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Anamnesis
84-year-old woman, drug reaction to azithromycin, with no confirmed allergy, with a personal history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and transient ischaemic attack of the motor aphasia type in 2011. She came to the emergency department with severe headache and persistent vomiting in the last 48 hours, as well as behavioural alterations, oscillations in the level of consciousness and self-limited episodes of difficulty in moving her right limbs and impaired speech. She also reports a dystrophic sensation and anorexia, with no infectious symptoms of any device.
Physical examination
Blood pressure 100/50 mmHg, heart rate 100 bpm, oxygen saturation 96%. Temperature 36.5 oC. Conscious, regular general condition, mucocutaneous pallor. Well hydrated. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic tones without murmurs. Respiratory auscultation: vesicular murmur preserved in all lung fields. Abdomen soft, depressible, without masses or organomegaly. Preserved hydro-aerial sounds. Lower extremities without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Neurological examination: bradypsychia with occasional difficulty in understanding and carrying out simple commands, language preserved but with occasional limitations in comprehension and sometimes somewhat incongruent response. Limitation in abduction of both eyes suggestive of bilateral sixth nerve paresis. Mild right central facial paresis. Muscle balance in the right extremities 4/5, left without alterations. Osteotendinous reflexes present and symmetrical. Sensibility without alterations.
Complementary tests
- Urgent blood tests: haemoglobin 9.3 g/dl, haematocrit 28.6%, mean corpuscular volume 105.8 fl, leukocytes 11.4 mil/mm3, platelets 4 mil/mm3, total bilirubin 1.4 mg/dl, direct bilirubin 0.3 mg/dl, total protein 6.1 g/dl, lactate dehydrogenase 1. 645 IU/l, sodium 131.5 mEq/l, calcium 7.8 mg/dl, ionic calcium 1.1 mmol/l, with other biochemistry and coagulation normal. Urine: bacterial flora 2+, proteinuria 2+.
- Deferred blood tests: haemoglobin 12.5 g/dl, haematocrit 33.7%, mean corpuscular volume 102.3 fl, reticulocytes 12.09%, reticulocytes 269.4 mil/mm3, leucocytes 14 mil/mm3, platelets 57 mil/mm3. Peripheral blood morphology: schistocytes 3-4 and spherocytes 2%. Haptoglobin 7.56 mg/dl. Cellular immunity study, immunoglobulins, complement, autoimmunity study, serology (brucella, toxoplasma, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus and borrelia), vitamin B12 and folic acid without alterations.
- Blood tests at discharge: haemoglobin 10.3 g/dl, haematocrit 31.6%, mean corpuscular volume 105 fl, leukocytes 12.7 mil/mm3, platelets 202 mil/mm3.
- Urgent brain MRI: no significant alterations.
Diagnosis
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Treatment
Platelet transfusion. Red blood cell transfusion. Plasmapheresis. Levetiracetam 500 mg every 12 hours, and calcium.
Evolution
Given the clinical instability of the patient, it was decided to admit her to the Intensive Care Unit for study and evolutionary control. On admission, transfusion of red blood cell and platelet concentrates was started and treatment with intravenous corticoids, anti-epileptic drugs (levetiracetam 500 mg every 12 hours) and calcium was initiated, after which the patient improved clinically, with disappearance of the focal point. Due to the persistence of the alteration in the analytical parameters, the case was assessed jointly with Haematology, which recommended daily plasmapheresis (15 in total). After stabilisation of the clinical picture, the patient was transferred to the Haematology Department. With good general condition and recovery of analytical figures, she was discharged home after 30 days of hospitalisation.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 67-year-old male patient with intolerance to ciprofloxacin and allergy to iodinated contrasts and topical iodine. Diagnosed with terminal chronic renal failure secondary to saturnism, on peritoneal dialysis since May 2005. Total left hip prosthesis in April 2005 and right hip in May 2006. Arterial hypertension and nephrogenic anaemia treated with erythropoietin. Renal transplant from functioning cadaveric donor, urinary tract infection with Acinetobacter baumannii and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia in relation to anticalcineurinics in May 2007. Post-transplant urinary fistula treated with double J and bladder catheter, infection of the drainage by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Candida albicans in September 2005. Significant stenosis of the middle portion of the renal artery treated with angioplasty and endovascular stent in December 2007.
On March 10, 2008, he came to the emergency department for a clinical picture of 72 hours of evolution characterised by progressive deterioration of the general condition and abdominal pain, with preserved diuresis and no fever.
Physical examination
Blood pressure 130/70 mmHg. Afebrile. Weight: 75 kg. Conscious and oriented. Acceptable general condition. No palpable goitre or adenopathy, no jugular ingurgitation. Cardiac auscultation rhythmic and without murmurs. Abdomen soft, painful on palpation in the area of the graft (right iliac fossa). Extremities: no oedema, no evidence of deep vein thrombosis, pulses present.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory tests: urea 276 mg/dl, sodium 124 mEq/l, potassium 6.2 mEq/l, plasma creatinine 6.24 mg/dl, haemoglobin 14.8 g/dl, haematocrit 44.8%, 11,000 leukocytes/mm3.
- Abdominal-pelvic ultrasound: pyelocaliceal and ureteral dilatation of the renal graft, with no objective cause.
- Chest and abdominal X-ray: no alterations.
- Urine culture: negative.
Diagnosis
Obstructive uropathy of the renal graft.
Treatment and evolution
It was decided to admit him for study and treatment. On 13 March 2008, prior to percutaneous nephrostomy placement under ultrasound guidance, in addition to pyeloureteral dilatation, a pulsatile mass was observed in the paragraft area, so the procedure was suspended. A new Doppler ultrasound scan showed an image compatible with an iliac pseudoaneurysm. An arteriography with gadolinium was performed, which showed a 5-6 cm pseudoaneurysm of the graft artery, with displacement of the stent, which was in the area of the anastomosis. Emergency surgery was performed, after antibiotic prophylaxis with vancomycin and imipenem. A transplantectomy and femoral-femoral bypass were performed. A few hours after arriving at the Resuscitation Unit she suffered haemodynamic instability with severe anaemia. Surgical revision was decided, finding a large amount of blood in the abdominal cavity and incoercible bleeding, which was not controlled with haemostatic manoeuvres, so packing and closure manoeuvres were performed. The patient died 3 hours after reintervention due to hypovolemic shock related to possible disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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{
"text": "Acinetobacter baumannii",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 457,
"end": 480
},
{
"text": "Candida albicans",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 706,
"end": 722
},
{
"text": "male patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 24,
"end": 36
},
{
"text": "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 673,
"end": 701
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{
"text": "donor",
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"text": "patient",
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{
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] | en |
Miguel is a patient who started his treatment a few months ago at the Dual Pathology Centre, a hospital resource in which the first part of the course of treatment is in isolation, which becomes progressively less rigid as the days go by. Miguel is 24 years old, works as a salesman for a telephone company and has completed primary school. He was referred from an outpatient care centre specialising in dependency in order to follow a treatment programme for his cocaine and cannabis dependency, as well as to assess the possible existence of dual pathology, as they detect a certain suspicion and susceptibility, always in the context of the consumption of both substances. This is a voluntary admission motivated by the patient's assessment of the lack of control over consumption. He started using cannabis at the age of twelve, presenting abuse criteria from the beginning. At the age of 15, his consumption increased to 10-12 joints a day, a consumption that has continued until the present day. Intranasal cocaine use since the age of 18 with a weekend pattern. At the age of 22 he changed the pattern, increasing the frequency and quantity of use. Since February 2005 he has been in treatment in an outpatient facility. At that time he started outpatient treatment in a therapeutic community where he requested voluntary discharge in one week. He also consumes alcohol occasionally, sporadically in association with other substances. His treatment on admission consisted of aripiprazole 15 mg/day and gabapentin 600 mg/day. Other antecedents were a polytraumatism due to a traffic accident three years ago (without TBI) and pulmonary tuberculosis resolved after treatment two years ago. Nasal septum injury due to cocaine inhalation.
Psychopathological examination during admission shows no significant variations: He was conscious, oriented in time, space and person. Approachable and cooperative, although somewhat restless. Fluent and coherent speech. No sensory-perceptual alterations, nor alterations in the form or content of thought or in the sphere of the self. Euthymic and emotionally reactive, although with floating anxiety. No cognitive alterations that impair his capacity for judgement. Minimises the consequences of consumption, with fantasies of control over consumption. Partial awareness of illness. No self- or heteroaggressive ideation. Limited capacity for introspection. Empathic contact.
Clinical judgement
Mental and behavioural disorders due to cannabis use (F14.2).
Evolution
Miguel adapted to the unit, presenting no problems with his peers or the team. He started participating in the therapies correctly, however he continued with fantasies about controlling his consumption, being ambivalent about his decision to give up cannabis. In the last week there was a progressive increase in anxiety, despite the adjustment of the pharmacological treatment to try to counteract it. Finally, on the tenth day, he repeatedly expressed his decision to leave the centre. She claims that she prefers her mother's food to that of the hospital. He understands the consequences of his discharge but does not admit to requesting it in order to continue with his consumption. The absence of productive psychopathology during admission leads us to think that the suspicion and other psychopathological alterations suspected by the outpatient centre may be due solely to cannabis use and not to an underlying pathology. The patient is discharged voluntarily.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 61-year-old female patient with a history of long-standing cervical and mechanical back pain who a week before admission presented with acute cervico-dorsal pain of moderate intensity that did not subside with conventional analgesia, associated with loss of global strength of the right upper limb (MSD) of acute onset within a few hours. She went to the emergency department and a cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which was normal. In the following days, she had difficulty walking due to distal weakness of both lower limbs, as well as distal corking of the lower limbs, and finally, she reported difficulty initiating urination and only urinating small amounts. In addition, she has had persistent constipation, requiring the administration of a micro-enema. The patient denies any history of trauma, infection or recent vaccination, nor insect or animal bites. Personal history: no adverse drug reactions, intolerance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. No toxic habits. Hypertension under treatment with enalapril. Surgical interventions: hysterectomy for uterine myoma 17 years ago. Baseline situation: autonomous for basic activities of daily living.
Physical examination
Admission findings: blood pressure 154/89 mmHg, heart rate 80 bpm, temperature 35.1, O2 saturation 97% at baseline. Good general condition, well perfused and hydrated, good skin and mucous membrane colouring. Head and neck: normal, carotid beats rhythmic and symmetrical. Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur without added noise. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic at 90 bpm, no murmurs or extratonos. Abdomen: soft, depressible, not painful spontaneously or on palpation, no palpable masses or organomegaly (bladder catheterisation). Decreased bowel sounds. MMII: paedial pulses present, no oedema, no signs of deep vein thrombosis. Neurological examination: in the motor system, there was global weakness of the MSD (2- 3/5) with flaccid hypotonia at this level. Paraparesis MMII 4-/5 proximal and 4+/5 distal, with preserved muscle tone. Osteotendinous reflexes (ROT) exalted in MMII with cutaneous-planatr reflex right extensor in withdrawal and left initiates extension. ROT abolished in the MSD and very diminished in the left upper limb (MSI). Tactile-algesic hypoaesthesia especially in the left lower limb (LLM), without being able to delimit a clear sensory level. Normal arthrokinetic proprioceptive sensitivity. Normal cranial nerves, cerebellum and coordination: normal in MMII and MSI, very artefactual in MSD due to motor deficit.
Complementary tests
- Blood tests: haemogram, coagulation, biochemistry with hepatic and renal profile within normal limits. C-reactive protein (CRP): normal.
- Chest X-ray: normal.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): normal.
- Serology negative for Mycoplasma, lupus, Borrelia, human immunodeficiency virus and neurotropic virus.
- Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): normal.
- Cervico-dorsal MRI: intramedullary lesion located in the lateral cord, at the level of C5-C6, 27 mm long and 7 mm in maximum transverse diameter. Its signal is hyperintense on T2. No paravertebral masses are seen. Vertebral bodies of normal morphology and signal intensity. Cervical intervertebral discs of normal morphology, height and signal intensity, with no evidence of disc herniation or protrusion. Discrete loss of signal intensity in the D2-D3 disc in relation to dehydration. Conclusion: C5-C6 intramedullary cavernous angioma with extensive cervicodorsal acute subacute myelitis. She was assessed by the neurosurgery department of another hospital, which proposed spinal angiography, which the patient refused for the time being.
Diagnosis
- Acute non-traumatic myelopathy of vascular cause secondary to right C5-C6 intramedullary cavernous angioma.
- Neuropathic pain with metameric-radicular distribution at C8-T2 right and contralateral hemitronchus and IIM.
Treatment and evolution
The patient has progressively improved the motor deficit, presenting at discharge: mild right brachial paresis (4+/5) and left crural (4+/5), although she can walk without any type of support, with a decrease in thermoalgesic sensitivity in the MSD and the MII with very discreet alteration of proprioceptive sensitivity in the MII. During admission, and subsequently during neurological follow-up, the patient presented neuropathic pain with metameric-radicular distribution at the level of right C8-T2 and in the MII that required various combinations of drugs: gabapentin + clonazepam + amitriptyline, which was changed due to persistence of the symptoms with slight improvement despite using the optimal therapeutic doses of trileptal + pregabalin with adequate response until the present time. When trying to start treatment with carbamazepine, she had an allergic reaction, so it was discontinued. The patient completely improved her urinary complaints, requiring treatment with solifenacin, and also her intestinal complaints, requiring only treatment with micro-enemas during the first days of admission. Two and a half years later, the patient came to the emergency department three days prior to admission for cervical pain and cramping in the right arm, making it impossible to lift it, as well as pain, tingling and cramping in the lower limbs at the distal level, making it impossible to walk properly. She reported no urinary urgency or constipation. The neurological examination showed the following data. Strength: right brachial monoparesis (2/5), strength preserved in the MMII, ROT alive in the MSD, slightly exalted in the MID with rapidly exhaustible clonoid right achilles response, bilateral flexor RCP. Sensitivity: crossed algesic tactile hypoaesthesia in the MID and SDM with very discrete alteration of proprioceptive sensitivity in the MID. Preserved gait without support, including heel-toe and toe-to-toe. Very difficult tandem gait without support. During the new admission to the Neurology ward, another cerebral and cervical-dorsal MRI study was performed, showing rebleeding of the intramedullary cavernous angioma. The patient will be assessed again in the neurosurgery department, although no decision has been made regarding future surgical treatment. On discharge she is in her baseline condition prior to the second admission.
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",",
"biochemistry",
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"ECG",
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":",
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":",
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",",
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"masses",
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".",
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"bodies",
"of",
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"C5-C6",
"intramedullary",
"cavernous",
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".",
"-",
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"right",
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"IIM",
".",
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{
"text": "female patient",
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"end": 38
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{
"text": "animal",
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{
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{
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{
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A 78-year-old man with a mechanical mitral valve since 2016 due to severe mitral insufficiency following mitral endocarditis in 1986 and bladder neoplasia under study. He consulted for general malaise, fever and haematuria without dysuria since a cystoscopy had been performed the previous week. Physical examination revealed a panfocal II/VI systolic murmur predominantly in the mitral focus with no other noteworthy findings and laboratory tests revealed discrete normocytic normochromic anaemia with haemoglobin of 11.7 g/dl, discrete leukocytosis of 9,690/mm3 and elevated acute phase reactants with C-reactive protein of 107.7 mg/L. With the initial diagnosis of acute prostatitis, empirical ciprofloxacin was started.
Initial blood cultures taken in the ED identified Streptococccus infantarius (former group bovis biotype II), with negative urine culture. In view of the findings, antibiotic therapy was changed to ceftriaxone, an echocardiographic study was requested to rule out endocarditis and control blood cultures were taken. Control blood cultures showed Enterococcus faecium and antibiotic therapy was changed to teicoplanin 10mg/kg/24h to cover both bacteria.
Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography showed a mobile linear image of up to 13 mm in the anterior mitral annulus suggestive of vegetation originating at that point in a jet of moderate prosthetic insufficiency. The findings were also confirmed by PET-CT scan describing hypermetabolic activity in the mitral prosthetic valve with no other significant alterations.
In view of the microbiological findings, the study was completed with a colonoscopy with the finding of 15 polyps that were resected with an anatomopathological study compatible with low-grade dysplasia and 1 polyp with high-grade dysplasia. A planned TUR of the bladder neoplasm was also performed with the finding of low-grade, non-infiltrating pTa G2a urothelial carcinoma with PET-CT without locoregional adenopathies or extravesical extension.
Given the diagnosis of mitral prosthetic endocarditis without local complications, 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment with glycopeptides was completed with good clinical evolution and with negative outpatient blood cultures 2 and 4 weeks after completing antibiotic therapy.
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75-year-old male, with no known drug allergies or toxic habits. With a history of arterial hypertension, peptic ulcus, pollinosis and right ocular prosthesis. He receives annual flu vaccination and follows regular treatment with enalapril, chlorthalidone and omeprazole. He was admitted a fortnight ago, after returning from a trip to Benidorm, for presenting with a barely productive cough, dyspnoea and chest pain with mechanical characteristics, as well as intense lumbosciatica with weakness in the lower limbs, progressively increasing until it became incapacitating, associated with arthromyalgia and generalised weakness, constipation and hyporexia. She denied abdominal pain, fever, dysthermia, vomiting or dysuria. She had been treated with corticosteroids and analgesics a few days earlier without improvement.
On physical examination he was conscious and oriented, slightly bradypsychic, eupneic and afebrile, well hydrated and perfused. On arrival at the emergency department, a low-grade fever was observed. Oxygen saturation 91% with FiO2 0.21. No neurological focality, nuchal rigidity or meningeal signs. Weakness and pain on movement of the right limbs, more intense in the lower limbs. Cardiorespiratory auscultation: rhythmic with normal frequency, very weak tones without murmurs, friction or extratones; vesicular murmur globally diminished with crackles in the bases. Abdomen globular, soft and depressible, slightly painful to palpation in a generalised manner, with normal bowel sounds. Pustular and scratching lesions on the trunk. Lower limbs without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis.
The following complementary tests were performed: CBC: haemoglobin 13.8 g/dL, leucocytes 16,880/mm3, neutrophils 92%, platelets 88,000/mm3. Coagulation: prothrombin activity 69%, fibrinogen 12. g/L, D-dimer 2845 ng/mL. GOT 93 U/L, GPT 137 U/L, GGT 267 U/L, amylase 126 U/L, rest normal CRP: 410 mg/l. ESR 133 mm/h. Procalcitonin 1.8 ng/ml. Proteinogram: increased alpha-globulins and polyclonal hypergemaglobulinaemia Immunoglobulins: increased IgG and IgA. Immunofixation on three occasions normal. Tumour markers (AFP, CEA, Ca-19.9 and PSA) normal. Immunology: ANA and anti-DNA negative. ANCA positive with atypical perinuclear pattern on two occasions, with negative pANCA and c-ANCA. Thyroid profile: pituitary braking (TSH 0.22 with normal free T4). Two rounds of blood cultures were performed, which were negative, as well as pneumococcal and Legionella antigenuria in urine. Urine sediment showed bacteriuria without leukocyturia with the presence of nitrites and microhaematuria. An electrocardiogram was performed with sinus tachycardia as the only finding. Chest X-ray (chest X-ray: bilateral peripheral infiltrates) showed bilateral peripheral infiltrates and the dorsolumbar spine X-ray showed signs of degenerative osteoarthritis, with no other findings of interest. Given the presence of dyspnoea, chest pain and low oxygen saturation, as well as elevated D-dimer in a patient with immobilisation in recent days secondary to the functional disability caused by back pain, without having carried out thromboprophylaxis, and given that the chest X-ray showed peripheral pulmonary infiltrates that could be pulmonary infarcts, chest CT angiography was performed (chest CT angiography w/o multiple alveolar infiltrates, chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates, chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates, chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates, chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates, chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates and chest CT angiography with multiple alveolar infiltrates): multiple alveolar infiltrates distributed bilaterally, some with transformation into cystic cavities) was performed to rule out pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in the first instance, ruling out signs of PTE and finding multiple alveolar infiltrates distributed bilaterally, some with transformation into cystic cavities.
Given the intensity of the clinical manifestations and the findings of the complementary tests performed, the patient was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department with a clinical diagnosis of bilateral cavitary infiltrates suggestive of multilobar pneumonia and empirical antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin and ceftriaxone. On admission, the CURB-65 and FINE scales were performed and a high mortality risk score was obtained for both scales.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of cavitated pulmonary nodules is a great challenge in which the clinical features, iconography and laboratory results are crucial for the definitive diagnosis. Our patient was admitted for pulmonary cavitated lesions with a bilateral distribution of oligosymptomatic course together with acute onset lumbar pain. Although the aetiology of the condition was suspected to be infectious, given the scarcity of symptoms in contrast to the extensive radiological involvement, other causes could not be ruled out, including the following: Infections: Cavitated lung lesions are usually lung abscesses that are usually caused by polymicrobial infections. The main aetiology is usually bacterial, especially anerobes that are part of the oral cavity flora (Prevotella spp, Bacteroides spp and Fusobacterium spp) and less frequently facultative anaerobes (Streptococcus anginosus and other streptococci). Bacteria that can produce monomicrobial abscesses include: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Legionella spp, Nocardia spp and Actinomyces spp. Other non-bacterial pathogens, such as some endemic fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides spp, Mucor spp) as well as opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus spp, Cryptococcus spp) and parasites (Entamoeba histolytica, Paragonimus westermani) can also manifest themselves in this way. In the case of aspergillosis the radiological manifestations vary depending on the form of the disease and immunological status of the patient; one of the most frequently observed findings is the development of single or multiple thick-walled cavitated lesions distributed in the upper lobes associated with focal alveolar opacities and diffuse infiltrates of the lung parenchyma. Mycobacterium tuberculosis deserves special mention. Its most frequent manifestation (in 40% of cases) is the presence of infiltrates in the lung parenchyma with multiple satellite nodules and cavitated lesions. These findings are preferentially located in the upper lobes and apical segments of the lower lobes, with the cavities presenting internal walls that can be either smooth or (more frequently) more irregular and coarse. On the other hand, the relative frequency of tuberculous spondylodiscitis is 15-25%, being more frequent in the lower dorsal spine, although it can affect the lumbar spine, as well as affecting several vertebrae and causing neurological symptoms. Other non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii) can also develop cavitations. When the location of the pulmonary nodules is multiple and predominantly peripheral or subpleural in different stages of cavitation, it is important to rule out a septic emboligenic aetiology. Radiographically, it manifests as nodular pulmonary opacities with a tendency to cavitation, abscesses and pulmonary infarcts. They are usually secondary to bacteraemia or endocarditis on right heart valves that send the pathogen to different locations. Complications of septic embolism include vertebral osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. The possibility of septic arthritis should be considered when multiple joints are affected and the axial skeleton is particularly susceptible, especially when the causative germ is Staphylococcus aureus. Spondylodiscitis most frequently appears in the lumbar spine and in the absence of surgical intervention, its seeding is almost exclusively by haematogenous route. In our environment, the main infectious aetiologies are: pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (40-65%), coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, other gram-negative bacilli and beta-hemolytic streptococci), tuberculosis and brucellosis. The initial imaging study may be negative when the presentation is acute, so if the clinical presentation persists, repeat testing should be performed.
On the other hand, these lesions may also be of non-infectious aetiology, including within the differential diagnosis pulmonary vascular pathology such as PTE in which cavitary lesions secondary to pulmonary infarcts may appear. They appear in 10% of cases and are caused by small thrombi that obliterate segmental or subsegmental vessels. They usually present peripheral and multiple distribution and may provoke an intense inflammatory response. In this context, symptoms of deep vein thrombosis may appear, which may manifest as lower back or lower limb pain depending on the level of involvement. On the other hand, many rheumatological diseases present pulmonary manifestations at the onset or in the course of the pathology, however, the presence of cavitated nodules is unusual. The exception is Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), a necrotising systemic vasculitis affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract. Radiologically it manifests with multiple transient and recurrent bilateral nodules/masses, which may cavitate either by necrosis per se or by arterial occlusion, usually in the absence of treatment. Cavitated lung lesions have been described in other diseases such as primary amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosus, always under consideration of the possibility of infectious aetiology in these patients, generally subjected to long-term immunosuppressive therapies. All of them may present musculoskeletal pathology or associated neuropathies. In relation to neoplastic causes, single cavitated lung lesions most often correspond to bronchogenic carcinoma, which cavitates in 10-15% of cases, which is usually associated with a worse prognosis. Of the different histological types, squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequently cavitated. It is usually a lesion of variable size, spiculated, thick-walled (> 4mm) and irregular, associated with soft tissue mass and other findings such as lymphadenopathy, invasion of mediastinal structures and chest wall infiltration. Some Kaposi's lymphomas and sarcomas may also present with cavitated lesions, especially in the HIV-infected population, whose lesions are usually small in number and preferentially located in the lower lobes. Pulmonary metastases are nodules of variable size, but generally larger than one centimetre, multiple and tend to cavitate less than primary neoplasms (less than 4%) and generally appear in the lung and subpleural bases, as lesions with irregular borders. As for the possible neoplastic aetiology of our patient's low back pain: the primary tumours that most frequently metastasise to the bone are breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney and colon. As well as myeloma and lymphoma. Myeloma is the most common primary bone tumour. It usually presents lytic rather than sclerotic lesions, well defined and respecting pedicles, the diagnosis is made by proteinogram and bone marrow aspirate. Pulmonary involvement is rare.
Evolution
Among the complementary tests requested, the following serology results were obtained: past infection by CMV, Epstein-Barr, toxoplasma, Parvovirus B19, Mycoplasma and hepatitis B. Chlamydia pneumoniae, Brucella, Yersinia, Salmonella, Legionella, Ricketsia, Borrelia, Coxiella, lues, HAV, HCV and HIV negative Despite analgesic treatment, the lumbar pain persisted, so an MRI of the spine was performed, showing signs of generalised spondylosis with osteophytic formations of anterior predominance. Degenerative disc disease. In the L2-L3 and L4-L5 disc interspaces there were discrete central protrusions with no repercussions on thecal sac or nerve roots. In order to rule out other causes of low back pain, a thoracic and abdomen-pelvis computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast showed partial resolution of the bilateral pulmonary parenchymal condensations with transformation of some of them into cystic cavities. There was also a hypodense lesion with peripheral enhancement in the left psoas measuring 3 x 1.3 cm suggestive of abscess. Several hepatic lesions of different sizes as catchers with cyst criteria. No significant adenopathies. CT scan of the abdomen w/c: hypodense lesion with peripheral enhancement in the left psoas measuring 3 x 1.3 cm suggestive of abscess. Given the lack of improvement in lumbar pain, a skeletal scan and SPECT-CT with technetium were performed with findings suggestive of L2-L3 spondylodiscitis and arthritis of the right shoulder, which was subsequently confirmed with Gadolinium citrate. Skeletal GA with Tc99 Diphosphate and Ga67 citrate: findings suggestive of L2-L3 spondylodiscitis and right shoulder arthritis. During his admission, the patient began to expectorate and sputum samples were collected. Serial smears were negative and the culture was positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), which allowed antibiotic treatment to be started with cloxacillin 2 grams every 6 hours. Subsequently, methicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecillinus was isolated in urine, so cloxacillin was withdrawn and vancomycin was started.
An echocardiogram was performed with no alterations and no evidence of vegetations. A CT-guided vertebral biopsy was also requested to take samples for cultures, the results of which (bacterial culture, fungal culture and mycobacterial culture) were negative. The pathological anatomy of the intervertebral disc (puncture-biopsy) showed fibrocartilaginous tissue with focal and discrete acute non-specific inflammation and granulation tissue.
Parenteral antibiotic treatment was maintained, with cloxacillin initially and vancomycin later, completing five weeks and then levofloxacin and oral rifampicin for six more weeks, normalising the inflammatory parameters as well as the resolution of both the pneumonic process and the psoas abscess, with residual lesion image persisting at the L2-L3 level. He was referred for follow-up to the Traumatology Spine Unit.
Final diagnosis
Necrotising pneumonia due to SAMS. Spondylodiscitis L2-L3. Psoas abscess. Nosocomial urinary tract infection due to E. faecium.
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"examination",
"he",
"was",
"conscious",
"and",
"oriented",
",",
"slightly",
"bradypsychic",
",",
"eupneic",
"and",
"afebrile",
",",
"well",
"hydrated",
"and",
"perfused",
".",
"On",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
",",
"a",
"low-grade",
"fever",
"was",
"observed",
".",
"Oxygen",
"saturation",
"91",
"%",
"with",
"FiO2",
"0",
".",
"21",
".",
"No",
"neurological",
"focality",
",",
"nuchal",
"rigidity",
"or",
"meningeal",
"signs",
".",
"Weakness",
"and",
"pain",
"on",
"movement",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"limbs",
",",
"more",
"intense",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
".",
"Cardiorespiratory",
"auscultation",
":",
"rhythmic",
"with",
"normal",
"frequency",
",",
"very",
"weak",
"tones",
"without",
"murmurs",
",",
"friction",
"or",
"extratones",
";",
"vesicular",
"murmur",
"globally",
"diminished",
"with",
"crackles",
"in",
"the",
"bases",
".",
"Abdomen",
"globular",
",",
"soft",
"and",
"depressible",
",",
"slightly",
"painful",
"to",
"palpation",
"in",
"a",
"generalised",
"manner",
",",
"with",
"normal",
"bowel",
"sounds",
".",
"Pustular",
"and",
"scratching",
"lesions",
"on",
"the",
"trunk",
".",
"Lower",
"limbs",
"without",
"oedema",
"or",
"signs",
"of",
"deep",
"vein",
"thrombosis",
".",
"The",
"following",
"complementary",
"tests",
"were",
"performed",
":",
"CBC",
":",
"haemoglobin",
"13",
".",
"8",
"g",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"leucocytes",
"16",
",",
"880",
"/",
"mm3",
",",
"neutrophils",
"92",
"%",
",",
"platelets",
"88",
",",
"000",
"/",
"mm3",
".",
"Coagulation",
":",
"prothrombin",
"activity",
"69",
"%",
",",
"fibrinogen",
"12",
".",
"g",
"/",
"L",
",",
"D-dimer",
"2845",
"ng",
"/",
"mL",
".",
"GOT",
"93",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"GPT",
"137",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"GGT",
"267",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"amylase",
"126",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"rest",
"normal",
"CRP",
":",
"410",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"ESR",
"133",
"mm",
"/",
"h",
".",
"Procalcitonin",
"1",
".",
"8",
"ng",
"/",
"ml",
".",
"Proteinogram",
":",
"increased",
"alpha-globulins",
"and",
"polyclonal",
"hypergemaglobulinaemia",
"Immunoglobulins",
":",
"increased",
"IgG",
"and",
"IgA",
".",
"Immunofixation",
"on",
"three",
"occasions",
"normal",
".",
"Tumour",
"markers",
"(",
"AFP",
",",
"CEA",
",",
"Ca-19",
".",
"9",
"and",
"PSA",
")",
"normal",
".",
"Immunology",
":",
"ANA",
"and",
"anti-DNA",
"negative",
".",
"ANCA",
"positive",
"with",
"atypical",
"perinuclear",
"pattern",
"on",
"two",
"occasions",
",",
"with",
"negative",
"pANCA",
"and",
"c-ANCA",
".",
"Thyroid",
"profile",
":",
"pituitary",
"braking",
"(",
"TSH",
"0",
".",
"22",
"with",
"normal",
"free",
"T4",
")",
".",
"Two",
"rounds",
"of",
"blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"performed",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"pneumococcal",
"and",
"Legionella",
"antigenuria",
"in",
"urine",
".",
"Urine",
"sediment",
"showed",
"bacteriuria",
"without",
"leukocyturia",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"nitrites",
"and",
"microhaematuria",
".",
"An",
"electrocardiogram",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"sinus",
"tachycardia",
"as",
"the",
"only",
"finding",
".",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
"(",
"chest",
"X-ray",
":",
"bilateral",
"peripheral",
"infiltrates",
")",
"showed",
"bilateral",
"peripheral",
"infiltrates",
"and",
"the",
"dorsolumbar",
"spine",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"signs",
"of",
"degenerative",
"osteoarthritis",
",",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"findings",
"of",
"interest",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"dyspnoea",
",",
"chest",
"pain",
"and",
"low",
"oxygen",
"saturation",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"elevated",
"D-dimer",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"immobilisation",
"in",
"recent",
"days",
"secondary",
"to",
"the",
"functional",
"disability",
"caused",
"by",
"back",
"pain",
",",
"without",
"having",
"carried",
"out",
"thromboprophylaxis",
",",
"and",
"given",
"that",
"the",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"peripheral",
"pulmonary",
"infiltrates",
"that",
"could",
"be",
"pulmonary",
"infarcts",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"was",
"performed",
"(",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"w",
"/",
"o",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
",",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
"and",
"chest",
"CT",
"angiography",
"with",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
")",
":",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
"distributed",
"bilaterally",
",",
"some",
"with",
"transformation",
"into",
"cystic",
"cavities",
")",
"was",
"performed",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"pulmonary",
"thromboembolism",
"(",
"PTE",
")",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"instance",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"signs",
"of",
"PTE",
"and",
"finding",
"multiple",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
"distributed",
"bilaterally",
",",
"some",
"with",
"transformation",
"into",
"cystic",
"cavities",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"intensity",
"of",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"and",
"the",
"findings",
"of",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
"performed",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"Department",
"with",
"a",
"clinical",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"bilateral",
"cavitary",
"infiltrates",
"suggestive",
"of",
"multilobar",
"pneumonia",
"and",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"with",
"levofloxacin",
"and",
"ceftriaxone",
".",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"CURB-65",
"and",
"FINE",
"scales",
"were",
"performed",
"and",
"a",
"high",
"mortality",
"risk",
"score",
"was",
"obtained",
"for",
"both",
"scales",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"The",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"cavitated",
"pulmonary",
"nodules",
"is",
"a",
"great",
"challenge",
"in",
"which",
"the",
"clinical",
"features",
",",
"iconography",
"and",
"laboratory",
"results",
"are",
"crucial",
"for",
"the",
"definitive",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"was",
"admitted",
"for",
"pulmonary",
"cavitated",
"lesions",
"with",
"a",
"bilateral",
"distribution",
"of",
"oligosymptomatic",
"course",
"together",
"with",
"acute",
"onset",
"lumbar",
"pain",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"aetiology",
"of",
"the",
"condition",
"was",
"suspected",
"to",
"be",
"infectious",
",",
"given",
"the",
"scarcity",
"of",
"symptoms",
"in",
"contrast",
"to",
"the",
"extensive",
"radiological",
"involvement",
",",
"other",
"causes",
"could",
"not",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
",",
"including",
"the",
"following",
":",
"Infections",
":",
"Cavitated",
"lung",
"lesions",
"are",
"usually",
"lung",
"abscesses",
"that",
"are",
"usually",
"caused",
"by",
"polymicrobial",
"infections",
".",
"The",
"main",
"aetiology",
"is",
"usually",
"bacterial",
",",
"especially",
"anerobes",
"that",
"are",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"oral",
"cavity",
"flora",
"(",
"Prevotella",
"spp",
",",
"Bacteroides",
"spp",
"and",
"Fusobacterium",
"spp",
")",
"and",
"less",
"frequently",
"facultative",
"anaerobes",
"(",
"Streptococcus",
"anginosus",
"and",
"other",
"streptococci",
")",
".",
"Bacteria",
"that",
"can",
"produce",
"monomicrobial",
"abscesses",
"include",
":",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
",",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"Streptococcus",
"pyogenes",
",",
"Burkholderia",
"pseudomallei",
",",
"Haemophilus",
"influenzae",
"type",
"B",
",",
"Legionella",
"spp",
",",
"Nocardia",
"spp",
"and",
"Actinomyces",
"spp",
".",
"Other",
"non-bacterial",
"pathogens",
",",
"such",
"as",
"some",
"endemic",
"fungi",
"(",
"Histoplasma",
"capsulatum",
",",
"Blastomyces",
"dermatitidis",
",",
"Coccidioides",
"spp",
",",
"Mucor",
"spp",
")",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"opportunistic",
"fungi",
"(",
"Aspergillus",
"spp",
",",
"Cryptococcus",
"spp",
")",
"and",
"parasites",
"(",
"Entamoeba",
"histolytica",
",",
"Paragonimus",
"westermani",
")",
"can",
"also",
"manifest",
"themselves",
"in",
"this",
"way",
".",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"aspergillosis",
"the",
"radiological",
"manifestations",
"vary",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
"and",
"immunological",
"status",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
";",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"frequently",
"observed",
"findings",
"is",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"single",
"or",
"multiple",
"thick-walled",
"cavitated",
"lesions",
"distributed",
"in",
"the",
"upper",
"lobes",
"associated",
"with",
"focal",
"alveolar",
"opacities",
"and",
"diffuse",
"infiltrates",
"of",
"the",
"lung",
"parenchyma",
".",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
"deserves",
"special",
"mention",
".",
"Its",
"most",
"frequent",
"manifestation",
"(",
"in",
"40",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
")",
"is",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"infiltrates",
"in",
"the",
"lung",
"parenchyma",
"with",
"multiple",
"satellite",
"nodules",
"and",
"cavitated",
"lesions",
".",
"These",
"findings",
"are",
"preferentially",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"upper",
"lobes",
"and",
"apical",
"segments",
"of",
"the",
"lower",
"lobes",
",",
"with",
"the",
"cavities",
"presenting",
"internal",
"walls",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"either",
"smooth",
"or",
"(",
"more",
"frequently",
")",
"more",
"irregular",
"and",
"coarse",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"the",
"relative",
"frequency",
"of",
"tuberculous",
"spondylodiscitis",
"is",
"15-25",
"%",
",",
"being",
"more",
"frequent",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"dorsal",
"spine",
",",
"although",
"it",
"can",
"affect",
"the",
"lumbar",
"spine",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"affecting",
"several",
"vertebrae",
"and",
"causing",
"neurological",
"symptoms",
".",
"Other",
"non-tuberculous",
"mycobacteria",
"(",
"Mycobacterium",
"avium",
",",
"Mycobacterium",
"kansasii",
")",
"can",
"also",
"develop",
"cavitations",
".",
"When",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the",
"pulmonary",
"nodules",
"is",
"multiple",
"and",
"predominantly",
"peripheral",
"or",
"subpleural",
"in",
"different",
"stages",
"of",
"cavitation",
",",
"it",
"is",
"important",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"a",
"septic",
"emboligenic",
"aetiology",
".",
"Radiographically",
",",
"it",
"manifests",
"as",
"nodular",
"pulmonary",
"opacities",
"with",
"a",
"tendency",
"to",
"cavitation",
",",
"abscesses",
"and",
"pulmonary",
"infarcts",
".",
"They",
"are",
"usually",
"secondary",
"to",
"bacteraemia",
"or",
"endocarditis",
"on",
"right",
"heart",
"valves",
"that",
"send",
"the",
"pathogen",
"to",
"different",
"locations",
".",
"Complications",
"of",
"septic",
"embolism",
"include",
"vertebral",
"osteomyelitis",
"and",
"septic",
"arthritis",
".",
"The",
"possibility",
"of",
"septic",
"arthritis",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
"when",
"multiple",
"joints",
"are",
"affected",
"and",
"the",
"axial",
"skeleton",
"is",
"particularly",
"susceptible",
",",
"especially",
"when",
"the",
"causative",
"germ",
"is",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
".",
"Spondylodiscitis",
"most",
"frequently",
"appears",
"in",
"the",
"lumbar",
"spine",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"surgical",
"intervention",
",",
"its",
"seeding",
"is",
"almost",
"exclusively",
"by",
"haematogenous",
"route",
".",
"In",
"our",
"environment",
",",
"the",
"main",
"infectious",
"aetiologies",
"are",
":",
"pyogenic",
"bacteria",
"(",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
"(",
"40-65",
"%",
")",
",",
"coagulase-negative",
"staphylococci",
",",
"Enterobacteriaceae",
",",
"other",
"gram-negative",
"bacilli",
"and",
"beta-hemolytic",
"streptococci",
")",
",",
"tuberculosis",
"and",
"brucellosis",
".",
"The",
"initial",
"imaging",
"study",
"may",
"be",
"negative",
"when",
"the",
"presentation",
"is",
"acute",
",",
"so",
"if",
"the",
"clinical",
"presentation",
"persists",
",",
"repeat",
"testing",
"should",
"be",
"performed",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"these",
"lesions",
"may",
"also",
"be",
"of",
"non-infectious",
"aetiology",
",",
"including",
"within",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"pulmonary",
"vascular",
"pathology",
"such",
"as",
"PTE",
"in",
"which",
"cavitary",
"lesions",
"secondary",
"to",
"pulmonary",
"infarcts",
"may",
"appear",
".",
"They",
"appear",
"in",
"10",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
"and",
"are",
"caused",
"by",
"small",
"thrombi",
"that",
"obliterate",
"segmental",
"or",
"subsegmental",
"vessels",
".",
"They",
"usually",
"present",
"peripheral",
"and",
"multiple",
"distribution",
"and",
"may",
"provoke",
"an",
"intense",
"inflammatory",
"response",
".",
"In",
"this",
"context",
",",
"symptoms",
"of",
"deep",
"vein",
"thrombosis",
"may",
"appear",
",",
"which",
"may",
"manifest",
"as",
"lower",
"back",
"or",
"lower",
"limb",
"pain",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"involvement",
".",
"On",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
",",
"many",
"rheumatological",
"diseases",
"present",
"pulmonary",
"manifestations",
"at",
"the",
"onset",
"or",
"in",
"the",
"course",
"of",
"the",
"pathology",
",",
"however",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"cavitated",
"nodules",
"is",
"unusual",
".",
"The",
"exception",
"is",
"Granulomatosis",
"with",
"polyangiitis",
"(",
"GPA",
")",
",",
"a",
"necrotising",
"systemic",
"vasculitis",
"affecting",
"the",
"upper",
"and",
"lower",
"respiratory",
"tract",
".",
"Radiologically",
"it",
"manifests",
"with",
"multiple",
"transient",
"and",
"recurrent",
"bilateral",
"nodules",
"/",
"masses",
",",
"which",
"may",
"cavitate",
"either",
"by",
"necrosis",
"per",
"se",
"or",
"by",
"arterial",
"occlusion",
",",
"usually",
"in",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"treatment",
".",
"Cavitated",
"lung",
"lesions",
"have",
"been",
"described",
"in",
"other",
"diseases",
"such",
"as",
"primary",
"amyloidosis",
",",
"ankylosing",
"spondylitis",
",",
"rheumatoid",
"arthritis",
",",
"polyarteritis",
"nodosa",
"and",
"systemic",
"lupus",
"erythematosus",
",",
"always",
"under",
"consideration",
"of",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"infectious",
"aetiology",
"in",
"these",
"patients",
",",
"generally",
"subjected",
"to",
"long-term",
"immunosuppressive",
"therapies",
".",
"All",
"of",
"them",
"may",
"present",
"musculoskeletal",
"pathology",
"or",
"associated",
"neuropathies",
".",
"In",
"relation",
"to",
"neoplastic",
"causes",
",",
"single",
"cavitated",
"lung",
"lesions",
"most",
"often",
"correspond",
"to",
"bronchogenic",
"carcinoma",
",",
"which",
"cavitates",
"in",
"10-15",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
",",
"which",
"is",
"usually",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"worse",
"prognosis",
".",
"Of",
"the",
"different",
"histological",
"types",
",",
"squamous",
"cell",
"carcinoma",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequently",
"cavitated",
".",
"It",
"is",
"usually",
"a",
"lesion",
"of",
"variable",
"size",
",",
"spiculated",
",",
"thick-walled",
"(",
">",
"4mm",
")",
"and",
"irregular",
",",
"associated",
"with",
"soft",
"tissue",
"mass",
"and",
"other",
"findings",
"such",
"as",
"lymphadenopathy",
",",
"invasion",
"of",
"mediastinal",
"structures",
"and",
"chest",
"wall",
"infiltration",
".",
"Some",
"Kaposi",
"'",
"s",
"lymphomas",
"and",
"sarcomas",
"may",
"also",
"present",
"with",
"cavitated",
"lesions",
",",
"especially",
"in",
"the",
"HIV-infected",
"population",
",",
"whose",
"lesions",
"are",
"usually",
"small",
"in",
"number",
"and",
"preferentially",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"lobes",
".",
"Pulmonary",
"metastases",
"are",
"nodules",
"of",
"variable",
"size",
",",
"but",
"generally",
"larger",
"than",
"one",
"centimetre",
",",
"multiple",
"and",
"tend",
"to",
"cavitate",
"less",
"than",
"primary",
"neoplasms",
"(",
"less",
"than",
"4",
"%",
")",
"and",
"generally",
"appear",
"in",
"the",
"lung",
"and",
"subpleural",
"bases",
",",
"as",
"lesions",
"with",
"irregular",
"borders",
".",
"As",
"for",
"the",
"possible",
"neoplastic",
"aetiology",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"low",
"back",
"pain",
":",
"the",
"primary",
"tumours",
"that",
"most",
"frequently",
"metastasise",
"to",
"the",
"bone",
"are",
"breast",
",",
"prostate",
",",
"lung",
",",
"thyroid",
",",
"kidney",
"and",
"colon",
".",
"As",
"well",
"as",
"myeloma",
"and",
"lymphoma",
".",
"Myeloma",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"primary",
"bone",
"tumour",
".",
"It",
"usually",
"presents",
"lytic",
"rather",
"than",
"sclerotic",
"lesions",
",",
"well",
"defined",
"and",
"respecting",
"pedicles",
",",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"is",
"made",
"by",
"proteinogram",
"and",
"bone",
"marrow",
"aspirate",
".",
"Pulmonary",
"involvement",
"is",
"rare",
".",
"Evolution",
"Among",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
"requested",
",",
"the",
"following",
"serology",
"results",
"were",
"obtained",
":",
"past",
"infection",
"by",
"CMV",
",",
"Epstein-Barr",
",",
"toxoplasma",
",",
"Parvovirus",
"B19",
",",
"Mycoplasma",
"and",
"hepatitis",
"B",
".",
"Chlamydia",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"Brucella",
",",
"Yersinia",
",",
"Salmonella",
",",
"Legionella",
",",
"Ricketsia",
",",
"Borrelia",
",",
"Coxiella",
",",
"lues",
",",
"HAV",
",",
"HCV",
"and",
"HIV",
"negative",
"Despite",
"analgesic",
"treatment",
",",
"the",
"lumbar",
"pain",
"persisted",
",",
"so",
"an",
"MRI",
"of",
"the",
"spine",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"showing",
"signs",
"of",
"generalised",
"spondylosis",
"with",
"osteophytic",
"formations",
"of",
"anterior",
"predominance",
".",
"Degenerative",
"disc",
"disease",
".",
"In",
"the",
"L2-L3",
"and",
"L4-L5",
"disc",
"interspaces",
"there",
"were",
"discrete",
"central",
"protrusions",
"with",
"no",
"repercussions",
"on",
"thecal",
"sac",
"or",
"nerve",
"roots",
".",
"In",
"order",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"other",
"causes",
"of",
"low",
"back",
"pain",
",",
"a",
"thoracic",
"and",
"abdomen-pelvis",
"computed",
"tomography",
"(",
"CT",
")",
"scan",
"with",
"intravenous",
"contrast",
"showed",
"partial",
"resolution",
"of",
"the",
"bilateral",
"pulmonary",
"parenchymal",
"condensations",
"with",
"transformation",
"of",
"some",
"of",
"them",
"into",
"cystic",
"cavities",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"hypodense",
"lesion",
"with",
"peripheral",
"enhancement",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"psoas",
"measuring",
"3",
"x",
"1",
".",
"3",
"cm",
"suggestive",
"of",
"abscess",
".",
"Several",
"hepatic",
"lesions",
"of",
"different",
"sizes",
"as",
"catchers",
"with",
"cyst",
"criteria",
".",
"No",
"significant",
"adenopathies",
".",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"abdomen",
"w",
"/",
"c",
":",
"hypodense",
"lesion",
"with",
"peripheral",
"enhancement",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"psoas",
"measuring",
"3",
"x",
"1",
".",
"3",
"cm",
"suggestive",
"of",
"abscess",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"improvement",
"in",
"lumbar",
"pain",
",",
"a",
"skeletal",
"scan",
"and",
"SPECT-CT",
"with",
"technetium",
"were",
"performed",
"with",
"findings",
"suggestive",
"of",
"L2-L3",
"spondylodiscitis",
"and",
"arthritis",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"shoulder",
",",
"which",
"was",
"subsequently",
"confirmed",
"with",
"Gadolinium",
"citrate",
".",
"Skeletal",
"GA",
"with",
"Tc99",
"Diphosphate",
"and",
"Ga67",
"citrate",
":",
"findings",
"suggestive",
"of",
"L2-L3",
"spondylodiscitis",
"and",
"right",
"shoulder",
"arthritis",
".",
"During",
"his",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"began",
"to",
"expectorate",
"and",
"sputum",
"samples",
"were",
"collected",
".",
"Serial",
"smears",
"were",
"negative",
"and",
"the",
"culture",
"was",
"positive",
"for",
"methicillin-sensitive",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
"(",
"MSSA",
")",
",",
"which",
"allowed",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"to",
"be",
"started",
"with",
"cloxacillin",
"2",
"grams",
"every",
"6",
"hours",
".",
"Subsequently",
",",
"methicillin-resistant",
"Enterococcus",
"faecillinus",
"was",
"isolated",
"in",
"urine",
",",
"so",
"cloxacillin",
"was",
"withdrawn",
"and",
"vancomycin",
"was",
"started",
".",
"An",
"echocardiogram",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"no",
"alterations",
"and",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"vegetations",
".",
"A",
"CT-guided",
"vertebral",
"biopsy",
"was",
"also",
"requested",
"to",
"take",
"samples",
"for",
"cultures",
",",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"which",
"(",
"bacterial",
"culture",
",",
"fungal",
"culture",
"and",
"mycobacterial",
"culture",
")",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"of",
"the",
"intervertebral",
"disc",
"(",
"puncture-biopsy",
")",
"showed",
"fibrocartilaginous",
"tissue",
"with",
"focal",
"and",
"discrete",
"acute",
"non-specific",
"inflammation",
"and",
"granulation",
"tissue",
".",
"Parenteral",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"was",
"maintained",
",",
"with",
"cloxacillin",
"initially",
"and",
"vancomycin",
"later",
",",
"completing",
"five",
"weeks",
"and",
"then",
"levofloxacin",
"and",
"oral",
"rifampicin",
"for",
"six",
"more",
"weeks",
",",
"normalising",
"the",
"inflammatory",
"parameters",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"resolution",
"of",
"both",
"the",
"pneumonic",
"process",
"and",
"the",
"psoas",
"abscess",
",",
"with",
"residual",
"lesion",
"image",
"persisting",
"at",
"the",
"L2-L3",
"level",
".",
"He",
"was",
"referred",
"for",
"follow-up",
"to",
"the",
"Traumatology",
"Spine",
"Unit",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Necrotising",
"pneumonia",
"due",
"to",
"SAMS",
".",
"Spondylodiscitis",
"L2-L3",
".",
"Psoas",
"abscess",
".",
"Nosocomial",
"urinary",
"tract",
"infection",
"due",
"to",
"E",
".",
"faecium",
"."
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] | en |
The patient was a 36 year old male smoker who consulted for dysphonia. Physical examination revealed an extensive friable lesion of woody consistency throughout the larynx including bands, vocal cords and part of the subglottis. CT scan of the neck and chest showed pathological lymphadenopathies in the ll-lll, jugulid-gastric and bilateral submandibular spaces. Together with multiple ground glass nodules distributed throughout the lobes of both hemithoraxes suggesting metastasis. A FNA of an adenopathy was performed and revealed necrotising granulomatous lymphadenitis with no evidence of neoplasia. A PPD skin test was performed and the result was negative. The patient was taken to the operating theatre for biopsies. Ziehl-Neelsen staining showed no acid-fast bacilli, no DNA of M. tuberculosis complex was detected in the samples, and laryngeal biopsies showed only mild to moderate dysplasia and the presence of microorganisms compatible with fungi. Oral itraconazole was started and showed considerable improvement and the laryngeal lesions disappeared. A control thoracic CT scan showed multiple pulmonary nodules with halo and inverted halo signs suggesting ABPA, bronchoscopy showed no tumour cells and cultures were negative. Immunoglobulins were measured and an exaggerated increase in IgE was observed, and aspergillus fumigatus antibodies and RAST IgE and IgG antibodies were requested, the results of which are still pending. In view of all this, it is suspected that the patient may have an underlying cystic fibrosis that has not yet been diagnosed, so a measurement of chlorine in sweat is requested, which is still pending (consequence of the covid-19 pandemic).
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A 44-year-old man consulted for emesis four hours after ingesting oleander leaves infused for self-harming purposes. Personal history: depressive syndrome. Examination: good general condition, conscious and oriented. Blood pressure 128/78, heart rate 45 bpm, oxygen saturation 92% with FiO2 21%, body temperature 36.4oC. Cardiorespiratory auscultation: rhythmic tones at 45 bpm, preserved vesicular murmur. Abdomen normal. Extremities without oedema and with symmetrical pulses. Neurological examination without focality. Complementary tests: laboratory tests with normal renal and hepatic function; digoxinemia 0.3. Electrocardiogram: sinus bradycardia at 45 bpm. Discussion: Ingestion of plants containing cardiotonic glycosides can cause symptoms similar to those of digitalis intoxication. They are glycosylated steroids with a positive inotropic effect. In acute N. oleander poisoning, effects similar to those of digoxin poisoning appear, initially digestive and then tachy-bradyarrhythmias which may be associated with atrioventricular block. If the condition progresses, tachycardia, fibrillation or asystole may appear. Treatment and management is aimed at: administration of antiemetics, prevention of dehydration and monitoring. Gastric lavage and activated charcoal are techniques used, although studies have been conducted with contradictory results. Electrolyte disturbances, hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia should be corrected. Bradyarrhythmias are treated with atropine or isoprenaline and in severe cases with transient pacing. Tachyarrhythmias have a worse prognosis and are more difficult to treat. Neither dialysis nor haemoperfusion have proven effective. Antibodies can be used in severe patients. Oleandrin is cross-reactive with digoxin so that false positive digoxinaemia levels can be detected in the patient's blood, although the relationship between digoxinaemia and true oleandrin levels is not linear. This lack of correlation is reflected in several cases found in scientific literature; therefore, the determination of olendrin by the methods used for plasma detection of digoxinaemia levels is not of relevant quantitative value, but confirms the suspicion of N. oleander intoxication. Several immunochemical methods have been described for the quantification of oleandrin, but not in all conventional laboratories is the determination possible; digoxinaemia levels are available, although as shown in the case presented here, the fact that they do not rise above the toxic level does not cancel out the occurrence of heart rhythm disorders.
