  
  
WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
19 February  2024 
(24-1499) Page: 1/25 
Ministerial Conference  
Thirteenth Session  
Abu Dhabi, 26 -29 February 2024  Original: English  
 
  
TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY STRUCTURED DISCUSSIONS (TESSD)  
STATEMENT BY THE TESSD CO -CONVENORS  
Addendum  
This addendum includes the outcome document of the TESSD Informal Working Group on 
Environmental Goods and Services (EGS), accompanying the Statement by the TESSD Co -convenors 
circulated in document WT/MIN(24)/ 11. 
_______________  
 
 
INFORMAL WORKING GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS AND SERVICES  
Analytical Summary1 
Contents  
1  RENEWABLE ENERGY  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 
1.1  Introduction  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  2 
1.2  Services and renewable energy  ................................ ................................ ......................  2 
1.2.1   Relevant services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 2 
1.2.2   Barriers to trade in services  ................................ ................................ ........................  5 
1.3  Goods and renewable energy  ................................ ................................ .........................  6 
1.3.1   Relevant goods  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  7 
1.3.2   Barriers to dissemination and supply chain bottlenecks  ................................ .................. 11 
1.4  Developing country perspectives  ................................ ................................ ................... 13 
1.5  Opportunities and appr oaches to promote and facilitate trade in renewable energy goods  
and services  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 14 
ANNEX  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........................  17 
 
  
 
1 This analytical summary remains a living document that will be further updated  based on discussions 
and contributions under the Working Group.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  1  RENEWABLE ENERGY  
1.1  Introduction  
1.1.  In the 2021 TESSD Ministerial Statement, Members agreed to explore opportunities and 
possible approaches for promoting and facilitating trade in environmental goods and services to 
meet environmental and climate goals, including through addressing supply chain, technical and 
regulatory elements. Members further agreed to identify and compile best practices, as well as 
explore opportunities for voluntary actions and partnerships to ensure that trade and trade policies 
contribute to promoting and facilitating access to environmental goods and services, including 
encouraging the global uptake of new and emerging low -emissions and other climate -friendly 
technologies.2 
1.2.  As foreseen by the TESSD Work Plan of February 2022, Members pursued more in-depth  
discussions in four informal working groups, including in the Working Group on  Environmental Goods 
and Services. Following discussions on Members' priorities and the approach to be taken in the 
Working Group during 2022, Members supported the idea of pursu ing an objective -based approach, 
where Members would examine sector -specific i ssues involved in the promotion and facilitation of 
trade in environmental goods and services towards achieving an environmental objective.3 In 2023, 
the Working Group focused on the environmental goal of climate change mitigation and adaptation, 
and rene wable energy as the first sector . 
1.3.  Renewable energy generation comprises solar  energy , wind  energy , hydro power , tidal and 
ocean energy, bioenergy and  geothermal  energy. According to projections for a net zero pathway 
by the International Energy Agency (IEA , 2021), two -thirds of total energy supply in 2050 would 
come from these sources. Also, the share of renewables in total electricity generation would increase 
from 29% in 2020 to over 60% in 2030 and to nearly 90% in 2050. To achieve this, s olar photovoltaic  
(PV) capacity would increase 20 ‐fold between 2019 and 2050, and wind power 11 ‐fold.4 
1.4.  According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA , 2022 ), the share of 
renewables in total electricity supply would need to increase from 26.4% in 2019 to 65% in 2030 to 
achieve a 1.5°C scenario.5 Installed generating capacity from renewables accounted for more 
than 2,500 GW  in 2019 , broken down as follows: hydropower (1 ,189 GW), solar  (580 GW), onshore 
wind (594 GW), offshore wind (28 GW), bioenergy (123 GW), and geothermal energy (14 GW). 
The installed generation capacity of renewable power will need to expand  four-fold to 10,770 GW  
by 2030, driven by growth in solar (more than 5,200 GW in 2030) and wind (more than 3,300 GW 
in 2030) capacities .  
1.5.  In meetings on 17 March , 10 May , 20 September , and 20 November  2023, the TESSD Working 
Group on Environmental Goods and Services discussed sector -specific issues related to solar energy , 
wind energy, and hydro power , as well as green hydrogen and biofuels . Discussions aimed at 
identifying relevant renewable energy goo ds and services that would allow these sectors to achieve 
climate change mitigation and adaptation objectives, barriers to their dissemination, challenges 
facing developing countries, as well as opportunities and approaches to promote and facilitate trade 
in these goods and services. This document provides an analytical summary of this work , and 
remains  a living document that will be further updated based on discussions and contributions under 
the Working Group.  
1.2  Services and renewable energy  
1.2.1   Relevant servic es 
1.6.  The service industry and trade in services play a critical role in the successful development, 
installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning of renewable energy projects. In the 
renewable energy sector, openness to trade in services offer s access to a greater variety of services 
 
