invention. These components are broken into ten groups including Camera Assembly, Tracking Frequency, Energy Source, Marker: Emission Method, Marker: Physical Form, Marker: Reflective Shape, ID: Location, ID: Encoding Method, ID: Obtained, and Calibration Method. 
           [0201]      FIG. 2  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components currently being used in several existing machine vision systems with the main distinctive components of fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras, visible light, spherical (attached ball) markers and a full body, unique constellation ID added by the present invention. 
           [0202]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, including the use of fixed (X, Y) area tracking cameras in combination with movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking as well as non-visible IR or UL, flat reflective markers, and a top surface of body, encoded markings ID. 
           [0203]      FIG. 4  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in an alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the preferred is the use of flat fluorescent markers instead of flat reflective. 
           [0204]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the preferred is the use of flat retroreflective markers instead of flat reflective. 
           [0205]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in still another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the preferred is that the ID is obtained during rather than outside game surface tracking. 
           [0206]      FIG. 7  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the preferred is the use of fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras rather than the fixed (X, Y) area tracking and movable (X, Y, Z) volume as well as flat retroreflective markers, and a full body, unique constellation ID. 
           [0207]      FIG. 8  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in an alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the alternate of  FIG. 7  is the used of a top surface of body, encoded markings ID. 
           [0208]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in an alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the alternate of  FIG. 8  is that the ID is obtained during rather than outside game surface tracking. 
           [0209]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the preferred is the use of fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras in place of the movable (X, Y, Z) volume. 
           [0210]      FIG. 11  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the alternate of  FIG. 10  is the use of flat fluorescent rather than reflective markers. 
           [0211]      FIG. 12  is a block diagram highlighting the combination of major components in another alternate embodiment of the present invention. The main distinction between this alternate and the alternate of  FIG. 11  is the additional use of movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras as well as flat retroreflective rather than reflective markers. 
           [0212]      FIGS. 13   a  and  13   b  depict the theory and implementation of fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera assemblies. 
           [0213]      FIGS. 14   a  and  14   b  depict the theory and implementation of fixed (X, Y) area tracking camera assemblies. 
           [0214]      FIGS. 15   a  and  15   b  depict the theory and implementation of movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera assemblies. 
           [0215]      FIG. 16   a  depicts the relationship between constant versus dynamic field-of-view and its impact on the pixel resolution per player (object) tracked. 
           [0216]      FIG. 16   b  depicts how player bunching and therefore marker inclusion is addressed by the use of movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera assemblies. 
           [0217]      FIG. 17  is a side view drawing of a typical high intensity discharge (HID) lamp of the type often used to illuminated large open spaces such as a sporting arena or facility, further depicting the spread of emitted electromagnetic frequencies ranging from UV through visible light into IR. 
           [0218]      FIG. 18   a  is a side view of the same HID lamp showing its emitted energy being dispersed in multiple directions as it strikes a typical reflective material. 
           [0219]      FIG. 18   b  is a side view of the same HID lamp showing its emitted energy being redirected back towards the lamp as it strikes a typical retroreflective material. 
           [0220]      FIG. 18   c  is a side view of the same HID lamp showing its emitted energy being fluoresced and then dispersed in multiple directions back towards the lamp as it strikes a typical fluorescent material. 
           [0221]      FIG. 19  is a side view of a typical HID lamp, further depicting the spread of emitted electromagnetic frequencies ranging from UV, through visible light into IR. Also shown are three variably oriented retroreflective elements partially embedded in a single binder that has been joined to a substrate. The elements and binder have been depicted as transmissive to visible light while the substrate is reflective. In response to the non-visible frequencies of either UV or IR, at least some of the elements are retroreflective while the substrate remains reflective. 
           [0222]      FIG. 20   a  depicts a spherical retroreflective marker and its circular reflection while  FIG. 20   b  depicts a hockey player with attached spherical markers. 
           [0223]      FIG. 21   a  is a set of three perspective drawings depicting a typical player&#39;s jersey, typical player&#39;s pads with tracking patches in place, and then a combination of the jersey over the pads with patches. 
           [0224]      FIG. 21   b  is a set of two perspective drawings depicting a hockey puck as well as a typical player&#39;s hockey stick, where each has been augmented to include tracking ink on at least some portion of its outer surfaces. 
           [0225]      FIG. 21   c  is a set of two perspective drawings depicting a typical hockey player&#39;s helmet which has been augmented to include tracking stickers on at least some top portion of its outer surface. 
           [0226]      FIG. 22   a  depicts a hockey player set up with spherical markers while  FIG. 22   b  shows the resultant circular reflections that will be seen with an appropriate vision system. 
           [0227]      FIG. 22   c  depicts a hockey player set up with flat markers while  FIG. 22   d  shows the resultant multi-shape reflections that will be seen with an appropriate vision system. 
           [0228]      FIG. 23   a  depicts two different hockey players set up with spherical markers. In the depicted view, the players are not overlapping.  FIG. 23   b  shows the resultant circular reflections that will be detected by appropriate frame analysis. 
           [0229]      FIG. 23   c  depicts the same two different hockey players that were shown in  FIG. 23   a  except that they are now overlapping.  FIG. 23   d  shows the resultant circular reflections that will be detected in this case. 
           [0230]      FIG. 24  depicts the combination of encoded ID marks as well as track marks that are preferably placed upon a helmet sticker. Also shown by comparison is the difference between the “top surface” helmet ID approach versus the full body “constellation” ID approach. 
           [0231]      FIG. 25  depicts the separation of player identification and tracking on the non-playing surfaces of the entrance and exit passageway and the team benches versus player tracking only (and not identification) on the playing surface. 
           [0232]      FIG. 26   a  depicts the pre-tracking calibration method most typically used with current fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera-based systems. 
           [0233]      FIG. 26   b  depicts the dynamic calibration method taught for use with the fixed (X, Y) area and movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras of the preferred embodiment. 
           [0234]      FIG. 27   a  depicts a typical hockey player&#39;s pads, helmet, stick and puck being captured from an overhead X-Y filming camera and displayed on a viewing screen. 
           [0235]      FIG. 27   b  is similar to  FIG. 27   a  except that now all of the foreground objects have been first treated with an energy-absorptive compound after which tracking marks have been added to desired locations. 
           [0236]      FIGS. 28   a  and  28   b  depicts the alternate embodiment that uses fixed (X, Y) area cameras for player identification and tracking on the non-playing surfaces while also using only movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras to track the players on the playing surface. Therefore the fixed (X, Y) area cameras are not first being used to track the players on the playing surface in order to direct the movable cameras but rather a predictive technique is employed to guide the movable cameras as they follow their intended targets. 
           [0237]      FIG. 29   a  depicts a potential shoulder mark that along with the jersey it is placed upon can potentially create up to three different reflectivity intensity levels depending upon the use of absorbent, reflective and retroreflective compounds. 
           [0238]      FIG. 29   b  depicts the strategic regular placement of markings upon the shaft of a hockey stick that allow the stick to serve as a dynamic calibration tool similar to the preferred track mark on the player&#39;s helmet. 
