subjective idealism
george berkeley
['ephraim shay', 'urbain le verrier', 'urata', 'carl gustav mosander', 'sergey belyavsky', 'lord rayleigh', 'maurice martenot', 'werner heisenberg', 'stallman', 'harlow shapley', 'robert luther', 'johan gadolin', 'franz anton mesmer', 'henri cartan', 'ward cunningham', 'lionel penrose', 'bernhard schmidt', 'ernst mayr', 'turing', 'takashi murakami', 'eric elst', 'purple mountain observatory', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'henry holt', 'eleanor helin', 'ernest hemingway', 'claude chappe', 'james bradley', 'georg cantor', 'sir alexander fleming', 'pieter zeeman', 'james dunlop', 'schelte bus', 'charles messier', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'marguerite laugier', 'alexander grothendieck', 'heinrich schenker', 'noam chomsky', 'thomas newcomen', 'auguste charlois', 'paolo maffei', 'emmett chapman', 'christopher alexander', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'linear', 'ernest johnson', 'vapnik', 'ptolemy', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'sequoyah', 'clyde tombaugh', 'gustav rose', 'harry edwin wood', 'chad trujillo', 'sir winston churchill', 'icao', 'microsoft', 'james watt', 'gause', 'nanking', 'george maciunas', 'indiana asteroid program', 'karl drais', 'tsutomu seki', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'bickley', 'albert einstein', 'william hyde wollaston', 'max wolf', 'herschel', 'karl reinmuth', 'gerry anderson', 'hendrik van gent', 'mike brown', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'kin endate', 'edwin hubble', 'carlos torres', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'birmingham university', 'kazuro watanabe', 'thorstein veblen', 'nikola tesla', 'mikhail lazarev', 'oak ridge observatory', 'anselm', 'silas weir mitchell', 'moog', 'hyperloop', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'babbage', 'george van biesbroeck', 'egide walschaerts', 'tycho', 'sir nigel gresley', 'speke']
Absolute idealism
Absolute idealism is an ontologically monistic philosophy attributed to G. W. F. Hegel. It is Hegel's account of how being is ultimately comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel asserted that in order for the thinking subject (human reason or consciousness) to be able to know its object (the world) at all, there must be in some sense an identity of thought and being. Otherwise, the subject would never have access to the object and we would have no certainty about any of our knowledge of the world. To account for the differences between thought and being, however, as well as the richness and diversity of each, the unity of thought and being cannot be expressed as the abstract identity "A=A". Absolute idealism is the attempt to demonstrate this unity using a new "speculative" philosophical method, which requires new concepts and rules of logic. According to Hegel, the absolute ground of being is essentially a dynamic, historical process of necessity that unfolds by itself in the form of increasingly complex forms of being and of consciousness, ultimately giving rise to all the diversity in the world and in the concepts with which we think and make sense of the world. The absolute idealist position was dominant in nineteenth century England and Germany, while exerting significantly less influence in the United States. The absolute idealist position should be distinguished from the subjective idealism of Berkeley, the transcendental idealism of Kant, or the idealisms of Fichte and Schelling.