2 TESSD Ministerial Statement – WT/MIN(21)/6/Rev.2 . 
3 TESSD Summary Report 2022 – INF/TE/SSD/R/14 ; and S tatement by the TESSD Co-convenors – 
INF/TE/SSD/W/21 . 
4 https://www.iea.org/reports/net -zero-by-2050, pp. 18 and 73 . 
5 https://www.irena.org/Publications/2022/Mar/World -Energy -Transitions -Outlook -2022, p. 60.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  at a lower cost and increases the market size for service suppliers, thereby boosting the returns 
from innovation for those involved in the energy supply chain.  
1.7.  Services are often complementary to environmental goods and technologies in the renewable 
energy sector, as they contribute to the planning, design, sale, installation, maintenance, repair or 
any other operation linked to these goods and technologies. Poor  market access conditions for trade 
in services  can hinder the development of renewable energy projects.   
1.8.  Regarding the scoping of relevant services, renewable energy  services  could be considered as 
services that are embedded in the planning and developmen t of renewable energy projects. While 
such services are aimed rather at producing energy, they are directly linked to technologies, methods 
and processes aimed at improving climate and environmental performance by reducing emissions. 
Since most of these se rvices may also be used for non -environmental ends , one might need 
contextual evidence  to define their relevance to renewable energy production .  
1.9.  A presentation by the WTO Secretariat on renewable energy services noted that current 
classifications for defining these  services lack the granularity needed to identify how a service is 
used, and that a practical approach to understanding the relationship b etween services and 
renewable energy could be analyzed  to identify the services supporting the renewable energy supply 
chain. Services supporting the renewable energy supply chain, inter alia , include : (i) research and 
development; scientific and technical  consulting services; technical testing and analysis services; 
resource assessment; evaluation, planning or siting of renewable energy projects or facilities; and 
environmental surveying services and environmental impact analysis in upstream processes; 
(ii) design, construction, engineering, and installation services for renewable energy equipment and 
facilities; and operation, management, and monitoring of renewable energy projects or facilities 
during production processes;  and (iii) transmission as well a s distribution of electricity and heat 
produced through the use of renewable energy sources; sale s and marketing; and after -sales 
service, maintenance and repair in downstream processes. In addition, different services also 
constitute necessary inputs in t he manufacturing of renewable energy equipment and facilities, such  
as solar panels and wind turbines.  
1.10.   Renewable energy services can be traded through four modes of supply. The presentation by 
the Secretariat noted that establishment of a commercial presen ce by foreign investment is the 
dominant mode of supply for renewable energy services, while movement of natural persons is 
particularly important for the construction, installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy 
facilities. Cross -border trade  in services related to renewable energy, such as remote monitoring 
and diagnosis services for wind turbines , has been gaining importance due to technological 
advances. Renewable energy services are usually traded together with the sale of renewable energy  
equipment and facilities.  
1.11.   Table 1 below lists the services identified by Members in the Working Group  as being 
important for the development, installation , operation and decommissioning of renewable energy 
projects.  It should be noted that this is an indicative list and does not aim to be exhaustive. Table 9 
in the Annex is an extension of Table 1 providing indicative  Central Product Classification  (CPC) 2.1 
codes and descriptions for these services based on Members'  statements, technical papers, and 
other sources.  
Table 1. Indicative list of identified services related to the development, installation, 
operation and decommissioning of renewable energy projects  
Services  Example / Comment  
Architectural services  Preparing site plans, working drawings, and specifications for the 
development of the land required for renewable energy projects . 
Urban planning services  Integration of renewable  energy considerations into urban planning 
is importa nt as urban form, functionalities and zoning impact energy 
demand and production.  Urban infrastructure such as rooftops or 
bridges can serve as potential sites for solar PV or wind turbines.  
Site identification and 
evaluation services  Site investigation s ervices help find the most suitable site for RE 
projects such as the construction of dams or of wind turbines.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  Services  Example / Comment  
Nature and landscape 
protection services  Relevant for the protection of ecosystems around hydropower 
projects or wind turbines.  
Engineering services for 
energy projects  Relevant for  the design  and development of renewable energy 
facilities . Example s: engineering  services needed for the 
development of robust wind turbines used in offshore projects ; 
engineering services needed for designing hydrogen production, 
storage and transportation systems . 
Engineering design services 
for industrial processes and 
production  Relevant for the design of industrial processes related to the 
production of renewable energy goods such as solar panels and wind 
turbines as well as the design of the se goods themselves.  
Testing and analysis, 
including certification  Testing and analysis of the physical properties of materials or of 
mechanical and electrical characteristics can ensure that renewable 
energy systems meet safety and performance standards.  This 
includes testing and certifying that these systems and 
goods/services within these systems meet relevant standards.  
Environmental consulting 
services  An example of such services are marketing services to improve the 
commercialization of renewable energy technologies.  
Construction services  Relevant  for the ge neration, storage , and deployment of renewable 
energy.  
Power plant constructions . 
Solar: Design and construction services for PV solar systems, energy 
storage systems , and installation of energy grids.  
Hydropower : Construction services required for the erection of 
massive hydroelectric dams. Support the use of environmental 
goods or technologies.  
Hydrogen: construction of hydrogen production facilities, storage 
tanks, refuelling stations.  
Installation and assembly 
services  Relevant for renewable energy projects . For example, installation of 
energy grids, assembly of solar PV modules and solar water pumps, 
installation and assembly of wind turbines and offshore substation 
construction.  
Logistics  and transport 
services  Relevant  for the tr ansport of renewable energy equipment for 
installation or for maintenance and repair. For example, transport 
of wind turbines for installation in wind farms , or spare parts for 
maintenance .  
Financial services  Relevant for the financing of renewable energy  projects, which can 
be capital -intensive and require large upfront costs for equipment . 
Lending and leasing services important for developing Members . 
Insurance services  Insurance services are used to protect against financial losses 
associated wit h renewable energy projects. For green hydrogen 
projects, this includes tasks such as insuring hydrogen production 
facilities, hydrogen storage tanks, and hydrogen refuelling stations . 
Regulatory services (as 
provided by public sector)  Regulatory support is needed to ensure that hydrogen energy 
projects can be developed and operated safely and efficiently. This 
includes tasks such as developing regulations for production, 
storage, and transportation, and providing guidance on how to 
comply with these regul ations.  
Legal services  Provide legal certainty in  the development stages of renewable 
energy projects . For example, legal services related to setting up a 
special purpose vehicle (SPV) for managing the development 
process of an offshore wind project.  
Accounting services  Relevant during the development phase in the context of building a 
financial model, providing due diligence, and reviewing financial 
information.   WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  Services  Example / Comment  
Consulting and advisory 
services  Provide advice and guidance on renewable energy projects. Help 
customers evaluate solar energy options and design tailored 
solutions that fit their needs . Identify potential hydrogen projects, 
develop plans and secure financing.  
Wholesale trade services  Wholesale trade services ensuring the supply of large quantities of 
panels placed on PV fields. Support the use of environmental goods 
or technologies.  
Operation services for 
renewable energy projects  Solar: Operation and management of power plants and sol ar energy 
infrastructure.   
Maintenance and repair for 
renewable energy projects  Solar: Maintenance and repair services for PV solar systems and 
power plants. Relevant to guarantee their optimal operation and 
prolong their useful life.  
Wind and hydropower: Repair services incidental to metal products, 
machinery and equipment – relevant for wind energy installations 
and hydro turbines.  
Grid connection and 
monitoring  Solar: Data monitoring and analysis services for efficient and 
optimal performanc e.  
Renewable energy storage 
services  Increase the efficiency and performance of the PV solar system s. 
Recycling  Particularly relevant for solar  and for wind turbines where the first 
generation of wind turbines is reaching the end of its lifecycle and 
the quantity of material that needs to be recycled is therefore 
dramatically increasing.  
Waste treatment and disposal 
services  An example is the treatment of wind turbines blades made of carbon 
fibre. 
R&D  R&D on chemistry, engineering , and technology relevant for solar 
energy sector.  
R&D relevant for  the provision of wind power.  
R&D services on natural sciences and engineering . 
Services related to the 
manufacturing, sale, delivery 
and installation of renewable 
energy systems  Services that relate to the manufacturing, sale, delivery and 
installation of renewable energy goods such as those included in the 
indicative lists  of goods  in section 1.3.  
 
1.12.   Initiatives  that include lists of services related to renewable energy projects, inter alia , 
include:  
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC) Reference List of Environmental and 
Environmentally Related Services . 
• Singapore -Australia Green Economy Agreement . 
• EU-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement . 
1.2.2   Barriers to trade in services  
1.13.   According to the presentation by the Secretariat, there are few barriers that specifically 
impede trade in renewable energy services . However, barriers that apply to services more generally 
will have an impact on trade in renewable energy services.  These can include measures on 
investment, land use, professional licensing and movement of natural persons . Governments take 
various policies to encourage renewa ble energy, including investment incentives, tax measures, 
incentive tariffs (e.g. guaranteed prices, feed -in tariffs and bidding systems), and legislation 
(e.g. environmental  standards). While these policies typically target one participant in the renewab le 
energy market (e.g.  generator, electric utilities or consumers), they commonly produce upstream 
or downstream effects and affect other, sometimes all, market participants, including services 
suppliers.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  1.14.   Table 2 below  provides an indicative and non -exhaus tive list of barriers to trade in renewable 
energy services as mentioned by Members in TESSD discussions.  
Table 2. Barriers to trade in services related to the development, installation, operation 
and decommissioning of renewable energy projects  
Barriers to trade  
Conditions on market entry  
Limitations on the legal types or forms of commercial presence or requirements for joint ventures 
with domestic entities.  
Limitations on foreign equity.  
Limitations on the number or types of services that can be provided and economic needs tests .  
Investment screening procedures.  
Conditions for obtaining authorization to supply a service, including those related to licensing 
procedures, qualification requirements (including limited recognition of third  country diplomas and 
professional qualifications), or nationality or residency requirements.  
Conditions on operations  
Procurement policies and subsidy policies which favour domestic services suppliers.  
Local content or performance requirements, including requirements to hire host country nationals.  
Limitations affecting the movement of professionals or the duration of stay of foreign service 
suppliers, including for technical and managerial personnel from abroad.  
Regulatory barriers such as restrictions to cross -border data flows that restrict digitally delivered 
services.  
Administrative procedures and regulatory transparency  
Lengthy, costly or burdensome licensing and authorization procedures for the supply of renewable 
energy services.  
Regulatory heterogeneity, including different qualification requirements and procedures, and 
different licensing requirements.  
Lack of transparency regarding  the regulatory framework a pplied to services related to renewable 
energy projects , including on licensing requirements.  
Note:  Barriers to services trade have been categorized in line with the WTO -World Bank Services  Trade Policy  
 Database accessible at: http://i -tip.wto.org/services/ .  
1.15.   Analytical  work covering services related to renewable energy projects and barriers to their 
trade, inter alia , include:  
• APEC Secretariat (2021) – "Environmental Services in the APEC Region: Definition, 
Challenges and Opportunities ". 
• OECD Services Trade Restrictive ness Index (STRI) .  
• OECD (2017) – "Trade in services related to the environment ". 
• World Economic Forum (2022) – "Accelerating Decarbonization through Trade in Climate 
Goods and Services ". 
1.3  Goods  and renewable energy  
1.16.   A useful tool in identifying and analysing renewable energy  goods and services associated 
with various key technologies is value chain analysis, which provides a unifying conceptual 
framework for understanding a wide array of policy issues.6 Value chain a nalysis is useful for 
assessing the relationships between trade, production and the environment for key environmental 
technologies, and can be based on value chain diagrams  that visuali ze related information along the 
value chain. Value chain diagrams can be annotated with further information to support policy 
 
