( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS Yields ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( JJ tax-exempt ) ( NNS bonds ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP range ) ( PP-CLR ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 6 ) ( CD 1\/2 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1990 ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 7.88 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 2003-2005 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Yields for tax-exempt bonds range from 6 1\/2 % in 1990 to 7.88 % in 2003-2005


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS Yields ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( JJ taxable ) ( NNS bonds ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP range ) ( PP-CLR ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 9 ) ( CD 1\/8 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1994 ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 9.90 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 2009 ) ( CC and ) ( CD 2010 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Yields for taxable bonds range from 9 1\/8 % in 1994 to 9.90 % in 2009 and 2010


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NNS bonds ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( RB all ) ( VP ( VBN rated ) ( S ( ADJP-PRD ( NNP single-A ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( NNP Moody ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Investors ) ( NNP Service ) ( NNP Inc ) ) ) ) ) )

The bonds are all rated single-A by Moody 's Investors Service Inc


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS underwriters ) ) ( VP ( VBP expect ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ single-A-minus ) ( NN rating ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Standard ) ( CC & ) ( NNP Poor ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN issue ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN under ) ( NP ( NN review ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The underwriters expect a single-A-minus rating from Standard & Poor 's Corp. which has the issue under review


( NP-HLN ( NNP Collateralized ) ( NNP Mortgage ) ( NNP Securities ) ( NNP Corp. ) )

Collateralized Mortgage Securities Corp.


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 150 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ Remic ) ( NN mortgage ) ( NNS securities ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD offered ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 12 ) ( NNS classes ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP First ) ( NNP Boston ) ( NNP Corp ) ) ) ) )

150 million of Remic mortgage securities offered in 12 classes by First Boston Corp


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN offering ) ) ( NP ( NNP Series ) ( CD 1989-3 ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( PP-PRD ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBN established ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP First ) ( NNP Boston ) ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG issuing ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS Remics ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( JJ derivative ) ( NN mortgage ) ( NNS securities ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The offering Series 1989-3 is by a company established by First Boston for issuing Remics and other derivative mortgage securities


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VP ( VBN backed ) ( PP-LGS ( IN by ) ( NP ( NNP Government ) ( NNP National ) ( NNP Mortgage ) ( NNP Association ) ( ADJP ( QP ( CD 9 ) ( CD 1\/2 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( NNS securities ) ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ weighted ) ( JJ average ) ( JJ remaining ) ( NN term ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NN maturity ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 29 ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBG being ) ( VP ( VBN offered ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( NN market ) ( NNS prices ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It is backed by Government National Mortgage Association 9 1\/2 % securities with a weighted average remaining term to maturity of 29 years and being offered at market prices


( NP-HLN ( NNP Beneficial ) ( NNP Corp. ) )

Beneficial Corp.


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 248.3 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS securities ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN backed ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( JJ home-equity ) ( NNS loans ) ) ) ( PP ( IN through ) ( NP ( NNP Merrill ) ( NNP Lynch ) ( NNP Capital ) ( NNP Markets ) ) ) ) )

248.3 million of securities backed by home-equity loans through Merrill Lynch Capital Markets


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN offering ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( VBN expected ) ( JJ average ) ( NN life ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 3.2 ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB float ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB monthly ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 20 ) ( NN basis ) ( NNS points ) ) ( PP ( IN above ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN rate ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN index ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ 30-day ) ( JJ double-A-rated ) ( JJ commercial ) ( NN paper ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( VP ( VBZ yields ) ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( CD 8.50 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The offering with an expected average life of 3.2 years will float monthly at 20 basis points above the rate on an index of 30-day double-A-rated commercial paper which now yields about 8.50 %


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN issue ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( VBN expected ) ( JJ final ) ( NN maturity ) ( NN date ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 1998 ) ) ) ) ) )

The issue has an expected final maturity date of 1998


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN offering ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN rated ) ( S ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ triple-A ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( NNP Moody ) ( POS 's ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNP S&P ) ) ) ) ( PP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN quality ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ underlying ) ( NN home ) ( NN equity ) ( NNS loans ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN letter ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN credit ) ) ) ( VP ( VBG covering ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 10 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN deal ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Union ) ( NNP Bank ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Switzerland ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The offering is rated triple-A by Moody 's and S&P based on the quality of the underlying home equity loans and a letter of credit covering 10 % of the deal from Union Bank of Switzerland


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT The ) ( NN offering ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG being ) ( VP ( VBN made ) ( PP ( IN through ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP BCI ) ( NNP Home ) ( NNP Equity ) ( NNP Loan ) ( NNP Asset-Backed ) ( NNP Certificates ) ) ( NP ( NNP Series ) ( NNP 1989-1 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The offering is being made through BCI Home Equity Loan Asset-Backed Certificates Series 1989-1


( NP-HLN ( NNP Rochester ) ( NNP Community ) ( NNP Savings ) ( NNP Bank ) )

Rochester Community Savings Bank


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 200 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 8.85 ) ( NN % ) ( NNS certificates ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD backed ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( NN automobile ) ( NNS loans ) ) ( VP ( VBN priced ) ( S-PRP-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB yield ) ( NP ( CD 8.99 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN via ) ( NP ( NNP First ) ( NNP Boston ) ( NNP Corp ) ) ) )

200 million of 8.85 % certificates backed by automobile loans priced to yield 8.99 % via First Boston Corp


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN issue ) ) ( PP ( IN through ) ( NP ( NNP RCSB ) ( NNP 1989-A ) ( NNP Grantor ) ( NNP Trust ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN priced ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN yield ) ( NN spread ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 100 ) ( NN basis ) ( NNS points ) ) ( PP ( RB above ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Treasury ) ( ADJP ( QP ( CD 7 ) ( CD 3\/4 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( NN note ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ due ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP July ) ( CD 1991 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The issue through RCSB 1989-A Grantor Trust was priced at a yield spread of 100 basis points above the Treasury 7 3\/4 % note due July 1991


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN offering ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( VBN expected ) ( JJ average ) ( NN life ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 1.7 ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ final ) ( NN maturity ) ( NN date ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP May ) ( CD 15 ) ( CD 1995 ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The offering has an expected average life of 1.7 years and a final maturity date of May 15 1995


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN issue ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN rated ) ( S ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ triple-A ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NNP Moody ) ( POS 's ) ) ) ( PP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN quality ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ underlying ) ( NN auto ) ( NNS loans ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN letter ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN credit ) ) ) ( VP ( VBG covering ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 13 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN deal ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NNP Credit ) ( NNP Suisse ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The issue is rated triple-A by Moody 's based on the quality of the underlying auto loans and a letter of credit covering 13 % of the deal from Credit Suisse


( NP-HLN ( NP ( NNP South ) ( NNP Australian ) ( NNP Government ) ( NNP Finance ) ( NNP Authority ) ) ( PRN ( NP ( NN agency ) ) ) )

South Australian Government Finance Authority agency


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 125 ) ( CD million ) ) ( NNP Australian ) ( NNS dollars ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ zero-coupon ) ( NNS Eurobonds ) ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ due ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Dec. ) ( CD 12 ) ( CD 1994 ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN priced ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( CD 50.9375 ) ) ) ( S-PRP-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB yield ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 15.06 ) ( JJ % ) ) ( PP ( CC less ) ( NP ( NNS fees ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN via ) ( NP ( NNP Hambros ) ( NNP Bank ) ( NNP Ltd ) ) ) )

125 million Australian dollars of zero-coupon Eurobonds due Dec. 12 1994 priced at 50.9375 to yield 15.06 % less fees via Hambros Bank Ltd


( S ( VP ( VBN Guaranteed ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( DT the ) ( NNP South ) ( NNP Australian ) ( NNP Treasury ) ) ) ) )

Guaranteed by the South Australian Treasury


( NP ( NNS Fees ) ( QP ( CD 1 ) ( CD 3\/8 ) ) )

Fees 1 3\/8


( NP-HLN ( NP ( NNP Government ) ( NNP Insurance ) ( NNP Office ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP New ) ( NNP South ) ( NNP Wales ) ) ) ( PRN ( NP ( NN agency ) ) ) )

