A geomagnetic field model for the Holocene based on archaeomagnetic and lava flow data
Abstract We propose a new geomagnetic field model for the Holocene period based on archaeomagnetic and lava flow data, avoiding the use of lake sediment data. The source of data comes from the GEOMAGIA50v2 database which has been updated with the new archaeomagnetic and volcanic studies published during the last 3 yr. The model, called SHA.DIF.14k, allows us to analyse the behaviour of the geomagnetic field for the last 14 000 yr: from 12 000 BC to 1900 AD. For the model construction we use the spherical harmonic analysis in space and the penalized cubic B-splines in time. Both spatial and temporal regularization norms are used to constrain the inversion problem and applied at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) to assure the convergence of the model. For the last 3 ka, the model predictions agree with those given by the global model ARCH3k.1 and the European model SCHA.DIF.3k. For older epochs, the new model presents a clear improvement in field resolution with respect to other current models of the geomagnetic field for the Holocene. For the last 9 ka, the time evolution of the dipolar moment obtained from the dipole field shows a clear minimum between 5500 BC and 3000 BC, and the well-known continuous decreasing trend of the geomagnetic field strength for the last millennium and a half. A general view of the time-average evolution of the geomagnetic field flux lobes at the CMB for the northern hemisphere suggests a marked lobe of positive magnetic flux when the dipole moment was maximum. This lobe vanishes when the dipolar field is decreasing. The north polar wander paths of both north magnetic dip and geomagnetic poles were obtained showing an average rate of motion of 5.1 km/yr and 3.7 km/yr respectively. The model shows that the geomagnetic field can be averaged as axial dipolar in ∼ 2000 yr within an error of 5°, the typical uncertainty of the palaeomagnetic studies. Finally, and following the recent definition of archaeomagnetic jerks, we found 8 critical events in the time evolution of the geomagnetic field for the last 8 ka characterized by a maximum in the hemispheric asymmetry of the proposed model. The model is available in the Earth Ref Digital Archive at http://earthref.org/ERDA/1897/ .