Breakdown of homoclinic orbits to L3 in the RPC3BP (I). Complex singularities and the inner equation
The Restricted 3-Body Problem models the motion of a body of negligible mass under the gravitational influence of two massive bodies, called the primaries. If the primaries perform circular motions and the massless body is coplanar with them, one has the Restricted Planar Circular 3-Body Problem (RPC3BP). In synodic coordinates, it is a two degrees of freedom Hamiltonian system with five critical points, L1,..,L5, called the Lagrange points. The Lagrange point L3 is a saddle-center critical point which is collinear with the primaries and is located beyond the largest of the two. In this paper and its sequel, we provide an asymptotic formula for the distance between the one dimensional stable and unstable invariant manifolds of L3 when the ratio between the masses of the primaries $\mu$ is small. It implies that L3 cannot have one-round homoclinic orbits. If the mass ratio $\mu$ is small, the hyperbolic eigenvalues are weaker than the elliptic ones by factor of order $\sqrt{\mu}$. This implies that the distance between the invariant manifolds is exponentially small with respect to $\mu$ and, therefore, the classical Poincar\'e--Melnikov method cannot be applied. In this first paper, we approximate the RPC3BP by an averaged integrable Hamiltonian system which possesses a saddle center with a homoclinic orbit and we analyze the complex singularities of its time parameterization. We also derive and study the inner equation associated to the original perturbed problem. The difference between certain solutions of the inner equation gives the leading term of the distance between the stable and unstable manifolds of L3. In the sequel we complete the proof of the asymptotic formula for the distance between the invariant manifolds.