           [0239]      FIG. 30  depicts the additional strategic regular placement of markings upon the playing surface such as the boards and channels that hold the glass enclosing the hockey rink. These markings further serve as a dynamic calibration tool for use especially by the movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0240]    Referring first to  FIG. 1 , there is shown a block diagram depicting all of the major components  1000  anticipated to be necessary for the various multi-object tracking machine vision systems according to the present invention. These components are broken into ten groups including Camera Assembly  500 , Tracking Frequency  510 , Energy Source  520 , Marker: Emission Method  530 , Marker: Physical Form  540 , Marker: Reflective Shape  550 , ID: Location  560 , ID: Encoding Method  570 , ID: Obtained  580  and Calibration Method  590 . Camera Assembly  500  can be one or more of Fixed (X, Y, Z) Volume Tracking assemblies  502 , Fixed (X, Y) Area Tracking assemblies  504  and Movable (X, Y, Z) Volume Tracking assemblies  506 . Tracking Frequency  510  can be one or more of Visible Light  512 , Infrared Light  514  or Ultraviolet Light  516 . Energy Source  520  can be one or more of Ring Lights Emitting Visible or IR Frequencies  522 , Existing Lights Emitting Visible Frequencies  524  and Existing Lights Modified to Emit Non-Visible Frequencies  526 . 
         [0241]    Within all major components  1000 , there are three characteristics of markers that are categorized as follows. The possible Marker: Emission Method  530  is retroreflective  532 , reflective  534  or fluorescent  536 . The possible Marker: Physical Form  540  is spherical (attached ball)  542  or flat (embedded/applied ink)  544 . And finally, the Marker: Reflective Shape  550  corresponding to the Marker: Physical Form  540  is uniform circular  552  or non-uniform multi-shape  554 , respectively. 
         [0242]    Within components  1000 , there are three characteristics of ID (identification markers) categorized as follows. The possible ID: Location  560  is on the full body  562  or top surface of body  564 . The possible ID: Encoding Method  570  corresponding to the ID: Location  560  is a unique constellation  572  or encoded markings  574 . And finally, the possible ID: Obtained  580  is during game surface tracking  582  or outside of game surface tracking  584 . The last group of components  1000  is the Calibration Method  590  that can be either pre-tracking  592  or simultaneously with tracking  594 . 
         [0243]    Referring now to  FIG. 13   a , there is shown an example of a fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera  502  that comprises a camera  126 , filter and connection to a local computer system for video processing and analysis  160 . Camera  126  can be one of any analog or digital-imaging cameras as typically used for industrial vision applications. One example is the Eagle digital camera used by Motion Analysis Corporation that features a ceramic metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor with 1280×1024 pixel resolution and a maximum capture rate of 600 million pixels per second. It is important to note that, once in place, this volume tracking camera  126  has a fixed field-of-view (FOV) similar to a four-sided pyramid in shape within an image cone  121   v . The actual pixel resolution per inch of the FOV will vary throughout the height  121   h  of the pyramid ranging from a higher value at the top width  121   tw  to a lower value at the bottom width  121   bw . These cameras are typically secured from an overhead position to have a perspective view arrangement  502   m  of the desired tracking volume as shown in  FIG. 13   b.    
         [0244]    Referring now to  FIG. 13   b , there is shown one particular arrangement of fixed (X, Y, Z) cameras  502  that, when taken together, form a uniquely shaped tracking volume through which a player  17 , wearing markers such as spherical markers  17   sm , may transverse. The resultant resolution per cross-sectional area of this volume  121   tv  is non-uniform. For example, while skating through any given point in the tracking volume, markers  17   sm  on one body part of player  17  may be viewed by camera  126   e  with a much lower resolution per inch than similar markers on a different body part. Also, the second camera such as  126   d  may have a much different pixel resolution of marker  17   sm  than camera  126   e . Cameras  126   a ,  126   b  and  126   c  may each have obstructed views of marker  17   sm . Referring now to  FIG. 14   a , there is shown an example of fixed (X, Y) area tracking camera  504 , that comprises a tracking camera  124  with a filter  124   f  that have been enclosed in a protective housing  121  with a transparent underside  121   a . Also enclosed in housing  121  is an energy source  10  emitting tracking energy  11  as well as unfiltered filming camera  125 . Tracking camera  124  and filming camera  125  are connected to a local computer system for video processing and analysis  160 . The entire assembly included within housing  121  is preferably secured in an overhead position looking directly down at a subset of the tracking surface. From this overhead position, camera  124  has a fixed FOV  120   v  that is focused on the top surface of any players below and as such maintains a substantially uniform pixel resolution per tracking area FOV  120   v.    
         [0245]    Referring now to  FIG. 14   b , there is shown a scalable area tracking matrix  504   m  comprising multiple fixed (X, Y) area tracking cameras  120   c  aligned such that their FOVs  120   v  are substantially side-by-side with a small overlap for calibration purposes. Throughout this scalable matrix  504   m , the top surface  110  of player  17  can be readily tracked. 
         [0246]    Referring now to  FIG. 15   a , there is shown an example of movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking camera  506 , that comprises a pan, tilt and zoom camera  140  with a filter that is connected to local computer system for video processing and analysis  160 . Top surface  110  of player  17  is held in constant view by one or more of cameras  140  that are controllably panned, tilted and zoomed for maximum desirable pixel resolution per player. The information for this controlled movement is based either upon the current (X, Y) coordinates of player  17  as previously determined from information gather by scalable area tracking matrix  504   m  or by movement tracking algorithms calculated by computer  160  to predict the next possible location of player  17 . 
         [0247]    Referring now to  FIG. 15   b , there is shown a scalable volume tracking matrix  506   m  comprising multiple movable volume tracking cameras  506  where one or more cameras form an assembly and are dynamically assigned to a player  17 . As will be explained in more detail using  FIGS. 16   a  and  16   b , this dynamic process of automatically panning, tilting and zooming each movable camera to maintain the maximum desirable pixel resolution per player provides a substantial benefit over the arrangement of fixed volume tracking cameras  502 . 
         [0248]    Referring now to  FIG. 16   a , there is shown a series of three views depicting the top surface  110   x  of player  17  (i.e., player  17  with absorbers and markings applied) at close range, mid-range and far range with respect to a fixed volume tracking camera  126 . As can be seen, the pixel resolution per the player&#39;s body surface area is substantially different between close and far ranges. However,  FIG. 16   a  also shows a series of three views the same player  17  and relative locations but now with respect to movable volume tracking camera  140 . As can be seen, the pixel resolution per the player&#39;s body surface area is now substantially uniform. 
         [0249]    Referring now to  FIG. 16   b , there is shown an example matrix of four FOV&#39;s  120   v  created by area tracking cameras  124 . Within this combined grid, several players having top surfaces such as  110   x  and  111   x  move freely about. In this particular example, four movable cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  are tracking the player with top surface  110   x . As depicted, the FOVs for cameras  140 - b  and  140 - d  are almost fully blocked by other players whereas the FOV for camera  140 - a  is partially blocked but the FOV for camera  104 - c  is clear. The preferred embodiment will automatically reassign cameras such as  141 - d  that may already be tracking another player, (e.g., the player with top surface  111   x ) to now follow a different player with top surface  110   x  so as to ensure total maximum player visibility. This reassignment decision can be based upon the information gathered by the scalable area tracking matrix  504   m , predictive calculations made by computer  160  concerning the expected next positions of any and all players, or both. 
         [0250]    Referring now to  FIG. 17 , there is shown an example of three different Tracking Frequencies  510  being emitted by normal or modified HID lamp  10 . These include UV ray  11 , visible ray  12  and IR ray  13 . As these rays  11 ,  12  and  13  strike reflective material  20  attached to substrate  30 , they will cause reflected UV ray  11   r , visible ray  12   r  and IR ray  13   r.    