6 Technical paper by the United Kingdom , "Building our Evidence Base around Environmental Goods ", 
INF/TE/SSD/W/23 .  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  decisions related to goods, such as classification, links between goods and services, barriers to trade 
and lifecycle considerations.  
1.17.   Lifecycle considerations  can provide a balanced view regarding a product's relationship to the 
environment, covering both benefits and risks to the environment. Environmental costs linked to the 
extraction of raw materials and production of a good, or its disposal and recycling a t end of life , 
might be offset against environmental benefits associated with its end-use.7  
1.18.   Examples of lifecycle challenges  include the viability of recycling methods for wind turbine 
blades and solar PV modules as compared to the costs of their disposa l in landfills . For example, 
wind turbines are mostly comprised of recyclable materials, with the exception of the blades, which 
are made from fibre (typically glass or carbon) reinforced polymer matrix composites. These 
materials are non -toxic and landfil l safe, however , they are difficult to recycle. Recycling methods 
are either energy or cost prohibitive, or else entail downcycling such that the material recovered is 
of lower quality than the original material.  
1.19.   At the same time, new techniques provide o pportunities for improving energy efficiency and 
material recovery along the lifecycle . For instance, the use  of laser irradiation in debonding EVA 
sheets from solar cells can allow their reuse and recycling, while traditional methods such as 
chemical diss olution or pyrolysis prevent EVA recycling and can cause environmental problems.  
1.20.   A variety of factors therefore need to be considered when deciding on the nature of policy 
interventions matched to individual goods in order to achieve the positive environme ntal effects of 
an increase in the volume of goods and trade, while minimi zing any possible negative effects.  
1.3.1   Relevant goods  
1.21.   The following tables include goods that are relevant for the renewable energy subsectors 
solar, wind and hydro , as well as green hy drogen and biofuels . These lists of goods are indicative 
and do not aim to be exhaustive.  Relevant goods are also included in other initiatives such as the 
APEC List of Environmental Goods, the Singapore -Australia Green Economy Agreement, the 
EU-New Zealan d Free Trade Agreement, and the New Zealand -UK Free Trade Agreement.  
1.22.   Discussions pointed furthermore to a number of horizontal issues such as the importance of 
goods for energy storage and grid integration. Energy storage is important for storing excess energy 
generated , bridging differences between energy production  and consumption, while grid integration 
of renewable energy projects is important to ensure reliable and efficient distribution of power.   
Solar energy  
1.23.   Table 3 lists the goods mentione d by Members in TESSD discussions as being important for 
the solar industry to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation.  Table 10 in the Annex 
provides  indicative  Harmonized System  (HS) 2022 codes and descriptions for these goods based on 
Members' statements, technical papers and other sources.  It should be noted that a number of goods 
relevant for renewable energy such as monitoring and control systems have multiple uses , which 
means that they are also used in other sectors. Similarly, HS cod es at the subheading  level (6-digit) 
can comprise several goods in addition to the good considered relevant for renewable energy.  
 
7 Lifecycle considerations, included the examples mentioned, are included in t he technical papers  by the 
United Kingdom , which  provide for lifecycle c onsiderations in solar ( INF/TE/SSD/W/23 ) and wind 
(INF/TE/SSD/W/26  and INF/TE/SSD/W/26/Add.1 ) energy value chains.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  Table 3. Indicative list of k ey goods to allow solar energy to achieve climate change 
goals  
Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Solar photovoltaic modules and 
panels  Component of solar energy systems and main end product 
of solar industry.  Solar PV cells can be assembled in 
modules or made up in panels.  
Solar photovoltaic cells Product in the global PV industry chain.  
Silicon wafers Product in the global PV industry chain.  
Polysilicon  Raw material for solar industry.  
Metallurgical -grade silicon, basis for polysilicon, is mostly 
used in other areas than the solar industry.  
Energy storage batteries  Allow storing the energy generated by solar panels during 
the day for use when there is not enough sunlight available. 
This is especially important in rural areas.  
Solar i nverters  Converts variable direct current (DC) from solar PV cells 
into alternating current (AC) electricity that can be fed into 
a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off -grid 
electrical network.  
High-voltage power cables  Transmit electricity generated by solar energy plants.  
Monitoring and control systems  Optimize the use of solar energy by allowing users to 
monitor the performance of their solar energy systems and 
make necessary adjustments.  
Smart -grid technologies  Supports the efficient distribution and effective 
management of renewable energy sources.  
Solar powered appliances and 
equipment (e.g. solar water heaters , 
solar power electric generating sets)  Solar water heaters use solar thermal energy to heat water, 
producing no pollution or carbon emissions.  
Note:  Further detail regarding inputs and intermediate goods in the solar PV value chain can be found in the 
 technical paper by the United Kingdom ( INF/TE/SSD/W/23 ). 
Wind energy  
1.24.   Table 4 lists the goods mentioned by Members in TESSD discussions as being important for 
the wind industry to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Table 11  in the Annex 
provides indicative HS 2022 codes and descriptions for these goods b ased on Members' statements, 
technical papers and other sources.  
Table 4. Indicative list of k ey goods to allow wind energy to achieve climate change 
goals  
Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Wind turbine  Capture wind energy and convert it into electricity. Key components 
of wind turbines are nacelles, rotor blades and towers.  
Nacelles  The nacelle supports the rotor and converts the rotational energy 
from the rotor into three -phase AC electrical energy.  
Gearbox  Converts rotor torque into a higher speed rotation for conversion to 
electrical energy by the generator.  
Generator  Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.  
Power converter  Transforms the variable -frequency electricity generated by the wind 
turbine into a stable grid -compatible frequency.  
Control systems  Monitor and regulate various aspects of turbine operation for 
efficient, safe, and effective turbine operation.  
Rotor  The rotor extracts kinetic energy from the air and converts this into 
rotational energy in the drive train.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Blades  Capture the energy in the wind and transfer torque to the drive 
train in the nacelle.  
Hubs  Connects the blades to the main shaft.  
Towers  The tower is typically a tubular steel structure th at supports the 
nacelle.  
Transformer (inside nacelle 
or outside of tower)  The voltage for transmission of the electricity through the power 
grid. 
High-voltage power cables  Transmit electricity generated by wind turbines to urban areas . 
Electrical equipment (panels, 
meters)  Electrical goods relevant for wind energy . 
Electrical infrastructure  Includes the collection system, substation, and transmission lines 
between various wind turbines.  
Meteorological equipment / 
sensors  To optimi ze turbine performance, predict power output, and ensure 
safe turbine operation . 
Note:  Further detail regarding  manufacturing activities and intermediate inputs in the offshore wind energy 
value chain can be found in the technical paper by the United Kingdom ( INF/TE/SSD/W/26  and 
INF/TE/SSD/W/26/Add.1 ). 
Hydropower  
 
