( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT These ) ( NNS decisions ) ) ( VP ( VBP deserve ) ( NP ( NP ( JJR more ) ( NN attention ) ) ( SBAR ( IN than ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN received ) ( PP-CLR ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NNS scholars ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NNS journalists ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB as ) ( RB well ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

These decisions deserve more attention than they have received from scholars and from journalists as well


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Russell ) ( NNP Miller ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NX-TTL ( NP ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP The ) ( NNP True ) ( NNP Story ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP L. ) ( NNP Ron ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN biography ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN founder ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Church ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Scientology ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Russell Miller 's Bare-Faced Messiah The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard is a biography of the founder of the Church of Scientology


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD died ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1986 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD bequeathed ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS copyrights ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NNS writings ) ) ) ) ( PP-DTV ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN church ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD licensed ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP New ) ( NNP Era ) ( NNP Publications ) ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ Danish ) ( NN corporation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Hubbard who died in 1986 bequeathed the copyrights on his writings to his church which licensed them to New Era Publications a Danish corporation


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN In ) ( NP ( CD 1988 ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP New ) ( NNP Era ) ) ( VP ( VBD sought ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ permanent ) ( NN injunction ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB restrain ) ( NP-1 ( NNP Henry ) ( NNP Holt ) ( CC & ) ( NNP Co. ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG publishing ) ( NP-TTL ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN ground ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Miller ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD infringed ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS copyrights ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In 1988 New Era sought a permanent injunction to restrain Henry Holt & Co. from publishing Bare-Faced Messiah on the ground that Mr. Miller 's quotations from Mr. Hubbard infringed the copyrights


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN publisher ) ) ( VP ( VBD argued ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN response ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ fair ) ( NN use ) ( NN statute ) ) ( VP ( VBZ permits ) ( NP ( NP ( NN quotation ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS purposes ) ) ( PP ( JJ such ) ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NN criticism ) ) ( NP ( NN comment ) ) ( NP ( NN news ) ( NN reporting ) ) ( NP ( NN teaching ) ) ( NP ( NN scholarship ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NN research ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The publisher argued in response that the fair use statute permits quotation for purposes such as criticism comment news reporting teaching scholarship or research


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP District ) ( NNP Court ) ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Pierre ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD denied ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN injunction ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN ground ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP New ) ( NNP Era ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN failed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB make ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN claim ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN within ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ reasonable ) ( NN time ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN doctrine ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS lawyers ) ) ( VP ( VBP call ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NN laches ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

District Court Judge Pierre Leval denied the injunction on the ground that New Era had failed to make its claim within a reasonable time the doctrine lawyers call laches


( S ( PP ( IN As ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS merits ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Miller ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN written ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ serious ) ( NN book ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ responsible ) ( JJ historical ) ( NN criticism ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As for the merits Judge Leval said that Mr. Miller had written a serious book of responsible historical criticism


( S-3 ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ Verbatim ) ( NN quotation ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN judge ) ) ( VP ( VBD believed ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN justified ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN in ) ( NN order ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB prove ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNS points ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN author ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN asserted ) ( PP ( IN about ) ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN mendacity ) ) ( NP ( NN bigotry ) ) ( NP ( NN paranoia ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ other ) ( JJ unlovely ) ( NNS traits ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD could ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB persuasively ) ) ( VP ( VBN demonstrated ) ( PP-MNR ( IN without ) ( NP ( NP ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ own ) ( NNS words ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Verbatim quotation the judge believed was justified in order to prove points the author had asserted about Mr. Hubbard mendacity bigotry paranoia and other unlovely traits that could not be persuasively demonstrated without use of Mr. Hubbard 's own words


( S-1 ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT The ) ( NN biographer\/critic ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD wrote ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD should ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN required ) ( ADVP ( RB simply ) ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB express ) ( NP ( NNS conclusions ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN without ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG defending ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN by ) ( NP ( NN example ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The biographer\/critic Judge Leval wrote should not be required simply to express conclusions without defending them by example


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( JJ such ) ( NNS circumstances ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NN free-speech ) ( NNS interests ) ) ( VP ( VBD outweighed ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS interests ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN copyright ) ( NN owner ) ) ) ) ) )

In such circumstances free-speech interests outweighed the interests of the copyright owner


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD felt ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN constrained ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJR earlier ) ( NN decision ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Second ) ( NNP Circuit ) ( NNP Court ) ) ) ( VP ( VBG forbidding ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN biographer ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP J.D. ) ( NNP Salinger ) ) ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB quote ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Salinger ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ personal ) ( NNS letters ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But Judge Leval felt constrained by an earlier decision of the Second Circuit Court forbidding a biographer of J.D. Salinger to quote from Mr. Salinger 's personal letters


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD distinguished ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD two ) ( NNS cases ) ) ) ) ( S-1 ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( NNP Salinger ) ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD noted ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( PP-PRP-PRD ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN purpose ) ) ( PP ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG enlivening ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN biography ) ) ) ) ) ( CONJP ( RB rather ) ( IN than ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG proving ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS points ) ) ( PP ( IN about ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN subject ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He distinguished the two cases In Salinger Judge Leval noted the quotations were for the purpose of enlivening the biography rather than of proving points about the subject


( S ( ADVP ( RB Still ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Salinger ) ( NN decision ) ) ( VP ( VBD created ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ strong ) ( NN presumption ) ) ( PP ( IN against ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ fair ) ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ unpublished ) ( NNS materials ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Still the Salinger decision created a strong presumption against fair use of unpublished materials


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB reluctantly ) ) ( VBD concluded ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ few ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Miller ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ unpublished ) ( NNS writings ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN because ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( RB not ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ necessary ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB prove ) ( NP ( JJ historical ) ( NNS points ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD failed ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ fair-use ) ( NN test ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( ADVP ( RB therefore ) ) ( VP ( VBD infringed ) ( NP ( NN copyright ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judge Leval reluctantly concluded that a few of Mr. Miller 's quotations from Mr. Hubbard 's unpublished writings because they were not necessary to prove historical points failed the fair-use test and therefore infringed copyright


( S-1 ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ proper ) ( NN remedy ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD lay ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN suit ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNS damages ) ) ) ) ) ( RB not ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN injunction ) ) ) ) ) )

But the proper remedy Judge Leval said lay in a suit for damages not in an injunction


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN case ) ) ( VP ( VBD went ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NN appeal ) ) ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Second ) ( NNP Circuit ) ) ) ) )

The case went on appeal to the Second Circuit


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN decision ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP April ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Roger ) ( NNP Miner ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBN joined ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Frank ) ( NNP Altimari ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD agreed ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VP ( VBG denying ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN injunction ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD did ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB doubt ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-TTL-SBJ ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( DT a ) ( JJ serious ) ( NN work ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( VP ( VBD rejected ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Leval ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN argument ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ public ) ( NN interest ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN scholarship ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB outweigh ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN sanctity ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN copyright ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In a decision in April of this year Judge Roger Miner joined by Judge Frank Altimari agreed on denying the injunction and did not doubt that Bare-Faced Messiah was a serious work but rejected Judge Leval 's argument that the public interest in scholarship could outweigh the sanctity of copyright


( S-1 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP We ) ) ( VP ( VBP conclude ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( CD two ) ( NNS judges ) ) ( VP ( VBD wrote ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN laches ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ sole ) ( NN bar ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN issuance ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN injunction ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

We conclude the two judges wrote that laches is the sole bar to the issuance of an injunction


( S-1 ( SBAR-ADV ( SINV ( VBD Had ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT the ) ( NN suit ) ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN filed ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN time ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ) ) ( NP-TTL-SBJ-3 ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN suppressed ) ) ) ) ) )

Had the suit been filed in time they said Bare-Faced Messiah would have been suppressed


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT This ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( RB too ) ( JJ much ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP James ) ( NNP Oakes ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN court ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN chief ) ( NN judge ) ) ) ) ) )

This was too much for James Oakes the court 's chief judge


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ powerful ) ( JJ separate ) ( NN opinion ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Oakes ) ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB further ) ) ( VBD distinguished ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Salinger ) ( NN case ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN by ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG pointing ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBG living ) ( NN person ) ) ( PP ( IN like ) ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Salinger ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( NN privacy ) ( NNS rights ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD did ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB apply ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ dead ) ( NN man ) ) ( PP ( IN like ) ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Hubbard ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In a powerful separate opinion Judge Oakes further distinguished the Salinger case by pointing out that a living person like Mr. Salinger had privacy rights that did not apply to a dead man like Mr. Hubbard