Government Insurance Office of New South Wales agency


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 50 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( QP ( CD 17 ) ( CD 1\/2 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( NNS Eurobonds ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ due ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Dec. ) ( CD 4 ) ( CD 1991 ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN priced ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( CD 101.95 ) ) ) ( S-PRP-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB yield ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 17.06 ) ) ( PP ( CC less ) ( NP ( NNS fees ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN via ) ( NP ( NNP Westpac ) ( NNP Banking ) ( NNP Corp ) ) ) )

50 million of 17 1\/2 % Eurobonds due Dec. 4 1991 priced at 101.95 to yield 17.06 less fees via Westpac Banking Corp


( NP ( NNS Fees ) ( QP ( CD 1 ) ( CD 1\/4 ) ) )

Fees 1 1\/4


( NP ( NP ( NNP Swedish ) ( NNP Export ) ( NNP Credit ) ( NNP Corp ) ) ( PRN ( NP-LOC ( NNP Sweden ) ) ) )

Swedish Export Credit Corp Sweden


( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 100 ) ( CD million ) ) ( JJ Swiss ) ( NNS francs ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( QP ( CD 6 ) ( CD 1\/8 ) ) ( NN % ) ) ( ADJP ( RB privately ) ( VBN placed ) ) ( NNS notes ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ due ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sept. ) ( CD 30 ) ( CD 1996 ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN priced ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( CD 100 ) ( CD 3\/4 ) ) ) ( S-PRP-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB yield ) ( NP ( CD 5.99 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN via ) ( NP ( NNP Citicorp ) ( NNP Investment ) ( NNP Bank ) ( NNP Switzerland ) ) ) )

100 million Swiss francs of 6 1\/8 % privately placed notes due Sept. 30 1996 priced at 100 3\/4 to yield 5.99 % via Citicorp Investment Bank Switzerland


( NP ( NP ( NN Call ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sept. ) ( CD 30 ) ( CD 1993 ) ) ) ( PP ( IN at ) ( NP ( QP ( CD 100 ) ( CD 3\/16 ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBG declining ) ( PP-EXT ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 1\/16 ) ( NN point ) ) ( NP-ADV ( DT a ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ( X ( TO to ) ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN par ) ) ) ) )

Call from Sept. 30 1993 at 100 3\/16 declining by 1\/16 point a year to to par


( NP ( NNS Fees ) ( QP ( CD 1 ) ( CD 3\/4 ) ) )

Fees 1 3\/4


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD took ) ( NP ( NNS steps ) ) ( S-CLR ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB withdraw ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( VBN proposed ) ( NN debt ) ( NN swap ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 500 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ high-interest ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG looking ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS alternatives ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG refinancing ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN debt ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Western Union Corp. took steps to withdraw its proposed debt swap for 500 million in high-interest notes and said it is looking at other alternatives for refinancing the debt


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( ADVP-TMP ( NP ( CD two ) ( NNS weeks ) ) ( RB ago ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( MD might ) ( VP ( VB withdraw ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBG pending ) ( NN offer ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB have ) ( VP ( VBN replaced ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 500 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ so-called ) ( JJ reset ) ( NNS notes ) ) ( VP ( VP ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( VBG paying ) ( NP ( ADJP ( CD 19.25 ) ( NN % ) ) ( JJ annual ) ( NN interest ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBN set ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB come ) ( ADJP-CLR ( RB due ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1992 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ( JJ new ) ( NNS issues ) ) ( VP ( VBG paying ) ( NP ( JJR lower ) ( NN interest ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Western Union had said two weeks ago that it might withdraw the pending offer which would have replaced 500 million in so-called reset notes now paying 19.25 % annual interest and set to come due in 1992 with two new issues paying lower interest


( S ( NP-TMP ( NN Yesterday ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN filed ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN request ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Securities ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Exchange ) ( NNP Commission ) ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB withdraw ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN registration ) ( NN statement ) ) ( VP ( VBG regarding ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN proposed ) ( NN swap ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Yesterday the company said it had filed a request with the Securities and Exchange Commission to withdraw the registration statement regarding the proposed swap


( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( DT A ) ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ( NN spokesman ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG citing ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ adverse ) ( NNS developments ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN market ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( JJ high-yield ) ( NN junk ) ( NNS bonds ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD declined ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB say ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WP what ) ( NNS alternatives ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP are ) ( PP-PRD ( IN under ) ( NP ( NN consideration ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A Western Union spokesman citing adverse developments in the market for high-yield junk bonds declined to say what alternatives are under consideration


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT some ) ( NNS holders ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP expect ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB propose ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ more-attractive ) ( NN debt ) ( NN swap ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB give ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ substantial ) ( NN equity ) ( NN stake ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But some holders of the Western Union notes expect the company to propose a more-attractive debt swap that will give them a substantial equity stake in the company


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( JJ major ) ( NNS losses ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ recent ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( SBAR ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ its ) ( NN telex ) ( NN business ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN faltered ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN face ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NN competition ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN facsimile ) ( NNS machines ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( SBAR ( RB as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ other ) ( NN business ) ( NNS ventures ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN gone ) ( ADVP-CLR ( RB awry ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Western Union has had major losses in recent years as its telex business has faltered in the face of competition from facsimile machines and as other business ventures have gone awry


( S-2 ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( JJ major ) ( NN question ) ) ( PRN ( SINV ( VP ( VBD said ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( CD one ) ( NN holder ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD asked ) ( S ( RB not ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN named ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( SBAR-PRD ( IN whether ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-6 ( NP ( NNP New ) ( NNP York ) ( NN investor ) ( NNP Bennett ) ( NNP S. ) ( NNP LeBow ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-5 ( WP$ whose ) ( NNP Brooke ) ( NNP Partners ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ controls ) ( NP ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ willing ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB offer ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( JJ large ) ( RB enough ) ) ( NN equity ) ( NN stake ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB entice ) ( NP-7 ( NNS bondholders ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN into ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG agreeing ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ new ) ( NN swap ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The major question said one holder who asked not to be named is whether New York investor Bennett S. LeBow whose Brooke Partners controls Western Union is willing to offer a large enough equity stake to entice bondholders into agreeing to a new swap


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( DT The ) ( QP ( CD 500 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS largest ) ( NN chunk ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ( POS 's ) ) ( QP ( CD 640 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ long-term ) ( NN debt ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ stems ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ major ) ( NN restructuring ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP December ) ( CD 1987 ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The 500 million in notes the largest chunk of Western Union 's 640 million in long-term debt stems from the company 's major restructuring in December 1987


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS notes ) ) ( VP ( VBD became ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ burdensome ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN reset ) ( NNS provisions ) ) ( VP ( VBD allowed ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( PRP$ their ) ( NN interest ) ( NN rate ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN raised ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( CD 19.25 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NNP June ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The notes became burdensome when reset provisions allowed their interest rate to be raised to 19.25 % last June


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN offered ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB swap ) ( NP ( NP ( DT each ) ( ADJP ( CD 1,000 ) ) ( NN face ) ( NN amount ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( CD six ) ( NNS shares ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ common ) ( NN stock ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ( JJ new ) ( NN debt ) ( NNS issues ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( CD 500 ) ) ( NN note ) ) ( VP ( VBG paying ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN interest ) ( NN rate ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBG starting ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( CD 16.75 ) ( NN % ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB annually ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBG rising ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ later ) ( NNS years ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ADJP ( RB due ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1992 ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( CD 500 ) ) ( NN note ) ) ( ADJP ( RB due ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1997 ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBG paying ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN fixed ) ( NN rate ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD 17 ) ( NN % ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBG including ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS rights ) ) ( VP ( VBG protecting ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN holder ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN against ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN decline ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN trading ) ( NN price ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN bond ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Western Union had offered to swap each 1,000 face amount of the notes for six shares of common stock and two new debt issues a 500 note paying an interest rate starting at 16.75 % annually and rising in later years due in 1992 and a 500 note due in 1997 paying a fixed rate of 17 % and including rights protecting a holder against a decline in the trading price of the bond


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( MD must ) ( VP ( VB make ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( CD 48 ) ( CD million ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN interest ) ( NNS payments ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN reset ) ( NNS notes ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NNP Dec. ) ( CD 15 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NN company ) ( NN spokesman ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( ADVP ( RB fully ) ) ( VP ( VBZ intends ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB meet ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS payments ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Western Union must make 48 million in interest payments on the reset notes on Dec. 15 and a company spokesman said it fully intends to meet the payments


