Near-surface shear layer dynamics
The outer surface layers of the sun show a clear deceleration at low latitudes. This is generally thought to be the result of a strong dominance of vertical turbulent motions associated with strong downdrafts. This strong negative radial shear should not only contribute to amplifying the toroidal field locally and to expelling magnetic helicity, but it may also be responsible for producing a strong prograde pattern speed in the supergranulation layer. Using simulations of rotating stratified convection in cartesian boxes located at low latitudes around the equator it is shown that in the surface layers patterns move in the prograde direction on top of a retrograde mean background flow. These patterns may also be associated with magnetic tracers and even sunspot proper motions that are known to be prograde relative to the much slower surface plasma.