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBD thought ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNP Salinger ) ) ( VP ( MD might ) ( PP-MNR ( IN by ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG being ) ( VP ( VBN taken ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT another ) ( JJ factual ) ( NN context ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN come ) ( ADVP-DIR ( RB back ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB haunt ) ( NP ( PRP us ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

I thought that Salinger might by being taken in another factual context come back to haunt us


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT This ) ( NN case ) ) ( VP ( VBZ realizes ) ( NP ( DT that ) ( NN concern ) ) ) )

This case realizes that concern


( S-1 ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS Decisions ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Second ) ( NNP Circuit ) ) ( NP ( PRP itself ) ) ) ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Oakes ) ) ( VP ( VBD continued ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN recognized ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( JJ public ) ( NN interest ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ subject ) ( NN matter ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN indispensability ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ particular ) ( NNS cases ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ verbatim ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( JJ vital ) ( NNS components ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ fair ) ( NN use ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Decisions by the Second Circuit itself Judge Oakes continued had recognized that public interest in the subject matter and the indispensability in particular cases of verbatim quotations are vital components of fair use


( FRAG ( CC And ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN injunction ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judges ) ( NNP Miner ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Altimari ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB so ) ( RB readily ) ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN granted ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( SINV ( VBD had ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP New ) ( NNP Era ) ) ( VP ( VBN sued ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN time ) ) ) ) ) ) )

And the injunction Judges Miner and Altimari would so readily have granted had New Era sued in time


( S-1 ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NN Suppression ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN book ) ) ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Oakes ) ) ( VP ( VBD observed ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VP ( VB operate ) ( PP-MNR ( IN as ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ prior ) ( NN restraint ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( ADVP ( RB thus ) ) ( VP ( VB involve ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP First ) ( NNP Amendment ) ) ) ) ) )

Suppression of the book Judge Oakes observed would operate as a prior restraint and thus involve the First Amendment


( S ( ADVP ( RB Moreover ) ) ( PRN ( CC and ) ( S ( ADVP-LOC ( RB here ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Oakes ) ) ( VP ( VBD went ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN heart ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN question ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Responsible ) ( NNS biographers ) ( CC and ) ( NNS historians ) ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB constantly ) ) ( VBP use ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ primary ) ( NNS sources ) ) ( NP ( NNS letters ) ) ( NP ( NNS diaries ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNS memoranda ) ) ) ) )

Moreover and here Judge Oakes went to the heart of the question Responsible biographers and historians constantly use primary sources letters diaries and memoranda


( S ( ADVP ( RB Indeed ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ irresponsible ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB ignore ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ such ) ( NNS sources ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN information ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Indeed it would be irresponsible to ignore such sources of information


( S ( ADVP ( RB Now ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNS scholars ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG fulfilling ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NN responsibility ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP do ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB claim ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN right ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB invade ) ( NP ( NP ( DT every ) ( NN collection ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS papers ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ bears ) ( PP-CLR ( IN upon ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NNS topics ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN investigation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Now scholars in fulfilling their responsibility do not claim the right to invade every collection of papers that bears upon their topics of investigation


( S ( CC And ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN course ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP agree ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS people ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB impose ) ( NP ( NNS restrictions ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NNS papers ) ) ( UCP ( IN whether ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( JJ own ) ( NN possession ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( SBAR ( RB as ) ( S ( VP ( VBN donated ) ( CC or ) ( VBN sold ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NNS libraries ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

And of course they agree that people can impose restrictions on the use of their papers whether in their own possession or as donated or sold to libraries


( S ( CC But ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ( NN case ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN author ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( NP ( NP ( JJS most ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN material ) ) ) ) ( PP ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN court ) ( NNS records ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( PP-MNR ( IN via ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NAC ( NNP Freedom ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Information ) ) ) ) ( NNP Act ) ) ) ) ) )

But in the Bare-Faced Messiah case the author found most of his material in court records or via the Freedom of Information Act


( S ( CC And ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ responsible ) ( NNS scholars ) ) ( VP ( VBP gain ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ legitimate ) ( NN access ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ unpublished ) ( NNS materials ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-3 ( NN copyright ) ) ( VP ( MD should ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN permitted ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB deny ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS quotations ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP help ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB establish ) ( NP ( JJ historical ) ( NNS points ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

And when responsible scholars gain legitimate access to unpublished materials copyright should not be permitted to deny them use of quotations that help to establish historical points


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNPS Judges ) ( NNP Oakes ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Leval ) ) ( VP ( VBP understand ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS requirements ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ historical ) ( NN scholarship ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges Oakes and Leval understand the requirements of historical scholarship


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNPS Judges ) ( NNP Miner ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Altimari ) ) ( VP ( VBP do ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB appear ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN clue ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges Miner and Altimari do not appear to have a clue


( S ( ADVP ( RB Yet ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN at ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN moment ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS judges ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG making ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN law ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Yet at the moment they are the judges who are making the law


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN As ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS matters ) ) ( VP ( VBP stand ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NNP Salinger ) ( NN ruling ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VP ( VBN torn ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN context ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB broadly ) ) ( VBN construed ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG controlling ) ) ) )

As matters stand the Salinger ruling torn from context and broadly construed is controlling


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN If ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT an ) ( NN author ) ) ( VP ( VBZ quotes ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( ADVP ( JJR more ) ( IN than ) ) ( JJ minimal ) ) ( NNS amounts ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ unpublished ) ( VBN copyrighted ) ( NNS materials ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Salinger ) ( NN decision ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBZ deserves ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN enjoined ) ) ) ) ) ) )

If an author quotes more than minimal amounts of unpublished copyrighted materials as the Salinger decision had it he deserves to be enjoined


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS courts ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VBN defined ) ( NP ( JJ minimal ) ( NNS amounts ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S-1 ( NP-SBJ ( NNS publishers ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP understand ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP take ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB mean ) ( NP ( QP ( IN about ) ( CD 50 ) ) ( NNS words ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The courts have not defined minimal amounts but publishers I understand take it to mean about 50 words


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNP Bare-Faced ) ( NNP Messiah ) ( NN decision ) ) ( VP ( VBZ strikes ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN blow ) ) ( PP ( IN against ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ whole ) ( JJ historical ) ( NN enterprise ) ) ) ) ) )

The Bare-Faced Messiah decision strikes a blow against the whole historical enterprise


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT A ) ( JJ second ) ( NN decision ) ) ( VP ( VBN handed ) ( PRT ( RP down ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP August ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Court ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNPS Appeals ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Ninth ) ( NNP Circuit ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT another ) ( NN blow ) ) ( PP ( IN against ) ( NP ( NN scholarship ) ) ) ) ) )

A second decision handed down in August by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is another blow against scholarship


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Janet ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ professional ) ( NN writer ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( JJ psychiatric ) ( NNS matters ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD wrote ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN series ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS articles ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP New ) ( NNP Yorker ) ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-TMP ( RB later ) ) ( VBN published ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN book ) ( NN form ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Knopf ) ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN under ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN title ) ) ( PP-TTL ( NNP In ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Freud ) ( NNPS Archives ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Janet Malcolm a professional writer on psychiatric matters wrote a series of articles for the New Yorker later published in book form by Knopf under the title In the Freud Archives


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS articles ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADVP ( RB largely ) ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS interviews ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN taped ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Jeffrey ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN psychoanalyst ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN served ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS projects ) ( NN director ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Freud ) ( NNPS Archives ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The articles were largely based on interviews Ms. Malcolm had taped with Jeffrey Masson a psychoanalyst who had served as projects director of the Freud Archives


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB then ) ) ( VP ( VBD brought ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN libel ) ( NN suit ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN against ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP New ) ( NNP Yorker ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNP Knopf ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Masson then brought a libel suit against Ms. Malcolm the New Yorker and Knopf


