Context: Ramanuja (c. 1037–1137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Viśiṣṭādvaita or qualified non-dualism. Viśiṣṭādvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Viśiṣṭādvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.

Question: What is the philosophy of dualism?
Answer: Viśiṣṭādvaita

Question: Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?
Answer: Ramanuja

Question: When did Ramanuja live?
Answer: c. 1037–1137

Question: For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?
Answer: Supreme Being

Question: What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman
Answer: Vishnu

Question: Who opposed Visistadvaita?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: When was Visistadvaita first proposed?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What did Visistadvaitins and Advaitins agree on?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What was the philosophy of qualified dualism?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Who did Advaitins believe was a personification of Brahman?
Answer: Unanswerable