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Western ) ( NNP Union ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( MD must ) ( VP ( VB lower ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN interest ) ( NN rate ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( NN debt ) ) ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB regain ) ( NP ( JJ full ) ( JJ financial ) ( NN health ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But Western Union has said it must lower the interest rate on its debt to regain full financial health


( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( JJ Medical ) ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG starting ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB uncover ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN handful ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS genes ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-3 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( PRN ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP unleash ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ chaotic ) ( NN growth ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS cells ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ characterizes ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which if damaged unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS Scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP say ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN discovery ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ recent ) ( NNS months ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG painting ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( JJ new ) ( CC and ) ( JJ startling ) ) ( NN picture ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( SBAR-NOM ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB how ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( VBZ develops ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT An ) ( VBG emerging ) ( NN understanding ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN expected ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB produce ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN array ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ new ) ( NNS strategies ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( JJ future ) ( NN cancer ) ( NN treatment ) ( CC and ) ( NN prevention ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT That ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( PP-PRD ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN future ) ) ) ) )

That is for the future


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Already ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG developing ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS tests ) ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RB newly ) ( VBN identified ) ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( PP-TMP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ( NN time ) ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB predict ) ( SBAR ( IN whether ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT an ) ( ADJP ( RB otherwise ) ( JJ healthy ) ) ( NN individual ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ likely ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB get ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Already scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that for the first time can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer


( SINV ( S-TPC-2 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBZ 's ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ super-exciting ) ( NN set ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS discoveries ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Bert ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NNP University ) ( NN researcher ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( ADVP ( RB just ) ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ pivotal ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBG triggering ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It 's a super-exciting set of discoveries says Bert Vogelstein a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( NP ( RB Only ) ( DT a ) ( NN decade ) ) ( RB ago ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ black ) ( NN box ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-1 ( IN about ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBD knew ) ( NP ( NN nothing ) ) ( PP ( IN at ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ molecular ) ( NN level ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level


( S ( NP-TMP ( NN Today ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP we ) ) ( VP ( VBP know ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN accumulation ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ several ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( VBN altered ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VP ( VB initiate ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( PRN ( ADVP ( RB then ) ) ) ( VP ( VB propel ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ deadly ) ( NN state ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Today we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and then propel it into a deadly state


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS Scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP call ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ new ) ( NN class ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NNS tumor-suppressors ) ) ( PRN ( CC or ) ( ADVP ( RB simply ) ) ( NP ( JJ anti-cancer ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors or simply anti-cancer genes


( S ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB When ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBG functioning ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB normally ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-3 ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP make ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS proteins ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP hold ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cell ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN growth ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN check ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

When functioning normally they make proteins that hold a cell 's growth in check


( S ( CC But ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ( PRN ( PP-MNR ( RB perhaps ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( NN radiation ) ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN chemical ) ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( PP ( IN through ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN chance ) ( NN accident ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN cell ) ( NN division ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ their ) ( JJ growth-suppressing ) ( VBZ proteins ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( DT no ) ( RBR longer ) ) ( VP ( VBP work ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS cells ) ) ( PP ( ADVP ( RB normally ) ) ( IN under ) ( NP ( NN control ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP turn ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ malignant ) ) ) ) )

But if the genes are damaged perhaps by radiation a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work and cells normally under control turn malignant


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( ADJP ( RB newly ) ( VBN identified ) ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( VP ( VBP differ ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN family ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS genes ) ) ( VP ( VBN discovered ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ early ) ( CD 1980s ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN called ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NNS oncogenes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS Oncogenes ) ) ( VP ( MD must ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ present ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN for ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NN cell ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB become ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ malignant ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS researchers ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( NP ( PRP them ) ) ( PP-LOC ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ normal ) ) ) ( CONJP ( RB as ) ( RB well ) ( IN as ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ cancerous ) ) ) ( NX-1 ( NNS cells ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG suggesting ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS oncogenes ) ) ( VP ( VBP do ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VB cause ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( PRP themselves ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells suggesting that oncogenes do n't cause cancer by themselves


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN In ) ( NP ( JJ recent ) ( NNS months ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNS researchers ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN come ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB believe ) ( SBAR ( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD two ) ( NNS types ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP work ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN concert ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT An ) ( NN oncogene ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB turn ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( VBG proliferating ) ( NNS cells ) ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ malignant ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( RB only ) ( RB after ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In recent months researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged


( S ( PP ( IN Like ) ( NP ( DT all ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN inherited ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( NP ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT each ) ( NN parent ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Like all genes tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies one from each parent


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT Either ) ( NN copy ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB make ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS proteins ) ) ( VP ( VBN needed ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB control ) ( NP ( NN cell ) ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( RB so ) ( S ( SBAR-PRP ( IN for ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB arise ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT both ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( VP ( MD must ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ impaired ) ) ) ) ) )

Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth so for cancer to arise both copies must be impaired


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT A ) ( NN person ) ) ( SBAR ( SBAR ( WHNP-3 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN born ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( CD one ) ( JJ defective ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN suppressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC or ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-4 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WP whom ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( CD one ) ( NN copy ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB early ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN life ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB especially ) ( JJ prone ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN because ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-5 ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( MD need ) ( ADVP ( RB only ) ) ( S ( VP ( VB lose ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ other ) ( NN copy ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN for ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT a ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB develop ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene or in whom one copy is damaged early in life is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( JJ Emerging ) ( JJ genetic ) ( NNS tests ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ able ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB spot ) ( NP ( JJ such ) ( JJ cancer-susceptible ) ( NNS individuals ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG ushering ) ( PRT ( RP in ) ) ( SBAR-NOM ( WHNP-2 ( WP what ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT some ) ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP believe ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ new ) ( NN age ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ predictive ) ( NN cancer ) ( NN diagnosis ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Bill ) ( CC and ) ( NNP Bonnie ) ( NNP Quinlan ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( PP-PRD ( IN among ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ( NNS beneficiaries ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ new ) ( NNS findings ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NAC-LOC ( NNP Dedham ) ( NNP Mass. ) ) ( NN couple ) ) ( VP ( VBD knew ) ( SBAR-TMP ( RB even ) ( RB before ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Bonnie ) ) ( VP ( VBD became ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ pregnant ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1987 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT any ) ( NN child ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ theirs ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( CD 50 ) ( NN % ) ) ( NN chance ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG being ) ( PP-PRD ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( NN risk ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NN retinoblastoma ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN eye ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ occurs ) ( NP-TMP ( RB about ) ( RB once ) ) ( NP-TMP ( DT every ) ( CD 20,000 ) ( NNS births ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The Dedham Mass. couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50 % chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births


( S ( NP-SBJ-3 ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Quinlan ) ) ( ADJP ( NP ( CD 30 ) ( NNS years ) ) ( JJ old ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD knew ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD carried ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG having ) ( VP ( VBN lost ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN eye ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ rare ) ( NN tumor ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( NP ( RB only ) ( CD two ) ( NNS months ) ) ( JJ old ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN after ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ his ) ( NN mother ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN suffered ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( NN fate ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP she ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( DT a ) ( NN baby ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Mr. Quinlan 30 years old knew he carried a damaged gene having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby


( S ( PP-PRP ( IN Because ) ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN isolation ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN retinoblastoma ) ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD became ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ possible ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NNP January ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB find ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WP what ) ( NN threat ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Quinlan ) ( NN baby ) ) ( VP ( VBD faced ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT A ) ( NN test ) ) ( VP ( VBG using ) ( NP ( JJ new ) ( JJ genetic ) ( NNS probes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD showed ) ( SBAR ( DT that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ little ) ( NNP Will ) ( NNP Quinlan ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VP ( VBN inherited ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN retinoblastoma ) ( NN supressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( PRN ( ADVP ( RB therefore ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD faced ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( DT no ) ( JJR more ) ) ( NN risk ) ) ( PP ( IN than ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS children ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG developing ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ rare ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A test using new genetic probes showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and therefore faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD made ) ( NP ( PRP$ our ) ( NNP New ) ( NNP Year ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Quinlan ) ) )

It made our New Year says Mr. Quinlan


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT This ) ( NN test ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB predict ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB reliably ) ) ( SBAR ( IN whether ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT an ) ( NN individual ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB expect ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB develop ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer


