Compressible impurity flow in the TJ-II stellarator
Fully-ionised carbon impurity flow is studied in ion-root, neutral beam heated plasmas by means of Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS) in the TJ-II stellarator. Perpendicular flows are found to be in reasonable agreement with neoclassical calculations of the radial electric field. The parallel flow of the impurity is obtained at two locations of the same flux surface after subtraction of the calculated Pfirsch-Schl\"uter parallel velocity. For the medium density plasmas studied, $\bar{n}_{\rm e}\in(1.2-2.4)\times 10^{19}$ m$^{-3}$, the measured impurity flow is found to be inconsistent with a total incompressible flow, i.e. $\nabla\cdot{\bf u}_z\ne0$, thus contradicting the usual assumption of a constant density on each flux surface. The experimentally observed velocity deviations are compared with the parallel return flow calculated from a modelled impurity density redistribution driven by ion-impurity friction. Although the calculated return flow substantially modifies the incompressible velocity pattern, the modifications do not explain the in-surface variations of impurity parallel mass flow at the precise locations of the CXRS measurements. Small inhomogeneities of the electrostatic potential in a surface are also shown to affect the impurity redistribution but do not provide a better understanding of the measurements.