1.25.   Table 5 lists the goods mentioned by Members in TESSD discussions as being important for 
hydropower to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Table 12  in the Annex 
provides indicative HS 2022 codes and descriptions for these goods based on Members' statements, 
technical papers and other sources.  
Table 5. Indicative list of k ey goods to allow hydropower to achieve climate change 
goals  
Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Hydraulic turbine and water 
wheels  Convert the energy from flowing water into electricity. The turbines 
and wheels come in different sizes, and produce varying amounts 
of electricity depending on the water flow.  
Hydro generators  Convert the energy from flowing water into electricity.  
Turbine inlet valves (wicket 
gates)  Mechanisms that control the flow of water entering the turbine of a 
hydropower plant.  
High-voltage power cables  Transmit electricity generated by hydropower turbines.  
Automation and Control 
systems/equipment  Relevant for safe, efficient and effective operation, monitoring, and 
control of various components and processes within a hydropower 
plant.  
Power transformers  Power transformers transform the electrical voltage levels in a 
hydropower plant,  ensuring that  the electricity generated by the 
turbines is compatible with the transmission and distribution 
infrastructure, minimizing transmission losses and maximizing the 
efficiency of power transfer.  
Auxiliary transformers 
(station service transformers)  Separate transformers used to supply electricity for the plant's 
auxiliary systems and equipment, including lighting, heating, 
ventilation, air conditioning.  
Penstocks  Large pipes or conduits that transport water from the dam or 
reservoir to the turbines of a hydropower plant.  
Intake gates (sluice gates or 
head gates)  Devices used to control the flow of water into the penstocks or 
diversion channels of a hydropower plant . 
Steel castings and forgings  Steel castings and forgings for turbines and other components of 
hydropower.  
 WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
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  Green hydrogen  
 
1.26.   Hydrogen is an energy carrier  (like electricity and fuels) , and can be converted into derivative 
fuels and feedstocks  such as ammonia (used, inter alia , for fertilizer production ) and methanol (used, 
inter alia , as feedstock in chemical industry). Hydrogen can be produced from compounds such as 
water and fossil fuels using various  methods and energy sources , resulting in different levels of GHG 
emissions. Green hydrogen is produced through the electrolysis of water , using renewable electricity 
to split water into hydrogen and oxygen . Low-carbon hydrogen can furthermore  be produced through  
electrolysis using electricity from  nuclear  energy,  from fossil fuels with carbon capture, utili zation, 
and storage (CCUS) , from biomass gasification and from methane pyrolysis.8 
1.27.   Renewable energy can be converted to green hydrogen via electrolysis . For certain energy 
uses, electrification is technically difficult or costly. Green hydrogen can act as a link between 
renewable electricity generation and such hard-to-abate sectors , offering a solution to decarbonize 
some applications, for example , in hea vy industry (including those where fossil -fuel-based  hydrogen 
is used today)  and shipping and aviation . It can also serve as  a long-term, seasonal energy storage , 
supporting the integration of renewables into the power grid . 9 
1.28.   Table 6 lists the goods ment ioned by Members in TESSD discussions as being important to 
support the production trade and use of green hydrogen. Table 13 in the Annex provides indicative 
HS 2022 codes and descriptions for these goods based on Members' statements, technical papers 
and other sources.  
Table 6. Indicative list of key goods to allow green hydrogen to achieve climate change 
goals  
Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Green hydrogen  Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis, where electricity is 
used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Green hydrogen is 
produced when renewable electricity is used for this process.  
Electrolysersa  Electrolysers produce hydrogen through electrolysis, splitting water 
into hydr ogen and oxygen. Electrolysers are based on different 
technologies  and, inter alia , include Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 
(PEM) electrolysers, alkaline electrolysers  and solid oxide 
electrolyser s (SOE) . All technologies require to a different extent raw 
materials (e.g. graphite, platinum group metals, nickel, chromium).  
Hydrogen compressor  Hydrogen is produced at relatively low pressures and needs to be 
compressed for transport and storage.  
Pipelines  Pipelines for transporting gaseous hydrogen.  
Steel containers / tanks  Steel containers for storing hydrogen in gas eous or liquid form.  
Hydrogen fuel cellsa Hydrogen fuel cells used in electric vehicles convert hydrogen gas 
stored in an on -board tank into electricity.  
On-board hydrogen tanksa On-board hig h-pressure hydrogen tanks store compressed hydrogen 
gas in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, where an on -board fuel -
cell system converts the compressed hydrogen into electricity.  
Note:  a Further detail s regarding the underlying value chains for these goods can be found in the  technical 
 non-paper on hydrogen energy and trade by the United Kingdom ( INF/TE/SSD/W/ 30). 
Biofuels  
 
1.29.   Biofuels can be produced from a wide variety of feedstocks and different processing 
technologies. For example, commonly used feedstocks for bioethanol include corn, wheat starch and 
molasses from sugarcane, while feedstocks for biodiesel include vegetable oils such as canola and 
soybeans and animal fats such as tallow. Biofuels can, inter alia , be deri ved from dedicated crops or 
wastes and agricultural residues, with related  considerations being the biofuel 's sustainability and 
 
8 United Kingdom (2023) – Technical non-paper on hydrogen energy and trade (INF/TE/SSD/W/30 ). 
9 WTO-IRENA (2023) – "International trade and green hydrogen: Supporting the global transition to a 
low-carbon economy" : https://www.wto.org/english /res_e/publications_e/green_hydrogen_e.htm . WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 11 - 
 
  greenhouse gas savings, as well as the balance between biofuel production and environmental 
protection. Table 7 provides an ill ustrative list of biofuels  and Table 14 in the Annex provides 
additionally indicative HS 2022 codes and descriptions . 
Table 7. Illustrative list of biofuels  
Good  Relevance / related policy aspects  
Bioethanol  Additive or replacement for transportation fuels traditionally provided 
by petroleum.   
Biodiesel  Additive or replacement for transportation fuels traditionally provided 
by petroleum.   
Renewable diesel  Renewable diesel is made from fats and oils . It is processed to be 
chemically the same as petroleum diesel so it  can be blended with 
any amount of petroleum diesel  or be used as a drop -in replacement .  
Biomethane - renewable 
natural gas (RNG)   Biomethane is  an upgraded , purified  biogas that can be used as a  
substitute for natural gas.   
Sustainable aviation fuel  
(SAF)  The use of SAFs can contribute to the decarbonization of air 
transport.   
 
1.3.2   Barriers to dissemination and supply chain bottlenecks  
1.30.   Table 8 below lists the barriers and supply chain bottlenecks mentioned by Members in TESSD 
discussions that can hinder the dissemination of goods relevant for the solar energy sector.  
Table 8. Supply chain bottlenecks and barriers to the dissemination of these goods  
Barriers to dissemination and 
supply chain bottlenecks  Example s 
Tariffs  Tariffs on final renewable energy goods such as solar 
panels, as well as intermediate and raw materials . 
Limitations regarding the approval of 
products from foreign manufacturers  Relevant for solar.  
Inappropriate use of trade remedies  Relevant for solar.  
Local content requirements (LCR)  LCRs included as eligibility condition in renewable 
energy public procurement or for access to financial 
support through  feed-in tariffs or other support 
programmes . 
Excessive supply chain traceability 
requirements and related standards   
Vulnerabilities to disruptions in supply 
chains due to concentration of 
production as well as dependence on 
certain minerals and raw material inputs  Solar, wind and hydropower equipment rely on various 
raw materials, such as metals, composites, and rare 
earth minerals , which can create vulnerabilities in the 
supply chain and lead to price volatilit y if there is high 
demand or limited global supply .  
Delays or disruptions in receiving inputs for controls, 
automation devices, and other small subcomponents 
involving microchips, which rely mostly on imports, can 
significantly delay projects.  
Limited technical capacity and 
regulatory challenges to integrate solar , 
wind and hydro energy  into electrical 
grids Variable power generation, grid stability, and system 
balancing require grid upgrades and advanced control 
systems. These grid integration challenges  can slow 
down the dissemination of renewable energy goods.   WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 12 - 
 
  Barriers to dissemination and 
supply chain bottlenecks  Example s 
Technical regulations and voluntary 
product standards that are inconsistent 
with international standards and 
certification and conformity assessment 
procedures  Differences in domestic standards and technical 
regulations can lead to regulatory divergence, often 
requiring compliance with different data and testing 
requirements . 
 
