Close up: your id is your face
In the age of artificial intelligence, identifying anyone in public space through facial recognition is becoming faster and easier. However, the technologies are not without flaws. Recent studies have shown that the technologies are prone to gender and skin-colour biases, and not highly accurate. Despite their imperfections, governments around the world deploy the technologies at a breakneck pace. Strong criticisms have been heard over the lack of appropriate legal frameworks to regulate technologies that can negatively impact civil liberties and personal freedoms. Since a few years, concerns have further grown concerning their use in China where they are deployed to support a social credit system to rate citizens’ behaviour. Facial recognition technologies can potentially be very pervasive surveillance tools. The proposed research will identify the threats and risks that the use of facial recognition for surveillance purposes poses to the rights to privacy and data protection as defined at EU level. The objective is to define the legitimate and proportionate uses of the technologies based on country trends (France, UK, USA, and China), their technical characteristics, and the legal frameworks applicable to the rights to privacy and data protection.