         [0251]    Referring now to  FIGS. 18   a ,  18   b  and  18   c , there is shown an example of three different Marker: Emission Methods  530  caused by reflective material  20   a , retroreflective material  20   b  and fluorescent material  20   c . In  FIG. 18   a , lamp  10  emits rays  11 ,  12  and  13  which are then reflected off reflective material  20   a  in a diffuse manner causing rays r 1 . In  FIG. 18   b , emitted rays  11 ,  12  and  13  are retroreflected off retroreflective material  20   b  in a manner causing rays r 2 . In  FIG. 18   c , emitted rays  11 ,  12  and  13  are first absorbed by fluorescent material  20   c  causing emitted rays r 3 . Reflective material  20   a  and fluorescent material  20   c  have an advantage over retroreflective material  20   b  in that their reflected and fluoresced rays r 1  and r 3 , respectively, will have a wider viewing angle than retroreflected rays r 2 . Retroreflective material  20   b  has an advantage over materials  20   a  and  20   c  because its rays r 2  will be of stronger combined energy for a longer distance. Fluorescent material  20   c  has an advantage over materials  20   a  and  20   b  because it can absorb visible light readily available in larger intensities within the ambient environment and convert this to a non-visible tacking energy such as IR. 
         [0252]    Referring now to  FIG. 19 , there is shown a novel retroreflective material  100  that is similar to commercially available cube-cornered or microbead retroreflectors except that it has been modified to be transparent to any energies that are not intended to be retroreflected. In the case where the tracking frequency  510  is chosen to be UV light  516 , HID lamp  10  is shown to emit UV ray  11  that enters retroreflective element  20   uv  that is coated with UV reflector  24   uv . Reflector  24   uv  then reflects ray  11  back up through element  20   uv  becoming retroreflected ray  11   r . Visible ray  12  and IR ray  13  will pass through reflector  24   uv . In the case where the tracking frequency  510  is chosen to be IR light  514 , HID lamp  10  is shown to emit IR ray  13  that enters retroreflective element  20   ir  that is coated with IR reflector  24   ir . IR Reflector  24   ir  then reflects ray  13  back up through element  20   ir  becoming retroreflected ray  13   r . Visible ray  12  and UV ray  11  will pass through IR reflector  241   r . Retroreflective elements  20   uv  and  201   r  are embedded within binder  28  that is attached to substrate  30 . Binder  28  is substantially transparent to UV ray  11   a  and IR ray  13   a.    
         [0253]    Referring now to  FIG. 20   a , there is shown an example of the first of the two Marker: Physical Forms  540 , namely spherical (attached ball)  542 , also referred to as  17   sm . Spherical marker  17   sm  comprises a retroreflective sphere  17   s  that is attached to a base  17   b . Companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon currently use this type of marker. The typical retroreflective sphere  17   s  retroreflects a broad spectrum of frequencies including UV ray  11 , visible ray  12  and IR ray  13  causing retroreflective rays  11   a ,  12   a  and  13   a  respectively. These retroreflective rays  11   a ,  12   a  and  13   a  then create resulting circular image  17   c  that is incident upon any tracking cameras such as  124 ,  126  and  140 . Image  17   c  is an example of one of the two Marker: Reflective Shapes  550  for a marker, namely uniform circular  552 . 
         [0254]    Referring now to  FIG. 20   b  there is shown an example of the first of two ID:Locations  562  for the player ID, namely full body  562 . In  FIG. 20   b , spherical markers  17   sm  are placed at various key locations over the entire body of player  17 . For practical purposes retroreflective tape  17   t  is used to cover the blade of stick  104 . 
         [0255]    Referring now to  FIGS. 21   a ,  21   b  and  21   c , shown are several examples of the second of two Marker: Physical Forms  540 , namely flat (embedded/applied ink)  544 . In  FIG. 21   a , right and left tracking patches  107   r  and  107   l  are shown attached to player shoulder pads  106  that are typically covered by jersey  105 . Patches  107   r  and  107   l  have been pre-marked with special ink formulated to reflect, retroreflect, or fluoresce only the desired tracking energy. Such pre-markings include orientation marks  107   r   1  and  107   l   1  as well as bar code marks  107   r   2  and  107   l   2 . In  FIG. 21   b , puck  103  has been coated with similar special ink  103   a  while the blade of stick  104  has been wrapped with reflective tape  104   a . And finally, in  FIG. 21   c , sticker  109  has been applied to helmet  108  and comprises a uniquely identifying mark created with similar special ink. Each of  FIGS. 21   a ,  21   b  and  21   c  illustrate retroreflected ray  11   r.    
         [0256]    Referring now to  FIG. 22   a , the information depicted in  FIG. 20   b  is repeated to dramatize  FIG. 22   b  that depicts the image formed in computer  160  based upon uniform circular  552  reflections. This distinct formation of marker reflections  17   c  can be used to identify player  17  and is the first of two ID:Encoding Methods  570  called unique constellation  572 . Companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon use the unique constellation  572  method for identifying human objects such as player  17 . Furthermore, these same systems are designed to identify the human object while they are also tracking their motion. This is the first way the player ID is Obtained  580 , namely during game surface tracking  582 . Referring now to  FIG. 22   c , there is shown information similar to  FIGS. 21   a ,  21   b  and  21   c  to dramatize  FIG. 22   d  that depicts the image formed in computer  160  based upon non-uniform multi-shape  554  reflections. This collection of individual markings  17   m  that have been placed at various locations on player  17  are only used to locate a particular body part and its orientation rather than to identify the player  17 . In the preferred embodiment that employs these types of flat  544  markings, the identification of player  17  is based upon a top surface of the body  564  Id Location  560 . 
         [0257]    Referring now to  FIGS. 23   a ,  23   b ,  23   c  and  23   d  there is dramatized the problems inherent with full body  562  unique constellation  572  player identification. In  FIG. 23   a , there is shown two players  17  and  18  that are each pre-marked with a unique constellation of spherical markers  17   sm . The view of players  17  and  18  is not overlapping in  FIG. 23   a . The resultant image detected by computer  160 , namely of circular reflections  17   c  and  18   c , is shown in  FIG. 23   b . Reflections  17   c  and  18   c  are also not overlapping. Referring now to  FIG. 23   c , players  17  and  18  are now overlapping causing the resultant overlapping of reflections  17   c  and  18   c  as shown in  FIG. 23   d . Note the considerably more difficult identification problem presented to computer  160  as players such as  17  and  18  begin to block each other&#39;s view in one or more volume tracking cameras such as  126  or  140 . 