Wind: International standards for floating offshore wind 
are being developed for markets with deep water  and 
extreme weather ; these standards  may not be 
appropriate for areas with calmer climates.  
Duplicative conformity assessment 
procedures across the components of 
renewable energy facilities  Separate conformity assessment procedures for 
different components of a facility increase cost and time  
compared to a single conformity assessment process of 
all components of a facility.  
Lack of skilled labour  Developing a skilled workforce capable of installing, 
operating, and maintaining wind and hydropower 
systems.  
Financing challenges, especially for 
SMEs   
Inadequate transport infrastructure and 
logistics  Wind and hydropower goods are often large and heavy. 
Transportation challenges, in cluding long -distance 
shipping, limited infrastructure, and regulatory 
constraints, can increase costs and cause delays.  
Lengthy authorization and 
administrative procedures to build 
projects  Relevant for w ind energy . 
Inadequate definitions of goods 
supporting environmental objectives in 
HS classification  Many goods supporting environmental objectives are 
not well defined in the HS. This makes it difficult to 
target goods with trade policy measures, and hard to 
collect international trade statistics. Traders struggle 
with a lack of clarity over classification a s well as  the 
time and administrative burden of seeking formal 
classification opinions from customs.  Examples: heat 
pumps, solar powered water pumps, electric aircraft 
and boats . 
Education and a wareness   
Technological limitations   
Environmental concerns   
High cost of adoption   
 
1.31.   Analytical  work that cover s relevant goods and barriers to their dissemination, inter alia , 
include:  
• United Kingdom (2023) – Technical paper, "Building our Evidence Base around 
Environmental Goods ", INF/TE/SSD/W/23 .  
• United Kingdom (2023) – Technical paper, "Offshore Wind Energy", WTO document 
INF/TE/SSD/W/26  and INF/TE/SSD/W/26/Add.1 .  
• United Kingdom (2023) – Technical non -paper, "Hyd rogen Energy and Trade", WTO 
document INF/TE/SSD/W/30 .  
• WTO-IRENA (2023) – "International trade and green hydrogen: Supporting the global 
transition to a low -carbon economy" . 
• International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (2021) – "How Can Trade 
Policy Maximize Benefits From Clean Energy Investment? " 
• World Economic Forum (2022) – "Accelerating Decarbonization through Trade in Climate 
Goods and Services ". WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 13 - 
 
  1.4  Developing country perspectives  
1.32.   Based on discussions, Members noted that developing countries face several challenges in 
developing their renewable energy sector. These challenges, inter alia , include:  
• Weak infrastructure  
• Access to technology  
• Specialist know -how an d expertise  
• Qualified manpower  
• Financing, resources, and investment  
• Trade barriers  
• Regulatory environment  
  
1.33.   Trade in goods and services can play an important role in addressing these challenges by 
supporting access to and affordability and deployment o f technology for  solar, wind or hydro  energy,  
as well as green  hydrogen and biofuels  such as solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric impellers, 
and water electrolysers , among others. This can support  the development and enhance the 
competitiveness of countries' renewable energy sector s, encourag ing investment and economic 
development.  To help developing countries benefit from these opportunities resulting from the shift 
to low -carbon technologies, addressing non -tariff barriers and implementing technical assistance 
and technology development can be useful.  
1.34.   Trade in services through commercial presence can  help bring investment , and the movement 
of professionals and specialist service providers bring required expertise and can help transfer skills 
and knowledge to local staff and communities.  Open services trade can support the energy sector 
by improving access to a larger variety of products at a lower quality -adjusted cost.  Additionally, 
there is a need to focus on dev eloping and improving the skills of the workforce, enabling them to 
effectively install, operate and maintain solar, wind and hydropower systems.  
1.35.   Trade between developing countries in electrification and clean energy technologies, including 
solar photovol taic cells and modules, batteries, wind -powered generating sets, hydraulic turbines, 
and biomass generation -related products, has been  experiencing overall growth.  The development 
of renewable energy technology can create local business and employment oppo rtunities for 
installers, technicians and material suppliers. According to IISD (2021), opportunities for local 
production and value creation could be found in ancillary components or services, such as structures, 
mounting equipment, electrical components , and civil work for renewable energy projects and 
blades, as well as foundation, cabling and civil work for wind energy projects .10  
1.36.   Similarly, developing the biofuels sector using feedstocks suitable to each country can 
contribute to providing energy security, economic growth, and bring value addition to farmers while 
also resulting in valuable co -products and decreased dependence on fossil fuels. Developing 
countries also have opportunities to leverage comparative advantage in natural resource abundance 
to attract investment and develop green hydrogen production thereby contributing to economic 
diversification, reducing dependence on traditional industries. Regional trade agreements like the 
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) could cre ate economies of scale to foster participation 
of developing and LDC Members  in global value chains as well as regional value chains . 
1.37.   Attraction, retention and expansion of green investment is important  to the development of 
the renewable energy sector, pa rticularly in developing countries. According to the UNCTAD World 
Investment Report 2023, the number of international investment projects in renewables has nearly 
tripled since 2015 . While this increase was largely  driven by developed economies, the growth in  
projects in  developing countries has been  slower and more gradual.  The countries most in need of 
energy investment are least successful in attracting energy -sector FDI ; since 2015 , 31 developing 
countries, incl uding 11 LDCs, have not yet registered a single utility -sized international investment 
project in renewables  or other energy transition sectors .11 Members  underlined the need to enhance 
developing countries' access to international climate finance and to s trengthen cooperation  and 
technical assistance  to encourage energy investments in developing countries. This may be 
accompanied by domestic efforts towards creating a stable investment environment through legal 
certainty (including taxation), education and  skill development, addressing barriers that discourage 
 
10 IISD (2021) – "How Can Trade Policy Maximize Benefits From Clean Energy Investment?" . 
11 UNCTAD (2023) – World Investment Report 2023: Investing in Sustainable Energy for All.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 14 - 
 
  cross border capital flows , and building investor confidence through detailed investment planning in 
national energy transition strategies.  
1.38.   Green innovation  presents opportunities for developing countries to enhance their 
technological capacities, grow their economies, reduce inequalities, and simultaneously meet their 
environmental goals.12 Policy and investment targeted at building skills and capacities can create 
low-carbon technological opportunities  in developing countries , including the  domestic generation of 
technological solutions, while incentives could address  possible market failur es. Weak infrastructure, 
lack of access to expertise and technologies , and the knowledge gap between technological needs 
and solutions serve as barriers to greater adoption of green technology in developing countries.  
1.5  Opportunities and approaches to promo te and facilitate trade in renewable energy 
goods and services  
1.39.   Members provided suggestions on opportunities and approaches to promote and facilitate 
trade  in renewable  energy goods and services . Enhancing the resilience of global supply chains for 
renewab le energy products, as well as i mproving market access and trade facilitation could lower 
costs and encourage the flow of goods, services, technologies, and investments across borders, 
helping to  accelerate the energy transition and achieve emission reduct ion goals.  Addressing 
challenges faced by developing and LDC Members, including through t echnical assistance and 
capacity building , can help them take advantage of opportunities in renewable energy sectors.  
1.40.   Members also underlined  the importance of collaboration in facilitat ing the development of 
renewable and low -carbon energy market s such as for a global low -carbon hydrogen trading market.  
This could include the formulation of trade rules ensuring the interoperability of guarante e of origin 
certifications. Another example of collaboration includes the Singapore -Australia Green Economy 
Agreement, in which Singapore and Australia have committed to collabora te on facilitating and 
lowering the barriers to entry for cross -border electr icity trade, including developing bilateral 
electrical trade architecture, facilitating secure transport of electricity, and developing and 
maintaining the necessary infrastructure.  It was also suggested that future collaborative efforts could 
address new types of green cross-border flows such as renewable energy, green and transitional 
financing, green transport and connectivity, carbon trading, and other forms of environmental goods 
and services . 
1.41.   Experiences shared by Members highlighted that an approach of non -binding indicative lists 
of goods and services can be a useful tool and guide discussions on cooperation in areas such as 
technical standards and domestic regulatory regimes. Indicative lists could also be useful in 
signalling policy intent to marke ts even where liberalization did not occur.  
1.42.   Further , Members  pointed to collective effort s aimed at  expand ing lists of environmental and 
environmentally related services beyond the traditional "core" environmental services included in 
Division 94 of the  CPC, through initiatives such as the Exploratory Discussions on Market Access: 
Environmental Services in the Council f or Trade in Services -Special Session ; the APEC Reference 
List of Environmental and Environmentally Related Services adopted in November 2021 ; and new 
trade agreements like the Singapore -Australia Green Economy Agreement, the EU -New Zealand Free 
Trade Agree ment and the Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS ; still 
under negotiation ) between New Zealand, Costa Rica, Fiji, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland . It was 
suggested that TESSD could contribute to establishing a clear and credible sc ope of environmental 
services and services important to renewable energy, recogni zing the range of services referenced 
by Members. It was also suggested by some participants that Members participating in TESSD could 
recognize that environmental services go  beyond CPC 94.  
1.43.   As renewable services are often complementary to renewable energy goods and technologies, 
poor market access conditions for trade in services can hinder trade in renewable goods and 
technologies and , more broadly , the development of renewable energy projects.  In this context, it 
was suggested to further explore both up - and downstream services needed in the development and 
distribution of renewable energy , as well as the relevant modes of suppl y.  
 
