lanthanum
carl gustav mosander
['ernst mayr', 'herschel', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'bickley', 'ernest hemingway', 'auguste charlois', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'bernhard schmidt', 'kirchhoff', 'august derleth', 'noam chomsky', 'sylvain arend', 'loneos', 'lewis swift', 'gerry anderson', 'turing', 'lord rayleigh', 'max wolf', 'emmett chapman', 'moog', 'carlos torres', 'eleanor helin', 'nauchnyj', 'edwin hubble', 'isaac newton', 'speke', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'grigory neujmin', 'hendrik van gent', 'carl wirtanen', 'franz anton mesmer', 'charles darwin', 'claude chappe', 'evangelista torricelli', 'michael brown', 'eugene shoemaker', 'james watt', 'george van biesbroeck', 'karl reinmuth', 'ptolemy', 'sequoyah', 'kin endate', 'christopher cockerell', 'alessandro malaspina', 'seymour papert', 'vint cerf', 'sergey belyavsky', 'charles messier', 'babbage', 'ward cunningham', 'anselm', 'james dunlop', 'christopher latham sholes', 'arnold schoenberg', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'urata', 'otto hahn', 'nanking', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry bessemer', 'thomas newcomen', 'benjamin franklin', 'alexander grothendieck', 'heinrich schenker', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'gustav rose', 'karl drais', 'william rowan hamilton', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'franz kaiser', 'sir winston churchill', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'alonzo church', 'purple mountain observatory', 'john grinder', 'birmingham university', 'oak ridge observatory', 'gridshell', 'thorstein veblen', 'marie curie', 'harold urey', 'microsoft', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'edwin mcmillan', 'humphry davy', 'edward bowell', 'robert bunsen', 'henri lebesgue', 'leibniz', 'sir nigel gresley', 'christopher alexander', 'hyperloop', 'cavendish', 'sir alexander fleming', 'robert luther', 'linear']
Lanthanum
Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table: it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals. As such, it almost always assumes the oxidation state +3. Lanthanum has no biological role and is not very toxic. Lanthanum is usually found in combination with cerium and other rare earth elements, and it was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name lanthanum, from the Greek λανθανειν (lanthanein), meaning "to lie hidden". Although it is classified as a rare earth element, lanthanum is the 28th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, being just under three times as abundant as lead. In minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite, lanthanum makes up over a quarter of the lanthanide content. It is extracted from these minerals using a complex multistage extraction process; due to the complexity of these processes, pure lanthanum metal was not isolated until 1923. Lanthanum compounds have numerous applications as catalysts, additives in glass, carbon lighting for studio lighting and projection, ignition elements in lighters and torches, electron cathodes, scintillators, GTAW electrodes, and others. Lanthanum carbonate has been approved as a medicine for treating renal failure.