{"content":[{"text":"different approaches. The following examples are just a few of the learning styles \n presently found in the literature:","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.088894,"width":0.6397570000000001,"height":0.037711999999999996}},{"text":"•","bbox":{"left":0.176471,"top":0.144629,"width":0.00753100000000001,"height":0.015499000000000013}},{"text":"Howard Gardner (1993) of Harvard has identified seven distinct learning \n intelligences: visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, \n intrapersonal, linguistic, and logical-mathematical. \n Anthony Gregorc’s (“Learning Styles,” 2001) models describe how information is \n taken in (Concrete and Abstract) and how perceived information is used \n (Sequential and Random). When Gregorc’s definitions are put together, they \n result in four combinations: Concrete Sequential, Abstract Sequential, Abstract \n Random, and Concrete Random. \n Kolb (1985) developed four learning modes to describe how people learn: \n concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active \n experimentation. Most individuals learn using a combination of these learning \n modes. From the many possible combinations of learning modes, Kolb proposed \n four categories of learners: accommodators, divergers, convergers, and \n assimilators. \n Myers and Briggs adapted Carl Jung’s theory of personality type, which focuses \n on the idea of opposite sets of characteristics in human personality (McCaulley, \n 1990). They created an instrument that consists of four scales representing four \n pairs of preferences: Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I); Sensing (S) and \n Intuition (N); Thinking (T) and Feeling (F); and Judging (J) and Perceiving (P). \n These preferences result in 16 learning types. A type is a combination of the four \n preferences. (e.g., ISFJ) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is used for assessing \n student learning preferences. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (Keirsey, 2001) is \n based on another adaptation of Jung’s theory. It is a 70-item test that can be taken \n and scored online. \n In her book The Confident Student, Kanar (1995) describes learning styles that are \n related to physiological factors: visual (seeing/picture), auditory (hearing), and \n kinesthetic (touching/physical).","bbox":{"left":0.205882,"top":0.141394,"width":0.645969,"height":0.473318}},{"text":"•","bbox":{"left":0.176471,"top":0.196902,"width":0.00753100000000001,"height":0.015499000000000013}},{"text":"•","bbox":{"left":0.176471,"top":0.284023,"width":0.00753100000000001,"height":0.015498999999999985}},{"text":"•","bbox":{"left":0.176471,"top":0.388568,"width":0.00753100000000001,"height":0.015498999999999985}},{"text":"•","bbox":{"left":0.176471,"top":0.562811,"width":0.00753100000000001,"height":0.01549900000000004}},{"text":"Professional educators are often confused by the wealth of available information. \n Although most agree that learning styles exist and acknowledge the significant effect that \n learning styles have on the learning process, they are unable to form a consensus \n regarding the establishment of a single set of accepted principles. Our research focused \n on only three specific learning styles: visual, kinesthetic, and auditory.","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.6295,"width":0.70156,"height":0.08998500000000009}},{"text":"Testing Instruments","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.734242,"width":0.187369,"height":0.020863999999999994}},{"text":"The Center for New Discoveries has an online test that is immediately analyzed, and the \n results are presented to the person taking the test. This 36-item test uses the visual \n (picture), auditory (hearing), and kinesthetic (physical) styles of learning (Learning Style \n Inventory, 2001).","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.769424,"width":0.6970689999999999,"height":0.07256099999999999}},{"text":"Another Learning Style Inventory (LSI) consists of 100 statements that elicit self- \n diagnostic responses (Dunn, Dunn, & Price, 1987). The data collected yield a profile of","bbox":{"left":0.147059,"top":0.856773,"width":0.685497,"height":0.037636}}],"images_bbox":[],"images_bbox_not_text_overlap":[]}