( S ( ADVP ( RB Equally ) ( JJ important ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ initial ) ( NN discovery ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN gene ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ controls ) ( NP ( JJ retinal ) ( NN cell ) ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN made ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Boston ) ( NN doctor ) ) ( VP ( VBN named ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NNP Thaddeus ) ( NNP Dryja ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN opened ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN field ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ( NN study ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ recent ) ( NNS months ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN exploded ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Equally important the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja has opened a field of cancer study which in recent months has exploded


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBZ turns ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( S-NOM-SBJ ( VP ( VBG studying ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( ADJP ( JJ tragic ) ( CC but ) ( JJ uncommon ) ) ( NN tumor ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD made ) ( S ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ possible ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT some ) ( JJ fundamental ) ( NNS insights ) ) ( PP ( IN about ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( JJS most ) ( JJ basic ) ) ( NNS workings ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Samuel ) ( NNP Broder ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN director ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP National ) ( NNP Cancer ) ( NNP Institute ) ) ) ) ) )

It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer says Samuel Broder director of the National Cancer Institute


( S ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT All ) ( DT this ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( RB not ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ obvious ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN public ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN concerned ) ( PP ( IN about ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS advances ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN treatment ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBP am ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN convinced ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT this ) ( JJ basic ) ( NN research ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB begin ) ( S ( VP ( VBG showing ) ( NP ( NNS results ) ) ( ADVP-LOC ( RB there ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB soon ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

All this may not be obvious to the public which is concerned about advances in treatment but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon


( S ( PP-TMP ( TO To ) ( NP ( NN date ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN fingered ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS cancer-suppressors ) ) ) ) ) ) )

To date scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Dryja ) ) ( VP ( VBD made ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN retinoblastoma ) ( NN discovery ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1986 ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986


( S ( ADVP ( RB Then ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NN spring ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNS researchers ) ) ( VP ( VBD reported ) ( S ( VP ( VBG finding ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBN called ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( CD p53 ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( PRN ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( VP ( VBN impaired ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ turns ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ healthy ) ( NN colon ) ( NNS cells ) ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ cancerous ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Then last spring researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which if impaired turns healthy colon cells cancerous


( S ( PP-TMP ( RB Soon ) ( IN after ) ( NP ( DT that ) ( NN report ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( CD two ) ( JJ other ) ( NN research ) ( NNS teams ) ) ( VP ( VBD uncovered ) ( NP ( NN evidence ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN p53 ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ present ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN tissue ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN lung ) ( CC and ) ( NN breast ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Soon after that report two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN Colon ) ( NN lung ) ( CC and ) ( NN breast ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RBS most ) ( JJ common ) ( CC and ) ( JJ lethal ) ) ( NNS forms ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN disease ) ) ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB collectively ) ) ( VBG killing ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( RB almost ) ( CD 200,000 ) ) ( NNS Americans ) ) ( NP-ADV ( DT a ) ( NN year ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Colon lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Right ) ( RB now ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( DT a ) ( NN dozen ) ) ( NNS laboratories ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP U.S. ) ) ( NP ( NNP Canada ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNP Britain ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG racing ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB unmask ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( VBN suspected ) ( JJ tumor-suppressing ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Right now about a dozen laboratories in the U.S. Canada and Britain are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP They ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( CD seven ) ) ( NNS candidates ) ) ) )

They have about seven candidates


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS Researchers ) ) ( VP ( VBP say ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN inactivation ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ( UCP ( ADVP ( RB alone ) ) ( CC or ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN combination ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ appears ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ crucial ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN development ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ such ) ( NNS scourges ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN brain ) ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN skin ) ) ( NP ( NN kidney ) ) ( NP ( NN prostate ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NN cervix ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes alone or in combination appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain the skin kidney prostate and cervix


( S ( NP-SBJ ( EX There ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( NP-PRD ( NN evidence ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS people ) ) ( VP ( VBP inherit ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ defective ) ( NNS versions ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT these ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB especially ) ( JJ prone ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( ADVP ( RB perhaps ) ) ( VP ( VBG explaining ) ( ADVP ( RB finally ) ) ( SBAR ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB why ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT some ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ( VP ( VBP seem ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB haunt ) ( NP ( JJ certain ) ( NNS families ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes they are especially prone to cancer perhaps explaining finally why some cancers seem to haunt certain families


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN story ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ goes ) ( ADVP-CLR ( RB back ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS 1970s ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN pediatrician ) ) ( VP ( VBN named ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NNP Alfred ) ( NNP G. ) ( NNP Knudson ) ( NNP Jr. ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD proposed ) ( SBAR ( DT that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN retinoblastoma ) ) ( VP ( VBD stemmed ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( CD two ) ( JJ separate ) ( JJ genetic ) ( NNS defects ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD theorized ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN eye ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT an ) ( NN infant ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD inherited ) ( NP-1 ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR-2 ( IN from ) ( NP ( CD one ) ( NN parent ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( NP=1 ( DT a ) ( JJ normal ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP-CLR=2 ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ other ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He theorized that in the eye cancer an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other


( S-2 ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN tumor ) ) ( PRN ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD suggested ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD developed ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-3 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( JJ second ) ( JJ normal ) ( NN copy ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The tumor he suggested developed when the second normal copy also was damaged


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( EX there ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT no ) ( NN way ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB prove ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Knudson ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ two-hit ) ( NN theory ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson 's two-hit theory


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Back ) ( RB then ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( DT no ) ( NN way ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG ferreting ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( NP ( JJ specific ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC but ) ( S ( PP-LOC ( IN under ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN microscope ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB see ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 23 ) ( NNS pairs ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS chromosomes ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS cells ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP contain ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Back then scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Occasionally ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( JJ gross ) ( NN chromosome ) ( NN damage ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ visible ) ) ) )

Occasionally gross chromosome damage was visible


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Knudson ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT some ) ( NNS children ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN eye ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN inherited ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( NN No. ) ( CD 13 ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN parent ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN had ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN disease ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN Under ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN microscope ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( ADVP ( RB actually ) ) ( VP ( VB see ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN bit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 13 ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBG missing ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Under a microscope he could actually see that a bit of chromosome 13 was missing


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD assumed ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( VBG missing ) ( NN piece ) ) ( VP ( VBD contained ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ( CC or ) ( NP ( NNS genes ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP$ whose ) ( NN loss ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD had ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ critical ) ( NN role ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG setting ) ( PRT ( RP off ) ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He assumed the missing piece contained a gene or genes whose loss had a critical role in setting off the cancer


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD did ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VB know ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ( NN gene ) ( CC or ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN disappeared ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But he did n't know which gene or genes had disappeared


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Then ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ scientific ) ( NN team ) ) ( VP ( VBN led ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( JJ molecular ) ( NN geneticist ) ( NNP Webster ) ( NNP Cavenee ) ) ( PRN ( ADVP-TMP ( RB then ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP University ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Utah ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN answer ) ) ) )

Then a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee then at the University of Utah found the answer


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN team ) ) ( VP ( VBD used ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN battery ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RB newly ) ( VBN developed ) ) ( NN gene ) ( NNS probes ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS snippets ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ genetic ) ( NN material ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB track ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN presence ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cell ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The team used a battery of the newly developed gene probes snippets of genetic material that can track a gene 's presence in a cell


( S ( PP-MNR ( IN By ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG analyzing ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS cells ) ) ( VP ( VBN extracted ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN eye ) ( NNS tumors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS defects ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ second ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 13 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ exact ) ( NN area ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN chromosome ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN finding ) ) ( VP ( VBD riveted ) ( NP ( NN medicine ) ) ) )

The finding riveted medicine


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ first ) ( NN time ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN anyone ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN showed ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN loss ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT both ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB lead ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN eruption ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB extraordinarily ) ( JJ satisfying ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Knudson ) ) ( PRN ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Fox ) ( NNP Chase ) ( NNP Cancer ) ( NNP Research ) ( NNP Center ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Philadelphia ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It was extraordinarily satisfying says Dr. Knudson now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP I ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN convinced ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( SBAR-NOM-SBJ ( WHNP-1 ( WP what ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ true ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN retinoblastoma ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ true ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT all ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( DT an ) ( JJ audacious ) ( NN claim ) ) ) )