         [0258]    Referring now to  FIG. 24 , there is shown a set of preferred helmet stickers  109   id   64 ,  109   id   00 ,  109   id   14  and  109   id   13  implementing the uniquely encoded markings  574  method of ID:Encoding Method  570 . The markings on stickers  109   id   64 ,  109   id   00 ,  109   id   14  and  109   id   13  are created using the special ink formulated to reflect, retroreflect or fluoresce preferably only the chosen Tracking Frequency  510 . The player id is preferably implemented as a traditional bar code and could be embedded on the helmet stickers  109   id   64 ,  109   id   00 ,  109   id   14  and  109   id   13  in a non-visible IR or UV reflective, retroreflective or fluorescent ink. Also depicted is helmet sticker  109   tm  that includes a special tracking mark designed to help computer  160  both locate helmet  108  as well as determine its orientation. This special tracking mark may be created using either a non-visible IR or UV reflective, retroreflective or fluorescent ink. Sticker  109   id &amp; tm  combines both the id marks as well as the tracking marks, and can either be created using the same non-visible frequency, such as both IR or both UV, or different frequencies, such as one IR and the other UV. Note the considerably simpler identification problem presented to computer  160  as it analyzes helmet stickers such as  109   id &amp; tm  viewed by area tracking cameras  124 . Cameras such as  124  are looking down upon the top surface of the bodies of players such as  17  and  18  and are therefore not expected to experience information degradation due to player overlapping. Stickers  109   id   64 ,  109   id   00 ,  109   id   14  and  109   id   13 ,  109   tm  and  109   id &amp; tm  are represented generically as sticker  109  that is shown attached to helmet  108 . 
         [0259]    Referring now to  FIG. 25 , there is shown the second way in which the player ID is Obtained  580 , namely outside of game surface tracking  584 . Rink entrance and exit  12   e  as team bench  12   f  are in constant view of one or more area ID &amp; tracking cameras similar to  124  except with a narrowed FOV  122   v . Narrowing FOV  122   v  provides an increased pixel resolution per inch when looking down upon the players&#39; helmets  108  and attached stickers such as  109   tm &amp; id . The increased pixel resolution allows for more complex encoding, i.e. patterns with smaller markings on the limited space of the helmet sticker  109 . The rink playing surface  102  is in constant view of the scalable area tracking matrix  504   m  comprising multiple cameras  124  with normal FOV&#39;s  120   v.    
         [0260]    Also shown are a single set of four movable volume tracking cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  that are for example currently assigned to track the top surface  110  of a player starting when he first enters the playing surface  102  from the entranceway  12   e . Tracking with cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  continues as the player transverses surface  102  and ceases when player exits surface  102  and enters team benches  12   f . Once within bench area  12   f , area ID &amp; tracking cameras similar to  124  track the player and also reconfirm the player&#39;s identity by viewing helmet sticker  109   tm &amp; id . At any time, the player may subsequently leave bench area  12   f  and reenter surface  102  where again his motion is tracked by movable volume cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d . Eventually, the player will either exit the playing area through entrance and exit  12   e  or return again to bench  12   f  and be tracked and re-identified by the ID &amp; tracking cameras. 
         [0261]    Referring now to  FIG. 26   a , there is shown the first type of Calibration Method  590 , namely pre-tracking  592 . Companies such as Motion Analysis and Vicon currently perform this method in order to calibrate their fixed volume tracking cameras  126  after they have been set into place. The calibration tool  130  comprises two or more markers such as various-sized spherical balls  17   sm  whose dimensions are pre-known and that are affixed on the tool  130  at pre-known distances from each other. The calibration process begins when tool  130  is held up within the FOV of two cameras  126 . Computer  160  receives images from each of these first two cameras and processes individually the reflected circles from the calibration tool  130 . Using stereoscopic algorithms that are well known in the art, the locations of each spherical marker  17   sm  on tool  130  are calculated within a local coordinate system. The operator holding the tool  130  then moves it into the view of a third camera  126  while still being in view of one of the two prior cameras  126 . This technique is continued until all of the fixed cameras  126  have been individually added to the calibration of all previous cameras  126 . 
         [0262]    The present inventors anticipate that this same technique, although it would not be ideal, could be used to pre-calibrate the scalable area tracking matrix  504   m . In consideration of area matrix  504   m , the relative orientation of each camera  124  is primarily side-by-side with its neighbors, allowing for a small overlap on the edges of its FOV  120   v.    
         [0263]    Furthermore, the preferred orientation of FOV  120   v  is “top down,” rather than the “perspective” view of cameras  126 . Given these arrangements, a preferable pre-tracking calibration technique would be to use a traditional calibration plate incorporating a fixed set of markings held at pre-known distances from each other. This plate would then be held in a fixed position facing up at the junctions between every two cameras  124  overlapping FOV&#39;s  120   v . Again, using standard techniques well known in the art, each of the two cameras could then be jointly calibrated by computer  160 . Proceeding throughout all camera junctions in the same fashion would complete the calibration of the network to itself. The only remaining task would be to calibrate the entire matrix  504   m  to the playing surface  102 , entrance and exit  12   e  and team benches  12 ′. This could be accomplished by placing a marking at a fixed pre-known location somewhere within each of the areas of surface  102 , entrance and exit  12   e  and team benches  12   f . Once captured by computer  160  through one or more cameras within matrix  504   m , these markings at pre-known locations would serve to register the entire matrix. 
         [0264]    Now referring to  FIG. 26   b , there is shown the second type of Calibration Method  590 , namely simultaneously with tracking  594 . This process begins after the scalable area tracking matrix  504   m  is itself pre-calibrated as described in the previous paragraph. Once each overhead camera  124 , within assembly  120   c  has been calibrated, it will be used as the basis for the dynamic re-calibration of movable cameras  140  as they continually change their orientation and FOV. After calibration, each camera  124  will have a fixed (X, Y) coordinate system registered with the playing surface  102 , entrance and exit  12   e  and team bench  12 ′. Calibration simultaneous with tracking  594  begins when a player  17  enters the view of at least one area tracking camera  124  and is therefore detected by computer  160 . The markings that computer  160  will be viewing based upon camera  124  will be those on the top surface of the body  574  including the helmet sticker  10   tm &amp; id . Stickers such as  109   tm &amp; id  are similar to calibration tool  130  in that their markings are pre-known in both size and orientation to each other. 
         [0265]    As depicted in  FIG. 26   b , at least one point on sticker  10   tm &amp; id  that is in view of both fixed pre-calibrated camera  124  and movable camera  140  is first located in local rink (X, Y) coordinates based upon information provided by camera  124 . Once located, the same point is analyzed by computer  160  from the images captured by camera  140  along with other measurable information such as the current rotations of the panning and tilting mechanisms supporting camera  140  as well as the zooming mechanism associated with its lens. During analysis, the determined (X, Y) location of the captured point is used to center the (X, Y, Z) coordinate system of camera  140 . Once centered, the (Z) height scale can be set and then used to apply to all other common points in view of both the (X, Y) camera  124  and the (X, Y, Z) camera  140 . These points include not only those on helmet sticker  109   tm &amp; id  but also those throughout all the body of player  17 . 
         [0266]    Furthermore, it is expected that additional volume cameras  140  assigned to track the same player  17  will similarly be simultaneously calibrated with camera  124 . It should be noted that player  17  may be straddling a boundary between area tracking cameras  124  and as such two different volume cameras  140  may actually be calibrated for the same player  17  by two different area cameras  124 . In practice, this is immaterial since the pre-calibration by system  160  of the entire scalable area tracking matrix  504   m  can be thought of as creating one large single area (X, Y) tracking camera. Hence, it can be seen that each of the volume cameras such as  140  in the present figure or  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  of prior figures that are currently assigned to follow player  17  are simultaneously calibrated frame-by-frame to the overhead matrix  540   m . Furthermore, once calibrated the multiple cameras such as  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  may be used to stereoscopically locate markings on player  17  that are not in view of the overhead matrix  540   m.    