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18-year-old woman with a history of congenital left renal agenesis. She was assessed for 10 days of high fever with cough and expectoration, which did not improve despite antibiotherapy. She arrived febrile and in respiratory failure. Blood tests showed leukocytosis and thrombocytosis, Quick 49%. CXR showed pleural effusion up to the apex. Thoracentesis was performed, obtaining purulent fluid (with empyema characteristics and ADA of 1U/L), a pleural drainage tube was placed. Admitted to intensive care, he remained febrile despite broad-spectrum ATB and a fistulous tract developed from the pleural cavity to the skin. Actinomyces turicensis, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were isolated from pleural fluid. The patient was treated with penicillin G and clindamycin. The serological and immunological study did not show immunosuppression. After 2 months of hospitalisation and good radiological evolution, the drainage could be removed. As a complication, the patient developed a skin rash (generalised maculo-papular rash, affecting the palms), with marked oedema, elevated CRP, lymphocytosis and splenomegaly (Sdme Dress). Treatment with penicillin and clindamycin was discontinued, and steroids and doxycycline were started. The evolution was favourable, with normalisation of the CXR and acute phase reactants. Antibiotic therapy was discontinued after 10 months.
Actinomycosis is a rare disease characterised by abscess formation, tissue fibrosis and fistulisation. It is caused by gram-positive, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. Colonisers of the mouth, rectum and genital tract. The most frequent sites are cervicofacial, thoracic, CNS and pelvic.
Thoracic actimomycosis may affect lung parenchyma, pleura or mediastinum. Transmission modes include microaspirations, direct extension/fistulisation of cervicofacial, mediastinal or retroperitoneal (pelvic abscess) infection.
The clinical presentation is larval, similar to tuberculosis; cough, weight loss, febrile fever and chest pain. It has been frequently described in immunocompromised patients. It is more frequent in immunocompromised patients, however in some cases no underlying disease or immunosuppression is found.
The peculiarity of the case is the acute and severe form of presentation, which is atypical for this type of infection. Furthermore, this is a young, immunocompetent patient with no primary cervicofacial/odontogenic disorders.
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Reason for consultation
Bilateral tonalgia and leg stiffness.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
Anamnesis: NSAIDs contraindicated due to gastric ulcer. Non-smoker. Non-drinker. L4-L5 disc herniation.
IQ: appendectomy, turbinates, left knee prosthesis in November 2012.
A 76-year-old male patient who visited his primary care doctor due to poor mood and pain and difficulty flexing his right knee for months. In 2012, he underwent surgery on his left knee for gonarthrosis and began rehabilitation with weight bearing on his right knee. One day, he reported feeling general discomfort described as "whiplash all over the body", at which point he began to experience contractures in both knees, with both knees bent and with a variegated gait from that time onwards. He gradually loses strength to the point where the patient begins to use a wheelchair. The pain is severe and prevents night-time rest.
No sensory loss, no motor loss, no sphincter disturbance.
According to the family, the patient's depression was severe, with spontaneous crying, suicidal ideation and abulia. At this point it was decided to consult with mental health as the patient had not previously suffered from mood disorders.
Physical examination
BEG, afebrile. Higher functions preserved. Normal language and campimetry. PINLA. MOEC Normal cranial nerves. Motor balance in MMSS preserved and symmetrical. Patellar and Achilles ROTs present ++/++++. No loss of muscle mass. No clear spasticity. Muscle tone changes with distraction manoeuvres. Hyperalgesia of the right thigh. Flexion of the right knee of 45o with enormous difficulty in extension. Flexion of 20o in the left knee.
Complementary tests
Normal laboratory tests.
Cranial CT scan with no significant alterations.
Neurophysiological conduction studies show values within the limits of normality. No denervating activity was found in the muscles examined (isolated fasciculations in the calf).
Bone scan: pathological increase in osteoblastic activity in patellae compatible with possible chondropathy. Degenerative changes. L1 crushing.
Spine MRI (skull could not be performed): cervical myelopathy. Degenerative signs with numerous protusions.
Knee MRI: severe right gonarthrosis and to a lesser degree internal femorotibial compartment with internal meniscopathy without meniscal tear.
Family and community approach
The patient is the father of two healthy children and currently lives with his wife. He is a retired businessman. He lives with a dog.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Flexion of both knees and gait disturbance of psychogenic origin. Cervical myelopathy.
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
Action plan and evolution
Over the course of 5 years, the patient is assessed by traumatology, rehabilitation, pain unit, neurosurgery and neurology due to worsening of the condition without reaching an aetiological diagnosis. Injections with botulinum toxin, corticoids and anaesthetics were carried out, achieving momentary relief but maintaining joint stiffness despite the treatments prescribed. Traumatology decided on reduction under general anaesthesia but during the operation the knee flexion did not give way (45o) and the left knee (operated on) had a flexion of 30o. The MRI of the spine showed cervical myelopathy without symptoms in MMSS, followed up by neurosurgery, which after years decided to intervene. The course was uneventful.
In one of the neurology consultations, a bilateral resting tremor was observed in MMSS with mild associated rigidity and a SPECT-FP was requested to rule out Parkinson's disease. The study was pathological with a decrease in the density of dopamine transporters, indicative of the existence of nigrostriatal degeneration.
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On 21 January 2020, a 47-year-old man was admitted to Wuwei People's Hospital with fever without focus and cough of 7 days' duration. The patient reported fever (up to a maximum of 39.3°C), productive cough with white sputum, nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, dizziness, fatigue, chest tightness and nausea, but no chest pain, sore throat or respiratory problems. He reported that he had arrived in Wuwei City by car on 18 January from Wuhan. The patient had a history of grade 2 hypertension and type 2 diabetes and had been a smoker since the age of 27; he reported no history of alcoholism. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken on 23, 29 and 30 January, according to CDC guidelines. A nasopharyngeal swab was inserted into the nostrils, rotated over the nasopharyngeal mucosa for 10 to 15 seconds and then removed and inserted into a sterile tube with a viral transport medium. Samples were analysed by RT-PCR. Three target genes were detected: RdRP, E and N. Positive expression (CT value ≤ 43) of all three genes, RdRP and E genes or RdRP and N genes conclusively identifies SARS-CoV-2. Other tests were also performed. The study was authorised by the ethics committee of the First Associated Hospital of Wanan Medical School, observing the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to use his or her medical records in this study.
Based on the analytical tests, chest X-ray, clinical and epidemiological information, the patient was treated with interferon α and methylprednisolone. However, due to the sudden worsening of clinical symptoms, such as expiratory dyspnoea, feeding deficiency and lethargy, the patient was transferred to the First Associate Hospital of Wanan Medical School (Wuhu, China) on 23 January. The analytical tests are shown in table 1 (day 0). The results indicated that the patient had stable vital signs, reduced lymphocyte values, high C-reactive protein values and moderately high values of fibrinogen, neutrophils and lactate dehydrogenase. A CT scan of the lungs showed several scattered high-density shadows distributed mainly at the margins of the lungs, changes consistent with the observation of bronchogram or ground-glass opacity changes, as well as mild pleural thickening. Polytherapy with lopinavir and ritonavir tablets (800/200 mg per day), methylprednisolone (40 mg per day), recombinant human interferon α-2b (10 million IU per day), ambroxol hydrochloride (60 mg per day) and moxifloxacin hydrochloride (0.4 g per day) was initiated to inhibit viral shedding, relieve asthma, clear phlegm and provide empirical antibiotic treatment. In addition, high-flow oxygen inhalation therapy with humidification was used to prevent acute respiratory failure. Treatment for blood glucose and blood pressure control and rehydration therapy were also applied. On the second day of treatment, the patient presented with intermittent febrile fever (ranging from 36.0°C to 37.2°C). With the exception of occasional chest tightness and dyspnoea, improvement of the other symptoms, such as productive cough with white sputum, nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, dizziness and fatigue, was observed. On the third day of treatment, methylprednisolone was reduced to 20 mg per day and on the fifth day it was completely withdrawn. In addition, on the eighth day of treatment, oxygen therapy was withdrawn, due to the clear improvement in respiratory capacity. Based on persistent negative SARS-CoV-2 results on days 6 and 7, as well as partial clearance of lung lesions (figure S1b), the patient was discharged on day 10. During treatment, the patient's temperature, pulse and respiratory rate showed mild fluctuations (figure S1c) and analytical tests showed improvement, especially in the lymphocyte count.
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Male patient aged 43, from Santa Cruz (Bolivia), resident in Spain for 15 years, smoker of 15 packets/year, sporadic drinker. His personal history included neurocysticercosis diagnosed and treated in his country of origin in 2002 with two 21-day cycles of albendazole (800 mg every 12 hours), without follow-up, and treated with phenytoin since then. He visited the neurology department, referred from primary care, for episodes of haemicranial headache of one year's duration, with a frequency of 2-3 episodes per month that subsided with anti-inflammatory analgesia, as well as an episode of paraesthesia and loss of strength in the right hemibody lasting 5 minutes with total and spontaneous recovery. She denied risky sexual relations, as well as any other symptoms.
No significant findings were found in the examination by apparatus and systems. In view of these symptoms, the Neurology Department requested the following complementary tests:
- Haemogram: normality of the three series. Biochemistry: liver function, renal function and acute phase reactants were normal.
- Microbiology: - HIV serology: negative; Taenia solium serology: positive; Trypanosoma cruzi serology (Elisa IgG and IFI IgG): positive; Syphilis serology: RPR negative, T. pallidum IgG positive; Toxoplasma serology: IgG and IgM negative; Echinoccocus granulosus serology: negative. - Mantoux test: negative.
- Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): thick-walled cystic lesions with hyperdense and hypercapitate punctate image in the frontal, parietal and left occipital region, without perilesional oedema or diffusion restriction.
- Chest X-ray: normal cardiothoracic index, no condensation or effusion, no bone pathology. In view of these findings, the patient was referred to the Infectious Diseases Department for treatment and follow-up.
Differential diagnosis
Given the patient's clinical manifestations, the epidemiological factors and the results of the complementary tests obtained, a differential diagnosis can be made between the following nosological entities:
- Tuberculosis of the central nervous system (CNS). Tuberculoma: CNS involvement in tuberculosis can present in different ways. For example, as tuberculous meningitis, usually manifesting subacutely, which is not consistent with the clinical picture of our patient. However, it can also present as a tuberculoma, which are usually solid (non-cystic) lesions with perilesional oedema, and is also a rare entity in immunocompetent patients.
- Brain abscess. Symptoms of bacterial brain abscess usually consist of fever, severe headache, nausea, vomiting and neck stiffness of relatively acute onset. On MRI, the abscess appears as a hypointense, ring-shaped contrast-enhancing lesion on T1. On T2 it shows a central hyperintense area (pus) surrounded by a well-defined hypointense capsule, which in turn is surrounded by oedema.
- Cerebral hydatidosis. CNS involvement can lead to coma or intracranial hypertension, which would be compatible with our case, but serology for Echinococcus spp. was negative.
- Chagas disease with CNS involvement. The most frequent involvement of the CNS is in the form of a space-occupying mass, a pseudotumour or "chagoma", and it may also manifest as acute meningoencephalitis, less frequently. Our patient had a positive Chagas serology; however, central nervous system involvement in this entity is mainly seen in patients with a high level of immunosuppression, such as HIV-infected patients with CD4 T-cell counts below 100 cells/μL or transplant recipients undergoing potent immunosuppressive treatment.
- Neurosyphilis. There are different forms of presentation of neurosyphilis, asymptomatic neurosyphilis (only CSF alterations) and symptomatic neurosyphilis, which includes meningeal syphilis (headache, neck stiffness, coma, etc.), meningo vascular syphilis (headache, neck stiffness, coma, etc.), meningeal vascular syphilis (headache, neck stiffness, coma, etc.) and meningo vascular syphilis (headache, neck stiffness, etc.). ), the meningovascular form (which simulates a middle cerebral artery stroke with typical encephalitis prodrome) and the parenchymal form, which can present as a progressive general paralysis (subacute dementia, neuropsychiatric disorders...) or tabes dorsalis (spinal cord involvement, demyelination of posterior cords...). The clinical features of the case we present are not consistent with neurosyphilis, however the patient had a negative RPR serological pattern and T. pallidum IgG positive, compatible with late syphilis or syphilis with more than one year of evolution, tertiary syphilis (neurosyphilis) or treated syphilis. Therefore, although clinically unlikely, it is a diagnostic possibility that should be ruled out by CSF analysis (CSF VDRL).
- Cerebral toxoplasmosis. CNS involvement in toxoplasmosis consists of encephalitis and abscess formation. The most frequent symptoms are headache and fever, which appear in half of the patients, and mental confusion and sensory-motor deficits occur as a consequence of the neurological damage. It is usually seen in immunosuppressed patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity (HIV with advanced immunosuppression, patients with haematological malignancies and chemotherapy or solid organ transplant recipients). These patients almost all have a positive serology for IgG and negative for specific IgM. As we have already mentioned, our patient is immunocompetent, and also has a negative serology for toxoplasma, making this a very unlikely diagnostic option.
- Cryptococcosis of the brain. Cryptococcosis is one of the most frequent and serious fungal infections associated with HIV, with a CD4 lymphocyte count below 100 cells/μl acting as a predisposing factor. In more than 75% of cases, subacute meningitis or meningoencephalitis occurs with fever, malaise, little or no meningeal signs and headache. In 10-15%, space-occupying lesions, cryptococcomas, single or multiple, enhancing or non-enhancing, solid or ring-like, usually in the basal ganglia or thalamus, may occur.
- Non-infectious causes of nodular lesions with peripheral uptake in the CNS (metastasis, lymphoma, primary tumour, etc.).
- Neurocysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis is the involvement of the CNS by the parasitic form of Taenia solium larvae, with humans acting as intermediate hosts, which clinically presents with epilepsy, intracranial hypertension and focal neurological signs. Radiological findings depend on larval stage, number and location. Parenchymal involvement is the most frequent form, and the cysts are mainly located in the cerebral cortex, with different stages of evolution from viable cysts (with scolex) to the final evolutionary stage with calcification. Positive serology and radiological imaging make this the most likely diagnosis.
Evolution
The patient was seen in the Infectious Diseases department where he reported the same symptoms as previously described and the results of the complementary tests requested by neurology were reviewed. MRI images were evaluated together with an expert radiologist, describing the results as findings compatible with active neurocysticercosis. A fundus examination was requested to rule out ocular involvement, and the diagnosis of active neurocysticercosis was established, as the patient had cystic lesions with scolex on the MRI (absolute criterion), as well as positive serology for T. solium (major criterion). Stool parasites were requested in order to rule out autoinoculation, and were negative. Regarding the serological pattern of syphilis (RPR negative, T. pallidum IgG positive), a lumbar puncture was proposed to the patient, who refused the examination as he denied risky sexual relations, and referred to the history of having been treated in the past with three doses of intramuscular benzathine penicillin for an episode of syphilis, assuming the diagnosis of treated syphilis. With regard to the positive Chagas serology, the patient denied gastrointestinal symptoms, presented chest X-ray without cardiomegaly, echocardiogram and electrocardiogram were requested, both normal, and PCR for T. cruzi was negative, leading to a diagnosis of Chagas disease of undetermined duration.
Admission to the Infectious Diseases ward was indicated for combined treatment. Albendazole 400 mg every 12 hours for 4 weeks and praziquantel 600 mg 2 tablets at breakfast, 2 tablets at lunch and 3 tablets at dinner for 4 weeks were prescribed. In addition, treatment was started with dexamethasone 2 mg every 12 hours, beginning 24 hours before the start of deworming therapy, and phenytoin was replaced by levetiracetam 500 mg every 12 hours to avoid interactions. After 48 hours of antiparasitic treatment, he presented two episodes of partial secondary generalised seizures with tongue biting and subsequent amnesia, so the dose of levetiracetam was increased to 1000 mg every 12 hours. After 7 days of hospitalisation, with no new complications, the patient was discharged from hospital for outpatient follow-up. She completed the treatment without incident and with good tolerance to the medication. She had no new seizures. Brain MRI and serology for T. solium were requested 6 months after completing treatment. The MRI showed scar lesions with no activity and T. solium serology was negative. Given these results and the absence of neurological symptoms, neurocysticercosis was assumed to be cured.
Annual follow-up with T. solium serology was indicated. Once treatment for neurocysticercosis was completed, outpatient treatment of Chagas disease was started with benznidazole 15 mg/kg/day in ascending doses, until 270 tablets were completed, with very good tolerance to treatment and annual follow-up with ECG and Chagas PCR, and the patient was found to be asymptomatic one year later, with no new seizures and negative Chagas PCR.
Final diagnosis
- Active parenchymal neurocysticercosis.
- Chagas disease of undetermined duration.
- Syphilis treated.
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"-",
"Brain",
"abscess",
".",
"Symptoms",
"of",
"bacterial",
"brain",
"abscess",
"usually",
"consist",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"severe",
"headache",
",",
"nausea",
",",
"vomiting",
"and",
"neck",
"stiffness",
"of",
"relatively",
"acute",
"onset",
".",
"On",
"MRI",
",",
"the",
"abscess",
"appears",
"as",
"a",
"hypointense",
",",
"ring-shaped",
"contrast-enhancing",
"lesion",
"on",
"T1",
".",
"On",
"T2",
"it",
"shows",
"a",
"central",
"hyperintense",
"area",
"(",
"pus",
")",
"surrounded",
"by",
"a",
"well-defined",
"hypointense",
"capsule",
",",
"which",
"in",
"turn",
"is",
"surrounded",
"by",
"oedema",
".",
"-",
"Cerebral",
"hydatidosis",
".",
"CNS",
"involvement",
"can",
"lead",
"to",
"coma",
"or",
"intracranial",
"hypertension",
",",
"which",
"would",
"be",
"compatible",
"with",
"our",
"case",
",",
"but",
"serology",
"for",
"Echinococcus",
"spp",
".",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Chagas",
"disease",
"with",
"CNS",
"involvement",
".",
"The",
"most",
"frequent",
"involvement",
"of",
"the",
"CNS",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"a",
"space-occupying",
"mass",
",",
"a",
"pseudotumour",
"or",
"\"",
"chagoma",
"\"",
",",
"and",
"it",
"may",
"also",
"manifest",
"as",
"acute",
"meningoencephalitis",
",",
"less",
"frequently",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"positive",
"Chagas",
"serology",
";",
"however",
",",
"central",
"nervous",
"system",
"involvement",
"in",
"this",
"entity",
"is",
"mainly",
"seen",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"a",
"high",
"level",
"of",
"immunosuppression",
",",
"such",
"as",
"HIV-infected",
"patients",
"with",
"CD4",
"T-cell",
"counts",
"below",
"100",
"cells",
"/",
"μL",
"or",
"transplant",
"recipients",
"undergoing",
"potent",
"immunosuppressive",
"treatment",
".",
"-",
"Neurosyphilis",
".",
"There",
"are",
"different",
"forms",
"of",
"presentation",
"of",
"neurosyphilis",
",",
"asymptomatic",
"neurosyphilis",
"(",
"only",
"CSF",
"alterations",
")",
"and",
"symptomatic",
"neurosyphilis",
",",
"which",
"includes",
"meningeal",
"syphilis",
"(",
"headache",
",",
"neck",
"stiffness",
",",
"coma",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
",",
"meningo",
"vascular",
"syphilis",
"(",
"headache",
",",
"neck",
"stiffness",
",",
"coma",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
",",
"meningeal",
"vascular",
"syphilis",
"(",
"headache",
",",
"neck",
"stiffness",
",",
"coma",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
"and",
"meningo",
"vascular",
"syphilis",
"(",
"headache",
",",
"neck",
"stiffness",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
".",
")",
",",
"the",
"meningovascular",
"form",
"(",
"which",
"simulates",
"a",
"middle",
"cerebral",
"artery",
"stroke",
"with",
"typical",
"encephalitis",
"prodrome",
")",
"and",
"the",
"parenchymal",
"form",
",",
"which",
"can",
"present",
"as",
"a",
"progressive",
"general",
"paralysis",
"(",
"subacute",
"dementia",
",",
"neuropsychiatric",
"disorders",
".",
".",
".",
")",
"or",
"tabes",
"dorsalis",
"(",
"spinal",
"cord",
"involvement",
",",
"demyelination",
"of",
"posterior",
"cords",
".",
".",
".",
")",
".",
"The",
"clinical",
"features",
"of",
"the",
"case",
"we",
"present",
"are",
"not",
"consistent",
"with",
"neurosyphilis",
",",
"however",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"negative",
"RPR",
"serological",
"pattern",
"and",
"T",
".",
"pallidum",
"IgG",
"positive",
",",
"compatible",
"with",
"late",
"syphilis",
"or",
"syphilis",
"with",
"more",
"than",
"one",
"year",
"of",
"evolution",
",",
"tertiary",
"syphilis",
"(",
"neurosyphilis",
")",
"or",
"treated",
"syphilis",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"although",
"clinically",
"unlikely",
",",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"diagnostic",
"possibility",
"that",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
"by",
"CSF",
"analysis",
"(",
"CSF",
"VDRL",
")",
".",
"-",
"Cerebral",
"toxoplasmosis",
".",
"CNS",
"involvement",
"in",
"toxoplasmosis",
"consists",
"of",
"encephalitis",
"and",
"abscess",
"formation",
".",
"The",
"most",
"frequent",
"symptoms",
"are",
"headache",
"and",
"fever",
",",
"which",
"appear",
"in",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"patients",
",",
"and",
"mental",
"confusion",
"and",
"sensory-motor",
"deficits",
"occur",
"as",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"neurological",
"damage",
".",
"It",
"is",
"usually",
"seen",
"in",
"immunosuppressed",
"patients",
"with",
"impaired",
"cell-mediated",
"immunity",
"(",
"HIV",
"with",
"advanced",
"immunosuppression",
",",
"patients",
"with",
"haematological",
"malignancies",
"and",
"chemotherapy",
"or",
"solid",
"organ",
"transplant",
"recipients",
")",
".",
"These",
"patients",
"almost",
"all",
"have",
"a",
"positive",
"serology",
"for",
"IgG",
"and",
"negative",
"for",
"specific",
"IgM",
".",
"As",
"we",
"have",
"already",
"mentioned",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"is",
"immunocompetent",
",",
"and",
"also",
"has",
"a",
"negative",
"serology",
"for",
"toxoplasma",
",",
"making",
"this",
"a",
"very",
"unlikely",
"diagnostic",
"option",
".",
"-",
"Cryptococcosis",
"of",
"the",
"brain",
".",
"Cryptococcosis",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"and",
"serious",
"fungal",
"infections",
"associated",
"with",
"HIV",
",",
"with",
"a",
"CD4",
"lymphocyte",
"count",
"below",
"100",
"cells",
"/",
"μl",
"acting",
"as",
"a",
"predisposing",
"factor",
".",
"In",
"more",
"than",
"75",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
",",
"subacute",
"meningitis",
"or",
"meningoencephalitis",
"occurs",
"with",
"fever",
",",
"malaise",
",",
"little",
"or",
"no",
"meningeal",
"signs",
"and",
"headache",
".",
"In",
"10-15",
"%",
",",
"space-occupying",
"lesions",
",",
"cryptococcomas",
",",
"single",
"or",
"multiple",
",",
"enhancing",
"or",
"non-enhancing",
",",
"solid",
"or",
"ring-like",
",",
"usually",
"in",
"the",
"basal",
"ganglia",
"or",
"thalamus",
",",
"may",
"occur",
".",
"-",
"Non-infectious",
"causes",
"of",
"nodular",
"lesions",
"with",
"peripheral",
"uptake",
"in",
"the",
"CNS",
"(",
"metastasis",
",",
"lymphoma",
",",
"primary",
"tumour",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
".",
"-",
"Neurocysticercosis",
".",
"Neurocysticercosis",
"is",
"the",
"involvement",
"of",
"the",
"CNS",
"by",
"the",
"parasitic",
"form",
"of",
"Taenia",
"solium",
"larvae",
",",
"with",
"humans",
"acting",
"as",
"intermediate",
"hosts",
",",
"which",
"clinically",
"presents",
"with",
"epilepsy",
",",
"intracranial",
"hypertension",
"and",
"focal",
"neurological",
"signs",
".",
"Radiological",
"findings",
"depend",
"on",
"larval",
"stage",
",",
"number",
"and",
"location",
".",
"Parenchymal",
"involvement",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"form",
",",
"and",
"the",
"cysts",
"are",
"mainly",
"located",
"in",
"the",
"cerebral",
"cortex",
",",
"with",
"different",
"stages",
"of",
"evolution",
"from",
"viable",
"cysts",
"(",
"with",
"scolex",
")",
"to",
"the",
"final",
"evolutionary",
"stage",
"with",
"calcification",
".",
"Positive",
"serology",
"and",
"radiological",
"imaging",
"make",
"this",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"seen",
"in",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"department",
"where",
"he",
"reported",
"the",
"same",
"symptoms",
"as",
"previously",
"described",
"and",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
"requested",
"by",
"neurology",
"were",
"reviewed",
".",
"MRI",
"images",
"were",
"evaluated",
"together",
"with",
"an",
"expert",
"radiologist",
",",
"describing",
"the",
"results",
"as",
"findings",
"compatible",
"with",
"active",
"neurocysticercosis",
".",
"A",
"fundus",
"examination",
"was",
"requested",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"ocular",
"involvement",
",",
"and",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"active",
"neurocysticercosis",
"was",
"established",
",",
"as",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"cystic",
"lesions",
"with",
"scolex",
"on",
"the",
"MRI",
"(",
"absolute",
"criterion",
")",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"positive",
"serology",
"for",
"T",
".",
"solium",
"(",
"major",
"criterion",
")",
".",
"Stool",
"parasites",
"were",
"requested",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"autoinoculation",
",",
"and",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"Regarding",
"the",
"serological",
"pattern",
"of",
"syphilis",
"(",
"RPR",
"negative",
",",
"T",
".",
"pallidum",
"IgG",
"positive",
")",
",",
"a",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"was",
"proposed",
"to",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"who",
"refused",
"the",
"examination",
"as",
"he",
"denied",
"risky",
"sexual",
"relations",
",",
"and",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"having",
"been",
"treated",
"in",
"the",
"past",
"with",
"three",
"doses",
"of",
"intramuscular",
"benzathine",
"penicillin",
"for",
"an",
"episode",
"of",
"syphilis",
",",
"assuming",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"treated",
"syphilis",
".",
"With",
"regard",
"to",
"the",
"positive",
"Chagas",
"serology",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"denied",
"gastrointestinal",
"symptoms",
",",
"presented",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"without",
"cardiomegaly",
",",
"echocardiogram",
"and",
"electrocardiogram",
"were",
"requested",
",",
"both",
"normal",
",",
"and",
"PCR",
"for",
"T",
".",
"cruzi",
"was",
"negative",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"Chagas",
"disease",
"of",
"undetermined",
"duration",
".",
"Admission",
"to",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"ward",
"was",
"indicated",
"for",
"combined",
"treatment",
".",
"Albendazole",
"400",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
"for",
"4",
"weeks",
"and",
"praziquantel",
"600",
"mg",
"2",
"tablets",
"at",
"breakfast",
",",
"2",
"tablets",
"at",
"lunch",
"and",
"3",
"tablets",
"at",
"dinner",
"for",
"4",
"weeks",
"were",
"prescribed",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"dexamethasone",
"2",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
",",
"beginning",
"24",
"hours",
"before",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"deworming",
"therapy",
",",
"and",
"phenytoin",
"was",
"replaced",
"by",
"levetiracetam",
"500",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
"to",
"avoid",
"interactions",
".",
"After",
"48",
"hours",
"of",
"antiparasitic",
"treatment",
",",
"he",
"presented",
"two",
"episodes",
"of",
"partial",
"secondary",
"generalised",
"seizures",
"with",
"tongue",
"biting",
"and",
"subsequent",
"amnesia",
",",
"so",
"the",
"dose",
"of",
"levetiracetam",
"was",
"increased",
"to",
"1000",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
".",
"After",
"7",
"days",
"of",
"hospitalisation",
",",
"with",
"no",
"new",
"complications",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
"from",
"hospital",
"for",
"outpatient",
"follow-up",
".",
"She",
"completed",
"the",
"treatment",
"without",
"incident",
"and",
"with",
"good",
"tolerance",
"to",
"the",
"medication",
".",
"She",
"had",
"no",
"new",
"seizures",
".",
"Brain",
"MRI",
"and",
"serology",
"for",
"T",
".",
"solium",
"were",
"requested",
"6",
"months",
"after",
"completing",
"treatment",
".",
"The",
"MRI",
"showed",
"scar",
"lesions",
"with",
"no",
"activity",
"and",
"T",
".",
"solium",
"serology",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"Given",
"these",
"results",
"and",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"neurological",
"symptoms",
",",
"neurocysticercosis",
"was",
"assumed",
"to",
"be",
"cured",
".",
"Annual",
"follow-up",
"with",
"T",
".",
"solium",
"serology",
"was",
"indicated",
".",
"Once",
"treatment",
"for",
"neurocysticercosis",
"was",
"completed",
",",
"outpatient",
"treatment",
"of",
"Chagas",
"disease",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"benznidazole",
"15",
"mg",
"/",
"kg",
"/",
"day",
"in",
"ascending",
"doses",
",",
"until",
"270",
"tablets",
"were",
"completed",
",",
"with",
"very",
"good",
"tolerance",
"to",
"treatment",
"and",
"annual",
"follow-up",
"with",
"ECG",
"and",
"Chagas",
"PCR",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"asymptomatic",
"one",
"year",
"later",
",",
"with",
"no",
"new",
"seizures",
"and",
"negative",
"Chagas",
"PCR",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"-",
"Active",
"parenchymal",
"neurocysticercosis",
".",
"-",
"Chagas",
"disease",
"of",
"undetermined",
"duration",
".",
"-",
"Syphilis",
"treated",
"."
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Anamnesis
A 70-year-old man, with no past history of interest, who in November 2017 was referred to the gastroenterology department for investigation due to anaemia refractory to treatment and dyspepsia of 6 months' evolution.
Physical examination
Examination was unremarkable.
Complementary tests
"CBC: Hb 10.5 g/dl, CEA 31.8 ng/ml, Ca 19.9: 1,319 U/ml.
"Gastroscopy: at the level of the incisura and with an extension of about 3 cm along the lesser curvature, and also on the posterior aspect, an excavated lesion with raised edges and fever on rubbing is identified. The rest is normal. AP: intestinal adenocarcinoma. HER-2 negative.
"CT-CT scan: adenopathic conglomerate at the level of the gastrohepatic ligament measuring about 25 x 40 mm. The rest is normal.
"Echoendoscopy: lesion in lesser curvature affecting 50% of the circumference with loss of definition of all its layers, infiltrating the adjacent fat and extending from 3 cm below the gastro-oesophageal junction to the proximal antrum. Five infiltrative lymphadenopathies are observed.
Diagnosis
Gastric adenocarcinoma. Stage cT4cN2cM0.
Treatment
Given locally advanced gastric adenocarcinoma, neoadjuvant treatment was decided with a FLOT scheme for 4 cycles (FLOT4-AIO study), radical surgery and subsequent adjuvant treatment with another 4 cycles of FLOT.
Evolution
In January 2018, neoadjuvant treatment with FLOT (docetaxel 50 mg/m2, folinic acid 200 mg/m2, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 and 5-FU 2,600 mg/m2 days 1 every 14 days) was started. Very good tolerance to treatment. G1 nausea and vomiting. After the 4th cycle, the partial response was a decrease in the adenopathic conglomerate at the level of the gastrohepatic ligament, which currently measures 15 x 25 mm.
Given the partial radiological response, total gastrectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy were performed on 21/3/2018. Pathological anatomy showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma affecting perigastric tissue reaching the visceral serosa. Poor response to treatment (grade 3 CAP). Lymphovascular and perineural invasion. Free edges. 11 affected nodes out of 16. HER-2 negative. Stage ypT4apN3acM0.
After the operation, she received only 2 cycles of adjuvant FLOT. It was suspended due to poor digestive tolerance and haematological toxicity (last cycle on 20/6/2018).
On review in February 2019, the patient came for consultation with lumbar pain of 15 days' evolution, accompanied by weakness and loss of strength 3/5 in both lower limbs, as well as urinary incontinence. The patient was admitted for further investigation. A CT-CT scan was performed showing retroperitoneal lymph node relapse and pulmonary metastases. Brain and spine MRI showed a pseudonodular morphological alteration in the cauda equina type which, after the administration of intravenous contrast, was intensely enhanced in the leptomeningeal region and nodular morphology with metastatic dissemination. Multiple cerebellar lesions, vernix and right corona radiata were observed in the brain. A lumbar puncture was performed and the cerebrospinal fluid cytology was positive for malignancy.
Treatment was started with high-dose corticosteroids and palliative RT treatment was considered, but the patient progressively worsened neurologically and died on 21/2/2019, 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms.
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{
"text": "patient",
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] | en |
Reason for consultation
Headache and dizziness.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
A 52-year-old man with no other personal history than HIV infection of more than 10 years of evolution, with good immunovirological control (CD4 950 cells/μl, CD8 853 cells/μl, leukocytes 5,010 x103/μl, undetectable viral load) on treatment with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, without having suffered AIDS-defining complications; therefore at stage A1. He consulted for a holocranial headache and dizziness of 15 days' duration, with associated daytime-predominant somnolence, asthenia and anorexia increasing in recent weeks and weight loss of 5 kg, as well as profuse sweating without shivering and afebrile. The patient expressed feeling overwhelmed because he felt that in recent weeks he had forgotten everyday things and reported spontaneous unmotivated crying.
On examination he was conscious, oriented and cooperative, eupneic at rest and haemodynamically stable, with cardiopulmonary auscultation and an unremarkable abdominal examination. On a neurological level, only the presence of a pathological Romberg and minimal facial gestural paralysis was notable, with no nuchal rigidity or other signs of meningeal irritation at the time, nor any other neurological focality at the level of the cranial pairs, nor sensory-motor alterations, and the patient had a normal gait, not ataxic, without lateralisations or dysmetria, but with a certain lethargy of movement, which was evident even to the patient.
- CBC: haemoglobin 17.9g/dl, platelets 235x103/μl, leukocytes 9.76 x103/μl, lymphocytes 3.26 x103/μl, neutrophils 5.72 x103/μl.
Coagulation: Fibrinogen 511mg/dl, rest normal.
Biochemistry: Glucose 86 mg/dl, Albumin 4.6 g/dl, Urea 7.1 mg/dl, Glomerular filtration rate 69 mL/min, Creatinine 1.18 mg/dL, hydroelectrolyte and liver profile normal.
CRP: 0.14 mg/L
Arterial blood gases: Ph 7,469, PaCO2 31.1 mmHg, PaO2 126 mmHg, SaO2 98.3% , HCO3 22.6 mmol/L.
Urine: normal.
- Cranial CT scan: hyperdense cerebral LOE, at the level of the corpus callosum, crossing the midline and contacting the ependymis, with perilesional oedema and slight mass effect on the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles, highly suggestive of Primary Cerebral Lymphoma.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
The first diagnosis given in the ED for subsequent admission was a brain lesion compatible with Primary Cerebral Lymphoma in an HIV stage A1 patient, who after this finding was classified as stage C1.
Action plan and evolution
He was admitted to Internal Medicine for further study with cranial MRI with contrast, BodyTAC (both imaging tests with no different findings to those of the cranial CT) and a blood test with serology IgG CMV positive with IgM negative, IgG Toxoplasma positive IgM negative, lymphocyte subpopulations with CD4 954 cells/μl with undetectable viral load. On admission, she reported feeling much better with regard to her headaches after treatment with corticosteroids. Right facial paralysis persisted with positive Romberg's, which was negative after several days of corticosteroid treatment.
Neurosurgery was contacted for evaluation of oncological treatment.
From an ethical point of view, the following dilemma arises, since the relatives, who are unaware of the immunodeficiency associated with the patient's HIV infection, request that the patient not be informed of his current illness or its severity. Faced with this double pact of silence, the family doctor who will continue to assess the patient in successive consultations has an intermediary and communicative role in giving the relevant explanations to the patient and relatives without speaking directly about his pathology, at least until the patient himself refers it to us.
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Patient aged 77 years. Renal transplant from cadaveric donor in 2014. Usual immunosuppression: Meprednisone + Mycophenolate + Sirolimus. Usual creatinine: 1.8 mg/dl. He was hospitalised for COVID-19 pneumonia. Immunosuppression was suspended and he remained on hydrocortisone. He started treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir + hydroxychloroquine which was suspended due to QTc prolongation. On the fourth day of hospitalisation, he developed septic shock and AKIN 3 acute kidney injury. Urine sedimentation was performed: dark, granular casts 3/cpo + scanty isomorphic red blood cells. Urinary sediment was interpreted as being attributable to acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Renal replacement therapy was indicated. He progresses with anuria and positive PCR for COVID at day +21.
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We present the case of a 36-year-old male from Morocco who has been living in Spain for 6 months, with no known drug allergies or toxic habits. His only history was that he had worked for a month in a slaughterhouse, although he had not worked there for 5 months. She consulted the emergency department for bilateral low back pain radiating to the abdomen for two months, which was difficult to control despite second stage analgesia. He also reported sporadic febrile peaks, profuse sweating and dysuria, which he did not present at the time of consultation. On examination, the patient was in good general condition, although affected by pain, conscious and oriented in the three spheres, well hydrated and perfused, normal colour and eupneic at rest without requiring supplementary oxygen. The patient is haemodynamically stable, with blood pressure (BP) of 118/80 mmHg, heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 98% without supplemental oxygen and temperature of 35.6o.
On cardiopulmonary auscultation the patient showed rhythmic tones without audible murmurs or extratonos, as well as a preserved vesicular murmur with no added pathological sounds. The abdomen was soft and depressible, slightly painful on palpation in general, especially in the left flank, with no signs of peritoneal irritation and with hydro-aerial sounds present. The extremities showed no signs of deep vein thrombosis, no oedema or signs of chronic venous insufficiency, with bilaterally symmetrical pulses. As for the musculoskeletal examination, the patient presented pain on palpation of the bilateral lumbosacral paravertebral muscles and lumbar spinous processes, without crepitus or other alterations. The Lassegué and Bragard manoeuvres were positive at 20o bilaterally, as were the pain reproduction manoeuvres at the sacroiliac level. No other alterations were identified in the rest of the examination by apparatus.
On admission, a lumbar spine X-ray showed a physiological lordosis rectification, with no other notable alterations, as well as a chest X-ray with a cardiomediastinal silhouette of normal size and morphology and no other notable findings. The admission haemogram showed normality in all three series, as well as an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 20 mm/h. Biochemistry showed a slight elevation of transaminases (AST 57 mg/dl and ALT 71 mg/dl), as well as a C-reactive protein (CRP) of 37.76 mg/l. Creatinine was within normal values, and there were no abnormalities in the systematic urine analysis. A urine culture was performed prior to admission with negative results.
Given the clinical manifestations of abdominal pain, an abdominal ultrasound was requested, the only notable finding being splenomegaly with a spleen 162 mm in longitudinal axis and homogeneous echogenicity. The association of dysuria led to contacting the Urology Department, which after assessing the patient identified a solid thickening of the head of the left epididymis compatible with epididymitis. Given the clinical manifestations of lumbosacral pain and the exploratory findings, a lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was requested, which showed a pinched L5-S1 intervertebral space with hyperintensity in T2 and STIR sequences, signs suggestive of spondylodiscitis, also showing in contiguity with the disc and extending towards the posterior epidural space and first right sacral foramen, a collection of multiloculated appearance with peripheral enhancement, suggestive of abscess. The approximate size of the abscess was 39 mm x 12.5 mm x 21.5 mm.
Differential diagnosis
For the differential diagnosis, given the findings obtained in the lumbosacral MRI, with the presence of abscessation and local inflammatory signs, we can focus our attention on pathologies of infectious origin.
- Infection of pyogenic origin: S. aureus is the most frequent microorganism related to pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis, followed by E. coli1 , with the primary focus of infection in 50% of patients being the urinary tract, skin or soft tissues. Virulent microorganisms such as Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp or S. aureus itself generate paravertebral abscesses that can evolve and invade adjacent viscera, while more indolent microorganisms generate abscesses that evolve parallel to the tissues, usually ending at the inguinal or gluteal level. Fever, leukocytosis and sweating are symptoms that usually appear in pyogenic osteomyelitis, with a rapid and aggressive clinical course. In the case of our patient, the association of dysuria and the symptoms of fever and sweating could point to this pathology, but the absence of leukocytosis and the insidious course over more than two months suggest alternative diagnoses.
- Vertebral tuberculosis: also called Pott's disease or tuberculous spondylitis, this is a diagnosis to be considered in cases of persistent and insidious low back pain, especially if accompanied by constitutional symptoms or fever. Tuberculous spondylitis is usually preceded by a previous primoinfection, which may be asymptomatic, so the patient's lack of knowledge of exposure to tuberculosis does not rule out this pathology. Our patient comes from Morocco, considered a tuberculosis endemic area, with an estimated incidence rate of 50-99 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Furthermore, the patient's dysuria may be related to possible renal or genital tuberculosis. The presence in our patient of profuse sweating, loss of appetite and fever could favour vertebral tuberculosis as a possible diagnosis.
- Brucellosis: this pathology, typically associated with the consumption of unpasteurised dairy products and contact with animal tissues contaminated by Brucella spp from cattle, pigs or goats and being endemic especially in North Africa, usually starts with non-specific symptoms such as fever (which may alternate febrile peaks with afebrile periods), headache, anaemia and profuse sweating, as well as splenomegaly in 1/3 of all patients. These symptoms may persist for two to eight weeks and musculoskeletal involvement (the most common complication of brucellar disease) usually does not appear until the previous symptoms disappear. The occurrence of paravertebral abscesses is less frequent than in tuberculosis, although their presence is possible. The diagnosis of brucellosis is made by positive culture of the organism in any type of sample or by measurement of brucellar agglutinins. Leukocytosis is usually absent and elevated ESR, if present, is of little relevance. Involvement of other organs, such as the genitourinary system, although less frequent than musculoskeletal complications, is also possible.
Analysing our patient, his work history, his country of origin and the presence of a discrete elevation of ESR in the absence of leukocytosis could point to brucellosis as a possible diagnosis. In addition, the presence of isolated febrile peaks interspersed with afebrile periods, as well as the splenomegaly detected on abdominal ultrasound, also point to brucellosis.
Evolution
In view of the results obtained in the lumbosacral MRI, and the patient's work history, the possibility of an infection of zoonotic origin was raised. Urine cultures were requested, which were negative, and blood cultures, which were positive for Brucella mellitensis. The Rose Bengal test was performed and was positive, with an antibody quantification of 1/320. Once the diagnosis was known, antibiotic treatment was started with triple therapy of doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours, rifampicin 600 mg every 24 hours and gentamicin for 7 days intravenously. Given the size of the abscess and the clinical manifestations caused by it, it was decided to contact the Neurosurgery Department for drainage of the collection, which was successfully performed, taking samples that were cultured with negative results. After starting treatment, the patient showed a slow but progressive improvement in pain, and was discharged home to continue treatment with double therapy of doxycycline and rifampicin for 12 weeks. He was assessed in the Outpatient Infectious Diseases Department 15 days after discharge, and the patient reported poor control of back pain, so it was decided to increase the daily dose of rifampicin to 900 mg every 24 hours. During the following months he required two new admissions for poor control of low back pain despite second-level analgesic treatment. In both cases, follow-up lumbosacral MRI scans were requested, with no apparent changes in the evolution of the infectious process, although no radiological worsening was identified. He was assessed by the Neurosurgery Department, which did not identify the need for drainage of the abscess at that time. In both admissions the patient evolved satisfactorily, with good pain control initially with intravenous medication and subsequently with good tolerance to the change to oral medication. The patient was assessed in the Outpatient Infectious Diseases Department three months after the last admission, with no new incidents and with adequate pain control. A new lumbosacral MRI was requested, which showed a practical resolution of the initial infectious process, with disappearance of the epidural abscess and almost complete absence of signs of spondylitis at the level of the L5 and S1 vertebral bodies.
Final diagnosis
Lumbar spondylodiscitis due to Brucella melitensis with local extension towards the posterior epidural space and first sacral foramen, abscessation at this level and bacteraemia.
| [
"We",
"present",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"36-year-old",
"male",
"from",
"Morocco",
"who",
"has",
"been",
"living",
"in",
"Spain",
"for",
"6",
"months",
",",
"with",
"no",
"known",
"drug",
"allergies",
"or",
"toxic",
"habits",
".",
"His",
"only",
"history",
"was",
"that",
"he",
"had",
"worked",
"for",
"a",
"month",
"in",
"a",
"slaughterhouse",
",",
"although",
"he",
"had",
"not",
"worked",
"there",
"for",
"5",
"months",
".",
"She",
"consulted",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"for",
"bilateral",
"low",
"back",
"pain",
"radiating",
"to",
"the",
"abdomen",
"for",
"two",
"months",
",",
"which",
"was",
"difficult",
"to",
"control",
"despite",
"second",
"stage",
"analgesia",
".",
"He",
"also",
"reported",
"sporadic",
"febrile",
"peaks",
",",
"profuse",
"sweating",
"and",
"dysuria",
",",
"which",
"he",
"did",
"not",
"present",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"consultation",
".",
"On",
"examination",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"in",
"good",
"general",
"condition",
",",
"although",
"affected",
"by",
"pain",
",",
"conscious",
"and",
"oriented",
"in",
"the",
"three",
"spheres",
",",
"well",
"hydrated",
"and",
"perfused",
",",
"normal",
"colour",
"and",
"eupneic",
"at",
"rest",
"without",
"requiring",
"supplementary",
"oxygen",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"is",
"haemodynamically",
"stable",
",",
"with",
"blood",
"pressure",
"(",
"BP",
")",
"of",
"118",
"/",
"80",
"mmHg",
",",
"heart",
"rate",
"(",
"HR",
")",
"of",
"80",
"beats",
"per",
"minute",
",",
"oxygen",
"saturation",
"of",
"98",
"%",
"without",
"supplemental",
"oxygen",
"and",
"temperature",
"of",
"35",
".",
"6o",
".",
"On",
"cardiopulmonary",
"auscultation",
"the",
"patient",
"showed",
"rhythmic",
"tones",
"without",
"audible",
"murmurs",
"or",
"extratonos",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"preserved",
"vesicular",
"murmur",
"with",
"no",
"added",
"pathological",
"sounds",
".",
"The",
"abdomen",
"was",
"soft",
"and",
"depressible",
",",
"slightly",
"painful",
"on",
"palpation",
"in",
"general",
",",
"especially",
"in",
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"left",
"flank",
",",
"with",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"peritoneal",
"irritation",
"and",
"with",
"hydro-aerial",
"sounds",
"present",
".",
"The",
"extremities",
"showed",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"deep",
"vein",
"thrombosis",
",",
"no",
"oedema",
"or",
"signs",
"of",
"chronic",
"venous",
"insufficiency",
",",
"with",
"bilaterally",
"symmetrical",
"pulses",
".",
"As",
"for",
"the",
"musculoskeletal",
"examination",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"presented",
"pain",
"on",
"palpation",
"of",
"the",
"bilateral",
"lumbosacral",
"paravertebral",
"muscles",
"and",
"lumbar",
"spinous",
"processes",
",",
"without",
"crepitus",
"or",
"other",
"alterations",
".",
"The",
"Lassegué",
"and",
"Bragard",
"manoeuvres",
"were",
"positive",
"at",
"20o",
"bilaterally",
",",
"as",
"were",
"the",
"pain",
"reproduction",
"manoeuvres",
"at",
"the",
"sacroiliac",
"level",
".",
"No",
"other",
"alterations",
"were",
"identified",
"in",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"examination",
"by",
"apparatus",
".",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"a",
"lumbar",
"spine",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"a",
"physiological",
"lordosis",
"rectification",
",",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"notable",
"alterations",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"with",
"a",
"cardiomediastinal",
"silhouette",
"of",
"normal",
"size",
"and",
"morphology",
"and",
"no",
"other",
"notable",
"findings",
".",
"The",
"admission",
"haemogram",
"showed",
"normality",
"in",
"all",
"three",
"series",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"an",
"erythrocyte",
"sedimentation",
"rate",
"(",
"ESR",
")",
"of",
"20",
"mm",
"/",
"h",
".",
"Biochemistry",
"showed",
"a",
"slight",
"elevation",
"of",
"transaminases",
"(",
"AST",
"57",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"and",
"ALT",
"71",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
")",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"C-reactive",
"protein",
"(",
"CRP",
")",
"of",
"37",
".",
"76",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"Creatinine",
"was",
"within",
"normal",
"values",
",",
"and",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"abnormalities",
"in",
"the",
"systematic",
"urine",
"analysis",
".",
"A",
"urine",
"culture",
"was",
"performed",
"prior",
"to",
"admission",
"with",
"negative",
"results",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"of",
"abdominal",
"pain",
",",
"an",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
"was",
"requested",
",",
"the",
"only",
"notable",
"finding",
"being",
"splenomegaly",
"with",
"a",
"spleen",
"162",
"mm",
"in",
"longitudinal",
"axis",
"and",
"homogeneous",
"echogenicity",
".",
"The",
"association",
"of",
"dysuria",
"led",
"to",
"contacting",
"the",
"Urology",
"Department",
",",
"which",
"after",
"assessing",
"the",
"patient",
"identified",
"a",
"solid",
"thickening",
"of",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"epididymis",
"compatible",
"with",
"epididymitis",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"of",
"lumbosacral",
"pain",
"and",
"the",
"exploratory",
"findings",
",",
"a",
"lumbosacral",
"magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"(",
"MRI",
")",
"scan",
"was",
"requested",
",",
"which",
"showed",
"a",
"pinched",
"L5-S1",
"intervertebral",
"space",
"with",
"hyperintensity",
"in",
"T2",
"and",
"STIR",
"sequences",
",",
"signs",
"suggestive",
"of",
"spondylodiscitis",
",",
"also",
"showing",
"in",
"contiguity",
"with",
"the",
"disc",
"and",
"extending",
"towards",
"the",
"posterior",
"epidural",
"space",
"and",
"first",
"right",
"sacral",
"foramen",
",",
"a",
"collection",
"of",
"multiloculated",
"appearance",
"with",
"peripheral",
"enhancement",
",",
"suggestive",
"of",
"abscess",
".",
"The",
"approximate",
"size",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
"was",
"39",
"mm",
"x",
"12",
".",
"5",
"mm",
"x",
"21",
".",
"5",
"mm",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"For",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
",",
"given",
"the",
"findings",
"obtained",
"in",
"the",
"lumbosacral",
"MRI",
",",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"abscessation",
"and",
"local",
"inflammatory",
"signs",
",",
"we",
"can",
"focus",
"our",
"attention",
"on",
"pathologies",
"of",
"infectious",
"origin",
".",
"-",
"Infection",
"of",
"pyogenic",
"origin",
":",
"S",
".",
"aureus",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"microorganism",
"related",
"to",
"pyogenic",
"vertebral",
"osteomyelitis",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"E",
".",
"coli1",
",",
"with",
"the",
"primary",
"focus",
"of",
"infection",
"in",
"50",
"%",
"of",
"patients",
"being",
"the",
"urinary",
"tract",
",",
"skin",
"or",
"soft",
"tissues",
".",
"Virulent",
"microorganisms",
"such",
"as",
"Pseudomonas",
"spp",
",",
"Salmonella",
"spp",
"or",
"S",
".",
"aureus",
"itself",
"generate",
"paravertebral",
"abscesses",
"that",
"can",
"evolve",
"and",
"invade",
"adjacent",
"viscera",
",",
"while",
"more",
"indolent",
"microorganisms",
"generate",
"abscesses",
"that",
"evolve",
"parallel",
"to",
"the",
"tissues",
",",
"usually",
"ending",
"at",
"the",
"inguinal",
"or",
"gluteal",
"level",
".",
"Fever",
",",
"leukocytosis",
"and",
"sweating",
"are",
"symptoms",
"that",
"usually",
"appear",
"in",
"pyogenic",
"osteomyelitis",
",",
"with",
"a",
"rapid",
"and",
"aggressive",
"clinical",
"course",
".",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"the",
"association",
"of",
"dysuria",
"and",
"the",
"symptoms",
"of",
"fever",
"and",
"sweating",
"could",
"point",
"to",
"this",
"pathology",
",",
"but",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"leukocytosis",
"and",
"the",
"insidious",
"course",
"over",
"more",
"than",
"two",
"months",
"suggest",
"alternative",
"diagnoses",
".",
"-",
"Vertebral",
"tuberculosis",
":",
"also",
"called",
"Pott",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"or",
"tuberculous",
"spondylitis",
",",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
"in",
"cases",
"of",
"persistent",
"and",
"insidious",
"low",
"back",
"pain",
",",
"especially",
"if",
"accompanied",
"by",
"constitutional",
"symptoms",
"or",
"fever",
".",
"Tuberculous",
"spondylitis",
"is",
"usually",
"preceded",
"by",
"a",
"previous",
"primoinfection",
",",
"which",
"may",
"be",
"asymptomatic",
",",
"so",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"lack",
"of",
"knowledge",
"of",
"exposure",
"to",
"tuberculosis",
"does",
"not",
"rule",
"out",
"this",
"pathology",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"comes",
"from",
"Morocco",
",",
"considered",
"a",
"tuberculosis",
"endemic",
"area",
",",
"with",
"an",
"estimated",
"incidence",
"rate",
"of",
"50-99",
"cases",
"per",
"100",
",",
"000",
"inhabitants",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"dysuria",
"may",
"be",
"related",
"to",
"possible",
"renal",
"or",
"genital",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"The",
"presence",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
"of",
"profuse",
"sweating",
",",
"loss",
"of",
"appetite",
"and",
"fever",
"could",
"favour",
"vertebral",
"tuberculosis",
"as",
"a",
"possible",
"diagnosis",
".",
"-",
"Brucellosis",
":",
"this",
"pathology",
",",
"typically",
"associated",
"with",
"the",
"consumption",
"of",
"unpasteurised",
"dairy",
"products",
"and",
"contact",
"with",
"animal",
"tissues",
"contaminated",
"by",
"Brucella",
"spp",
"from",
"cattle",
",",
"pigs",
"or",
"goats",
"and",
"being",
"endemic",
"especially",
"in",
"North",
"Africa",
",",
"usually",
"starts",
"with",
"non-specific",
"symptoms",
"such",
"as",
"fever",
"(",
"which",
"may",
"alternate",
"febrile",
"peaks",
"with",
"afebrile",
"periods",
")",
",",
"headache",
",",
"anaemia",
"and",
"profuse",
"sweating",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"splenomegaly",
"in",
"1",
"/",
"3",
"of",
"all",
"patients",
".",
"These",
"symptoms",
"may",
"persist",
"for",
"two",
"to",
"eight",
"weeks",
"and",
"musculoskeletal",
"involvement",
"(",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"complication",
"of",
"brucellar",
"disease",
")",
"usually",
"does",
"not",
"appear",
"until",
"the",
"previous",
"symptoms",
"disappear",
".",
"The",
"occurrence",
"of",
"paravertebral",
"abscesses",
"is",
"less",
"frequent",
"than",
"in",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"although",
"their",
"presence",
"is",
"possible",
".",
"The",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"brucellosis",
"is",
"made",
"by",
"positive",
"culture",
"of",
"the",
"organism",
"in",
"any",
"type",
"of",
"sample",
"or",
"by",
"measurement",
"of",
"brucellar",
"agglutinins",
".",
"Leukocytosis",
"is",
"usually",
"absent",
"and",
"elevated",
"ESR",
",",
"if",
"present",
",",
"is",
"of",
"little",
"relevance",
".",
"Involvement",
"of",
"other",
"organs",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"genitourinary",
"system",
",",
"although",
"less",
"frequent",
"than",
"musculoskeletal",
"complications",
",",
"is",
"also",
"possible",
".",
"Analysing",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"his",
"work",
"history",
",",
"his",
"country",
"of",
"origin",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"discrete",
"elevation",
"of",
"ESR",
"in",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"leukocytosis",
"could",
"point",
"to",
"brucellosis",
"as",
"a",
"possible",
"diagnosis",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"isolated",
"febrile",
"peaks",
"interspersed",
"with",
"afebrile",
"periods",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"splenomegaly",
"detected",
"on",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
",",
"also",
"point",
"to",
"brucellosis",
".",
"Evolution",
"In",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"results",
"obtained",
"in",
"the",
"lumbosacral",
"MRI",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"work",
"history",
",",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"an",
"infection",
"of",
"zoonotic",
"origin",
"was",
"raised",
".",
"Urine",
"cultures",
"were",
"requested",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"and",
"blood",
"cultures",
",",
"which",
"were",
"positive",
"for",
"Brucella",
"mellitensis",
".",
"The",
"Rose",
"Bengal",
"test",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"was",
"positive",
",",
"with",
"an",
"antibody",
"quantification",
"of",
"1",
"/",
"320",
".",
"Once",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"known",
",",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"triple",
"therapy",
"of",
"doxycycline",
"100",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
",",
"rifampicin",
"600",
"mg",
"every",
"24",
"hours",
"and",
"gentamicin",
"for",
"7",
"days",
"intravenously",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"size",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
"and",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"caused",
"by",
"it",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"contact",
"the",
"Neurosurgery",
"Department",
"for",
"drainage",
"of",
"the",
"collection",
",",
"which",
"was",
"successfully",
"performed",
",",
"taking",
"samples",
"that",
"were",
"cultured",
"with",
"negative",
"results",
".",
"After",
"starting",
"treatment",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"showed",
"a",
"slow",
"but",
"progressive",
"improvement",
"in",
"pain",
",",
"and",
"was",
"discharged",
"home",
"to",
"continue",
"treatment",
"with",
"double",
"therapy",
"of",
"doxycycline",
"and",
"rifampicin",
"for",
"12",
"weeks",
".",
"He",
"was",
"assessed",
"in",
"the",
"Outpatient",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"Department",
"15",
"days",
"after",
"discharge",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"reported",
"poor",
"control",
"of",
"back",
"pain",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"daily",
"dose",
"of",
"rifampicin",
"to",
"900",
"mg",
"every",
"24",
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] | en |
A nine-month-old boy consulted for severe perianal erythema. A first rectal smear was performed with a negative result of the rapid streptococcal antigen detection test after 24 hours, so treatment was started with clotrimazole. As the patient did not progress well, it was decided to repeat the rectal and pharyngotonsillar smear, finding a positive result for rapid detection of streptococcal antigen in the rectal sample and negative in the pharyngotonsillar sample. Culture of the rectal specimen was negative for fungi and showed growth of GABHS. Treatment with oral penicillin was started for 10 days, with resolution of the picture.