( S ( S ( PP ( IN As ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ public ) ( NN figure ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB prove ) ( NP ( NN malice ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NN proof ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN malice ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBD contended ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( JJ defamatory ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ( VP ( VBN ascribed ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( PRP him ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN fact ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN fabricated ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As a public figure Mr. Masson had to prove malice and as proof of malice Mr. Masson contended that defamatory quotations ascribed to him by Ms. Malcolm were in fact fabricated


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NNS quotes ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS tapes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD two ) ( NNS judges ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD decided ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN case ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( PRP$ her ) ( NNS publishers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD conceded ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN purpose ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NN decision ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBP assume ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( DT the ) ( NNS quotations ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB deliberately ) ) ( VP ( VBN altered ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The quotes could not be found on the tapes and the two judges who decided the case for Ms. Malcolm and her publishers conceded that for the purpose of their decision we assume the quotations were deliberately altered


( S ( PP ( IN For ) ( NP ( NP ( DT all ) ( NNS historians ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJS most ) ( NNS journalists ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT this ) ( NN admission ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ sufficient ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB condemn ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ( NNS articles ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

For all historians and most journalists this admission would have been sufficient to condemn the Malcolm articles


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Arthur ) ( NNP Alarcon ) ) ( VP ( VBN joined ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Cynthia ) ( NNP Holcomb ) ( NNP Hall ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD took ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ astonishing ) ( NN position ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB perfectly ) ( JJ OK ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB fabricate ) ( NP ( NNS quotations ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( RB so ) ( RB long ) ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NN judge ) ) ( VP ( VBZ finds ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNS fabrications ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBP do ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB alter ) ( NP ( JJ substantive ) ( NN content ) ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( JJ rational ) ( NNS interpretations ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ ambiguous ) ( NNS remarks ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But Judge Arthur Alarcon joined by Judge Cynthia Holcomb Hall took the astonishing position that it is perfectly OK to fabricate quotations so long as a judge finds that the fabrications do not alter substantive content or are rational interpretations of ambiguous remarks


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ eloquent ) ( NN dissent ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Alex ) ( NNP Kozinski ) ) ( VP ( VBD observed ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( DT a ) ( NN writer ) ) ( VP ( VBZ uses ) ( NP ( NN quotation ) ( NNS marks ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG reporting ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP what ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN someone ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN said ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN reader ) ) ( VP ( VBZ assumes ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT these ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN speaker ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ precise ) ( NNS words ) ) ( CC or ) ( ADVP ( IN at ) ( JJS least ) ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NNS words ) ) ( VP ( VBN purged ) ( PP-CLR ( IN of ) ( UCP ( INTJ ( UH uh ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP you ) ) ( VP ( VBP know ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ grammatical ) ( NN error ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In his eloquent dissent Judge Alex Kozinski observed that when a writer uses quotation marks in reporting what someone has said the reader assumes that these are the speaker 's precise words or at least his words purged of uh and you know and grammatical error


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN While ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS judges ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN obligation ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN under ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP First ) ( NNP Amendment ) ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB safeguard ) ( NP ( NP ( NN freedom ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN press ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN right ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB deliberately ) ) ( VP ( VB alter ) ( NP ( NNS quotations ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( RB not ) ( PRN ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( PRP$ my ) ( NN view ) ) ) ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN concomitant ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ free ) ( NN press ) ) ) ) ) )

While judges have an obligation under the First Amendment to safeguard freedom of the press the right to deliberately alter quotations is not in my view a concomitant of a free press


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NN example ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD wrote ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBD described ) ( NP ( PRP himself ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS greatest ) ( NN analyst ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB ever ) ) ( VP ( VBD lived ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Ms. Malcolm for example wrote that Mr. Masson described himself as the greatest analyst who ever lived


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT No ) ( JJ such ) ( NN statement ) ) ( VP ( VBZ appears ) ( PP-LOC ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS tapes ) ) ) ) )

No such statement appears on the tapes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN majority ) ) ( VP ( VBD cited ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN remark ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBZ 's ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( PRP me ) ) ( ADVP ( RB alone ) ) ( PP-PRD ( IN against ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN rest ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ analytic ) ( NN world ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NN warrant ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ( NN fabrication ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The majority cited Mr. Masson 's remark It 's me alone against the rest of the analytic world as warrant for the Malcolm fabrication


( S ( CC But ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Kozinski ) ) ( VP ( VBD noted ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN context ) ) ( VP ( VBZ shows ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ( POS 's ) ) ( PRP me ) ( JJ alone ) ( NN remark ) ) ( VP ( VBD referred ) ( PP-CLR ( RB not ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ alleged ) ( NN pre-eminence ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN profession ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN fact ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN position ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ particular ) ( NN issue ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VBN shared ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NN anyone ) ( RB else ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But as Judge Kozinski noted the context shows that Mr. Masson 's me alone remark referred not to his alleged pre-eminence in his profession but to the fact that his position on a particular issue was not shared by anyone else


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBG describing ) ( NP ( PRP himself ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ intellectual ) ( NN gigolo ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Ms. Malcolm had Mr. Masson describing himself as an intellectual gigolo


( S ( ADVP ( RB Again ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT no ) ( JJ such ) ( NN statement ) ) ( VP ( VBZ appears ) ( PP-LOC ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS tapes ) ) ) ) )

Again no such statement appears on the tapes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN majority ) ( NN decision ) ) ( VP ( VBD contended ) ( SBAR ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN phrase ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ rational ) ( NN interpretation ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN description ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP himself ) ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ private ) ( NN asset ) ) ( CC but ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ public ) ( NN liability ) ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NNP Anna ) ( NNP Freud ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT any ) ( NN case ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( RB not ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ defamatory ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The majority decision contended that the phrase was a rational interpretation of Mr. Masson 's description of himself as a private asset but a public liability to Anna Freud and that in any case it was not defamatory


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Kozinski ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD found ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN derivation ) ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB entirely ) ) ( VBN strained ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBZ writes ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( SBAR-SBJ ( IN for ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT an ) ( JJ academic ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB refer ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( PRP himself ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ intellectual ) ( NN gigolo ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ devastating ) ( NN admission ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ professional ) ( NN dishonesty ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judge Kozinski found the derivation entirely strained and writes that for an academic to refer to himself as an intellectual gigolo is a devastating admission of professional dishonesty


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT These ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( QP ( RB only ) ( CD two ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN series ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS fabrications ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD had ) ( PRN ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Kozinski ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS words ) ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ cumulative ) ( NN effect ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG making ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VB appear ) ( UCP-PRD ( ADJP ( RBR more ) ( JJ arrogant ) ) ( ADJP ( RBR less ) ( JJ sensitive ) ) ( ADJP ( JJR shallower ) ) ( ADJP ( RBR more ) ( JJ self-aggrandizing ) ) ( CC and ) ( PP ( PP ( ADVP ( RBR less ) ) ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN touch ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NN reality ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN than ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBZ appears ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ own ) ( NNS statements ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

These were only two of a series of fabrications that had in Judge Kozinski 's words the cumulative effect of making Mr. Masson appear more arrogant less sensitive shallower more self-aggrandizing and less in touch with reality than he appears from his own statements


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN As ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Robert ) ( NNP Coles ) ) ( VP ( VBD wrote ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN review ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Ms. ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN book ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBZ emerges ) ( PP-MNR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ grandiose ) ( NN egotist ) ) ( CC and ) ( PRN ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN end ) ) ) ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ self-destructive ) ( NN fool ) ) ) ) ) )

As Robert Coles wrote in a review of Ms. Malcolm 's book Mr. Masson emerges as a grandiose egotist and in the end a self-destructive fool


( S ( S-CLF ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( RB not ) ( NP-PRD ( NNP Janet ) ( NNP Malcolm ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ calls ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP him ) ) ( NP-PRD ( JJ such ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ own ) ( NNS words ) ) ( VP ( VBP reveal ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( JJ psychological ) ( NN profile ) ) ) ) )

But it is not Janet Malcolm who calls him such his own words reveal this psychological profile


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP We ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( VP ( VBP know ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNS words ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( RB not ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB always ) ) ( NP-PRD ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ own ) ) ) ) ) ) )

We now know that the words were not always his own


( S ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( EX There ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( CD one ) ( JJ sacred ) ( NN rule ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN journalism ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP John ) ( NNP Hersey ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN said ) ) ) )