12 UNCTAD (2023) – Technology and Innovation Report 2023 : Opening Green Windows: Technological 
opportunities for a low -carbon world . WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 15 - 
 
  1.44.   Based on discussi ons, Members pointed to a number of opportunities and approaches to 
promote trade in goods and services relating to renewable energy. It was also suggested that 
enhanced engagement between TESSD and other WTO bodies on these issues could ensure 
information  exchange, avoid duplication of work and raise awareness of the work of TESSD to 
non-members.  
1.45.   Opportunities and approaches that  are mainly related to services , inter alia , include:  
• Improv ing regulatory transparency through better access to information on regulatory 
frameworks applied to services relevant to renewable energy . This could include providing 
companies, including MSMEs, with practical information on the requirements they need to 
fulfil in order to export relevant services . Work on regulatory databases by the WTO and 
the World Bank or by the O ECD could help enhance transparency on measures affecting 
trade in services relev ant to renewable energy . 
• Apply ing good regulatory practi ces for licen sing and authorization procedures . Good 
practices can reduce the time and costs required for dealing with administrative 
procedures and might be particularly beneficial for allowing MSMEs  to engage in 
international trade. Examples could be drawn from disciplines related  to Services Domestic 
Regulation  to promote transparency, predictability and efficiency of authorization 
procedures for service providers.  
• Facilitating authorization, certif ication and licensing procedures relating to investment in 
the renewable  energy  sector  through the adoption of non -arbitrary and non -discriminatory 
rules. 
• Improving market access to  facilitate the establishment of commercial presence as well 
as the supply of services through other modes to support  the development of  renewable 
energy sectors. Market access may be improved by reducing barriers to services trade 
relevant for renewable e nergy or by increasing transparency through binding 
commitments, including for services where barriers are already low.  
• Regulatory cooperation can support trade in renewable energy and related services by 
address ing regulatory divergences and heterogeneit y. 
• Inclusion of sustainability skills as a requirement for recognition by accredited bodies to 
better promote environmental goals . 
• Continue building  empirical knowledge on services trade and its relative role in energy 
markets to account for issues of magn itude when setting priorities regarding removing 
impediments to services trade.  
1.46.   Opportunities  and approaches  that are mainly related to goods , inter alia , include:  
• Trade facilitation measures to streamline or expedite  the movement of goods related to 
renewable energy projects across borders.  This could include s haring of best practices on 
trade facilitation measures , including in the context of the implementation of the WTO 
Trade Facilitation Agreement and regional ini tiatives, to simplify customs procedures.  
• Simplification of regulatory processes related to trade in renewable energy goods , 
including through  establishing clear and transparent guidelines for permits, certification, 
and quality control.  
• Cooperation on tec hnical regulations, labelling, certification, and conformity assessment 
procedures, including in the TBT Committee/WTO . This could include sharing of 
information on the regulatory requirements for renewable energy goods with the aim of 
minimiz ing regulator y fragmentation.  Also, in the area of carbon measurement and related 
certifications, cooperation could help minimise divergence in methodologies , and enhance  
transparency on certification requirements a s well as  qualified third -party certification 
institutions . 
• Cooperation on s upply chain traceability and reliable certification can help improve 
consumer confidence in the sustainability credentials of renewable energy goods across 
complex supply chain s. 
• Harmonization and mutual recognition of standards  can facilitate trade by ensuring that 
goods meet a common set of criteria and are integrated into existing energy systems . 
Encourage inclusivity of technical committees of international standards -making bodies . 
• Market ac cess commitments and preferential treatment for renewable energy goods, and 
key materials needed for their production, in bilateral and regional trade agreements.  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 16 - 
 
  • Preferential tariff treatment for low -carbon goods related to renewable energy. Lower 
tariffs  on goods that comply with carbon standards could incentivize the reduction in 
carbon emissions in the production of goods along renewable energy supply chains.  
• Reduction of import tariffs on final products and intermediate inputs important for 
renewable e nergy projects and supply chains. A project -based approach may be one 
possible approach, among others, for reducing tariffs.  
• Government support in the form of non -discriminatory , WTO -compliant  financial incentives 
to stimulate demand and production of renewable energy goods . 
• Prioritization of  renewable energy goods in public procurement to stimulate demand and 
set a standard for the private sector to follow. Implementation  of the WTO Government  
Procurement Agreement can help with the dissemination of renewable energy 
technologies.  
• Collaboration on proposals for HS amendments to  allow for a  better identif ication of the  
goods needed to meet environmental and climate objectives. This could take the  form of 
a letter to the World Customs Organization outlining proposals for HS reform supported 
by the TESSD membership and other relevant co -sponsors. Distinct codes can support the 
monitor ing of  trade in environmental  technologies and more targeted trade  policy.   
1.47.   Members also pointed to opportunities and approaches  related to addressing developing 
country needs and interests, and international cooperation more broadly : 
• Collaboration on identifying how to facilitate investments in renewable energy projects  in 
developing countries. In this context, disciplines related to negotiations on investment 
facilitation for development  (IFD) could help developing countries attract foreign direct 
investment , among other things.  
• More discussion on the sharing of technology in the renewable energy sector  in view of a 
balanced approach .  
• Support to address financing barriers .  
• Support to facilitate the development of a skilled workforce . 
• International cooperation to develop common frameworks to accelerate the develo pment 
of renewable energy projects and facilitat e cross-border energy trade .  
• International collaboration or support to enhance  the resilience of supply chain s.  
• Development cooperation aimed at the deployment of renewable energy technologies . 
_______________  
 