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] | en |
MEDICAL HISTORY
Reason for consultation Fever, chills, arthromyalgia, general malaise. Personal history No known allergies, intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid. History of rheumatic pathology controlled in Rheumatology Outpatients No history of known diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia or heart disease. Surgical history: appendectomy, splenectomy in 1975 due to thrombocytopenia, left knee meniscus surgery. She only remembered annual vaccination against influenza. Current pharmacological treatment: paracetamol, colchicine, chondrosan and calcium.
CURRENT ILLNESS
A 67-year-old woman with the aforementioned history came to the emergency department complaining of high fever (39oC), chills, arthromyalgia and general malaise. He referred symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in the last 15 days, which he had treated with paracetamol. No micturition syndrome, no stool alterations, no chest pain, no abdominal pain or other accompanying symptoms of note.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- VITAL CONSTANTS: BP 110/90 mmHg, HR 97, T. ax. 37,9o, FR 16, sat. O2 sat. 96% aa.
- GENERAL APPEARANCE: relatively affected, normohydrated, well perfused, no skin lesions, no palpable adenopathies.
- CARDIOCIRCULATORY: rhythmic tones, no audible murmurs, no orthopnoea, no oedema, peripheral pulses present and symmetrical.
- RESPIRATORY: eupneic, preserved vesicular murmur, no over-added sounds.
- ABDOMEN: soft and depressible, no pain on palpation, preserved peristalsis, negative decompression, no visceromegaly palpable.
- NEUROLOGICAL: higher mental functions preserved, language and speech preserved, isochoric pupils of normal size and normoreactive, no alteration of the cranial nerves, no motor deficit, no dysmetria, normal gait, preserved sensitivity, no signs of meningeal irritation.
- FACE AND OROPHARYNGEAL: Hyperemia in pharynx, no adenopathies.
COMPLEMENTARY EXPLORATIONS
CBC: Red cells 4.49 x10^6/μL, Haemoglobin 13.9 g/dL, Haematocrit 42.9% VCM 95.5 fL HCM 31.0 pg, CHCM * 32.4 g/dL, RDW-CV 13.7%, Leukocytes * 3.30 x10^3/μL, Neutrophils% * 95. 8%, Total neutrophils 3.16 x10^3/μL, Lymphocytes% * 3.9%, Total lymphocytes * 0.13 x10^3/μL Monocytes% * 0.3%, Eosinophils% * <0.1%, Basophils% * <0.1%, Platelets 183 x10^3/μL, T. prothrombin * 76 %, INR 1.19 Glucose 93 mg/dL, Creatinine 0.64 mg/dL, Urea 37 mg/Dl, Sodium 136 mmol/L, Potassium 4.0 mmol/L, C-reactive protein <0.51 mg/dL Arterial blood gas: pH * 7. 469, pCO2 33.8 mmHg, HCO3 24.2 mmol/L, Total CO2 25.3 mmol/L, ABEBE * 1.5 mmol/L, SBE 0.9 mmol/L, SBC 25.7 mmol/L, pO2 * 76.1 mmHg, O2 saturation 96.5 % urinalysis: normal.
Chest X-ray: cardiothoracic index preserved, no images of pulmonary condensation, no images of cardiopulmonary decompensation, no pleural pathology ECG: sinus rhythm at 90 bpm, axis within normality, PR preserved, no blockages or repolarisation alterations.
EVOLUTION
Given the history of anatomical asplenia and fever, a complete blood count, biochemistry, coagulation, arterial blood gases, urinalysis, chest X-ray, ECG and blood cultures were requested. Treatment was started with 2 g ev of ceftriaxone, fluids were also administered and 50 mg of dexketoprofen for treatment of fever, arthromyalgia and malaise. After a favourable evolution in the Emergency Department Observation and normal results of the complementary examinations, it was decided to admit her to the Short Stay Unit for evolutionary control. Anecdotally, the patient was reluctant to be admitted, it was explained to her that it was a 12-24 hour admission, barring complications, due to her history of splenectomy, she insisted that her spleen had been removed "the year Franco died", that since then she had suffered numerous febrile processes and she had never been admitted nor had she been told of the risks involved in having this organ removed. In the end, with the help and understanding of her family, the patient consented without any problem. She was admitted to the Short Stay Unit with the following recommendations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Admission to the SSU: Low sodium diet. Monitoring of vital signs every 8 hours. Physiological saline solution 1,500 ml x 24 hours. Control of diuresis. Ceftriaxone 2 g ev. every 12 hours. Paracetamol 1 g every 8 hours, if fever. Analytical control for 8 hours the following day. DEVELOPMENT in the SSU: A warning was given at 23:00 hours of the same day (approximately 5 hours after admission to the SSU) due to hypotension, and repeated loads of physiological saline solution were perfused without managing to raise the BP. The patient was placed in the Critical Care Unit, a new blood test was requested and blood cultures were taken. Highlights: Leukocytes * 11.97 x10^3/μL Neutrophils % * 94.1 % Total neutrophils * 11.28 x10^3 Platelets ** 10 x10^3/μL Creatinine * 1.40 mg/dL Urea * 52 mg/dL Ac. Lactate/Lactate * 6.5 mmol/L ALT (GPT) * 126 U/L Gamma GT (GGT) * 107 U/L Procalcitonin 136.27 ng/mL Rest of blood count and biochemistry within normal. Arterial blood gases: pH * 7.33 pCO2 32 mmHg HCO3 * 17 mmol/L ABE-BE * -8 mmol/L SBE * -8 mmol/L O2 saturation 98 % Antigenuria positive for Pneumococcus.
A second antibiotic is added, levofloxacin 500 mg ev every 12 hours, fluid perfusion, bladder catheter and hourly diuresis control. Drum is channelled for PVC control. Confirmation of plateletopenia was requested and confirmed (platelets 7,000, with citrate tube), 2 platelet pools were requested. After administration of successive loads of fluids without achieving haemodynamic stability, vasoactive drugs are started in ev perfusion and the patient is transferred to the Intensive Care Unit.
Diagnosis:
Septic shock due to pneumococcal bacteraemia with probable respiratory focus and multi-organ dysfunction (haemodynamic, respiratory, renal, haematological, hepatic, coagulopathy). In the ICU, the patient presented poor evolution, requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, perfusion of vasoactive drugs at increasing doses, continuous venovenous haemofiltration, severe DIC, refractory plateletopenia. On day 16 of admission: Aspergillus niger pneumonia, evolution to invasive aspergillosis Progressive worsening, exits on day 40 of admission.
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"text": "Personal",
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 25-year-old woman, with no personal history of interest, presented with episodes of hemicranial headache of intensity 9/10 on the VAS scale, associated with nausea and vomiting, lasting for hours, oppressive and sometimes pulsating, which did not subside with first-stage analgesia. He reports some improvement with triptans. On several occasions, the headache was preceded by episodes of slurred speech and numbness of the right arm starting in the hand and moving up the arm, extending to the ipsilateral peribuccal region.
Physical examination
General examination with no pathological findings. Neurological examination: alert, oriented in the three spheres. Fluent language without dysphasic elements, no dysarthria. PICNR. Normal ocular motility. No campimetric defects. No facial asymmetry. Normal lower torques. Strength 5/5 universal. ROT +++/++++ symmetrical. Bilateral flexor RCP. Normal sensibility. No dysmetria. Normal gait.
Complementary tests
- Blood count: haemoglobin 10 g/dl, MCV 89.1 fl.
- Biochemistry and coagulation normal.
- Serology: HIV negative; CMV IgG-, IgM-; EBV IgG+, IgM-; Coxiella burnetti IgG, IgM-, Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG+, Rickettsia typhi IgG-, IgM-, Rickettsia conorii IgG-, IgM-.
- Negative autoimmunity study.
- CSF: normal appearance, clear. Opening pressure 18 cm H2O. Cells 250 leukocytes/ mm3 (90% mononucleated). Glucose: 49.4 mg/dl. Protein: 47.6 mg/dl. Lactate: 1.11 mg/dl. Bacteriological and virus culture negative. Enterovirus PCR negative. CMV IgG-, IgM-; EBV IgG-, IgM-; HSV type 1 and 2 IgG-.
- Brain MRI: normal.
- Arterial and venous MR angiography: normal.
- Electroencephalogram: non-specific.
- Cerebral SPECT (Tc99m): normal.
Diagnosis
In the case of a 25-year-old patient with headache associated with episodes of language and sensory disorders, with CSF pleocytosis, we made the following differential diagnosis:
- Infectious encephalitis due to atypical bacteria or viruses.
- Autoimmune encephalitis.
- Vascular aetiology.
- Epileptic origin.
- Headache syndrome and transient neurological deficits with CSF pleocytosis (HaNDL) or pseudomigraine with pleocytosis. A battery of diagnostic tests was performed, excluding most of the diagnoses listed. The most likely diagnosis was established as headache syndrome and transient neurological deficits with CSF pleocytosis (HaNDL).
Treatment
Analgesic treatment for headache was administered during admission.
Evolution
The patient evolved favourably, the episodes decreased and she did not present new focal neurological symptoms.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
This is a male patient with a prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of bilateral hydronephrosis, born by induced labour at 38th week of gestation.
Treatment and evolution
The presence of bilateral ureterohydronephrosis up to the bladder outlet is verified postnatally by means of a new ultrasound scan.
Renal function in the first weeks is normal. The diuretic renogram shows a delay in the elimination of the radiotracer, with a right partial renal function of 31.3%. A cystography was performed, showing dilatation of the posterior urethra secondary to urethral valves.
After diagnosis, bladder catheterisation was performed.
A few days later, the patient began to develop a low-grade fever, so blood cultures were positive for Escherichia coli and urine cultures were positive for Enterococcus spp. Treatment was started and the patient improved clinically. After several weeks in hospital, thrush and mycosis appeared in the nappy area, which also resolved with appropriate treatment.
Surgical intervention was scheduled, but he suffered a new urinary tract infection at the age of 2 months, with fever and anorexia, which required hospitalisation. A urine systemic examination was performed with moderate bacteriuria and pyuria. The bladder catheter was replaced and empirical treatment was performed, as the urine culture was negative. On discharge, treatment with cotrimoxazole was prescribed as anti-infective prophylaxis. With clinical improvement and after a new negative culture, endoscopic resection of the posterior urethral valves was performed, and the bladder catheter was removed after 10 days.
In the first control ultrasound scan, one month after the operation (age 4 months), bilateral hydronephrosis was observed with abundant intraluminal echogenic content on the left with nodular morphology in calyceal groups suggesting fungus ball. Following this diagnosis, despite being asymptomatic, it was decided to admit him to hospital for observation and intravenous antifungal treatment. Cultures were taken, but were negative.
At the next check-up, a week after admission, the upper calyx balls disappeared, with one smaller ball remaining in the lower calyx. After 2 weeks of intravenous antifungal treatment and a new ultrasound check-up, the patient was discharged from hospital. Subsequent ultrasound scans showed the disappearance of the fungus ball and in the last control the decrease in hydronephrosis. Cystography at 6 months showed good voiding opening of the posterior urethra.
| [
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Anamnesis
74-year-old male patient, with no known drug allergies or toxic habits. Personal history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, left submassive pulmonary thromboembolism and under study for renal failure. Surgical history of right inguinal herniorrhaphy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (2010). Usual treatment: omeprazole, torasemide, enalapril, bisoprolol, insulin and acenocoumarol.
She attended the hospital emergency department due to deterioration in general condition, with asthenia and weight loss, accompanied by pain in the hypogastrium and perineal region and dysuria of one month's duration. She did not report fever or dysthermic sensation. He was being treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid by his primary care physician.
Physical examination
Conscious, oriented. Mucocutaneous pallor and normohydrated. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic at 88 bpm, no murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation: generalised hypoventilation. Abdomen: soft, depressible, painful on palpation in the hypogastrium, without signs of peritoneal irritation; no masses or visceromegaly; peristalsis preserved. External genitalia: atrophic right testicle, erythematous left testicle, impacted, suggestive of orchiepididymitis. Rectal examination: perineal region without alterations; decreased tone of the anal sphincter; soft prostate not suspicious (GI) or painful; he reported involuntary loss of faeces. A bladder catheter is placed and a urine culture is taken.
Complementary tests
● CBC: haemoglobin 11.4 g/dl, haematocrit 34.5%, leukocytes 14.2 mil/mm3, neutrophils 72.3%.
Biochemistry: creatinine 1.6 mg/dl, glucose 300 mg/dl.
Venous blood gases: pH 7.45, PaO2 36 mmHg, PaCO2 29 mmHg, HCO3 20.2 mmol/l.
● Urine: pH 5.5, 60-100 leucocytes/field, bacterial flora +++.
● Coagulation: prothrombin time 88.6 s, prothrombin activity 9%.
● INR-TP 7.31, aPTT 54.9 s, derived fibrinogen 794 mg/dl.
● Ultrasound: dilated main bile duct (13 mm). Right kidney with normal morphology, size and echostructure. Left kidney with cystic images of 3.8 and 4 cm of simple appearance. No bilateral pyelocaliceal dilatation. Heterogeneous hypodense splenic image of 3.8 cm with extension to the inferior and anterior splenic border. No free fluid is observed.
● Urine culture: positive for Klebsiella oxytoca, with no resistance to the usual antibiotics.
● Given the general condition and the ultrasound findings, it was decided to admit him to the Internal Medicine Department for further investigation. Antibiotic treatment was started with levofloxacin. On the sixth day she presented with diffuse abdominal pain and a slab belly, and an abdominal-pelvic CT scan was performed: bilateral pleural effusion and free peritoneal fluid. Nodular hypodense splenic lesion of approximately 5 cm in diameter with peripheral area extending to the hilum and the gastrosplenic ligament, without being able to rule out tumour. Marked prostatic abscesses (6 cm left lobe) and seminal vesicles with internal inferior descent of the levator ani muscle. Small amount of retrovesical fluid.
Diagnosis
Interprostatic abscess.
Splenic mass pending filiation.
Treatment
Suprapubic cystostomy and percutaneous perineal ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of the left prostatic lobe, with an outflow of 60 cc of pus, and of the right lobe, with an outflow of 15 cc. Two pigtail drains were left (one in each lobe) and intraprostatic instillation with tobramycin was performed. Samples were taken for microbiology (Klebsiella pneumoniae sensitive to tobramycin was isolated).
Evolution
During the postoperative period, a thoracentesis was performed to diagnose right pleural effusion, compatible with transudate. A control CT scan was requested, which showed retrocaval, subaortic, anterior diaphragmatic chain and retrocrural lymphadenopathies. Mass in the splenic hilum, probably due to adenopathic conglomerate with signs of tumour infiltration suggesting the possibility of a lymphoproliferative process: lymphoma.
Given the improvement in general condition, the patient was discharged with bladder size, to assess the possibility of scheduled surgery for splenectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate, after placement of a cava filter.
The patient was readmitted 14 days after discharge due to a great deterioration in his general condition, accompanied by diarrhoea, abdominal distension and dyspnoea at rest without fever, secondary to recurrence of his bilateral pleural effusion. A new thoracentesis was performed, with pleural fluid cytology compatible with high-grade lymphoma. He died of multi-organ failure.
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16 year old female, who came "tricked" by her family for assessment of disorganised behaviour at home and behavioural disorders (verbal and/or physical aggression towards parents). The parents had contacted me a week before to report these disorders and to see how they could manage the situation. The parents had been reporting behavioural disorders for more or less a year, coinciding with the daughter's return home to resume her studies in her place of residence (she had previously attended a boarding school in another city, given her poor academic performance). They had noticed that, on some weekends when the girl was at home, she displayed similar behaviours, albeit to a lesser degree. The initial defiant behaviours had gradually transformed into hostile behaviours in response to any normative suggestion, moving on to aggressive attitudes, first verbally, then physically towards objects, ending with aggression towards the mother, who was the one who spent the most time at home. The parents had detected cannabis use that they could not quantify 2 or 3 months earlier, after talking to their daughter's friends and, when they checked with her, she vaguely told them that she had been using cannabis for "1 or 2 years, only at weekends". They suggested she see a psychiatrist and she agreed. She went to the first appointment and the psychiatrist prescribed treatment with fluoxetine, 20 mg/day, with check-ups every 15 days. The parents do not perceive any improvement and the girl decides to abandon the treatment at the third session. The parents then took her to Proyecto Hombre, where she went regularly every 15 days and where weekly urine tests detected her use of cannabis and sporadic use of amphetamines (once a month). She is suggested to see a psychiatrist as her behavioural disorders are getting worse (after a month or so of improvement) and she does not stop using.
At the first consultation, the patient presented a negative attitude, irritability, sleep and schedule disturbances and ideas of death. She did not present or had not presented psychotic symptoms (some delirious ideas in relation to high consumption in the past) and was verbose, with a slight flight of ideas and expansive mood. She was very aggressive towards the parents' "protectionist" attitude, especially towards the mother. She acknowledges cannabis use since the age of 12 (when she was admitted to the boarding school), with initial weekend use, increasing to daily use at the age of 13, and before she returned home she consumed 6-8 times a day. She justifies her use as a way of overcoming her "fat complex". She admits to sporadic use of amphetamines in connection with village festivals and music concerts. The mother is a very anxious and controlling woman; the father is a quiet man, overwhelmed by the daughter's situation and the mother's attitude. No first or second degree family history. There is an older brother in the family, with whom the patient reports a good relationship, although he has now distanced himself from her because of her attitude at home. The patient agrees to follow pharmacological treatment and to continue with Proyecto Hombre, with whom she is very happy. She was prescribed haloperidol up to 4.5 mg/day, but due to the side effects she was switched to ziprasidone (120 mg/day). This treatment was maintained for two months, with total remission. Two positive consumptions were detected, which coincided with an increase in symptoms. Suddenly, in the course of a week (early spring), she developed a depressive episode, with symptoms of apathy, sleep and appetite disorders, social isolation, concentration disorders, moderate anxiety and ideas of death and suicide. Ziprasidone was replaced by paroxetine (20 mg/day), with partial response, so venlafaxine 75 mg/day was added. The condition remitted completely and behaviour normalised, so treatment was reduced to venlafaxine 37.5 mg/day. No substance use was detected for three months. In November of that year, the patient resumed cannabis use "to calm her anxiety" about exams at the institute. A similar picture to the initial one appeared, with manifest symptoms and she started again with treatment with neuroleptics, with symptom control. Subsequently she changed therapist.
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We present the case of a 41-year-old male with a family history of carcinoma of the larynx on his father's side and a personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia, both on dietary treatment with loss of 50 kg in the last 10 months, smoker of 40-60 cigarettes/day and user of inhaled drugs until 3 months ago. He consulted the emergency department for a right laterocervical tumour of one month's evolution that had started as a small boil, accompanied by fever of up to 40oC with sweating and shivering. The patient reported the previously mentioned weight loss associated with a change in dietary habits.
He had previously consulted the emergency department and was referred to the Maxillofacial Surgery outpatient department for an outpatient examination. An FNA was performed, which was reported as an acute inflammatory process, for which amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875/125mg every 8 hours was initially indicated. In the absence of improvement, on the sixth day of treatment, it was replaced by clindamycin 600mg every 8 hours, which was maintained for four days until the current emergency department visit.
Prior to the onset of the current symptoms, the patient had suffered a trauma to the foot with an open wound with a metal tool, which was currently closed, with no signs of infection.
On examination, the patient was in good general condition and was eupneic. Cardiorespiratory auscultation showed no findings. He had a 5x4 cm tumour in cervical region II, with a stony consistency, non-mobile, adhered to deep planes, with no local inflammatory signs. Examination of the oral cavity showed it to be in poor condition with extensive destruction of teeth in the fourth quadrant.
He was assessed by Otorhinolaryngology, who performed fibroscopy and found hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil and aberrant movement of the right vocal cord on inspiration, with no other findings.
The complementary tests requested from the emergency department showed a leukocytosis of 18360 cells/μL with a predominance of polymorphonuclear cells and C-reactive protein of 16.85 mg/l. A CT scan of the neck with intravenous contrast showed an image of soft tissue density, poorly delimited, heterogeneous with central hypodensity and peripheral enhancement, at the level of the right submaxillary space, measuring 1 and 3 cm, with displacement of the submaxillary gland in the anterior direction and of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the posterior direction, with poor delimitation of both structures and marked infiltration of adjacent fatty planes, multiple right submaxillary and laterocervical lymphadenopathies, ovoid, with fatty hilum, reactive appearance and increased density of the subcutaneous cellular tissue and platysma. CT scan of the neck with contrast: poorly demarcated image in soft tissues with central hypodensity. With these findings, together with the results of the FNA previously performed, he was admitted to the Infectious Diseases hospital ward.
Differential diagnosis
When faced with a cervical tumour, a broad differential diagnosis is considered:
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS PATHOLOGY
- Soft tissue
Superficial (cellulitis)
Deep (cervical abscess)
Actinomycosis
- Ludwig's angina
- Acute lymphadenitis
Bacterial (S. aureus)
Mononucleosis
CMV
Cat scratch disease
- Drug-induced lymphadenitis
Hydantoins
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Salicylates
Thiouracil
- Cervical adenopathies associated with chronic inflammatory processes
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Syphilis
HIV/AIDS infection
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
- Inflammation of salivary glands
Obstructive sialadenitis (calculus)
Bacterial sialadenitis
Mumps virus infection
- Thyroid inflammation (acute, subacute or chronic thyroiditis)
TRAUMATISM
- Haematoma
- Pseudoaneurysm
MALFORMATIONS
- Cervical cysts and fistulas
Medial lateral
- Laryngocele
- Teratoma
- Thymic mass
- Torticollis
- Klippel-Feil Syndrome
BENIGN TUMOURS
- Fibroma
- Lipoma
- Madelung's disease
- Cystic hygroma
- Sjögren's syndrome
- Thyroid nodule
- Vascular masses (haemangioma, carotid body tumour, arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm)
- Neurinoma
- Ameloblastoma
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
- Metastatic adenopathies
- Hodgkin's lymphomas
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
- Primary cervical carcinoma
- Primary cervical sarcoma
- Melanoma
- Metastatic tumour Head and neck carcinoma
Thyroid tumour
Salivary gland tumour
Lung tumour
Gastro-oesophageal tumour
This includes inflammatory, infectious, traumatic and neoplastic pathology.
In patients over 40 years of age, up to 60% of cases are of neoplastic aetiology, usually due to metastasis of adenocarcinoma or lymphomas. This is why, given the characteristics of the patient and the tumour, it would be the first cause to rule out.
Traumatic aetiology includes haematomas and carotid pseudoaneurysms, which usually present as a soft, pulsatile mass with a murmur on auscultation, although their extracranial location is very rare.
Inflammatory and infectious pathology is very broad. It includes soft tissue infections by common germs such as Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. as well as lymphadenopathies reactive to viral or bacterial infections of the oropharynx. Germs of the Actinomycetales order, including Corynebacterium spp., Mycobacterium spp., Nocardia spp. and Propionibacterium spp. may also manifest as cervical nodules, with a subacute or chronic course, the most frequent aetiology among these microorganisms being tuberculous. Other options to consider are sialoadenitis, toxoplasmosis and cat scratch disease.
Finally, although diagnosis of congenital malformations usually occurs in childhood, it is not uncommon that they are not detected until adulthood, especially gill cysts or thyroglossal duct cysts, in the context of superinfection.
Evolution
On admission, a serology sample was taken and was negative for HIV, syphilis, Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus, revealing past infection by Epstein-Barr virus and parvovirus. Interferon gamma (Quantiferon®) was also determined and was positive with a titre of 3.85 IU/mL (normal value <0.35 IU/mL). A chest X-ray was performed, showing no infiltrates, condensations or lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. A core needle biopsy was performed under ultrasound guidance, and 10cc of purulent content was aspirated and sent to microbiology for culture of the usual germs and mycobacteria, and also to anatomical pathology. In the study for mycobacteria, with auramine staining, no acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were visualised. PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was performed and was negative, with the results of the mycobacterial culture still pending. The Gram stain showed abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes, gram-positive bacilli and gram-positive cocci, so empirical treatment was started with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole at a dose of 800/160mg every 8 hours intravenously, on suspicion of possible nocardiosis, and benzylpenicillin at a dose of 2 million IU every 4 hours.
The combined treatment was maintained for 7 days until a culture was received, in which Actinomyces odontolyticus and Streptococcus oralis were isolated, after which cotrimoxazole was discontinued and benzylpenicillin was maintained. After the diagnosis of actinomycosis, Maxillofacial Surgery performed drainage of the tumour with the outflow of abundant pus and brownish granules, similar to sulphur, characteristic of Actinomyces spp. infection, leaving a "Penrose" drain, which was maintained for 10 days.
Both the biopsy cytology and the tissue sample taken during the drainage showed necrotic material with neutrophilic exudate and the presence of abundant bacterial colonies, without identifying tumour cells.
The patient had a good postoperative evolution and was discharged with home treatment with intravenous Penicillin G sodium 2MUI every 4 hours in the TADE programme (Endovenous Home Antibiotic Treatment). He completed six weeks of intravenous treatment and was subsequently treated for a further four months with amoxicillin 500mg every 8 hours, with a good clinical evolution.
Final diagnosis
Cervicofacial actinomycosis with Streptococcus oralis superinfection.
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"from",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"showed",
"a",
"leukocytosis",
"of",
"18360",
"cells",
"/",
"μL",
"with",
"a",
"predominance",
"of",
"polymorphonuclear",
"cells",
"and",
"C-reactive",
"protein",
"of",
"16",
".",
"85",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"A",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"neck",
"with",
"intravenous",
"contrast",
"showed",
"an",
"image",
"of",
"soft",
"tissue",
"density",
",",
"poorly",
"delimited",
",",
"heterogeneous",
"with",
"central",
"hypodensity",
"and",
"peripheral",
"enhancement",
",",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"submaxillary",
"space",
",",
"measuring",
"1",
"and",
"3",
"cm",
",",
"with",
"displacement",
"of",
"the",
"submaxillary",
"gland",
"in",
"the",
"anterior",
"direction",
"and",
"of",
"the",
"sternocleidomastoid",
"muscle",
"in",
"the",
"posterior",
"direction",
",",
"with",
"poor",
"delimitation",
"of",
"both",
"structures",
"and",
"marked",
"infiltration",
"of",
"adjacent",
"fatty",
"planes",
",",
"multiple",
"right",
"submaxillary",
"and",
"laterocervical",
"lymphadenopathies",
",",
"ovoid",
",",
"with",
"fatty",
"hilum",
",",
"reactive",
"appearance",
"and",
"increased",
"density",
"of",
"the",
"subcutaneous",
"cellular",
"tissue",
"and",
"platysma",
".",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"neck",
"with",
"contrast",
":",
"poorly",
"demarcated",
"image",
"in",
"soft",
"tissues",
"with",
"central",
"hypodensity",
".",
"With",
"these",
"findings",
",",
"together",
"with",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"FNA",
"previously",
"performed",
",",
"he",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"hospital",
"ward",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"When",
"faced",
"with",
"a",
"cervical",
"tumour",
",",
"a",
"broad",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"is",
"considered",
":",
"INFLAMMATORY",
"AND",
"INFECTIOUS",
"PATHOLOGY",
"-",
"Soft",
"tissue",
"Superficial",
"(",
"cellulitis",
")",
"Deep",
"(",
"cervical",
"abscess",
")",
"Actinomycosis",
"-",
"Ludwig",
"'",
"s",
"angina",
"-",
"Acute",
"lymphadenitis",
"Bacterial",
"(",
"S",
".",
"aureus",
")",
"Mononucleosis",
"CMV",
"Cat",
"scratch",
"disease",
"-",
"Drug-induced",
"lymphadenitis",
"Hydantoins",
"Penicillin",
"Streptomycin",
"Salicylates",
"Thiouracil",
"-",
"Cervical",
"adenopathies",
"associated",
"with",
"chronic",
"inflammatory",
"processes",
"Tuberculosis",
"Sarcoidosis",
"Syphilis",
"HIV",
"/",
"AIDS",
"infection",
"Toxoplasmosis",
"Rubella",
"-",
"Inflammation",
"of",
"salivary",
"glands",
"Obstructive",
"sialadenitis",
"(",
"calculus",
")",
"Bacterial",
"sialadenitis",
"Mumps",
"virus",
"infection",
"-",
"Thyroid",
"inflammation",
"(",
"acute",
",",
"subacute",
"or",
"chronic",
"thyroiditis",
")",
"TRAUMATISM",
"-",
"Haematoma",
"-",
"Pseudoaneurysm",
"MALFORMATIONS",
"-",
"Cervical",
"cysts",
"and",
"fistulas",
"Medial",
"lateral",
"-",
"Laryngocele",
"-",
"Teratoma",
"-",
"Thymic",
"mass",
"-",
"Torticollis",
"-",
"Klippel-Feil",
"Syndrome",
"BENIGN",
"TUMOURS",
"-",
"Fibroma",
"-",
"Lipoma",
"-",
"Madelung",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"-",
"Cystic",
"hygroma",
"-",
"Sjögren",
"'",
"s",
"syndrome",
"-",
"Thyroid",
"nodule",
"-",
"Vascular",
"masses",
"(",
"haemangioma",
",",
"carotid",
"body",
"tumour",
",",
"arteriovenous",
"malformation",
",",
"aneurysm",
")",
"-",
"Neurinoma",
"-",
"Ameloblastoma",
"MALIGNANT",
"TUMOURS",
"-",
"Metastatic",
"adenopathies",
"-",
"Hodgkin",
"'",
"s",
"lymphomas",
"-",
"Non-Hodgkin",
"'",
"s",
"lymphomas",
"-",
"Primary",
"cervical",
"carcinoma",
"-",
"Primary",
"cervical",
"sarcoma",
"-",
"Melanoma",
"-",
"Metastatic",
"tumour",
"Head",
"and",
"neck",
"carcinoma",
"Thyroid",
"tumour",
"Salivary",
"gland",
"tumour",
"Lung",
"tumour",
"Gastro-oesophageal",
"tumour",
"This",
"includes",
"inflammatory",
",",
"infectious",
",",
"traumatic",
"and",
"neoplastic",
"pathology",
".",
"In",
"patients",
"over",
"40",
"years",
"of",
"age",
",",
"up",
"to",
"60",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
"are",
"of",
"neoplastic",
"aetiology",
",",
"usually",
"due",
"to",
"metastasis",
"of",
"adenocarcinoma",
"or",
"lymphomas",
".",
"This",
"is",
"why",
",",
"given",
"the",
"characteristics",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
"and",
"the",
"tumour",
",",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"first",
"cause",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
".",
"Traumatic",
"aetiology",
"includes",
"haematomas",
"and",
"carotid",
"pseudoaneurysms",
",",
"which",
"usually",
"present",
"as",
"a",
"soft",
",",
"pulsatile",
"mass",
"with",
"a",
"murmur",
"on",
"auscultation",
",",
"although",
"their",
"extracranial",
"location",
"is",
"very",
"rare",
".",
"Inflammatory",
"and",
"infectious",
"pathology",
"is",
"very",
"broad",
".",
"It",
"includes",
"soft",
"tissue",
"infections",
"by",
"common",
"germs",
"such",
"as",
"Streptococcus",
"spp",
".",
"and",
"Staphylococcus",
"spp",
".",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"lymphadenopathies",
"reactive",
"to",
"viral",
"or",
"bacterial",
"infections",
"of",
"the",
"oropharynx",
".",
"Germs",
"of",
"the",
"Actinomycetales",
"order",
",",
"including",
"Corynebacterium",
"spp",
".",
",",
"Mycobacterium",
"spp",
".",
",",
"Nocardia",
"spp",
".",
"and",
"Propionibacterium",
"spp",
".",
"may",
"also",
"manifest",
"as",
"cervical",
"nodules",
",",
"with",
"a",
"subacute",
"or",
"chronic",
"course",
",",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"aetiology",
"among",
"these",
"microorganisms",
"being",
"tuberculous",
".",
"Other",
"options",
"to",
"consider",
"are",
"sialoadenitis",
",",
"toxoplasmosis",
"and",
"cat",
"scratch",
"disease",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"although",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"congenital",
"malformations",
"usually",
"occurs",
"in",
"childhood",
",",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"uncommon",
"that",
"they",
"are",
"not",
"detected",
"until",
"adulthood",
",",
"especially",
"gill",
"cysts",
"or",
"thyroglossal",
"duct",
"cysts",
",",
"in",
"the",
"context",
"of",
"superinfection",
".",
"Evolution",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"a",
"serology",
"sample",
"was",
"taken",
"and",
"was",
"negative",
"for",
"HIV",
",",
"syphilis",
",",
"Toxoplasma",
"and",
"cytomegalovirus",
",",
"revealing",
"past",
"infection",
"by",
"Epstein-Barr",
"virus",
"and",
"parvovirus",
".",
"Interferon",
"gamma",
"(",
"Quantiferon",
"®",
")",
"was",
"also",
"determined",
"and",
"was",
"positive",
"with",
"a",
"titre",
"of",
"3",
".",
"85",
"IU",
"/",
"mL",
"(",
"normal",
"value",
"<",
"0",
".",
"35",
"IU",
"/",
"mL",
")",
".",
"A",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"showing",
"no",
"infiltrates",
",",
"condensations",
"or",
"lesions",
"suggestive",
"of",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"A",
"core",
"needle",
"biopsy",
"was",
"performed",
"under",
"ultrasound",
"guidance",
",",
"and",
"10cc",
"of",
"purulent",
"content",
"was",
"aspirated",
"and",
"sent",
"to",
"microbiology",
"for",
"culture",
"of",
"the",
"usual",
"germs",
"and",
"mycobacteria",
",",
"and",
"also",
"to",
"anatomical",
"pathology",
".",
"In",
"the",
"study",
"for",
"mycobacteria",
",",
"with",
"auramine",
"staining",
",",
"no",
"acid-fast",
"bacilli",
"(",
"AFB",
")",
"were",
"visualised",
".",
"PCR",
"for",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
"complex",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"was",
"negative",
",",
"with",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"mycobacterial",
"culture",
"still",
"pending",
".",
"The",
"Gram",
"stain",
"showed",
"abundant",
"polymorphonuclear",
"leukocytes",
",",
"gram-positive",
"bacilli",
"and",
"gram-positive",
"cocci",
",",
"so",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"trimethoprim",
"/",
"sulfamethoxazole",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"800",
"/",
"160mg",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
"intravenously",
",",
"on",
"suspicion",
"of",
"possible",
"nocardiosis",
",",
"and",
"benzylpenicillin",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"2",
"million",
"IU",
"every",
"4",
"hours",
".",
"The",
"combined",
"treatment",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"7",
"days",
"until",
"a",
"culture",
"was",
"received",
",",
"in",
"which",
"Actinomyces",
"odontolyticus",
"and",
"Streptococcus",
"oralis",
"were",
"isolated",
",",
"after",
"which",
"cotrimoxazole",
"was",
"discontinued",
"and",
"benzylpenicillin",
"was",
"maintained",
".",
"After",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"actinomycosis",
",",
"Maxillofacial",
"Surgery",
"performed",
"drainage",
"of",
"the",
"tumour",
"with",
"the",
"outflow",
"of",
"abundant",
"pus",
"and",
"brownish",
"granules",
",",
"similar",
"to",
"sulphur",
",",
"characteristic",
"of",
"Actinomyces",
"spp",
".",
"infection",
",",
"leaving",
"a",
"\"",
"Penrose",
"\"",
"drain",
",",
"which",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"10",
"days",
".",
"Both",
"the",
"biopsy",
"cytology",
"and",
"the",
"tissue",
"sample",
"taken",
"during",
"the",
"drainage",
"showed",
"necrotic",
"material",
"with",
"neutrophilic",
"exudate",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"abundant",
"bacterial",
"colonies",
",",
"without",
"identifying",
"tumour",
"cells",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"good",
"postoperative",
"evolution",
"and",
"was",
"discharged",
"with",
"home",
"treatment",
"with",
"intravenous",
"Penicillin",
"G",
"sodium",
"2MUI",
"every",
"4",
"hours",
"in",
"the",
"TADE",
"programme",
"(",
"Endovenous",
"Home",
"Antibiotic",
"Treatment",
")",
".",
"He",
"completed",
"six",
"weeks",
"of",
"intravenous",
"treatment",
"and",
"was",
"subsequently",
"treated",
"for",
"a",
"further",
"four",
"months",
"with",
"amoxicillin",
"500mg",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
",",
"with",
"a",
"good",
"clinical",
"evolution",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Cervicofacial",
"actinomycosis",
"with",
"Streptococcus",
"oralis",
"superinfection",
"."
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Anamnesis
66-year-old woman, with a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, operated on for right breast lumpectomy in 1975 for benign pathology, urinary incontinence, varicose veins, meniscopathy and myopia, on regular treatment with losartan and atorvastatin. Diagnosed in December 2015 with locally advanced infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the right breast E-IIB (T2N1M0) HER2 positive phenotype. ER+++. PR +. Ki 67 15%. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (QT) was decided with a scheme of liposomal Doxorubicin 50 mg/m2 (day 1) + Paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 (day 1,8,15) + Trastuzumab 4 mg/kg (day 1) and 2 mg (day 8,15), with a loading dose in cycle 1. After receiving 2 complete cycles of treatment, she went to the emergency department for a 3-day fever of up to 39oC, with slight discomfort when swallowing and generalised arthromyalgia, without cough or expectoration or other infectious semiology, with normal chest X-ray, and was discharged with a diagnosis of acute pharyngitis, with antibiotic treatment. Four days later, she was seen again for worsening general condition and fever of 39oC, accompanied by cough, chest pain with pleuritic characteristics, with recent onset dyspnoea on minimal exertion, with orthopnoea and oliguria. Given the seriousness of the situation, with signs of severe respiratory failure, he was transferred to the ICU. During his stay in the ICU, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started, and treatment with non-invasive ventilation was maintained for several hours, later requiring intubation and vasoactive drugs. Given the lack of clinical improvement over the days, antiviral (oseltamivir), antifungal (voriconazole) and cotrimoxazole treatment was associated with the immunosuppressed state, while awaiting the results of the complementary tests.
Physical examination
On arrival at the emergency department, poor general condition, mucocutaneous pallor, tachypnoea at 36 rpm, with intercostal pull. Slurred speech. BP 115/70. HR 110. SATO2 84% room air. SATO2 90% with reservoir at 100%. ACP: rhythmic heart sounds, no murmurs. Vesicular murmur decreased globally, with crepitant rales, rhonchi and wheezing in both lung fields. Abdomen: Hydro-aerial sounds present. Soft, depressible, not painful on palpation. No peritoneal reaction. No oedema in lower limbs. Weak but symmetrical pulses.
Complementary tests
. Blood analysis: Hb 8.9. Leukocytes 12,100. Normal liver and kidney function.
. Arterial blood gases: pO2 57 mmHg with ventimask mask at 50%. SATO2 82%.
. ECG: Sinus tachycardia at 110 beats per minute.
. Chest X-ray: Bilateral cottony infiltrates in both upper lobes and LID.
. Chest CT: Patchy ground-glass pattern, with areas of peribronchial consolidation, bilateral subpleural.
. Negative antigens for Legionella and pneumococcus.
. PCR for influenza A, influenza B, RSV A and B, TB, galactomannan, Pneumocystis jirovecii, CMV, Epstein Barr Virus, Mycoplasma, Coxiella burnetii, chlamydia, Herpes virus 1 and 2 negative.
. Blood cultures, urine cultures negative.
. Echocardiography: Ejection fraction preserved. No alterations.
. Fibrobronchoscopy: bronchial tubes permeable, normal calibre, with erythematous mucosa and scarce serous secretion. BAL flow cytometry: 84% lymphocytosis (T lymphocytes 98%, B 0.5%, and NK 1.5%). AP: absence of malignant cells.
Diagnosis
Chemotherapy drug-induced interstitial pneumonitis complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Treatment
In view of the diagnostic results, it was decided to suspend all anti-infective treatment, and intravenous methylprednisolone was started at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day.
Evolution
After starting corticosteroid treatment, the patient showed clinical, analytical and radiological improvement, which subsequently allowed extubation, maintaining non-invasive mechanical ventilation with a gradual decrease in flow and clinical stability, so she was transferred to the hospital ward, where corticosteroid treatment was continued and oxygen flow was progressively reduced, reaching its withdrawal with adequate tolerance, and she was discharged from hospital with oral corticosteroids in a descending pattern.
Given the grade 4 pulmonary toxicity induced by QT drugs, she was presented to the breast tumour committee, where it was decided to suspend neoadjuvant treatment and re-evaluation study, finding RP, which led to quadrantectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. She is currently ECOG 0, on treatment with letrozole and with no evidence of tumour disease.
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This is a 66-year-old diabetic woman with a history of hepatitis C virus of post-transfusion aetiology.
In January 2006 she presented with a persistent micturition syndrome which did not respond to treatment and she underwent cystoscopy with subsequent TUR. She was diagnosed with pTa G3 bladder carcinoma and started treatment with intravesical BCG.
The follow-up TUR at the end of BCG treatment detected the presence of multiple foci of carcinoma in the bladder, confirming the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma invading the muscular layer (pT2 G3).
In July 2006 she underwent a radical cystectomy with urinary diversion by means of a Mainz II type ureterosigmoidostomy. The pathological anatomy showed a high-grade urothelial carcinoma with invasion of the muscular layer and involvement of one of the resected lymph nodes, a pT2a N1. No distant metastases were detected.
Two weeks after the operation, he presented with disorientation and a tendency to sleep in the context of a condition compatible with a urinary tract infection. After 24 hours of observation, intravenous hydration and antibiotic therapy, she recovered and was discharged with oral antibiotics.
Ten days later she returned to the hospital with the appearance of dyspraxia, a tendency to sleep, incoherent speech and drowsiness. During the episode she also presented with a fever peak of 38.5oC. Biochemistry and haemogram were normal (no leukocytosis or neutrophilia). An abdominal ultrasound scan identified moderate bilateral hydronephrosis and a CT scan of the brain was normal.
During her admission, and after initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and fluid therapy, the confusional symptoms gradually resolved and she recovered completely.
A few days later, the patient again presented cognitive deterioration. On this occasion, the onset of the central symptoms had been similar, with dyspraxia, sudden difficulty in performing daily tasks, somnolence and drowsiness, but this time she came to the hospital in a coma, with a Glasgow Glasgow score of 8.
Laboratory tests showed only moderate hyperglycaemia and slightly elevated transaminases.
An electroencephalogram showed slow waves over areas of both hemispheres, characteristic findings of metabolic encephalopathy. A CT scan of the brain showed no structural abnormalities. Similar to the previous admission, after several days in hospital with supportive fluid therapy and absolute diet, the patient experienced a progressive improvement with complete clinical recovery.
Three weeks later, the patient again noticed symptoms of dyspraxia and a tendency to sleep with progressive onset. She went to the emergency department where she was evaluated without finding any alterations in the examination or in the analytical or imaging tests, and was therefore sent home, with no fever or any symptoms suggestive of infection. Twenty-four hours later, she presented with a severely altered level of consciousness with a Glasgow score of 6.
On this occasion, the patient had started a first cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy 15 days earlier, with taxol 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC 5. All other electrolyte parameters, including calcaemia, were strictly normal. Venous blood gas analysis showed a pH of 7.44. Brain CT and chest X-ray were normal.
Given the presence of repeated episodes of confusional syndrome of probable metabolic cause, all within 3 months of the cystectomy, it was considered that this could be a metabolic complication of the shunt. After ruling out metabolic acidosis, it was decided to request blood ammonium levels, which showed an ammonaemia of 400 micrograms/dl (normal between 17-80).
Given the diagnosis of hyperammonaemic encephalopathy of non-hepatic cause, fluid therapy, absolute diet, lactulose enemas were started and, given the clinical severity, haemodialysis was started. After 3 haemodialysis sessions, the patient experienced a neurological recovery parallel to the correction of ammonium levels, which decreased to normal.
Subsequently, the ureterosigmoidostomy was surgically converted to an ileal conduit. Currently the patient continues with adjuvant chemotherapy treatment and has not had any new confusional episodes.
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"text": "hepatitis C virus",
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] | en |
Anamnesis
Hypertensive 69-year-old male, with no other history of interest or toxic habits.
Oncological history of microinvasive carcinoma of the penis in 2015, treated with multiple local resections with free margins, in a patient who was not a carrier of human papillomavirus (HPV).
In April 2017 he was seen with an abscessed mass in the penis.
Physical examination
The patient presents an acceptable general condition with ECOG 1. Conscious and oriented in the three spheres: time, space and time. Normal colour, normohydrated and normoperfused. Eupneic at rest. During the examination, a penectomy scar was identified, with no signs of infection in the process of healing, and fibrosis was found on palpation. Suprapubic bladder catheter with no signs of infection and urine without sediment. The rest of the abdominal examination, lower limbs and pulmonary and cardiac auscultation had no other significant alterations.
Complementary tests
On initial suspicion of infection, penectomy and perineostomy were performed. Anatomical pathology described recurrence of penile carcinoma, with infiltration of the corpora cavernosa.
A re-evaluation CT scan in June 2017 showed an 11 mm right inguinal adenopathy suggestive of malignancy, with no other findings. He underwent surgery in July 2017 with right lymphadenectomy, with no evidence of malignancy on review by the pathologist.
A PET-CT scan was requested to complete the study, which was performed in August, showing local recurrence from the base of the penis to the surgical limit with locoregional implants at the base of the penis, and left inguinal lymphadenopathy at the limit of normality, with FDG uptake (SUVmax 5.5) suggestive of inflammatory cause. There were no signs of distant dissemination. With confirmation of the lesions on pelvic MRI in September.
The postoperative period was torpid with repeated infections in the form of abscesses requiring multiple drainage and antibiotic therapy.
Diagnosis
69-year-old male with recurrence of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that reached deep into the fat. Involvement of the scrotum and urethra, with staging PT4 Nx M0.
Treatment
After presenting the case to the committee, a surgical approach with radical intent was decided. He underwent surgery in September 2017, removing a supra and infrapubic tumour mass with ureterectomy and cerclage of the bladder neck and suprapubic cystostomy, with confirmation of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma.
Pelvic MRI was requested for assessment of adjuvant treatment, with findings of an abscessed tumour mass with infiltration of the perineal region and both scrotal pouches extending to the prostatic apex, with significant adenopathies in the inguinal and external iliac chains.
The case was presented again to the multidisciplinary committee, being assessed by Radiotherapy Oncology, which rejected treatment due to the extension of the disease, and was assessed by Medical Oncology, which indicated chemotherapy with a TIP scheme (paclitaxel 175/m2 day 1, cisplatin 25 mg/m2 days 1-3, ifosfamide 1,200 mg/m2 days 1-3, which started in October).
Evolution
Toxicity during treatment included grade 2 neutropenia coinciding with nadir, and the appearance of a perineal abscess with spontaneous drainage. Surgical wound culture revealed pseudomonas, which was treated with quinolones according to the antibiogram, and the patient showed clinical improvement. He received support with filgrastim 30 IU for 5 days, which was subsequently prescribed prophylactically in subsequent cycles. She was readmitted after the 2nd cycle due to new perineal abscessation with spontaneous drainage and necrotic soft tissue enlargement.
In view of the unfavourable evolution, a new imaging test was requested, showing progression of the voluminous residual mass in the perineal region, with stability of inguinal lymph nodes and slight splenic growth with small indeterminate hypocaptic lesions. The patient presented with poor pain control, requiring intrathecal perfusion of opioids and bupivacaine for symptomatic control. In the absence of clinical benefit, associated with the deterioration of the patient's functional state, active oncological treatment was rejected and the patient was referred to the Palliative Care Unit for adjustment of the therapeutic effort. The patient died 2 months later.