There is one sacred rule of journalism John Hersey has said


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN writer ) ) ( VP ( MD must ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB invent ) ) ) )

The writer must not invent


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( SINV ( MD Should ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ green ) ( NN light ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNPS Judges ) ( NNP Alarcon ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Hall ) ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN given ) ( PP-DTV ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN fabrication ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS quotations ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VB become ) ( NP-PRD ( JJ standard ) ( NN practice ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB notably ) ) ( VB reduce ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN value ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN journalism ) ) ) ( PP ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNS historians ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNS citizens ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Should the green light Judges Alarcon and Hall have given to the fabrication of quotations become standard practice it will notably reduce the value of journalism for historians and for citizens


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN As ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Judge ) ( NNP Kozinski ) ) ( VP ( VBD put ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ) ) ) ( S-SBJ ( VP ( TO To ) ( VP ( VB invoke ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN right ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB deliberately ) ) ( VB distort ) ( SBAR-NOM ( WHNP-1 ( WP what ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NN someone ) ) ( ADJP ( RB else ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN said ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( S-PRD ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB assert ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN right ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB lie ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN print ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As Judge Kozinski put it To invoke the right to deliberately distort what someone else has said is to assert the right to lie in print


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Masson ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN lost ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN case ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS defendants ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN profession ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-1 ( TO to ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP belong ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN lost ) ( NP ( ADJP ( RB far ) ( RBR more ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Masson has lost his case but the defendants and the profession to which they belong have lost far more


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( JJ historical ) ( NN profession ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB survive ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS decisions ) ) ) ) )

The historical profession will survive these decisions


( S ( ADVP ( RB Perhaps ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN time ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Supreme ) ( NNP Court ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB correct ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ) ) )

Perhaps in time the Supreme Court will correct them


( S ( CC But ) ( S-NOM-SBJ ( VP ( VBG writing ) ( NP ( NN history ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ tough ) ( RB enough ) ) ( PP ( IN without ) ( S-NOM ( NP-SBJ ( NNS judges ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB gratuitously ) ) ( VBG throwing ) ( NP ( NNS obstacles ) ) ( PP-DIR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN scholar ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN path ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But writing history is tough enough without judges gratuitously throwing obstacles in the scholar 's path


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Schlesinger ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NP ( NNP Albert ) ( NNP Schweitzer ) ( NN professor ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS humanities ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP City ) ( NNP University ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP New ) ( NNP York ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN winner ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Pulitzer ) ( NNPS Prizes ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN history ) ( CC and ) ( NN biography ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Schlesinger is Albert Schweitzer professor of the humanities at the City University of New York and a winner of Pulitzer Prizes in history and biography


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Computer ) ( NNPS Sciences ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD received ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP U.S. ) ( NNP Postal ) ( NNP Service ) ( NN contract ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN value ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( QP ( IN at ) ( JJS least ) ( CD 33 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Computer Sciences Corp. said it received a U.S. Postal Service contract that will have a value of at least 33 million


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Computer ) ( NNPS Sciences ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB perform ) ( NP ( NNS data ) ( VBG processing ) ( NN work ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Postal ) ( NNP Service ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN under ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ three-year ) ( NN contract ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBZ includes ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ( JJ additional ) ( NN option ) ( NNS years ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-3 ( IN for ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NN compensation ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( RB n't ) ( ADVP ( RB yet ) ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN fixed ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Computer Sciences will perform data processing work for the Postal Service under the three-year contract which also includes two additional option years for which compensation has n't yet been fixed


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Computer ) ( NNPS Sciences ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ its ) ( NN work ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB improve ) ( NP ( JJ mail-processing ) ( NN efficiency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Computer Sciences said its work will improve mail-processing efficiency


( S ( PP ( IN For ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ fiscal ) ( NN year ) ) ( VP ( VBD ended ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP March ) ( CD 31 ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Computer ) ( NNPS Sciences ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( NN revenue ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( QP ( CD 1.3 ) ( CD billion ) ) ) ) ) ) )

For its fiscal year ended March 31 Computer Sciences had revenue of 1.3 billion


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP read ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS exerpts ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Wayne ) ( NNP Angell ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN exchange ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Gosbank ) ( NN representative ) ) ) ( PRN ( S-TTL ( VP ( VB Put ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Soviet ) ( NNP Economy ) ) ( PP-PUT ( IN on ) ( NP ( NNP Golden ) ( NNPS Rails ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-LOC ( NN editorial ) ( NN page ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Oct. ) ( CD 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ great ) ( NN interest ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN since ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ gold ) ( NN standard ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ my ) ( NNS areas ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN research ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

I read the exerpts of Wayne Angell 's exchange with a Gosbank representative Put the Soviet Economy on Golden Rails editorial page Oct. 5 with great interest since the gold standard is one of my areas of research


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Angell ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ incorrect ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBZ states ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Soviet ) ( NNP Union ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ large ) ( NN gold ) ( NNS reserves ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB give ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ( NP ( JJ great ) ( NN power ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB establish ) ( NP ( NN credibility ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Angell is incorrect when he states that the Soviet Union 's large gold reserves would give it great power to establish credibility


( S ( S ( PP-TMP ( IN During ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ latter ) ( NN part ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ 19th ) ( NN century ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Russia ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD was ) ( PP-PRD ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ gold ) ( NN standard ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ gold ) ( NNS reserves ) ) ( VP ( VBG representing ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( RBR more ) ( IN than ) ( CD 100 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ outstanding ) ( NN currency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT no ) ( CD one ) ) ( PP-LOC ( NN outside ) ( NP ( NNP Russia ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD used ) ( NP ( NNS rubles ) ) ) ) )

During the latter part of the 19th century Russia was on a gold standard and had gold reserves representing more than 100 % of its outstanding currency but no one outside Russia used rubles


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP England ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ other ) ( NN hand ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ gold ) ( NNS reserves ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD averaged ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( IN about ) ( CD 30 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ outstanding ) ( NN currency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP England ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBN accepted ) ( PP-LOC ( IN throughout ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN world ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The Bank of England on the other hand had gold reserves that averaged about 30 % of its outstanding currency and Bank of England notes were accepted throughout the world


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( ADJP ( RBS most ) ( JJ likely ) ) ( NN reason ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN disparity ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( SBAR-PRD ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP England ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ private ) ( NN bank ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ substantial ) ( VBG earning ) ( NNS assets ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN common-law ) ( NNS rights ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS creditors ) ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB collect ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS claims ) ) ( PP ( IN against ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN bank ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB well ) ( VBN established ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Britain ) ) ) ) ) )

The most likely reason for this disparity is that the Bank of England was a private bank with substantial earning assets and the common-law rights of creditors to collect claims against the bank were well established in Britain


( S ( PP ( IN By ) ( NP ( NN contrast ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ 19th-century ) ( NNP Russia ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT an ) ( JJ authoritarian ) ( NN government ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD owned ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN bank ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN power ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB revoke ) ( NP ( NN payment ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB whenever ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD chose ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( ADVP ( RB much ) ) ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN today ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Soviet ) ( NNP Union ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

By contrast in 19th-century Russia an authoritarian government owned the bank and had the power to revoke payment whenever it chose much as it would in today 's Soviet Union


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN success ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP British ) ( NN gold ) ( NN standard ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ due ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( JJ independent ) ( JJ private ) ( NN banking ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ common ) ( NN law ) ) ) ( PP ( RB rather ) ( IN than ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN choice ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN gold ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG valuing ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN currency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The success of the British gold standard was due to independent private banking and common law rather than the choice of gold for valuing the currency


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP It ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( DT no ) ( NN coincidence ) ) ( SBAR-1 ( IN that ) ( S ( PP-TMP ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( CD 1844 ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( CD 1914 ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-3 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP England ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( DT an ) ( JJ independent ) ( JJ private ) ( NN bank ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-4 ( DT the ) ( NN pound ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB never ) ) ( VP ( VBN devalued ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-5 ( NP ( NN payment ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN gold ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NN pound ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB never ) ) ( VP ( VBN suspended ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ subsequent ) ( NN nationalization ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP England ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT the ) ( NN pound ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN devalued ) ( PP-TMP ( IN with ) ( NP ( VBG increasing ) ( NN frequency ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ international ) ( NN medium ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN exchange ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD declined ) ) ) ) )

