Context: Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement.

Question: What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions?
Answer: gender quotas

Question: Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?
Answer: reverse

Question: What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional?
Answer: Gratz v. Bollinger

Question: In which time period did discrimination policies originate from?
Answer: Reconstruction Era

Question: What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring?
Answer: achievement

Question: What is another example aside from racial quotes of non-affirmative action for collegiate admissions?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Not having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was constitutional?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question:  In which time period did discrimination policies not originate from?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What do critics of affirmative action believe should not be the main factor in hiring?
Answer: Unanswerable