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84-year-old woman with a history of arrhythmias treated with pacemaker, pulmonary embolism treated with rivaroxaban, arterial hypertension and rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate (15 mg per week) and corticosteroids (prednisone, 13 mg/day). She presented with symptoms of COVID-19, with fever, asthenia, ageusia and respiratory signs with dry cough, polypnoea (respiratory rate 32/min) and oxygen saturation of 93% on 3 litres of oxygen. She was hospitalised in a COVID-19 ICU on 16 April 2020, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on the results of a chest CT scan showing lesions such as cobblestone pattern and ground glass opacities greater than 50% and bilateral. SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR from a nasopharyngeal swab was negative twice. These were probably false negatives due to incorrect sampling. The patient had typical COVID-19 symptoms and no other causes of infection were found. Sputum samples could not be collected. The C-reactive protein concentration was 160 mg/L and the lymphocyte count was 0.13 Giga/L. The patient received ceftriaxone for seven days, rovamycin for five days and methotrexate treatment was discontinued and replaced by increased corticosteroids (prednisone, 60 mg/day) and oxygen therapy up to four litres. Clinical and analytical improvement was noted, allowing oxygen therapy to be withdrawn, with normalisation of the inflammatory syndrome allowing the patient to be transferred to a rehabilitation unit for COVID-19 on 27 April, with prednisone at 30 mg/day. On 6 May, there was a sudden respiratory deterioration, with saturation of 80% requiring oxygen therapy, dry cough and fever. Nasopharyngeal samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing by RT-PCR were positive (Ct of 16.9 and 14.7 on 8 and 11 May, respectively). Viral cultures on vero cells were performed and were positive. Virological sequencing has been performed and the strain belongs to the B1 (European) lineage according to the pangolin classification. A CT scan revealed severe bilateral pneumonia. On readmission, tests showed clear lymphocytopenia at 0.23 Giga/L, C-reactive protein at 146 mg/L and IL-6 at 201 ng/L. A rise in neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was observed between 8 and 15 May (dilutions of < 10 to 40). The patient received ceftriaxone and methylprednisolone 60 mg/day from 8 May and high-flow oxygen. Cotrimoxazole was added on 19 May to rule out possible pneumocyst superinfection. After validation at an interdisciplinary meeting, the patient received a transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma on 16 May. However, the respiratory status worsened with massive desaturation despite 20 L of oxygen; the patient finally died on 23 May.
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] | en |
Reason for consultation
Carla Santamaria Montero is a 35 year old woman who came to the clinic in February 2006, referred by Primary Care, claiming to be a cannabis user since she was 15 years old.
Personal history
No interest.
Family history
Father aged 68, alive and well; mother aged 60 with no medical or psychiatric history of interest. She has a 33-year-old sister whom she defines as a healthy person. She has been legally separated for six years and has an 11-year-old son with whom she lives together with her current partner who is a cocaine user and an insulin-dependent diabetic.
Toxicological history
He reports having his first contact with marijuana in Brazil, where he lived, at the age of 10 years, sporadically, at the age of 15-16 years he began to smoke cannabis regularly until the present day; having periods of partial remissions of short duration and never having sought help in specialised centres. In the last seven months he has increased his consumption to 25 joints a day.
He has never used opiates, amphetamines or other substances of abuse, except cocaine and alcohol. She says that she tried cocaine five years ago and now uses it sporadically - 1 to 2 times every two months - in the form of "nevaditos", always accompanied by alcohol intake in quantities that she cannot quantify. These consumptions are mediated by her current partner who is a cocaine user with clinical criteria of dependence, but she argues that she does not like using it as she is "nervous" under its effects. She decides to ask her primary care doctor for help following her partner's admission to the ICU of her referral hospital for a "sugar rush" which she thinks is linked to cocaine use; she therefore wants to stop using cannabis, so that when he is discharged, she will be free of consumption.
Physical examination
No findings of interest.
Psychopathological examination
Conscious and oriented in the three spheres, she says she feels tired, with insomnia, but with difficulty waking up in the mornings, anhedonia and intense apathy which led her to leave her job (a family business) four months ago; she is currently with no other activity than picking up her son after school and then getting back into the armchair, not carrying out any other activity as she has hired a woman to do the housework. His basic situation is one of sadness without clearly specifying the reason. No alterations in the course or content of his thoughts are observed, neither at the present time nor during consumption, no self/heteroaggressive behaviour is observed, he is aware of his illness and during the interview he appears suspicious and with some explosive traits that he controls and excuses for his "nervousness" as he has been abstinent from cannabis for the last 15 days. Her relations with her parents are very tense as she has left the family business of which she was manager, with her ex-husband they are almost non-existent as he lives in another autonomous community and with her current partner these relations are bad; mostly due to disapproval of her cocaine consumption. Nor are relations with her son good, with whom she does not "get on" despite his young age (11 years old), and with whom she has told him on several occasions that she wants to go and live with his father. The most pleasurable activity she does is reading, she has no relations with friends, blaming the fact that she moved a year and a half ago and "I still haven't met anyone". There is no record of any legal incidents.
Diagnostic judgement
Axis I Cannabis addiction criteria. Cocaine abuse criteria. Amotivational syndrome versus depressive syndrome. AXIS II No evident alterations. AXIS III Mild hypercholesterolemia. AXIS IV Partially unstructured social network without family support.
Treatment
Pharmacological treatment was started with chloracepate up to 15mg/day in a descending pattern and escitalopram up to 20mg/day in an ascending pattern. After 10 days of treatment, she informed us that she could not tolerate the intense sedation she felt, and the escitalopram was replaced by fluoxetine at a dose of 20mg/day, and she has not complained of any symptoms to date.
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A 75-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with ataxia and cognitive alterations of 2 months' duration, accompanied by epileptic seizures in the last 24 hours. Her relatives denied fever or headache. His personal history included well-controlled hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypothyroidism. His usual treatment included levothyroxine 50 mcg, enalapril 20 mg, simvastatin 20 mg and metformin 2 g per day. Physical examination revealed stupor, afebrile and normotensive with a Glasgow Glasgow score of 11 (6-3-2), generalised hypertonia, myoclonic movements and nystagmus. Reflexes were present and she had left Babinsky. There were no meningeal signs. Cardiorespiratory auscultation and the rest of the examination revealed no significant findings. Blood tests showed a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Liver, renal and thyroid function, as well as ionogram, proteinogram, vitamin B and folic acid levels, RPR and venous blood gases were also normal. The levels of tumour markers (alpha fetoprotein carcinoembryonic antigen CAs 19.9, 125, 15.3 and neurospecific enolase) calcitonin and beta-HCG were not significant. Autoimmune studies (rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antigens, anti PR3, anti MPO, anti Ro and anti La, antimicrosomal, anticardiolipin and antiperoxidase were normal as well as ACE, cryoglobulin and cryoagglutinin levels. Serology for HIV, HBV, HCV, Rickettsia, Borrelia, Mycoplasma, Coxiella, Brucella, Adenovirus, Echovirus and HSV type II were negative. Ig G for HSV type I was positive (1/160), but the Ig M titre was not significant. Thoracoabdominal and cranial computed tomography (CT) were normal, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with vascular sequences. EEG showed diffuse slowing with alternating theta-delta waves without specific focality or irritative paroxysms. CSF analysis showed hyperproteinaemia of 57.9 mg/dL with 2 leukocytes per field and 620 red blood cells per mm3. Glucose, ADA, VDRL, cultures, Ziehl-Neelsen and pneumococcal antigens were irrelevant. Cytology also showed no abnormalities. The study was extended by requesting levels of delta aminolevulinic acid, porphobilinogen, lead and arsenic in 24 h urine, Legionella antigenuria, cortisol, ceruloplasmin and paraneoplastic encephalitis antibodies (anti-Hu, anti amphiphysin and anti Ma-2) with negative results. A second lumbar puncture showed identical biochemical and microbiological parameters and negative ANAs, Ig G against Borrelia, immunoglobulin and band quantification and PCR for JC virus and Tropherima Whipplei. Both PCR for HSV type I and Harrington's test (determination of prion protein 14-3-3 by immunoblot and colorimetry) were positive. Antiviral treatment with acyclovir was started and replaced by ganciclovir due to transient acute tubular necrosis. After 3 weeks of treatment there was no clinical response, and stupor persisted, with generalised pyramidalism, nystagmus and myoclonias. A second brain MRI, performed 10 weeks after the onset of symptoms, was normal again. A CSF codon 129 polymorphism result was received, showing homozygosity for the methionine gene (129 M/M), information compatible with sporadic variant CJD. A brain biopsy confirmed neuronal loss and spongiform degeneration with vacuolisation and multiple PrP deposits on immunohistochemistry. No signs of herpetic encephalitis were observed and HSV-I PCR on brain biopsy was negative. The patient died 3 months after the onset of symptomatology. Autopsy was refused.
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A 12 year old girl presented with dizziness and instability for 24 hours, with a sensation of spinning of objects for hours. Otalgia on the left and otorrhoea on the left. Fever of 38.5oC. Nausea and vomiting. Holocranial headache without photophobia or phonophobia. On treatment with Augmentine for 3 days. On examination, Otoscopy OD, normal OI, hyperemic tympanum with microperforation draining purulent content. There was no evidence of pabellar detachment or mastoid reaction. No spontaneous or gaze-evoked nystagmus, positive left MOC Romberg, Fukuda with left lateralisation. Laboratory tests: leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Urgent CT scan of the chest (images will be attached) was carried out and reported as: acute left otomastoiditis, complicated with petrosal apicitis and acute focal thrombosis of the sigmoid venous sinus, ipsilateral (with signs suggestive of meningitis, in the left hemitentorium). A sample was taken for otorrhoea culture. A lumbar puncture was also performed, ruling out meningitis (glucose 58, proteins 10, leucocytes 1). Under local anaesthesia and sedation, myringotomy was performed with aspiration of purulent contents and placement of transtympanic drainage, as well as administration of intravenous antibiotics (vancomycin, ceftacidime and metronidazole). In principle, heparin was not administered as the child was being studied for thrombophilias and the paediatricians, assessing the risk/benefit, preferred not to administer it. The otic exudate culture was positive for Streptococcus pyogenes sensitive to penicillin, and the same was prescribed. After 4 days the patient did not evolve correctly, continuing to drain purulent content, with headache and unstable. For all these reasons, it was decided to request an urgent MRI (images will be attached) which showed acute left otomastoiditis complicated with cerebellitis, meningitis and focal thrombosis of the sigmoid venous sinus. Given what was observed in the MRI, urgent surgery was decided for mastoidectomy, closure of spontaneous CSF fistula and antiobiotic change to Cefotaxime 2g every 8 hours. Images of the surgery will be attached, and the surgery will be explained.
Evolution: One week after surgery, the patient is asymptomatic. No headache or dizziness and no otorrhoea, so it was decided to discharge her from hospital. Two months later, the patient attended an outpatient examination and was found to be asymptomatic, with her DTT in situ and permeable, with MRI with post-surgical changes of left otomastoiditis without signs of cerebellitis, meningitis with total repermeabilisation of the thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus.
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{
"text": "girl",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 14,
"end": 18
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 1612,
"end": 1619
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{
"text": "paediatricians",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 1400,
"end": 1414
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] | en |
A 56-year-old woman, a housewife, consulted for three days of haematemesis, melena, bilateral epistaxis and the appearance of two spontaneous haematomas (in the right hypochondrium and left lower extremity). He also reported asthenia and adynamia.
He had a history of arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism under pharmacological management. He had denied recent consumption of alcohol, tobacco or psychoactive substances.
He was admitted to the local hospital in fair general condition, with a blood pressure 62/45 mmHg, heart rate 130 per min, respiratory rate 23 per min, with an oxygen saturation of 90% and body temperature of 37.5°. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal examination was normal.
With an initial diagnosis of hypovolemic shock secondary to upper gastrointestinal bleeding, intravenous crystalloids were started. The haemogram showed pancytopenia (leucocytes 3,582/mm3, predominantly neutrophils 2,937/mm3, platelets 97,000/mm3, haematocrit 34% and haemoglobin 7 g/dl). As she did not respond to crystalloid management, transfusion of blood products and inotropic support with vasoactive drugs was indicated. Subsequently, the patient was referred to a higher level institution with an intensive care unit (ICU).
At this institution, the patient arrived afebrile, with stable haemodynamics, blood pressure 100/75 mmHg, HR 112 per min, RR 22 per min, and oxygen saturation of 93%. Physical examination on admission revealed muco-cutaneous pallor, with capillary refill of less than 2 seconds, moderate epistaxis, rhythmic heart sounds of good intensity, no murmurs, attenuated pulmonary murmur in both lung bases, no aggregate sounds, normal abdomen and extremities. A post-transfusion haemogram showed leukocytes of 2,903/μL, predominantly neutrophilic, platelets of 14,000/μL, haematocrit of 30% and haemoglobin of 6 g/dl. Coagulation time, transaminases, bilirubin and direct Coombs were within normal limits, and LDH was slightly elevated. A CT scan of the abdomen showed mild splenomegaly (14.5 cm spleen) and a diagnosis of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) with anaemia secondary to haemorrhage was made and dexamethasone 40 mg i.v. daily for four days was prescribed.
The subsequent immunological study (complement C3, C4, total complement, rheumatoid factor, and plasma concentration of immunoglobulins A, G and M) were normal and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), c-ANCAs, anticardiolipins and lupus anticoagulant were negative, so the diagnosis of ITP was ruled out. Serology was requested for HIV, hepatitis B, C and VDRL, which were non-reactive. Four days after the start of corticosteroids, during which the patient had remained stable, she presented signs of respiratory distress, with oxygen desaturation up to 75%, intercostal retraction and thoracic-abdominal breathing, associated with decreased pulmonary murmur in the left hemithorax, cough with purulent expectoration and pleuritic pain, greater on the left; without fever or haemorrhage.
The haemogram showed a leukocytosis of 35,250/μL and neutrophilia (81%), with recovery of red series, platelets and coagulation tests. CRP was 11.2 mg/dL (normal value < 0.5 mg/dL). Chest X-ray and CT scan showed a septated left pleural effusion, without pulmonary infiltrate or consolidation. Empirical antimicrobial management was started as pleuropneumonia with piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g i.v. every six hours, after taking two blood cultures by puncture.
A left thoracentesis yielded 350 cc of purulent, fetid material which was cultured in blood culture vials. Gram stain of both blood cultures and pleural fluid showed gram-negative bacilli. Small round grey colonies grew on chocolate agar in an aerobic environment after 24 h of incubation, catalase and oxidase positive. It was identified as P. canis using the automated system VITEK 2 Systems: 03.01, with 100% certainty for all three samples.
The patient was transferred to the ICU for maintaining saturations between 75 and 80% with a Venturi 50% mask, where she was intubated, connected to mechanical ventilation and a pleural tube was placed to drain the empyema.
Given the microbiological results, both in blood cultures and pleural fluid, and the haemorrhagic manifestations on admission, the diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia and pleural empyema secondary to P. canis was considered.
She completed 14 days with the indicated antimicrobial therapy with a satisfactory clinical evolution, given by stabilisation of vital signs and haemodynamics, as well as the possibility of extubation. The patient and family were reinterred and denied any recent contact with animals. Unfortunately, once discharged, it was not possible to follow up the patient.
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Anamnesis
A 68-year-old woman, resident in Spain for more than 5 years, with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and hypothyroidism on treatment with olmesartan, atorvastatin and levothyroxine. She had no family history or previous infections of interest, nor toxic habits. She consulted the emergency department in January 2018 for painless jaundice. In the anamnesis by apparatus and systems, the patient reported pruritus, jaundice, acholia and choluria of two weeks' evolution, with progressive worsening. She did not report fever. She had a painful lump in the twin region of the left leg, which had been present for a month. In view of the clinical picture described, it was decided to admit her to hospital for diagnostic study and treatment. During the diagnostic process, the patient presented clinical worsening with intense epigastralgia radiating to the waist and oral intolerance due to nausea and vomiting.
Physical examination
The patient had an ECOG 3, and on physical examination there was an 8 cm tumour in the upper third of the external calf, hard, not adherent to deep planes, and painful on palpation. Examination of the abdomen was painful at the epigastric level, without peritonism and without palpable masses or megaliths.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed an altered liver and pancreatic profile: total bilirubin 11.8 mg/dl, GOT 161 U/l, GPT 105 U/l, GGT 316 U/l, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 964 U/l, LDG 649 U/l, lipase 1. 982 U/l, haemoglobin 10 g/dl, leukocytes 6,310 /ml, absolute neutrophils 4,300/ml, with the rest of the biochemistry, haemogram and coagulation being normal.
Imaging studies began with an abdominal ultrasound scan that revealed a 5 cm solid mass in the head and uncinate body of the pancreas that caused dilatation of the intra- and extrahepatic bile duct, as well as a 6 cm lesion in the left hepatic lobe suggestive of malignancy. With initial suspicion of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the study was extended with a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, which confirmed both lesions without evidence of other distant lesions. At the same time, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to characterise the lesion in the left lower limb, which revealed a soft tissue tumour with extensive contact with the lateral border of the soleus muscle, probably sarcomatous in origin.
Suspecting that the three lesions described belonged to the same histological lineage, an echoendoscopy-guided fine needle aspiration puncture (FNA) of the pancreatic and hepatic lesions was performed, as well as FNA of the lesion on the left lower limb. The result was compatible with a lymphoproliferative process of plasmablastic differentiation (CD 138+), without being able to establish a definitive diagnosis in the absence of material for immunohistochemical study. The case was presented to the multidisciplinary tumour committee, and the differential diagnosis of plasmablastic lymphoma, plasmablastic myeloma and diffuse ALK+ B lymphoma was proposed. It was decided to perform an excision of the lesion on the left lower limb to obtain more histological material, with a definitive anatomopathological diagnosis of CD138, MUM-1, kappa and lambda positive plasmablastic lymphoma, with negativity for ALK, CD20, CD79, CD30, CD56, C-KIT, cyclin D1 and EBV; CD3 expression on the accompanying T lymphocytes. The proliferation index (ki67) was 80-90 %.
Serology was negative for HIV and all other viruses tested. Beta-2 microglobulin was 5.3 mg/dl.
Diagnosis
The patient was diagnosed with stage IV plasmablastic lymphoma due to liver, pancreatic and soft tissue involvement, with a ki67 of 80-90 %. In addition, she had obstructive jaundice due to compression of the pancreatic mass and acute pancreatitis as a secondary complication.
Treatment
Given the clinical picture, a plastic biliary stent was placed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which had to be replaced by a metallic biliary stent due to restenosis and progressive worsening of the pancreatitis. Despite this, the patient's evolution remained torpid, he presented dyspnoea secondary to bilateral pleural effusion and poor analgesic control secondary to frank worsening of the pancreatitis. The clinical picture was also accompanied by vomiting due to compression of the stomach by pancreatic cysts of up to 17 cm. He required WHO step 3 analgesic treatment for symptomatic control and depletive treatment with high oxygen therapy requirements. Imaging studies performed for the control of pancreatitis complications also showed progression of the lymphoproliferative disease, both at the level of the previous lesions and the appearance of a new lesion in a precaval location. Given the lack of clinical improvement after optimisation of supportive care, and given the suspicion of worsening secondary to progression of the neoplastic disease, chemotherapy treatment was started early in February 2018 according to the EPOCH schedule at 50% of the usual dose for the patient's baseline situation: etoposide 25 mg/m2/day days 1-4, vincristine 0.2 mg/m2/day days 1-4, doxorubicin 5 mg/m2/day days 1-4, cyclophosphamide 375 mg/m2/day 5 and prednisone 60 mg/m2 days 1-5.
Evolution
As a complication after the first treatment cycle, the patient presented a cardiac decompensation secondary to water overload, which responded adequately to diuretics until its resolution. At the same time, the pancreatitis resolved with less need for analgesia and the patient resumed progressive oral tolerance without complications. The second cycle of treatment was administered in March 2018, maintaining the previous dose reduction, with better tolerance, with the most relevant toxicity being grade 4 neutropenia, grade 2 thrombocytopenia, grade 2 anaemia, grade 2 mucositis and diarrhoea secondary to Clostridium difficile. He also started rehabilitation for functional recovery given the complications derived from the prolonged admission.
Currently and after significant clinical improvement, she maintains an ECOG 2, the third cycle of chemotherapy has been administered at full dose with good tolerance, and during the iconographic re-evaluation she presented a partial response by RECIST criteria at hepatic and pancreatic level. The peripancreatic collections are regressing, with normalisation of the pancreatic and hepatic analytical profile.
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Anamnesis
A 67-year-old woman came to the emergency department with a continuous headache of 2 weeks' duration, localised at retroocular level and frontal irradiation, without accompanying vegetative symptoms, which made it difficult to rest at night and did not subside with conventional analgesia. In addition, the headache was progressively accompanied by diplopia in the previous days. She had a personal history of allergy to corticoids, arterial hypertension, pulmonary and lymph node tuberculosis treated for 9 months and ischaemic heart disease.
Physical examination
The general physical examination revealed no abnormalities. The neurological examination showed normal campimetry with limitation of abduction more important than adduction, with involvement of supra- and infraduction of the left eye1, and mild dyschromatopsia. Fundus examination revealed a papilla with sharp edges. The patient was assessed by Ophthalmology, who described a slight alteration of the macular retinal epithelium, IOP 18 mmHg, no vitritis or vasculitis.
Complementary tests
In the Emergency Department, the following tests were requested:
- Blood tests, including ionogram with hyponatraemia of 124 mmol/l and creatinine of 93 mmol/l, with normal formula and coagulation.
- Chest X-ray and electrocardiogram without alterations.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT) with no signs of parenchymal alterations, haemorrhages, masses or ventriculomegaly.
- Lumbar puncture showed 0 cells, glycorrhachia and proteinorrachia within normal values, and no gram stain, acid-fast bacilli or fungi were observed.
During hospitalisation in the neurology ward, the following tests were requested:
- Laboratory tests with immunophenotypic markers, protein electrophoresis, rheumatoid factor and complement study, with no alterations. ANA and c-ANCA were positive at a titre of 1/80.
- Urine Bence-Jones protein was negative.
- HIV and syphilis serologies were negative.
- MRI: asymmetry of the cavernous sinuses with thickening of the wall of the left sinus, with contrast uptake in the pachymeningeum of the left middle cranial fossa, base of the skull to the pterygomaxillary fossa.
- Otolaryngological assessment: left septal dysmorphia, with bilateral free middle meatus, free sphenoethmoidal recess and normal cavum.
- High-resolution thoracic CT scan: multiple subcentimetric nodular opacities were observed, which were already present in previous studies, but some new ones were found, suggesting reactivation of latent tuberculosis.
- Abdominal CT scan with no alterations.
- Biopsy of the pterygomaxillary fossa: shows granulomatous material, fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells.
Diagnosis
After neurological examination, the case was diagnosed as cavernous sinus syndrome. Three hypotheses are put forward:
- Tuberculous reactivation. The patient had been correctly diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis and, as no mycobacteria were isolated, it was decided to extend the differential diagnosis to other granulomatous diseases.
- Neoformative process, ruled out by immunophenotypic markers and biopsy.
- Inflammatory systemic disease, which, given the presence of c-ANCA antibodies, mild renal insufficiency and images of cavernous sinus involvement with extension to the ENT territory, suggest granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's disease). However, the patient does not meet the classic criteria for Wegener's disease, although there is a strong suspicion of a limited form of the disease.
Treatment
Given the history of tuberculosis and possible corticosteroid allergy, it was decided not to start empirical treatment. As the diagnosis approached vasculitis, the possibility of desensitisation therapy with corticosteroids was considered, but the patient was reluctant and the headache improved with conventional analgesia, although ophthalmoparesis and dyschromatopsia persisted.
Evolution
The patient was discharged with good pain control, although diplopia persisted in binocular vision. After 15 days, the patient consulted again for petechial lesions on the extremities, presenting deterioration in renal function figures, so a renal biopsy was performed, in which fibrinoid necrosis without crescents was observed, adding haemoptysis with CT images suggestive of alveolar haemorrhage. Treatment was started with cyclophosphamide and prednisone in boluses, and given the pulmonary involvement, plasmapheresis and vein-to-venous haemodiafiltration were started. After 3 weeks of treatment, the clinical remission was achieved, ocular mobility was normal and painless, and she was discharged home with outpatient check-ups. Twelve months later, due to a viral respiratory infection complicated by immunosuppression and bacterial superinfection, the patient died in the Intensive Care Unit.
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Anamnesis
Male patient aged 45 years, with arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hepatitis C, mild mitral insufficiency, chronic renal insufficiency secondary to posterior urethral valve, who required substitutive treatment since 1980. He underwent bilateral nephrectomy, parathyroid due to hyperfunction secondary to transplant, melanocytic nevus and carpal tunnel syndrome.
He underwent renal transplant in 2008 and was initially treated with immunosuppressive therapy with deflazacort, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus. He required permanent bladder catheterisation due to detrusor acontractility, refusing intermittent catheterisation. She had good control and stable renal function.
In 2012, she presented with numerous repeated urinary tract infections caused by different germs, such as Morganella and Escherichia coli, which were detected in cultures, without haematuria and with the presence of mycosuria.
Physical examination
Good general condition, afebrile. Absence of weight loss. No oedema of the lower limbs. Abdomen soft and depressible, without masses or megaliths, except for renal implant in the right iliac fossa, no signs of peritoneal irritation or bladder balloon. Scars from mid laparotomy and renal transplant on the abdominal wall. Genitalia without alterations.
Complementary tests
- An abdominal ultrasound was requested, identifying abundant intravesical echogenic material, as well as a lesion measuring 3.4 x 2.7 cm with vascularisation, suggestive of bladder neoformation.
- For this reason, a cystoscopy was requested, which revealed a medium with abundant mucus and a papillary lesion of approximately 3 cm suggestive of malignancy.
Diagnosis
Transurethral resection of the bladder was therefore performed, with an anatomopathological diagnosis of intravesical enteric adenocarcinoma, without involvement of the muscular wall.
Given the results, an extension study was carried out to rule out concomitant neoplasia, and a thoraco-abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, with no evidence of a primary tumour.
Treatment
The case was assessed by the uro-oncology committee and it was decided to undertake radical surgery, so the patient was offered radical cystoprostatectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and diversion of the ureter to the ileum.
The pathological result of the surgical specimen was mucinous adenocarcinoma of the enteric bladder type, multifocal, with transmural involvement up to the vicinity of the perivesical fat, ureteral segment free of tumour, lymph nodes without tumour involvement, prostate and seminal vesicles free of tumour.
Evolution
During the postoperative period, the patient had a good evolution, with stable renal function and preserved diuresis.
After assessment by Medical Oncology, the need for systemic adjuvant treatment was ruled out. Nephrology did change the immunosuppressant to everolimus.
One month after the operation, the pigtails catheter was removed and the patient presented ureterohydronephrosis and deterioration of renal function, with creatinine of 2.3 mg/dl.
A URO-CT scan was requested, showing stenosis of the uretero-ileal junction due to granuloma; given that the patient maintained a diuresis of 2,500-4,000 ml/24 hours, and creatinine of 2.4, it was decided to maintain a conservative approach. The patient presented a progressive decrease in renal function until reaching a pre-surgical level of 1.5. At the tenth month after surgery, the patient showed a stable evolution, with no signs of recurrence of the disease.
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{
"text": "Male patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 10,
"end": 22
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 15,
"end": 22
},
{
"text": "Escherichia coli",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 813,
"end": 829
},
{
"text": "germs",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 783,
"end": 788
},
{
"text": "Morganella",
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},
{
"text": "patient",
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"text": "patient",
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}
] | en |
A 56-year-old male patient, resident of Olmué (Valparaíso Region), with a history of chronic allergic rhinitis since his youth and fungal rhinosinusitis diagnosed and treated with endoscopic surgical cleaning and oral fluconazole two years earlier. She consulted for abundant, thick, greenish-yellow, foul-smelling nasal discharge, with posterior discharge, headache and reduced sense of smell. A computed axial tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses showed thickening of the mucosa of the right frontal sinus and veiling of the ipsilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. CT scan of paranasal sinuses with mucosal thickening of the right frontal sinus. CT scan of paranasal sinuses with diffuse veiling of the right ethmoid cells. CT scan of the paranasal sinuses with diffuse veiling of the right maxillary sinus.
Endoscopic surgery was performed including eradication of the endonasal lesions, wide right ethmoidectomy and median meatotomy with Caldwell-Luc approach of the right maxillary recess to ensure strict cleaning and defocation, obtaining abundant material (mucin) which was sent for microbiological study.
Bacterial cultures were all negative. Direct microscopic examination with 20% KOH and Gomori-Grocott stain showed abundant septate hyphae at a dichotomous angle of 45°. Presence of hyphae at dichotomous angle. Gomori-Grocott stain. 40X. Cultures on Sabouraud agar showed development of Curvularia sp. The patient was treated with itraconazole, 400 mg capsules per day for six months and inhaled corticosteroids. He progressed with good clinical response. He is currently asymptomatic and carrying out all his usual activities.
Species identification
Mucin samples were sown on Sabouraud agar at 27 and 37°C, all cultures yielded dark grey filamentous colonies with dried conidia. After 5 days of incubation.
They were then seeded on maize flour agar and water agar with wheat straw at 25°C for 10 days.
Macroscopy: colonies were velvety with a cottony centre, dark grey on the front and black on the back, with abundant dried conidia.
Microscopy: dematiaceous hyphae, more or less erect conidiophores, conidia with central cell longer than the other cells, with 3-5 distosepts, measuring 28-45 x 10-16 μm. Macroconidia with longer central cell, with 3-5 distosepts. Lactophenol stain with cotton blue. 100X.
The above description matches the species Curvularia inaequalis (Shear) Boedijn.
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A 17-year-old male with a history of a fall on his back a week earlier. He attended the emergency department for lumbosacral pain radiating to the left leg. A lumbosacral CT scan and pelvic MRI showed several collections in the left iliopsoas and piriformis suggestive of haematomas, without traces of fracture. Given the poor clinical evolution, MRI was repeated, showing diffuse uptake of the left sacroiliac joint with fluid inside and bone oedema in relation to sacroiliitis, and persistence of the collections with greater extension and a more organised appearance, compatible with abscesses. Surgical drainage was performed with a positive culture for Staphylococcus aureus.
It was a post-traumatic infectious sacroiliitis associated with abscesses in the adjacent musculature.
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A 71-year-old woman came to the emergency department with abdominal pain. Personal history of obesity, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. She presented with abdominal pain located in the right hypochondrium for 72 hours, which started after a large meal. It was accompanied by chills and nausea without vomiting. On examination, the patient's general state of health and the intense pain on compression of the right hypochondrium were striking. As complementary tests, a blood test was performed, highlighting leukocytes with neutrophilia. An abdominal X-ray showed a radiolucent halo surrounding the gallbladder and an abdominal ultrasound. Following the ultrasound findings (distended gallbladder, with a thickened wall (7.3mm), air in the gallbladder wall and multiple lithiasis inside the gallbladder) and the suspicion of emphysematous cholecystitis, it was decided to complete the study with a CT scan. The abdominal CT scan with contrast showed parietal thickening of the gallbladder with air bubbles and multiple lithiasis inside, together with significant inflammatory changes around the gallbladder, leading to a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The patient underwent emergency surgery by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pathological anatomy confirmed a gallbladder with combined stones measuring 11.3 x 5 cm, with a diagnosis of cholelithiasis and acute gangrenous cholecystitis. The microorganism isolated was Clostridium Welchii. The patient evolved favourably and was discharged after 10 days.
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] | en |
A 51-year-old man, from Isla Mayor, smoker of 20 packets/year, employed in a fish farm, fond of breeding cockerels and collecting crabs.
He came to the emergency department with a 2-day history of asthenia, hyporexia, generalised arthromyalgia, predominantly in the lower limbs, severe retroorbital headache and 8-10 vomiting episodes per day that limited his intake. She did not present fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain or visual alterations.
Physical examination showed no notable alterations except for conjunctival injection. Laboratory tests showed creatinine of 2.64 mg/dl, leukocytosis of 13740 with neutrophilia (83%), platelets of 50000 and GGT of 168 UI/l.
The characteristics of the clinical picture so far point more towards an infectious aetiology: malaria, dengue and yellow fever were ruled out due to the absence of foreign travel; infection by rickettsia, coxiella, yersinia, HIV, EBV or hepatotropic viruses, among others, could not be ruled out for the moment. Serology was requested for these entities and it was decided to admit the patient.
An ultrasound scan of the abdomen and a chest X-ray were performed, in which no relevant findings were observed.
Empirical antibiotic therapy was started with ceftriaxone 1g IV/24h and the patient's evolution was monitored. After 5 days of treatment, the patient evolved favourably, with symptoms disappearing and the previously altered analytical values were corrected, with creatinine of 0.58, 11720 leukocytes and 170000 platelets. Given the evident improvement, it was decided to discharge the patient home, continuing empirical antibiotherapy with cefixime 400 mg every 24 hours until completing the 7 days of treatment.
After a week, the patient, now asymptomatic, received serology results that were positive for leptospira.
About 10% of leptospirosis cases present clinically as Weil's syndrome: jaundice, renal failure and haemorrhagic diathesis; 90% usually present with fever, headache, myalgia and, characteristically, conjunctival congestion.
The diagnosis of leptospirosis is based on clinical findings in an appropriate epidemiological context. There is no possibility of direct culture and serological diagnosis is very difficult, requiring serology on day +7 of symptom onset. Clinical suspicion in a compatible epidemiological setting should be suspected and empirical treatment initiated.
| [
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Anamnesis
54-year-old woman, with no past history of interest, diagnosed with clear cell renal carcinoma pT3N0M0. She was treated with radical nephrectomy and subsequently presented with systemic recurrence with pulmonary metastases. Surgical treatment of these metastases was carried out and treatment with pazopanib for four months until progression was observed. At this time, she was referred to our centre and entered the Ca209025 clinical trial (everolimus vs. nivolumab), starting treatment with everolimus 10 mg/day.
After one month of treatment, she consulted the emergency department for dyspnoea on moderate exertion, febrile fever and pleuritic pain of one week's duration, with no associated cough or expectoration.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed dry crackles in the right lung base, with no other findings of interest. The patient was eupneic and had good oxygen saturation at rest.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed no elevation of acute phase reactants or other significant alterations and the chest X-ray showed a right basal infiltrate.
Diagnosis
Right basal right pneumonia vs. everolimus pneumonitis.
Treatment
Given the suspicion of right basal pneumonia and possible everolimus pneumonitis, everolimus was discontinued, antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin was prescribed and the patient was scheduled for a clinical and radiological check-up in one week.
Evolution
One week later, the patient showed a clear deterioration in her general condition, with persistent febrile fever and pleuritic pain despite the prescribed treatment. On examination she presented respiratory work-up, with saturation of 90% at rest and dry bibasal crackles on auscultation. Laboratory tests showed only mild lymphopenia, with no other findings of interest, and radiological worsening with progression of the infiltrate to LID and LM.
Hospital admission was then decided, treatment was started with prednisone 60 mg per day and antibiotic treatment was maintained with levofloxacin.
Once on the ward, a thoracic CT scan was performed which confirmed the existence of ground glass infiltrates in the LID and LM, with thickening of the interlobular septa, compatible with pharmacological pneumonitis. As for the oncological disease, a partial response was described, with a decrease in the size of the pulmonary nodules.
A fibrobronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, in which Pneumocystis jirovencii was isolated in small quantities. In this situation, treatment was started with trimetropim-sulfomethoxazole and the study was extended with the determination of beta-D-glucan, which was negative.
On the ward, the patient showed a favourable clinical evolution, with a progressive decrease in oxygen requirements, resolution of the febrile fever and pleuritic pain. A follow-up X-ray was performed one week later, showing almost complete resolution of the infiltrates.
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Anamnesis
A 64-year-old male patient with the following personal history: smoker of 10 cigarette-days, IgG-lambda monoclonal gammopathy and seronegative polyarthritis for which he had been treated with methotrexate.
He was diagnosed in March 2018 during a study of anorexia and dyspepsia of years of evolution of extranodal marginal zone lymphoma MALT type stage IVB by means of a gastric endoscopic biopsy. He received treatment with six cycles of the R-CHOP scheme (including rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone), entering complete response.
In November 2018, in the response re-evaluation study after the end of treatment, he was diagnosed by means of a new endoscopic gastric biopsy of transformation to LPB, with no further involvement in the extension study. Treatment was then started with etoposide, methylprednisolone, cytarabine and cisplatin (ESHAP), receiving a single cycle in October followed by radiotherapy on gastric tumour volume with 30 Gy in 15 days in December 2018.
In December, she consulted with subacute symptoms of disorientation, motor aphasia and weakness in the lower limbs for two weeks, not associated with fever, headache, vomiting or any other symptoms, and it was decided at that time to admit her to the ward to study the symptoms.
Physical examination
Neurological examination revealed temporary disorientation, dysnomia and loss of strength in the lower limbs. No lymphadenopathy or palpable abdominal masses, normal cardiorespiratory auscultation and examination of the limbs.
Complementary tests
- Urgent laboratory tests: no notable alterations.
- Urgent cranial CT scan: no space-occupying lesions or acute/subacute ischaemic lesions. Left frontal frontal subcortical hypodense focus.
- PET/CT body: decreased uptake of cerebral cortex of the left hemisphere, especially in frontal, parietal and temporal areas, as well as thalamic regions and left basal ganglia and right cerebellar hemisphere. These alterations suggest a vascular origin. In addition, a new mass in contact with the right kidney, not visualised in previous follow-up PET scans.
- Biopsy of retroperitoneal mass: plasmablastic lymphoma infiltration.
- MRI of the brain: left frontal irregular lesion that does not enhance with contrast and with increased vascularisation, suggesting a neoplastic origin, possibly diffuse astrocytoma. Hyperintense punctate lesions in FLAIR and T2 in subcortical white matter compatible with small vessel arteriopathy. Right cerebellar lesion with an encephalomalacic appearance.
Cerebrospinal fluid study: normal biochemistry, Gram stain without microorganisms, negative cultures, cytometry with absence of data of infiltration by lymphoma, negative PCR herpes virus and varicella zoster.
- Electroencephalogram: activity without abnormalities.
- Brain lesion biopsy: changes compatible with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with positivity for SV-40 antibody (JC virus). Perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, macrophages and oligodendroglial cells with atypical large nuclei with erased chromatin. No evidence of infiltration by primary glial neoplasia or lymphoma. Moderate nuclear positivity for HSV-I with granular pattern.
- HIV serology: negative.
Diagnosis
Given the results of the brain imaging tests with the finding of a left frontal lesion that did not enhance with contrast and increased vascularisation, the initial differential diagnosis was considered to be primary CNS neoplasia, lymphoma and lesion of inflammatory origin. He was assessed by neurosurgery, who ruled out the need for urgent surgery and added corticosteroids to the treatment in descending doses, with subsequent improvement in symptoms. After presenting the case to the Neuroncology Committee and the progressive worsening of symptoms despite medium-term corticotherapy, it was decided to biopsy the lesion. The preliminary anatomical pathology report described a primary brain tumour, which was then assessed by medical oncology, with the option of astrocytoma vs. high-grade glioma being considered.
Subsequently, after an exhaustive analysis of the sample, the lesion was confirmed to be infectious in origin, specifically PML; in addition, weak positivity for HSV-1 was detected.
Treatment
Given the limited therapeutic options for non-HIV patients, it was decided to start treatment with mirtazapine for PML and acyclovir for HSV-1 positivity, with progressive worsening of the patient's clinical and general condition, and later maraviroc was added.
Evolution
The evolution was unfavourable, with a progressive worsening of the neurological symptoms (appearance of hemiplegia, facial paralysis, mutism), onset of fever probably related to aspiration pneumonia with episodes of hypoxaemic respiratory failure and incoordinated movements of paretic limbs for which anticonvulsant treatment had to be added.
Finally, the patient was discharged in February 2019 after two months of hospitalisation.
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Anamnesis
32-year-old male with a history of recurrent cholelithiasis. No toxic habits. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. No other history.
He consulted the emergency department in June 2014 for a clinical picture of 2 months of progressive dysphagia, mainly for solids, associated with dyspnoea on exertion in the last 15 days.
Physical examination
ECOG 0. Haemodynamically stable. Eupneic. Suprasternal tumour of approximately 10 cm in diameter. Stridor on tracheal auscultation. No plethora or clinical signs of superior vena cava syndrome. Indirect laryngoscopy performed in the emergency department: no alterations. Cardiac auscultation: normal. Pulmonary auscultation: scattered rhonchi. Abdomen and extremities: no alterations.
Complementary tests
During the study in the Emergency, Resuscitation and Haematology Departments:
" Chest X-ray (5/6/2014): upper mediastinal widening.
"CT CTAP (5/6/2014): cervicothoracic mass measuring 11 x 16 x 5 cm. It occupies the anterior mediastinum and is located below the thyroid, with which it is unrelated. The mass displaces and compresses the tracheal lumen, which has a minimum diameter of 4 mm. Impression of the superior vena cava with abundant venous collateral circulation in the paravertebral musculature. No pulmonary metastases or retroperitoneal adenopathies are demonstrated.
"BAG of mediastinal mass (5/6/2014): AP of germ cell tumour: seminoma.
"Immunohistochemistry (IHQ):
- Oct-4, D2-40, C-Kit and PLAP: positive in tumour cells.
- CD-20 and CD79a: positive in B lymphocytes.
- CD3: positive in the B lymphoid population.
- CD30, CD138, EMA, AE1/AE3 and alpha-fetoprotein: negative.
With these results, he was transferred to the Medical Oncology Service on 10/6/2014 for further study:
"Testicular ultrasound (11/6/2014): both testicles are homogeneous and with normal vascularisation.
Simple 2 cm cyst in the head of the right epididymis.
"Functional respiratory tests: severe/very severe obstructive ventilatory pattern with amputation of the inspiratory and expiratory flow/volume curve compatible with fixed tracheal obstruction already known by CT scan. Bronchodilator test (+).
"CBC (11/6/2014): platelets 305,000, leukocytes 16,200 (neutrophils 13,400), LDH 653 IU/l, glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium within normal. Alpha-fetoprotein (11/6/2014) 1,431, beta-HCG (12/6/2014) 901.7, uric acid, ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B12, beta-2 microglobulin, thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid antibodies TP and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies within normal values. HBV, HCV and HIV serology negative. Coagulation: normal, fibrinogen 509.
Diagnosis
Mixed mediastinal extragonadal germ cell tumour. Poor prognosis according to IGCCCG classification.
Treatment
With the diagnosis of mixed extragonadal germinal tumour, the first cycle of chemotherapy with radical intent was started according to the conventional BEP scheme (bleomycin 30 IU days 1, 8, 15 + etoposide 100 mg/m2 days 1-5 + CDDP 20 mg/m2 days 1-5/21 days x 4 cycles). Treatment with allopurinol was started to prevent tumour lysis syndrome.
Evolution
After four cycles, a re-evaluation TAP CT scan was performed on 24/9/2014, showing a partial response, so the case was presented to the thoracic surgery committee on 9/10/2014, rejecting surgical treatment of the residual mediastinal mass due to the high surgical risk in relation to the suspected tumour infiltration at the tracheal level and both brachiocephalic trunks.
On 14/10/2014 a PET-CT scan was performed, where it was observed that the anterior cervicothoracic mass showed markedly irregular metabolic activity with areas of absence of metabolic activity together with areas of high hypermetabolism (maximum SUV 9.5).
Thus, with the diagnosis of an unresectable tumour with intense PET uptake, chemotherapy is proposed according to the TIP scheme.
On 16/10/2014, in consultation, the patient presented with an increase in the size of the mass at the supraclavicular level, deciding to request a second opinion at another centre, where the tumour was considered resectable. On 6/11/2014 a complete macroscopic resection was performed (AP: residual lesion of malignant teratoma, with the presence of areas of severe epithelial dysplasia and at least one limited focus of possible carcinomatous transformation. IHC: intense positivity for cytokeratin AE3/AE1. Ki-67% in the most mature areas. Positive for CEA. AFT slightly positive in the whole epithelium).
In the revision TAP CT scan after surgery, there was a significant decrease in the involvement of the precardiac anterior mediastinum, as well as in the involvement of the superior vena cava.
Given that there is no residual viable germinal tumour, the patient does not require complementary chemotherapy and is currently under strict follow-up in our centre.
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{
"text": "male",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 22,
"end": 26
},
{
"text": "HBV",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 2532,
"end": 2535
},
{
"text": "HCV",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 2537,
"end": 2540
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{
"text": "HIV",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 2545,
"end": 2548
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 3880,
"end": 3887
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 4707,
"end": 4714
}
] | en |
PERSONAL HISTORY:
32-year-old patient, with no known drug allergies or toxic habits. Psychologist by profession. No childhood history of interest. FUR 2 weeks ago, no history of gynaecological or previous miscarriages. Holocranial headaches usually of tension profile, although she has had a previous episode of migraine without aura which was studied in the neurology department. Acrocyanosis after exposure to cold temperatures for years. No raynaud's. She has not travelled outside Spain. She stopped hormone treatment (vaginal ring) approximately 3 months ago. She takes regular laxative treatment with plantain ovata.
CURRENT ILLNESS:
She presents with a sudden onset of paraesthesia in the upper limb of three days' evolution, associated with oedema of the same limb in the last 48 hours. She denies loss of vision and eye pain with extreme movements. She denies similar previous episodes of loss of sensation in other limbs. She denies having lifted weights or performing repetitive movements with the affected limb. No autoimmune or systemic symptoms. No febrile syndrome or weight loss. No history of TTEV.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
BEG, well hydrated and perfused. No jugular engorgement. Tolerates decubitus and conversation. MMSS: slight oedema in left upper limb with +/++++ fovea, predominantly distal, slight increase in diameter compared to the contralateral limb, well perfused limb with radial pulse present. Proximal superficial venous network of the left limb visible and asymmetrical compared to the contralateral limb. Livido reticularis in both upper limbs. RCA: rhythmic tones, without murmurs, friction sounds or extratonos. CVM preserved without pathological noises. Abdomen: nondescript. MMII: no oedema or signs of DVT. Neurological examination: Hypoaesthesia of predominance in the hand and up to the middle third of the left humerus, the rest being normal. Adson and Wright manoeuvre negative. No Hoffmann's sign. Lhermitte negative.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS:
Normal haemocytometry, normal general biochemistry including ferritin and PCR. Vitamin B12 and folic acid normal. Normal haemostasis except for DD 5500. Normal RF, GI and complement. LUES, HIV, HBV and HCV negative. ANA, ANCA, ACA and AL negative. Chest X-ray without alterations. Doppler ultrasound of MSI: normal. Axillary CT angiography: no obstructive data at arteriovenous level. Cranial and cervical MRI with and without contrast normal.
EVOLUTION: During her admission she was asymptomatic at times, with periods of paresthesia and minimal self-limited MSI oedema, mainly associated with movements. A complementary test was performed which led us to the diagnosis we suspected.
| [
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] | en |
We present the case of a 33-year-old woman, smoker of 2-3 cigarettes/day, mother of a healthy child, with no other medical or epidemiological history of interest, who presented to her health centre with a 24-hour clinical course consisting of amnesia of recent events, temporospatial disorientation and fever of up to 38.5oC with bacteraemic crust. She was discharged home with paracetamol, but returned a few hours later with uncontrollable vomiting, and was transferred to her local referral hospital with suspicion of acute meningoencephalitis. Blood cultures were taken, ceftriaxone 2 g intravenous was prescribed and she was referred to our referral hospital for neurological assessment. On arrival, hypotension of 85/55 mmHg refractory to crystalloid fluid therapy was observed, as well as an elevated heart rate of 105 beats per minute, together with elevated lactate levels (up to 2.5 mmol/l) and decreased diuresis rate, worsening level of consciousness (10 points out of 15 on the Glasgow scale), without meningeal signs, with few petechial lesions appearing on the arms and legs at this time. Cardiorespiratory auscultation and abdominal examination showed no pathological findings.
Computed tomography (CT) of the skull was performed, which was normal, and lumbar puncture, obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with 125 red blood cells/mm3, 3 leukocytes/mm3, glucose of 65 mg/dl (peripuncture glycaemia of 77 mg/dl) and protein of 30.1 mg/dl, with xanthochromia and gram-negative staining. CSF polymerase chain reaction for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 was negative. Blood tests showed an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) of 285 mg/l and procalcitonin of 10 ng/ml, with the rest of the biochemistry, haemogram and coagulation being normal. She continued with intensive crystalloid infusion, and the empirical antibiotherapy started prior to the CT scan was maintained (meropenem 2 g every 8 hours and linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours intravenously). In the first 24 hours, the patient began to improve until she completely recovered her neurological condition, remained awake, oriented, haemodynamically stable and recovered her diuretic rhythm. Progressive disappearance of the petechial lesions was also observed. Blood cultures obtained at the regional hospital isolated Neisseria meningitidis, and the family members were questioned and reported three episodes of meningococcal meningitis in the family with sepsis criteria (specifically in a brother, the mother and a maternal aunt), all of which had a satisfactory outcome; and one sister had a history of repeated respiratory and otorhinolaryngological infections.
Differential diagnosis
At the time of admission, a differential diagnosis was made based on the family history of meningococcal infections. In view of this circumstance, we decided to rule out a possible underlying familial immunodeficiency, including the following:
- Common variable immunodeficiency
- X-linked agammaglobulinemia
- Hyper-IgM syndrome
- Selective antibody deficiency
- Asplenia
- Deficiency of IgG subclasses
- Complement factor deficiency
Evolution
The patient was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit of our hospital to continue treatment with ceftriaxone (2 g intravenously every 12 hours) and a study of primary humoral immunodeficiency. During the first days of admission, he developed respiratory distress associated with bibasal pleural effusion, which improved within 48 hours with bronchodilator treatment, corticosteroids, diuretics, oxygen therapy and continued antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone. The possibility of a possible superimposed respiratory infection was considered, but no causal microorganisms other than N. meningitidis were isolated, this bacterium being a recognised cause of respiratory infection, so antibiotic treatment was not modified. During his stay on the ward, an extensive study was performed, including a thoracoabdominal CT scan, which ruled out neoplastic lesions or the absence of spleen, showing only the presence of moderate pleural effusion and passive atelectasis in both lower lobes. HIV, HBV, HCV and cytomegalovirus serologies were negative. The interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was negative. Immunoglobulin levels IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD and IgE were in the normal range, with low values for IgG2 (146 mg/dl, for a normal value of 241-700 mg/dl) and normal values for the other subclasses. The proteinogram showed no relevant findings. Lymphocyte subpopulations were normal. Serum properdin study gave a value of 27 mg/dL (within normal range). Complement analysis revealed complement 50% (CH50) less than 10 U/ml (normal values 31.6 to 57.6 U/ml), with C5 levels of 4.08 mg/dL (normal values 7 to 18 mg/dL). C1q had levels of 218 mg/dl (normal values 10 to 25 mg/dl). All other complement factors (C2 to C9) were normal. The patient was discharged one week later, having normalised all the analytical alterations, normalised the acute phase reactants and disappeared both systemic and respiratory symptoms, and the antibiotic treatment could be de-escalated to oral amoxicillin (1,000 mg every 8 hours) for 7 more days, to complete a 14-day regimen. She was referred to the outpatient clinic for follow-up, and was scheduled for an immunisation programme with meningococcal A, C and W vaccines; meningococcal B; Haemophilus influenzae serotype B; influenza; and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with 13 serotypes and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with 23 serotypes. Six months later, the patient was stable and had no new infectious episodes. The rest of her first-degree relatives were called for complement levels, and the same vaccination schedule was applied.
Final diagnosis
Septic shock secondary to meningococcaemia.
Possible central nervous system infection "decapitated" after 24 hours of antibiotic treatment.
Primary immunodeficiency due to congenital complement factor 5 deficiency, coupled with possible IgG2 deficiency.
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A 31-year-old Nigerian male was referred to the emergency department for abdominal pain and vomiting. No abnormal blood or urine tests. Abdominal CT scan with IV contrast showed dilatation of some ileal loops and colon with liquid content, and mild thickening of the wall of the terminal ileum with an inflammatory appearance. Intraluminal structures are identified in FID, vermiform, partially coiled. Suspecting the presence of roundworms, abdominal ultrasound was performed, confirming curvilinear structures with parallel echogenic walls and a hypoechoic tubular centre compatible with Ascaris Lumbricoides. A stool parasite study was requested and the patient was treated with Mebendazole 100mg every 12 hours for 3 days.
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Anamnesis
74-year-old male with no known drug allergies, ex-smoker of 40 pack-years and moderate alcohol consumption, with a history of dyslipidaemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, COPD GOLD C and ischaemic stroke in April 2016 without sequelae. Diagnosed in 2012 with multiple myeloma Ig G Kappa ISS II, for which he received treatment with a scheme based on lenalidomide, dexamethasone and elotuzumab in a phase 3 clinical trial, achieving a complete response after three months, maintained in controls. As a consequence of the myeloma he developed stage 3A chronic renal failure. She receives medical treatment with statins, oral antidiabetics, ACE inhibitors and bronchodilators.
Non-hematological oncological history
The patient was diagnosed in August 2017 with a TTF-1 positive lung adenocarcinoma treated by left lower lobectomy resulting in a pT1a (1 cm) N0 (0/5) M0, according to the 8th AJCC1 classification, ALK translocated and tributary to controls.
In the control chest CT scan (June 2018), suspicious lymphadenopathies are described at the retro-oesophageal and right paratracheal level, the cytology of the latter being positive for undifferentiated carcinoma, CK7 positive, TTF-1 negative, ALK not translocated. The study was completed with PET-CT scan, which also showed a lymphadenopathy at the right supraclavicular level suggestive of tumour infiltration. With these results, it was classified as a second primary N3 without T (cTxN3M0) requiring chemoradiotherapy (QT-RT) with radical intent: QT with carboplatin + vinorelbine concomitant with RT (IMRT) from the 2nd cycle, completing a total of 3 cycles of QT and 64.8 Gy.
The PET-CT scan for response assessment showed a morphometabolic partial response (PR) at the adenopathic level, but a level IIb uptake in the right palatine tonsil with ipsilateral laterocervical adenopathy was reported, both suspicious of malignancy.