         [0267]    Referring now to  FIG. 27   a , there is shown an alternate embodiment  120   b  to area (X, Y) tracking camera assembly  120   c  that does not include additional overlapping filming camera  125 . In this alternate embodiment, enclosure  121  houses lamp  10  and tracking camera  124  with visible light filter  124   f  and is enclosed on the bottom surface by transparent cover  121   a  through which tracking energy  11  may transmit. Alternate embodiment of area tracking camera assembly  120   b  is also connected to computer  160  (not depicted) that is in turn connect to video terminal  127  via cable  121   c . Further shown is player  17  to which tracking patches  107   r  and  1071  and helmet sticker  109  have been attached. Also shown are puck  103  with reflective ink  103   a  and stick  104  with ink  104   a . Shown on terminal  127  is camera image  128  that includes player  17 . The body of player  17  is portrayed as dimmed due to some reflectance of the non-visible tracking energy while the patches, stickers and ink are portrayed as white due to their higher engineered reflectance. 
         [0268]    Referring now to  FIG. 27   b , there is shown an identical arrangement to  FIG. 27   a  except that player  17  has been first treated with one or more tracking energy absorbent compounds after which tracking patches, stickers and inks were applied. Similarly, stick  104  has also been first treated. As such, player  17  has now become  17  while stick  104  has become  104   t . Due to this novel application of energy absorbers, treated player  17  is no longer visible on terminal  127 . Terminal  127  displays camera image  128  provided by computer  160  in response to the images captured by the various tracking cameras  124 ,  126  and  140 . 
         [0269]    The present inventors have listed many absorbers and treatments that may be used especially to absorb UV frequencies in the prior co-pending application entitled Employing Electromagnetic By-Product Radiation in Object Tracking. Such treatments and absorbers are also well known for the IR frequencies to someone skilled in the art. Further, the present inventors have shown that it may also be similarly beneficial to apply energy reflectors rather than absorbers, especially with respect to the background such as player surface  102 . What is important is that the intensity of the reflected signal off the tracking marks be clearly distinguishable from any reflections off the background or foreground (player&#39;s body and equipment). To gain this clarity of signal differentiation, it may be desirable to either reduce reflections through absorption or to increase reflection through reflective materials. This concept of absorbers and reflectors for the control of the signal-to-noise ratio was not listed in system  1000  as a separate component since the present inventors see it as a beneficial optimization to every possible combination of components listed in  1000 . 
         [0270]    Referring now to  FIGS. 28   a  and  28   b , there is shown an advantageous novel modification to the preferred embodiment that employs a scalable area-tracking matrix  504   m  along with a scalable movable volume-tracking matrix  506   m . Specifically, that portion of the scalable area-tracking matrix  504   m  that was in place to track players such as  17  while they moved about the playing surface  102  has been eliminated. The reduction represents a saving in system, installation and maintenance costs. 
         [0271]    Referring specifically to  FIG. 28   a , this is made possible by the understanding that as player  17  with top surface  110  passes through entrance  12   e  he will first still be viewed by the tracking cameras  124  left in place to cover this area, through their FOVs  122   v.    
         [0272]    These cameras will first identify player  17  and then follow his movements up until he enters player surface  102 . As player  17  enters surface  102 , the computer  160  will automatically direct cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  to pick up player  17 . Referring specifically to  FIG. 28   b , as player  17  with top surface  110  is first viewed, computer  160  will be constantly calculating and revising its prediction of the player&#39;s next movements and therefore whereabouts. Cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  will continuously pan, tilt and zoom to follow the travel of player  17 . Eventually, player  17  will leave surface  102  and enter team bench  12   f  where he will again be in the view of tracking cameras  124  left in place to cover this area, through their FOV&#39;s  122   v.    
         [0273]    Computer  160  will constantly monitor player  17  even while he remains on team bench  12   f . At some point throughout the competition, player  17  is expected to re-enter the playing surface  102 . At this time computer  160  will automatically direct cameras  140 - a ,  140 - b ,  140 - c  and  140 - d  to follow the player&#39;s travel until he either returns to team bench  12   f  or leaves through entrance and exit  12   e.    
         [0274]    Referring now to  FIG. 29   a , there is shown another advantageous modification to the preferred embodiment for marking foreground objects such as jersey  105 . Specifically, there are three distinct areas of the foreground object for which it is desirable to have clearly distinguishable reflected intensity levels of the tracking energy UV or IR. The first area is the jersey  105  itself. Second, there is the base  107  of tracking patch  107   r  and third, there is the tracking mark  107   c  of patch  107   r . Correspondingly, there are three appliques described in the present invention that can create the desired distinguishable reflected intensity levels: (1) UV and IR absorbent compounds, (2) UV and IR reflective compounds, and (3) UV and IR retroreflective compounds. One possible arrangement of these compounds is to first apply the absorber to jersey  105 , the reflective compound to base  107  and the retroreflective compound to tracking mark  107   c . Two other combinations thought to be particularly useful are: (1) Using the retroreflective compound on base  107  and using more absorber for mark  107   c ; and (2) Using the reflective compound on jersey  105 , the absorber on base  107  and the retroreflective compound on mark  107   c . Other combinations are anticipated in combination with the teachings of the present invention. 
         [0275]    Referring now to  FIG. 29   b , there is shown another advantageous modification to the preferred embodiment for creating a dynamic calibration tool that can be used to help calibrate the movable volume tracking matrix  506   m  simultaneously with tracking  594 . Specifically, precisely measured and spaced track markings  104   m  have been placed onto stick  104 . The exact size, shape and spacing of these markings  104   m  are immaterial to the concept being presently taught. Placing these markings upon a rigid object that is used by each player during the game will provide computer  160  with a way to verify its calibration estimates of both fixed area tracking camera  124  and especially movable volume cameras  140 . Another possibility is to place similar markings onto the pipes of the goals on either end of the playing surface. 
         [0276]    Referring now to  FIG. 30 , there is shown a further advantageous modification to the preferred embodiment for assisting in the dynamic calibration of movable volume tracking matrix  506   m . Rink playing surface  102  is shown in perspective view in between near boards  103   nb  and far boards  103   fb . Attached to near boards  103   nb  are glass support columns such as  105   nc  that are holding in place glass panes such as  105   ng . Attached to far boards  103   fb  are glass support columns such as  105   fc  that are holding in place glass panes such as  105   fg . Placed on both the outer (shown) and inner (not shown) surface of near support columns  105   nc  are reflective markings  105   nm . Similarly, placed on both the inner (shown) and outer (not shown) surface of far support columns  105   fc  are reflective markings  105   fm . Also shown are markings  103   fm  on the inner side of far boards  103   fb . Similar markings on the inner side of near boards  103   nb  are also anticipated. Moving about on surface  102  are players  16  and  17  that are being constantly tracked by movable cameras  140 - b  and  140 - c  as well as  141 - b  and  141 - d , respectively. During player tracking as cameras such as  140 - b ,  140 - d ,  141 - b  and  141 - d  pan, tilt and zoom to change their FOVs, they will be constantly picking up one or more reflective marks such as  105   nm ,  105   fm  and  103   fm . The exact size, shape and spacing of these markings  105   nm ,  105   fm  and  103   fm  are immaterial to the novel concept being presently taught. Placing these markings upon at least the locations specified will provide computer  160  with a means of verifying its calibration estimates of movable volume cameras  140 . 
