{"content":[{"text":"1","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.112429,"width":0.01580899999999999,"height":0.021758}},{"text":"Introduction","bbox":{"left":0.194542,"top":0.112429,"width":0.174236,"height":0.021758}},{"text":"Are politicians","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.162545,"width":0.125295,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"punished","bbox":{"left":0.281692,"top":0.162545,"width":0.07446599999999998,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"for","bbox":{"left":0.365534,"top":0.162545,"width":0.022836000000000023,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"taking","bbox":{"left":0.397727,"top":0.162545,"width":0.052607000000000015,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"ideologically extreme","bbox":{"left":0.459711,"top":0.162545,"width":0.17833200000000005,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"positions, and rewarded","bbox":{"left":0.64738,"top":0.162545,"width":0.20562200000000008,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"for taking ideologically moderate ones?","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.192732,"width":0.33517500000000006,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"Electoral sanctioning","bbox":{"left":0.496924,"top":0.192732,"width":0.177765,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"for policy extremity","bbox":{"left":0.683148,"top":0.192732,"width":0.16989299999999996,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"is one of the foundations of democratic governance.","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.222919,"width":0.44222500000000003,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"There is a large literature on","bbox":{"left":0.602997,"top":0.222919,"width":0.2500239999999999,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"electoral accountability for ideological extremism in the U.S. House. The bulk of these","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.253104,"width":0.705943,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"studies ﬁnd that ideological moderation has an important inﬂuence on candidates’","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.283291,"width":0.705962,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"vote margins (e.g., Ansolabehere, Snyder, and Stewart 2001; Canes-Wrone, Brady,","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.313478,"width":0.705962,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"and Cogan 2002; Hall 2015), although there is some evidence that the electoral penalty","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.343665,"width":0.706021,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"for extremity is declining as elections are growing more nationalized (Wilkins 2013;","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.373852,"width":0.7059820000000001,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"Bonica and Cox 2018; Tausanovitch and Warshaw 2018). But there are two important","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.404039,"width":0.706021,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"limitations of the existing literature.","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.434224,"width":0.309487,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"First, few existing studies use a design-based","bbox":{"left":0.469068,"top":0.434224,"width":0.38389500000000004,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"approach to measure the eﬀect the ideological moderation in elections (but see Hall","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.464411,"width":0.705943,"height":0.015110000000000012}},{"text":"2015, 2019). In addition, there is almost no literature on accountability for ideological","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.494598,"width":0.70604,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"extremity in other oﬃces (but see Rogers 2017).","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.524785,"width":0.40284400000000004,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"In this paper, we use a uniﬁed research design to examine electoral accountabil-","bbox":{"left":0.17575,"top":0.554972,"width":0.677227,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"ity across a number of federal and state oﬃces in American elections, including the","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.585159,"width":0.7059230000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"U.S House, U.S. Senate, governor, and state legislatures.","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.615344,"width":0.48846300000000004,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"The ﬁrst building block","bbox":{"left":0.64992,"top":0.615344,"width":0.20308199999999987,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"of any study of accountability for extremism is data on the ideological positions of","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.645531,"width":0.7060010000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"candidates.","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.675718,"width":0.09361,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"Unfortunately, there is no perfect measure of candidate positions.","bbox":{"left":0.25026,"top":0.675718,"width":0.551717,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"Vari-","bbox":{"left":0.811569,"top":0.675718,"width":0.04143300000000005,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"ous measures tend to capture somewhat diﬀerent dimensions of candidates’ political","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.705905,"width":0.7059040000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"orientations (Tausanovitch and Warshaw 2017; Bonica 2018).","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.736092,"width":0.5259510000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"As a result, we use","bbox":{"left":0.687309,"top":0.736092,"width":0.1657710000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"all available panel measures of candidate positions in our analyses, including both","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.766277,"width":0.705962,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"roll call-based measures (Poole and Rosenthal 2007; Shor and McCarty 2011) and","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.796464,"width":0.706002,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"campaign ﬁnance-based measures (Bonica 2014, 2018; Hall 2015). We examine the","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.826651,"width":0.7060010000000001,"height":0.015109999999999957}},{"text":"eﬀect of candidates’ ideological positions on their electoral margins using a diﬀerence-","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.856838,"width":0.705943,"height":0.015109999999999957}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}