It was an audacious claim


( S ( CC But ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Baltimore ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ young ) ( JJ molecular ) ( NN biologist ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NNP Medical ) ( NNP School ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD believed ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Knudson ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ right ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD set ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB repeat ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Cavenee ) ( NN experiment ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS cells ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But in Baltimore Dr. Vogelstein a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School believed Dr. Knudson was right and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ His ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( CD two ) ( NN research ) ( NNS teams ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD 1984 ) ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB report ) ( NP ( JJ dual ) ( NN chromosome ) ( NNS losses ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ rare ) ( NN childhood ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN kidney ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN called ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NNP Wilm ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN tumor ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm 's tumor


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( JJ next ) ) ( VP ( VBD turned ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN attention ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( JJ second ) ( JJS biggest ) ) ( NN cancer ) ( NN killer ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP U.S. ) ) ) ( PP ( IN after ) ( NP ( NN lung ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention to colon cancer the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( VP ( VBD believed ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( MD might ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VB arise ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ multiple ) ( NNS hits ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ( NN suppressor ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN because ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB often ) ) ( VP ( VBZ seems ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB develop ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNS stages ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple hits on cancer suppressor genes because it often seems to develop in stages


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP It ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB often ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN preceded ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN development ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS polyps ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN bowel ) ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-2 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT some ) ( NNS cases ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP become ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB increasingly ) ( JJ malignant ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ identifiable ) ( NNS stages ) ) ) ( PRN ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG progressing ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( ADJP ( RBR less ) ( JJ severe ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( ADJP ( JJ deadly ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN as ) ( IN though ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cascade ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ genetic ) ( NN damage ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD might ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBG occurring ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages progressing from less severe to deadly as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ doctoral ) ( NN student ) ) ( NP ( NNP Eric ) ( NNP Fearon ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD began ) ( NP-TMP ( NP ( NNS months ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( ADJP ( JJ tedious ) ) ( CC and ) ( ADJP ( RB often ) ( JJ frustrating ) ) ) ( VBG probing ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS chromosomes ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG searching ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS signs ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ genetic ) ( NN damage ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student Eric Fearon began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP They ) ) ( VP ( VBD began ) ( S ( VP ( VBG uncovering ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ confusing ) ( NN variety ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ genetic ) ( NNS deletions ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT some ) ) ( VP ( VBG existing ) ( ADVP ( RB only ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ benign ) ( NNS polyps ) ) ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS others ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ malignant ) ( NNS cells ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ many ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT both ) ( NP ( NNS polyps ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( JJ malignant ) ( NNS cells ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions some existing only in benign polyps others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells


( S ( ADVP-MNR ( RB Gradually ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ coherent ) ( NN picture ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ( NN development ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD emerged ) ) )

Gradually a coherent picture of cancer development emerged


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN If ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT both ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ certain ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBN knocked ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( JJ benign ) ( NNS polyps ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB develop ) ) ) )

If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out benign polyps would develop


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN If ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT both ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ second ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB then ) ) ( VP ( VBN deleted ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNS polyps ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB progress ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN malignancy ) ) ) ) ) )

If both copies of a second gene were then deleted the polyps would progress to malignancy


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP It ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ clear ) ) ( SBAR-3 ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( QP ( JJR more ) ( IN than ) ( CD one ) ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( IN for ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB develop ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ Their ) ( NN report ) ) ( VP ( VBD galvanized ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( JJ molecular ) ( NNS biologists ) ) ) )

Their report galvanized other molecular biologists


( SINV ( S-TPC-3 ( NP-SBJ ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBG confirming ) ( NN evidence ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP we ) ) ( NP ( DT all ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD needed ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-2 ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN gene ) ( NNS losses ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ critical ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN development ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ common ) ( NN tumor ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Ray ) ( NNP White ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Howard ) ( NNP Hughes ) ( NNP Medical ) ( NNP Institute ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Salt ) ( NNP Lake ) ( NNP City ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( ADVP ( RB yet ) ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB nail ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN identity ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN gene ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( IN that ) ) ( S ( PRN ( SBAR-ADV ( IN if ) ( S ( VP ( VBN damaged ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD flipped ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN colon ) ( NN cell ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( JJ full-blown ) ( NN malignancy ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that if damaged flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP They ) ) ( VP ( VBD focused ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 17 ) ) ) ) )

They focused on chromosome 17


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN For ) ( NP ( NNS months ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NNS researchers ) ) ( S-MNR ( VP ( VBG using ) ( NP ( NN gene ) ( NNS probes ) ) ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB experimentally ) ) ( VBD crawled ) ( PP-DIR ( RB down ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN length ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 17 ) ) ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG looking ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS smallest ) ( JJ common ) ( NN bit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ genetic ) ( NN material ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN lost ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT all ) ( NN tumor ) ( NNS cells ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

For months the Johns Hopkins researchers using gene probes experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17 looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( JJ Such ) ( DT a ) ( NN piece ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP DNA ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( ADVP ( RB probably ) ) ( VP ( VB constitute ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) )

Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene


( S ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB When ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( NP ( PRP it ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NN winter ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ dubious ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN search ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( ADVP-PRD ( RB over ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

When they found it last winter Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP$ His ) ( NNS doubts ) ) ( VP ( VBD stemmed ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN fact ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( ADVP-TMP ( NP ( JJ several ) ( NNS years ) ) ( RBR earlier ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NNP Princeton ) ( NNP University ) ( NN researcher ) ) ( NP ( NNP Arnold ) ( NNP Levine ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS experiments ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NNS mice ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBN called ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NN p53 ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB transform ) ( NP ( JJ normal ) ( NNS cells ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( JJ cancerous ) ( NNS ones ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher Arnold Levine had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN deletion ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( PP-LOC-PRD ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( RB exactly ) ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( NN spot ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NN p53 ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53


( S ( CC But ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Levine ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT the ) ( NN p53 ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBD caused ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN by ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG promoting ) ( NP ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN whereas ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBG looking ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN gene ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD suppressed ) ( NP ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth


( S ( S ( PP ( IN Despite ) ( NP ( DT that ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBD compared ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN gene ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ human ) ( NN cancer ) ( NNS cells ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Levine ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN p53 ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( CD two ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ identical ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD turned ) ( PRT ( RP out ) ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Mr. ) ( NNP Levine ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN cancer ) ( NNS studies ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP he ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( ADVP-MNR ( RB unknowingly ) ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBG observing ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN form ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NN p53 ) ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ cancer-suppressing ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Despite that when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine 's p53 gene they found the two were identical it turned out that in Mr. Levine 's cancer studies he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 a cancer-suppressing gene


( SINV ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN discovery ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-MNR ( RB suddenly ) ) ( VBZ puts ) ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ obscure ) ( NN gene ) ) ( PP-PUT ( ADVP ( NN right ) ) ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN cockpit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ( NN formation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Robert ) ( NNP Weinberg ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN leader ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ cancer-gene ) ( NN research ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Whitehead ) ( NNP Institute ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Cambridge ) ) ( NP ( NNP Mass ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The discovery suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation says Robert Weinberg a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge Mass


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN Evidence ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB now ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG emerging ) ( SBAR-2 ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN p53 ) ( NN suppressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN involved ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB too ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers too


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Researchers ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Edinburgh ) ) ( NP ( NNP Scotland ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN found ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( QP ( CD 23 ) ( IN of ) ( CD 38 ) ) ( NN breast ) ( NNS tumors ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( CD one ) ( NN copy ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 17 ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN mutated ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN spot ) ) ( SBAR ( WHADVP-2 ( WRB where ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN gene ) ( NN p53 ) ) ( VP ( NNS lies ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Researchers in Edinburgh Scotland have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( VBP say ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( SBAR-PRP ( IN since ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN breast ) ( NN cancer ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB often ) ) ( VP ( VBZ strikes ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ multiple ) ( NNS members ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( JJ certain ) ( NNS families ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN gene ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB when ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBN inherited ) ( PP-MNR ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NN form ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB predispose ) ( NP ( NNS women ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families the gene when inherited in a damaged form may predispose women to the cancer


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( NN p53 ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( ADVP ( RB just ) ) ( VP ( VBN been ) ( VP ( VBN implicated ) ( PP-CLR ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN lung ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer


( S ( PP-LOC ( IN In ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN report ) ) ( ADVP-LOC ( IN out ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NN week ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NP ( NNP John ) ( NNP Minna ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNS colleagues ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN at ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP National ) ( NNP Cancer ) ( NNP Institute ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP say ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( PDT half ) ) ( DT the ) ( NNS cells ) ) ( VP ( VBN taken ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NN lung ) ( NN cancer ) ( NN tissue ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( VBD tested ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG missing ) ( NP ( DT this ) ( NN gene ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In a report out last week John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene


