{"content":[{"text":"communities’ that have emerged in the process of neoliberalism in \n Istanbul. \n In the mid-1970s, the consequences of rising neoliberal \n policies all over the world soon turned into a reality that influenced all \n areas of daily life (Harvey, 2007). But the political and economic moves \n on to neoliberlization in Turkey, we see mostly in the 1980s. These years \n have also been the years when the public shrunk rapidly through \n privatizations and free market practices have become the dominant \n determinant factors (Keleş, 2008). While all these transformations were \n taking place in the metropolitan area in Turkey with the 1990s (especially \n in Istanbul) a 'new middle class' which was the product of global \n works/employment and the new services sectors had emerged and gained \n visibility as an urban reality. The fact that all kinds of work activities of \n these 'new middle classes' take place in global contexts it has brought \n about the everyday life that brings with them close and indifference to \n local operations and local city experiences. In addition, as the levels of \n income, combined with their higher education levels, which were \n increasing comparing to the local laborers, the 'traditional modern city' \n experiences have become 'unwanted social burden' in the name of their \n everyday lives. Therefore, as all such other examples seen in the world, \n an unique urban practices so called 'gated communities'-a new kind of \n residential production-has emerged as a specific new requirements of this \n 'new middle classes' in Turkey in the 90s. \n In the process of becoming a globalized world city, Istanbul is \n filling up with the gated communities, modern office buildings, five-star \n hotels,and luxury consumption areas that offer world famous brands by \n the 2000s. The rapid and unprecedented expansion of gated communities \n took many as surprise. Considering that the number of houses in Istanbul \n is 5.3 million, more than 10% of the current city is located in such \n settlements and more than 1 million people live in such settlements in \n total (Şahin, 2019). Gated communities have emerged as a significant \n sociological phenomenon in Istanbul so we decided to carry out the field \n research in the city. \n In this context this chapter has two key aims. First, to broaden \n our knowledge of the nature and extent of gated communities in Istanbul, \n second, it considers the emergence of gated communities in the neoliberal \n city context in relation with culture of fear, anxiety, risk society and \n uncertainties, and discusses the reasons for their increasing numbers and \n popularity. \n 2. Risk and anxiety in the new era \n Risk, according to the Douglas, can be understood as a social and \n political construct. Nothing is inherently risky “out there”, but anything \n can be treated as a risk if a group of people claims that it has the potential","bbox":{"left":0.124921,"top":0.083454,"width":0.7192149999999999,"height":0.816873}},{"text":"46","bbox":{"left":0.47317,"top":0.92903,"width":0.02209,"height":0.01952799999999999}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}