It is no coincidence that from 1844 to 1914 when the Bank of England was an independent private bank the pound was never devalued and payment of gold for pound notes was never suspended but with the subsequent nationalization of the Bank of England the pound was devalued with increasing frequency and its use as an international medium of exchange declined


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNP Soviet ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( MD should ) ( VP ( VB keep ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS lessons ) ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN mind ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ seeks ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB establish ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN ruble ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ international ) ( NN currency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The Soviet Union should keep these lessons in mind as it seeks to establish the ruble as an international currency


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( CD One ) ( NN way ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB make ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN ruble ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ major ) ( JJ international ) ( NN currency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( S-PRD ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB leave ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNS reserves ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN gold ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( VBG earning ) ( NNS assets ) ) ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Swiss ) ( NN bank ) ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS distributions ) ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NNP Swiss ) ( NNS laws ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

One way to make the ruble into a major international currency would be to leave reserves of gold and earning assets in a Swiss bank with distributions based on Swiss laws


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN Unless ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS laws ) ) ( VP ( VBG determining ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN noteholder ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS rights ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN payment ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ independent ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN issuer ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT those ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB however ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( JJ gold-based ) ( NN ruble ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( ADJP ( RB as ) ( JJ unsuccessful ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNPS Soviets ) ) ) ( SBAR-1 ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS czars ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Unless the laws determining the noteholder 's rights to payment are independent of the issuer of those notes however a gold-based ruble would be as unsuccessful for the Soviets as it was for the czars


( NP ( NNP Christopher ) ( NNP R. ) ( NNP Petruzzi ) )

Christopher R. Petruzzi


( NP ( NP ( NNP Professor ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Taxation ) ) ) )

Professor of Taxation


( NP ( NNP California ) ( NNP State ) ( NNP University ) )

California State University


( NP-LOC ( NP ( NNP Fullerton ) ) ( NP ( NNP Calif ) ) )

Fullerton Calif


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNP Hale ) ( NNP Milgrim ) ) ( ADJP ( NP ( CD 41 ) ( NNS years ) ) ( JJ old ) ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ senior ) ( NN vice ) ( NN president ) ) ( NP ( NN marketing ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NNP Elecktra ) ( NNP Entertainment ) ( NNP Inc. ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN named ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NN president ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Capitol ) ( NNPS Records ) ( NNP Inc. ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN unit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN entertainment ) ( NN concern ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Hale Milgrim 41 years old senior vice president marketing at Elecktra Entertainment Inc. was named president of Capitol Records Inc. a unit of this entertainment concern


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Milgrim ) ) ( VP ( VBZ succeeds ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP David ) ( NNP Berman ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD resigned ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NN month ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Milgrim succeeds David Berman who resigned last month


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Robert ) ( NNP H. ) ( NNP Knight ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Oct. ) ( CD 5 ) ( NN editorial-page ) ( NN article ) ) ( VP ( VBG bemoaning ) ( NP ( NP ( NN violence ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN comedy ) ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PRN ( S-TTL ( NP-VOC ( NNP Hollywood ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP You ) ) ( VP ( VBP Slay ) ( NP ( PRP Me ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( ADJP ( JJ interesting ) ) ( CC but ) ( ADJP ( RB somewhat ) ( JJ off-base ) ) ) ) )

Robert H. Knight 's Oct. 5 editorial-page article bemoaning violence in comedy movies Hollywood You Slay Me is interesting but somewhat off-base


( S ( PP ( IN As ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN fan ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJR older ) ( NNS movies ) ) ( PP ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 1920s ) ) ) ( ADVP ( IN on ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP do ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB find ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ modern ) ( NNS comedies ) ) ( VP ( VBP contain ) ( NP ( NP ( NN violence ) ) ( NP ( NN sex ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ foul ) ( NN language ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT any ) ( JJR greater ) ( NN degree ) ) ( PP ( IN than ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( JJ recent ) ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As a fan of older movies from the 1920s on I do not find modern comedies contain violence sex and foul language to any greater degree than other recent movies


( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJR Older ) ( NNS movies ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( NP ( NP ( NN plenty ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN violence ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN though ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN portrayed ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( VBG keeping ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RBR more ) ( JJ restrictive ) ) ( JJ social ) ( NNS conventions ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN time ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Older movies have plenty of violence though it is portrayed in keeping with the more restrictive social conventions of the time


( S ( PP ( IN For ) ( NP ( NN example ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ my ) ( JJ favorite ) ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 1949 ) ( JJ British ) ( NN comedy ) ( NX-TTL ( NNP Kind ) ( NNPS Hearts ) ( CC and ) ( NNPS Coronets ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-2 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( JJ entire ) ( NN comedy ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( S-NOM ( NP-SBJ ( NN actor ) ( NNP Dennis ) ( NNP Price ) ( POS 's ) ) ( VP ( VBG murdering ) ( NP ( NP ( CD eight ) ( VBN titled ) ( NNS relatives ) ) ( PRN ( VP ( ADVP ( DT all ) ) ( VBN played ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Alec ) ( NNP Guinness ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN because ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD snubbed ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN mother ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBP stand ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN way ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ his ) ) ( VP ( VBG acquiring ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN family ) ( NN title ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

For example one of my favorite movies is the 1949 British comedy Kind Hearts and Coronets in which the entire comedy is based on actor Dennis Price 's murdering eight titled relatives all played by Alec Guinness because they snubbed his mother and stand in the way of his acquiring the family title


( S ( ADVP ( RB Similarly ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RBS most ) ( JJ popular ) ) ( NN comedy ) ( NNS genres ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 1930s ) ( CC and ) ( CD '40s ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( DT the ) ( NN murder ) ( NN mystery\/comedy ) ) ) )

Similarly one of the most popular comedy genres of the 1930s and '40s was the murder mystery\/comedy


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( DT The ) ( NNP Thin ) ( NNP Man ) ( NN series ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ( CONJP ( RB as ) ( RB well ) ( IN as ) ) ( NP ( JJ many ) ( NNS others ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( JJ entire ) ( JJ comedic ) ( NN appeal ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN star ) ( NNS detectives ) ( POS ' ) ) ( JJ witty ) ( NNS quips ) ( CC and ) ( NNS puns ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS characters ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBN murdered ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The Thin Man series of movies as well as many others based their entire comedic appeal on the star detectives ' witty quips and puns as other characters in the movies were murdered


( S ( ADVP ( RB Further ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP think ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Knight ) ) ( VP ( VBD made ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ poor ) ( NN choice ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG picking ) ( NP-TTL ( NP ( DT A ) ( NN Fish ) ) ( VP ( VBN Called ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NNP Wanda ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN example ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ deplorable ) ( NN state ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ modern ) ( NN comedy ) ( NNS movies ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Further I think Mr. Knight made a poor choice in picking A Fish Called Wanda as an example of the deplorable state of modern comedy movies


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( JJ specific ) ( NN scene ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBZ mentions ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-4 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ pet ) ( NNS dogs ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN crushed ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB somewhat ) ( JJ reminiscent ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ continual ) ( NNS plights ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP befall ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN coyote ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ old ) ( NNP Warner ) ( NNP Bros ) ( NNP Road ) ( NNP Runner ) ( NNS cartoons ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The specific scene he mentions in which pet dogs are crushed is somewhat reminiscent of the continual plights that befall the coyote in the old Warner Bros Road Runner cartoons


( S ( NP-SBJ ( EX There ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT no ) ( JJ slow-motion ) ( NN close-up ) ( JJ blood-and-guts ) ( NN portrayal ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN animal ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN demise ) ) ) ) ) )

There is no slow-motion close-up blood-and-guts portrayal of the animal 's demise


( S ( VP ( VB Keep ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN mind ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT this ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( NN movie ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-2 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT a ) ( NN character ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN flattened ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( DT a ) ( NN steamroller ) ) ) ( S ( ADVP ( RB only ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VP ( VB pop ) ( ADVP-CLR ( JJ right ) ( NN back ) ( IN up ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VB peer ) ( PP-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN window ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Boeing ) ( CD 747 ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN outside ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ takes ) ( PRT ( IN off ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Keep in mind that this is the same movie in which a character is flattened by a steamroller only to pop right back up and peer in the window of a Boeing 747 from the outside as it takes off