It was then suggested that the primary tumour, so far unknown, could be tonsillar and after discussion in both multidisciplinary committees (thorax and ENT) it was considered a candidate for diagnostic/therapeutic right tonsillectomy, treatment which was carried out in December 2018. The pathology report describes a 2 cm undifferentiated carcinoma, HPV, TTF-1 and ALK negative, CK7, AE1/AE3 and p16 positive with a Ki67 of 90%; with similar characteristics to those described in the previous adenopathic cytology. Controls were decided and the PET-CT scan of February 2018 showed disappearance of the level IIb adenopathy with stability of the rest of the adenopathies (maintained RP) with no new suspicious uptake, except for "physiological" uptake in the small intestine in the context of treatment with metformin.
Current disease
In February 2019, the patient consulted the emergency department for melena, with marked anaemia (Hb 66g/dl), alteration of the liver profile, severe hypoalbuminaemia and worsening renal function. The patient explained a toxic syndrome of one month's evolution. He was admitted to the Medical Oncology ward for further investigation.
Physical examination
Conscious and oriented in all three spheres. No heart murmurs and rhythmic tones. No added noises in the lung fields. No oedema in the extremities. The abdomen is soft and depressible, and there are no masses or megaliths. No neurological focality on admission to the ward.
Complementary tests
"Laboratory tests (08/02/2019): Hb 66g/l, MCV 88 (normochromic normocytic anaemia), glomerular filtration rate of 35 ml/min/1.73m2, AST 62 IU/l, ALT 118 IU/l, FA 151 IU/l, GGT 121 U/l with normal bilirubin. Severe hypoalbuminaemia of 15.8g/l. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia.
"Bone marrow aspirate (07/02/2019): iron deficient erythropoiesis with no other findings.
"Colonoscopy (20/2/2019): 3-4 cm adenomatous lesion, pale, at ileocecal level which is resected. No other findings. Pathological anatomy: mucosal fragments showing infiltration by poorly differentiated carcinoma with the same pathological features as the previous lesions.
"Angio-CT scan (21/02/2019): the presence of multiple hyperdense images with a nodular appearance located inside the ileal loops and which could correspond to intraluminal implants is noteworthy. There is a 2 cm adenopathic lesion in the left para-aortic region and mesenteric adenopathic lesions. At the splenic level, there is a 2 cm nodular lesion in the anterior splenic pole not present in previous CT scans.
Diagnosis
"Undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary with supra- and infradiaphragmatic, tonsillar, splenic and intraluminal (Peyer's plaques) adenopathic dissemination in the small intestine.
"Gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to endoluminal tumour lesions.
Treatment
Symptomatic management with red blood cell transfusion according to requirements (~48 h) and hyperproteic intake without improvement of the parameters or cessation of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Evolution
The patient required a progressive increase in transfusion support and developed severe hypoalbuminaemia, triggering secondary anasarca. The case was assessed as an undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown origin with exclusive involvement of lymphoid tissues, gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to intestinal implants with no possibility of local treatment (endoscopic, surgical or interventional radiology) due to its extension and distant involvement. The patient had a torpid evolution and consequently died in March 2019. After the consent of his family, an autopsy was performed and reported the presence of > 100 polypoid lesions distributed throughout the small intestine and two polypoid lesions in the gastric body, confirming the splenic lesion and multiple supra- and infradiaphragmatic adenopathies.
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"2016",
"without",
"sequelae",
".",
"Diagnosed",
"in",
"2012",
"with",
"multiple",
"myeloma",
"Ig",
"G",
"Kappa",
"ISS",
"II",
",",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"received",
"treatment",
"with",
"a",
"scheme",
"based",
"on",
"lenalidomide",
",",
"dexamethasone",
"and",
"elotuzumab",
"in",
"a",
"phase",
"3",
"clinical",
"trial",
",",
"achieving",
"a",
"complete",
"response",
"after",
"three",
"months",
",",
"maintained",
"in",
"controls",
".",
"As",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"the",
"myeloma",
"he",
"developed",
"stage",
"3A",
"chronic",
"renal",
"failure",
".",
"She",
"receives",
"medical",
"treatment",
"with",
"statins",
",",
"oral",
"antidiabetics",
",",
"ACE",
"inhibitors",
"and",
"bronchodilators",
".",
"Non-hematological",
"oncological",
"history",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"in",
"August",
"2017",
"with",
"a",
"TTF-1",
"positive",
"lung",
"adenocarcinoma",
"treated",
"by",
"left",
"lower",
"lobectomy",
"resulting",
"in",
"a",
"pT1a",
"(",
"1",
"cm",
")",
"N0",
"(",
"0",
"/",
"5",
")",
"M0",
",",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"8th",
"AJCC1",
"classification",
",",
"ALK",
"translocated",
"and",
"tributary",
"to",
"controls",
".",
"In",
"the",
"control",
"chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"(",
"June",
"2018",
")",
",",
"suspicious",
"lymphadenopathies",
"are",
"described",
"at",
"the",
"retro-oesophageal",
"and",
"right",
"paratracheal",
"level",
",",
"the",
"cytology",
"of",
"the",
"latter",
"being",
"positive",
"for",
"undifferentiated",
"carcinoma",
",",
"CK7",
"positive",
",",
"TTF-1",
"negative",
",",
"ALK",
"not",
"translocated",
".",
"The",
"study",
"was",
"completed",
"with",
"PET-CT",
"scan",
",",
"which",
"also",
"showed",
"a",
"lymphadenopathy",
"at",
"the",
"right",
"supraclavicular",
"level",
"suggestive",
"of",
"tumour",
"infiltration",
".",
"With",
"these",
"results",
",",
"it",
"was",
"classified",
"as",
"a",
"second",
"primary",
"N3",
"without",
"T",
"(",
"cTxN3M0",
")",
"requiring",
"chemoradiotherapy",
"(",
"QT-RT",
")",
"with",
"radical",
"intent",
":",
"QT",
"with",
"carboplatin",
"+",
"vinorelbine",
"concomitant",
"with",
"RT",
"(",
"IMRT",
")",
"from",
"the",
"2nd",
"cycle",
",",
"completing",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"3",
"cycles",
"of",
"QT",
"and",
"64",
".",
"8",
"Gy",
".",
"The",
"PET-CT",
"scan",
"for",
"response",
"assessment",
"showed",
"a",
"morphometabolic",
"partial",
"response",
"(",
"PR",
")",
"at",
"the",
"adenopathic",
"level",
",",
"but",
"a",
"level",
"IIb",
"uptake",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"palatine",
"tonsil",
"with",
"ipsilateral",
"laterocervical",
"adenopathy",
"was",
"reported",
",",
"both",
"suspicious",
"of",
"malignancy",
".",
"It",
"was",
"then",
"suggested",
"that",
"the",
"primary",
"tumour",
",",
"so",
"far",
"unknown",
",",
"could",
"be",
"tonsillar",
"and",
"after",
"discussion",
"in",
"both",
"multidisciplinary",
"committees",
"(",
"thorax",
"and",
"ENT",
")",
"it",
"was",
"considered",
"a",
"candidate",
"for",
"diagnostic",
"/",
"therapeutic",
"right",
"tonsillectomy",
",",
"treatment",
"which",
"was",
"carried",
"out",
"in",
"December",
"2018",
".",
"The",
"pathology",
"report",
"describes",
"a",
"2",
"cm",
"undifferentiated",
"carcinoma",
",",
"HPV",
",",
"TTF-1",
"and",
"ALK",
"negative",
",",
"CK7",
",",
"AE1",
"/",
"AE3",
"and",
"p16",
"positive",
"with",
"a",
"Ki67",
"of",
"90",
"%",
";",
"with",
"similar",
"characteristics",
"to",
"those",
"described",
"in",
"the",
"previous",
"adenopathic",
"cytology",
".",
"Controls",
"were",
"decided",
"and",
"the",
"PET-CT",
"scan",
"of",
"February",
"2018",
"showed",
"disappearance",
"of",
"the",
"level",
"IIb",
"adenopathy",
"with",
"stability",
"of",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"adenopathies",
"(",
"maintained",
"RP",
")",
"with",
"no",
"new",
"suspicious",
"uptake",
",",
"except",
"for",
"\"",
"physiological",
"\"",
"uptake",
"in",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"in",
"the",
"context",
"of",
"treatment",
"with",
"metformin",
".",
"Current",
"disease",
"In",
"February",
"2019",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"consulted",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"for",
"melena",
",",
"with",
"marked",
"anaemia",
"(",
"Hb",
"66g",
"/",
"dl",
")",
",",
"alteration",
"of",
"the",
"liver",
"profile",
",",
"severe",
"hypoalbuminaemia",
"and",
"worsening",
"renal",
"function",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"explained",
"a",
"toxic",
"syndrome",
"of",
"one",
"month",
"'",
"s",
"evolution",
".",
"He",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"the",
"Medical",
"Oncology",
"ward",
"for",
"further",
"investigation",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"Conscious",
"and",
"oriented",
"in",
"all",
"three",
"spheres",
".",
"No",
"heart",
"murmurs",
"and",
"rhythmic",
"tones",
".",
"No",
"added",
"noises",
"in",
"the",
"lung",
"fields",
".",
"No",
"oedema",
"in",
"the",
"extremities",
".",
"The",
"abdomen",
"is",
"soft",
"and",
"depressible",
",",
"and",
"there",
"are",
"no",
"masses",
"or",
"megaliths",
".",
"No",
"neurological",
"focality",
"on",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ward",
".",
"Complementary",
"tests",
"\"",
"Laboratory",
"tests",
"(",
"08",
"/",
"02",
"/",
"2019",
")",
":",
"Hb",
"66g",
"/",
"l",
",",
"MCV",
"88",
"(",
"normochromic",
"normocytic",
"anaemia",
")",
",",
"glomerular",
"filtration",
"rate",
"of",
"35",
"ml",
"/",
"min",
"/",
"1",
".",
"73m2",
",",
"AST",
"62",
"IU",
"/",
"l",
",",
"ALT",
"118",
"IU",
"/",
"l",
",",
"FA",
"151",
"IU",
"/",
"l",
",",
"GGT",
"121",
"U",
"/",
"l",
"with",
"normal",
"bilirubin",
".",
"Severe",
"hypoalbuminaemia",
"of",
"15",
".",
"8g",
"/",
"l",
".",
"Leukocytosis",
"with",
"neutrophilia",
".",
"\"",
"Bone",
"marrow",
"aspirate",
"(",
"07",
"/",
"02",
"/",
"2019",
")",
":",
"iron",
"deficient",
"erythropoiesis",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"findings",
".",
"\"",
"Colonoscopy",
"(",
"20",
"/",
"2",
"/",
"2019",
")",
":",
"3-4",
"cm",
"adenomatous",
"lesion",
",",
"pale",
",",
"at",
"ileocecal",
"level",
"which",
"is",
"resected",
".",
"No",
"other",
"findings",
".",
"Pathological",
"anatomy",
":",
"mucosal",
"fragments",
"showing",
"infiltration",
"by",
"poorly",
"differentiated",
"carcinoma",
"with",
"the",
"same",
"pathological",
"features",
"as",
"the",
"previous",
"lesions",
".",
"\"",
"Angio-CT",
"scan",
"(",
"21",
"/",
"02",
"/",
"2019",
")",
":",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"multiple",
"hyperdense",
"images",
"with",
"a",
"nodular",
"appearance",
"located",
"inside",
"the",
"ileal",
"loops",
"and",
"which",
"could",
"correspond",
"to",
"intraluminal",
"implants",
"is",
"noteworthy",
".",
"There",
"is",
"a",
"2",
"cm",
"adenopathic",
"lesion",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"para-aortic",
"region",
"and",
"mesenteric",
"adenopathic",
"lesions",
".",
"At",
"the",
"splenic",
"level",
",",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"2",
"cm",
"nodular",
"lesion",
"in",
"the",
"anterior",
"splenic",
"pole",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"previous",
"CT",
"scans",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"\"",
"Undifferentiated",
"carcinoma",
"of",
"unknown",
"primary",
"with",
"supra",
"-",
"and",
"infradiaphragmatic",
",",
"tonsillar",
",",
"splenic",
"and",
"intraluminal",
"(",
"Peyer",
"'",
"s",
"plaques",
")",
"adenopathic",
"dissemination",
"in",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
".",
"\"",
"Gastrointestinal",
"bleeding",
"secondary",
"to",
"endoluminal",
"tumour",
"lesions",
".",
"Treatment",
"Symptomatic",
"management",
"with",
"red",
"blood",
"cell",
"transfusion",
"according",
"to",
"requirements",
"(",
"~",
"48",
"h",
")",
"and",
"hyperproteic",
"intake",
"without",
"improvement",
"of",
"the",
"parameters",
"or",
"cessation",
"of",
"gastrointestinal",
"bleeding",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"patient",
"required",
"a",
"progressive",
"increase",
"in",
"transfusion",
"support",
"and",
"developed",
"severe",
"hypoalbuminaemia",
",",
"triggering",
"secondary",
"anasarca",
".",
"The",
"case",
"was",
"assessed",
"as",
"an",
"undifferentiated",
"carcinoma",
"of",
"unknown",
"origin",
"with",
"exclusive",
"involvement",
"of",
"lymphoid",
"tissues",
",",
"gastrointestinal",
"bleeding",
"secondary",
"to",
"intestinal",
"implants",
"with",
"no",
"possibility",
"of",
"local",
"treatment",
"(",
"endoscopic",
",",
"surgical",
"or",
"interventional",
"radiology",
")",
"due",
"to",
"its",
"extension",
"and",
"distant",
"involvement",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"torpid",
"evolution",
"and",
"consequently",
"died",
"in",
"March",
"2019",
".",
"After",
"the",
"consent",
"of",
"his",
"family",
",",
"an",
"autopsy",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"reported",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
">",
"100",
"polypoid",
"lesions",
"distributed",
"throughout",
"the",
"small",
"intestine",
"and",
"two",
"polypoid",
"lesions",
"in",
"the",
"gastric",
"body",
",",
"confirming",
"the",
"splenic",
"lesion",
"and",
"multiple",
"supra",
"-",
"and",
"infradiaphragmatic",
"adenopathies",
"."
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A 57-year-old immunocompetent woman attended the emergency department for ocular discomfort and bilateral visual impairment. On examination, visual acuity (VA) was 0.125 in the right eye (OD) and 0.2 in the left eye (OI). Biomicroscopy showed keratitis with endothelial folds and posterior synechiae in both eyes (AO), 1+ cells in the anterior chamber (AC). Ocular tension was normal in AO. Fundus examination (FO) showed intense bilateral vitritis, suspecting the presence of vasculitis. Topical treatment was prescribed with dexamethasone, trobramycin and atropine eye drops.
After 48 hours, vision decreased to hand movement in AO with more intense vitritis. Hospital admission and treatment with topical dexamethasone (90 drops), intravenous methylprednisolone (40 mg every 12 h) and Ciprofloxacin (200 mg every 12 h) was decided.
A slight improvement, after 7 days, in the inflammation of the anterior pole and the rupture of synechiae allowed a better view of the FO by observing vitreous turbidity and foci of chorioretinitis in the posterior pole.
Infectious serology was positive for syphilis, HAART + (1/320) with no other analytical findings. Imaging tests, magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and orbits and chest X-ray were unaltered.
In the more detailed anamnesis the patient reported a gynaecological infection that could be compatible with syphilitic chancroid 35 years ago.
Because of the possibility of neurological syphilis, a CSF puncture was performed, which was found to be normal.
After repeating the serology, being the TPHA + (1/640) with Total Ac + for Lues, it was decided to treat with Penicillin G Benzathine 2.4 million I.U. intramuscularly every week for 3 weeks, in addition to topical and general corticosteroids in a descending pattern.
The clinical evolution was favourable, improving visual acuity to 0.1 in OD and 0.3 in OI after the first injection. VA continued to improve, although with significant visual field (VF) impairment and decreased generalised and bilateral sensitivity.
In subsequent reviews, the chorioretinitis foci were better observed, with hyperfluorescent areas in early stages in fluorescein angiography (FAG), which are maintained in later stages and correspond to hypofluorescence with indocyanine green (ICG) in intermediate and late phases in relation to possible choroidal granulomas, which will subsequently heal, leaving atrophy of the pigment epithelium.
At 3 months the VA in OD was 0.8 and unity in OI, remaining the same at 6, 12 and 24 months of evolution, with scattered chorioretinal atrophy foci without signs of activity in vitreous and with a normal CV in AO.
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{
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] | en |
We present the case of a 63-year-old male, with no personal history of interest, who came to the emergency department after receiving multiple hymenoptera (wasp) stings. The patient was in good general condition, with BP 132/88 mmHg, heart rate 99 bpm and pulse oximetry 94%. Multiple papules, vesicles and pustules were seen on the skin in the thoracic region, dorsal region, upper limbs and head, some with signs of superinfection. There was no uvula or pharyngeal oedema. Cardiac and pulmonary auscultation was normal, examination of the abdomen was normal, as were the lower limbs. Complementary tests:
electrocardiogram: RS at 100 bpm.
CBC: leukocytes 23.9 mil/mm, neutrophils 9.6%, Hb 16.6 g/dl, Hto 48.3%, platelets 226 mill/mm3. Coagulation: prothrombin activity 100%, TPTA 80.5 sec. Biochemistry: renal and hepatic parameters normal, LDH 529 IU/L, CK 462 IU/L, GOT (AST) 73 IU/L, GPT (ALT) 31 IU/L, CRP 0.4 mg/L, myoglobin 526 ng/mL. Evolution:
The patient remained in the observation room, monitored with control of vitals and diuresis. Treatment was started with: hydrocortisone 90 mg IV, dexchlorpheniramine 1 amp IV, tetanus toxoid 0.5 cc IM, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 1 g every 8 hours IV and 500 cc SF 0.9% IV every 3 hours. Control analyses were carried out every 6 hours, observing a progressive increase in CK and myoglobin levels, with renal function remaining stable, reaching maximum CK levels of 4,629 IU/L and myoglobin of 1,387 ng/ml 24 hours after the incident, and then decreasing and being discharged. Result: Rhabdomyolysis secondary to multiple stings.
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We present the case of a 59-year-old male patient with a personal history of known HIV infection category C-3 since January 2001 (Nadir CD4 of 2 cells/mm3, baseline viraemia of 85,000 copies/mL, P.jiroveci pneumonia, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), chronic hepatitis due to HCV treated and cured, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. He is currently on antiretroviral treatment with tenofovir, emtricitabine, darunavir and cobiscitat. The patient presented to the internal medicine department for progressive abdominal distension of two months' duration, accompanied by intermittent febrile fever and an early sensation of fullness. Laboratory tests showed a glomerular sedimentation rate of 30 mm, creatinine 1.17 mg/dL, total protein 6.4 g/dL, calcium corrected with albumin 9.6 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase 25 U/L, alanine aminotransferase 19 U/L, gamma glutamyl transferase 18 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 142 U/L and C-reactive protein 109 mg/L. The immunomicrobiology study showed CD4 217 cells/mm3 and undetectable plasma HIV RNA viral load. The imaging tests performed are shown below:
The patient was therefore diagnosed with hepatic, splenic and renal granulomatosis probably secondary to P.jiroveci infection, an entity described in immunocompromised patients. In patients with HIV infection, reviewing the literature, the infectious aetiologies most frequently associated with the presence of hepatic granulomas are: M.tuberculosis, MAC, Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, P.jiroveci, histoplasmosis and toxoplasmosis1. Empirical corticosteroid treatment was started at low doses and the patient evolved favourably with biochemical response, clinical improvement with disappearance of the febrile fever and cessation of abdominal distension together with a decrease in the size of most of the existing granulomas.
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A 32-year-old otherwise healthy man presented with acute binocular horizontal diplopia on awakening after 3 days of progressive respiratory symptoms. He reported no pain with eye movement and no other neurological symptoms such as weakness, gait abnormalities, paraesthesia or anosmia. Over the following week, his respiratory symptoms worsened, and he was hospitalised for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure after testing positive for COVID-19. He followed a 5-day course of hydroxychloroquine and oxygen therapy; his respiratory symptoms subsided over the next three weeks. At the time of ophthalmological evaluation at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 5 weeks after the onset of diplopia, he reported no change in double vision. On examination, his best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in each eye. Intraocular pressure was normal and there was no afferent pupillary defect. Ocular motility examination revealed left esotropia of 35Δ in primary gaze, 4Δ in right gaze and 60Δ in left gaze. There was complete limitation of abduction in the left eye, consistent with a diagnosis of left ocular motor nerve palsy. Examination of the optic nerve was irrelevant. There was no hypoaesthesia in the ophthalmic or maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. MRI was performed and revealed atrophy of the left external rectus muscle, hyperintense on T2. The patient was prescribed monocular occlusion for relief of diplopia and was scheduled for a follow-up visit.
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sA 55-year-old woman with a history of asthma, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and type II diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with fever, cough, dyspnoea and weakness of about 2.5 weeks' evolution.
2.5 weeks of evolution. His primary care physician had prescribed azithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate and levofloxacin, and he came to our ED from home. His vital signs on admission were T 39.4°C, pulse 111 bpm, blood pressure 115/73 mmHg, respiratory rate 27, with SpO2 of 92% and PaO2 of 51 mmHg on room air. A chest X-ray showed bilateral patchy infiltrates in both lungs. She was given oxygen therapy via nasal cannula and taken to the ward for observation. On day 4 of hospitalisation she developed tachypnoea and her dyspnoea worsened. She was placed on a 100% reservoir mask, with minimal improvement; her PaO2 was 67 mmHg. She was transferred to the ICU for possible impending intubation. The COVID-19 test was positive. On hospital day 5, she had a high D-dimer (8.34 ug/mL) and fibrinogen (899 mg/dL). The next day his PaO2 had decreased to 59 mmHg, despite the mask; it was decided to start treatment with APt. On day 1 post-treatment, his PaO2 improved to 72 mmHg, his D-dimer increased to > 20 ug/mL and his fibrinogen decreased to 535 mg/dL. He remained on a 100% reservoir mask. On day 2 post-treatment, he completed the hydroxychloroquine regimen and was started on methylprednisolone 80 mg every 24 hours. He started to tolerate movement better and to interact with staff; his PaO2 increased to 77 mmHg. D-dimer remained above 20 ug/mL. On day 3 post-treatment, the reservoir mask was replaced with a 6L nasal cannula. D-dimer decreased to 4.56 ug/mL. On day 6 after treatment she was transferred to the ward and i.v. heparin was withdrawn; at this time the D-dimer was 1.91 ug/mL. The patient felt well with no new symptoms, and was able to breathe in room air. On day 8 post-treatment, the patient was no longer dyspnoeic and was discharged on a tapering steroid regimen.
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"text": "woman",
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Anamnesis
A 66 year old patient, with no personal history of interest, came to the Emergency Department with a picture of oppressive headache, frontal localisation and sudden onset, not accompanied by neurological focality, nausea or vomiting. She also reported no fever or systemic symptoms.
Physical examination
On arrival at the Emergency Department, the patient had a good level of consciousness, was coherent in her relationship with her surroundings, obeyed orders and spontaneous language was normal. The rest of the neurological examination showed no focality. During her stay in the emergency department, the patient suffered an abrupt deterioration in her level of consciousness, with fluctuations in her level of consciousness. At that time, the neurological examination showed a tendency to sleep with bradypsychia, the cranial pairs were normal including the fundus, she had a left hemiparesis of brachial predominance with exalted musculoskeletal reflexes in the left hemibody and left Babinsky. There were no spontaneous limb movements.
Complementary tests
- General laboratory test with no findings. Urine study with no findings.
- Chest X-ray: no findings.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT): intraparenchymal haematoma in the posterior region of the right parietal lobe, measuring 54 x 27 x 50 mm, in its anteroposterior, transverse and craniocaudal axes, respectively, with peripheral oedema. In the posterior region of the left parietal lobe there is another intraparenchymal haematoma measuring 30 x 24 x 27 mm. Adjacent to the cerebral sickle on its left side there is another haematoma measuring 36 x 16 x 20 mm. Widespread suture effacement and lack of differentiation between white/gray matter, related to diffuse cerebral oedema. Subdural haematoma in the midline, left tentorium.
- Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): superficial lobular haematomas with extension to the white matter and/or subarachnoid, multiple in both parietal lobes, parasagittal region, occipital circumvolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Intraventricular haemorrhage in both lateral ventricles and subarachnoid haemorrhage.
- HIV serology, hepatotropic viruses: negative. Neurotropic serology: negative. Rheumatoid factor: negative. C3 and C4 normal. Autoimmunity study: negative. Cerebrospinal fluid: normal cytobiochemistry. No intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G. Oligoclonal bands in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: negative. Cerebrospinal fluid culture: negative.
- Arteriography of the brain: irregularity and dissection of a short segment of C1 of the right internal carotid artery, and stenosis of the C1 segment of the left internal carotid artery, with normal renal arteries. Generalised thinning of the intracranial vessels with alternating areas of mild reduction in calibre, which may be related to cerebral vasculitis.
- Meningeal biopsy: no alterations.
- Biopsy of the brain parenchyma: sections of several fragments of brain tissue with marked involvement of small blood vessels at the expense of the presence of neutrophilic leukocytes, at peri and intraparietal level, alternating with occasional phenomena of fibrinohaematic thromboembolism and parietovascular destruction. Peripherally, lymphocytic and histiocytic elements are seen both adventitially and at the level of the brain parenchyma, alternating in the latter with vacuolar degeneration and frequent small haemorrhagic foci, as well as reactive gliosis. There is no evidence of pathogens or granulomatous formations. Compatible with vasculitis.
Diagnosis
As a syndromic diagnosis the patient presented with an encephalopathic picture together with a right hemispheric syndrome, caused by multiple intracranial haemorrhages secondary to a primary vasculitis of the central nervous system. Treatment Treatment was started with boluses of methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g daily for 3 days and then 0.5 g for 2 more days, with the intention of adding cyclophosphamide if there was no improvement.
Evolution
Despite the treatment, the patient showed a torpid evolution, with progressive intracranial hypertension, and the control CT scan showed new haemorrhagic foci in the occipital lobes and increased cerebral oedema. The intracranial hypertension became refractory to treatment, definitively leading to the patient's death.
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Anamnesis
A 47-year-old man with no history of pathology of interest came to consult his primary care doctor due to the appearance of a skin lesion on the left flank. He reports that it appeared approximately 1 month ago and has been increasing in size, and is also pruritic. She does not mention any other accompanying symptoms.
Physical examination
Of note is the presence of a subcutaneous nodule, approximately 3 cm in diameter, erythematous, non-painful, adherent to deep layers and located on the left flank. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable.
Additional tests
It was decided to perform an excision of the subcutaneous nodule, the anatomopathological result being compatible with clear cell carcinoma.
In addition, we requested a thoracoabdominal-pelvic CT scan which revealed the presence of a heterogeneous left renal mass, with a central necrotic area, with maximum axes of 98 x 80 mm, arising from the posterior aspect and reaching almost the entire kidney, with extensive contact and infiltration of the renal artery in the hilum and contact with focal thinning of an intrarenal segment of the left renal vein. There is also a strongly enhancing soft tissue density of 27 mm major axis, located between the external oblique muscle and the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the left flank at the level of the kidney, in relation to a metastatic subcutaneous nodule (resected nodule). In addition, there are bilateral pulmonary nodules of diffuse distribution compatible with metastasis, as well as bilateral hilar adenopathies, the largest measuring 19 mm. The rest of the study shows no other findings.
Blood tests were normal, including renal function and haemogram. Similarly, no pathological findings were observed in the cranial CT scan.
Diagnosis
Based on these findings, the patient underwent laparoscopic radical left nephrectomy and excision of the subcutaneous metastasis. The pathology report confirmed the presence of a 9 cm clear cell renal carcinoma (Fuhrman grade 1) (pT3a pN0 pM1). We are therefore dealing with a 47-year-old man, with no pathological history of interest, with metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma with pulmonary and cutaneous involvement.
Treatment
After presenting the case to the Urological Tumours Committee, it was decided to start a first line of anti-TKI-VEGF treatment with sunitinib 50 mg/24 h with a 4 week treatment schedule and 2 weeks of rest.
Evolution
After 3 months of treatment, the patient showed a partial response. Toxicities included hand-foot syndrome, diarrhoea, dysgeusia and asthenia in relation to sarcopenia, all grade 1, which did not limit his daily activities of daily living.
After 5 months of treatment, the partial response was maintained but toxicity began to be more intense, so it was decided to modify the treatment schedule to sunitinib 50 mg/24 h for 2 weeks followed by 1 week of rest.
With this new dosage, the patient's quality of life improved and he was able to return to normal daily activities. After one year of treatment with sunitinib, the patient has a partial response.
After 16 months of treatment, the patient presented for consultation asymptomatic, except for residual hand-foot syndrome, but the re-evaluation CT scan showed pulmonary progression in relation to the significant growth of several of the metastatic pulmonary nodules. At this point, it was decided to seek approval for second-line treatment with nivolumab.
After obtaining approval for treatment, second line nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 14 days was started. After 3 months of treatment, the patient was completely asymptomatic and the iconographic study again showed a partial response, with a marked decrease in pulmonary nodules. After 32 cycles of nivolumab, the patient is living a normal life and the only notable toxicity of the treatment is pneumonitis at the level of the lingula, which does not cause dyspnoea or any other symptoms. To study the pneumonitis, we performed respiratory function tests, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, with no evidence of disease.
After 6 months of treatment with nivolumab, the patient achieved a complete response, with excellent tolerance to it and leading a normal life.
After 15 months of treatment with nivolumab, a CT scan showed a 1.5 cm nodule in the right adrenal gland, with a complete response in the pulmonary lesions. The case was presented again to the Urological Tumour Committee and it was decided to perform a right adrenalectomy. The anatomopathological study revealed a metastasis of clear cell carcinoma. The patient continued treatment with nivolumab and the post-surgical CT scan showed persistent complete tumour response with no other relevant findings except for the already known pneumonitis, which did not cause any symptoms.
The patient currently has an overall survival of 3 years, has received 42 cycles of nivolumab, maintains a complete response, is asymptomatic and leads an absolutely normal life.
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A 50-year-old man consulted the emergency department for presenting, for the last month, haemoptotic expectoration which in the last 15 days had been accompanied by pain in the left side with pleuritic characteristics, without fever, without dysthermic sensation, without constitutional syndrome or other accompanying symptoms. Among his personal history, he was a farm worker, a former smoker of 60 packs/year for a year and a half, with a stable partner for 6-7 years. A year earlier he had been diagnosed with right basal pneumonia, which resolved with antibiotic treatment on an outpatient basis. His physical examination revealed a good general state of health, and he was conscious and oriented, eupneic at rest. He presented left supreclavicular adenopathies of approximately 1 cm in diameter, painless, non-adherent. Pulmonary auscultation showed rhythmic tones without murmurs, with a generalised decrease in vesicular murmur in the lungs. Abdomen was soft, depressible, with no palpable masses or visceromegaly; and lower limbs without oedema. During his stay in the emergency department, urgent laboratory tests were carried out, in which CRP was 107.4 mg/L and D-Dimer 3.52. A sample of Ag. Legionella/Neumococcus in urine was negative, as well as a sputum culture. A PA chest X-ray was requested with the following result: Condensation vs. mass in the lingula with left pleural effusion.
Given the clinical and test findings, it was decided to admit the patient to the Internal Medicine ward to study the lung mass. During his stay on the ward, the patient remained haemodynamically stable, afebrile and continued with scant haemoptotic sputum. A lung mass study was started and the following differential diagnoses were put forward. Given his history as a heavy smoker, the first thing to rule out was a pulmonary neoplasm; due to the elevated D-dimer and the characteristics of the mass, the presence of pulmonary thromboembolism and pulmonary infarction was assessed; and finally, the infectious aetiology of the mass. To begin the study, a complete blood test was requested with tumour markers (CEA and specific neuronal enolase) and thyroid hormones, which were normal, and serology was requested for tuberculosis, HAV, HBV, HCV, Toxoplasma, Cytomeglaovirus and HIV. Pending the results, the study continued with a diagnostic thoracentesis with the result of exudate, and a sample was sent for microbiology and pathological anatomy; Bronchoscopy showed an erythematous area around the entrance of the bronchus of the right upper lobe, from which samples were obtained for pathological anatomy and microbiology. Angio-CT of the pulmonary arteries ruled out thromboembolism at this level and the following result was obtained in the thoraco-abdominal-pelvic CT scan.
After this, serology results were obtained: Mantoux, HAV, HBV, HCV, Cytomegalovirus and toxoplasma were negative; however, the results were positive for HIV. In the thoracocentesis and bronchoscopy samples sent for analysis, Anatomical Pathology did not observe cells suggestive of neoplasia; however, Microbiology isolated Rhodocuccus equi in both samples, with abundant colonies, also present in sputum samples. Following the findings, tests were requested to determine the HIV status with the following results: HIV viral load: 95573 cop/ml. Absolute CD3+CD4+ T-cell lymphocytes: 225 cells/mcrL. CD4/CD8 ratio: 0.17 HLA-B*27.*35. Study of HIV resistance to retroviral drugs: No phenotypic resistance. Finally the patient was diagnosed with: - Pneumonia complicated with left pleural effusion due to Rhodococcus equi. -Stage B2 HIV infection. Antibiotic coverage with intravenous vancomycin, rifampicin and azithromycin was started, and antiretroviral treatment with Atripla was initiated. Given the poor clinical response and the persistence of radiological infiltrate and elevated acute phase reactants, vancomycin was discontinued and treatment was started with imipenem, maintaining the intravenous antibiotic regimen for two weeks, with a favourable clinical evolution. On discharge the patient was treated with Rifampicin and Azithromycin for 6 months, with resolution of symptoms and radiological improvement.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
The patient is a 47-year-old male with no medical or surgical history of interest. He does not take any medication. He is a native of London and works as an English teacher. His father died of pulmonary amyloidosis at the age of 74 and his father of renal cancer at the age of 70.
In 2010, she consulted for a progressive increase in abdominal circumference over 12 months of evolution, associated with epigastric pain and a feeling of fullness early after eating. She had lost 15 kilograms of weight in the last 6 months.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed a Karnosky index of 90%, good general condition and an unremarkable cardiorespiratory auscultation. The most notable finding was a semiology of moderate ascites.
Additional tests
A haemogram, biochemistry and haemostasis were then requested and the only notable findings were elevated lactate dehydrogenase (600 U/L) and creatine protein kinase (280 U/L). Serology for hepatotropic viruses (B and C) and human immunodeficiency virus was also performed, both of which were negative, and ascitic fluid analysis was positive for malignant cellularity.
A thoracic, abdominal and pelvic computed axial tomography (CT-PAT) was performed, showing a large cystic mass covering a large part of the abdomen, as well as a large amount of intraperitoneal fluid suggestive of ascites, in addition to multiple peritoneal implants. Positron emission tomography was completed, showing the known large abdominal mass without metabolic activity.
Diagnosis
Finally, a fine needle biopsy of the lesion was performed and a diagnosis of a spindle cell tumour was made. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for vimentin, actin, CD-117, CD-34 and in isolation for S-100. Negative for desmin. The cell proliferation index assessed by Ki-67 was 5%. Therefore the immunohistochemical profile suggested a diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST).
Treatment
Due to the large tumour volume, it was decided to start neoadjuvant treatment with imatinib 400 milligrams per day and further evaluation at 2 months for possible surgical salvage. Initial tolerance to imatinib was adequate, he only presented mild eyelid oedema, but the ascites did not subside and required the placement of a permanent peritoneal drain due to the repeated paracentesis required.
Evolution
Two months after treatment, the patient remained with abundant ascitic fluid debit from the drainage. An abdominal CT scan was performed for evaluation, where the large peritoneal mass persisted, with minimal reduction of the cystic component and a decrease in peritoneal involvement, which meant a poor response both clinically and radiologically. With this, the multidisciplinary committee of Digestive Surgery decided to perform an exploratory laparotomy, where the large mass measuring 50x30 centimetres (cm) was observed, occupying the entire abdomen, with its origin in the greater gastric curvature. Radical resection of the mass was performed during the same surgical procedure.
The surgical biopsy showed a high-risk GIST tumour with a maximum diameter of 21 cm.
Necrosis areas were 30% and the cell proliferation index with Ki67 was 3%.
The postoperative follow-up CT-CT scan showed disappearance of the peritoneal mass, but increased intraperitoneal fat density and paracolic droplets in relation to peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Therefore, there was a clear indication for treatment with pseudoadjuvant imatinib, due to the large size, despite the gastric location and the low mitosis rate. Given the poor initial response and persistent disease, we decided to start treatment with imatinib 800 mg.
After surgery and with the initiation of high-dose treatment, the patient experienced a great improvement from a clinical point of view. The ascites and epigastric pain completely disappeared and he started to gain weight progressively. Tolerance to treatment at higher doses was also excellent. The only notable incidence was the appearance of eyelid oedema. From an analytical point of view, the thyroid profile remained stable.
After 16 weeks of treatment, the CT-CT scan showed complete disappearance of peritoneal involvement, with no evidence of disease in the imaging test. We continued treatment with similar tolerance to the previous one. Due to the atypical nature of the picture, we requested mutational status. The results were c-kit mutation negative and PDGFR-A exon 18 mutation positive, the mutation being pD842V.
Currently after 54 weeks of imatinib, she persists without evidence of disease.
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Anamnesis
75-year-old man, no known drug allergies, ex-smoker for 7 years with a total accumulated dose of 50 pack-years, with no other toxic habits.
Medical and surgical history
"Subclinical hypothyroidism in the context of surgery and radiotherapy in the cervical area, diagnosed in September 2015. Undergoing substitutive treatment and follow-up by Endocrinology.
"Posterior vitreous effusion of the left eye diagnosed in 2011 as a result of routine ophthalmological control, undergoing laser treatment in 2011.
Socio-functional status
Retired, worked as a builder. Lives with his wife in a flat without architectural barriers. Barthel 100 points.
Usual medication
Lorazepam 0.5 mg at night if required. Paracetamol 1 g every 8 hours if needed for pain. Levothyroxine 100 mcg every 24 hours Monday to Friday 125 mcg every 24 hours Saturday and Sunday.
Oncological history
Diagnosed in November 2011 with high-grade squamous cell carcinoma of the left vocal cord following dysphonia of two months' duration. A lesion was observed in the left vocal cord (CVI) with involvement of the anterior commissure and extension to the right vocal cord (CVD), and laser chordectomy was performed in the external centre. At that time, cT1bN0M0; pT1N0M0.
"First recurrence, local:
- In December 2012, he attended the emergency department for dysphonia, showing paralysis of the IVC and hypomobility of the CVD, and an urgent tracheostomy was performed. Presented to the committee, it was decided to perform intraoperative microlaryngoscopy with perioperative biopsies, which were positive for malignancy, so a total laryngectomy was performed on 11 January 2013. The pathology report highlights the presence of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, infiltrating 3.5 cm in the maximum axis, with invasion of the pyriform sinus, glottis and subglottic extension, as well as thyroid cartilage and extension to pre-tracheal soft tissues. There is perineural and vascular infiltration and the tracheal margin is free. Thus, it presents a local recurrence and is staged as rpT4NxM0.
- Treatment: adjuvant radiotherapy was carried out from 21/2/2013 to 6/5/2013, with a total dose of 66 gray (Gy) in the surgical bed and 50 Gy in the lymph node chains, using intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
"Second recurrence, nodal:
- In January 2014, a control CT scan of the neck showed a poorly demarcated lesion in the right nodal level IV, and a FNA was performed on the lesion, which was positive for malignant cellularity. In March 2014, in this context, a right radical cervical emptying was performed, with positive results in 4 of 6 lymph nodes, extracapsular invasion in 2 nodes and perineural invasion.
- Treatment: concomitant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) 40 mg/m2 weekly and a total dose of 66 Gy by IMRT, from 12/5/2014 to 23/6/2014, well tolerated.
"Third recurrence, unresectable.
- In March 2015, following suppuration in the peritracheostomy area, an ulcerated area was observed in this location, with computed tomography (CT) showing the presence of a left peritracheostomy tumour recurrence, with infiltration of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and contraction with the left thyroid lobe and trachea. The positron emission tomography (PET-CT) extension study was negative. A biopsy was performed showing the presence of poorly differentiated carcinoma.
- Treatment: from 7/4/2015 to 13/7/2015 she underwent 5 cycles of carboplatin-fluorouracil (5-FU)-cetuximab, with the best response being stable disease after 3 cycles.
Current disease
The patient attended the Medical Oncology outpatient clinic in July 2015, and the control CT scan showed the presence of recurrence in the area of the paratracheostomy. The patient presented asymptomatic at the time, denying pain or peritracheostomy suppuration.
A biopsy of the locoregional recurrence was performed for the HAWK study (NCT02207530 durvalumab in PD-L1 positive patients).
Physical examination
"EKG 0. Weight 72 kg.
"Oral cavity: no pathological findings.
"Neck: lesion in peritracheostomy area, with no signs of local infection. No palpable adenopathy in the neck or supraclavicular area.
"Pulmonary physical examination: preserved vesicular murmur, without added noise.
"Cardiovascular examination: rhythmic cardiac tones, without added murmurs.
"Abdomen: soft, no signs of peritoneal irritation.
"Neurological examination: no signs of acute neurological focality.
Complementary tests
Locoregional recurrence biopsy (24/7/2015): by immunohistochemical determination with the qualitative VENTANA PD-L1 test (SP263, a mouse monoclonal antibody against PD-L1), negativity for PDL-1 was demonstrated (uptake < 25 % in the processed sample). Negativity also for p16, determined by immunohistochemistry.
Diagnosis
The patient is diagnosed with unresectable locoregional recurrence of his disease, PD-L1 negative.
Treatment
Given the negativity for PD-L1, the patient is proposed to enter the clinical trial D419300003 (CONDOR). On 27 August 2015, the patient signed the informed consent to enter the study, being randomised to receive durvalumab 20 mg/kg + tremelimumab 1 mg/kg every 4 weeks for 4 cycles, and subsequently durvalumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 12 months. He completed treatment in September 2016.
Evolution
The patient showed rapid clinical benefit in the form of local symptomatic control, reaching radiological partial response (according to RECIST criteria) in March 2016. The patient remained in partial response until the end of treatment in September 2016. After that, the partial response was maintained until the last control in January 2018, where disease progression was observed in the form of mediastinal lymphadenopathies, at which time treatment was restarted within the same clinical trial.
At no time did he present immuno-mediated toxicity.
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48-year-old woman with a personal history of hypertension and dyslipidaemia on treatment with ACE inhibitors and statins. Cesarean section in one pregnancy and bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy.
In 2014 she underwent abdominal surgery for mesenteric thrombosis with subtotal resection of the intestine and the need for an abdominal jejunostomy in the left flank. In this context, she required a long hospital stay of approximately 4 months and was discharged with home parenteral nutrition (TPN) via a Hickman catheter due to short bowel syndrome, while awaiting intestinal transplantation. During this hospitalisation she had several episodes of catheter-related bacteraemia (CRB) with the only microbiological isolation of Candida glabrata, requiring several catheter replacements. In the current episode, two weeks after being discharged from the surgery department, he consulted again for high fever with bacteraemic characteristics, with no other symptoms of note in terms of organs or equipment.
On examination on arrival, he was haemodynamically stable, had a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in the right antecubital fold with no signs of local infection and a Hickman catheter connected to a nutrition bag. The oral mucosa showed whitish plaques suggestive of thrush. There was no neurological focality or signs of meningeal irritation. On cardiopulmonary auscultation there were no audible murmurs and the vesicular murmur was preserved in all fields. The abdomen was not very depressible, the mid-laparotomy scar was in good condition, there was a functioning jejunostomy and there was no evidence of peritonism.
Among the complementary tests on admission, the blood count showed no leukocytosis, with a slight neutrophilic predominance (80%) and CRP of 14.84 mg/L. Renal function, electrolytes and bilirubin were unaltered, although GPT of 182 U/L and LDH of 363 U/L were observed. There were no alterations in basic coagulation. An abdominal ultrasound was performed, which was unremarkable. Initially, blood and urine cultures were taken, empirical antibiotherapy was started with meropenem 1 g/8h and linezolid 600 mg/12h, until isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in all blood cultures obtained by venipuncture and through PICC. Given that initially the catheter had not been removed and the fever persisted, it was decided to remove the PICC line, and to combine treatment with caspofungin at a dose of 70 mg/24h given the isolation of Candida spp. in the previous hospitalisation; although the Hickman catheter was initially maintained against the advice given, given the difficulty of recanalisation of a venous access for TPN. Defervescence was achieved for 4 days with subsequent recurrence of fever.
Differential diagnosis
We found a patient with almost total resection of the intestine, with severe nutrient absorption disorder, requiring complete TPN through a central venous line, as well as PICC for the administration of the remaining medication and with a history of a long hospital stay, complicated by multiple repeated infections of central and peripheral catheters.
Given that the fever persisted despite treatment directed at the microorganism isolated in different cultures and the removal of the PICC, we considered the following differential diagnosis as possible causes of the fever:
Nosocomial origin: Although she did not present micturition symptoms, this was a patient who had had a bladder catheter, so we ruled out urinary tract infection by taking a urine culture, which was negative. She also had no respiratory symptoms, although a chest CT scan was requested, which did not show any infiltrates. On the other hand, the surgical wounds showed no signs of local infection, although the abdominal CT scan ruled out abscesses or complications. Lastly, in her situation and with her previous history of CRB, it seemed likely that we would be in the same situation, especially since they had not been replaced, but only antibiotic therapy had been given.
2. Bacterial endocarditis: There was no known heart disease, but it was important to determine whether it was endocarditis on the native valve, given the persistent bacteraemia, with isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) in repeated blood cultures, which made it unlikely that the cultures had been contaminated. Transesophageal echocardiography ruled it out in principle.
3. Catheter-related fever: When a patient with chronic endovascular devices (Hickman and PICC) develops fever without focus, an infection related to the venous catheter should always be suspected. In addition, our patient had a previous history of CRB secondary to Candida glabrata in the previous admission.
4. Fever associated with autoimmune/systemic diseases. The entire autoimmunity battery was requested to screen for autoimmune/systemic disease (ANA, ENA, AAF and ANCA), all of which were negative.
5. Fever associated with neoplasms. No favourable data were found in the imaging tests requested, although tumour markers, proteinogram and B2-microglobulin in analytical tests were expanded, all without notable alterations.
6. Drug-associated fever. Although unlikely in our case, we had to consider this option in the event that all of the above proved negative. It continues to be a relatively frequent cause of persistent fever without a clear focal point.
Evolution
Having ruled out other causes of fever, with the general analytical tests and autoimmunity, culture results and imaging tests, despite treatment directed against the isolated microorganism and broadening the antibiotic spectrum to cover gram-positive coccobacilli (GPC) and fungi; on the other hand, with PICC withdrawn, the most likely cause of persistent fever appeared to be infection of the Hickman catheter through which NTP was administered. In these circumstances, it was decided to remove the Hickman catheter, and in coordination with Interventional Radiology, it was decided to maintain TPN via PICC. The patient was maintained for 48 hours with antibiotic therapy and without a central catheter.
To avoid new episodes of CRB, and consulting the literature, it was decided to seal the catheter with taurolidine, and the patient's husband was also trained to seal it. She was finally discharged home apyretic, without antibiotherapy and with good tolerance to NTP. She remained stable, without any septic problems, during the study of suitability for intestinal transplant and is awaiting transfer to Madrid for the same.
Final diagnosis
Long-term central venous catheter-related bacteraemia (Hickman type) in a patient with short bowel syndrome dependent on parenteral nutrition.
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",",
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",",
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":",
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"Although",
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",",
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"had",
"a",
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",",
"so",
"we",
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"taking",
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"urine",
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",",
"which",
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".",
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",",
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"scan",
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",",
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"did",
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"infiltrates",
".",
"On",
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",",
"the",
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"no",
"signs",
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",",
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"the",
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"CT",
"scan",
"ruled",
"out",
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"or",
"complications",
".",
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",",
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"with",
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",",
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"same",
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",",
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"(",
"CNS",
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",",
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".",
"Transesophageal",
"echocardiography",
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"it",
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"principle",
".",
"3",
".",
"Catheter-related",
"fever",
":",
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"a",
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"(",
"Hickman",
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"PICC",
")",
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",",
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"addition",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"had",
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"previous",
"history",
"of",
"CRB",
"secondary",
"to",
"Candida",
"glabrata",
"in",
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"admission",
".",
"4",
".",
"Fever",
"associated",
"with",
"autoimmune",
"/",
"systemic",
"diseases",
".",
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"requested",
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"/",
"systemic",
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"(",
"ANA",
",",
"ENA",
",",
"AAF",
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"ANCA",
")",
",",
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"which",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"5",
".",
"Fever",
"associated",
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".",
"No",
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"data",
"were",
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"imaging",
"tests",
"requested",
",",
"although",
"tumour",
"markers",
",",
"proteinogram",
"and",
"B2-microglobulin",
"in",
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"tests",
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"expanded",
",",
"all",
"without",
"notable",
"alterations",
".",
"6",
".",
"Drug-associated",
"fever",
".",
"Although",
"unlikely",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"we",
"had",
"to",
"consider",
"this",
"option",
"in",
"the",
"event",
"that",
"all",
"of",
"the",
"above",
"proved",
"negative",
".",
"It",
"continues",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"relatively",
"frequent",
"cause",
"of",
"persistent",
"fever",
"without",
"a",
"clear",
"focal",
"point",
".",
"Evolution",
"Having",
"ruled",
"out",
"other",
"causes",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"with",
"the",
"general",
"analytical",
"tests",
"and",
"autoimmunity",
",",
"culture",
"results",
"and",
"imaging",
"tests",
",",
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"treatment",
"directed",
"against",
"the",
"isolated",
"microorganism",
"and",
"broadening",
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"antibiotic",
"spectrum",
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"cover",
"gram-positive",
"coccobacilli",
"(",
"GPC",
")",
"and",
"fungi",
";",
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"hand",
",",
"with",
"PICC",
"withdrawn",
",",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"cause",
"of",
"persistent",
"fever",
"appeared",
"to",
"be",
"infection",
"of",
"the",
"Hickman",
"catheter",
"through",
"which",
"NTP",
"was",
"administered",
".",
"In",
"these",
"circumstances",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"remove",
"the",
"Hickman",
"catheter",
",",
"and",
"in",
"coordination",
"with",
"Interventional",
"Radiology",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"maintain",
"TPN",
"via",
"PICC",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"48",
"hours",
"with",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
"and",
"without",
"a",
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"catheter",
".",
"To",
"avoid",
"new",
"episodes",
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"CRB",
",",
"and",
"consulting",
"the",
"literature",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
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"seal",
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"catheter",
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",",
"and",
"the",
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"'",
"s",
"husband",
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"trained",
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"seal",
"it",
".",
"She",
"was",
"finally",
"discharged",
"home",
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",",
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"antibiotherapy",
"and",
"with",
"good",
"tolerance",
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"NTP",
".",
"She",
"remained",
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",",
"without",
"any",
"septic",
"problems",
",",
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"the",
"study",
"of",
"suitability",
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"transplant",
"and",
"is",
"awaiting",
"transfer",
"to",
"Madrid",
"for",
"the",
"same",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Long-term",
"central",
"venous",
"catheter-related",
"bacteraemia",
"(",
"Hickman",
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")",
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{
"text": "woman",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 12,
"end": 17
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{
"text": "personal",
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"start": 25,
"end": 33
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{
"text": "Candida glabrata",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 725,
"end": 741
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{
"text": "microbiological isolation",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 696,
"end": 721
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A 72-year-old man with no relevant past history presented with sudden left hemiparesis, altered mental status and refractory status epilepticus. In retrospect, the patient's family reported mild respiratory symptoms since a few days before.
Nasopharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and negative for influenza A and B viruses and adenovirus. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed an increased erythrocyte count (500/mm3) due to traumatic lumbar puncture and apleocytosis (30 leukocytes/mm3). RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus as well as bacterial cultures were negative in CSF.
A non-contrast CT scan showed intense right hemispheric hypodensity with some hyperdense areas, involving the thalamus, basal ganglia, internal capsule and splenium of the corpus callosum, as well as the deep white matter. A slight hypodensity was also seen in the left thalamus. These alterations caused a moderate mass effect in the medial structures. Among the scattered areas of parenchymal haemorrhage, spontaneous hyperdensity was detected in the deep cerebral veins and in the cerebral magna vein. A CT phlebogram showed no opacification of these veins, confirming the diagnosis of acute cerebral deep vein thrombosis complicated by a haemorrhagic venous infarction.
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HISTORY, CURRENT DISEASE AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Objective: the interpretation of the ECG and the clinical context is key to the diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
A 31-year-old primigravid 33-week-old woman was transferred to the Cardiology Department of the Hospital Central de Asturias due to dizziness, palpitations and electrocardiographic alterations.
AP: Allergy to diclofenac and naproxen. She works in a supermarket.
Cardiovascular risk factors
No toxic habits.
No hypertension, mixed dyslipidaemia (currently discharged by endocrinologist, treated with simvastatin and fenofibrate, no follow-up).
Gestational diabetes treated with insulin Lispro 25/75: 12 units in the morning, 10 units at night.
No previous cardiological history.
Hepatic steatosis. Herniated disc.
Breast reduction surgery.
Present illness
The patient attended her referral hospital with dizziness of 24 hours' duration related to standing upright. The symptoms improve with decubitus. No chest pain or dyspnoea. Occasional episodes of palpitations. The patient reported catarrhal symptoms a few days earlier. ECG was performed and described as wide QRS tachycardia at 180 bpm. Vagal manoeuvres were performed but were ineffective and 6 and 12 mg of adenosine were prescribed with no response, so he was referred to our centre. We do not have the patient's baseline ECG. On arrival at our centre the patient was asymptomatic and haemodynamically stable.
Physical examination
BP: 110/75 mmHg.
HR: 188 bpm.
O2 Sat: 98% without oxygen therapy. Conscious, oriented, cooperative. Not hydrated and normal colour.
AP: preserved vesicular murmur with no other superimposed noises.
AC: rhythmic heart sounds with mitral SS III/IV with normal S2.
Abdomen: 33 weeks pregnant. Scar on the breasts.