( S ( NP-SBJ ( EX There ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( NP-PRD ( NP ( NNS reports ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( JJ several ) ( NNS labs ) ) ) ( VP ( ADVP-TMP ( RB as ) ( RB yet ) ) ( JJ unpublished ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( VBG missing ) ( NN p53 ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN tissue ) ) ( VP ( VBN taken ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN kidney ) ( NN brain ) ( CC and ) ( NN skin ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

There also are reports from several labs as yet unpublished of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney brain and skin cancers


( S ( PP-TMP ( IN At ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ same ) ( NN time ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( NNP Johns ) ( NNP Hopkins ) ( NN team ) ( CC and ) ( NNS others ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG rushing ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB pinpoint ) ( NP ( JJ other ) ( JJ tumor-suppressor ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

At the same time the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Vogelstein ) ) ( VP ( VBZ hopes ) ( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB soon ) ) ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB isolate ) ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 18 ) ) ( PRN ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( ADJP ( VBN involved ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18 also involved in colon cancer


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NP ( NNP Ray ) ( NNP White ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Utah ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Walter ) ( NNP Bodmer ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN researcher ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( JJ Great ) ( NNP Britain ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADVP-LOC-PRD ( JJ close ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG finding ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT another ) ( NN gene ) ) ( ADJP ( VBN involved ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( DT some ) ( NNS types ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN colon ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN thought ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( PP-PRD ( IN on ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer a researcher in Great Britain are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer thought to be on chromosome 5


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Minna ) ) ( VP ( VBZ believes ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS people ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBP inherit ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ defective ) ( NN gene ) ) ( PP-LOC ( RB somewhere ) ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( CD two ) ( NNS copies ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN chromosome ) ( CD 3 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( ADJP-PRD ( RB especially ) ( JJ prone ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN lung ) ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer


( S ( ADVP-TMP ( RB Recently ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP he ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNS others ) ) ) ( VP ( VBN reported ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN retinoblastoma ) ( NN suppressor ) ( NN gene ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( VBN involved ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT some ) ( NN lung ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ( CONJP ( RB as ) ( RB well ) ( IN as ) ) ( NP ( JJ several ) ( JJ other ) ( ADJP ( JJR more ) ( JJ common ) ) ( NNS cancers ) ) ) ) ) ( ADVP ( RB too ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Recently he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers as well as several other more common cancers too


( S ( SBAR-TPC-2 ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB Where ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT these ) ( NNS discoveries ) ) ( VP ( MD will ) ( VP ( VB lead ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNS scientists ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( ADVP ( RB only ) ) ( VP ( VB speculate ) ) ) )

Where these discoveries will lead scientists can only speculate


( S ( ADVP ( RB Already ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( CD two ) ( JJ major ) ( JJ pharmaceutical ) ( NNS companies ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Squibb ) ( NN unit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Bristol-Myers ) ( NNP Squibb ) ( NNP Co. ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNP Hoffmann-La ) ( NNP Roche ) ( NNP Inc. ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBG collaborating ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( NN gene ) ( NNS hunters ) ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB turn ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN anticipated ) ( NN cascade ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS discoveries ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ predictive ) ( NNS tests ) ) ( CC and ) ( PRN ( ADVP ( RB maybe ) ) ) ( NP ( JJ new ) ( NNS therapies ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Already two major pharmaceutical companies the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and maybe new therapies


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT Some ) ( NNS researchers ) ) ( VP ( VBP say ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( JJ new ) ( NN cancer ) ( NNS drugs ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB slow ) ( CC or ) ( VB reverse ) ( NP ( NN tumor ) ( NN growth ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN based ) ( PP-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN suppressor ) ( NNS proteins ) ) ( VP ( ADVP ( RB normally ) ) ( VBN produced ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( DT the ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NN idea ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( S-PRD ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB administer ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NNS patients ) ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ growth-controlling ) ( NNS proteins ) ) ( VP ( VBN made ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( JJ healthy ) ( NNS versions ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN damaged ) ( NNS genes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( PRP It ) ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( ADVP ( RB even ) ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( ADJP-PRD ( JJ possible ) ) ( S-1 ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB replace ) ( NP ( JJ defective ) ( NNS genes ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ healthy ) ( NNS versions ) ) ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN though ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT no ) ( PRP one ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN come ) ( ADVP-CLR ( RB close ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VBG doing ) ( NP ( DT that ) ) ) ) ) ) ( ADVP-TMP ( RB so ) ( RB far ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions though no one has come close to doing that so far


( S-1 ( PP ( IN In ) ( NP ( DT any ) ( NN case ) ) ) ( PRN ( SINV ( VP ( VBZ says ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Dr. ) ( NNP Minna ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP National ) ( NNP Cancer ) ( NNP Institute ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( PRP We ) ) ( VP ( VBP 're ) ( VP ( VBG witnessing ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN discovery ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( CD one ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( ADJP ( RBS most ) ( JJ important ) ) ( NNS steps ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN genesis ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

In any case says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute We 're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer


( S-HLN ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNS EAST ) ( NNS GERMANS ) ) ( VP ( VBD RALLIED ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( CD three ) ( NNS cities ) ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB demand ) ( NP ( JJ democratic ) ( NNS freedoms ) ) ) ) ) ) )

EAST GERMANS RALLIED in three cities to demand democratic freedoms


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN As ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN country ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ new ) ( NN leader ) ) ( NP ( NNP Egon ) ( NNP Krenz ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD prepared ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB travel ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NNP Moscow ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NN today ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS talks ) ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ Soviet ) ( NN leader ) ( NNP Gorbachev ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( NNS hundreds ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS thousands ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP East ) ( NNP Germans ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD massed ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS streets ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Leipzig ) ) ( NP ( NNP Halle ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NNP Schwerin ) ) ) ) ) ) ( S-PRP ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB call ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ internal ) ( NNS freedoms ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN legalization ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP New ) ( NNP Forum ) ( NN opposition ) ( NN group ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As the country 's new leader Egon Krenz prepared to travel to Moscow today for talks with Soviet leader Gorbachev hundreds of thousands of East Germans massed in the streets of Leipzig Halle and Schwerin to call for internal freedoms and the legalization of the New Forum opposition group


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Krenz ) ) ( ADVP ( RB however ) ) ( VP ( VP ( VBD vowed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB preserve ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Communist ) ( NNP Party ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN hold ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( JJ political ) ( NN power ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNS East ) ( NNS Germans ) ) ( VP ( MD should ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VB destabilize ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN nation ) ) ( PP-MNR ( IN with ) ( NP ( JJ unrealistic ) ( NNS demands ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Krenz however vowed to preserve the Communist Party 's hold on political power and said East Germans should n't destabilize the nation with unrealistic demands


( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Communist ) ( NNS officials ) ) ( NP-TMP ( DT this ) ( NN month ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VBN faced ) ( NP ( NP ( ADJP ( RB nearly ) ( JJ daily ) ) ( JJ pro-democracy ) ( NNS protests ) ) ( VP ( VBN accompanied ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP-LGS ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN flight ) ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP West ) ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS thousands ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS East ) ( NNS Germans ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Communist officials this month have faced nearly daily pro-democracy protests accompanied by the flight to the West by thousands of East Germans


( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Soviet ) ( NNS police ) ) ( VP ( VBD clashed ) ( PP ( IN with ) ( NP ( NNS demonstrators ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Moscow ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( VBG following ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN candlelight ) ( NN vigil ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN around ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP KGB ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Lubyanka ) ( NN headquarters ) ) ) ( PP ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NN memory ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT those ) ) ( VP ( VBN persecuted ) ( PP-LOC ( IN under ) ( NP ( NNP Stalin ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Soviet police clashed with demonstrators in Moscow following a candlelight vigil around the KGB 's Lubyanka headquarters in memory of those persecuted under Stalin


( S ( NP-SBJ ( QP ( RBR More ) ( IN than ) ( CD 1,000 ) ) ( NNS Muscovites ) ) ( VP ( VBD attended ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN service ) ) ) )

