  
  
WT/CFMC/W/86  
19 February  2021 
(21-1112) Page: 1/32 
Sub-Committee on Cotton  Original:  French  
 
  
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON "TRANSFERRING TECHNOLOGIES AND KNOW -HOW  
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COTTON BY -PRODUCTS IN CHAD"  
The following communication, dated 1 2 November  2020, is being circulated at the request of the 
delegation of Chad.1 
 
_______________  
 
 
  
 
1 The content of this communication corresponds to that of a study by the independent consultants Mr 
Alexis Hougni and Mr Michel Naitormbaide, as presented in the Thematic Session on Cotton By -Products 
Development in LDCs on 12 November 2020.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  CONTENTS  
CONTENTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  2 
LIST OF TABLES  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  3 
LIST OF CHARTS  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  4 
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................ ................................ ....................  5 
SUMMARY  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................  6 
1  GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY  ................................ ................................ .........  7 
1.1  Background and rationale of the study  ................................ ................................ ............  7 
1.2  Aims of the study  ................................ ................................ ................................ .........  7 
1.3  Study methodology  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7 
1.3.1   Overall approach  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7 
1.3.2   Key stages of the study  ................................ ................................ ..............................  7 
1.3.2.1   Literature review  ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 7 
1.3.2.2   Data collection and processing  ................................ ................................ ..................  7 
2  BASELINE FOR THE STUDY  ................................ ................................ ...........................  8 
2.1  Size of the cotton sector and its role in Chad  ................................ ................................ ... 8 
2.2  Literature review and definition of the terms coproduits , sous-produits  and produits 
dérivés  in relation to cotton  ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 8 
2.2.1   Background and developments in the cotton sector in Chad  ................................ ............  8 
2.2.2   Performance over 10 years (2009 -10 to 2018 -19) ................................ .......................  11 
2.2.2.1   Seed cotton, cotton lint and cottonseed production  ................................ ...................  11 
2.2.2.2   Estimation of availability of cottonseed oil  ................................ ................................  12 
2.2.2.3   Estimation of availability of cottonseed meal  ................................ ............................  12 
2.2.2.4  Estimation of availability of cottonseed hulls  ................................ .............................  13 
2.2.2.5   Estimation of availability of cotton stalks  ................................ ................................ .. 14 
2.2.3   Impact of cotton growing  ................................ ................................ ..........................  14 
2.2.3.1   Food crops  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  14 
2.2.3.2   Farme r/household income  ................................ ................................ ......................  15 
2.2.4   Definition of the terms coproduits, sous -produits and produits dérivés  in relation to 
cotton ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............................  15 
2.2.4.1   Cottonseed ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  16 
2.2.4.2   Cottonseed kernels  ................................ ................................ ...............................  16 
2.2.4. 3  Cottonseed meal  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 17 
2.2.4.4   Linters  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  17 
2.2.4.5   Hulls ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................  17 
2.2.4.6   Gossypol  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  18 
2.2.4.7   Use of cotton stalks  ................................ ................................ ...............................  18 
2.3  Current status of by -product manufacturers and production techniques  .............................  20 
2.3.1   CotonTchad SN  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  20 
2.3.2   ABOUFATIMA, a private company  ................................ ................................ ..............  20 
2.4  Value chains of priority by -products  ................................ ................................ ..............  20 WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  3  DIAGNOSIS OF THE COTTON SECTOR IN CHAD  ................................ ..........................  21 
3.1  Stakeholders and their roles in production  ................................ ................................ ..... 21 
3.1.1   The Chadian State  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 21 
3.1.2   CotonTchad SN  ................................ ................................ ................................ ........  21 
3.1.3   Seed cotton producers ................................ ................................ ..............................  23 
3.1.4   Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (ITRAD)  ..............................  23 
3.1.5   National Rural Development Agency (ANADER) ................................ ............................  23 
3.1.6   Banks  ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................  23 