MMII: no oedema, no signs of DVT.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Blood count: Hb 12.5g/dl, MCV 82.6 fL, leukocytes12500 uL (normal formula), platelets 239000 uL. Biochemistry: glucose 125mg/dl, urea 17 mg/dl, creatinine 0.61 mg/dl, sodium 135 mg/dl, CK 56 U/L, troponin T 33 ng/L. Coagulation: PT 87%, INR 1.09, fibrinogen 686, D-dimer 1187 ng/ml. ECG Transthoracic echocardiography: study performed at 160 bpm. Non-dilated LV, non-hypertrophic, hypercontractile, without alterations of regional contractility. Preserved LVEF, no dilatation of the right chambers. Moderate mitral insufficiency.
EVOLUTION
Admission to the Advanced Cardiac Care Unit for monitoring and treatment. Vagal manoeuvres and adenosine 6 and 12 mg were repeated, both without success. IV atenolol 4mg was prescribed, with no response, so electrical cardioversion (ECV) was decided. The case was discussed with the Gynaecology and Anaesthesiology departments and two ECV (100 and 200J) were performed under maternal sedation with propofol and foetal monitoring, both of which were unsuccessful. No foetal distress was observed at any time. The patient remained asymptomatic at all times and haemodynamically stable. Monitoring showed persistent wide QRS tachycardia (same morphology as on the arrival ECG) at similar frequencies (170-190 bpm). Given the persistence of the arrhythmia, it was decided to start treatment with an infusion of beta-blockers (labetalol at 20 ml/h) and an ampoule of 0.5 mg of intravenous digoxin. The tachycardia rate was initially reduced to around 150 bpm, with progressively more frequent presence of sinus beats interspersed with the arrhythmia, followed by trigeminy (visualisation on telemetry recording). A few hours later, sinus rhythm was observed, but isolated ventricular extrasystoles persisted. 12 hours after the start of perfusion, after several hours in stable sinus rhythm, beta-blocker perfusion was discontinued and the patient's ECG was as shown in figure 2. The patient reported only symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux, for which oral ranitindin was prescribed if necessary. After a further 8 hours of monitoring with persistent sinus rhythm, she was transferred to the Cardiology ward and the TTE was repeated.
The patient remained hospitalised for a further 48 hours and after finding that there were no gynaecological complications and that she remained asymptomatic with an ECG recording in sinus rhythm without alterations, discharge was decided with prophylactic treatment with metropolol pending outpatient consultation with the Arrhythmia section of our centre. The gynaecology department did not find any complications related to the pregnancy, so it was decided to monitor her as planned on an outpatient basis.
DIAGNOSIS
This must be resolved by the contestant by means of the interpretation of the ECG.
| [
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History, current disease and physical examination
A 25-year-old man attended a cardiology clinic after an episode of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response while exercising on the beach and was treated by pharmacological cardioversion with amiodarone in the emergency department. The patient had been experiencing episodes of palpitations related to intense exertion for a year. He had no functional class deterioration or other cardiovascular symptoms.
Personal history:
In preparation for competitive firefighter training.
Labelled episodes of anxiety with chest pain, sensation of dyspnoea and acute elevation of blood pressure.
No other cardiovascular risk factors or drug use.
Mallory Weiss syndrome. ʟʟ No regular medication.
Family history: one brother had died of transposition of great vessels and ventricular septal defect, another brother had died in utero due to interruption of the aortic arch and he had a cousin with pre-excitation syndrome.
Physical examination: conscious, oriented, normal colour, eupneic. Normal phenotype. Blood pressure 218/110 mmHg in right upper limb, 169/86 mmHg in left upper limb. Peripheral pulses present. Pulmonary auscultation with preserved vesicular murmur, cardiac auscultation: ejective proto-mesosystolic murmur in aortic focus and left parasternal border grade II over LV also audible in interscapular focus. Abdomen and lower limbs without findings.
Complementary tests
Electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm with normal cardiac axis. Presence of incomplete right bundle branch block and signs suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Chest X-ray: no cardiomegaly, absence of pleural effusion or pulmonary infiltrates. Rib indentations are seen.
Transthoracic echocardiogram: mild septal hypertrophy, mild mitral anterolateral leaflet prolapse with trivial mitral insufficiency. In the suprasternal window, a flow acceleration and gradient of 86.6 mmHg in the descending thoracic aorta below the left subclavian outflow was noted. The rest of the study including left atrial dimensions and left ventricular diastolic function was normal.
Thoracic-abdominal CT angiography: presence of aortic coarctation distal to the ostium of the left subclavian artery with a reduction of the aortic lumen to 0.6 cm in diameter, with hypertrophy of the left intercostal arteries distal to the coarctation, the left subclavian artery and the left mammary artery.
Nuclear magnetic resonance angiography: saccular aneurysm adjacent to the bifurcation of the right middle cerebral artery.
Normal karyotype, absence of 22q11.2 selection.
Clinical course
Given the findings compatible with coarctation of the descending aorta and the diagnosis of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, the patient was admitted to the cardiology ward to complete the study and decide on the therapeutic approach. Thoracic-abdominal CT angiography was performed, which confirmed coarctation distal to the ostium of the left subclavian artery. Given the association of this aortic pathology with cerebrovascular malformations, it was decided to perform a cerebral magnetic resonance angiography, which revealed an aneurysm in the middle cerebral artery. In addition, given the family history, karyotyping was performed and a FISH hybridisation study of one of the deletions associated with this type of pathology was carried out, both tests being normal. With the diagnoses described, the case was presented at the clinical session, and the decision was made to first operate on the cerebral aneurysm and then to surgically correct the coarctation of the aorta. The patient underwent successful surgery and is currently asymptomatic.
Diagnosis
Main
Coarctation of aorta in descending thoracic AO
Intracranial aneurysm in middle cerebral artery
Secondary
Paroxysmal AF, mild MI with MVP
Arterial hypertension in clinical context
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Clinical data: A 2-year-old preschooler who was previously asymptomatic and began to present with sudden headache and vomiting. No diarrhoea or fever. He was treated with augmentin 6 days ago for otitis media. Cerebral venous thrombosis is suspected. Description of findings: Cerebral computed tomography (CT) with contrast is performed where venous thrombosis is ruled out, where venous thrombosis is ruled out and left temporo-parietal cortico-subcortical hypodensity is observed, predominantly medial temporal. Findings suggestive of viral encephalitis. Lumbar puncture was positive for adenovirus.
Diagnosis: Adenovirus encephalitis.
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Anamnesis
Initially, the patient tolerated the treatment well. After three weeks, she began to experience general malaise, pain in the perianal area, nausea and decreased appetite, so symptomatic treatment and food supplements were started. Despite these measures, the patient presented progressive weight loss, as well as vomiting, oral intolerance and abundant yellowish liquid stools, so she was hospitalised with parenteral nutrition, water and electrolyte supplementation and discontinuation of capecitabine (although she did complete treatment with RT up to 50.4 Gy). The patient evolved favourably, remaining for a total of 15 days, with improvement of the enteritis, and reintroducing the oral diet with good tolerance.
Unfortunately, the patient was readmitted two days later, reporting intense anorexia, with hardly any food or liquid intake, asthenia, a feeling of dystrophy, cough with some phlegm without clear pain or dyspnoea.
Physical examination
Poor general condition. Orientation in the three spheres. Tendency to sleep. Blood pressure 90/58 mm Hg. Heart rate 117 bpm. Respiratory rate: 15 rpm. SatO2: 89 % on room air. Afebrile.
Auscultation: tachycardic, with hypoventilation in the right base, with scattered rhonchi. Abdomen not painful, with noises of progression. Oedema in the lower extremities up to the knees.
Desquamation of skin on palms and soles.
Complementary tests
Initially, the following tests are performed
"Blood count and biochemistry: haemoglobin (Hb) 10.4 g/dl, leukocytes 6. 400 cells/mm3, lymphocytes 200 cells/mm3, creatinine 0.48, sodium 128 mmol/l, potassium 2.9 mmol/l, chlorine 91 mmol/l, calcium 6 mg/dl, albumin 1.5 g/dl (VN 3.5-5.2), protein 4 g/dl (VN 6.4-8.3), protein-corrected calcium 7.5 mg/dl, procalcitonin (PCT) 6 ng/ml, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 320 mg/l, lactate 39.3 mg/dl.
"Chest X-ray: condensation was observed in the right base to midfield.
Antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin and aztreonam, fluid therapy, and nasogastric tube nutrition was started. Over the next few days, the patient became very asthenic and generally unwell, with persistent diarrhoeal stools (grade IV) and oedema progressing up to the upper limbs. Linezolid was added to the treatment and a chest computed tomography (CT) scan was performed:
"Chest CT scan: findings compatible with necrotising pneumonia in the right lower lobe, bilateral effusion predominantly right, with several bilateral pulmonary atelectasis.
With this, clindamycin is added to the treatment, and diagnostic thoracentesis is performed, which is sent to microbiology:
"Pleural fluid: culture negative. Gram stain: moderate number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
The patient continues to present poor general condition, with asthenia, episodes of dyspnoea and marked distress. She had abundant diarrhoeic stools, which worsened her fragility, erythema and palmo-plantar desquamation (grade IV), cheilitis, stomatitis (grade IV), and oedema evolved into anasarca. Other complementary tests are performed:
"Clostridium difficile toxin and virus nucleic acid detection in stool: negative.
"Chest X-ray: worsening of the pneumonia, with increased bilateral pleural effusion.
"Haemogram and biochemistry: Hb 10.1 g/dl, leukocytes 8,000 cells/mm3 , albumin 1.4 g/dl, protein 3.9 g/dl, CRP 124 mg/l.
After two weeks, the patient expressed a desire to rest, she did not want any more suffering or active treatment. A morphine infusion was started for symptomatic control of dyspnoea and costal pain secondary to pneumonia, which left the patient calm and pain-free. Levofloxacin and aztreonam were maintained.
Unexpectedly, she showed clinical improvement two days later; somewhat more lively, with a good night's rest, and no bowel movements in the last 24 hours. She persists with anasarca, and continues with occasional dyspnoea, glossitis, mucositis of the hard palate, and cheilitis. In this situation, the plan was reconsidered, and parenteral nutrition was restarted.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency was suspected and a genetic study was requested. Chest CT scan was repeated:
"Chest CT scan: increased pleural effusion, with greater atelectasis component in right middle and upper lobes, with persistence of findings compatible with necrotising pneumonia.
A chest drainage tube was placed, with 470 ml of pleural fluid with a haematic appearance and biochemical characteristics of transudate, which was removed after three days due to cessation of leakage.
As the days went by, the patient showed progressive clinical improvement, with a decrease in dyspnoea and oedema in the extremities. New analytical control tests and genetic results:
"Haemogram and biochemistry: Hb 8 g/dl, leukocytes 12,300 cells/mm3, lymphocytes 1,100 cells/mm3, Proteins 5.1 g/dl, CRP 97.8 mg/l.
"Determination of DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase) polymorphisms: there is a mutation by substitution of a guanine nucleotide for an adenine nucleotide in the first nucleotide of intron 14 of the DPD gene, which is associated with increased toxicity to fluoropyrimidines.
Diagnosis
This is therefore a patient with several simultaneous and interrelated pathologies. Given her T3c cN1 cM0 stenosing adenocarcinoma of the middle rectum, neoadjuvant treatment with RT and capecitabine was started. She developed severe capecitabine toxicity secondary to a mutation in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene. In this context, he developed severe malnutrition, which aggravated his infectious complication: nosocomial necrotising pneumonia.
Treatment
On the second admission, the malnutrition was initially treated with a nasogastric tube, but was later replaced by parenteral nutrition, with improvement. In turn, fluid therapy was administered to correct electrolyte disturbances and antibiotherapy for pneumonia, receiving levofloxacin and aztreonam (a total of 28 days), linezolid (7 days) and clindamycin (6 days). A pleural drainage tube was also placed with an output of 470 ml of pleural fluid.
Evolution
Despite the patient's fragility, and further manoeuvres having been ruled out, the clinical course took an unexpected turn towards a slow and progressive recovery.
After four weeks of admission, nutritional parameters improved to albumin 3.2 g/dl and protein 6.6 g/dl, oedema, oropharyngeal lesions and diarrhoea decreased, pulmonary auscultation improved, and the sensation of dyspnoea disappeared. She was started on an oral diet, which was well tolerated, and parenteral nutrition was withdrawn after the fifth week of admission.
In view of this improvement, the patient was transferred to a long-stay hospital for convalescence and rehabilitation, where she remained for three weeks, with good functional recovery, and then continued with her surgery.
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",",
"protein",
"4",
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"/",
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"(",
"VN",
"6",
".",
"4-8",
".",
"3",
")",
",",
"protein-corrected",
"calcium",
"7",
".",
"5",
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"/",
"dl",
",",
"procalcitonin",
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"PCT",
")",
"6",
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"/",
"ml",
",",
"C-reactive",
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"(",
"CRP",
")",
">",
"320",
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"/",
"l",
",",
"lactate",
"39",
".",
"3",
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"/",
"dl",
".",
"\"",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
":",
"condensation",
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"observed",
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"the",
"right",
"base",
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"midfield",
".",
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"with",
"levofloxacin",
"and",
"aztreonam",
",",
"fluid",
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",",
"and",
"nasogastric",
"tube",
"nutrition",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Over",
"the",
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"few",
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",",
"the",
"patient",
"became",
"very",
"asthenic",
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"generally",
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",",
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"diarrhoeal",
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"(",
"grade",
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")",
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"oedema",
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".",
"Linezolid",
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"a",
"chest",
"computed",
"tomography",
"(",
"CT",
")",
"scan",
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"performed",
":",
"\"",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
":",
"findings",
"compatible",
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"necrotising",
"pneumonia",
"in",
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"right",
"lower",
"lobe",
",",
"bilateral",
"effusion",
"predominantly",
"right",
",",
"with",
"several",
"bilateral",
"pulmonary",
"atelectasis",
".",
"With",
"this",
",",
"clindamycin",
"is",
"added",
"to",
"the",
"treatment",
",",
"and",
"diagnostic",
"thoracentesis",
"is",
"performed",
",",
"which",
"is",
"sent",
"to",
"microbiology",
":",
"\"",
"Pleural",
"fluid",
":",
"culture",
"negative",
".",
"Gram",
"stain",
":",
"moderate",
"number",
"of",
"polymorphonuclear",
"leukocytes",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"continues",
"to",
"present",
"poor",
"general",
"condition",
",",
"with",
"asthenia",
",",
"episodes",
"of",
"dyspnoea",
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"marked",
"distress",
".",
"She",
"had",
"abundant",
"diarrhoeic",
"stools",
",",
"which",
"worsened",
"her",
"fragility",
",",
"erythema",
"and",
"palmo-plantar",
"desquamation",
"(",
"grade",
"IV",
")",
",",
"cheilitis",
",",
"stomatitis",
"(",
"grade",
"IV",
")",
",",
"and",
"oedema",
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"anasarca",
".",
"Other",
"complementary",
"tests",
"are",
"performed",
":",
"\"",
"Clostridium",
"difficile",
"toxin",
"and",
"virus",
"nucleic",
"acid",
"detection",
"in",
"stool",
":",
"negative",
".",
"\"",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
":",
"worsening",
"of",
"the",
"pneumonia",
",",
"with",
"increased",
"bilateral",
"pleural",
"effusion",
".",
"\"",
"Haemogram",
"and",
"biochemistry",
":",
"Hb",
"10",
".",
"1",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"leukocytes",
"8",
",",
"000",
"cells",
"/",
"mm3",
",",
"albumin",
"1",
".",
"4",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"protein",
"3",
".",
"9",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"CRP",
"124",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"After",
"two",
"weeks",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"expressed",
"a",
"desire",
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"rest",
",",
"she",
"did",
"not",
"want",
"any",
"more",
"suffering",
"or",
"active",
"treatment",
".",
"A",
"morphine",
"infusion",
"was",
"started",
"for",
"symptomatic",
"control",
"of",
"dyspnoea",
"and",
"costal",
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",",
"which",
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"patient",
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"and",
"pain-free",
".",
"Levofloxacin",
"and",
"aztreonam",
"were",
"maintained",
".",
"Unexpectedly",
",",
"she",
"showed",
"clinical",
"improvement",
"two",
"days",
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";",
"somewhat",
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",",
"with",
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"'",
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"rest",
",",
"and",
"no",
"bowel",
"movements",
"in",
"the",
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"24",
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".",
"She",
"persists",
"with",
"anasarca",
",",
"and",
"continues",
"with",
"occasional",
"dyspnoea",
",",
"glossitis",
",",
"mucositis",
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"the",
"hard",
"palate",
",",
"and",
"cheilitis",
".",
"In",
"this",
"situation",
",",
"the",
"plan",
"was",
"reconsidered",
",",
"and",
"parenteral",
"nutrition",
"was",
"restarted",
".",
"Dihydropyrimidine",
"dehydrogenase",
"(",
"DPD",
")",
"deficiency",
"was",
"suspected",
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"a",
"genetic",
"study",
"was",
"requested",
".",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
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":",
"\"",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
":",
"increased",
"pleural",
"effusion",
",",
"with",
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"atelectasis",
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"right",
"middle",
"and",
"upper",
"lobes",
",",
"with",
"persistence",
"of",
"findings",
"compatible",
"with",
"necrotising",
"pneumonia",
".",
"A",
"chest",
"drainage",
"tube",
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"placed",
",",
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"470",
"ml",
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"pleural",
"fluid",
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"a",
"haematic",
"appearance",
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"biochemical",
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"transudate",
",",
"which",
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"after",
"three",
"days",
"due",
"to",
"cessation",
"of",
"leakage",
".",
"As",
"the",
"days",
"went",
"by",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"showed",
"progressive",
"clinical",
"improvement",
",",
"with",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"dyspnoea",
"and",
"oedema",
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"extremities",
".",
"New",
"analytical",
"control",
"tests",
"and",
"genetic",
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":",
"\"",
"Haemogram",
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"biochemistry",
":",
"Hb",
"8",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"leukocytes",
"12",
",",
"300",
"cells",
"/",
"mm3",
",",
"lymphocytes",
"1",
",",
"100",
"cells",
"/",
"mm3",
",",
"Proteins",
"5",
".",
"1",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"CRP",
"97",
".",
"8",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"\"",
"Determination",
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"DPD",
"(",
"dihydropyrimidine",
"dehydrogenase",
")",
"polymorphisms",
":",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"mutation",
"by",
"substitution",
"of",
"a",
"guanine",
"nucleotide",
"for",
"an",
"adenine",
"nucleotide",
"in",
"the",
"first",
"nucleotide",
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"intron",
"14",
"of",
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"DPD",
"gene",
",",
"which",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"increased",
"toxicity",
"to",
"fluoropyrimidines",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"This",
"is",
"therefore",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"several",
"simultaneous",
"and",
"interrelated",
"pathologies",
".",
"Given",
"her",
"T3c",
"cN1",
"cM0",
"stenosing",
"adenocarcinoma",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"rectum",
",",
"neoadjuvant",
"treatment",
"with",
"RT",
"and",
"capecitabine",
"was",
"started",
".",
"She",
"developed",
"severe",
"capecitabine",
"toxicity",
"secondary",
"to",
"a",
"mutation",
"in",
"the",
"dihydropyrimidine",
"dehydrogenase",
"gene",
".",
"In",
"this",
"context",
",",
"he",
"developed",
"severe",
"malnutrition",
",",
"which",
"aggravated",
"his",
"infectious",
"complication",
":",
"nosocomial",
"necrotising",
"pneumonia",
".",
"Treatment",
"On",
"the",
"second",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"malnutrition",
"was",
"initially",
"treated",
"with",
"a",
"nasogastric",
"tube",
",",
"but",
"was",
"later",
"replaced",
"by",
"parenteral",
"nutrition",
",",
"with",
"improvement",
".",
"In",
"turn",
",",
"fluid",
"therapy",
"was",
"administered",
"to",
"correct",
"electrolyte",
"disturbances",
"and",
"antibiotherapy",
"for",
"pneumonia",
",",
"receiving",
"levofloxacin",
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"aztreonam",
"(",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"28",
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")",
",",
"linezolid",
"(",
"7",
"days",
")",
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"clindamycin",
"(",
"6",
"days",
")",
".",
"A",
"pleural",
"drainage",
"tube",
"was",
"also",
"placed",
"with",
"an",
"output",
"of",
"470",
"ml",
"of",
"pleural",
"fluid",
".",
"Evolution",
"Despite",
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"patient",
"'",
"s",
"fragility",
",",
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"further",
"manoeuvres",
"having",
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"ruled",
"out",
",",
"the",
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"took",
"an",
"unexpected",
"turn",
"towards",
"a",
"slow",
"and",
"progressive",
"recovery",
".",
"After",
"four",
"weeks",
"of",
"admission",
",",
"nutritional",
"parameters",
"improved",
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"albumin",
"3",
".",
"2",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
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"protein",
"6",
".",
"6",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"oedema",
",",
"oropharyngeal",
"lesions",
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"diarrhoea",
"decreased",
",",
"pulmonary",
"auscultation",
"improved",
",",
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"the",
"sensation",
"of",
"dyspnoea",
"disappeared",
".",
"She",
"was",
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"on",
"an",
"oral",
"diet",
",",
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"was",
"well",
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",",
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"nutrition",
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"withdrawn",
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"fifth",
"week",
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"admission",
".",
"In",
"view",
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"this",
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",",
"the",
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"a",
"long-stay",
"hospital",
"for",
"convalescence",
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"rehabilitation",
",",
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"she",
"remained",
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"three",
"weeks",
",",
"with",
"good",
"functional",
"recovery",
",",
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"continued",
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"her",
"surgery",
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A 39-year-old patient with no medical history presented with chest pain and dyspnoea of two days' duration. He had no fever or cough. The ECG performed in the emergency department showed diffuse ST-segment elevation, associated with decreased PQ. Initial laboratory findings were: C-reactive protein 22 mg/L, leukocytes 13.7×109/L, troponin 15.4 μg/L (N < 0.05 μg/L), arterial lactate 6 mmol/L, sodium 26 mmol/L, potassium 5.6 mmol/L. Chest CT showed pleural and epicardial effusion and atelectasis, but no acute lung injury typical of SARS-CoV-2. As his wife had been diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, an RT-PCR test was performed, which was positive. An echocardiogram confirmed a moderate perimetral pericardial effusion, without signs of tamponade. On day 5, a cardiac MRI was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of myopericarditis with subepicardial late gadolinium enhancement and myocardial T2 hyperintensity in the inferolateral basal segment.
The patient was treated with colchicine, 1 mg per day. The patient presented evidence of mild heart failure, with dyspnoea, pleural effusion and high N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (4473 pg/mL), controlled with low dose diuretics for 4 days. Hyperkalaemia was controlled with insulin, but hyponatraemia continued despite a fluid-restricted diet. Adrenal insufficiency was ruled out. Respiratory status was stable, never exceeding 1 L/min of oxygen. Pleural fluid was an exudate with 28 g/L protein and 376 IU/L LDH. The maximum troponin value was 25 μg/L (N < 0.05 μg/L) and C-reactive protein was 141 mg/L. One episode of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was successfully treated with amiodarone without recurrence. The pericardial effusion disappeared completely on day 5 of colchicine treatment.
A second complication was rhabdomyolysis, associated with severe myalgias in the feet and legs, with a peak creatine kinase value of 17,070 IU/L (day 5) leading to mild acute renal failure (creatinine 113 μmol/L on day 6). Immunological tests (specific myositis and associated antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, anti-cyclic peptide antibodies, citrullinated neutrophil anti-cytoplasmic antibodies, CH50, C3-C4) were all negative.
The third complication was severe acute liver injury, with ASAT 556 IU/L (15× upper normal value), ALAT 557 IU/L (8×), cholestasis and elevated total bilirubin (36 μmol/L), but normal prothrombin time ratio (96%). Serological tests for viral hepatitis were negative.
The patient was discharged on day 10, with decreased ASAT (416 IU/L, 11× normal value), still rising ALAT (557 IU/L, 8× normal value), normalised bilirubin (11 μmol/L), resolving rhabdomyolysis (myalgia overcome, CPK 2093 IU/L), decreased C-reactive protein (20 mg/L) and troponin (3.2 μg/L), resolved acute renal failure (creatinine 72 μmol/L) and disappearance of heart failure symptoms (no dyspnoea, NT-proBNP 804 pg/mL on day 8).
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The clinical case is presented of a medical specialist in microbiology, with many years of experience, who accidentally inoculated himself, when performing the antibiogram by the BACTEC MGIT 960 method, with a pure strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, isolated from a sputum sample from an ambulant patient of Spanish origin; he pricked himself on the external lateral side of the distal phalanx of the index finger, piercing the glove with the contaminated needle.
At the time of inoculation, he immediately treated the wound (washing with soap and water), and later reported it to the Occupational Risk Prevention Service (SPRL), where the inoculation was recorded as an occupational accident.
At the SPRL, the medical-work history of the injured worker was reviewed and it was noted that she had a positive Mantoux test; analyses and serologies were requested for HCV, HIV and quantified post-vaccination antibodies for hepatitis B; the worker was also informed that if any signs or symptoms compatible with tuberculosis or with problems at the site of inoculation, she should consult the SPRL.
Three weeks later, an erythematous papule appeared at the site of inoculation, which was slightly painful on pressure and grew to a size of 1.5-2 cm, without axillary lymphadenopathy or general symptoms. (Image 3)
Image 3. Biopsy of the lesion
When the worker observed that the lesion did not improve, she made an informal consultation with the Plastic Surgery Department, which requested a biopsy and excision of the lesion. The anatomical and pathological findings were granulomatous dermatitis with occasional necrosis, highly suggestive of tuberculous dermatitis. (Image 4)
Pathological anatomy: granulomatous dermatitis, suggestive of tuberculous dermatitis.
In the microbiological study, dubious acid fast bacilli were observed, and when cultured in BACTEC MGIT 960, the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed. Subsequently, both isolates (from the source and from the injured worker) were studied by MIRU (Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units), confirming the identity of both strains. (Image 5)
Image 5. Microbiological study
The diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis was confirmed and the worker was referred to the Internal Medicine Department, where, after being assessed, she began anti-tuberculosis treatment with rifampicin 600 mg, 250 mg of isoniazid and 1500 mg of pyrazinamide on an empty stomach for two months, continuing for a further four months with rifampicin 600 mg and isoniazid 300 mg per day. This service also monitored the patient with monthly analyses in which no alterations were detected, good tolerance to the medication was observed, and she was discharged 7 months after starting treatment.
The SPRL reports the occupational disease in accordance with RD 1299/2006, of 10 November, which approves the list of occupational diseases in the Social Security system and establishes criteria for their notification and registration.
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A 51-year-old Italian man with a history of hypertension presented to the emergency department with a dry cough, fatigue, dyspnoea and fever. He denied having travelled and had no chills, sweating, chest pain or changes in his frequency of urination and defecation. He reported several episodes of epigastric pain and nausea that had partially improved with omeprazole two days prior to hospitalisation. On admission to the ED, physical examination revealed a temperature of 39.6°C, respiratory rate of 26 r.p.m., blood pressure of 141/89 mmHg, pulse of 97 bpm and oxygen saturation of 91% (> 95%) on room air. Arterial blood gases indicated a pH of 7.44 (7.36-7.44), oxygen partial pressure of 79 mmHg (75-100 mmHg) and carbon dioxide partial pressure of 39 mmHg (35-45 mmHg). Chest auscultation revealed wheezing and rhonchi. Agonal breathing and a symmetrical decrease in thoracic expansion were also noted.
Complete blood count was normal except for lymphocytopenia (929 lymphocytes/microlitre). As pneumonia was suspected, oxygen therapy, continuous electronic monitoring of vital signs and administration of i.v. infused acetaminophen, ceftriaxone and vancomycin were started. A nasopharyngeal swab was obtained for testing for SARS-associated coronavirus by RT-PCR; the result was positive. In coordination with the emergency services, the hospital management and staff decided to discontinue the patient's antibiotic treatment. The patient was then transferred to an isolation unit for clinical observation.
On the first night of admission, the patient's condition continued to deteriorate and further evaluation was performed. Physical examination showed a respiratory rate of 29 r.p.m., blood pressure 134/87 mmHg, pulse 120 l.p.m. and oxygen saturation 84%. Continuous positive mechanical ventilation was applied and the antiviral drug remdesivir was administered to improve oxygen saturation and halt disease progression.
On the second day of hospitalisation, the patient remained febrile (temperature 39.1°C) and hypoxaemic (oxygen saturation 81%) and required mechanical ventilation. A posteroanterior chest X-ray showed bilateral and peripheral ground-glass and consolidative opacities. These radiological findings explained the progressive deterioration of the patient's respiratory status and led to a diagnosis of ARDS. Otherwise, electrocardiographic, troponin and creatine kinase tests were normal.
The following day, the patient's condition continued to worsen and no improvement was observed. On examination, he appeared ill; his vital signs were: temperature 37.8°C, pressure 138/93 mmHg, pulse 93 bpm and oxygen saturation 83% on ventilator. According to existing guidelines, additional therapy was started. The patient's medication was recovered and hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were added. On the following day, no significant improvement was noted.
On the fifth day of admission, a thorough physical examination showed normal vital signs, except for an oxygen saturation of 87% and a respiratory rate of 26 bpm. Of note, continuous electronic monitoring revealed extensive and diffuse ST-segment elevation, prompting the medical team to schedule an electrocardiogram, coronary angiography and echocardiogram. Coronary angiography confirmed a normal blood supply to the heart, with no signs of arterial blockages. However, the electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST-segment elevation, while the transthoracic echocardiogram indicated cardiomegaly with a clear decrease in ventricular systolic activity and an ejection fraction of 20%. High values of troponin (0.29 ng/mL), creatine kinase (20.1 ng/mL) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (BNP; 1,287 pg/mL) were also detected. These results indicated acute myopericarditis, so inotropic support (dobutamine) was started.
On days 6 and 7 of hospitalisation, the patient's vital signs showed clear improvement. Physical examination showed oedema with bilateral pitting of the lower extremities, blood pressure 130/83 mmHg, pulse 88 l.p.m. and oxygen saturation 89%. The patient continued with continuous mechanical ventilation and the usual medication. In addition, a course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, indomethacin, 50 mg three times a day) was started on the seventh day of hospitalisation to treat acute myopericarditis.
Overall, the patient's medical condition worsened over the following days, indicating a clear lack of response to ongoing therapy. His ECG continued to show diffuse ST-segment elevation and pericardial friction rub was audible on cardiac auscultation. Analytical tests for cardiac biomarkers revealed increased troponin (18 ng/mL) and creatine kinase (14.7 ng/mL), indicating myocardial injury and recurrent myopericarditis. Accordingly, methylprednisolone and colchicine were added to the ongoing medication plan. A new echocardiogram revealed a clearly decreased ejection fraction (23%) but no evidence of cardiac tamponade. A chest X-ray suggested a worsening of the underlying ARDS, with bilateral pleural effusion. The patient continued to be treated with an aggressive regimen of rehydration, dobutamine, NSAIDs, antibiotics and antivirals.
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"/",
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",",
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"/",
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"l",
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"89",
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"/",
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"7",
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"/",
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")",
",",
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",",
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",",
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Male, 62 years old. No known drug allergies. Smoker with clinical criteria of chronic bronchitis. Cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus on treatment with oral antidiabetics and dyslipidaemia. He underwent surgery in 2009 in another centre for an abdominal aortic aneurysm with resection of the aneurysmal sac and implantation of a Dacron aorto-bifemoral prosthesis. Subsequently, in 2012, a control computed tomography (CT) scan showed another right iliac aneurysm with retrograde filling, so he was operated again and ligation of the right external iliac artery was performed, without taking samples in the surgical process. Once in our city, in October 2013, the patient came to the vascular surgery department for pain in the right pelvic area, where an indurated, non-rolling area of about 5-6 cms was palpated.
The patient reported no fever, although he did have a non-thermometric dysthermic sensation. There were no other pathological findings in the rest of the examination. Analytically, there was no leukocytosis or neutrophilia (leukocytes 10180 /mm3, polymorphonuclear 57.8 %), with a C-reactive protein (CRP) of 35.2 mg/l and liver, renal and ion function without alterations. Chest X-ray was normal and angioCT showed a thrombosed right internal iliac aneurysm 6 cm in diameter with abscessed collection in the adjacent psoas muscle, as well as crescent-shaped collections in the ipsilateral branch of the aorto-bifemoral bypass, 6 mm in diameter, with a properly functioning bypass with retrograde filling of both external iliac arteries. The patient was admitted with a clinical diagnosis of right iliac psoas abscess and suspicion of infection of the vascular prosthesis (right branch). Additional tests were requested to study the condition.
Differential diagnosis
Infections of vascular prostheses are an important complication after repair of aortic aneurysms. They have a low incidence, ranging between 0.4 and 3%, which has been greatly reduced with the development of percutaneous techniques for their placement, but persist with a high morbidity and mortality rate (mortality rate of between 25-30%, as well as a high percentage of limb loss). They present with a very varied and non-specific clinical picture, which may include fever with shivering and general malaise, digestive bleeding (in the case of aorto-enteric fistulas) and local pain or suppuration in more superficial sections (aorto-femoral). Earlier cases (post-implantation) are often suspected, but in later infections, the clinical manifestations are usually more mild, with fever being absent in up to 30% of cases.
Depending on the site and time of infection, different micro-organisms should be taken into account. In early pelvic infections, the most frequently isolated microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus, whereas in abdominal infections, enterobacteria or Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominate, especially if there are digestive complications (intestinal haemorrhage, fistula, etc.). In contrast, in late infections, coagulase-negative staphylococci such as Staphylococcus epidermidis become more important and it should be noted that up to 30% of infections may be polymicrobial2. Blood cultures have a very low positivity rate (20-25%) and diagnosis is based on analytical determinations (elevated acute phase reactants), cultures of infected material and imaging techniques such as CT and more modern PET-CT or SPECT-CT1. If the infection is certain and cultures are repeatedly negative, infection by micro-organisms that cannot be cultured on synthetic media, such as Coxiella burnetti, for which specific serological tests are available, should also be suspected. Psoas abscesses are a pathology with a low incidence which has increased in recent years thanks to the use of imaging tests such as CT. It is a collection of pus at the level of the psoas muscle but can extend to the groin region.
Based on their pathogenesis, psoas abscesses are classified as follows:
- Primary abscesses: In Europe between 17 and 61% of abscesses are primary3 , they appear after lymphatic or haematogenous spread from a distant focus, which may not be known. They are more frequent in subjects with associated comorbidity: the elderly, diabetics, alcoholism or previous trauma4.
- Secondary abscesses: These occur as direct contiguous spread of the infection to other adjacent structures, and there are doubts as to whether the psoas abscess is the cause or the consequence of the infection in the other structures. Among the most frequent adjacent foci are: gastrointestinal tract (inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, appendicitis), genitourinary (pyelonephritis, prostatitis), osteoarticular structures (spondylodiscitis) and/or vascular structures among others. In a series of 40 cases of infected aortic aneurysms, 20% were complicated by psoas abscess. Infections of endovascular material have also been reported.
The differential diagnosis should be established fundamentally with psoas haematoma, which occurs in patients with anticoagulation or coagulation disorders, giving a similar clinical picture but with radiological differences; with retrocecal appendicitis which can also give a positive psoas sign; or with psoas bursitis in relation to rheumatoid arthritis, trauma or overuse of the muscles, in these cases the pain is more localised at hip level as well as normal imaging techniques3. Diagnosis is based on imaging techniques, with the yield of the microbiological study varying from 90-100% in the culture of the aspirate and much lower, 25-50%, in blood cultures.
Evolution
Serial blood cultures requested on admission were repeatedly negative after 7 days of incubation. At the same time, leukocyte-labelled scintigraphy was performed, but no uptake of the radiopharmaceutical was observed in the prosthetic bypass or in other locations suggestive of an infectious/inflammatory process. Given the high suspicion of infection, the absence of microbiological isolation and the accessibility of the psoas abscess, it was decided to perform a CT-guided puncture. 25cc of purulent fluid was extracted and sent for culture, with negative results for both aerobic and anaerobic cultures after 10 days of incubation.
Given the suspicion of an infectious process of the vascular prosthetic material, with a more larval and paucisymptomatic course, serology was requested for Coxiella burnetti, which was clearly positive, with phase I titres of 1/2048 and phase II titres of 1/8192, so the patient was finally diagnosed with infection of the vascular prosthesis-iliac arthritis by Coxiella burnetti. Treatment was started with doxycycline 100mg/12 hours together with hydroxychloroquine 200mg/12 hours after deciding jointly with Vascular Surgery, intensive antibiotic treatment prior to explanting the prosthesis and implanting a new one. Periodic check-ups were continued, and the patient remained asymptomatic, with excellent tolerance to oral medication and disappearance of the psoas abscess and the rest of the periprosthetic collections, so it was decided to maintain treatment for a prolonged period and defer prosthetic replacement due to the high surgical risk and the good evolution. Finally, after completing three years of treatment, it was decided to discontinue it. The patient has continued to be closely monitored at the clinic (two years after treatment was discontinued), with serial PET scans that continue to show no signs of acute infection and determination of Coxiella burnetti antibody titres, which remain above 1/1024 as usual.
Final diagnosis
Infection of aorto-bifemoral vascular prosthesis vs. iliac arteritis due to Coxiella burnetti (chronic Q fever). Psoas abscess due to contiguity, secondary to this infection.
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Female, 74 years old. Allergy to penicillins. Type 2 diabetes mellitus under treatment with oral antidiabetics with good control.
She came to the emergency department for right costal discomfort of 15 days of evolution. Initially treated with analgesia and later as a condensing respiratory infection (levofloxacin 500mg/24h O.V.V.). When he did not improve, he went to the emergency department of another hospital because of fever with shivering and chills. A CT scan of the chest ruled out pneumonia and a CT scan of the abdomen showed an abscessed lesion dependent on segment VII of the liver measuring 6-7cm in diameter with subsequent infiltration of paravertebral soft tissues, chest and abdominal wall. In view of these findings, she was referred to our hospital to assess drainage.
The patient denied travelling abroad, insect bites and drinking unsafe water. She lives with a dog.
Given that the patient maintained a fever and high RFA with deterioration of general condition, empirical treatment was started with Ciprofloxacin 400mg/8h and Metronidazole 500mg/8h IV.
With the data we had and after re-evaluating the abdominal CT images with the radiology department, the conclusion was reached that the collection was subphrenic; a subcutaneous drainage catheter was placed in the area with infiltration of thoracic soft tissue (drainage of the subphrenic collection was left for a second time) and samples were sent to the microbiology department for study (direct gram, bacilloscopy and various cultures were requested, including Actinomyces, Nocardia and Mycobacteria). On the same day as the drainage catheter was placed, Microbiology was notified due to suspicion in the gram image of possible Actinomyces (hyphae and hyphal bundles), so linezolid 600mg/12h IV was added to the treatment.
The clinical course was favourable, with disappearance of fever, normalisation of laboratory tests and improvement in general condition.
Finally, the presence of Actinomyces was confirmed by PCR, so antibiotic treatment was simplified and continued for 6 months.
The importance of this case lies in the fact that microorganisms that are uncommon in the aetiology of intra-abdominal abscesses should be considered in order to be able to request their culture and thus be able to treat them. In our patient the only risk factor for this type of infection is the immunosuppression of Diabetes Mellitus.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 52-year-old man from Paraguay (resident in Spain for the last 7 years), smoker of approximately 3-4 cigarettes a day and with a personal history of arterial hypertension of several years of evolution with regular control. He denies other toxic habits and has no other vascular risk factors. He is independent for basic activities of daily living and works in the construction sector. He is not currently following any regular treatment.
The patient came to the emergency department because, having been previously asymptomatic, on 6/6/2013 he woke up with a feeling of dizziness, gait instability and temporospatial disorientation. He had no other symptoms of motor focality and also reported no headache, fever or previous infectious symptoms. On arrival at the ED, the patient's blood pressure was 216/136 mmHg.
Physical examination
Good general condition. Two pigmented skin plaques in the left pretibial region. The rest of the general examination was unaltered. Neurological examination: conscious and disoriented in time and space. Language: diminished fluency, occasional altered nomination, normal repetition and comprehension. No dysarthria. Cranial nerves normal. Motor system: tone and trophism preserved. Muscle balance (BM) 4+/5 in the right lower limb (in the rest of the limbs BM 5/5). Sensibility preserved and symmetrical. Osteotendinous reflexes present and symmetrical. Bilateral cutaneous-plantar flexor reflex. No dysmetria or dysdiadochokinesia. Score on the NIHSS scale 0 points.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory data: normal haemogram, coagulation and biochemistry.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): total protein 844 mg/dl (75-320), normal glycorrhachia, neurospecific enolase 52.2 ng/ml (0.5-8.5), myelin basic protein 6.6 ng/ml (0.1-1.5). Syphilis IgG serology positive (VDRL negative, PCR negative). Other serologies (Cysticercus, HIV, brucellosis, toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus) negative.
- Serum microbiology: serology syphilis IgG positive, RPR positive 1⁄4⁄4; TPPA positive. Other serologies (Cysticercus, Brucella, toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, histoplasma) negative.
- Brain computed tomography (CT) scan on admission (7/3/2013): cerebral haemorrhage in the thalamus and posterior arm of the internal capsule, measuring approximately 19 x 36 mm with mass effect and midline shift of 3.7 mm. Brain CT scan performed on patient's admission showing left thalamo-capsular haemorrhage. 1B. Brain CT scan performed 26 days after admission showing resolution of the haemorrhage and the appearance of hypodense lesions in the bihemispheric white matter.
- CT scan of the brain (3/4/2013): left thalamic haemorrhage resolving. Hypodense lesions in the periventricular white matter and semioval centres.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain (12/4/2013): left posterior thalamic haemorrhagic lesion. Small hyperintense foci in T2 and FLAIR in the white matter, without oedema or mass effect. These lesions do not show uptake after contrast administration.
- Cerebral arteriography (6/5/2013): discrete isolated segmental irregularities in the branches of both pericallosal arteries of the right posterior frontal convexity, and somewhat more evident also of a branch of the left pericallosal artery at the left parasagittal parietal level.
Axial FLAIR sequence of the brain MRI showing multiple subcortical bihemispheric hyperintense lesions of probable ischaemic aetiology. Cerebral arteriography of the patient showing discrete segmental irregularities in the branches of the pericallosal artery.
Diagnosis
Left cerebral thalamo-capsular haemorrhage secondary to arterial hypertension. White matter lesions of probable ischaemic aetiology. Possible infectious arteriopathy. Tertiary syphilis with central nervous system involvement (probable meningovascular syphilis). Subcortical dementia of multifactorial aetiology (vascular and infectious).
Treatment
The patient was admitted to the Stroke Unit, where anti-edema and anti-hypertensive therapy was started, although blood pressure figures remained poorly controlled, so he was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where control of blood pressure was achieved, During his stay in the ICU, he presented complications such as sepsis secondary to tracheobronchitis due to Acinetobacter baumanii, resolved after antibiotic treatment, and pulmonary thromboembolism requiring the implantation of a vena cava filter.
Evolution
From the neurological point of view, the patient developed subcortical cognitive impairment with marked attentional and executive function deficits. (Mini Mental State Exaination [MMSE] score of 16/30), a mild paresis persists in the right lower limb (BM 4+/5) and a nominative aphasia with frequent paraphasias. Positive syphilis serologies were detected in blood and CSF (possibly artefacts of a previous course of antibiotics), and treatment with penicillin was started for 14 days. A brain CT scan performed on the ward showed multiple subcortical hypodense lesions that had not appeared on previous scans, so the differential diagnosis of these lesions was considered to be more likely due to an infectious or ischaemic cause. The patient evolved favourably, with an MMSE score of 25/30 after completing treatment with penicillin.
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Anamnesis
48-year-old woman, with no known drug allergies, smoker of 20 cigarettes a day, consumer of about 80 g of alcohol a day and sporadic cocaine user. Diagnosed with extrinsic asthma being treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Independent and active at work. She presented at home with an abrupt decrease in the level of consciousness together with involuntary movements of the extremities lasting one hour, suggestive of generalised tonic-clonic status epilepticus. A few hours before the onset, he reported alcohol abuse. On arrival at the ED, status epilepticus persisted, requiring intravenous treatment with benzodiazepines (10 mg diazepam) and levetiracetam (1,000 mg), with cessation of the episode. The patient was admitted to the ICU for haemodynamic and respiratory stabilisation, with orotracheal intubation.
Physical examination
On initial assessment, blood pressure was 124/80 mmHg, heart rate 120 bpm, blood glucose 90 mg/dl, oxygen saturation 98% with oxygen therapy; the patient had no fever. General examination was normal. Neurologically she was in a post-critical state, with a Glasgow scale score of 8/15 (O4V1M3), without neurological focality or meningeal signs.
Complementary tests
- General laboratory tests: macrocytic anaemia (haemoglobin 12.2 g/dl, MCV 104 fl), thrombopenia (99,000/mm3), acute renal failure (creatinine 1.93 mg/dl), hyponatraemia (130 mmol/l), hypertransaminasemia (GOT 310 IU/l, GPT 100 IU/l, GGT 2. 123 IU/l and alkaline phosphatase 230 IU/l), hyperkalaemia (CPK 901 IU/l, CKMB 64 IU/l) and slightly increased cardiac enzymes (ultrasensitive troponin T 51.43 ng/l). Total cholesterol 218 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol 119 mg/dl and HDL cholesterol 82 mg/dl.
- Urine system: no findings of interest.
- Serology: hepatitis B and C virus and human immunodeficiency virus negative.
- Electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm at 113 bpm, ST-segment elevation in V1 to V3 with T-wave inversion in these leads and QT interval of 560 ms.
- Chest X-ray: no alterations of interest.
- Baseline and contrast-enhanced brain CT: no relevant findings or pathological enhancements.
- The initial transthoracic echocardiogram showed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 25-30%. Contractility was preserved at the level of the basal segments with generalised akinesia of the remaining segments. The right ventricle and valves were normal. A mild anterior pericardial effusion with fibrinous content was also visualised.
- Coronary angiography was performed, with mild vasospasm of the anterior descending coronary artery, which subsided with intravenous infusion of nitroglycerine.
- Electroencephalogram at 48 hours: tracing within normal limits. Electrocardiogram showing ST-segment elevation and T-wave inversion in V1 to V3. Cardiac MRI with signs of intramyocardial oedema.
Diagnosis
Tako-tsubo stress cardiomyopathy secondary to status epilepticus.
Treatment
Maintenance antiepileptic treatment with levetiracetam was maintained, with good response, and the patient did not present new seizures. Vitamin B1, B6, B12 and folic acid replacement therapy was also started, and alcohol deprivation prophylaxis was initiated with tiaprizal and dipotassium clorazepate.
Evolution
During her admission, the patient showed progressive improvement in the level of consciousness in the first 24 hours, with no neurological focality and haemodynamically stable, and she was extubated. Renal function and ionic alterations normalised in the first 48 hours. Hypertransaminasemia, macrocytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia persisted, most likely of enolic origin, suggesting chronic alcoholic liver disease.
Both the elevation of cardiac enzymes and the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes were within the normal range over the next 72 hours. A cardiac MRI was performed, which showed globally preserved systolic function and signs of intramyocardial oedema in the anterior aspect and septum of the left ventricle reinforcing the diagnosis of transient apical dyskinesia syndrome. No macroscopic myocardial necrosis or fibrosis was evident after gadolinium administration. Given the tendency to vasospasm seen on coronary angiography, it was decided to add calcium antagonist treatment at discharge.
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CLINICAL HISTORY
REASON FOR CONSULTATION:
Male patient aged 14 years who attended the Emergency Department of the referral hospital for a skin rash.
PERSONAL HISTORY:
No known drug allergies. Mild atopic dermatitis. Complete vaccination schedule.
CURRENT MEDICAL HISTORY:
Pruritic rash, with centrifugal progression in the last 12 hours.
Not accompanied by fever or other symptoms.
No changes in daily habits, no contact with new products, ingestion of unusual foods, or contact with animals.
There are no other people in their environment with similar symptoms.
She reported at least two episodes of profuse sweating on previous nights.
The day before he finished treatment with Amoxicillin for a bacterial "pharyngitis" without confirmation with TDR for EBHGA or culture.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
BEG, normohydrated, eupneic.
Generalised macular exanthema, more accentuated on the trunk, which respects palms and soles. No scratching lesions. No soft tissue or joint oedema.
No significant cervical adenopathy or hepato/splenomegaly.
ENT: no tonsillar hypertrophy, no exudates, no enanthema.
The rest of the examination by apparatus is normal.
CLINICAL JUDGEMENT:
Non-specific pruritic exanthema....
TREATMENT:
Desloratadine 5 mg/day
EVOLUTION
Our patient attended the health centre 24 hours later:
The exanthema persists but is not urticarial in nature.
TRD for EBHGA: negative.
Diagnosis: urticaria
Treatment: Methylprednisolone 40 mg IM
Prednisone 30 mg oral for three days.
Three days later he comes in for abdominal pain. He remains afebrile:
Physical examination
Generalised macular rash on the trunk and EESS.
Pharyngo-tonsillar hyperemia without exudate.
Submandiblular and left laterocervical adenopathies.
TDR for EBHGA: positive
Diagnosis: Scarlet fever
Treatment: Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid 500 /125 mg every 8h 7 days.
Treatment with oral prednisone is discontinued
Two days later:
Progression of macular exanthema, not confluent, extending to acral areas, respecting palms and soles and with facial involvement, not scratchy, no predominance of folds, no pastia lines, does not respect Filatov's triangle.
No strawberry tongue.
Hypertrophic tonsils, hyperemic, with whitish exudate.
Bilateral laterocervical adenopathies.
No splenomegaly or hepatomegaly.
Referred to the emergency department for urgent laboratory tests:
Lymphomonocytosis (leukocytes 18,700: N 23.9%; L 65.9%; M 9.2%).
Positive rapid test for EBV
GOT 60 and GPT 78
Diagnosis: INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS.
Antibiotic discontinued. Symptomatic treatment
After 48 hours almost complete resolution of the exanthem.
And progressive remission of the symptoms in two weeks.
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"text": "Male patient",
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
"text": "bacterial",
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{
"text": "EBV",
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"end": 2440
}
] | en |
We present the case of a 30-month-old girl who came to the emergency department for presenting in the last two days with slight gait instability and intention tremor. The parents reported that three weeks earlier a mild generalised rash without fever had appeared, which resolved spontaneously in a few days. His personal history included no known allergies or previous trauma and his vaccination schedule was up to date, including varicella (chickenpox). Her psychomotor development was normal. She was re-evaluated 48 hours later, highlighting a worsening of ataxia that prevented her from standing upright, associated with severe irritability and irregular sleep. Physical examination on admission showed the patient to be in good nutritional condition and there were no meningeal signs, external signs of trauma or other pathological findings. The neurological examination revealed slurred but intelligible speech appropriate to the context, cerebellar ataxia, and intense and generalised intention tremor. Cranial nerves, strength, muscle tone and osteotendinous reflexes were normal and symmetrical.
On admission, electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain tomography (CT) with iodine contrast were performed, which revealed no electroencephalographic or structural abnormalities. Urine toxins were negative. Lumbar puncture showed mild lymphorrhoea with negative biochemistry and cultures, including Herpes group, neurotropic virus and Borrelia. Serology for Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr, Varicella-zoster, enterovirus, Salmonella sp., Streptococcus pyogenes and Borrelia burgdoferi showed no pathological findings.
On the fifth day after symptom onset, the patient presented with intention tremor and severe truncal ataxia that made sitting difficult. The tremor was aggravated by probable intentionally reinforcing myoclonus and the irritability was extreme. Rapid, saccadic, multidirectional, chaotic but conjugated eye movements then appeared, which were also visible with the eyes closed, and which decreased when the patient was able to fixate his gaze. Given the clinical diagnosis of opsoclonus (SOMA), the search for a possible tumour was initiated. An abdominal ultrasound was requested, with normal results, and a simple chest X-ray showed a left parasternal thoracic mass. A thoracic CT scan showed a left paravertebral intrathoracic mass, compatible with NCT, confirmed after surgery as localised ganglioneuroblastoma. Neuron-specific enolase in blood and 24-hour urine catecholamines were also requested and found to be normal.
The opsoclonus decreased after initiation of high-dose oral prednisone (2 mg/kg/day), and was no longer observed 15 days after surgery. Ataxia and irritability improved markedly, but one year later she still requires treatment with oral prednisone at minimal daily doses for relapses of mild gait instability and irritability, with no evidence of tumour recurrence to date. His psychomotor development continues to progress normally.
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A 73-year-old patient with a history of arterial hypertension and polyarthrosis presented to the emergency department with abdominal distension and pain associated with constipation and febrile fever. The symptoms had started three weeks earlier and worsened during the four days prior to admission. During this period, an upper gastrointestinal fibroendoscopy (oesophagus, stomach and duodenum) and a colonoscopy (up to the splenic angle) were performed, but no abnormalities were found.
Physical examination revealed a low-grade fever (37.6o C), a distended abdomen, diffusely painful on palpation, tympanised on percussion, with scant borborygmi but no evidence of peritonism, pulmonary auscultation with decreased ventilation in the lower half of the right hemithorax and the onset of intense pain on palpation and percussion of the last three dorsal spinous processes.
