Context: Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.

Question: What do vaccines need to work?
Answer: immune modulation or augmentation

Question: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
Answer: Antibacterial vaccines

Question: What types of vaccines have been phased out?
Answer: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates

Question: What do polysaccharides need to work?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What type of polysaccharides have saved millions of lives?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What types of polysaccharides have been phased out?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Vaccines made from what have been replaced by less protein carriers?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What happens when a host includes polysaccharides?
Answer: Unanswerable