  
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 17 - ANNEX  
Table 9. Indicative list of s ervices related to the development, installation, and operation of renewable energy projects – with indicative CPC 
codes  
Service  Example / Comment  CPC 2.1  CPC 2.1 Description  
Architectural services  Preparing site plans, working drawings, and specifications for the 
development of the land required for renewable energy projects.  8321 Architectural services and advisory 
services  
Urban planning services  Integration of renewable energy considerations into urban planning 
is important as urban form, functionalities and zoning impact 
energy demand and production. Urban infrastructure such as 
rooftops or bridges can serve as potential sites for solar PV or wind 
turbines.  83221  Urban planning services  
Site identification and 
evaluation services  Site investigation services help find the most suitable site for the 
construction of dams or of wind turbines.    
Nature and landscape 
protection services  Relevant for the protection of ecosystems around hydropower 
projects or wind turbines.    
Engineering services for 
energy projects  Relevant for  the design and development of renewable energy 
facilities. Examples: engineering services needed for the 
development of robust wind turbines used in offshore projects; 
engineering services needed for de signing hydrogen production, 
storage and transportation systems.  83324  
 Engineering services for power projects  
Engineering design 
services for industrial 
processes and production  Relevant for the design of industrial processes related to the 
production of renewable energy goods such as solar panels and 
wind turbines as well as the design of the se goods themselves.  83322  Engineering services for industrial and 
manufacturing projects  
Testing and analysis, 
including certification  Testing and analysis of the physical properties of materials or of 
mechanical and electrical characteristics can ensure that renewable 
energy systems meet safety and performance standards. This 
includes testi ng and certifying that these systems and 
goods/services within these systems meet relevant standards.  8344 Technical testing and analysis services  
Environmental consulting 
services  An example of such services are marketing services to improve the 
commercialization of renewable energy technologies.  83931  Environmental consulting services  
Construction services  Relevant  for the generation, storage, and deployment of renewable 
energy.  54 Construction services   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 18 - Service  Example / Comment  CPC 2.1  CPC 2.1 Description  
Construction services  Power plant constructions.  
 
 
Solar: Design and construction services for photovoltaic (PV) solar 
systems, energy storage systems, and installation of energy grids.  
 54262  
 
 
54252  
 
 
53242  General construction services of power 
plants  
 
General construction services of local 
cables and related works  
 
Long-distance communication and power 
lines (cables)  
Construction services  Hydropower : Construction services required for the erection of 
massive hydroelectric dams. Support the use of environmental 
goods or tec hnologies.  54233  General construction services of dams  
Installation and assembly 
services for renewable 
energy projects  Relevant for renewable energy projects.  For example, installation of 
energy grids, assembly of solar PV modules and solar water pumps, 
installation and assembly of wind turbines and offshore substation 
construction.  546 
 
873  
 
 
 
87360  Installation services (as part of 
construction services)  
Installation services (other than 
construction) – physical placement, 
configuration, set -up, calibration and 
testing of proper operation of various  
types of machinery and equipment  
Installation services of electrical 
machinery and apparatus n.e.c. (electric 
motors, generators and transformers)  
Logistics  and transport 
services  Relevant for the transport of renewable energy equipment for 
installation or for maintenance and repair. For example, transport 
of wind turbines for installation in wind farms, or spare parts for 
maintenance.  65 Freight transport service s 
Financial services  Relevant for the financing of renewable energy projects, which can 
be capital -intensive and require large upfront costs for equipment. 
Lending and leasing services important for developing Members.  711 
 
71140  Financial and related services  
 
Financial leasing services  
Insurance services  Insurance services are used to protect against financial losses 
associated with renewable energy projects. For green hydrogen 
projects, this includes tasks such as insuring hydrogen productio n 
facilities, hydrogen storage tanks, and hydrogen refuelling stations  7133 Other non -life insurance services 
(excluding reinsurance services)   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 19 - Service  Example / Comment  CPC 2.1  CPC 2.1 Description  
Regulatory services (as 
provided by public sector)  Regulatory support is needed to ensure that hydrogen energy 
projects can be developed and operated safely and efficiently. This 
includes tasks such as developing regulations for production, 
storage, and transportation, and providing guidance on how to 
comply with these regulations.    
Legal services  Provide legal certainty in the development stages of renewable 
energy projects. For example, legal services related to setting up a 
special purpose vehicle (SPV) for managing the development 
process of an offshore wind project.  821 
 Legal services  
 
Accounting services  Relevant during the development phase in the context of building a 
financial model, providing due diligence, and reviewing financial 
information.  822 Accounting, auditing and bookkeeping 
services  
Consulting and advisory 
services  Provide advice and guidance on renewable energy projects. Help 
customers evaluate solar energy options and design tailored 
solutions that fit their needs. Identify potential hydrogen projects, 
develop plans and secure financing.  831 Management consulting and management 
services; information technology services  
Wholesale trade services  Wholesale trade services ensuring the supply of large quantities of 
panels placed on PV fields. Support the use of environmental goods 
or technologies.  61 Wholesa le trade services  
Operation services for 
renewable energy 
projects  Solar: Operation and management of power plants and solar energy 
infrastructure.  8631 
 
83115  Support services to electricity 
transmission and distribution  
Operations management consulting 
services  
Maintenance and repair 
for renewable energy 
projects  Solar: Maintenance and repair services for PV solar systems and 
power plants. Relevant to guarantee their optimal operation and 
prolong their useful life.  
 
Wind and Hydro: Repair services incidental to metal products, 
machinery and equipment.  871 Maintenance and repair services of 
fabricated metal products, machinery and 
equipment  
Grid connection and 
monitoring  Solar: Data monitoring and analysis services for efficient and 
optimal performance.    
Renewable energy 
storage services, such as 
batteries  Increase the efficiency and performance of the PV solar systems.    
Recycling  Particularly relevant for solar.  894 Materials recovery (recycling) services, on 
a fee or contract basis   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 20 - Service  Example / Comment  CPC 2.1  CPC 2.1 Description  
Waste treatment and 
disposal services  An example is the treatment of wind turbines blades made of carbon 
fibre. 94339  Other non -hazardous waste treatment 
and disposal services  
R&D services  R&D on chemistry, engineering, and technology relevant for solar 
energy sector.  
R&D relevant for the provision of wind power.  
R&D services on natural sciences and engineering.  8111 
 
8112 
 
8113  Basic research services in natural sciences 
and engineering  
Applied research services in natural 
sciences and engineering  
Experimental development services in 
natural sciences and engineering  
Services related to the 
manufacturing, sale, 
delivery and installation 
of renewable  energy 
systems  Services that relate to the manufacturing, sale, deli very and 
installation of renewable energy goods such as those included in the 
indicative  lists of goods in section 1.3.    
   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 21 - Table 10. Key goods to allow solar energy to achieve climate change goals  – with indicative  HS codes  
Good  HS 2022  Description  
Solar PV modules / 
panels  854143  Photovoltaic cells assembled in modules or made up into panels  
Solar PV cells 854142  Photovoltaic cells not assembled in modules or made up into panels  
Silicon wafers  381800  Chemical elements and compounds doped for use in electronics, in the form of discs, wafers, cylinders, rods or similar 
forms, or cut into discs, wafers or similar forms, whether or not polished or with a uniform epitaxial coating (excl. 
elements that have been further processed, e.g. by selective diffusion)  
Polysilicon  280461  
280469  Silicon containing >= 99,99% by weight of silicon  
Silicon containing < 99,99% by weight of silicon  
Energy storage 
batteries  8507 Electric accumulators, incl. separators therefor, whether or not square or rectangular; parts thereof (excl. spent and 
those of unhardened rubber or textiles)  
Solar inverters  850440  Electrical static converters  
High-voltage power 
cables  8544 Insulated "incl. enamelled or anodised" wire, cable "incl. coaxial cable" and other insulated electric conductors, 
whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not 
assembled with electric conductors or fitted with conn ectors  
Monitoring and 
control systems  902830  
903031  
903032  
903082  Electricity supply or production meters, incl. calibrating meters therefor  
Multimeters  for voltage, current, resistance or electrical power, without recording device  
Multimeters with recording device  
Instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking semiconductor wafers or devices, incl. integrated circuits  
Smart -grid 
technologies  903289  Regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excl. hydraulic or pneumatic, manostats, thermostats, and 
taps, cocks and valves of heading 8481)  
Solar powered 
appliances and 
equipment: solar 
water heaters  841912  Solar water heaters  
Solar powered 
appliances and 
equipment: solar 
power electric 
generating sets  850239  Generating sets (excl. wind -powered and powered by spark -ignition internal combustion piston engine)  
Note:  Descriptions are self -contained and taken from the WTO HS Tracker: https://hstracker.wto.org/ .  
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 22 - Table 11. Key goods to allow wind  energy  to achieve climate change goals  – with indicative HS codes  
Good  HS 2022  Description  
Wind turbine    
Nacelles  850231  Generating sets, wind -powered  
Gearbox  848340  Gears and gearing for machinery (excl. toothed wheels, chain sprockets and other transmission elements 
presented separately); ball or roller screws; gear boxes and other speed changers, incl. torque converters  
Generator  850231  Generating sets, wind -powered  
Power converter  850440  Static converters  
Control systems  8537 
 