       SUMMARY OF OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS 
       [0277]    A careful study of the for prior co-pending applications filed by applicants and identified above along with the previously described components  1000  will suffice to teach those skilled in the art how each component may operate as a functional part of a complete system. Therefore, the remainder of this application will focus on distinguishing at a higher level the various possible novel optimized systems according to the present invention along with discussions as to their tradeoffs. 
         [0278]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a block diagram depicting all of the major components  1000  of which a subset has been identified as representative of real-time 3D-object tracking system  1002 . System  1002  comprises fixed (X, Y, Z) volume tracking assemblies  502  that employ either visible light  512  or IR light  514  that is emitted from ring lights  522 . This tracking energy is then reflected by spherical (attached ball)  542  retroreflective  532  markers that are placed at various locations on the subject to be tracked and that create a uniform circular  552  image in camera assemblies  502 . The full body  562  set of spherical markers  542  form a unique constellation  572  used by system  1002  to identify each subject during game surface tracking  582 . The system  1002  is calibrated prior to tracking  592 . 
         [0279]    While system  1002  accomplishes the goals of real-time 3D tracking, it has several drawbacks as follows:
       1—Due to its non-uniform approach to camera placement, it is difficult to scale up to track larger areas such as a hockey rink;   2—Due to its strategy of fixed volume tracking accomplished with a complex overlapping network of camera field-of-views, the pixels resolution per player is inconsistent and the system is prone to lose markers when multiple players bunch up;   3—When using visible light as the tracking energy, the additional red light is added by the system because of the need to use ring lights in combination with the retroreflective markers creating a lighting system that is intrusive to both players and audience;   4—When using in IR light as the tracking energy, the ring lights do not emit any additional visible light in combination with the IR to act as a cue to both players and audience not to stare at the lighting;   5—The system employs retroreflective markers in order to obtain the highest possible signal reflection but these materials are broad-band reflectors that respond to the entire visible spectrum causing unwanted reflections of ambient light sources that is intrusive to both players and audience;   6—The retroreflective markers are constructed to be spherical balls that protrude away from the body helping to ensure maximum visibility to the tracking cameras by consistently creating a circular reflection from any angle, however, this very nature of their protruding physical form makes them vulnerable to dislodge during player contact;   7—The uniform circular nature of the retroreflection caused by the spherical marker is useful for centroid calculations and therefore determining exact body points, however, it necessarily forces more cameras since less player surface area can be marked for viewing using a spherical shape;   8—By attempting to combine player identification with body joint tracking the system creates a difficult requirement that forces camera views away from the top down view that rarely experiences inclusions due to player bunching to a perspective view that is very susceptible to inclusions;   9—By attempting to combine player identification with body joint tracking the system creates a difficult requirement that substantially all markers placed on the full body must be in view in order to identify a given player;   10—By attempting to combine player identification with body joint tracking the system loses an opportunity to perform player identification off the game surface in either the player entrance and exit or on the team benches. (These areas are short on space for adequate perspective camera placement and are also very crowed with players who in the case of team benches are expected to be sitting therefore additionally hiding markers);   11—By attempting to combine player identification with body joint tracking the system (a) creates a difficult requirement that each player have either a substantially different body shape and therefore configuration of markers or that additional markers be added to create a unique pattern, and (b) makes using the system with up to twenty some players per team cumbersome as a pre-tracking procedure must be instituted to ensure adequate “constellation” differentiation per player; and   12—The system has no method of simultaneously calibrating the cameras during tracking that precludes the possibility of using movable volume tracking cameras that could dynamically reconfigure the tracking volume to better create a uniform pixel resolution per player and reduce the number of marker inclusions due to player bunching.       
 
         [0292]    Referring now to  FIG. 3 , there is shown a block diagram depicting all of the major components  1000  of which a subset has been identified as the preferred embodiment  1004  of the present invention. Preferred embodiment  1004  comprises fixed (X, Y) area tracking assemblies  504  in combination with movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking assemblies  506 , that employ either IR light  514  or UV light  516  that is provided by existing lights modified to emit non-visible frequencies  526 . This tracking energy is then reflected by flat (embedded/applied ink)  544  reflective  534  markers that are placed at various locations on the subject to be tracked and that create non-uniform multi-shape  552  images in camera assemblies  504  and  506 . Specially encoded  574  flat  544  markers placed on the top surface of the body  564  are used by system  1004 , to identify each subject outside of game surface tracking  584 . In system  1004 , while fixed (X, Y) area tracking assemblies  504  are calibrated prior to tracking, movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking assemblies  506  are calibrated simultaneously with tracking  592 . 
         [0293]    The preferred embodiment  1004  accomplishes the goals of real-time 3D tracking without the limitations of currently available system  1002  providing the following advantages:
       1—By limiting the fixed (X, Y) area tracking matrix to a top view only, the system creates a scalable approach to camera placement that provides a substantially uniform pixel resolution per area;   2—By implementing a separate matrix of movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras to pick up the remaining side views of the players, the system creates a scalable approach to camera placement that provides a substantially uniform pixel resolution per player;   3—By using either or both UV and IR light as the tracking energy that is emitted as a by-product from lamp sources that are also providing visible lighting for general purposes, the system is both non-intrusive and eye safe;   4—By using reflective as opposed to retroreflective markers the cone of reflection is opened up such that separate ring lights are not required whose added energy and visible light would be intrusive to both players and audience;   5—By using markers that reflect only the narrow band of tracking energy and specifically do not reflect visible light, the marker&#39;s reflections are hidden from player and audience view;   6—By using flat markers that are embedded into the substrate the marker is no longer vulnerable to dislodge during player contact;   7—By using flat markers of non-uniform sizes and shapes the markers are made visible for more camera angles thereby reducing the incidence of inclusions;   8—By using flat markers of non-uniform sizes and shapes the markers can be made to cover significantly larger surface area thereby reflecting more of the tracking energy;   9—By using visibly transparent flat markers embedded into the substrate adding minimal additional thickness, the system&#39;s markers will now be completely undetected by both the players and the audience;   10—By first strategically applying a combination of tracking energy absorptive or reflective compounds to the background as well as foreground objects the system provides the ability for more clearly distinguishing between background reflections, foreground object reflections and marker reflections;   11—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system ensures a higher rate of player identification due to fewer inclusions of identification markers;   12—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system eliminates the importance of having substantially all body joint markers in view at all times;   13—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system provides the possibility of performing player identification off the playing surface in the limited area of the entrance and exit and team benches where player movement is expected to be significantly reduced thereby facilitating the identification process;   14—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player that can be zoomed in on while in the restricted movement areas of the entrance and exit and team benches, encoded markings similar to bar codes become feasible, which encode markings can easily handle forty or more players and avoid any cumbersome pre-tracking procedure to ensure adequate marker “constellation” differentiation per player;   15—By establishing a separate fixed (X, Y) area tracking matrix that may be pre-calibrated for the X and Y dimensions and by implementing fixed size and shape relationship markers on rigid surfaces such as the player helmet and stick that can be used as calibration tools, the system provides dynamic calibration of movable cameras simultaneously with player tracking;   16—By providing dynamic calibration of movable cameras simultaneous with player tracking, the system further provides the ability to dynamically recreate the optimal tracking volume for minimal marker inclusions;   17—By establishing a separate fixed (X, Y) area tracking matrix that continually locates each player in (X, Y) space the system provides the ability to automatically direct the pan, tilt and zoom aspects of one or more movable cameras to follow each player; and   18—By establishing a system that dynamically follows each player with greater accuracy and fewer marker inclusions, the system provides the ability to predict more accurately the limited range of movement that could be expected from any player in the next instant, which ability provides a second method for automatically directing the pan, tilt and zoom aspects of one or more movable cameras to follow each player.       
