Context: The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

Question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?
Answer: licence to teach

Question: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?
Answer: individual scholar-teacher

Question: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?
Answer: chief official of the university

Question: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?
Answer: licentia docendi

Question:  What did earning the ijazat al-tadris discipline students?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question:  Who awarded a teaching license in non-Islamic schools?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question:  Who rejected a teaching license in European schools?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question:  What type of license is very different from the ijazat al-tadris?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Who was not the chief official of the university?
Answer: Unanswerable