Lunar Helium-3 Fuel for Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion of helium-3 ( 3 He) can be used to generate electrical power with little or no radioactive waste and no carbon emissions. Some forty-four tons of this fuel could meet the electricity needs of the United States for a year. Although rare on Earth, an estimated one million tons of 3 He has collected on the surface of the moon. While it would cost approximately US$17 billion to develop a mine producing one ton of 3 He per year, such an operation is commercially viable over the medium term given the estimated value of that ton of fuel: US$3.7 billion. This article outlines the technical and economic issues related to 3 He and its extraction, and it presents a novel approach to estimating the worth of the fuel. The potential of 3 He as a future energy source is set in the context of global energy forecasts and international efforts to investigate lunar 3 He resources—including a recent Chinese mission.