Distribution of Pahs and Trace Elements In Spartina Densiflora And Associated Sediments from Low to Highly Contaminated South American Estuarine Saltmarshes
Estuarine saltmarshes from South America are exposed to several anthropogenic impacts due to diverse human activities that occur in both Atlantic/Pacific coastal environments. Primarily, chemical and petrochemical industries negatively impact saltmarshes generating inputs/deposition of non-essential trace elements (NTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments. The native cordgrass Spartina densiflora inhabits a wide range of environments, from non-impacted to highly impacted areas. It is important to know its performance towards pollution in different environmental settings in South America.The content of Cd, Hg, Pb, and PAHs was determined in the roots and leaves of S. densiflora , bulk sediments (Bs), and rhizosediments (Rs) of estuaries from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Differences in NTEs and PAHs levels were observed between Bs, Rs, and Spartina tissues from different saltmarsh areas (p<0.05). Differences in Rs/Bs (RHICF; rhizosediments concentration factors), roots/Bs (RCF; roots concentration factors) and leaves/roots (TF; translocation factors) factors were also found. In terms of NTEs, S. densiflora showed a high capability to increase levels in their Rs (RHICF>1), bioconcentrate Cd in roots (RCF>1), and no general translocation (TF<1). Conversely, PAHs contents in cordgrass tissues, Bs and Rs showed RCF and TF>1, which was in line with lower levels in Rs related to Bs (RHICF<1) in most sites. These findings showed that S. densiflora's capacity to retain, remove and/or translocate priority contaminants depends on intrinsic chemical characteristics but also the level of contamination. The present study enables future considerations regarding biomonitoring and phytoremediation/stabilization capabilities of Spartina in coastal environments.