Degeneracies of parametric lens model families near folds and cusps
We develop an approach to select families of lens models that can describe doubly and triply gravitationally lensed images near folds and cusps using the model-independent ratios of lensing-potential derivatives derived in Wagner & Bartelmann (2015). Models are selected by comparing these model-independent ratios of potential derivatives to (numerically determined) ratios of potential derivatives along critical curves for entire lens model families in a given range of parameter values. This comparison returns parameter ranges which lens model families can reproduce observation within, as well as sections of the critical curve where image sets of the observed type can appear. If the model-independent potential-derivative ratios inferred from the observation fall outside the range of these ratios derived for the lens model family, the entire family can be excluded as a feasible model in the given volume in parameter space. We employ this approach for the family of singular isothermal spheres with external shear to examples of lensing by a galaxy and two galaxy clusters (JVAS B1422+231, SDSS J2222+2745, and MACS J1149.5+2223) and show that the results obtained by our general method are in good agreement with results of previous model fits.