Efecto de la industrialización en el desempleo de 83 países clasificados por niveles de ingreso, a través de técnicas de cointegración y causalidad con datos de panel, periodo 1991-2018”.
The increasing trend of industrialization throughout history makes the requirements of 
the labor force more demanding; this means that those who are not prepared to face 
these demands are more likely to fall into unemployment. That is why, through this 
research, I have set myself the objective of determining the balance and causality 
relationship between industrialization and unemployment in 102 countries classified by 
income levels, during the period 1991-2018, using cointegration and causality 
techniques with data panel. To meet this objective, I mainly used three econometric 
strategies, such as: the generalized least squares method, the four cointegration tests for 
panel data developed by Westerlund (2007) together with the FMOLS test by Phillips 
and Hansen (1990); and, finally, the Granger causality test proposed by Dumitrescu and 
Hurlin (2012). The results show that the higher the level of industrialization, the higher 
the unemployment; however, in the long term there is a negative relationship but only 
for high and upper middle income countries. Furthermore, the causality tests show that 
industrialization has a causal effect on unemployment only in upper middle-income 
countries, which is explained by the facilities that these countries have for the insertion 
of industry, such as infrastructure and possibilities of growth and economic 
development. Given this, the policies are mainly oriented to investing in the adequate 
infrastructure as well as in the training and formation of human capital with the aim of 
being able to face constant new requirements in the labor market.