Assyrian
Akkadian
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Tarshish
Tarshish (Hebrew: תַּרְשִׁישׁ) occurs in the Hebrew Bible with several uncertain meanings, most frequently as a place (probably a large city or region) far across the sea from the Land of Israel. Tarshish was said to have supplied vast quantities of important metals to Israel and Phoenicia. The same place-name occurs in the Akkadian inscriptions of Esarhaddon (the Assyrian king, d. 669 B.C.) and also on the Phoenician inscription on the Nora Stone, indicating that it was a real place; its precise location was never commonly known, and was eventually lost in antiquity. Legends grew up around it over time so that its identity has been the subject of scholarly research and commentary for more than two thousand years. Its importance stems in part from the fact that biblical passages tend to understand Tarshish as a source of King Solomon's great wealth in metals - especially silver, but also gold, tin and iron (Ezekiel 27). The metals were reportedly obtained in partnership with King Hiram of Phoenician Tyre (Isaiah 23), and the fleets of Tarshish-ships. However, there has been so little evidence identified in the archaeological record for Solomon and his kingdom, that some modern scholars have suggested Solomon and his kingdom never existed see essays in (Schmidt, ed. 2007). The existence of Tarshish in the western Mediterranean, along with any Phoenician presence in the western Mediterranean before circa 800 .B.C has likewise seemed unthinkable to some scholars in modern times, because there had been no recognized and defensible evidence for wealth in metals during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram; in fact, the lack of evidence for wealth in Phoenicia and Israel during the reigns of Solomon and Hiram has allowed scholars to understand the period in Mediterranean prehistory between 1200 and 800 BC as a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998). The Septuagint, the Vulgate and the Targum of Jonathan render Tarshish as Carthage, but other biblical commentators as early as 1646 (Samuel Bochart) read it as Tartessos in ancient Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). The Jewish-Portuguese scholar, politician, statesman and financier Isaac Abravanel (A.D. 1437–1508) described Tarshish as “the city known in earlier rimes as Carthage and today called Tunis. One possible identification for many centuries preceding the French scholar Bochart (d. 1667), and following the Roman historian Flavius Josephus (d. 100 A.D.), had been with inland town of Tarsus in Cilicia (south-central Turkey). American scholars William F. Albright (1891-1971) and Frank Moore Cross (1921-2012) suggested Tarshish was Sardinia because of the discovery of the Nora Stone, whose Phoenician inscription mentions Tarshish. In 2003, Christine Marie Thompson identified the Cisjordan Corpus, a concentration of hacksilber hoards in Israel and the Palestinian Territories (Cisjordan). This Corpus dates between 1200 and 586 B.C., and the hoards in it are all silver-dominant. The largest hoard was found at Eshtemoa and contained 26kg of silver. Within it, and specifically in the geographical region that was part of Phoenicia, is a concentration of hoards dated between 1200 and 800 B.C. This concentration is unique in the contemporary Mediterranean, and its date-range overlaps with the reigns of King Solomon (990 - 931 B.C.) and Hiram of Tyre (980 - 947 B.C.). Hacksilber objects in these Phoenician hoards have lead isotope ratios that match ores in Sardinia and Spain. Contrary to translations that have been rendering Assyrian tar-si-si as 'Tarsus' up to the present time, Christine Thompson has shown that the Assyrian tablets inscribed in Akkadian indicate tar-si-si (Tarshish) was an island, and the poetic construction of Psalm 72 also points to its identity as a large island in the West. The island of Sardinia is indicated. The same evidence from hacksilber fits with what the ancient Greek and Roman authors recorded about the Phoenicians exploiting many sources of silver in the western Mediterranean to feed developing economies back in Israel and Phoenicia soon after the fall of Troy and other palace-centers in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 B.C. Classical sources including Homer (8th century B.C.), and the Greek historians Herodotus (484-425 B.C.) and Diodorus Siculus (d. 30 B.C.) said the Phoenicians were exploiting the metals of the west for these purposes before they set up the permanent colonies in the metal-rich regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic.