{"content":[{"text":"VERIFICATION OF THE FACT THAT GOLF \n ORIGINATED FROM CHUIWAN","bbox":{"left":0.220661,"top":0.137202,"width":0.5721459999999999,"height":0.055234000000000005}},{"text":"Ling Hongling, Professor of Physical Education, \n Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, P.R. China","bbox":{"left":0.188457,"top":0.21694,"width":0.634886,"height":0.05523700000000001}},{"text":"Chuiwan (“chui” means hitting and “wan” means ball in Chinese) \n was a game in ancient China. When playing, the competitors would drive \n the ball into each of a series of pits dug in the ground. The game was \n quite similar to modern golf, so Mr Hao Gengsheng called it Chinese \n golf.1 But how much alike the two games are and whether there is any \n relationship between them are the questions that call for further study \n and discussion. \n Chuiwan has a long history in China. According to Wan Jing, a \n book published in 1282 AD, “Both Emperor Huizong of the Song \n Dynasty and Emperor Zhangzong of the Jin Dynasty liked to play \n Chuiwan. They kept the balls in silk bags and while playing, they used \n coloured sticks”.2 This shows that early in the 12th century the game of \n Chuiwan was played in the imperial courts as an amusement. In fact, the \n game had long been played among the masses. It was merely introduced \n to the palace for the emperors’ entertainment. Chen Wanli, the author \n of a book entitled Pottery Pillow, selected many pottery-pillow paintings \n as illustrations, two of which are about children playing Chuiwan.3 In \n Figure 1, the child is holding in his hand a spoon-shaped stick called \n “Shaobang”, while in Figure 2, the child is waving what seems to be a \n metal-tipped stick called “Pubang”. Based on the two figures, a \n conclusion can be safely drawn that the Chuiwan game had already \n prevailed and was very popular among the ordinary people in the Song \n Dynasty. Otherwise, the painters would not have taken it as the topic of \n painting on pottery-pillows to solicit customers.","bbox":{"left":0.148695,"top":0.294554,"width":0.714739,"height":0.566976}},{"text":"12","bbox":{"left":0.496599,"top":0.89543,"width":0.01649999999999996,"height":0.01763199999999998}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}