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB agree ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( EX there ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( JJ much ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( S ( ADJP-PRD ( RB wrong ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ modern ) ( NN movie ) ( NN making ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

I will be the first to agree that there is much to be found wrong with modern movie making


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ Many ) ( JJ modern ) ( NNS scriptwriters ) ) ( VP ( VBP seem ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ incapable ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG writing ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NN drama ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NN anything ) ( RB else ) ) ) ( PP ( IN without ) ( NP ( JJ foul-mouthed ) ( NN cursing ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Many modern scriptwriters seem to be incapable of writing drama or anything else without foul-mouthed cursing


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN Sex ) ( CC and ) ( NN violence ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB routinely ) ) ( VBN included ) ( SBAR ( WHADVP-1 ( RB even ) ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ irrelevant ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN script ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ high-tech ) ( JJ special ) ( NNS effects ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADVP ( RB continually ) ) ( VP ( VBN substituted ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ good ) ( NN plot ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NN character ) ( NN development ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Sex and violence are routinely included even when they are irrelevant to the script and high-tech special effects are continually substituted for good plot and character development


( S ( PP ( IN In ) ( ADJP ( JJ short ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN movie ) ( CC and ) ( NN television ) ( NN industry ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-14 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( DT either ) ( JJ incapable ) ( CC or ) ( JJ petrified ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG making ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN movie ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN unless ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ carries ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN PG-13 ) ( CC or ) ( NN R ) ( NN rating ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In short we have a movie and television industry that is either incapable or petrified of making a movie unless it carries a PG-13 or R rating


( S ( ADVP ( RB Hence ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( JJ copious ) ( NNS amounts ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ gratuitous ) ( NN sex ) ) ( NP ( NN violence ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NN gutter ) ( NN language ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN included ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN crutch ) ) ) ) ) )

Hence copious amounts of gratuitous sex violence and gutter language are included as a crutch


( S ( ADVP ( RB However ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT these ) ( NNS faults ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( RB not ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ exclusive ) ( NN property ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ modern ) ( NNS comedies ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP believe ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Knight ) ) ( VP ( VBZ errs ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBZ attempts ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB link ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( JJ modern ) ( NN phenomenon ) ) ( ADVP ( RB too ) ( RB closely ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ single ) ( NN category ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN movie ) ( NN making ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

However these faults are not the exclusive property of modern comedies and I believe Mr. Knight errs when he attempts to link this modern phenomenon too closely to a single category of movie making


Michael Smith


( S ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNP Westinghouse ) ( NNP Electric ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG capitalizing ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ major ) ( VBG restructuring ) ( NN program ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ expects ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( VBG operating ) ( NNS margins ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( QP ( RBR more ) ( IN than ) ( CD 10 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ double-digit ) ( JJ per-share ) ( NNS earnings ) ( NN growth ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( IN next ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NN top ) ( NNS officers ) ) ( VP ( VBD told ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS securities ) ( NNS analysts ) ) ( ADVP-LOC ( RB here ) ) ) ) )

Westinghouse Electric Corp. capitalizing on a major restructuring program expects operating margins of more than 10 % and double-digit per-share earnings growth next year top officers told securities analysts here


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP John ) ( NNP C. ) ( NNP Marous ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN chairman ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NN chief ) ( NN executive ) ( NN officer ) ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBZ expects ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS sales ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( VBG continuing ) ( NNS businesses ) ) ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB rise ) ( NP-EXT ( CD 8.5 ) ( NN % ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB annually ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN through ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ next ) ( CD three ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

John C. Marous chairman and chief executive officer also said the company expects sales from continuing businesses to rise 8.5 % annually through the next three years


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN In ) ( NP ( CD 1988 ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBN earned ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 822.8 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 5.66 ) ) ( NP-ADV ( DT a ) ( NN share ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS sales ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( QP ( CD 12.49 ) ( CD billion ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In 1988 the company earned 822.8 million or 5.66 a share on sales of 12.49 billion


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN Since ) ( NP ( CD 1983 ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN shed ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 70 ) ( NNS businesses ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( IN that ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD did ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VB expect ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB produce ) ( NP ( ADJP ( CD 10 ) ( NN % ) ) ( VBG operating ) ( NNS margins ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN while ) ( S ( VP ( VBG acquiring ) ( NP ( CD 55 ) ( NNS businesses ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Since 1983 Westinghouse has shed 70 businesses that it did n't expect to produce 10 % operating margins while acquiring 55 businesses


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN In ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ past ) ( CD 20 ) ( NNS months ) ) ( ADVP ( RB alone ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Paul ) ( NNP E. ) ( NNP Lego ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN president ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NN chief ) ( VBG operating ) ( NN officer ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN divestiture ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 300 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN slow-growth ) ( JJ low-profit ) ( NNS businesses ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( ADVP ( RBR more ) ( IN than ) ) ( VP ( VBN offset ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( QP ( CD 600 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ profitable ) ( NNS acquisitions ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In the past 20 months alone Paul E. Lego president and chief operating officer said the divestiture of 300 million of slow-growth low-profit businesses has been more than offset by 600 million in profitable acquisitions


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( VP ( VBZ expects ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB meet ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ corporate ) ( NNS goals ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN despite ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN softening ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN economy ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Westinghouse expects to meet its corporate goals despite a softening in the economy


( S ( S-TPC-1 ( SBAR-ADV ( RB Even ) ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ gross ) ( JJ national ) ( NN product ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( UCP-PRD ( RB either ) ( ADJP ( JJ flat ) ) ( CC or ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN growth ) ( NN range ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( QP ( CD 2 ) ( NN % ) ( TO to ) ( CD 2.5 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB handle ) ( NP ( DT that ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Marous ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) )

Even if the gross national product is either flat or in the growth range of 2 % to 2.5 % we can handle that Mr. Marous said


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP GNP ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ total ) ( NN value ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN nation ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN output ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS goods ) ( CC and ) ( NNS services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

GNP is the total value of the nation 's output of goods and services


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT A ) ( JJ bright ) ( NN spot ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN power-generation ) ( NN business ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG experiencing ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN surge ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ( NN time ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A bright spot is the company 's power-generation business which is experiencing a surge of growth for the first time in years


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Marous ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN business ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB achieve ) ( NP ( NP ( JJR higher ) ( NNS sales ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( DT this ) ( NN year ) ) ( PP-1 ( IN than ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN target ) ( NN goal ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 8.5 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Marous said the business will achieve higher sales this year than the company 's target goal of 8.5 %


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN While ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ nuclear ) ( NN power ) ( NN plant ) ( NN order ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP U.S. ) ( NN utility ) ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( IN about ) ( DT a ) ( NN decade ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ excess ) ( NN capacity ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG beginning ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB shrink ) ) ) ) ) ) )

While Westinghouse has n't had a nuclear power plant order from a U.S. utility in about a decade excess capacity is beginning to shrink


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Lego ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBZ foresees ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN need ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ major ) ( NN boost ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN new-generation ) ( NN capability ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN throughout ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 1990s ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Lego said the company foresees the need for a major boost in new-generation capability throughout the 1990s


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB well ) ( VBN positioned ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB sell ) ( NP ( NN steam ) ( NN turbine ) ( CC and ) ( NN gas ) ( NN turbine ) ( NNS plants ) ) ( PP-DTV ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ independent ) ( NN power ) ( NNS producers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Westinghouse also is well positioned to sell steam turbine and gas turbine plants to independent power producers


( S ( S-TPC-2 ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN company ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN ability ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB respond ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN energy ) ( NNS needs ) ) ) ( ADVP-LOC ( JJ world-wide ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN enhanced ) ( PP-MNR ( IN through ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( RB recently ) ( VBN announced ) ) ( NN venture ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NNP Mitsubishi ) ( NNP Heavy ) ( NNPS Industries ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Lego ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) )

The company 's ability to respond to energy needs world-wide will be enhanced through a recently announced venture with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mr. Lego said


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( JJ independent ) ( NN power ) ( NN segment ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB grow ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB provide ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( RB as ) ( RB much ) ( IN as ) ( CD 50 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ near-term ) ( NN generation ) ( NN capacity ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG adding ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( PRP We ) ) ( VP ( VBP expect ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB supply ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ significant ) ( NN share ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN market ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He said the independent power segment could grow to provide as much as 50 % of near-term generation capacity adding We expect to supply a significant share of this market


