Context: Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

Question: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?
Answer: outside of Europe

Question: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?
Answer: Alain

Question: What kind of policing has become common practice?
Answer: Intelligence-led

Question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?
Answer: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic

Question: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
Answer: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity

Question: Where has cross-border policing been least under-studied?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Where has cross-border policing been most over-studied?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What kind of policing has become rare practice?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' haven't caused for police?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What paradox did Sheptycki ignore?
Answer: Unanswerable