Analyses showed 8.2 x 109 leukocytes / L, haemoglobin 136 g / L, platelets 186 x 109 / L. Except for glycaemia (123 mg/dl), the following laboratory parameters were normal or negative: urea, creatinine, bilirubin, transaminases, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase, amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), proteinogram, immunoglobulin dosage, alpha-fetoprotein, CA 19 antigens. 9 and CA 125 antigens, as well as general urinalysis. ESR and C-reactive protein were elevated, with values of 85 mm / 1a h and 133 mg / L (normal < 5 mg / L), respectively. Mantoux intradermal reaction (10 IU RT-23) was positive, with an induration of 25 mm. Chest X-ray showed an image compatible with right lower lobe atelectasis in the context of an ipsilateral pleural effusion. There were no signs suggestive of adenopathy or alterations in the cardiopericardial silhouette. A thoracoabdominal CT scan confirmed the existence of a right pleural effusion and identified prominent degenerative changes along the dorsolumbar spine but, above all, erosions in the vertebral plates adjacent to the D10-D11 disc space. A lumbar MRI showed hyposignal on T1-weighted sequences and hypersignal on T2-weighted sequences in these vertebrae and their corresponding disc, with morphological alterations typical of infectious spondylodiscitis D10-D11. Three serial blood cultures were negative. Samples obtained by aspiration of the D10-D11 space showed gram-positive cocci chains, which were subsequently recovered and typed as penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pleural fluid analysis showed pH: 7.55; leucocytes: 8.4 x 109/L (58% neutrophils, 26% eosinophils, 16% lymphocytes), protein: 48 g/L (ratio to serum protein: 0.65), glucose: 125 mg/dl, ADA: 25.92 IU/ml, LDH: 362 U/L (pleural LDH/serum LDH ratio: 0.8). Both auramine-rhodamine staining and Löwenstein-Jensen medium culture of pleural fluid were negative and cytology showed no evidence of neoplastic cells.
The patient was initially treated intravenously with amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (1 g / 200 mg, every 8 hours). After 21 days, she was switched to the oral route (875 / 125 mg, every 8 hours) for 6 weeks. The evolution was favourable and she was able to start walking with a dorsolumbar corset after the fourth week. One month after the end of antibiotic therapy, a follow-up chest CT scan still showed a discrete pleural effusion, but the patient had only mild mechanical dorsalgia, her ESR had decreased to 21 mm / 1h and her CRP was 2.4 mg/L. Outpatient follow-up continued for a further three years, during which time the evolution was favourable and a D10-D11 vertebral block was formed.
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A 22 year old man came for consultation because he had presented for 4 months with painful lymphadenopathy in the left laterocervical region, which did not decrease in size with antibiotics or NSAIDs. He reported several days of fever of up to 38oC and profuse night sweats, coinciding with cough and pharyngeal discomfort, symptoms that disappeared in a few days.
On examination, the patient presented an adenopathy in the left laterocervical region measuring 2 cm in diameter, not adhering to superficial or deep planes, not painful on palpation and with an elastic consistency. He also had two other lymphadenopathies of similar characteristics, approximately 1.5 cm in diameter, in the left supraclavicular region and right laterocervical region. The rest of the examination showed no findings of interest.
A complete blood count, biochemistry with tumour markers (CEA, α FP, PSA), chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound and immunological study (ANAs, ANTI-RNP, ANTI-SSB, ANTI-Sm, ANTI-RO, ANTI-CENTROMER, RF and immunoglobulins) were performed, with normal results. Mantoux was negative.
Serology was performed, with the following results: toxoplasmosis, brucellosis, CMV, EBV, HIV, syphilis, adenovirus, mycoplasma, HBV, HCV, Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, C. psitacci, pneumoniae and trachomatis and Rickettsia negative; immunised for rubella and measles (IgG +, IgM -); positive serology for mumps (IgG + weak, IgM +).
Biopsy of the left laterocervical adenopathy was performed, with the following result: lymph node showing preserved architecture, except in an area affecting the cortical and paracortical areas where a necrotic process associated with T lymphoid proliferation was observed, consisting of highly activated lymphocytes, with the presence of immunoblasts and abundant histiocytes, many of which phagocytose cellular detritus. No granulocytes are present. The rest of the lymph node shows follicles with activated germinal centres and stimulation of the paracortical area. This biopsy was diagnostic of histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis or Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease.
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We present the case of a 45-year-old man who presented with bilateral ocular pain, intense photophobia and decreased visual acuity (VA). A fortnight earlier he had been diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis, probably adenoviral, and was being treated with tobramycin eye drops (Tobrex, Alcon Cusi, Barcelona) and cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Cicloplegic, Llorens, Barcelona). She reported itching, photophobia and redness for 3 months, concomitant with asthenia, cachexia and a weight loss of 16 kilograms (kg).
His personal history included chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, smoking and a cholecystostomy with percutaneous shunt performed 11 months earlier. Ophthalmological history includes excision of a pterygium in the OD associated with betatherapy 5 years earlier and a posterior sclerocorneal lamellar lamellar graft due to trauma.
On examination, the patient had finger-counting VA (cd) at 3 metres in the OD and light perception and projection in the OI. The OD showed intense vascular injection, microcystic epithelial oedema, superior peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUC), 4-cross tyndall and posterior synechia, with intraocular pressure (IOP) of 16 mmHg and a non-relevant fundus oculi (FO). The OI shows very severe injection of conjunctival, ciliary and episcleral vascularisation, 360o pannus, pterygium, a central corneal ulcer with stromal necrosis, hyphema level occupying half of the anterior chamber (AC) and 360o posterior synechiae, with IOP of 26 mmHg and unexplorable FO. Corneal sensitivity is normal in both eyes (AO).
He was admitted to the hospital to start a study and treatment with oral prednisone 1 mg/kg/day (Dacortin 30 mg, Merck, Barcelona), oral doxycycline 100 mg/12 h (Vibracina 100, Pfizer, Madrid), atropine eye drops 1%/8 h (Atropine 1%, Alcon Cusí), tobramycin and dexamethasone/4 h (Tobradex, Alcon Cusí) and carmellose sodium 0.5/h (Viscofresh 0.5%, Allergan, Madrid).
Seven days later the hyphema disappeared, but a level of hypopyon appeared in the OI, so vancomycin eye drops at a concentration of 50 mg/ml/h (Diatracin Injectable 500 mg, Lilly and Dista, Madrid), and gentamicin 14 mg/ml/h (Gevramycin 40 mg injectable, Schering-Plough, Madrid), with negative corneal cultures for bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, were associated. A diagnostic-therapeutic upper conjunctival excision OD ruled out vasculitic lesions or the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV 1 and 2) by immunohistochemistry, showing intense acanthosis and an absence of goblet cells.
Systemic examination ruled out any signs of rheumatic involvement, with negative serology for infectious diseases and markers of rheumatic diseases and vasculitis, except for elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Laboratory tests revealed macrocytic and hypochromic anaemia, a pattern of severe lipoprotein malnutrition, hyperglycaemia and elevated liver enzymes. Malabsorption studies revealed mild malabsorption and decreased fat-soluble vitamins [vitamin A: 0.24 mg/ml (micrograms/millilitre) (N:0.4-0.8)], and vitamin A carrier proteins [retinol binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin].
Chest X-ray, cranial and thoraco-abdominal computed tomography (CT) were normal. The orbital CT scan showed mucosal thickening of the right maxillary sinus with normal ENT examination. Ocular ultrasound ruled out vitreo-retinal involvement of the OI.
A diagnosis of calorie and protein malnutrition with vitamin A deficiency was made and treatment was started with a high protein and high calorie diet without sugar, pancreatic enzymes and oral vitamins.
The evolution was favourable, with resolution of the AO picture after 2 months and a VA of 1 OD and of cd to 1 m OI. The OI presents a central leukoma limited inferiorly by a lipid keratopathy and posterior synechiae, which continue to prevent the FO from being seen.
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"text": "adenoviral",
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"end": 225
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"text": "personal",
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 58-year-old man, with no known drug allergies or consumption of toxic substances. Cardiovascular risk factors include: hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type I obesity. Medical and surgical history included: BPH, GERD, migraines without aura, bilateral phakectomy, septoplasty for nasal septum deviation and endoscopic nasosinusal surgery with polypectomy for polyposis resistant to topical treatment. He follows regular treatment with enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide, simvastatin and dutasteride/ tamsulosin.
She came to the emergency department with a sudden onset of headache, accompanied by nausea and vomiting, thermometric fever of up to 38oC, marked general malaise, with concomitant language disturbance, in the form of blocks and paraphasias, with a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness. In the interview with the family, reviewing the medical-surgical history, we are told of the incidental fact of a sporadic nasal drip of crystalline liquid from the left nostril, for more than 3 years, after an ENT surgical procedure.
Physical examination
Haemodynamically stable, eupnoeic, febrile, well hydrated, normoperfused, normocoloured. Cardiopulmonary auscultation normal. Abdomen without alterations. Lower extremities normal.
Neurological examination: conscious, with marked somnolence, requiring vigorous stimuli to maintain alertness, inattentive, partially disorientated in time and space, oriented in person. He obeys simple commands, answers questions, names, but in spontaneous language he emits some phonemic and semantic paraphasias. Cranial nerves: normal VA, normal FO and confrontational campimetry. MOI and MOE without alterations, no ptosis or nystagmus. Motor and sensory V preserved. No facial asymmetries. Normal lower torques. Strength with muscle balance 5/5 in all four extremities, with global REMs ++ without asymmetries, bilateral RCPF. Sensitivity preserved at all levels and in all modalities. No dysmetria or dysdiadochokinesia. Gait and statics not assessed at the moment. No extrapyramidal findings. Slight nuchal rigidity, positive Kernig's sign.
Complementary tests
- Haemogram: leukocytosis 27 x 1,000/mm3 (neutrophils 25.1 x 1,000/l).
- Coagulation: normal.
- Biochemistry: renal profile and liver profile without alterations. CRP 1.8 mg/dl.
- Chest X-ray and ECG without significant findings.
- Lumbar puncture: cerebrospinal fluid of cloudy appearance, with pressure of 29 cm H2O, with the following cytobiochemistry: 1,620 cells/mm3 (78% PMN, 21% MN), 478 red blood cells/mm3, glucose 19 mg/dl, protein 4.22 g/l. - Gram (CSF): G+ cocci, in clusters, as preliminary result, cultured in less than 24 hours, Streptococcus Viridans group, without significant resistance in the antibiogram.
- Pneumococcus PCR negative. PCR for HSV and VZV negative.
- Serology: HAV, IgG antibodies positive (13,62). HBV: Ag-HBs negative. Anti-HBc: IgG negative. HCV: negative antibodies. HIV: HIV (1,2): Ac. and Ag. negative.
- Cranial CT scan: study without significant findings, except for the presence of partial occupation of the left sphenoid sinus and both maxillary sinuses (on the right side with polypoid formations).
- Cranial MRI: CSF fistula through the lamina cribrosa and into the ethmoidal cells. Cranial MRI: coronal FLAIR sequence, showing CSF fistula through the lamina cribrosa and into the ethmoidal cells. No inflammatory meningeal alterations are detected.
Diagnosis
Bacterial meningoencephalitis with positive culture for Streptococcus viridans, possibly related to CSF fistula after ENT surgery.
Treatment
On suspicion of clinical symptoms compatible with meningoencephalitis, and awaiting microbiological results, antibiotic treatment was started with vancomycin and cefotaxime, as well as acyclovir, and the patient was admitted to the Neurology ward, where, after finding out the microorganism responsible and the antibiogram, treatment with cefotaxime was maintained for 10 days.
Evolution
The patient evolved very satisfactorily, being asymptomatic, afebrile and with a rigorously normal neurological examination within 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms. Given the history of chronic nasal drip after septoplasty/polypectomy in 2009, with suspicion of CSF fistula, ENT was consulted, and fibroscopy revealed clear fluid coming out of the left nostril, without being able to define the exit site. The patient was scheduled for ENT surgery, requesting the compassionate use of fluorescein for diagnosis and treatment, with endoscopic closure.
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An 84-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperthyroidism, type II diabetes mellitus and anxiety syndrome. She was referred to the Urology Outpatient Department from the Emergency Department for a picture of monosymptomatic frank haematuria of several weeks' evolution with no other associated symptoms or alteration in general condition.
Physical examination revealed the presence of a palpable mass in the right lumbar fossa. The abdomen was soft and depressible.
The requested ultrasound study showed a large heterogeneous solid mass in the lower pole of the right kidney, the contralateral kidney being normal. The bladder showed internal echoes compatible with clots. The cystoscopic study was unremarkable.
Abdomino-pelvic CT scan, chest X-ray, blood biochemistry and haemogram were also performed.
The CT scan showed a large right tumour mass measuring 9x10 cm, heterogeneous and with hypodense areas (areas of necrosis) with distortion of the renal parenchyma and its contour, located in the lower pole and with attenuation values lower than those of the healthy parenchyma. The renal vein was thrombosed and there were retroperitoneal locoregional adenopathies.
Laboratory tests showed the presence of iron deficiency anaemia, increased ESR and normocalcaemia.
Radical surgery was proposed, which the patient and her family rejected, and selective embolisation was accepted as an alternative.
By puncture of the right common femoral artery, arteriography of the abdominal aorta was performed and subsequently the right renal artery was selectively catheterised with a 5 Fr Cobra 2 visceral angiographic catheter (Angiodinamics®). The artery supplying the tumour was then embolised with 355-500 micron polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (Contour®, Boston Scientific), totally occluding its flow and without immediate complications.
After 24 hours of hospitalisation, given the good evolution of the patient, it was decided to discharge her from the hospital pending further check-ups.
Two weeks after the onset of anticoagulation, the patient consulted for headache and a CT scan of the brain was performed, which showed no pathological findings of significance. After 28 months of follow-up, there have been no further episodes of haematuria and the only notable symptomatology is insomnia and musculoskeletal pain, both controlled with symptomatic treatment. Blood pressure values have not been modified, maintaining acceptable figures with IECAS and calcium antagonists.
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We present the case of a 45-year-old male, a sailor by profession. He smokes more than 15 packs/year and has no drug allergies or relevant medical history. He does not undergo home treatment. His only history was a trip to Dakar (Senegal) more than 6 months earlier.
She came to the emergency department with an afternoon fever of up to 40oC for 5 days. Anamnesis revealed pain in the left buttock radiating to the ipsilateral lower limb and the inguinal region. She had no recollection of previous pelvic trauma. She had no respiratory, digestive or genitourinary symptoms. She denies having abused drugs by parenteral route or having had unsafe sexual relations. No contact with animals or ingestion of unpasteurised food.
During the emergency physical examination, the patient was in pain, although he was conscious, oriented and cooperative. He was well hydrated and perfused. Baseline vital signs were unremarkable: temperature 35.4oC, blood pressure 122/88 mmHg, heart rate 62 bpm and O2 saturation 98% on room air.
Cardiorespiratory auscultation and abdominal examination showed no pathological signs. Examination of the left gluteal region revealed severe pain on fingertip palpation and passive mobilisation of the left lower limb. Standing upright was partially limited by pain. Lassègue and Bragard manoeuvres were negative. There were no cutaneous inflammatory signs such as erythema, oedema or local hyperthermia. Left renal fist percussion was negative. Palpation showed no nodules or areas of fluctuation. Blood analysis revealed non-specific signs of systemic inflammation. The haemogram showed neutrophilia without leukocytosis with 88.4% neutrophils, 9.7% lymphocytes and a slight thrombocytosis of 470,000 ud/μL. Biochemistry showed an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) of 42.69 mg/L. Both renal function parameters and ions were in the normal range.
The plain X-ray of the lumbosacral region showed lumbar spinal rectification with no other relevant radiological signs. Given the patient's persistence, the exuberance of the clinical manifestations (fever, gluteal pain and functional impotence on ambulation) and the findings in the complementary tests (neutrophilia with elevated CRP), it was decided to admit the patient to hospital for pain control and to complete the diagnostic studies.
During hospital admission, an intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed an abscessed collection measuring 32 x 16 x 53 mm in the thickness of the left iliac muscle (upper and left paramedial muscle areas). The lesion showed peripheral enhancement, imprinted in the adjacent pelvic fat and was multiloculated. Blood tests after the day of admission showed an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 38 mm/h and a significantly increased CRP of 126.16 mg/L compared to the previous measurement. Although the haemogram and coagulation were normal, the iron metabolism parameters were altered: ferritin 602.7 mg/mL, serum iron 36.1 μg/dL and transferrin 189 mg/dL. Laboratory tests showed a pattern of dissociated cholestasis, with a total bilirubin of 0.81 mg/dL, a gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) of 302 IU/L and an alkaline phosphatase of 206 IU/L. Renal function parameters, serum ions and autoimmunity markers were within the normal range. HLA B27 antigen termination test was negative. Serology for HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Brucella spp. and syphilis reaginic antibody were also negative. Given the clinical suspicion and the support of the complementary tests, it was decided to start empirical antibiotherapy in venoclysis with cloxacillin 1 g every 6 hours and ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis focuses on entities that primarily affect the sacroiliac joint, divided into 3 large groups: inflammatory, degenerative and infectious.
- Inflammatory: in general, they present a clinical form characterised by morning stiffness and improvement with movement. Ankylosing spondylitis usually presents with HLA B27 positivity and has a subacute or chronic course. The presence of a negative HLA B27 test and an acute course rules out this entity. Juvenile spondyloarthropathy, like ankylosing spondylitis, usually has chronic manifestations and is HLA B27 positive. Imaging techniques usually show signs of enthesitis of the sacroiliac musculature. Our patient had an abscessed collection in the belly of the left iliac muscle and joint involvement rather than muscle entheses. In reactive arthritis, it is common to find joint inflammation together with conjunctivitis or urethritis at presentation, symptoms that our patient did not report. Psoriatic arthritis is very unlikely as the patient did not report a history of cutaneous psoriasis. As for enteropathic arthritis, during the diagnostic and therapeutic process the patient did not experience digestive symptoms, so this entity is also ruled out.
- Degenerative: due to the proximity of the sacroiliac joint to the lumbosacral trunk, injury to the superior gluteal and obturator nerves can mimic the pathology of this joint. Lumbar herniated discs can also injure the sciatic nerve in its pathway, resulting in low back pain or lumbosciatica. Injury to the sciatic nerve can lead to functional impotence of the affected lower limb and, occasionally, loss of sphincter control. The patient presented with gluteal pain radiating to the left lower limb and inguinal region, not purely lumbar, with negative Lasègue and Bragard signs. The differential diagnosis included osteoarthritis of the hip. Although it is a disease of advanced age, it can occur in younger patients. However, the clinical manifestations tend to be more severe and consist of pain, joint stiffness and functional impotence with a chronic course.
- Infectious: our patient had leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated CRP and fever, signs of infectious aetiology. Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent most frequently implicated in this type of clinical presentation. It usually causes infection of the sacroiliac joint through haematogenous spread. Pseudomonas spp. are the most frequently implicated gram-negative microorganisms, although they are typical of immunocompromised patients. Other agents involved are Brucella spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aetiological identification is based on positivity for growth in microbiological cultures. Salmonella spp. usually manifest with gastrointestinal symptoms as the most common form of presentation, although multiple conditions have been described.
Evolution
The initial clinical course was poor despite empirical antibiotic therapy. The patient maintained an afternoon low-grade fever and intolerance to standing due to pain, requiring continuous intravenous perfusion with morphine derivatives. Parenteral instillation of morphics led to acute urinary retention and persistent constipation, which were resolved by bladder catheterisation and laxatives, respectively. In view of this clinical situation, it was decided to change the empirical antibiotic therapy. Piperacillin-tazobactam was started at a dose of 4/0.5 g every 8 hours. An epidural catheter was placed to achieve locoregional anaesthesia by continuous infusion of ropivacaine and fentanyl. Blood cultures sown in aerobic and anaerobic medium, which were drawn on admission, were negative (performed under empirical parenteral antibiotic coverage). The tuberculin test (PPD or Mantoux) was also negative after 48 hours.
Given the clinical-radiological suspicion of an abdominal septic focus and in light of the analytical pattern of dissociated cholestasis, an abdominal ultrasound and colonoscopy were requested, which ruled out an intra-abdominal abscess. The radiological study was completed by lumbo-sacro-pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CT-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the abscessed lesion was performed for culture of pyogenic material. T2-weighted lumbo-sacro-pelvic MRI showed acute left sacroiliitis and an abscess in the left iliac muscle. The volume of the lesion was slightly smaller (5 x 2 x 2 x 2 mm) compared to the CT scan performed immediately after hospital admission. Parenteral cloxacillin was reintroduced pending the results of cultures of pyogenic material removed by CT-guided FNA.
Culture of the abscess material identified Salmonella enterica sensitive to quinolones and third generation cephalosporins.
The patient completed 6 months of treatment with oral ciprofloxacin at a dose of 750 mg every 12 hours. A good clinical response was obtained and radiological improvement was observed with a decrease in bone oedema and resolution of the abscessed collection.
Final diagnosis
Left septic sacroiliitis with abscessed collection of the iliac muscle due to Salmonella enterica.
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".",
"81",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"a",
"gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase",
"(",
"GGT",
")",
"of",
"302",
"IU",
"/",
"L",
"and",
"an",
"alkaline",
"phosphatase",
"of",
"206",
"IU",
"/",
"L",
".",
"Renal",
"function",
"parameters",
",",
"serum",
"ions",
"and",
"autoimmunity",
"markers",
"were",
"within",
"the",
"normal",
"range",
".",
"HLA",
"B27",
"antigen",
"termination",
"test",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"Serology",
"for",
"HIV",
",",
"HAV",
",",
"HBV",
",",
"HCV",
",",
"Epstein",
"Barr",
"Virus",
"(",
"EBV",
")",
",",
"Cytomegalovirus",
"(",
"CMV",
")",
",",
"Brucella",
"spp",
".",
"and",
"syphilis",
"reaginic",
"antibody",
"were",
"also",
"negative",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"clinical",
"suspicion",
"and",
"the",
"support",
"of",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"start",
"empirical",
"antibiotherapy",
"in",
"venoclysis",
"with",
"cloxacillin",
"1",
"g",
"every",
"6",
"hours",
"and",
"ceftriaxone",
"2",
"g",
"every",
"24",
"hours",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"The",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"focuses",
"on",
"entities",
"that",
"primarily",
"affect",
"the",
"sacroiliac",
"joint",
",",
"divided",
"into",
"3",
"large",
"groups",
":",
"inflammatory",
",",
"degenerative",
"and",
"infectious",
".",
"-",
"Inflammatory",
":",
"in",
"general",
",",
"they",
"present",
"a",
"clinical",
"form",
"characterised",
"by",
"morning",
"stiffness",
"and",
"improvement",
"with",
"movement",
".",
"Ankylosing",
"spondylitis",
"usually",
"presents",
"with",
"HLA",
"B27",
"positivity",
"and",
"has",
"a",
"subacute",
"or",
"chronic",
"course",
".",
"The",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"negative",
"HLA",
"B27",
"test",
"and",
"an",
"acute",
"course",
"rules",
"out",
"this",
"entity",
".",
"Juvenile",
"spondyloarthropathy",
",",
"like",
"ankylosing",
"spondylitis",
",",
"usually",
"has",
"chronic",
"manifestations",
"and",
"is",
"HLA",
"B27",
"positive",
".",
"Imaging",
"techniques",
"usually",
"show",
"signs",
"of",
"enthesitis",
"of",
"the",
"sacroiliac",
"musculature",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"had",
"an",
"abscessed",
"collection",
"in",
"the",
"belly",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"iliac",
"muscle",
"and",
"joint",
"involvement",
"rather",
"than",
"muscle",
"entheses",
".",
"In",
"reactive",
"arthritis",
",",
"it",
"is",
"common",
"to",
"find",
"joint",
"inflammation",
"together",
"with",
"conjunctivitis",
"or",
"urethritis",
"at",
"presentation",
",",
"symptoms",
"that",
"our",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"report",
".",
"Psoriatic",
"arthritis",
"is",
"very",
"unlikely",
"as",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"report",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"cutaneous",
"psoriasis",
".",
"As",
"for",
"enteropathic",
"arthritis",
",",
"during",
"the",
"diagnostic",
"and",
"therapeutic",
"process",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"experience",
"digestive",
"symptoms",
",",
"so",
"this",
"entity",
"is",
"also",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"-",
"Degenerative",
":",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"proximity",
"of",
"the",
"sacroiliac",
"joint",
"to",
"the",
"lumbosacral",
"trunk",
",",
"injury",
"to",
"the",
"superior",
"gluteal",
"and",
"obturator",
"nerves",
"can",
"mimic",
"the",
"pathology",
"of",
"this",
"joint",
".",
"Lumbar",
"herniated",
"discs",
"can",
"also",
"injure",
"the",
"sciatic",
"nerve",
"in",
"its",
"pathway",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"low",
"back",
"pain",
"or",
"lumbosciatica",
".",
"Injury",
"to",
"the",
"sciatic",
"nerve",
"can",
"lead",
"to",
"functional",
"impotence",
"of",
"the",
"affected",
"lower",
"limb",
"and",
",",
"occasionally",
",",
"loss",
"of",
"sphincter",
"control",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"presented",
"with",
"gluteal",
"pain",
"radiating",
"to",
"the",
"left",
"lower",
"limb",
"and",
"inguinal",
"region",
",",
"not",
"purely",
"lumbar",
",",
"with",
"negative",
"Lasègue",
"and",
"Bragard",
"signs",
".",
"The",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"included",
"osteoarthritis",
"of",
"the",
"hip",
".",
"Although",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"disease",
"of",
"advanced",
"age",
",",
"it",
"can",
"occur",
"in",
"younger",
"patients",
".",
"However",
",",
"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"tend",
"to",
"be",
"more",
"severe",
"and",
"consist",
"of",
"pain",
",",
"joint",
"stiffness",
"and",
"functional",
"impotence",
"with",
"a",
"chronic",
"course",
".",
"-",
"Infectious",
":",
"our",
"patient",
"had",
"leukocytosis",
"with",
"neutrophilia",
",",
"elevated",
"CRP",
"and",
"fever",
",",
"signs",
"of",
"infectious",
"aetiology",
".",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
"is",
"the",
"causative",
"agent",
"most",
"frequently",
"implicated",
"in",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"clinical",
"presentation",
".",
"It",
"usually",
"causes",
"infection",
"of",
"the",
"sacroiliac",
"joint",
"through",
"haematogenous",
"spread",
".",
"Pseudomonas",
"spp",
".",
"are",
"the",
"most",
"frequently",
"implicated",
"gram-negative",
"microorganisms",
",",
"although",
"they",
"are",
"typical",
"of",
"immunocompromised",
"patients",
".",
"Other",
"agents",
"involved",
"are",
"Brucella",
"spp",
".",
"and",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"Aetiological",
"identification",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"positivity",
"for",
"growth",
"in",
"microbiological",
"cultures",
".",
"Salmonella",
"spp",
".",
"usually",
"manifest",
"with",
"gastrointestinal",
"symptoms",
"as",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"form",
"of",
"presentation",
",",
"although",
"multiple",
"conditions",
"have",
"been",
"described",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"initial",
"clinical",
"course",
"was",
"poor",
"despite",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"maintained",
"an",
"afternoon",
"low-grade",
"fever",
"and",
"intolerance",
"to",
"standing",
"due",
"to",
"pain",
",",
"requiring",
"continuous",
"intravenous",
"perfusion",
"with",
"morphine",
"derivatives",
".",
"Parenteral",
"instillation",
"of",
"morphics",
"led",
"to",
"acute",
"urinary",
"retention",
"and",
"persistent",
"constipation",
",",
"which",
"were",
"resolved",
"by",
"bladder",
"catheterisation",
"and",
"laxatives",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"In",
"view",
"of",
"this",
"clinical",
"situation",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"change",
"the",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
".",
"Piperacillin-tazobactam",
"was",
"started",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"4",
"/",
"0",
".",
"5",
"g",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
".",
"An",
"epidural",
"catheter",
"was",
"placed",
"to",
"achieve",
"locoregional",
"anaesthesia",
"by",
"continuous",
"infusion",
"of",
"ropivacaine",
"and",
"fentanyl",
".",
"Blood",
"cultures",
"sown",
"in",
"aerobic",
"and",
"anaerobic",
"medium",
",",
"which",
"were",
"drawn",
"on",
"admission",
",",
"were",
"negative",
"(",
"performed",
"under",
"empirical",
"parenteral",
"antibiotic",
"coverage",
")",
".",
"The",
"tuberculin",
"test",
"(",
"PPD",
"or",
"Mantoux",
")",
"was",
"also",
"negative",
"after",
"48",
"hours",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"clinical-radiological",
"suspicion",
"of",
"an",
"abdominal",
"septic",
"focus",
"and",
"in",
"light",
"of",
"the",
"analytical",
"pattern",
"of",
"dissociated",
"cholestasis",
",",
"an",
"abdominal",
"ultrasound",
"and",
"colonoscopy",
"were",
"requested",
",",
"which",
"ruled",
"out",
"an",
"intra-abdominal",
"abscess",
".",
"The",
"radiological",
"study",
"was",
"completed",
"by",
"lumbo-sacro-pelvic",
"magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"(",
"MRI",
")",
".",
"CT-guided",
"fine",
"needle",
"aspiration",
"(",
"FNA",
")",
"of",
"the",
"abscessed",
"lesion",
"was",
"performed",
"for",
"culture",
"of",
"pyogenic",
"material",
".",
"T2-weighted",
"lumbo-sacro-pelvic",
"MRI",
"showed",
"acute",
"left",
"sacroiliitis",
"and",
"an",
"abscess",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"iliac",
"muscle",
".",
"The",
"volume",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"was",
"slightly",
"smaller",
"(",
"5",
"x",
"2",
"x",
"2",
"x",
"2",
"mm",
")",
"compared",
"to",
"the",
"CT",
"scan",
"performed",
"immediately",
"after",
"hospital",
"admission",
".",
"Parenteral",
"cloxacillin",
"was",
"reintroduced",
"pending",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"cultures",
"of",
"pyogenic",
"material",
"removed",
"by",
"CT-guided",
"FNA",
".",
"Culture",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
"material",
"identified",
"Salmonella",
"enterica",
"sensitive",
"to",
"quinolones",
"and",
"third",
"generation",
"cephalosporins",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"completed",
"6",
"months",
"of",
"treatment",
"with",
"oral",
"ciprofloxacin",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"750",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
".",
"A",
"good",
"clinical",
"response",
"was",
"obtained",
"and",
"radiological",
"improvement",
"was",
"observed",
"with",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"bone",
"oedema",
"and",
"resolution",
"of",
"the",
"abscessed",
"collection",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Left",
"septic",
"sacroiliitis",
"with",
"abscessed",
"collection",
"of",
"the",
"iliac",
"muscle",
"due",
"to",
"Salmonella",
"enterica",
"."
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Anamnesis
57-year-old patient, with a history of spondyloarthrosis, smoker of 2 packs a day and drinker of 2 litres of beer a day, admitted for a progressive picture of 2-3 weeks of evolution consisting of progressive occipito-nucal headache, resistant to analgesia with NSAIDs, resistant to analgesia with NSAIDs, exacerbation at night and with Valsalva manoeuvres, accompanied by behavioural changes and cognitive failures (disorientation and bradypsychia, masked by severe alcohol habit) and instability with difficulty in walking on his own.
Physical examination
Blood pressure was 197/121 mmHg. Unkempt and cachectic appearance. Rhythmic cardiac auscultation without murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation with normoventilation. Neurological examination: Glasgow of 4-5-6. Right homonymous hemianopsia. Right central facial paresis. Normal strength. Indifferent cutaneous-plantar reflex. Discrete right dysmetria. Normal tactile sensitivity with right sensory extinction. Gait was unstable, with severe ataxia that allowed sitting.
Complementary tests
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): sinus rhythm at 85 bpm.
- Blood tests: vitamin B12 178 pg/ml (low limit), total cholesterol 244 mg/dl, LDL 170 IU/l, GGT 260 IU/l, with the rest of the biochemistry normal. Normal haemogram. ESR 37 mm. Tumour markers: GI monitor 76.2, NSE 143.8.
- Chest X-ray: global cardiomegaly and aortic elongation, with elevation of the right hemidiaphragm.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain: multiple lesions of cystic morphology and variable size scattered throughout the encephalic parenchyma, which glow intensely in all enhancements due to their protein component with little enhancement after contrast injection, the largest of them at the level of the right cerebellar hemisphere. In addition, a voluminous right parieto-occipital mass is observed, with abundant vasogenic oedema, intratumoral bleeding foci and irregular enhancement after intravenous contrast administration, which does not appear to be related to those described above. Findings compatible with multiple metastases of some type of adenocarcinoma coinciding with tumour suggestive of a high-grade glial tumour.
Brain MRI scan showing multiple lesions of cystic morphology and variable size scattered throughout the encephalic parenchyma, and a voluminous right parieto-occipital mass, with vasogenic oedema and foci of intratumoral bleeding.
- Blood cultures: negative.
- Transthoracic ultrasound: normal, with no ultrasound signs of endocarditis.
- Serology: negative for HIV, lues, Brucella, Borrelia, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cysticercosis, Toxoplasma and hydatidosis.
- Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT): bronchopulmonary carcinoma with lobulated tumour mass measuring 66 x 80 x 60 mm in the lower lobe of the right lung infiltrating the bronchus intermedius and encompassing the bronchus of the middle lobe and the basal pyramid, invading the posterior mediastinum with infiltration of the left atrium with imprint on the right pulmonary artery. Subcarinal and prevascular adenopathies, upper and lower right paratracheal. Bilateral and diffuse emphysema with paraseptal bullae predominantly in the upper lobes. Liver with multiple cystic hypodense lesions in both hepatic lobes. Bilateral adrenal metastases. Bilateral L5 spondylosis with L5-S1 degenerative disc disease.
Thoracic CT scan showed a 66 x 80 x 60 mm lobulated tumour mass in the lower lobe of the right lung infiltrating the bronchus intermedius and encompassing the middle lobe bronchus and the basal pyramid, invading the posterior mediastinum with infiltration of the left atrium with imprint on the right pulmonary artery.
- Fibrobronchoscopy: macroscopic diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma with biopsy.
- Biopsy: undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. In the immunohistochemical study the tumour cells express Ck AE1/AE3, TTF1 and weakly chromogranin and synaptophysin.
Diagnosis
Initially, the multiple cystiform images scattered throughout the brain parenchyma raised doubts about a possible infectious pathology of the CNS, which was ruled out by the negative serology, negative blood culture, normal echocardiographic study and the permanent absence of fever. Once the elevation of the right diaphragm was studied with CT and the pathological anatomy was performed confirming pulmonary neoplasia, these lesions were assumed to be encephalic metastases of a grade IV pulmonary carcinoma with metastases at multiple levels. Given the advanced stage of the lung neoplasm and the palliative situation of the patient, a brain biopsy was discarded. Due to the absence of pathological anatomy of the right parieto-occipital lesion, we can only state in relation to its morphological appearance in the brain MRI that it was suggestive of a high-grade primary glial tumour. Thus, the final diagnosis was two synchronous neoplastic lesions:
- Stage IV small cell undifferentiated lung carcinoma with multiple brain metastases.
- Brain lesion suggestive of high-grade glioma with symptoms of intracranial hypertension.
Treatment
Treatment was started with dexamethasone to reduce perilesional oedema and, in accordance with the decision taken by the Tumour Committee, a confirmatory biopsy of the lung carcinoma was obtained in order to start palliative holocranial radiotherapy.
Evolution
During his stay on the ward, the patient's neurological deficits hardly improved. He repeatedly presented with insomnia and agitation. After 2 weeks, he was discharged home under observation of his relatives and support from Palliative Care.
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Reason for consultation
Fever, lymphadenopathy and skin rash.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
The patient is a 19 year old woman, with no toxic habits or regular treatment. She had been treated for appendicitis in childhood and had a history of infectious mononucleosis at puberty.
She came to the primary care clinic for a fever of 10 days' evolution, with morning and evening peaks. It was accompanied by rhinorrhoea, nausea, vomiting, loose stools without pathological products, aphthae, skin rashes and a weight loss of 5 kg in one month. No other semiology in the anamnesis directed by apparatus and systems. She does not live with animals. She has not been on trips or excursions to the countryside. She has not presented similar symptoms previously.
On physical examination the patient was in good general condition, somewhat asthenic, conscious, oriented and cooperative, well hydrated and perfused, non-mucous skin pallor, eupneic, haemodynamically stable. BP: 112/70 mmHg. HR: 90 spm. Ta 36,3oC.
In the oral cavity there are two subcentimetric oral aphthae on the lower lip. On the left cheek there is a plaque with some peripheral infiltration and meliceric crust. Erythematous, non-ulcerated lesions on the nasal septum, neckline and dorsum, on the thumbs of the second and third fingers of the left hand and on the second toe of the left foot. Submandibular adenopathies and in laterocervical chains, larger on the right side. Cardiopulmonary auscultation showed a systolic murmur in the aortic and pulmonary focus. The vesicular murmur was preserved.
In the abdomen there was a painful hepatomegaly of two finger widths and splenomegaly. Diffuse discomfort on palpation, without abdominal defence. Bilateral renal fist percussion was negative. The lower limbs show no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Good capillary refill, with distal pulses present.
Analysis of haemoglobin 10.2 g/dl, 2,470 leukocytes per mm3 with 1,770 neutrophils. Platelets 255,000. ESR of 98 mm/h. General and hepatic biochemistry normal except LDH 471 U/L. Sideremia and transferrin decreased. Angiotensin converting enzyme 53 U/L. Serology for HIV, toxoplasma, leishmania, rickettsia, coxiella, borrelia, leptospira and lupus negative. Negative for antinuclear, anticentromere, anti-DNA, ANA and antitransglutaminase antibodies. Faecal calprotectin of 57.6 microg/g.
We performed a clinical cervical ultrasound at the family medicine clinic, observing laterocervical and submandibular lymphadenopathies, mainly hypoechogenic with a tendency to cluster, bilaterally affecting the jugulocarotid chains, generally subcentimetric and with preserved fatty hilum, without necrosis. The largest is 2.5 cm long by 1.1 cm in antero-posterior diameter. On clinical abdominal ultrasound, the liver and spleen were found to be at the upper limit of normal size, but considering the patient's height and stature, they could be considered enlarged. Clinical echocardioscopy: Hyperdynamic left ventricle (LV), with no gross valvular abnormalities. Normal LV and right ventricular size and function. Absence of pericardial effusion.
Given the progression of the symptoms and the persistence of symptoms, the patient was referred to Internal Medicine for further investigation.
Blood and urine cultures were negative. CT scan of the chest and abdomen showed evidence of multiple small hypercapillary subcarinal, right paratracheal and gastrohepatic ligament hypercapillary lymph nodes, some of them larger but with a reactive periportal appearance. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of submandibular adenopathy reported as foci of histiocytic-like infiltrate, not necrotising but with images of apoptosis. To rule out Gaucher disease, plasma chitotriosidase activity was requested and was negative (47.2 nmoles/ml/hour; normal range: 4 to 76 nmoles/ml/hour).
Family and community approach
19-year-old female. University student. Lives with her parents. Optimal family style. Good family support. Medium-high socio-cultural level.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Polyadenopathic syndrome compatible with Kikuchi Fujimoto disease. Differential diagnosis with a lymphoproliferative process, leishmaniasis, Gaucher's disease.
Action plan and evolution
Favourable evolution, with progressive reduction in the size of the adenopathies and disappearance of the fever after oral treatment for 2 weeks with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, remaining asymptomatic one year later.
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".",
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"anamnesis",
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"by",
"apparatus",
"and",
"systems",
".",
"She",
"does",
"not",
"live",
"with",
"animals",
".",
"She",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"on",
"trips",
"or",
"excursions",
"to",
"the",
"countryside",
".",
"She",
"has",
"not",
"presented",
"similar",
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".",
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"the",
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",",
"somewhat",
"asthenic",
",",
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"oriented",
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"cooperative",
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",",
"eupneic",
",",
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".",
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"112",
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"70",
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".",
"HR",
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"90",
"spm",
".",
"Ta",
"36",
",",
"3oC",
".",
"In",
"the",
"oral",
"cavity",
"there",
"are",
"two",
"subcentimetric",
"oral",
"aphthae",
"on",
"the",
"lower",
"lip",
".",
"On",
"the",
"left",
"cheek",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"plaque",
"with",
"some",
"peripheral",
"infiltration",
"and",
"meliceric",
"crust",
".",
"Erythematous",
",",
"non-ulcerated",
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",",
"neckline",
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"fingers",
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"toe",
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"laterocervical",
"chains",
",",
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"the",
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"a",
"systolic",
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"and",
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".",
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"hepatomegaly",
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",",
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"defence",
".",
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".",
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"no",
"oedema",
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"signs",
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"deep",
"vein",
"thrombosis",
".",
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"capillary",
"refill",
",",
"with",
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"pulses",
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".",
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"2",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"2",
",",
"470",
"leukocytes",
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"mm3",
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"1",
",",
"770",
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"Platelets",
"255",
",",
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"98",
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"/",
"h",
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"U",
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"L",
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"/",
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"hilum",
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"1",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"Medicine",
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".",
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"cultures",
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"CT",
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"biopsy",
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",",
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",",
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"/",
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"/",
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"/",
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")",
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",",
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] | en |
A 49-year-old male smoker with no adverse drug reactions, with a personal history of hyperuricaemia and psoriasis (without regular treatment). He works in the countryside (working with animals). He came to the emergency department for an episode of 2 weeks' evolution consisting of severe skin inflammation on the right upper limb, accompanied by febrile syndrome. His primary care doctor, whom he had consulted two days earlier, started treatment with Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, without great improvement (a tetanus booster dose was also administered), for which he was admitted. He reported a wound on the back of his right hand, which he could not explain how or with what it had been made, which in the last 3 days oozed pus and was accompanied by a rise in temperature of up to 40oC, which partially subsided with paracetamol.
Physical examination revealed a blackish, crusty wound on the dorsum of the right hand, with severe inflammatory signs, erythema, crusting and increased skin temperature up to the armpit. Soft ipsilateral axillary mass not clearly demarcated. Radial pulse present. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. The blood count showed a leukocytosis of 17100 (71% neutrophils); venous blood gas analysis with pH: 7.38, pCO2: 50, pO2: 12 mmHg; and a biochemistry with potassium of 3.4 and CRP of 23 as notable data. As part of the study to focus on the case, blood cultures (x2) and different serologies were taken and it was decided to start empirical antibiotic treatment with Ciprofloxacin and Clindamycin while awaiting laboratory results. There was a clear clinical and analytical improvement, leaving afebrile and with no other signs of systemic inflammatory response, so it was decided to discharge the patient (pending cultures and serologies to be seen in the outpatient clinic, which were positive for Francisella tularensis).
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] | en |
This is a 43-year-old man from Senegal who came to the hospital emergency department with a thermometric fever of up to 39oC and abdominal pain of one week's evolution.
The patient's history was recorded with difficulty due to the language barrier. With no personal history of interest, he had been living in Europe for 13 years, between Spain and Italy. He had not recently returned to his country of origin. Married, no risky sexual habits. Works in the countryside, currently unemployed. Occasional drinker of a standard drinking unit (SBU). Active smoker of 1-2 cannabis cigarettes. He presented with bacteremic fever of up to 39o C in the last 48 hours, associated with abdominal pain, located in the epigastrium. For the last two weeks, he has had a barely productive cough, with dyspnoea on moderate to minimal exertion. He also refers constitutional symptoms of 2 months' evolution, with asthenia and a quantified weight loss of 10 kg. No other symptoms by organs or apparatus.
Physical examination revealed a feeling of illness, with significant cachexia and dry skin. He was hypotensive, but with preserved diuresis, saturation 97-98% at FiO2 0.21. Tachypnoea at 24 rpm, without tugging. Auscultation showed generalised hypophonesis, with rhythmic tones at 100 bpm. The abdominal examination highlights, non-painful hepatomegaly of 5 cm. Good capillary filling, pulses present and symmetrical.
Emergency biochemical tests showed preserved renal function, water and electrolyte abnormalities: hyponatraemia 116 mg/dL, hypokalaemia 2.5 mg/dL, hypocalcaemia (calcium corrected with total protein 4.3 mg/dL) 9.4 mg/dL, LDH 1330 U/L, BT 1.43 mg/dL, GPT 27 mg/dL. Elevated acute phase reactants (APR) CRP 160 mg/l. Pancytopenia with 3040 leukocytes/mm3 with 1830 PMN, haemoglobin 8.1 mg/dL, 57000 platelets/mm3. Coagulation preserved. The requested X-ray showed condensation in the LSD with air bronchogram, cavitation in the LI, with a nodular image and an alveolar interstitial pattern in the lingula. The abdominal X-ray showed displacement of the intestinal loops, and the electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia at 100 bpm with axis at 60o.
The patient was admitted with septic shock of respiratory origin, pancytopenia and hepatomegaly.
In view of the X-ray images and the epidemiological history, a sputum BAAR was requested, which turned out to be positive for mycobacteria.
The serologies requested for HIV, hepatotropic viruses, EBV, parvovirus, the rest of the microbiological and autoimmune studies were negative.
A more complete biochemistry was requested, with ferritin of 15150 ng/mL, iron 86 ug/dL, transferrin 86 mg/mL, transferrin saturation index 79.7%, vitamin B12 > 2000 pg/dL, triglycerides 133 mg/dL. A coagulation disorder was detected that was not present on admission; with prothrombin activity 68.45%, INR 1.33 and derived fibrinogen 145.4 mg/dL.
Differential diagnosis
In summary, this is a patient with active tuberculosis, with pancytopenia, hepatomegaly and hyperferritinaemia of 15150 mg/dL.
The pancytopenia makes it necessary to rule out a bone marrow disease or a peripheral process that explains the cellular consumption or destruction. Causes with peripheral involvement include hypersplenism, liver disease, certain viruses, autoimmune processes or consumption during sepsis. Central mechanisms include viral processes, leukaemias or myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative syndromes. Drug or alcohol consumption, history of liver disease, poor diet, haematological diseases or infections with EBV, CMV, parvovirus B19 or HIV should be ruled out.
Hepatomegaly can occur as a consequence of various pathologies, such as hepatitis secondary to an infectious process, ischaemia, toxins such as drugs or alcohol. It can be caused by accumulation of substances, as in haemochromatosis, or by infiltration of tumours, both benign and malignant. It may be the result of alterations in venous return, as in thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins or congestive heart failure. Alterations in the biliary tract, such as in primary biliary cirrhosis, may also cause enlargement of the liver.
Hyperferritinaemia can occur in a variety of conditions such as inflammation, sepsis, liver pathology, haemochromatosis or frequent blood transfusions. Although low ferritin levels correlate closely with iron deficiency, the same does not seem to be true when values are elevated. This is related to the role of ferritin as a pro-inflammatory mediator and acute phase reactant (PAR).
Markedly elevated levels are rare in clinical practice. They are highly suggestive of haemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), Still's disease or malignant antiphospholipid syndrome among others. In these syndromes, it is not only a mediator of inflammation, but also participates in the pathophysiology of the disease as an inflammatory cytokine. In summary, and based on the complementary tests, autoimmune causes and viral processes are ruled out as possible aetiology. The study should be extended with Coombs' test, reticulocytes or bone marrow aspirate to rule out a central cause of pancytopenia, although it could be partly explained by the septic condition. Imaging tests are needed to assess the status of the hepatomegaly and to rule out/confirm splenomegaly or a liver tumour which also justifies the patient's clinical signs of malnutrition and cachexia. Given the above, hyperferritinaemia could be secondary to a liver disease such as haemochromatosis or be in the context of septicaemia as an acute phase reactant, although the levels are excessively elevated, so hyperferritinaemic syndrome should not be forgotten.
Evolution
Treatment was started with rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide, the doses of which were adjusted to the patient's weight. Despite this, the patient developed respiratory, haemodynamic and haematological failure and required admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).
The study was extended with haematological tests such as Coombs' test and haptoglobin, which were negative, ruling out an underlying haematological process. Bone marrow aspirate was not performed.
The analytical evolution was as follows: he developed a coagulopathy with a decrease in AP to 52%, APTT 25 s, DD 31, worsening of the cytopenias, requiring transfusions of platelets and red blood cells, although blood levels were subsequently brought under control. Ferritin levels were decreasing, reaching 2578 mg/dL. All blood and urine media cultures were negative. Serial smears remained persistently positive, with an antibiogram for rifampicin-sensitive M. tuberculosis. The bacillus was not isolated from any other specimen. The CRP was elevated on admission to the ICU and subsequently decreased. The patient had to be intubated due to muscle exhaustion and was severely maladapted to invasive ventilation. He developed a parcel pneumothorax, so a chest tube was placed, making ventilation even more difficult. A chest CT scan was requested to assess the extent of the lesion: "Moderate right anterior hydropneumothorax with well-placed drainage tube. Possible pleurobronchial fistula in LSD. Consolidation in LSD multicavitated with bronchial dilatation. Large 85 mm cavity in LSI, without hydroaerial levels or masses. Parenchyma of middle lobe, lingula and lower lobes with reticular interstitial involvement and areas of honeycombing. Alveolar infiltrates in LSI and patchy in LII. No mediastinal adenopathies of significant size. Abdominal and pelvic CT only showed homogeneous hepatomegaly".
Despite the support measures taken and the tuberculostatic treatment, there was no clinical improvement. Finally the patient died.
Final diagnosis
Respiratory sepsis due to pulmonary tuberculosis and secondary SHF.
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"it",
"necessary",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"a",
"bone",
"marrow",
"disease",
"or",
"a",
"peripheral",
"process",
"that",
"explains",
"the",
"cellular",
"consumption",
"or",
"destruction",
".",
"Causes",
"with",
"peripheral",
"involvement",
"include",
"hypersplenism",
",",
"liver",
"disease",
",",
"certain",
"viruses",
",",
"autoimmune",
"processes",
"or",
"consumption",
"during",
"sepsis",
".",
"Central",
"mechanisms",
"include",
"viral",
"processes",
",",
"leukaemias",
"or",
"myelodysplastic",
"or",
"myeloproliferative",
"syndromes",
".",
"Drug",
"or",
"alcohol",
"consumption",
",",
"history",
"of",
"liver",
"disease",
",",
"poor",
"diet",
",",
"haematological",
"diseases",
"or",
"infections",
"with",
"EBV",
",",
"CMV",
",",
"parvovirus",
"B19",
"or",
"HIV",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"Hepatomegaly",
"can",
"occur",
"as",
"a",
"consequence",
"of",
"various",
"pathologies",
",",
"such",
"as",
"hepatitis",
"secondary",
"to",
"an",
"infectious",
"process",
",",
"ischaemia",
",",
"toxins",
"such",
"as",
"drugs",
"or",
"alcohol",
".",
"It",
"can",
"be",
"caused",
"by",
"accumulation",
"of",
"substances",
",",
"as",
"in",
"haemochromatosis",
",",
"or",
"by",
"infiltration",
"of",
"tumours",
",",
"both",
"benign",
"and",
"malignant",
".",
"It",
"may",
"be",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"alterations",
"in",
"venous",
"return",
",",
"as",
"in",
"thrombosis",
"of",
"the",
"suprahepatic",
"veins",
"or",
"congestive",
"heart",
"failure",
".",
"Alterations",
"in",
"the",
"biliary",
"tract",
",",
"such",
"as",
"in",
"primary",
"biliary",
"cirrhosis",
",",
"may",
"also",
"cause",
"enlargement",
"of",
"the",
"liver",
".",
"Hyperferritinaemia",
"can",
"occur",
"in",
"a",
"variety",
"of",
"conditions",
"such",
"as",
"inflammation",
",",
"sepsis",
",",
"liver",
"pathology",
",",
"haemochromatosis",
"or",
"frequent",
"blood",
"transfusions",
".",
"Although",
"low",
"ferritin",
"levels",
"correlate",
"closely",
"with",
"iron",
"deficiency",
",",
"the",
"same",
"does",
"not",
"seem",
"to",
"be",
"true",
"when",
"values",
"are",
"elevated",
".",
"This",
"is",
"related",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"of",
"ferritin",
"as",
"a",
"pro-inflammatory",
"mediator",
"and",
"acute",
"phase",
"reactant",
"(",
"PAR",
")",
".",
"Markedly",
"elevated",
"levels",
"are",
"rare",
"in",
"clinical",
"practice",
".",
"They",
"are",
"highly",
"suggestive",
"of",
"haemophagocytic",
"syndrome",
"(",
"HPS",
")",
",",
"Still",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"or",
"malignant",
"antiphospholipid",
"syndrome",
"among",
"others",
".",
"In",
"these",
"syndromes",
",",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"only",
"a",
"mediator",
"of",
"inflammation",
",",
"but",
"also",
"participates",
"in",
"the",
"pathophysiology",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
"as",
"an",
"inflammatory",
"cytokine",
".",
"In",
"summary",
",",
"and",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
",",
"autoimmune",
"causes",
"and",
"viral",
"processes",
"are",
"ruled",
"out",
"as",
"possible",
"aetiology",
".",
"The",
"study",
"should",
"be",
"extended",
"with",
"Coombs",
"'",
"test",
",",
"reticulocytes",
"or",
"bone",
"marrow",
"aspirate",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"a",
"central",
"cause",
"of",
"pancytopenia",
",",
"although",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"partly",
"explained",
"by",
"the",
"septic",
"condition",
".",
"Imaging",
"tests",
"are",
"needed",
"to",
"assess",
"the",
"status",
"of",
"the",
"hepatomegaly",
"and",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"/",
"confirm",
"splenomegaly",
"or",
"a",
"liver",
"tumour",
"which",
"also",
"justifies",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"clinical",
"signs",
"of",
"malnutrition",
"and",
"cachexia",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"above",
",",
"hyperferritinaemia",
"could",
"be",
"secondary",
"to",
"a",
"liver",
"disease",
"such",
"as",
"haemochromatosis",
"or",
"be",
"in",
"the",
"context",
"of",
"septicaemia",
"as",
"an",
"acute",
"phase",
"reactant",
",",
"although",
"the",
"levels",
"are",
"excessively",
"elevated",
",",
"so",
"hyperferritinaemic",
"syndrome",
"should",
"not",
"be",
"forgotten",
".",
"Evolution",
"Treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"rifampicin",
",",
"isoniazid",
",",
"ethambutol",
"and",
"pyrazinamide",
",",
"the",
"doses",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"adjusted",
"to",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"weight",
".",
"Despite",
"this",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"developed",
"respiratory",
",",
"haemodynamic",
"and",
"haematological",
"failure",
"and",
"required",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"Intensive",
"Care",
"Unit",
"(",
"ICU",
")",
".",
"The",
"study",
"was",
"extended",
"with",
"haematological",
"tests",
"such",
"as",
"Coombs",
"'",
"test",
"and",
"haptoglobin",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"an",
"underlying",
"haematological",
"process",
".",
"Bone",
"marrow",
"aspirate",
"was",
"not",
"performed",
".",
"The",
"analytical",
"evolution",
"was",
"as",
"follows",
":",
"he",
"developed",
"a",
"coagulopathy",
"with",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"AP",
"to",
"52",
"%",
",",
"APTT",
"25",
"s",
",",
"DD",
"31",
",",
"worsening",
"of",
"the",
"cytopenias",
",",
"requiring",
"transfusions",
"of",
"platelets",
"and",
"red",
"blood",
"cells",
",",
"although",
"blood",
"levels",
"were",
"subsequently",
"brought",
"under",
"control",
".",
"Ferritin",
"levels",
"were",
"decreasing",
",",
"reaching",
"2578",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
".",
"All",
"blood",
"and",
"urine",
"media",
"cultures",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"Serial",
"smears",
"remained",
"persistently",
"positive",
",",
"with",
"an",
"antibiogram",
"for",
"rifampicin-sensitive",
"M",
".",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"The",
"bacillus",
"was",
"not",
"isolated",
"from",
"any",
"other",
"specimen",
".",
"The",
"CRP",
"was",
"elevated",
"on",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
"and",
"subsequently",
"decreased",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"intubated",
"due",
"to",
"muscle",
"exhaustion",
"and",
"was",
"severely",
"maladapted",
"to",
"invasive",
"ventilation",
".",
"He",
"developed",
"a",
"parcel",
"pneumothorax",
",",
"so",
"a",
"chest",
"tube",
"was",
"placed",
",",
"making",
"ventilation",
"even",
"more",
"difficult",
".",
"A",
"chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
"requested",
"to",
"assess",
"the",
"extent",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
":",
"\"",
"Moderate",
"right",
"anterior",
"hydropneumothorax",
"with",
"well-placed",
"drainage",
"tube",
".",
"Possible",
"pleurobronchial",
"fistula",
"in",
"LSD",
".",
"Consolidation",
"in",
"LSD",
"multicavitated",
"with",
"bronchial",
"dilatation",
".",
"Large",
"85",
"mm",
"cavity",
"in",
"LSI",
",",
"without",
"hydroaerial",
"levels",
"or",
"masses",
".",
"Parenchyma",
"of",
"middle",
"lobe",
",",
"lingula",
"and",
"lower",
"lobes",
"with",
"reticular",
"interstitial",
"involvement",
"and",
"areas",
"of",
"honeycombing",
".",
"Alveolar",
"infiltrates",
"in",
"LSI",
"and",
"patchy",
"in",
"LII",
".",
"No",
"mediastinal",
"adenopathies",
"of",
"significant",
"size",
".",
"Abdominal",
"and",
"pelvic",
"CT",
"only",
"showed",
"homogeneous",
"hepatomegaly",
"\"",
".",
"Despite",
"the",
"support",
"measures",
"taken",
"and",
"the",
"tuberculostatic",
"treatment",
",",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"clinical",
"improvement",
".",
"Finally",
"the",
"patient",
"died",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Respiratory",
"sepsis",
"due",
"to",
"pulmonary",
"tuberculosis",
"and",
"secondary",
"SHF",
"."
