Context: In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station—World Park Base—in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the "Madrid Protocol") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".

Question: When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?
Answer: 1983

Question: What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?
Answer: Greenpeace International,

Question: When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?
Answer: 1988

Question: Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?
Answer: Australia and France

Question: What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?
Answer: Madrid Protocol

Question: What began in 1938?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What does CARMAR stand for?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What year was the CARMAR adopted?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?
Answer: Unanswerable