 
         [0312]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the preferred embodiment  1004  except that it employs components taught by the present inventors to provide a fluorescent alternative embodiment  1006 . Embodiment  1006  specifically employs existing lights emitting visible frequencies  524  that are absorbed by fluorescent  526  markers that in turn emit IR light  514  for the tracking frequency  510 . All other aspects and benefits of alternate embodiment  1006  are identical to preferred embodiment  1004 . 
         [0313]    Embodiment  1006  accomplishes the goals of real-time 3D tracking, without the limitations of system  1002 , and provides the following additional advantages:
       1—By using fluorescent markers that absorb in the visible region the system can rely fully upon existing rink lighting without modifications to its emissions spectrum to supply the tracking energy, and   2—By using fluorescent markers that emit in the IR region the system can remain visually transparent to players and audience.       
 
         [0316]    Referring now to  FIG. 5 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the preferred embodiment  1004  except that it employs components to provide a visibly transparent retroreflective alternative embodiment  1008 . Embodiment  1008  specifically employs visibly transparent retroreflective  532   a  markers in combination with ring lights  522  emitting either IR light  514  or UV light  516  tracking frequencies  510 . All other aspects and benefits of alternate embodiment  1008  are identical to preferred embodiment  1004 . 
         [0317]    Embodiment  1008  accomplishes the goals of real-time 3D tracking, without the limitations of system  1002 , and provides the following additional advantage: using retroreflective markers that reflect only the narrow band of tracking frequencies of IR or UV, the system provides for greater reflected signal strength while still remaining visibly transparent to both players and audience. 
         [0318]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the preferred embodiment  1004  except that it employs components to provide a game surface  1   d  tracking alternative embodiment  1010 . Embodiment  1010  specifically uses fixed (X, Y) area tracking assemblies  504  to read the encoded marking  574  player id located on the top surface of the body  564  during game surface tracking  582 . All other aspects and benefits of alternate embodiment  1010  are identical to preferred embodiment  1004 . 
         [0319]    Embodiment  1010  accomplishes the goals of real-time 3D tracking, without the limitations of system  1002 , and providing the following additional advantage: identifying players simultaneously with game surface tracking the system provides the option of eliminating separate area tracking cameras in the non-playing surfaces of the entrance and exit passageway and team benches. 
         [0320]    Referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the system  1002  except that it employs components to provide a non-visible variation  1012 . Variation  1012  specifically uses the visibly transparent retroreflective markers  532   a  first taught by the present inventors in their co-pending application rather than traditional visibly retroreflective markers as currently used. Variation  1012  further limits the tracking frequencies  510  to either IR light  514  or UV light  516  and employs flat (embedded/applied ink)  544  non-uniform multi-shape  554  markers. 
         [0321]    Variation  1012  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by system  1002  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—By using markers that reflect only the narrow band of tracking energy and specifically do not reflect visible light, the marker&#39;s reflections are hidden from player and audience view;   2—By using flat markers that are embedded into the substrate the marker is no longer vulnerable to dislodge during player contact;   3—By using flat markers of non-uniform sizes and shapes the markers are made visible for more camera angles thereby reducing the incidence of inclusions;   4—By using flat markers of non-uniform sizes and shapes the markers can be made to cover significantly larger surface area thereby reflecting more of the tracking energy, and   5—By using visibly transparent flat markers embedded into the substrate adding minimal thickness, the system&#39;s markers will now be completely undetected by both the players and the audience.       
 
         [0327]    Referring now to  FIG. 8 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the non-visible variation  1012  except that it employs additional components to provide a top surface of body encoded id variation  1014 . Variation  1014  specifically uses flat  544  non-uniform  554  top surface of body  564  encoded markings  574  to establish each player&#39;s identification during game surface tracking  582 . 
         [0328]    Variation  1014  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by non-visible variation  1012  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system ensures a higher rate of player identification due to fewer inclusions of identification markers,   2—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system eliminates the importance of having substantially all body joint markers in view at all times, and   3—By separating player identification from the player joint tracking and isolating the identification marker to the top surface of the player, the system provides the possibility of performing player identification off the playing surface in the limited area of the entrance and exit passageway and team benches where player movement is expected to be significantly reduced thereby facilitating the identification process.       
 
         [0332]    Referring now to  FIG. 9 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to the top surface of body encoded id variation  1014  except that it employs additional components to provide outside of game surface  1   d  variation  1016 . Variation  1016  specifically establishes each player&#39;s identification outside of game surface tracking  584  using fixed (X, Y) area tracking assemblies  504  at least in these restricted areas. 
         [0333]    Variation  1016  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by top surface of body encoded id variation  1014  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—By separating player identification into the outside of game surface areas such as the entrance and exit passageway and team benches, the identification marker on the top surface of the player that can be zoomed in on without affecting body marker tracking while on the game surface. The possibility of zoomed fields of view for the fixed volume cameras in these special areas makes encoded markings similar to bar codes feasible. These encoded markings can easily handle forty or more players and avoid any cumbersome pre-tracking procedure to ensure adequate marker “constellation” differentiation per player.   2—By using fixed (X, Y) area tracking cameras at least in the identification areas of the entrance and exit passageway and team benches, total camera use is made more efficient. The top-down orientation of the (X, Y) camera is better suited than the perspective orientation of the (X, Y, Z) camera for zoom-in viewing of the top surface where the encoded markings are located.       
 
         [0336]    Referring now to  FIG. 10 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to outside of game surface  1   d  variation  1016  except that it employs additional components to provide existing light source variation  1018 . Variation  1018  specifically employs existing lights modified to emit non-visible frequencies  526  whose tracking energy is returned by the markers using the reflective  534  Marker: Emission Method  530 . 
         [0337]    Variation  1018  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by outside of game surface  1   d  variation  1016  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—By switching to reflective markers as opposed to retroreflective, the cone of reflected energy is greatly expanded and can now be thought of as omni-directional thus eliminating the need to keep the camera&#39;s lens in close proximately to the emitting light source, and   2—By using existing lights as the tracking energy source, no additional energy is required and therefore added to the ambient lighting that would among other problems raise the temperature and add additional production, installation and maintenance costs to the system.       
 
         [0340]    Referring now to  FIG. 11 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to existing light source variation  1018  except that it employs additional components to provide fluorescent variation  1020 . Variation  1020  specifically employs existing lights emitting visible frequencies  524  that are absorbed by fluorescent  526  markers that in turn emit IR light  514  for the tracking frequency  510 . 
         [0341]    Variation  1020  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by existing light source variation  1018  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—By using fluorescent markers that absorb in the visible region the system can rely fully upon existing rink lighting without modifications to its emissions spectrum to supply the tracking energy, and   2—By using fluorescent markers that emit in the IR region the system can remain visually transparent to players and audience.       
 
         [0344]    Referring now to  FIG. 12 , there is shown a block diagram substantially similar to outside of game surface  1   d  variation  1016  except that it employs additional components to provide movable volume tracking variation  1022 . Variation  1022  specifically employs movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking assemblies  506  along with a calibration method  590  that is performed simultaneously with tracking  594 . 