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A 9-year-old boy, with no family or personal history of interest, consulted the Paediatric Emergency Department of our centre for vesicular lesions on the outer face of the right arm, in the area where a henna tattoo (from the Lawsonia inermis plant) had been applied. The patient reported that the tattoo had been applied 15 days earlier, with onset of the symptoms 48 hours prior to the consultation. He had been receiving treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid since the onset of the symptoms, indicated in outpatients due to suspicion of superinfection. At the time of the emergency department assessment, treatment was prescribed with Silvederma, oral methylprednisolone and hydroxyzine, with progressive improvement over the following week.
He was subsequently assessed at the paediatric allergy clinic, where hypopigmentation was observed in the area where the tattoo had been applied. A true-test was performed with readings at 48 and 96 hours, with a positive response to paraphenylenediamine.
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Anamnesis
A 56-year-old woman, with no personal history of interest or known drug allergies, came to the emergency department for evaluation of a pruritic rash of four days' evolution. The patient denied the recent introduction of medication and cosmetics. She had no fever, arthralgias or other systemic symptoms.
The only relevant history was that two days before the onset of the symptoms she had eaten mushrooms in an Asian restaurant.
Physical examination
On examination, the patient had maculo-papular lesions on the trunk and extremities, some with a purpuric tinge, all characteristically distributed in criss-crossed lines giving a "flagellated" appearance.
In addition, large erythematous plaques with irregular borders were observed on the cervical region, neckline and forehead.
Complementary tests
A complete blood test was requested, highlighting a mild leukocytosis with neutrophilia.
Histopathology revealed the presence of foci of spongiosis and perivascular lymphocytes in the papillary dermis.
Diagnosis
Flagellar dermatitis due to shiitake mushrooms.
Treatment
Treatment with topical corticosteroids and oral antihistamines was prescribed.
Evolution
On examination two weeks later, the rash had completely subsided.
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A 16-year-old male patient from the rural area of the city of Cali, Colombia, with chronic exposure to poultry droppings at home with a history of idiopathic cirrhosis, Child-Pugh Class B classification, documented 3 months prior to admission and awaiting a liver transplant at a level IV institution. At the time of consultation in the emergency department he presented with a clinical picture of 8 days evolution of fever, persistent emesis, headache, photophobia and tinnitus, so a lumbar puncture was performed obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia, Chinese ink positive for fungal structures and positive molecular tests for Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii with automated multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection system nested by FilmArray TM Meningitis/Encephalitis panel (Biomérieux, FilmArrayTM 2. 0, Marcy-L "étoile, France), a method for amplification, detection and analysis of nucleic acids in a closed system. The results obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid sample.
The culture reported growth of Cryptococcus gattii sensitive to liposomal amphotericin B, 5-fluocytocin and fluconazole. A cranial computed axial tomography was performed, where no cryptococcomas or signs of cerebral oedema were identified. Antifungal treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and 5-fluocytocin was started, with a good initial clinical evolution due to resolution of the headache, tolerance of the oral route and resolution of the other symptoms. Ten days later he presented clinical deterioration with signs of sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding and was transferred to the intensive care unit. A CSF cytochemical control was performed, which persisted with hypoglycorrhachia, pleocytosis and fungal structures in the Chinese ink study. Twenty-four days after hospitalisation, he presented neurological deterioration, renal failure requiring dialysis, ventilatory failure of central origin and coagulopathy with massive alveolar bleeding, leading to the patient's death.
Cryptococcus spp. are round or oval yeasts measuring 20 μm in diameter. C. neoformans has a universal distribution and can be easily found in the environment mainly in soil contaminated with bird faeces and C. gattii has been isolated from flowers and trees such as eucalyptus, ficus and almond trees.
C. gattii was initially thought to be a subtype of C. neoformans, but is now recognised as a single species that is divided into four molecular types: VGI, VGII; VGIII and VGIV. Strains VGI and VGII have an endemic distribution in Australia, VGII and VGIII in South America, and strain VGIV in the United States, which is associated with meningoencephalitis with an aggressive course.
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] | en |
A 34-year-old male patient diagnosed with chickenpox three weeks earlier, which had resolved without complications. He came to the emergency department with a decrease in visual acuity in his left eye.
Ophthalmological examination showed a corrected visual acuity of 1 in the right eye (OD) and 0.6 in the left eye (OI). The slit-lamp examination showed a cellular tyndall of 4+ in the left eye, keratic precipitates (3+) and no fluorescein staining of the cornea, with normal corneal staining in the right eye. Intraocular pressure was 16mmHg in both eyes.
Initial fundoscopic examination of the OI revealed mild vitritis (1+) with no foci of retinitis.
Topical treatment with corticosteroids and mydriatics was started. After 2 days, a slight decrease in cellular tyndall (3+) was observed in the anterior chamber, but fundus examination revealed a peripheral focus of necrotising retinitis in the temporal area associated with retinal vasculitis.
The patient was admitted and treatment was started with intravenous acyclovir (10 mgr/kg/8 hours), antiaggregation (acetylsalicylic acid 150 mgr/24 hours) and topical treatment was maintained. Prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation was also performed around the area of retinal necrosis.
After 48 hours and after verifying a good response with a decrease in the retinal focus, systemic corticosteroids were introduced at a dose of 1 mg/kg/d, showing a rapid improvement in visual acuity, with a decrease in vitritis and a smaller retinal focus. After 2 weeks, antiviral treatment (famciclovir 500 mgr/12 hours) was switched to oral therapy and a gradual decrease in corticosteroids was started at a rate of 10 mgr each week. Antiviral treatment was continued at maintenance doses for 6 weeks, with regular blood and biochemistry tests to detect renal involvement.
Six months after the onset of the disease, the patient remained asymptomatic, with a visual acuity of unity in the left eye, healing of the retinal lesions and complete absence of ocular inflammatory activity in both eyes.
During admission, recent varicella zoster virus infection was confirmed by seroconversion.
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A 64 year old woman with no previous history of interest presented with a decrease in VA in OD of one week's duration. The VA was 0.2 in the OD and 0.9 in the OI. The anterior pole was normal in AO. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 20 mmHg and the pupils were isochoric and normoreactive in AO. Examination of the right FO revealed papillary oedema and macular star.
In view of the clinical suspicion of neuroretinitis, we performed a series of tests including a complete blood count, basic biochemistry, ESR, CRP, chest X-ray and cranial CT scan. We also requested a complete biochemistry, coagulation, rheumatic tests, immunoglobulins, Mantoux intradermal reaction, proteinogram, gamma globulins, ANA, ENA, ANCA and ECA and serology: toxoplasma, bartonella, HIV, HBV, HCV, CMV, HSV, EBV, LUES, borrelia, chlamydia, histoplasmosis, toxocara and rose bengal. Funduscopic examination of the OD revealed papillary oedema and macular star; the OI was normal. Fluorescein angiography showed "screen effect" lesions with late hyperfluorescence around them. The systemic study of this patient was normal. Western blot serology was positive for bartonella and she was put on oral treatment with ciprofloxacin 500 mg every 12 hours for 3 weeks. The evolution was favourable and he experienced a remarkable VA recovery (OD = 0.9).
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 27-year-old male with a history of superficial venous thrombosis in the lower limbs in July 2011, on treatment with low molecular weight heparin for three months, suspended after completing the aetiological study with normal results. She had no other medical history of interest. She came to the emergency department for a clinical picture of headache with mild onset, periocular involvement and oppressive quality, progressing over days to a dull, continuous, deep and generalised pain, which worsened with exertion; it did not interfere with night-time rest.
Physical examination
Good general condition, 37.5 oC, normotensive, eupneic. Cardiopulmonary auscultation was normal. Abdomen and extremities without pathological findings.
Neurological examination: conscious, oriented and cooperative. Language and higher functions preserved. Symmetrical carotid arteries without murmurs. Cranial nerves normal. Strength, sensitivity, tone and myotatic reflexes without alterations, normal gait. Normal eye fundus. Negative meningeal signs.
Complementary tests
- In the Emergency Department, a blood test with haemogram, biochemistry and haemostasis and a chest X-ray were performed, which showed no pathological findings.
- The study was completed with a cranial computed tomography (CT) scan, which was reported as normal.
- Cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry showed no abnormal data, although opening pressure was not determined during lumbar puncture.
Treatment and evolution
After starting treatment with conventional analgesia, the symptoms subsided, so it was decided to discharge him, recommending relative rest and symptomatic treatment. After two weeks during which mild headache persisted with little functional repercussion, the clinical picture worsened, with progression of the headache and the appearance of vomiting and cervical pain, for which reason he returned to the Emergency Department. The patient continued to be in good general condition, the physical examination (including fundus examination) and laboratory tests were again normal, and a second cranial CT scan was performed, which was reported as normal.
In view of the clinical signs and the normality of the tests performed, an assessment was requested by the Neurology Department, which performed a new lumbar puncture and analysed the opening pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The biochemical analysis showed no increase in cells and proteins and glycorrhachia was normal, while the opening pressure rose to 42 cm H2O (normal values from 7 to 18 cm H2O).
The presence of intracranial hypertension made it necessary to rule out cerebral venous sinus thrombosis as the aetiological cause of the hypertension, so an urgent venous phase cranial CT angiography was performed, which confirmed the presumptive diagnosis. Angio-CT scan in venous phase. It shows a filling defect in the left internal jugular vein. A delta or empty triangle sign is seen at the confluence of the venous sinuses. It showed extensive thrombosis in the left transverse sinus with extension to the sigmoid sinus, left jugular vein up to the confluence with the left subclavian vein, right transverse and sigmoid sinuses and brachiocephalic venous trunk. With the diagnosis of massive thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinuses with secondary intracranial hypertension, anticoagulant treatment was started with sodium heparin to maintain an activated partial thromboplastin time of 1.5 to 2 times its value, followed by acenocoumarol and analgesia. During admission, an aetiological study of prothrombotic states was completed. A blood test was performed with a study of immunity (extractable nuclear antigen, ANOE, neutrophil anti-cytoplasm, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor), hypercoagulability (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, lupus anticoagulant), lupus anticoagulant, proteins C and S, antithrombin III, thrombin gene 20210A mutation and Leyden's factor V), homocysteine, serology (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C virus, lupus, Borrelia) and tumour markers. To rule out a neoplastic origin, a thoraco-abdominal-pelvic CT scan and a testicular ultrasound were performed. To date, no secondary cause of thrombophilia has been demonstrated in our patient. After clinical improvement and achievement of an adequate anticoagulation range the patient left the hospital. Three weeks after discharge, a cranial MRI with angioresonance was performed, in which signal alteration persisted in the left transverse-sigmoid sinus and jugular bulb and partial visualisation of the right transverse-sigmoid sinus, with filling of the same after contrast administration, indicating partial recanalisation. No areas of established venous infarction were observed. The patient continues to lead a normal life.
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Male 71 years old with a history of gonarthrosis with knee prosthesis and ex-drinker. He lives in a rural area, livestock farmer, and reports having been trying to exterminate a plague of mice on his farm. He consulted for 4 days of fever, choluric urine and muscle pain in the posterior region of both thighs and calves associated with muscle weakness and difficulty in walking. On arrival BP: 141/78 HR: 105 T: 37.1°C Sat: 98%. On examination, jaundice, eupneic, cardiac auscultation: tachycardic, no murmurs. Abdomen hepatomegaly of 2 finger widths neurological: strength 4/5 in the lower limbs with abolished osteotendinous reflexes. In view of these clinical and epidemiological data and the high suspicion of leptospirosis, serology was requested and antibiotic treatment with doxycycline by mouth was started and the patient was admitted to hospital. During his stay, his condition deteriorated rapidly, and in less than 12 hours he began to experience oliguria, hypotension, delirium, episodes of non-sustained VT and respiratory deterioration with haemoptysis, which required OTI-VM and admission to the ICU. During these hours, treatment with iv ceftriaxone was added to haemodynamic support. After 20 days in the ICU where the microbiological diagnosis of leptospira was confirmed, good clinical evolution with transfer to the internal medicine department and discharge from the hospital 26 days after admission to the emergency department. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis transmitted to humans by direct contact with the urine of wild mammals (especially rats and mice, but also dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, cattle and all types of wild animals). Although it is more frequent in tropical and subtropical countries, there are several traditionally endemic areas in Spain, such as rice-growing areas in the Valencian Community or the Ebro Delta. In Gran Canaria it is rare, twenty-two patients were admitted to our hospital from 2000 to 2010, the average age was 61.41 years, 68.2% from rural areas, during admission 81.8% presented acute renal failure and 68.2% shock with admission to the ICU. Five patients died. The causes of death are usually renal failure, cardiopulmonary failure and haemorrhage. Recovery is usually complete, although sequelae ranging from chronic fatigue to other neuropsychiatric symptoms such as headache, paraesthesias, mood swings and depression may remain. Treatment should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. Less severe cases can be treated with oral antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline or erythromycin. In more severe cases third generation cephalosporins and quinolones are useful. As important as antibiotics are supportive measures and treatment of water-electrolyte, haemodynamic, renal and pulmonary disturbances.
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] | en |
We present the case of a 23-year-old patient, originally from León, Guanajuato, who one month before moved to Mexico City; after the bus ride, he noticed an erythematous and pruritic papule on his neck. One week later, he presented multiple pruritic lesions on the upper and lower extremities, as well as difficulty sleeping due to "intense pruritus"; in addition to finding new lesions every morning upon awakening. During the interrogation, the patient commented that he rents a room with poor hygiene conditions, with no overcrowding or promiscuity. Physical examination revealed a disseminated dermatosis on the trunk and upper and lower extremities, characterised by numerous erythematous and pruritic papules, some with a linear configuration and traces of scratching. Right shoulder with linear erythematous papules. Right forearm, posterior aspect, with erythematous papules.
Dermoscopic examination shows secondary blood crusting due to scratching and hyperpigmented macules. Post-treatment hyperpigmented macules.
Based on the data collected, the diagnosis of insect prurigo secondary to Cimex lectularius was suspected and treatment was started with oral antihistamines, topical steroid medication and hygienic-environmental measures. 72 hours after starting treatment, the patient was assessed again and showed a satisfactory evolution: residual hyperpigmented macules and absence of pruritus. The diagnosis was confirmed by identification of the insect brought by the patient (Cimex lectularius).
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47-year-old female patient presenting with eczematous lesions on the hands for several years.
PERSONAL HISTORY
No AMC. HT for years on treatment with No AMC. HT for years on treatment with bisoprolol5mg/d. Hypercholesterolemia without treatment.
No previous surgical history.
Occupation: Cook. No clinical history with latex gloves.
Family history without atopy.
No problems with hymenoptera or food.
CURRENT ILLNESS
A 47-year-old woman who for the last two years has presented with very pruritic rounded scaly lesions located only on the hands, which improve during the holiday period.
They worsen after handling food, especially fish (raw tuna loin and belly).
No naso-ocular or bronchial symptoms.
He used latex and vinyl gloves without noticing clinical changes with one or the other.
Tolerates all types of food without problems.
PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS
Hand eczema / dyshidrotic eczema ?
Latex allergy ?
Irritative eczema ?
Food contact allergy ?
ALLERGOLOGICAL STUDY
Standard skin tests by prick test with common pneumoallergens (fungi, mites, animal epithelium, pollens, latex): negative.
Standard skin tests by prick testprick test with food (fish, anisakis, egg, milk, nuts, tomato, fruit): negative.
Allergic prick-prick tests with tuna (loin and belly) and meat: negative.
Total IgE: <20 kU/l.
Specific IgE: pending.
Epicutaneous tests (True Test®): negative in reading at 48h and 96h.
Natural food skin test with tuna (fresh and cooked) and meat: positive for fresh tuna at 48h reading and negative for cooked tuna and meat.
DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS
Allergic contact dermatitis due to food handling (raw tuna)
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A 9-month-old infant presented with generalised urticaria 1 week after the introduction of gluten-containing cereals. Exclusive breastfeeding until 4 months, introduction of gluten-free cereals well tolerated.
No pathological perinatal history, three bronchitis with no admissions.
Mother kiwi allergy, maternal uncle asthmatic.
Outstanding examinations: IgE gluten 6.9KU/L, wheat 4.7KU/L, Tria19 (omega-5 gliadin) 0.11KU/L, barley 2.8KU/L, rye 2.9KU/L, maize 0.22KU/L, oats 0.11KU/L, millet 0.06KU/L. Prick gluten 6/6, prick all other cereals negative.
Results:
In view of the positive results for different cereals with and without gluten, it was decided to complete the study with an oral gluten challenge test (OPT), which was positive. Given that the diagnostic tests were inconclusive as to the gluten fraction causing the reaction, immunoblotting was indicated, showing positive bands for glutenin and negative for the rest. Allergy to glutenins was confirmed. A gluten-free diet was indicated.
At 4 years of age anaphylaxis after accidental ingestion of wheat. Wheat IgE 15.3KU/L was requested, prick gluten 7/5. Omalizumab was started due to the risk of severe reactions. After 8 months, prick-point-final and PPO negative to gluten. Cooked foods with gluten are introduced. Currently third year of Omalizumab, 2 years of gluten diet, IgG4 wheat>30mg/L.
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] | en |
Five-year-old boy presenting with perianal erythema accompanied by anal pain on defecation, afebrile. An anal and pharyngeal swab was taken and a rapid streptococcus test was performed, which was positive in the anal swab, with GABHS growing in the rectal culture. Treatment was started with oral penicillin. Twenty days later she returned because, despite initially improving, the erythema reappeared with less intensity, accompanied by constipation and fissures on examination. Topical mupirocin was prescribed with partial improvement of the symptoms after four days, and topical clotrimazole was added due to suspicion of fungal superinfection, with final resolution of the symptoms.
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4-year-old girl diagnosed with cow's milk protein allergy, egg allergy, frequent episodic asthma due to sensitisation to dust mites and mild atopic dermatitis. In the neonatal period she took a bottle of adapted formula with good tolerance, after which she continued breast-feeding. At 5 months, after reintroducing adaptive formula, she developed urticaria and laryngeal stridor, so she was withdrawn and continued with soy formula. In 2011 she came to our clinic, and a prick test was performed with a battery of cow's milk proteins and fractions and specific CAP, with positive results in all cases (total IgE: 129.80, LV 25.40, ALA < 0.10, BLG 23.50, casein 14.80, milk serum 22.60). In 2013 he presented with anaphylactic shock after accidental ingestion of a dessert with traces of milk, and in 2014, it was decided to include him in a PLV desensitisation procedure (after a study with positive Prick skin tests and CAP, with higher values than before). Despite premedication, he presented frequent adverse reactions, on several occasions severe, and it was decided to discontinue treatment. Compassionate use of Omalizumab was requested, and after its initiation, the procedure was restarted, with good tolerance, and was completed without incident. She currently continues with omalizumab and is on a PLV-free diet.
Omalizumab has been useful in food allergy as an adjuvant in tolerance induction procedures. In our case, tolerance has been achieved after failure of a previous procedure.
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Clinical history
A 76-year-old woman, with no personal history of interest, consulted for very pruritic skin lesions of 6 years' evolution. The patient did not link the appearance of these lesions to any trigger. The complementary examinations requested, haemogram, general biochemistry, liver virus serology (HBV and C), HIV, lues, thyroid and autoimmunity profile, chest X-ray and tuberculin test (PPD) showed only alterations in glucose 171 mg/dl, glycosylated haemoglobin 8.33, triglycerides 386 mg/dl and total cholesterol 221 mg/dl.
Physical examination
There was a bilateral, symmetrical rash consisting of purplish papules, some even purpuric, with a hyperkeratotic centre, which converge in a retiform morphology, mainly on the flexor surface of the upper limbs, the axillary folds, the root of the lower limbs and the groin, and on the trunk. There was no involvement of the rest of the skin, nails or mucous membranes.
Histopathology
Histological examination of a skin biopsy showed the presence of irregular epidermal acanthosis with hyperparakeratosis and follicular horny plugs, and in the dermis, a lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate with a lichenoid band arrangement, with foci of vacuolar damage of the epidermal basal layer, dilated blood vessels in the superficial plexus without vasculitis, and some extravasated red blood cells.
Diagnosis
Chronic lichenoid keratosis.
Evolution and treatment
Topical treatment with calcipotriol /betamethasone cream and oral prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight was prescribed, resulting in a significant decrease in pruritus and resolution of the papular lesions, leaving post-inflammatory hyperpigmented patches, after 4 weeks of treatment.
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{
"text": "lues",
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] | en |
A 52-year-old woman, with no personal history of interest, was admitted from the emergency department for symptoms of three days' evolution consisting of asthenia and profuse sweating in the evening, with fever of up to 39.5°C together with a feeling of chills. No other data of interest except for arthralgias, myalgias and a semi-liquid stool without blood or pathological products in the hours prior to admission. He reports no foreign travel in the last year and occasional contact with animals.
Physical examination
On admission, temperature 38.8°C, BP 95/60 mmHg, HR 75 bpm. Conscious and oriented, good nutritional status. Hydrated. Pallor of mucous membranes. Head and neck within normal limits. Cardiopulmonary auscultation normal. Abdomen soft, depressible, not painful on palpation, no masses or megaliths, peristalsis present. Extremities without oedema, pulses preserved. There was an erythematous-nodular lesion on the dorsal side of the distal third of the left forearm and small nodular lesions on the right knee. No peripheral lymph nodes were palpable.
Complementary data
Haemoglobin 11.5 g/dL, haematocrit 34% (normal volumes). Leukocytes 4300 10ʌ3/μL (normal formula), platelets 127000 10ʌ3/μL. CBC at discharge: haemoglobin 11.1 g/dL with normal volumes. Reticulocytes 2.29%. Leukocytes 4780 10ʌ3/μL (normal formula), platelets 337000 10ʌ3/μL. Coagulation baseline within normal range. Biochemistry: glucose, urea, creatinine, ions, transaminases, bilirubin, cholesterol, folate, vitamin B12, amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase within normal values. LDH 218U/L, proteinogram normal. CRP 15.2, ferritin 212 ng/mL. TSH 3.98 mU/L, β2 microglobulin 1.8 mg/L normal. ANAs negative. Nephelometry for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 within normal. Rheumatoid factor normal. Urine system and urine sediment: 2-5 leukocytes x field with few urothelial cells. Flow cytometry: normal cellularity, proportional megakaryocytes, occasional mast cells. Myeloid series deviated to the left, mild eosinophilia and monocytosis. Red series with normoblastic maturation. Mild hyperplasia of the phagocytic mononuclear system. No lymphocytosis or lymphoid accumulations, the marrow being reactive. Marrow biopsy: fragmented bone sample, with representation of the three haematopoietic series. There is no alteration in the reticulin network, haemosiderosis or fibrosis. ECG: normal. TTE: normal. Serial blood cultures: negative. Urine culture: negative, Ag for pneumococcus negative. Stool culture: negative. Quantiferon: positive 0.64UI/ml. FNA dermal lesion: negative for malignancy. Serology HBV, HCV, HIV, Borrelia, Brucella, Coxiella, EBV, Rickettsia, LUES and Mycoplasma negative. CMV IgM negative IgG positive. Abdominal ultrasound: retroperitoneal adenopathy and splenomegaly with focal lesions. Thoracic-abdominal CT with contrast: small mediastinal adenopathies smaller than 10mm, subpleural nodule in LID compatible with lipoma. Moderate hepatosplenomegaly with hypodense lesions in hepatic segments III-IV and VI-VII measuring 5mm-18mm in diameter. In the spleen, multiple hypodense lesions affecting the entire parenchyma were identified. Retroperitoneal adenopathies of 10mm in diameter in the left para-aortic region and in the gastrohepatic ligament. Small mesenteric and peripancreatic adenopathies. Rest normal. Serology by IFA for Bartonella henselae IgM positive and IgG positive with titres above 1/512. Evolution and comments: Patient with the described history who was admitted for subacute febrile symptoms, with images that initially raised suspicions of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and more specifically, given the findings in the spleen, of splenic lymphoma; both flow cytometry and iliac crest biopsy were negative. While she remained on symptomatic treatment and the studies were being completed, it was decided to extend the serology given her history of contact with animals and the lesions on her forearm that could suggest scratches; it was positive for B. henselae and treatment was started initially with ceftriaxone 2 g iv every 24 hours for a week, later reinforced with doxycycline 100 mg vo c/12 hours given the significant compromise of the patient's general condition. Satisfactory evolution was observed, with progressive remission of symptoms until complete recovery.
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A 51-year-old man was referred to our hospital on April 2, 2020 with progressive weakness in the lower and upper extremities and acral paresthesia of two days' evolution. He also reported intermittent fever and flu-like symptoms with clear fatigue and dry cough for the last two weeks.
On clinical examination, considerable tetraparesis was observed, with muscle strength in the extremities between 2/5 and 4/5 (on the Medical Research Council scale), as well as generalised areflexia. Vital signs were stable.
On admission, a low-dose chest CT scan revealed bilateral interstitial infiltrates typical of COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 infection was later confirmed by a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 from a pharyngeal swab.
On admission, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed mild pleocytosis (9 cells/μl), normal protein value and negative PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Serum anti-ganglioside antibodies were negative.
An electroneurogram the day after admission showed prolonged distal motor latencies (left median nerve 8.4 ms; left tibial nerve 11.6 ms) and F-wave loss, suggesting peripheral demyelination.
Due to rapidly worsening pulmonary gas exchange, the patient required endotracheal intubation on the second day of admission. After pulmonary stabilisation, a tracheostomy was performed on day 7 of admission and attempts were made to withdraw assisted ventilation.
Despite treatment with i.v. immunoglobulins (30 g per day for 5 days), the patient was admitted to the hospital. (30 g per day for 5 days, started on admission), the neurological status worsened to an almost total peripheral locked-in syndrome, with tetraplegia, complete hypoaesthesia in all extremities, bilateral sublingual and facial paresis and respiratory failure due to muscle weakness.
In view of the fulminant neurological evolution, plasmapheresis therapy was started on the 13th day of admission (total of 14 treatments). Just before the start of plasmapheresis, a second CSF sample was obtained, which showed a clear increase in protein (10,231 mg/l; normal range up to 450 mg/l) without pleocytosis.
On day 14 after admission, a spinal MRI was performed which showed large symmetrical contrast enhancement of the spinal nerve roots in all spinal segments, including the cauda equina. Of note, the anterior and posterior nerve roots showed the same involvement.
MRI (T1-weighted sequences after gadolinium application) showed symmetrical enhancement of the anterior and posterior roots in the cervical spine and cauda equina.
31 days after admission, the patient was referred to a specialised rehabilitation clinic. At that time he showed signs of motor improvement with regressive sublingual and facial paresis, but still required mechanical ventilation.
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21-year-old woman with no known drug allergies or toxic habits. She had been diagnosed in childhood with restrictive membranous ventricular septal defect and was being followed up by cardiology without surgical treatment. The patient did not take treatment on a regular basis, led an active life and worked as a hairdresser.
She consulted the emergency department of our centre for a week-long febrile peaks in the afternoon together with profuse sweating. She reported having lost three kilograms of weight in that week without reducing her intake. She had no other associated symptoms. On initial examination he was haemodynamically stable, with a systolic murmur on the left sternal border. There was no evidence of lymphadenopathy or megaliths on examination.
There were no parenchymal alterations on posteroanterior or lateral chest X-rays. Analyses were taken in the emergency department: haemogram, coagulation and blood gases were normal. Urinary sediment showed no alterations. There were also no alterations in the ionic, renal function or liver profile. Only a CRP of 42.4 mg/L was noted.
Blood cultures were taken, coinciding with the onset of fever and shivering, and the patient was admitted to the ward for examination.
An abdominal ultrasound scan showed a 17 cm splenomegaly, and the study was extended with a thoracoabdominal CT scan. This study showed small opacities of the lung parenchyma that were patchy, peripheral and bilateral, with an alveolar appearance and the aforementioned splenomegaly; no appreciable lymphadenopathy, masses or vascular alterations were observed. The radiologist concluded in her report that the findings were non-specific and could correspond to multiple causes, including inflammatory or infectious pathologies.
An autoimmunity study was performed, including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, which was negative. The patient's proteinogram and immunoglobulin values were normal.
On the third day of admission, microbiology was notified due to the growth of gram-positive bacilli in a blood culture bottle. In view of the results, a test was performed which supported the diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
The patient presented with a fever of one week's duration with splenomegaly and nodular pulmonary images. Splenomegaly is a non-specific sign that can be secondary to several pathologies, and many of them can be associated with fever.
It may be secondary to:
(a) acute infections such as mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, CMV or toxoplasma infection;
b) sub-acute or chronic infections such as tuberculosis, bacterial endocarditis, brucellosis, syphilis or HIV;
c) tropical or parasitic infections such as malaria, leishmaniasis or schistosomiasis.
Multiple haematological processes can also cause splenomegaly such as myeloproliferative processes, lymphomas, water leukaemias, thalassaemias, spherocytosis, autoimmune haemolysis or megaloblastic anaemia. These syndromes usually present with alterations in the haemogram and/or the presence of lymphadenopathies, which we did not observe in our patient.
Other causes of splenomegaly are congestive, secondary to cirrhosis, portal hypertension or congestive heart failure, which was not present in our case. Neoplastic causes such as haemangiomas or possible splenic metastases could also cause it. As well as inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis; or other deposition diseases such as Gaucher disease, amyloidosis or Niemann-Pick syndrome.
Our patient also presented with nodular pulmonary images describing small, peripheral, bilateral, patchy lung parenchymal opacities of alveolar appearance. In the differential diagnosis of multiple pulmonary masses, the neoplastic origin of the masses should always be taken into account, and in the case of multiple masses, the possibility of balloon metastasis should be considered.
However, there are also benign entities that can mimic a lung neoplasm; these can be classified into four main groups:
1. congenital: such as bronchial atresia; intralobar sequestration, arteriovenous malformations or bronchogenic cysts.
Infectious: lung abscess, round pneumonia, hydatid cyst, actinomycosis, mycetomas, septic emboli or granulomas.
3. Inflammatory: sarcoidosis, bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia (BONO), Wegener's granulomatosis or amyloidosis.
4. Others: haematomas, pulmonary infarcts, pneumoconiosis.
The fact that these images are multiple, and that they were not present in the patient's previous imaging tests, rules out many of these options. Grouping the presence of fever with splenomegaly and pulmonary nodular images, we consider as the most likely diagnoses an infectious process that could cause pulmonary septic emboli, amyloidosis and autoimmune diseases with pulmonary nodules that can cause fever, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (former Wegener's disease) or bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia (BONO).
The fact that the autoimmunity study was negative allowed ruling out granulomatosis. The patient did not present dyspnoea, cough, respiratory failure or other respiratory symptoms that would lead us to suspect the presence of BONO. The normal values of the proteinogram and immunoglobulins make the presence of amyloidosis unlikely.
In view of the suspicion of an emboligenic infectious process, a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, showing an image of lobulated vegetation implanted on the right side of the membranous ventricular septal defect without pulmonary valve involvement. The cardiac valves showed no significant alterations or vegetations.
The microbiology service performed a MALDI-TOF spectrometry analysis on the sample and classified it as Abiotrophia defectiva. The antibiogram showed sensitivity to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. Our patient would therefore meet the criteria for certain endocarditis, according to the modified Duke criteria. One major criterion is endocardial vegetation and 4 minor ones (predisposing heart disease, fever with temperature over 38oC, pulmonary embolisms and a positive blood culture).
Final diagnosis
Infective endocarditis on ventricular septal defect due to Abiotrophia defectiva with septic pulmonary embolisms.
Evolution
Antibiotic treatment was started with ceftriaxone 2 grams every 12 hours and gentamicin 80 mg every 8 hours. The patient remained afebrile from the first day of treatment. She showed progressive improvement in general condition. At no time did she show signs of heart failure. Weekly control transthoracic echocardiograms were performed and showed no changes with respect to the diagnostic echocardiogram. A week after antibiotic treatment, blood cultures were negative. After two weeks of intravenous antibiotic treatment with two antimicrobials; given the clinical stability of the patient, she was discharged, continuing 4 more weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone in a day hospital regime. Weekly medical check-ups were performed with control analyses and echocardiograms. At 6 weeks the patient was asymptomatic, acute phase reactants had decreased to normal, and echocardiograms were similar to those at the time of diagnosis.
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A 44-year-old man with no known drug allergies or any other history of interest except that for the last month he had been suffering from episodes of epigastralgia and his primary care doctor requested a breath test, which was positive. She has been on eradication treatment for H. pylori for two days. She consulted the emergency department for asthenia and bradypsychia of one week's duration and two episodes of dysarthria lasting 5-10 minutes. She reported no fever or other accompanying symptoms.
On physical examination, he was conscious and oriented in all three spheres, in good general condition, cardiopulmonary auscultation without findings, as well as abdominal, lower limb and neurological examination. Laboratory tests showed: creatinine 1.38 mg/dL, haemoglobin 8.9 g/dL, platelets 9000/uL, leukocytes 7200/uL and neutrophils 71.2%. ECG and chest X-ray with no apparent findings.
The patient was admitted and corticosteroid treatment was started with bicytopenia under study (anaemia and thrombopenia) and acute renal failure. Laboratory tests on the ward showed total bilirubin 1.61 mg/dl, indirect bilirubin 1.43 mg/dl, haptoglobin <6 g/L, LDH 1333 u/L, reticulocytes 110000/uL, D-dimer 2365 ng/ml and negative direct Coombs' test. Peripheral blood smear showed 8 to 10 schistocytes per field (see attached image).
Given the findings of elevated LDH, elevated total bilirubin at the expense of indirect bilirubin, very low haptoglobin, high reticulocytes and negative direct Coombs' test, a diagnosis of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia was made. In addition to the above, the elevated creatinine level, which had not been present previously, and the neurological symptoms (bradypsychia and episodes of dysarthria) led to a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Our referral hospital was contacted for transfer and initiation of treatment with plasmapheresis.
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Eleven year old girl consulted the allergy department for pruritic eczema, with a tendency to ulceration, on the forearms, in relation to contact with the school garden. Skin tests for the usual inhalants were negative, and laboratory tests showed a total IgE level of 44.7kU/L (normal). The school contacted the municipal health department, who went to the orchard and verified the presence of insects measuring 1-2 mm in length in the orchard, on the clothes and limbs of several children. The specimens were sent to the Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology of the UMU, and were identified as Trips, belonging to the genus Aelotrips Haliday (Aeolothripidae, Thysanoptera). The patient was then pricked by prick with the crushed live insects, resulting in a 5mm diameter papule: POSITIVE (10 healthy controls, negative).
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Reason for consultation
A 6 year old girl came with her parents for consultation with fever, cough and mucus of four days of evolution treated with physical measures and antipyretics without clinical improvement. After a complete examination with pathological respiratory auscultation and a normal chest X-ray, she was treated with a dose of Azithromycin, suspecting atypical pneumonia, which presumably improved. Three months later, having been asymptomatic until then, she presented with skin lesions on the lateral regions of the trunk, buttocks and thighs, which we began to study with the help of complementary tests.
Individual approach
The only personal history of interest was atopic dermatitis, she was correctly vaccinated and there were no known drug allergies. She had not had any trips of interest nor had she had any relations with animals other than those she had already experienced. There was no family history of interest.
In May the patient consulted for a fever of four days' evolution, cough and mucus which, after auscultation of the lungs with added crackles, we decided to request a chest X-ray, as there were no condensations, we considered possible atypical pneumonia and prescribed Azithromycin for three days, improving in 48 hours.
Three months later, the patient presented with polymorphous lesions of papules and erythematous and oedematous plaques as well as vesicles and a pathognomonic "bull's eye" lesion (with three concentric rings and sometimes a central haemorrhagic vesicle). They were pruritic but there were no signs of impetiginisation or other complications, we prescribed Dexchlorpheniramine to improve the pruritus and indicated to monitor the evolution.
A few days later, her mother came to the clinic concerned because the lesions were spreading, mainly on the buttocks and thighs, which were asymptomatic for the child. We decided to remain expectant and to check the patient in a few weeks.
The girl went to the scheduled appointment with both parents presenting the same lesions, without pruritus as she was using the prescribed antihistamine treatment. Her parents, out of concern and uncertainty, asked us for additional tests and another assessment to clarify the cause of the lesions. We believed the clinical diagnosis to be Erythema multiforme minor, as she also had a pathognomonic lesion, but in view of this concern we requested tests and referred her to a specialist.
Additional tests included a complete blood count, biochemistry and parameters of acute phase reactants in range and serology with positive IgM for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, with no other findings. The patient was referred to the dermatology department, who suggested the use of Azithromycin and/or Acyclovir, which in principle we did not follow; we did request a new blood test and observed a quadrupling of the titration, concluding that it was a cutaneous reaction induced by Mycoplasma.
After a few weeks and with repeated outbreaks of skin lesions, the parents remained uneasy and demanded curative treatment.
Family and community approach
Regarding their family structure, they form a nuclear family with close relatives (her parents, her older brother and she live at home) without any stressful life events of note. Nurturing family style, with family togetherness, nurturing and adapting to the needs and stimulating interests of their pre-school and school-age children. We can classify according to Duvall's model: stage of consolidation and opening IV of the family life cycle.
Clinical judgement
Today there is controversy as to the group of lesions in which we classify our case: Erythema Multiforme Minor (EMm). Most authors continue to classify Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) as different expressions of the same clinicopathological entity, differentiating according to extension, severity and possible triggering factor (virus vs. drugs). EMM are acute, recurrent or non-recurrent, self-limited lesions that have no or minimal mucosal involvement and heal without sequelae, usually in 2-4 weeks, although they can sometimes become chronic, as in our case, which in particular would be Chronic Erythema Multiforme Minor. EMMajor also heals without sequelae but can produce acute outbreaks and mucosal involvement. JSS are acute, non-self-limiting lesions that also include visceral manifestations. Finally, NET is progressive, triggered by drugs and also affects internal organs with a fulminant course.
Diagnosis is mainly clinical combined with histological if necessary. Laboratory findings in minor MS are normal; in major MS there may be an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, moderate leukocytosis and slightly increased transaminases; and in JSS and NET there is fever and laboratory findings will depend on the degree of internal organ involvement.
Action plan
After diagnosis and having treated the Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection months ago, and now proposing to improve the dermatological symptoms, we explain to the parents that there is no consensus in the literature on the management of chronic EMminoritis, and even less so in the paediatric age group. There is controversy regarding the use of systemic corticosteroids; it has not been proven that they shorten the duration of the disease and they could be associated with an increase in the frequency of outbreaks and their chronicity. We suggest expectancy.
Two weeks later, with persistent lesions, the parents decided to try corticosteroid treatment. Prednisone was prescribed at a dose of 1mg/kg/day during the outbreaks until the lesions disappeared, at which point the dose was reduced.
Evolution
The girl and her parents continued to visit the clinic with mild skin outbreaks every 10-15 days.
In the middle of winter, it was decided to treat only the pruritus again. The clinical course lasted 9 to 10 months until spontaneous remission.
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"there",
"were",
"no",
"condensations",
",",
"we",
"considered",
"possible",
"atypical",
"pneumonia",
"and",
"prescribed",
"Azithromycin",
"for",
"three",
"days",
",",
"improving",
"in",
"48",
"hours",
".",
"Three",
"months",
"later",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"presented",
"with",
"polymorphous",
"lesions",
"of",
"papules",
"and",
"erythematous",
"and",
"oedematous",
"plaques",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"vesicles",
"and",
"a",
"pathognomonic",
"\"",
"bull",
"'",
"s",
"eye",
"\"",
"lesion",
"(",
"with",
"three",
"concentric",
"rings",
"and",
"sometimes",
"a",
"central",
"haemorrhagic",
"vesicle",
")",
".",
"They",
"were",
"pruritic",
"but",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"impetiginisation",
"or",
"other",
"complications",
",",
"we",
"prescribed",
"Dexchlorpheniramine",
"to",
"improve",
"the",
"pruritus",
"and",
"indicated",
"to",
"monitor",
"the",
"evolution",
".",
"A",
"few",
"days",
"later",
",",
"her",
"mother",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"clinic",
"concerned",
"because",
"the",
"lesions",
"were",
"spreading",
",",
"mainly",
"on",
"the",
"buttocks",
"and",
"thighs",
",",
"which",
"were",
"asymptomatic",
"for",
"the",
"child",
".",
"We",
"decided",
"to",
"remain",
"expectant",
"and",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"patient",
"in",
"a",
"few",
"weeks",
".",
"The",
"girl",
"went",
"to",
"the",
"scheduled",
"appointment",
"with",
"both",
"parents",
"presenting",
"the",
"same",
"lesions",
",",
"without",
"pruritus",
"as",
"she",
"was",
"using",
"the",
"prescribed",
"antihistamine",
"treatment",
".",
"Her",
"parents",
",",
"out",
"of",
"concern",
"and",
"uncertainty",
",",
"asked",
"us",
"for",
"additional",
"tests",
"and",
"another",
"assessment",
"to",
"clarify",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"lesions",
".",
"We",
"believed",
"the",
"clinical",
"diagnosis",
"to",
"be",
"Erythema",
"multiforme",
"minor",
",",
"as",
"she",
"also",
"had",
"a",
"pathognomonic",
"lesion",
",",
"but",
"in",
"view",
"of",
"this",
"concern",
"we",
"requested",
"tests",
"and",
"referred",
"her",
"to",
"a",
"specialist",
".",
"Additional",
"tests",
"included",
"a",
"complete",
"blood",
"count",
",",
"biochemistry",
"and",
"parameters",
"of",
"acute",
"phase",
"reactants",
"in",
"range",
"and",
"serology",
"with",
"positive",
"IgM",
"for",
"Mycoplasma",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"findings",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"dermatology",
"department",
",",
"who",
"suggested",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"Azithromycin",
"and",
"/",
"or",
"Acyclovir",
",",
"which",
"in",
"principle",
"we",
"did",
"not",
"follow",
";",
"we",
"did",
"request",
"a",
"new",
"blood",
"test",
"and",
"observed",
"a",
"quadrupling",
"of",
"the",
"titration",
",",
"concluding",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"a",
"cutaneous",
"reaction",
"induced",
"by",
"Mycoplasma",
".",
"After",
"a",
"few",
"weeks",
"and",
"with",
"repeated",
"outbreaks",
"of",
"skin",
"lesions",
",",
"the",
"parents",
"remained",
"uneasy",
"and",
"demanded",
"curative",
"treatment",
".",
"Family",
"and",
"community",
"approach",
"Regarding",
"their",
"family",
"structure",
",",
"they",
"form",
"a",
"nuclear",
"family",
"with",
"close",
"relatives",
"(",
"her",
"parents",
",",
"her",
"older",
"brother",
"and",
"she",
"live",
"at",
"home",
")",
"without",
"any",
"stressful",
"life",
"events",
"of",
"note",
".",
"Nurturing",
"family",
"style",
",",
"with",
"family",
"togetherness",
",",
"nurturing",
"and",
"adapting",
"to",
"the",
"needs",
"and",
"stimulating",
"interests",
"of",
"their",
"pre-school",
"and",
"school-age",
"children",
".",
"We",
"can",
"classify",
"according",
"to",
"Duvall",
"'",
"s",
"model",
":",
"stage",
"of",
"consolidation",
"and",
"opening",
"IV",
"of",
"the",
"family",
"life",
"cycle",
".",
"Clinical",
"judgement",
"Today",
"there",
"is",
"controversy",
"as",
"to",
"the",
"group",
"of",
"lesions",
"in",
"which",
"we",
"classify",
"our",
"case",
":",
"Erythema",
"Multiforme",
"Minor",
"(",
"EMm",
")",
".",
"Most",
"authors",
"continue",
"to",
"classify",
"Erythema",
"Multiforme",
",",
"Stevens-Johnson",
"Syndrome",
"(",
"SJS",
")",
"and",
"Toxic",
"Epidermal",
"Necrolysis",
"(",
"TEN",
")",
"as",
"different",
"expressions",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"clinicopathological",
"entity",
",",
"differentiating",
"according",
"to",
"extension",
",",
"severity",
"and",
"possible",
"triggering",
"factor",
"(",
"virus",
"vs",
".",
"drugs",
")",
".",
"EMM",
"are",
"acute",
",",
"recurrent",
"or",
"non-recurrent",
",",
"self-limited",
"lesions",
"that",
"have",
"no",
"or",
"minimal",
"mucosal",
"involvement",
"and",
"heal",
"without",
"sequelae",
",",
"usually",
"in",
"2-4",
"weeks",
",",
"although",
"they",
"can",
"sometimes",
"become",
"chronic",
",",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"which",
"in",
"particular",
"would",
"be",
"Chronic",
"Erythema",
"Multiforme",
"Minor",
".",
"EMMajor",
"also",
"heals",
"without",
"sequelae",
"but",
"can",
"produce",
"acute",
"outbreaks",
"and",
"mucosal",
"involvement",
".",
"JSS",
"are",
"acute",
",",
"non-self-limiting",
"lesions",
"that",
"also",
"include",
"visceral",
"manifestations",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"NET",
"is",
"progressive",
",",
"triggered",
"by",
"drugs",
"and",
"also",
"affects",
"internal",
"organs",
"with",
"a",
"fulminant",
"course",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"is",
"mainly",
"clinical",
"combined",
"with",
"histological",
"if",
"necessary",
".",
"Laboratory",
"findings",
"in",
"minor",
"MS",
"are",
"normal",
";",
"in",
"major",
"MS",
"there",
"may",
"be",
"an",
"increased",
"erythrocyte",
"sedimentation",
"rate",
",",
"moderate",
"leukocytosis",
"and",
"slightly",
"increased",
"transaminases",
";",
"and",
"in",
"JSS",
"and",
"NET",
"there",
"is",
"fever",
"and",
"laboratory",
"findings",
"will",
"depend",
"on",
"the",
"degree",
"of",
"internal",
"organ",
"involvement",
".",
"Action",
"plan",
"After",
"diagnosis",
"and",
"having",
"treated",
"the",
"Mycoplasma",
"pneumoniae",
"infection",
"months",
"ago",
",",
"and",
"now",
"proposing",
"to",
"improve",
"the",
"dermatological",
"symptoms",
",",
"we",
"explain",
"to",
"the",
"parents",
"that",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"consensus",
"in",
"the",
"literature",
"on",
"the",
"management",
"of",
"chronic",
"EMminoritis",
",",
"and",
"even",
"less",
"so",
"in",
"the",
"paediatric",
"age",
"group",
".",
"There",
"is",
"controversy",
"regarding",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"systemic",
"corticosteroids",
";",
"it",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"proven",
"that",
"they",
"shorten",
"the",
"duration",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
"and",
"they",
"could",
"be",
"associated",
"with",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"the",
"frequency",
"of",
"outbreaks",
"and",
"their",
"chronicity",
".",
"We",
"suggest",
"expectancy",
".",
"Two",
"weeks",
"later",
",",
"with",
"persistent",
"lesions",
",",
"the",
"parents",
"decided",
"to",
"try",
"corticosteroid",
"treatment",
".",
"Prednisone",
"was",
"prescribed",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"1mg",
"/",
"kg",
"/",
"day",
"during",
"the",
"outbreaks",
"until",
"the",
"lesions",
"disappeared",
",",
"at",
"which",
"point",
"the",
"dose",
"was",
"reduced",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"girl",
"and",
"her",
"parents",
"continued",
"to",
"visit",
"the",
"clinic",
"with",
"mild",
"skin",
"outbreaks",
"every",
"10-15",
"days",
".",
"In",
"the",
"middle",
"of",
"winter",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"treat",
"only",
"the",
"pruritus",
"again",
".",
"The",
"clinical",
"course",
"lasted",
"9",
"to",
"10",
"months",
"until",
"spontaneous",
"remission",
"."
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A 78-year-old man with a personal history of allergy to sulphonamides and thiazides, ex-smoker and ex-drinker, chronic bronchitis with home oxygen, chronic atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease and chronic venous insufficiency. His usual treatment was furosemide, pentoxifylline, acenocoumarol, omeprazole, oral iron and paracetamol. She was admitted to our hospital for antibiotic treatment and treatment of mixed ulcers with a torpid evolution.
Physical examination on admission: blood pressure 100/61 mmHg, mixed ulcers with exudate on both lower limbs; the rest of the examination was of no interest.
Blood tests on admission: creatinine 1.5 mg/dl (previous 1.4-1.6 mg/dl) (Cockcroft-Gault 28 ml/min), uric acid 9.4 mg/dl, albumin 3.2 g/dl, haematocrit 27.8 %, haemoglobin 8.9 g/dl, other blood tests normal. Culture of the exudate from the ulcers was positive for Pseudomona aeruginosa and Streptococcus beta non-A non-B sensitive to cefepime.
Antibiotic treatment was started with cefepime at a dose of 2 grams every 8 hours i.v. for 10 days. On the fourth day of antibiotic treatment renal function remained stable with serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/day. On the tenth day of cefepime treatment (when the antibiotic was discontinued), previous renal function deterioration was noted, with serum creatinine of 2.8 mg/dl. One day after discontinuation of cefepime, this deterioration of renal function persisted and the patient also presented confusional syndrome and restlessness, for which reason the Nephrology and Neurology Departments were consulted.
The anamnesis was impossible to perform due to the patient's excitability and restlessness. Serum therapy with isotonic saline was started. Renal ultrasound showed reduced kidney size (8 cm).
An electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed, which was pathological, with the presence of bilateral electrical status (constant bilateral slow, sharp and triphasic wave discharges). A cerebral axial computed tomography scan was also performed, with the only finding being cortico-subcortical atrophy.
Given the suspicion of neurotoxicity caused by cefepime, phenytoin was prescribed with a loading dose of 1000 mg i.v. and then 100 mg/8 hours i.v., and urgent haemodialysis was performed through a catheter in the left femoral vein for 3 hours. Pre-dialysis plasma levels of cefepime (24 hours after antibiotic discontinuation) were measured and were 50.087 μg/ml. After the first dialysis session, the patient was calmer and more alert.
Given the clinical improvement after the first dialysis session and considering the high mortality rate related to cefepime-linked neurotoxicity, three more haemodialysis sessions were performed, with undetectable pre-dialysis cefepime levels from the fourth session.
The new EEG, after 4 dialysis sessions, showed a dramatic improvement over the previous recording. After three days without dialysis, serum creatinine remained at 2.7 mg/dl.
One week after discharge from hospital, the recovery of renal function (creatinine 1.6 mg/dl) was observed in the outpatient clinic, which persisted at these levels two months after discharge.
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