A simple method for direct observation of the converse magnetoelectric effect in magnetic/ferroelectric composite thin films
A novel characterization method is presented to directly observe the pure converse magnetoelectric (ME) effect, i.e., the electric-field modification of magnetization, in composite magnetic/ferroelectric (FE) layered thin films. A low-frequency AC electric-voltage, rather than DC voltage bias, is applied to the FE thin films to minimize the leakage current, whereby the possible side effect of heating can be avoided. In particular, by synchronizing the frequency of the Kerr signal detector to the AC actuation voltage bias, the voltage-induced change of the magnetization in the magnetic films can be in situ recorded even under zero external magnetic fields. For illustration, this method is applied to two similar magnetic/FE composite thin films, with significant strain-mediated converse ME coupling being demonstrated in both cases.