Savanna plant community types at El Palmar National Park (Argentina)
Since 1965, El Palmar National Park, Entre Rios, protects the largest remnant of Butia yatay palm savanna, a species-rich ecosystem threatened by human activity. To study the functioning of this ecosystem and to manage its preservation, it is necessary to have an adequate picture of its vegetation heterogeneity. In this paper, we present a phytosociological classification of the plant communities of this savanna, describe their structure, species composition and richness, and provide their distribution in the landscape. To stratify our data acquisition, we first mapped the major geomorphic units in this landscape. In the spring of 1999 and the following summer, we conducted complete inventories of plant species in 73 savanna stands with different fire histories distributed throughout the different geomorphic units. We used multivariate analysis and numerical classification techniques to group inventories in plant community types and species in floristic groups. Finally, we summarized the compositional differences among community types as a metric multidimensional scaling ordination. We defined seven community types, recognizable by combinations of 20 floristic groups. The pattern of similarities among these community types suggests that floristic heterogeneity is organized along two gradients, one associated with soil texture differences, and the other with differences in water input. Three of the community types, closely related to each other, are distributed on elevated fluvial terraces and interfluves, in correspondence with gradual differences in topography and soil. These community types undergo successional change due to woody encroachment triggered by cattle exclusion and maintained by scarcity of natural fires. The remaining four community types are strictly associated with rocky outcrops, sand deposits, or runoff pathways that interrupt the landscape matrix, with no apparent woody encroachment.