Context: Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.

Question: In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?
Answer: have not always been warm

Question: How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?
Answer: as second-class citizens

Question: Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: Saadia Marciano

Question: Where was Saadia Marciano from?
Answer: Moroccan Jew

Question: What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?
Answer: led to protest movements