More than 1,000 Muscovites attended the service


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT A ) ( NN splinter ) ( NN group ) ) ( VP ( VBD demonstrated ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Pushkin ) ( NNP Square ) ) ( SBAR ( WHADVP-1 ( WRB where ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN police ) ) ( VP ( VBD clubbed ) ( CC and ) ( VBD detained ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN number ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS protesters ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A splinter group demonstrated in Pushkin Square where the police clubbed and detained a number of protesters


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Police ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Yugoslavia ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD dispersed ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( CD 1,000 ) ) ( JJ ethnic ) ( NNS Albanians ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WP who ) ) ( S ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBG protesting ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN trial ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ former ) ( NNP Communist ) ( NNP Party ) ( NN chief ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ southern ) ( NN province ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Kosovo ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Police in Yugoslavia dispersed about 1,000 ethnic Albanians who were protesting the trial of the former Communist Party chief of the southern province of Kosovo


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( NNP Azem ) ( NNP Vlasi ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( CD 14 ) ( NNS others ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP are ) ( VP ( VBN accused ) ( PP-CLR ( IN of ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VP ( VBG inciting ) ( NP ( NNS riots ) ( CC and ) ( NNS strikes ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBG opposing ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ constitutional ) ( NNS limits ) ) ( PP ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Kosovo ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN autonomy ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Azem Vlasi and 14 others are accused of inciting riots and strikes and opposing constitutional limits to Kosovo 's autonomy


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN If ) ( S ( VP ( VBN convicted ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP they ) ) ( VP ( MD could ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN sentenced ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NN death ) ) ) ) ) ) )

If convicted they could be sentenced to death


( S ( S-TPC-1 ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT A ) ( NN court ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Jerusalem ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD sentenced ) ( NP-2 ( DT a ) ( NN Palestinian ) ) ( PP-CLR ( TO to ) ( NP ( CD 16 ) ( NN life ) ( NNS terms ) ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN for ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG forcing ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN bus ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN off ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN cliff ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP July ) ( CD 6 ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG killing ) ( NP ( CD 16 ) ( NNS people ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Israeli ) ( NN radio ) ) ( VP ( VBD reported ) ) )

A court in Jerusalem sentenced a Palestinian to 16 life terms for forcing a bus off a cliff July 6 killing 16 people Israeli radio reported


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP He ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD received ) ( NP ( JJ 20-year ) ( NNS sentences ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NP ( DT each ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( CD 24 ) ( NNS passengers ) ) ( VP ( VBN injured ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

He also received 20-year sentences for each of the 24 passengers injured


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP It ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN considered ) ( S ( NP-PRD ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS stiffest ) ( NN sentence ) ) ( VP ( VBD passed ) ( PP-TMP ( IN since ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN start ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ 22-month-old ) ( NNP Arab ) ( NN uprising ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ Israeli-occupied ) ( NNS territories ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

It was considered the stiffest sentence passed since the start of the 22-month-old Arab uprising in the Israeli-occupied territories


( S ( NP-SBJ ( UCP ( NNP U.S. ) ( CC and ) ( JJ Soviet ) ) ( NNS negotiators ) ) ( VP ( VBD opened ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS talks ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP New ) ( NNP York ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD aimed ) ( PP-CLR ( IN at ) ( S-NOM ( VP ( VBG resolving ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS differences ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNS proposals ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB reduce ) ( NP ( NNS chemical-weapons ) ( NNS arsenals ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

U.S. and Soviet negotiators opened talks in New York aimed at resolving differences in proposals to reduce chemical-weapons arsenals


( S ( SBAR-ADV ( IN While ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP Kremlin ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN urged ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN ban ) ) ( PP ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( NN output ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN poison ) ( NNS gases ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ-2 ( DT the ) ( NNP White ) ( NNP House ) ) ( VP ( VBZ wants ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB continue ) ( S ( VP ( VBG producing ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS weapons ) ) ) ) ( SBAR-TMP ( RB even ) ( IN after ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( DT an ) ( JJ international ) ( NN treaty ) ) ( VP ( VBG calling ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NN destruction ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBN signed ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

While the Kremlin has urged a ban on output of the poison gases the White House wants to continue producing the weapons even after an international treaty calling for their destruction is signed


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP South ) ( NNP Africa ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN government ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NP ( JJ peaceful ) ( NNS demonstrations ) ) ( PP ( JJ such ) ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ anti-apartheid ) ( NN rally ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sunday ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN near ) ( NP ( NNP Soweto ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBP have ) ( VP ( VP ( VBN helped ) ( S ( VP ( VB ease ) ( NP ( NNS tensions ) ) ) ) ) ( CC and ) ( VP ( VBN assisted ) ( NP ( JJ political ) ( NNS changes ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

South Africa 's government said peaceful demonstrations such as the anti-apartheid rally Sunday near Soweto have helped ease tensions and assisted political changes


( S ( NP-SBJ ( QP ( RB About ) ( CD 70,000 ) ) ( NNS people ) ) ( VP ( VBD attended ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ anti-government ) ( NN rally ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-1 ( IN at ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( NNS leaders ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( VBN banned ) ( NNP African ) ( NNP National ) ( NNP Congress ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD refused ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB renounce ) ( NP ( NP ( NN violence ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB end ) ( NP ( NN apartheid ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

About 70,000 people attended the anti-government rally at which leaders of the banned African National Congress refused to renounce violence to end apartheid


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NAC ( NNP Secretary ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP State ) ) ) ) ( NNP Baker ) ) ( VP ( VBD expressed ) ( NP ( NN concern ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Nicaraguan ) ( NNP President ) ( NNP Ortega ) ) ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB attempt ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB use ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ alleged ) ( NNS attacks ) ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ U.S.backed ) ( NNP Contra ) ( NNS rebels ) ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN excuse ) ) ( SBAR ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB scuttle ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS elections ) ) ( VP ( VBN scheduled ) ( PP-TMP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNP February ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Secretary of State Baker expressed concern that Nicaraguan President Ortega may attempt to use alleged attacks by the U.S.backed Contra rebels as an excuse to scuttle elections scheduled for February


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNP Ortega ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN threatened ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB end ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ 19-month-old ) ( NN ceasefire ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Ortega had threatened to end a 19-month-old ceasefire


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Baker ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNS remarks ) ) ( VP ( VBD came ) ( SBAR-TMP ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP White ) ( NNP House ) ) ( VP ( VBD urged ) ( NP-1 ( DT both ) ( NNS sides ) ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB honor ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN truce ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Baker 's remarks came as the White House urged both sides to honor the truce


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNP USS ) ( NNP Lexington ) ) ( VP ( VBD returned ) ( PP-DIR ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( NN dock ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Pensacola ) ) ( NP ( NNP Fla. ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-TMP ( VBG following ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN accident ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sunday ) ) ( SBAR ( WHPP-1 ( IN in ) ( WHNP ( WDT which ) ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-2 ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN pilot ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN training ) ( NN jet ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD crashed ) ( PP-DIR ( IN into ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN ship ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG killing ) ( NP ( CD five ) ( NNS sailors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The USS Lexington returned to dock in Pensacola Fla. following an accident Sunday in which the pilot of a training jet crashed into the ship killing five sailors


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN captain ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN aircraft ) ( NN carrier ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJS oldest ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Navy ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN flier ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBG making ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( JJ first ) ( NN attempt ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( NN land ) ( PP-LOC-CLR ( IN on ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN carrier ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The captain of the aircraft carrier the oldest in the Navy said the flier was making his first attempt to land on a carrier


( S ( NP-SBJ ( CD Four ) ( NNS people ) ) ( VP ( VBD torched ) ( NP ( CD three ) ( NNP U.S. ) ( NNS flags ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN on ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ central ) ( NNS steps ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP U.S. ) ( NNP Capitol ) ) ) ) ) ( PP-PRP ( IN in ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN bid ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB test ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ new ) ( JJ federal ) ( NN law ) ) ( VP ( VBG protecting ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ American ) ( NN flag ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NN desecration ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Four people torched three U.S. flags on the central steps of the U.S. Capitol in a bid to test a new federal law protecting the American flag from desecration


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT All ) ( CD four ) ( NNS demonstrators ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( VP ( VBN arrested ) ) ) )

All four demonstrators were arrested


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT The ) ( NN law ) ) ( SBAR ( WHNP-1 ( WDT which ) ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Bush ) ) ( VP ( VBD allowed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB take ) ( NP-CLR ( NN effect ) ) ( PP ( IN without ) ( NP ( PRP$ his ) ( NN signature ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD went ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( NN force ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Friday ) ) ) )

