Context: In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work wasn't copied?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Which country doesn't need a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What test might courts require hardware to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it isn't protected or infringing?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What has hardware case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: Unanswerable