{"content":[{"text":"298","bbox":{"left":0.112121,"top":0.047319,"width":0.030466999999999994,"height":0.017748}},{"text":"Michelle Louise Zattera et al.","bbox":{"left":0.204632,"top":0.04746,"width":0.20683499999999996,"height":0.016603000000000007}},{"text":"/","bbox":{"left":0.421088,"top":0.04746,"width":0.00481100000000001,"height":0.016603000000000007}},{"text":"Comparative Cytogenetics 13(3): 297–309 (2019)","bbox":{"left":0.43552,"top":0.04746,"width":0.35984799999999995,"height":0.016603000000000007}},{"text":"Keywords \n Pipidae, chromosome banding, interstitial telomeric sequences, rearrangements, chromosome evolution","bbox":{"left":0.112121,"top":0.092299,"width":0.7667829999999999,"height":0.03461399999999999}},{"text":"Introduction","bbox":{"left":0.112121,"top":0.151609,"width":0.137797,"height":0.01875099999999999}},{"text":"Chromosome studies provide important insights into the diversification of karyotypes \n and represent an effective approach for the identification of homologies among spe- \n cies (Targueta et al. 2018). This approach provides a systematic understanding of the \n rearrangements of the genome that have occurred during the evolutionary history of \n the target group. \n Pipids are a clade of anurans that diverged relatively early from other frogs in the \n phylogeny of the group (Pyron and Wiens 2011). Pipids have a unique combination \n of morphological features, some of which appear to represent a mix of adaptations \n to aquatic life and plesiomorphic characters of Anura (Cannatella and Trueb 1988, \n Cannatella 2015, Araújo et al. 2017). The frogs of the family Pipidae dwell in fresh- \n water environments and have behavioral and physiological features that are unique in \n anuran amphibians, making this group an excellent model for evolutionary studies \n (Cannatella and Trueb 1988, Cannatella and De Sá 1993, Pough et al. 2001). The \n family currently includes four genera: Hymenochirus Boulenger, 1896 (4 species), Pseu- \n dohymenochirus Chabanaud, 1920 (1 species), Xenopus Wagler, 1827 (29 species), and \n Pipa Laurenti, 1768 (7 species), which are distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and South \n America (Frost 2019). \n However, based on molecular phylogenetic inferences and presumed ancestral dip- \n loid numbers, some authors have distinguished a fifth lineage, Silurana, which includes \n all the species derived from an ancestor with 2n = 20 (Evans et al. 2004, Pyron and \n Wiens 2011), from Xenopus, which has an ancestral diploid number of 2n = 18. Ev- \n ans et al. (2015) suggested that Xenopus should be divided into two subgenera, Xeno- \n pus and Silurana. Other authors consider Xenopus and Silurana a monophyletic clade, \n without the necessity of separation of subfamilies or genera between them (e.g., De Sá \n and Hillis 1990, Cannatella and De Sá 1993, Graf et al. 1996), in this work we will \n consider them as a single group, Xenopus tropicalis group (Frost 2019). \n Pipa is the only non-African representative of the Pipidae, and evidences from a \n number of different sources indicates that this South American lineage is derived from \n an ancestor closely related to the extant members of the genus Hymenochirus. Pipidae \n was widely distributed in Gondwana and after its splintering, those lineages had dis- \n tributions associated with the Afro-Tropical (Hymenochirus, Pseudhymenochirus and \n Xenopus) and Neotropical Regions (Pipa). The historical isolation resulted in the diver- \n sification of the ancestral lineage of the genus Pipa, which is found in South America, \n as far north as Panama (Trueb et al. 2005, Frost 2019). \n The genus currently contains seven species: P. arrabali Izecksohn, 1976, P. aspera \n Mueller, 1924, P. carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, P. myersi Trueb, 1984, P. parva \n Ruthven & Gaige, 1923, P. pipa (Linnaeus, 1758), and P. snethlageae Muller, 1914 \n (Frost 2019). In most cases, the only cytogenetic information available for the pipid","bbox":{"left":0.112121,"top":0.184923,"width":0.7758519999999999,"height":0.7384539999999999}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}