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBZ expects ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ international ) ( NNS sales ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB soon ) ) ( VP ( VB grow ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 25 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ total ) ( JJ corporate ) ( NNS sales ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-DIR ( IN from ) ( NP ( CD 20 ) ( NN % ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Westinghouse also expects its international sales to soon grow to 25 % of total corporate sales from 20 % last year


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT The ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG negotiating ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNPS Soviets ) ) ) ( S-PRP-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB build ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Thermo ) ( NNP King ) ( NN truck-refrigeration ) ( NN plant ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB produce ) ( NP ( QP ( IN about ) ( CD 10,000 ) ) ( NNS units ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB annually ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The company is negotiating with the Soviets to build a Thermo King truck-refrigeration plant that would produce about 10,000 units annually


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Marous ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Westinghouse ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB own ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 70 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN facility ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Marous said Westinghouse would own 70 % of the facility


( S ( S-TPC-3 ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN deal ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB involve ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ initial ) ( ADJP ( QP ( CD 20 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( NN investment ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN struck ) ( PP-MNR ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN handshake ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD added ) ) )

The deal which will involve an initial 20 million investment was struck with a handshake he added


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN Company ) ( NNS officials ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT any ) ( NN gain ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN sale ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Westinghouse ) ( POS 's ) ) ( ADJP ( CD 55 ) ( NN % ) ) ( NN stake ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN transmission ) ( CC and ) ( NN distribution ) ( NN venture ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Swiss ) ( NN firm ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Asea ) ( NNP Brown ) ( NNP Boveri ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN offset ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( DT a ) ( VBG restructuring ) ( NN charge ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ fourth ) ( NN quarter ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Company officials also said that any gain from the sale of Westinghouse 's 55 % stake in its transmission and distribution venture with the Swiss firm of Asea Brown Boveri will be offset by a restructuring charge in the fourth quarter


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS executives ) ) ( VP ( VBD did ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VB disclose ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN size ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN expected ) ( NN gain ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The executives did n't disclose the size of the expected gain


( S-1 ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NN Capital ) ( NN expenditure ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1990 ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB rise ) ( ADVP-EXT ( RB slightly ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Marous ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ) ) ( PP-DIR ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( QP ( VBN estimated ) ( CD 470 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( DT this ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ) )

Capital expenditure in 1990 will rise slightly Mr. Marous said from an estimated 470 million this year


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP International ) ( NNP Business ) ( NNPS Machines ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( VP ( VBD made ) ( NP ( NN news ) ) ( NP-TMP ( DT this ) ( NN summer ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD landed ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ unusual ) ( NN contract ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB manage ) ( NP ( NP ( DT all ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Eastman ) ( NNP Kodak ) ( NNP Co. ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ data-processing ) ( NNS needs ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

International Business Machines Corp. made news this summer when it landed an unusual contract to manage all of Eastman Kodak Co. 's data-processing needs


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NN computer ) ( NN giant ) ) ( VP ( VBZ appears ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN lost ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ second ) ( NN key ) ( NN contract ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NNP Kodak ) ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ archrival ) ( NNP Digital ) ( NNP Equipment ) ( NNP Corp ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But the computer giant appears to have lost a second key contract with Kodak to archrival Digital Equipment Corp


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Kodak ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NN yesterday ) ) ( VP ( VBD confirmed ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN entered ) ( NP ( NNS negotiations ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP-1 ( ADJP ( NNP Maynard ) ( JJ Mass.-based ) ) ( NNP Digital ) ) ) ( S-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB manage ) ( NP ( NP ( DT all ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN voice ) ( CC and ) ( NNS data ) ( NNS communications ) ( NNS needs ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Kodak yesterday confirmed that it has entered negotiations with Maynard Mass.-based Digital to manage all of its voice and data communications needs


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Kodak ) ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Rochester ) ) ( NP ( NNP N.Y. ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP IBM ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN bid ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN business ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Kodak based in Rochester N.Y. said IBM also had bid for the business


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP IBM ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Armonk ) ) ( NP ( NNP N.Y ) ) ) ) ) ) )

IBM is based in Armonk N.Y


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN loss ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN setback ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP IBM ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD pointed ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Kodak ) ( NN contract ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN example ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN success ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNS systems ) ( NN integration ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The loss is a setback to IBM which pointed to the Kodak contract as an example of its success in systems integration


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT That ) ) ( VP ( VBZ 's ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT an ) ( VBG emerging ) ( NN business ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-1 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NN computer ) ( NNS makers ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NNS consultants ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP provide ) ( NP ( NP ( NN turnkey ) ( NNS communications ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( VBG computing ) ( NNS services ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ major ) ( NNS corporations ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

That 's an emerging business in which computer makers or consultants provide turnkey communications and computing services to major corporations


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT A ) ( NNP Kodak ) ( NN spokesman ) ) ( VP ( VBD declined ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB disclose ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ potential ) ( NN value ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN contract ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADVP ( RB still ) ) ( PP-PRD ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN negotiation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Kodak spokesman declined to disclose the potential value of the contract which is still in negotiation


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP American ) ( NNP Telephone ) ( CC & ) ( NNP Telegraph ) ) ( NP ( NNP MCI ) ( NNPS Communications ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( NP ( NNP Rochester ) ( NNP Telephone ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP IBM ) ) ( NP ( PRP itself ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( ADVP ( RB likely ) ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NP ( NNP Digital ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS subcontractors ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN project ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He said that American Telephone & Telegraph MCI Communications Corp. Rochester Telephone Corp. and IBM itself would likely be Digital 's subcontractors on the project


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB When ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBD decided ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB look ) ( PP-LOC ( IN outside ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( JJ critical ) ( UCP ( NN data-processing ) ( CC and ) ( NNS communications ) ) ( NNS services ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-4 ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBD wanted ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB get ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS best ) ( NN vendor ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT that ) ( NN service ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Paul ) ( NNP Allen ) ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN spokesman ) ) ) )

When we decided to look outside the company for critical data-processing and communications services we wanted to get the best vendor for that service said Paul Allen the spokesman


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT That ) ) ( VP ( VBZ 's ) ( SBAR-PRD ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB why ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD went ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP-2 ( NNP IBM ) ) ) ( PP-CLR-3 ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNS data ) ( NN center ) ( NN management ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( NP=2 ( NNP Digital ) ) ( PP-CLR=3 ( IN for ) ( NP ( NN voice ) ( CC and ) ( NNS data ) ( NNS telecommunications ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

That 's why we went with IBM for data center management and now Digital for voice and data telecommunications


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT The ) ( NNP White ) ( NNP House ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN decided ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB push ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS changes ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN pesticide ) ( NN law ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN designed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB speed ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN removal ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ harmful ) ( NNS chemicals ) ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN nation ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN food ) ( NN supply ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The White House has decided to push for changes in pesticide law that are designed to speed the removal of harmful chemicals from the nation 's food supply


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( VBN proposed ) ( NNS changes ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN scheduled ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN announced ) ( NP-TMP ( NN today ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB apply ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNS pesticides ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS substances ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( ADJP ( JJ fresh ) ( CC and ) ( VBN processed ) ) ( NNS foods ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( VBG according ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ federal ) ( NNS officials ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The proposed changes which are scheduled to be announced today would apply to pesticides and other substances found on fresh and processed foods according to federal officials


( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Environmental ) ( NNS groups ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBG calling ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( JJR faster ) ( NN action ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( JJ dangerous ) ( NNS pesticides ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB welcome ) ( NP ( NP ( NN part ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN proposal ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Environmental groups have been calling for faster action on dangerous pesticides and may welcome part of the proposal


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADVP ( RB already ) ) ( VP ( VBG objecting ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( PRN ( PP ( IN among ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS things ) ) ) ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN plan ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB give ) ( NP ( JJR more ) ( NN weight ) ) ( PP-DTV ( TO to ) ( NP ( JJ cost-benefit ) ( NNS considerations ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG evaluating ) ( NP ( NNS pesticides ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But they are already objecting to among other things a plan to give more weight to cost-benefit considerations in evaluating pesticides