         [0345]    Variation  1022  incrementally improves upon the real-time 3D tracking implemented by outside of game surface  1   d  variation  1016  by providing the following additional advantages:
       1—Since both fixed area and fixed volume tracking assemblies are pre-calibrated prior to tracking, by adding pre-known markers to rigid surfaces such as the player&#39;s helmet and stick or the boards and their glass support columns, the system is now able to calibrate movable cameras simultaneously with tracking, and   2—By adding movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras that can remain calibrated as they pan, tilt and zoom, the system can automatically augment the combined FOV created by existing fixed volume tracking cameras whenever anticipated player bunching is expected to create an unacceptable level of marker inclusions.       
 
         [0348]    In summary,  FIG. 1  represents those components either in use within currently available systems such as Motion Analysis or Vicon or the corresponding novel components taught by the present inventors. 
         [0349]    At least the following components are considered to be novel and first taught by the present inventors for use within a multi-object tracking system:
       1. fixed (X, Y) area tracking cameras  504  as a Camera Assemblies  500 ,   2. movable (X, Y, Z) volume tracking cameras  506  as a Camera Assemblies  500 ,   3. UV light  516  as a Tracking Frequency  510 ,   4. existing lights emitting visible frequencies  524  as an Energy Source  520 ,   5. existing lights modified to emit non-visible frequencies  526  as an Energy Source  520 ,   6. retroreflective (visibly transparent)  532   b  as an Emission Method for a Marker  530 ,   7. reflective (visibly transparent)  534  as an Emission Method for a Marker  530 ,   8. fluorescent (visibly transparent)  536  as an Emission Method for a Marker  530 ,   9. flat (embedded/applied ink)  544  as a Physical Form for a Marker  540 ,   10. non-uniform multi-shape  554  as a Reflective Shape for a Marker  550 ,   11. top surface of body  564  as a Location for the Identification  560 ,   12. encoded markings  574  as an Encoding Method for the Identification  570 ,   13. outside of game surface tracking  584  as a time to Obtain the Identification  580 , and   14. simultaneously with tracking  594  as a time to perform the Calibration Method  590 .       
 
         [0364]      FIG. 2  represents the system  1002  that comprises a combination of components known and taught for use within a multi-object tracking system.  FIG. 7  through  FIG. 12  represent some of the possible and useful variations of the system  1002  including various of the additional components either first taught by the present inventors or first considered for use within such multi-object tracking systems by the present inventors.  FIG. 3  represents the preferred embodiment  1004  for a multi-object tracking system.  FIG. 4  through  FIG. 6  represent some of the possible and useful alternate compositions of the system  1002  in consideration of known and taught components being applied in a novel way. 
         [0365]    There are other novel components first taught by the present inventors that are not specifically identified in any of the  FIGS. 1 through 12 . Three such important components are:
       1—the use of absorbers or reflectors to control the reflectivity of background and foreground objects creating a clear distinction between their detected energy intensities and that of the tracking markers,   2—the use of strategically placed markings on one or more rigid objects moving about with the players such as their helmet and stick in order to assist in the dynamic calibration of especially the movable volume tracking cameras, and   3—the use of strategically placed markings on one or more surfaces of the background such as the boards or their glass support columns to assist in the dynamic calibration of especially the movable volume tracking cameras.       
 
         [0369]    The use of these components is considered to be important and equally applicable to any such system  1002  through  1022 . 
       CONCLUSION, RAMIFICATIONS, AND SCOPE OF INVENTION 
       [0370]    Thus the reader will see that the present invention successfully:
       1—teaches the fundamental component groups necessary for a multi-object real-time 3D object tracking system;   2—identifies those individual components already in use within currently available systems and to which component groups they belong;   3—teaches those novel components suggested by the present inventors in this and their other four co-pending applications and to which component groups they belong;   4—teaches how the novel components allow systems to better function in a live application with multiple colliding objects, for instance a sporting event such as ice hockey;   5—identifies the composition of multi-object real-time 3D object-tracking systems in terms of actual components used from each group;   6—teaches a novel preferred embodiment for a multi-object real-time 3D object-tracking system best suited for a live sporting event such as ice hockey in terms of actual components used from each group; 7—teaches several novel alternative embodiments using one or more components of the systems mixed into the preferred embodiment, and 8—teaches several novel variations using one or more of the novel components mixed into the system.       
 
         [0377]    Furthermore, the reader will also see that, for at least the preferred embodiment and to a great extant its alternates as well as the variations of the systems, the present inventors have taught how to construct a system that:
       1—is scalable and therefore comprises uniform assemblies that are combinable into a matrix designed to increase tracking coverage in terms of area, volume or the number of objects while still maintaining uniform performance;   2—is minimally intrusive upon the objects to be tracked and upon the surrounding environment especially if that environment is a live setting;   3—maximizes tracking signal-to-noise ratio;   4—minimizes manufacturing and installation costs, and   5—simplifies maintenance and operation for the user.       
 
         [0383]    While the above description contains many details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of preferred embodiments thereof. Many aspects of the system&#39;s functionality are beneficial by themselves without other aspects being present as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, all of the novel combinations of components taught have anticipated application beyond that of the tracking of live sporting events. Examples of other applications include but are not limited to the tracking of human actors for the creation of animated film sequences, the tracking of human subjects for medical research, as well as other object tracking functions currently preformed by existing systems. 
         [0384]    From the foregoing detailed description of the present invention, it will be apparent that the invention has a number of advantages, some of which have been described above and others that are inherent in the invention. Also, it will be apparent that modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is only to be limited as necessitated by the accompanying claims.
A system  1000 , and its alternates  1002  through  1022 , for automatically tracking and videoing the movements of multiple participants and objects during an event. System  1000  and its alternates comprise a scalable area tracking matrix of overhead tracking cameras  120   c , whose individual field-of-views  120   v  combine to form a contiguous view  504   m  of the performance area where the event is being held. As participants  110 , and all other necessary objects such as  103  (e.g. a puck in ice-hockey) and  104  (e.g. a stick in ice-hockey) move about during the event, computer  160  analyzes the images from contiguous view  504   m  to create a real-time tracking database at least including participant and object centroid locations respective to the performance area, and preferably including their identities matched to these ongoing locations. System  1000  and its alternates then employ the real-time database to automatically direct, without operator intervention, one or more side-view cameras such as  140 - a   , 140 - b   , 140 - c  and  140 - d , to maintain optimal viewing of the event. The participants and objects may additionally be marked with encoded or non-encoded, visible or non-visible markers, either denoting centroid locations visible from their upper surfaces, and/or non-centroid locations visible from perspective views. The encoded markers are preferably placed on upper surfaces and detectable by computer  160  as it analyzes the images from contiguous overhead field-of-view  504   m , thus providing participant and object identities to correspond with ongoing locations, further enhancing algorithms for subsequently controlling side-view cameras  140 - a  through  140 - d . The non-encoded markers are preferably placed on multiple non-centroid locations at least on the participants that are then adjustably viewable by system  1000  and its alternates as the system uses the determined locations of each participant from the overhead view to automatically adjust one or more side-view cameras to tightly follow the participant. The resulting images from side-view cameras  140 - a  through  140 - d  may then be subsequently processed to determine the non-encoded marker locations, thus forming a three dimensional model of each participant and objects movements.