A practical petrophysical model for a source rock play: The Mancos Shale
Recently, the focus in source rock exploration has moved from gas-rich to liquid-rich plays and warrants revisiting “bypassed” hydrocarbon charged source rocks, which were deemed uneconomic when first drilled. In North America’s oil fields, there are thousands of wells with different vintages of nuclear and electrical logs, yet these wells generally lack any advanced logs beyond the traditional triple combo. We have developed a workflow that uses a considerable amount of laboratory measurements made on crushed rock to upscale a petrophysical model based on a triple combo logging suite only. The model divides the field (laterally) in oil window and gas window fairways and (vertically) in petrophysical units. The remaining hydrocarbon generation potential is based on geochemical measurements, such as thermal maturity and total organic carbon content (TOC), from core and cuttings in the area. The petrophysical units reflect major geologic intervals with similar porosity and clay content. The workflow was sequentially built by correlating logs with core measurements, using TOC and maturity for organic matter, X-ray diffraction for mineralogy and grain density, porosity, and water saturation from fluids extraction, for volumetrics. The model is applied to the Mancos Shale (New Mexico, USA), a Cretaceous-age source rock, which includes the Niobrara Formation. The Mancos Shale has been penetrated in various fields while developing conventional sandstone reservoirs. The model is validated with measurements on a core recently acquired in the anticipated high-hydrocarbon-yield window. Petrophysical properties predicted from logs agree well with core measurements in blind tests, demonstrating the robustness of the model despite being based on a basic suite of logs and a simple deterministic approach. This model is now routinely used by the asset team as an automated workflow to generate fairway maps, locate sweet spots, and for landing lateral wells.