{"content":[{"text":"Table of Contents","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.08422,"width":0.20771800000000004,"height":0.020041000000000003}},{"text":"Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 2","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.128473,"width":0.6905960000000001,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Abstract .................................................................................................................. 9","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.151062,"width":0.690552,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Declaration ............................................................................................................ 10","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.173652,"width":0.690106,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Copyright Statement ............................................................................................... 11","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.196241,"width":0.690106,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Dedication .............................................................................................................. 12 \n Acknowledgement .................................................................................................. 13","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.21883,"width":0.690106,"height":0.03757000000000002}},{"text":"Transliteration System ............................................................................................ 14","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.263937,"width":0.690106,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Transcription Key .................................................................................................... 15","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.286525,"width":0.690106,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1","bbox":{"left":0.190588,"top":0.309186,"width":0.009634000000000004,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Language Maintenance (LM) in Urban Communities ............................................ 16","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.309186,"width":0.654812,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1.1","bbox":{"left":0.208235,"top":0.345956,"width":0.024664999999999992,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Introduction .............................................................................................. 16","bbox":{"left":0.261176,"top":0.345956,"width":0.619518,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1.2","bbox":{"left":0.208235,"top":0.368545,"width":0.024664999999999992,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Types of ethnolinguistic minorities and the common characteristics they share . \n ................................................................................................................ 19","bbox":{"left":0.261176,"top":0.368545,"width":0.619518,"height":0.03756900000000002}},{"text":"1.3","bbox":{"left":0.208235,"top":0.413723,"width":0.024664999999999992,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Culture and language behaviors of non-indigenous/ immigrant minorities ...... 20","bbox":{"left":0.261176,"top":0.413723,"width":0.619518,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1.3.1","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.450492,"width":0.03969700000000001,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"Isolation, assimilation, or acculturation and integration ......................... 20","bbox":{"left":0.301513,"top":0.450492,"width":0.579181,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1.3.2","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.473153,"width":0.03969700000000001,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"The three-generation language shift pattern ........................................ 21","bbox":{"left":0.301513,"top":0.473153,"width":0.579181,"height":0.01505200000000001}},{"text":"1.4","bbox":{"left":0.208235,"top":0.509922,"width":0.024664999999999992,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Research on minority language maintenance/shift ....................................... 23","bbox":{"left":0.261176,"top":0.509922,"width":0.619518,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.4.1","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.546763,"width":0.03969700000000001,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Research on non-indigenous/immigrant minority language","bbox":{"left":0.301513,"top":0.546763,"width":0.452181,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"maintenance/shift ............................................................................................ 24","bbox":{"left":0.225883,"top":0.569352,"width":0.654811,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.4.2","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.591941,"width":0.03969700000000001,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Studies on Arabic language maintenance ............................................. 25","bbox":{"left":0.301513,"top":0.591941,"width":0.579181,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5","bbox":{"left":0.208235,"top":0.628782,"width":0.024664999999999992,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"The theoretical framework of the present study ........................................... 26","bbox":{"left":0.261176,"top":0.628782,"width":0.619518,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1","bbox":{"left":0.225882,"top":0.665552,"width":0.03969700000000001,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Factors of language maintenance/shift ................................................ 27","bbox":{"left":0.301513,"top":0.665552,"width":0.579181,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.1","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.702393,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Language use/choice: communicative function of language ............... 27","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.702393,"width":0.560728,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.2","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.724982,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Symbolic function of language ......................................................... 29","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.724982,"width":0.560728,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.3 Language policy of the host community: attitudes of the majority \n towards the minority group and language ...................................................... 30","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.747571,"width":0.637165,"height":0.037568999999999964}},{"text":"1.5.1.4","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.792678,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Ethnic language","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.792678,"width":0.12431500000000001,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"institutions ........................................................... 32","bbox":{"left":0.455386,"top":0.792678,"width":0.42530799999999996,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.5","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.815267,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Numerical strength ......................................................................... 33","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.815267,"width":0.560728,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.6","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.837856,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Distance from the host community .................................................. 34","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.837856,"width":0.560728,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.7","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.860445,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Level of education, occupation, and length of stay in the host country35","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.860445,"width":0.561104,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"1.5.1.8","bbox":{"left":0.243529,"top":0.883105,"width":0.054640999999999995,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"Generalizations drawn from the models............................................ 37","bbox":{"left":0.319966,"top":0.883105,"width":0.560728,"height":0.015051999999999954}},{"text":"2","bbox":{"left":0.531126,"top":0.925494,"width":0.010083999999999982,"height":0.01578299999999999}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}