A hidden population of white dwarfs with atmospheric carbon traces in the Gaia bifurcation
The ESA Gaia space mission has revealed a bifurcation of the white dwarf (WD) sequence on the color magnitude diagram in two branches: A and B. While the A branch consists mostly of WDs with H-rich atmospheres, the B branch is not completely understood. Although invoked to be populated mainly by He-rich WDs, the B branch overlaps a $\sim 0.8M_\odot$ evolutionary track with a pure He envelope, fact that would imply an unexpected peak in the WD mass distribution. In cold He-rich WDs, it is expected that the outer convective zone penetrates into deep C-rich layers, thus leading to a slight C contamination in their surfaces at $\sim 10,000$K. Here we aim at studying the Gaia bifurcation as the natural consequence of C dredge-up by convection in cold He-dominated WDs. Relying on accurate atmosphere models, we provide a new set of evolutionary models for He-rich WDs employing different prescriptions for the C enrichment. On the basis of these models, we made a population synthesis study of the Gaia 100pc WD sample to constrain the models that best fit the bifurcation. Our study shows that He-rich WD models with a slight C contamination below the optical detection limit can accurately reproduce the Gaia bifurcation. We refer to these stars as stealth DQ WDs because they do not exhibit detectable C signatures in their optical spectra, but the presence of C in their atmosphere produces a continuum absorption favouring the emission in bluer wavelengths, thereby creating the B branch of the bifurcation. Also, we show that the mass distribution for He-rich WDs obtained when a stealth C contamination is considered is consistent with the mass distribution for H-rich WDs and with the standard evolutionary channels for their formation. We conclude that stealth DQ WDs can account for the lower branch in the Gaia bifurcation. The C signatures of these stars could be detectable in Ultra-Violet spectra.