Context: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

Question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Answer: economic and demographic

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
Answer: Johan Huizinga

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
Answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

Question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
Answer: France and the Low Countries

Question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Answer: Belgian

Question: What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?
Answer: Unanswerable

Question: What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Answer: Unanswerable