FRG
23 May 1949
['12 august 1993', '1 october 1906', '7 october 1919', '7 october 1916', '22 march 1949', '25 june 1914', '2 september 1990', '30 september 1981', '27 april 1994', '19 september 2006', '5 may 1923', '30 november 1999', '4 april 1949', '23 june 1950', '12 july 1979', '18 june 1989', '1 april 1996', '5 november 2012', '24 september 1946', '1 january 1944', '7 february 1915', '21 april 1970', '10 september 1945', '31 july 1948', '22 august 1999', '27 october 1942', '1 october 1927', '18 april 1980', '7 january 1977', '15 august 1946', '14 december 2013', '15 august 1914', '29 april 1918', '15 june 1909', '1 january 1948', '1 february 2002', '14 november 1994', '8 december 1991', '22 september 1945', '20 april 1964', '18 august 1902', '1 july 2015', '1 september 2004', '1 may 2003', '3 march 1915', '31 may 1898', '14 june 1917', '21 december 1985', '20 september 2008', '1 may 2014', '18 september 1961', '11 october 1974', '16 august 1936', '1 november 1944', '1 august 2013', '11 february 1991', '7 october 2007', '7 october 2013', '19 november 1967', '29 may 2007', '1 december 2001', '19 january 2011', '11 november 1990', '2 april 2012', '9 july 2011', '11 august 1947', '15 july 1971', '30 june 1946', '17 november 1912', '14 october 1924', '21 june 1946', '1 january 1981', '13 june 1986', '1 november 2011', '6 november 1960', '18 july 1946', '30 may 1962', '1 january 1900', '25 august 1991', '29 november 1965', '1 october 2005', '10 february 1983', '9 october 1984', '1 january 1801', '1 january 1986', '1 january 1870', '1 january 2010', '1 january 1966', '4 may 1928', '1 february 2010', '22 september 1989', '13 november 1923', '31 december 1998', '30 december 1922', '5 december 2011', '7 october 1933', '20 august 1905', '1 october 1949', '6 december 2006']
West Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland or BRD) in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period is referred to as the Bonn Republic (German: Bonner Republik) by academic historians, an earlier term being the Bonn State (German: Bonner Staat). During this period NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border. After 1961, West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states, became known simply as "Germany". The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France (the "Western Zones"). Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990. The city of Bonn was its de facto capital city (Berlin was symbolically named the de jure capital city in the West German Basic Law). The fourth Allied occupation zone (the East Zone, or Ostzone) was held by the Soviet Union. The parts of this zone lying east of the Oder-Neisse were in fact annexed by the Soviet Union and communist Poland; the remaining central part around Berlin became the communist German Democratic Republic (abbreviated GDR; in German Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR) with its de facto capital in East Berlin. As a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Germany (and, indeed, Europe) was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs. Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, considering itself to be the democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945 German Reich. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state. Though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state. From the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. While legally not part of the Federal Republic of Germany, as Berlin was under the control of the Allied Control Council, West Berlin aligned itself politically with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions. Relations with the Soviet bloc improved during the era of "Neue Ostpolitik" around 1970, and West Germany began taking the line of "two German states within one German nation", but formally maintained the exclusive mandate. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country. The Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other one. The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) of the 1950s when West Germany rose from the enormous destruction wrought by World War II to become the world's third largest economy. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for a full alignment with the West rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union. When the G6/G8 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, there was a rapid move towards German reunification. East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states (Länder) were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin, which ended its special status and formed an additional Land. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union.