Context: Much of the study in the madrasah college centred on examining whether certain opinions of law were orthodox. This scholarly process of "determining orthodoxy began with a question which the Muslim layman, called in that capacity mustaftī, presented to a jurisconsult, called mufti, soliciting from him a response, called fatwa, a legal opinion (the religious law of Islam covers civil as well as religious matters). The mufti (professor of legal opinions) took this question, studied it, researched it intensively in the sacred scriptures, in order to find a solution to it. This process of scholarly research was called ijtihād, literally, the exertion of one's efforts to the utmost limit."

Question: What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?
Answer: whether certain opinions of law were orthodox

Question: What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
Answer: fatwa

Question: What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?
Answer: civil as well as religious

Question: What is ijtihad?
Answer: process of scholarly research

Question: What determination of the study of law was never scrutinized?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What is the non-Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What type of matters are covered through non-Islamic law?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What is the opposite of ijtihad?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What isn't the translation of ijtihad?
Answer: Unanswerable