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBZ 's ) ( NP-PRD ( DT a ) ( JJ tremendous ) ( NN disappointment ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Janet ) ( NNP Hathaway ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN attorney ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Natural ) ( NNPS Resources ) ( NNP Defense ) ( NNP Council ) ) ) ) ) )

It 's a tremendous disappointment said Janet Hathaway an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council


( S ( S-NOM-SBJ ( VP ( VBG Allowing ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB condone ) ( NP ( NP ( VBN continued ) ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN chemical ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB whenever ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNS benefits ) ) ( VP ( VBP outweigh ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS risks ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADVP ( RB absolutely ) ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NN anathema ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ environmental ) ( NN community ) ) ) ) ) )

Allowing the EPA to condone continued use of a chemical whenever the benefits outweigh the risks is absolutely anathema to the environmental community


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT The ) ( NNP Bush ) ( NN administration ) ) ( VP ( VBZ plans ) ( S ( VP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB announce ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN series ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS principles ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB work ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ congressional ) ( NNS leaders ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG writing ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ specific ) ( JJ legislative ) ( NNS proposals ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP embody ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The Bush administration plans to announce a series of principles and to work with congressional leaders in writing specific legislative proposals that embody them


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS principles ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB give ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Environmental ) ( NNP Protection ) ( NNP Agency ) ) ( NP ( NP ( VBN increased ) ( NN authority ) ( CC and ) ( NN flexibility ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG regulating ) ( NP ( NNS pesticides ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN aim ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG enabling ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN agency ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB move ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RBR more ) ( RB quickly ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The principles would give the Environmental Protection Agency increased authority and flexibility in regulating pesticides with the aim of enabling the agency to move more quickly


( S ( NP-SBJ ( EX There ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB already ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NNS proposals ) ) ( VP ( VBG pending ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Congress ) ) ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB overhaul ) ( NP ( NN pesticide ) ( NN law ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

There already are proposals pending in Congress to overhaul pesticide law


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS Moves ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB accelerate ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN removal ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ dangerous ) ( NNS pesticides ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD gained ) ( NP ( JJ new ) ( NN impetus ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN during ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN year ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Alar ) ( NN scare ) ) ( SBAR ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB harshly ) ) ( VBN criticized ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG failing ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB yank ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ possible ) ( NN carcinogen ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN growth ) ( NN regulator ) ) ( VP ( VBN used ) ( S-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB make ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS apples ) ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJR redder ) ( CC and ) ( JJR crunchier ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Moves to accelerate the removal of dangerous pesticides gained new impetus during this year 's Alar scare when the EPA was harshly criticized for failing to yank the possible carcinogen a growth regulator used to make apples redder and crunchier


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN agency ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( ADVP-TMP ( IN since ) ) ( VP ( VBN acted ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB remove ) ( NP ( NNP Alar ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN nation ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN grocery ) ( NNS shelves ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN by ) ( NP ( NNP May ) ( CD 31 ) ( CD 1991 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN apple ) ( NN industry ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN said ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNS growers ) ) ( ADVP ( RB already ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN stopped ) ( S ( VP ( VBG using ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN chemical ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The agency has since acted to remove Alar from the nation 's grocery shelves by May 31 1991 and the apple industry has said that growers already have stopped using the chemical


( S ( PP ( IN In ) ( NP ( NN addition ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NNS principles ) ) ( VP ( VBP attempt ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB eliminate ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ so-called ) ( NNP Delaney ) ( NNP Paradox ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In addition the principles attempt to eliminate the so-called Delaney Paradox


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN Under ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Delaney ) ( NN clause ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ applies ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( VBN processed ) ( NN food ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT a ) ( NN chemical ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN banned ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ causes ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN laboratory ) ( NNS animals ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Under the Delaney clause which applies to processed food a chemical is banned if it causes cancer in laboratory animals


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN Under ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS laws ) ) ( VP ( VBG applying ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN pesticide ) ( NN use ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB however ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT that ) ( JJ same ) ( NN chemical ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN allowed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN used ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( JJ fresh ) ( NN food ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD fell ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN within ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN tolerance ) ( NN level ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Under other laws applying to pesticide use however that same chemical could be allowed to be used on fresh food if it fell within the EPA 's tolerance level


( S ( PP ( IN Among ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS changes ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-7 ( DT the ) ( NNP White ) ( NNP House ) ) ( VP ( VBZ wants ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ) ) ) )

Among other changes the White House wants to


( VP ( VB Give ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ) ( NP ( NP ( JJR more ) ( NN flexibility ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VP ( VB declare ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NN pesticide ) ) ( NP-PRD ( DT an ) ( JJ imminent ) ( NN hazard ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VB pull ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN marketplace ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Give the EPA more flexibility to declare a pesticide an imminent hazard and pull it from the marketplace


( VP ( VB Speed ) ( PRT ( RP up ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN process ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG removing ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN pesticide ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-3 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( RB n't ) ( NP-PRD ( DT an ) ( JJ imminent ) ( NN hazard ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Speed up the process for removing a pesticide that is n't an imminent hazard


( VP ( VB Bar ) ( NP-9 ( NNS states ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG setting ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( RBR more ) ( JJ stringent ) ) ( NN tolerance ) ( NNS levels ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN pesticide ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN once ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ federal ) ( NN government ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN set ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN standard ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Bar states from setting more stringent tolerance levels for a pesticide once the federal government has set a standard


( VP ( VB Give ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ) ( NP ( NP ( VBN added ) ( NN discretion ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB set ) ( NP ( JJ negligible ) ( NN risk ) ( NNS levels ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NN pesticide ) ( NNS residues ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( VBN processed ) ( NN food ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Give the EPA added discretion to set negligible risk levels for pesticide residues in processed food


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNS Chemicals ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-4 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP exceed ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NN risk ) ( NNS levels ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN barred ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( DT those ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-5 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP fall ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN below ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS levels ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN allowed ) ) ) ) ) )

Chemicals that exceed these risk levels would be barred but those that fall below these levels would be allowed


( VP ( VB Allow ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP EPA ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB permit ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN continued ) ( NN use ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS pesticides ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-6 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP exceed ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ negligible ) ( NN risk ) ( NN standard ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS benefits ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG doing ) ( ADVP-PRD ( RB so ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VB outweigh ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN cost ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Allow the EPA to permit the continued use of pesticides that exceed its negligible risk standard if the benefits of doing so outweigh the cost


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Kyle ) ( NNP Technology ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NNP Seattle ) ( NN investor ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN signed ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN letter ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN intent ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB buy ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( IN about ) ( CD 3.1 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 1.20 ) ) ( NP-ADV ( DT a ) ( NN share ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Kyle Technology Corp. said a Seattle investor has signed a letter of intent to buy the company for about 3.1 million or 1.20 a share


( SINV ( S-TPC-2 ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN investor ) ) ( NP ( NNP Donald ) ( NNP A. ) ( NNP Wright ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ plans ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB run ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN spokesman ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNP Kyle ) ) ) ) )

The investor Donald A. Wright plans to run the company said a spokesman for Kyle


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN transaction ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN approved ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( NNP Kyle ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN board ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( VP ( VBZ requires ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN approval ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS shareholders ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The transaction has been approved by Kyle 's board but requires the approval of the company 's shareholders


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Kyle ) ) ( VP ( VBZ manufactures ) ( NP ( JJ electronic ) ( NNS components ) ) ) )

Kyle manufactures electronic components


( FRAG ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG Regarding ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ your ) ( NNP Sept. ) ( CD 28 ) ( NNP Politics ) ( CC & ) ( NNP Policy ) ( NN column ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN party ) ( NNS differences ) ) ( PP ( IN over ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VP ( VBG cutting ) ( NP ( NN capital ) ( NNS gains ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( VP ( VBG expanding ) ( NP ( NNS IRAs ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( FRAG ( WHADVP ( WRB Why ) ( RB not ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VB compromise ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VB save ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN public ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBG coming ) ( JJ infantile ) ( JJ congressional ) ( JJ political ) ( NN rhetoric ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ seems ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB go ) ( NP-MNR-CLR ( NP ( NN hand ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN hand ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN process ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Regarding your Sept. 28 Politics & Policy column on the party differences over cutting capital gains or expanding IRAs Why not compromise now and save the public from the coming infantile congressional political rhetoric that seems to go hand in hand with the process