Basil Lekapenos
Romanos I
['Pedro I', 'Vakhtang I', 'John Labatt', 'Aldfrith', 'Napoleon Bonaparte', 'Marlon Brando', 'Edward Gibbon Wakefield', 'Christian Krohg', 'Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan', 'Coenwulf', 'Jomo Kenyatta', 'Manuel I', 'Leone Ginzburg', 'Kroeber', 'Emperor Taizu', 'Bach', 'Carl Sagan', 'Neleus', 'Sethi I', 'Yakima Canutt', 'Leonidas II', 'Clu Gulager', 'Bohdan Khmelnytsky', 'Emil Artin', 'Geoffrey Chaucer', 'Akbar Shah II', 'Hector', 'Pankaj Kapoor', 'Jim Henson', 'George Harrison', 'Ashot I', 'Andrei Zhdanov', 'Mister Fantastic', 'Cao Cao', 'Nurhaci', 'Guthrie', 'Akbar', 'Jean Rochefort', 'Baldwin II', 'Antigonus I Monophthalmus', 'King Caspian X', 'Aeneas', 'Jacques Tati', 'Roy Kinnear', 'Lyndon Baines Johnson', 'William Kissam Vanderbilt', 'Ivan IV', 'Asinius Pollio', 'Frank Sinatra', 'Mendelssohn', 'Ali Akbar Khan', 'Sennacherib', 'Rama V', 'Mel Brooks', 'Mohan Babu', 'Izanagi', 'Emperor Xiaowu', 'Mehmed IV', 'Afonso II', 'Lewis Elton', 'Gediminas', 'Shashi Kapoor', 'Janus', 'Ohthere', 'King Ferdinand I', 'Lord Byron', 'Charles Kemble', 'Vlad Dracul', 'Nagesh', 'Bucky Pizzarelli', 'Lucien', 'Allu Aravind', 'Roger Miller', 'Djoser', 'Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum', 'William Aiton', 'Allu Rama Lingaiah', 'Paul Janson', 'Ernest Augustus I', 'Alfred Newman', 'Christopher I', 'Gunnar Myrdal', 'Wagnerian', 'Japheth', 'Audoin', 'Til Schweiger', 'Gadapani', 'King Michael', 'Ernest Hemingway', 'Nezahualpilli', 'Li Dan', 'Russian tsar', 'Chulalongkorn', 'Dharmendra', 'Casimir IV', 'Sabyasachi Chakrabarty', 'Sir Robert Walpole', 'Albert I', 'Nero Claudius Drusus']
Political mutilation in Byzantine culture
Mutilation in the Byzantine Empire was a common method of punishment for criminals of the era but it also had a role in the Empire's political life. The mutilation of political rivals by the Emperor was deemed an effective way of sidelining from the line of succession a person who was seen as a threat. In Byzantine culture the Emperor was a reflection of heavenly authority. Since God was perfect the Emperor also had to be unblemished; any mutilation, especially facial wounds, would disqualify an individual from taking the throne. An exception was Justinian II (ὁ Ῥινότμητος, "the slit-nosed") who had his nose cut off (Greek - rhinokopia) when he was overthrown in 695 but was able to become Emperor again in 705. Some disfigurements practised bore a secondary practical rationale as well. This can be seen in a common method of maiming, blinding. By blinding a rival one would not only restrict their mobility but make it almost impossible for them to lead an army into battle, then an important part of taking control of the Empire. Castration was also used to eliminate potential opponents. In the Byzantine Empire, for a man to be castrated meant that he was no longer a man, half-dead, "life that was half death". Castration also eliminated any chance of heirs being born to threaten either the Emperor or the Emperor's children's place at the throne. Blinding as a punishment for political rivals and a recognized penalty for treachery was established in 705, although Emperor Phocas used it earlier during his rule as well, becoming common practice from Heraclius onwards. Castration as a punishment for political rivals did not come into use until much later, becoming popular in the 10th and 11th centuries. Castrated men were not seen as a threat, as no matter how much power they gained they could never take the throne, and numerous eunuchs were entrusted with high and confidential offices in the Byzantine court and administration. A good example is that of Basil Lekapenos, the illegitimate son of the Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, who was castrated when young. He gained enough power to become parakoimomenos and effective prime minister for three successive emperors, but could not assume the throne himself. Other mutilations were the severing of the nose or the amputating of limbs. The last to use this method voluntarily was Michael VIII Palaiologos, although some of his successors were forced to use it again by the Ottoman Sultans.