Local Group
edwin hubble
['speke', 'herschel', 'auguste charlois', 'niels henrik abel', 'louis boyer', 'georg cantor', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'alessandro malaspina', 'edwin mcmillan', 'nauchnyj', 'carl wirtanen', 'vapnik', 'bickley', 'malcolm mackerras', 'michael faraday', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'roger penrose', 'gerry anderson', 'robert bunsen', 'george maciunas', 'vint cerf', 'urbain le verrier', 'william hyde wollaston', 'moog', 'odin', 'alonzo church', 'edward bowell', 'eugene shoemaker', 'kazuro watanabe', 'ernest rutherford', 'john grinder', 'christopher cockerell', 'arnold schoenberg', 'brouwer', 'sir winston churchill', 'james dunlop', 'cyril jackson', 'tsutomu seki', 'karl drais', 'birmingham university', 'edward said', 'johann palisa', 'mike brown', 'ernst mayr', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest hemingway', 'sequoyah', 'cavendish', 'ingrid', 'august derleth', 'henry holt', 'maurice martenot', 'ptolemy', 'emmett chapman', 'henry bessemer', 'ward cunningham', 'grigory neujmin', 'hendrik van gent', 'oak ridge observatory', 'sir nigel gresley', 'icao', 'george van biesbroeck', 'william rowan hamilton', 'charles darwin', 'thorstein veblen', 'sylvain arend', 'franz kaiser', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'otto hahn', 'blackberry', 'henri cartan', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'marija gimbutas', 'claude chappe', 'humphry davy', 'hyperboloid', 'babbage', 'benjamin franklin', 'gridshell', 'james bradley', 'annibale de gasparis', 'niels bohr', 'conway', 'egide walschaerts', 'sir arthur evans', 'henri lebesgue', 'marie curie', 'kirchhoff', 'noam chomsky', 'lee de forest', 'hyperloop', 'michael brown', 'joseph priestley', 'kin endate', 'toshimasa furuta']
Cosmological constant
In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) is the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space. It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917 as an addition to his theory of general relativity to "hold back gravity" and achieve a static universe, which was the accepted view at the time. Einstein abandoned the concept after Hubble's 1929 discovery that all galaxies outside the Local Group (the group that contains the Milky Way Galaxy) are moving away from each other, implying an overall expanding universe. From 1929 until the early 1990s, most cosmology researchers assumed the cosmological constant to be zero. Since the 1990s, several developments in observational cosmology, especially the discovery of the accelerating universe from distant supernovae in 1998 (in addition to independent evidence from the cosmic microwave background and large galaxy redshift surveys), have shown that around 68% of the mass–energy density of the universe can be attributed to dark energy. While dark energy is poorly understood at a fundamental level, the main required properties of dark energy are that it functions as a type of anti-gravity, it dilutes much more slowly than matter as the universe expands, and it clusters much more weakly than matter, or perhaps not at all. The cosmological constant is the simplest possible form of dark energy since it is constant in both space and time, and this leads to the current standard model of cosmology known as the Lambda-CDM model, which provides a good fit to many cosmological observations as of 2016.