 
9032 Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other bases, equipped with two or more apparatus of heading  
8535 or 8536, for electric control or the distribution of electricity, incl. those incorporating instruments or  
apparatus of chapter 90, and numerical control apparatus (excl. switching apparatus for line telephony or line  
telegra phy 
Regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excl. taps, cocks and valves of heading 8481)  
Rotor  841280  
 
 
841290  Engines and motors (excl. steam turbines, internal combustion piston engine, hydraulic turbines, water 
wheels, gas turbines, reaction engines, hydraulic power engines and motors, pneumatic power engines and 
motors and electric motors)  
Parts of non -electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.  
Blades  841290  Parts of non -electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.  
Hubs  841290  
732599  Parts of non -electrical engines and motors, n.e.s.  
Cast articles of iron or steel, n.e.s.  (excl. articles of non -malleable cast iron, and grinding balls and similar 
articles for mills)  
Towers  730820  Towers and lattice masts, of iron or steel  
Transformer (inside nacelle or 
outside of tower)  8504 Electrical transformers, static converters, e.g. rectifiers, and inductors; parts thereof  
High-voltage power cables  8544 Insulated "incl. enamelled or anodised" wire, cable "incl. coaxial cable" and other insulated electric 
conductors, whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibr e cables, made up of individually sheathed 
fibres, whether or not assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors  
Electrical equipment: panels  853710  
 Boards, cabinets and similar combinations of apparatus for electric control or the distribution of electricity, for 
a voltage <= 1.000 V  
Electrical equipment: meters  902830  Electricity supply or production meters, incl. calibrating meters therefor  
Electrical infrastructure     
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 23 - Good  HS 2022  Description  
Meteorological equipment / 
sensors  901580  Instruments and appliances used in geodesy, topography, hydrography, oceanography, hydrology, 
meteorology or geophysics (excl. compasses, rangefinders, theodolites, tachymeters "tacheometers", levels 
and photogrammetrical surveying instruments and applianc es) 
Note: Descriptions are self -contained and taken from the WTO HS Tracker: https://hstracker.wto.org/ . 
 
 
Table 12. Key goods to allow hydro  energy to achieve climate change goals  – with indicative  HS codes  
Good  HS 2022  Description  
Hydraulic turbine and 
water wheels  8410 Hydraulic turbines, water wheels, and regulators therefor (excl. hydraulic power engines and motors of heading 8412)  
Hydro generators  8501 Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets)  
Turbine inlet valves 
(wicket gates)  8481 Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, incl. pressure -reducing valves 
and thermostatically controlled valves; parts thereof  
High-voltage power cables  8544 Insulated "incl. enamelled or anodised" wire, cable "incl. coaxial ca ble" and other insulated electric conductors, 
whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not 
assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors  
Automation and Control 
systems/equipment  8537 
 
 
 
9032 Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other bases, equipped with two or more apparatus of heading 8535 or 
8536, for electric control or the distribution of electricity, incl. those incorporating instruments or apparat us of chapter 
90, and numerical control apparatus (excl. switching apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy)  
 
Regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excl. taps, cocks and valves of heading 8481)  
Power transformers  8504 Electrical transformers, static converters, e.g. rectifiers, and inductors; parts thereof  
Auxiliary transformers 
(station service 
transformers)  8504 Electrical transformers, static converters, e.g. rectifiers, and inductors; parts thereof  
Penstocks  730890 
 
 
 
7304 
 
7305 
 Structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel, n.e.s.  (excl. bridges and bridge -sections, towers and lattice masts, 
doors and windows and their frames, thresholds for doors, props and similar equipment for scaffolding, shuttering, 
propping or pit -propping)  
 
Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron  or steel (excl. products of cast iron)  
 
Tubes and pipes, having circular cross -sections and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm, of flat -rolled products of iron 
or steel "e.g., welded, riveted or similarly closed"   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 24 - Good  HS 2022  Description  
7306 Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles "e.g., op en seam or welded, riveted or similarly closed", of iron or steel (excl. of cast 
iron, seamless tubes and pipes and tubes having internal and external circular cross -sections and an external diameter 
of > 406,4 mm)  
Intake gates (sluice gates 
or head gates ) 730890  Structures and parts of structures, of iron or steel, n.e.s.  (excl. bridges and bridge -sections, towers and lattice masts, 
doors and windows and their frames, thresholds for doors, props and similar equipment for scaffolding, shuttering, 
propping or pit -propping)  
Steel castings and 
forgings  7301 Sheet piling of ir on or steel, whether or not drilled, punched or made from assembled elements; welded angles, 
shapes and sections, of iron or steel  
Note: Descriptions are self -contained and taken from the WTO HS Tracker: https://hstracker.wto.org/ . 
 
Table 13. Goods important for the production, trade and use of green hydrogen  – with indicative HS codes  
Good  HS 2022  Description  
Green hydrogen  280410  Hydrogen  
Electrolysers  854330  Machines and apparatus for electroplating, electrolysis or electrophoresis  
Hydrogen compressor  841480  
 
 
 
841490  Air pumps, air or other gas compressors and ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not 
fitted with filters, having a maximum horizontal side > 120 cm (excl. vacuum pumps, hand - or foot -operated air 
pumps, compressors for refrigerating equipment an d air compressors mounted on a wheeled chassis for towing)  
 
Parts of: air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors, fans and ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating 
a fan, and gas -tight biological safety cabinets, n.e.s.  
Pipelines  730411  
 
730419  Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, seamless, of stainless steel  
 
Line pipe of a kind used for oil or gas pipelines, seamless, of iron or steel (excl. products of stainless steel or of 
cast iron)  
Steel containers / tanks  731100  Conta iners for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel.  
Hydrogen fuel cells  850133  
 
850680  
 
 
850690  DC motors and DC generators of an output > 75 kW but <= 375 kW (excl. photovoltaic generators)  
 
Primary cells and primary batteries, electric (excl. spent, and those of silver oxide, mercuric oxide, manganese 
dioxide, lithium and air -zinc) 
 
Parts of prima ry cells and primary batteries, n.e.s.   
  WT/MIN(24)/11/Add.3  
 
- 25 - Good  HS 2022  Description  
On-board hydrogen tanks  761300  
 
870899  Aluminium containers for compressed or liquefied gas  
 
Parts and accessories, for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, motor cars and other 
motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, motor vehicles for the transport of goods and 
special purpose motor vehicle s, n.e.s.  
Note: Descriptions are self -contained and taken from the WTO HS Tracker: https://hstracker.wto.org/ . 
 
Table 14. Illustrative list of biofuels – with indicative HS codes  
Good  HS 2022  Description  
Bioethanol  2207 Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength of >= 80%; ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any 
strength  
Biodiesel  382600  Biodiesel and mixtures thereof, not containing or containing less than 70  % by weight of petroleum oils or oils 
obtained from bituminous minerals.  
Renewable diesel  382600  Biodiesel and mixtures thereof, not containing or containing less than 70  % by weight of petroleum oils or oils 
obtained from bituminous minerals.  
Biomethane    
Sustainable aviation fuels    
Note: Descriptions are self -contained and taken from the WTO HS Tracker: https://hstracker.wto.org/ . 
 
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