{"content":[{"text":"reported by couples working nonstandard shifts was conflict over parenting (White and Keith 1990), an \n indication that the parent/child relationship might be more strained in shift work families. Other \n research has shown that shift work can make planning family activities more difficult due to the \n nonstandard work hours of one parent (Staines and Pleck 1983), reducing time that families can spend \n together as a group. One particular qualitative study suggests that husbands and wives in shift work \n couples rarely parent at the same time due to nonoverlapping schedules. They often rely on \"solo \n parenting\" while their spouse is at work. Not surprisingly, they face some of the same parenting \n challenges of single parents (Hattery 2001). \n What are the mechanisms through which shift work affects the parent/child relationship? The \n first may simply be an issue of time-availability. Working a nonstandard shift may prevent mothers \n from spending time with school aged children who attend school during the day and are home evenings \n and weekends when the mother may be at work. This \"absence-effect\" may diminish the mother/child \n bond by limiting available quality time between mother and child. \n A possible \"spill-over effect\" occurs when stress and exhaustion from the job spill over into \n family life. Nonstandard shift workers have been found to experience poorer mental health (Mellon \n 1986), which can negatively affect parenting quality (Jackson et. al 2000). Although we know that \n work may spill over into married couples' relationships, long hours and role overload from work may \n also negatively affect the quality of the relationship between parents and adolescent sons and daughters \n (Crouter, Bumpass, Maguire and McHale 1999). The \"spill-over effect\" of work and family may \n extend to the parent/child relationship. However, it is possible that the mother child relationship is \n more resilient than the marital relationship and, therefore, less affected by parental work schedules.","bbox":{"left":0.093921,"top":0.12897,"width":0.8120839999999999,"height":0.6262719999999999}},{"text":"Hypotheses","bbox":{"left":0.093921,"top":0.797258,"width":0.09032199999999999,"height":0.01849999999999996}},{"text":"1.","bbox":{"left":0.123333,"top":0.825939,"width":0.014729999999999993,"height":0.020212000000000008}},{"text":"When mothers work a nonstandard shift (particularly the evening shift), the mother/child","bbox":{"left":0.152792,"top":0.825939,"width":0.697068,"height":0.020212000000000008}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}