Involvement of glutamate, oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the convulsant activity of ciprofloxacin in mice
This study investigated the potential convulsive activity of ciprofloxacin in mice and the possible mechanism(s) of this activity. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of ciprofloxacin into mice resulted in convulsive seizures in a dose-dependent manner. The clonic median convulsant dose (CD 50 ) of ciprofloxacin in mice was increased by pretreatment with dizocilpine, alpha-lipoic acid or aminoguanidine, not changed by pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole and decreased by pretreatment with l -arginine and fenbufen. The increase in nitric oxide (NO) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as the decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity induced by the estimated clonic CD 50 of ciprofloxacin in mice brain was inhibited by pretreatment with dizocilpine, alpha-lipoic acid or aminoguanidine. These biochemical alterations were not changed by pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole but enhanced by pretreatment with l -arginine. The elevation induced by the clonic CD 50 of ciprofloxacin in brain glutamate level was not changed by pretreatment with MK-801, alpha-lipoic acid, aminoguanidine or l -arginine. Combined treatment of mice with fenbufen and ciprofloxacin produced elevation of brain NO production and glutamate and MDA levels as well as inhibition of brain intracellular GSH level and GSH-Px activity. In addition, i.p. administration of the clonic CD 50 of ciprofloxacin produced an increase in inducible but not in neuronal NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions in mice brain. These results suggest that elevation of brain glutamate levels with consequent oxidative stress and increase in the expression and activity of brain inducible NO synthase may play a pivotal role in ciprofloxacin-induced convulsive seizures.