The law which Bush allowed to take effect without his signature went into force Friday


( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ Chinese ) ( NNS officials ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( JJ armed ) ( NNS police ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB replace ) ( NP ( NNS soldiers ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Tiananmen ) ( NNP Square ) ) ) ( PP ( IN as ) ( NP ( NP ( NN part ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( VBG scaling ) ( RP down ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NP ( NNP Beijing ) ( POS 's ) ) ( JJ five-month-old ) ( NN state ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN emergency ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Chinese officials said armed police would replace soldiers in Tiananmen Square as part of a scaling down of Beijing 's five-month-old state of emergency


( S ( S-TPC-1 ( ADVP ( RB Separately ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NNP U.S. ) ( NNP Embassy ) ) ( VP ( VBZ has ) ( VP ( VBN filed ) ( NP ( CD three ) ( NNS protests ) ) ( PP-TMP ( IN in ) ( NP ( QP ( RB as ) ( JJ many ) ) ( NNS days ) ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP China ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN government ) ) ) ( S-ADV ( VP ( VBG alleging ) ( NP ( NP ( NN harassment ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS diplomats ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( PRP$ their ) ( NNS families ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( DT an ) ( NN embassy ) ( NN source ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) )

Separately the U.S. Embassy has filed three protests in as many days with China 's government alleging harassment of diplomats and their families an embassy source said


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Authorities ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Algeria ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN toll ) ) ( PP ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( CD two ) ( NNS earthquakes ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sunday ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN reached ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( IN at ) ( JJS least ) ( CD 30 ) ) ( JJ dead ) ) ( CC and ) ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( CD 250 ) ) ( JJ injured ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Authorities in Algeria said the toll from two earthquakes Sunday had reached at least 30 dead and about 250 injured


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT The ) ( JJS heaviest ) ( NN damage ) ) ( VP ( VBD was ) ( VP ( VBN reported ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Tipasa ) ) ( ADVP-LOC ( NP ( QP ( RB about ) ( CD 40 ) ) ( NNS miles ) ) ( RB west ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Algiers ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

The heaviest damage was reported in Tipasa about 40 miles west of Algiers


( S ( SBAR-TMP ( IN As ) ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NN rescue ) ( NNS teams ) ) ( VP ( VBD continued ) ( S ( VP ( VBG searching ) ( PP-CLR ( IN for ) ( NP ( NNS victims ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS hundreds ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS suvivors ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD accused ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN government ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ feeble ) ( NN response ) ) ( PP-TMP ( VBG following ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNS temblors ) ) ) ) ) ) )

As rescue teams continued searching for victims hundreds of suvivors accused the government of a feeble response following the temblors


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Britain ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NNP Thatcher ) ) ( VP ( VBD summoned ) ( NP ( JJ senior ) ( NNS advisers ) ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( NN strategy ) ( NNS talks ) ) ) ( SBAR-ADV ( IN as ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN opinion ) ( NNS polls ) ) ( VP ( VBD showed ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ prime ) ( NN minister ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN popularity ) ) ( VP ( VBD had ) ( VP ( VBN hit ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN record ) ( NN low ) ) ( PP-TMP ( VBG following ) ( NP ( NP ( DT the ) ( NN resignation ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ last ) ( NNP Thursday ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NAC ( NNP Chancellor ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( NNP Exchequer ) ) ) ) ( NNP Lawson ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Britain 's Thatcher summoned senior advisers for strategy talks as opinion polls showed the prime minister 's popularity had hit a record low following the resignation last Thursday of Chancellor of the Exchequer Lawson


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( CD One ) ( NN poll ) ) ( VP ( VBN conducted ) ( PP ( IN for ) ( NP ( DT the ) ( JJ British ) ( NNP Broadcasting ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD found ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( CD 52 ) ( NN % ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNS voters ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD believed ) ( SBAR ( IN that ) ( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP she ) ) ( VP ( MD should ) ( VP ( VB quit ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

One poll conducted for the British Broadcasting Corp. found that 52 % of voters believed that she should quit


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNS Lawmakers ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Hungary ) ) ) ) ( VP ( VBD approved ) ( NP ( NP ( NN legislation ) ) ( VP ( VBG granting ) ( NP ( NN amnesty ) ) ( PP-DTV ( TO to ) ( NP ( NP ( JJ many ) ( NNS people ) ) ( VP ( VBN convicted ) ( PP-CLR ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNS crimes ) ) ( ADJP ( JJ punishable ) ( PP ( IN by ) ( NP ( NP ( QP ( JJR less ) ( IN than ) ( CD three ) ) ( NNS years ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NN prison ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Lawmakers in Hungary approved legislation granting amnesty to many people convicted of crimes punishable by less than three years in prison


( S ( NP-SBJ ( PRP They ) ) ( ADVP ( RB also ) ) ( VP ( VBD established ) ( NP ( NP ( DT an ) ( NN office ) ) ( SBAR-PRP ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB control ) ( NP ( NN government ) ( CC and ) ( NN party ) ( NNS finances ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

They also established an office to control government and party finances


( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT The ) ( NNS laws ) ) ( VP ( VBP take ) ( NP-CLR ( NN effect ) ) ( NP-TMP ( JJ next ) ( NN month ) ) ) )

The laws take effect next month


( FRAG ( VP ( VBN Died ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NP ( NNP Robert ) ( NNP V. ) ( NNP Van ) ( NNP Fossan ) ) ( NP ( CD 63 ) ) ( NP ( NP ( NN chairman ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Mutual ) ( NNP Benefit ) ( NNP Life ) ( NNP Insurance ) ( NNP Co. ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-TMP ( NNP Sunday ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Morristown ) ) ( NP ( NNP N.J. ) ) ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NN cancer ) ) ) )

Died Robert V. Van Fossan 63 chairman of Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. Sunday in Morristown N.J. of cancer


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NNP Edison ) ( NNP Brothers ) ( NNP Stores ) ( NNP Inc. ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( PRP it ) ) ( VP ( VBD agreed ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB buy ) ( NP ( CD 229 ) ( NNP Foxmoor ) ( NP ( NNS women ) ( POS 's ) ) ( NN apparel ) ( NNS stores ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN from ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Foxmoor ) ( NNP Specialty ) ( NNP Stores ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( NN unit ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NP ( NNP Dylex ) ( NNP Ltd. ) ) ( PP ( IN of ) ( NP ( NNP Toronto ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Edison Brothers Stores Inc. said it agreed to buy 229 Foxmoor women 's apparel stores from Foxmoor Specialty Stores Corp. a unit of Dylex Ltd. of Toronto


( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( NNS Terms ) ) ( VP ( VBD were ) ( RB n't ) ( VP ( VBN disclosed ) ) ) )

Terms were n't disclosed


( S ( NP-SBJ ( NN Edison ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ-1 ( DT the ) ( VBN acquired ) ( NNS stores ) ) ( VP ( MD would ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN integrated ) ( PP-CLR ( IN into ) ( NP ( PRP$ its ) ( JJ current ) ( NNS operations ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Edison said the acquired stores would be integrated into its current operations


( S ( S-TPC-4 ( NP-SBJ-3 ( NNP General ) ( NNP Motors ) ( NNP Corp. ) ) ( VP ( VBZ is ) ( VP ( VBG planning ) ( S ( VP ( TO to ) ( VP ( VB build ) ( NP ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ new ) ( NN engine ) ( NN plant ) ) ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Europe ) ) ) ( SBAR-6 ( WHNP-5 ( WDT that ) ) ( S ( VP ( MD may ) ( VP ( VB be ) ( VP ( VBN built ) ( PP-LOC ( IN in ) ( NP ( NNP Britain ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( PP ( VBN provided ) ( SBAR ( S ( NP-SBJ ( DT the ) ( NN company ) ) ( VP ( MD can ) ( VP ( VB reach ) ( NP ( DT a ) ( JJ satisfactory ) ( NN agreement ) ) ( PP-CLR ( IN with ) ( NP ( NNS unions ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ( NP-SBJ ( NNS sources ) ) ( VP ( VBD said ) ) )

General Motors Corp. is planning to build a new engine plant in Europe that may be built in Britain provided the company can reach a satisfactory agreement with unions sources said