{"content":[{"text":"Sustainable Development of Tourism","bbox":{"left":0.529654,"top":0.088602,"width":0.276911,"height":0.016076999999999994}},{"text":"307","bbox":{"left":0.823914,"top":0.087259,"width":0.028869000000000034,"height":0.017564999999999997}},{"text":"not only relates to scale and scope, but also to the direction of the dis- \n course. \n It is far from clear whether sustainable development offers a new \n paradigm, or simply a green wash over business-as-usual. According to \n Adams (1993, p. 207), most commentators use the term in a loose and \n un theorized way. The concept of 'sustainable development' accommo- \n dates (development) strategies varying from light- to dark-green, from a \n romantic and nostalgic conservatism to a Utopian socialism, from a 'zero \n growth' school of environmentalism to ideas about the importance of \n continued growth of the world economy (Schuurman 1992, p. 31). The \n same heterogeneity applies to discourse on sustainable development of \n tourism. \n There appears to be little homogeneity or sense of common interest in \n the immensely diverse group of practices, commercial activities and \n interests we call 'tourism.' Tourism (as a practice and as an industry) is \n specific to distinct historical, cultural or geographical contexts, which \n makes the notion itself somewhat artificial. \n Hence, the concept of sustainable development of tourism is even more \n complex to work with. This chapter does not, therefore, treat the \n sustainable development of tourism as a solution, but rather as a problem \n for critical review. First there is a brief discussion of the emergence of \n tourism as a problem. Second we discern the central issues at stake and \n put forward some questions for scientific research. Third, tourism is dealt \n with as a process of continuous transformation due to various interven- \n tions by producers and consumers. Finally, it will be argued that these \n processes of production and consumption provide very good reason for \n conceptualizing the sustainable development of tourism.","bbox":{"left":0.163486,"top":0.121182,"width":0.664129,"height":0.47773299999999996}},{"text":"The Problem","bbox":{"left":0.163486,"top":0.634656,"width":0.123136,"height":0.02026300000000003}},{"text":"Tourism was seen as a marginal addition to existing local economies, \n societies and land-use allocation systems during the 1950s and 1960s. The \n widespread assumption was that the impact could be accommodated by \n the use of surplus or existing factors of production, and that these were in \n any case 'clean activities' in terms of their physical impact. Economic, \n social and cultural consequences of tourism were supposed to be generally \n favorable, or at least not disadvantageous (Theuns 1989). Tourism was \n relatively neglected by the social sciences in those days, and few social \n scientist considered it worthwhile trying to study tourism as an interna- \n tional phenomenon. The first publications deserving mention appeared in \n the early 1970s, for example The Golden Hordes by Turner and Ash (1975) \n and the thesis by Hessels (1973) in the Netherlands. \n The growth of tourism during the 1970s and 1980s increasingly under- \n mined earlier assumptions about the impact of tourism. This growth is","bbox":{"left":0.162971,"top":0.668934,"width":0.664113,"height":0.24880099999999994}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}