3.1.7   Private trans port operators  ................................ ................................ .......................  23 
3.1.8   Suppliers  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................  24 
3.2  Policy environment analysis: legal and regulatory frameworks for the production of 
by-products  ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  24 
4  ANALYSIS OF COTTON BY -PRODUCTS AND DERIVATIVES IN CHAD  ...........................  24 
4.1  Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) for expansion of each 
product  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................  24 
4.2  By-products in the seed -crushing subsector  ................................ ................................ ... 25 
4.2.1   Mapping of operators in the subsector  ................................ ................................ ........  25 
4.2.2   By-products in the subsector  ................................ ................................ .....................  25 
4.3  Markets for products and by -products  ................................ ................................ ...........  27 
4.3.1   Cotton lint  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  27 
4.3.2   Linters  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  27 
4.3.3   Seed ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  28 
4.3.4   Meal ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  28 
4.3.5   Oil ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  28 
5  IDENTIFICATION AND ORDER OF PRIORITY OF BY -PRODUCTS TO BE 
EXPLOITED IN CHAD  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 29 
5.1  Meal ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  29 
5.2  Hulls ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................  29 
5.3  Cotton stalks ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............  29 
5.4  Order of priority for products  ................................ ................................ .......................  29 
6  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  ................................ ................................ .... 30 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES  ................................ ................................ ...................  32 
LIST OF TABLES  
Table 1: Revenue per hectare for cotton, groundnuts, sesame, maize and sorghum in 
cotton -growing areas in Chad.  ................................ ................................ ............................  15 
Table 2: Volume of seed used to produce oil and meal  ................................ ...........................  20 
Table 3: SWOT analysis for expansion of the li nt market  ................................ ........................  24 
Table 4: SWOT analysis for expansion of cottonseed production ................................ ..............  25 
Table 5: SWOT analysis for expansion of oil production  ................................ ..........................  25 
Table 6: SWOT analysis for expansion of cottonseed meal production  ................................ ...... 26 
Table 7: SWOT analysis for expan sion of hull production  ................................ ........................  26 WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  Table 8: SWOT analysis for expansion of the utilization of cotton stalks  ................................ ... 27 
Table 9: Order of priority for ginning by -products and cotton stalks  ................................ ........  30 
LIST OF CHARTS  
Chart  1: Former administrative map of Chad showing the cotton production area  .....................  10 
Chart  2: Seed cotton land area, production and yields  ................................ ...........................  11 
Chart  3: Cottonseed and lint output, 2009 –19 ................................ ................................ ...... 11 
Chart  4: Cottonseed oil output, 2009 –19 ................................ ................................ .............  12 
Chart  5: Meal and seed production, 2009 –19 ................................ ................................ ....... 13 
Chart  6: Hull production, 2009 –19 ................................ ................................ ......................  13 
Chart  7: Estimated quantity of stalks produced, 2009 –19. ................................ .....................  14 
Chart  8: Proportions of by -products obtained from seed cotton  ................................ ...............  16 
Chart  9: Cotton linter production over  10 years  ................................ ................................ .... 28 
  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS  
ANADER  : Agence Nationale de Développement Rural  (National Rural Development 
Agency)  
CEMAC   Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa  
Cotonfran  : Compagnie Cotonnière Equatoriale Française  (French Equatorial Cotton 
Company)  
CotonTchad  SN : Société Cotonnière du Tchad Société Nouvelle  
CRA-CF : Centre de Recherches Agricoles Coton et Fibres  (Cotton and Fibre 
Agricultural Research Centre)  
EU : European Union  
FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations  
GDP : Gross domestic product  
ICAC  : International Cotton Advisory Committee  
INRAB  : Institut National de Recherches Agricoles du Bénin  (National Agricultural 
Research Institute of Benin)  
ITRAD  : Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement  
(Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research for Development)  
MAG : Charte de Marché Autogéré  (self-managed market charter)  
MGP : Minimum guaranteed price  
SOSEA  : Société de Services pour l'Europe et l'Asie  (Europe and Asia Service 
Company)  
SWOT  : Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats  
UNPCT  : Union Nationale des Producteurs de Coton du Tchad  (National Union of 
Cotton Producers of Chad)  
USAID  : United States Agency for International Development  
VAT : Value -added tax  
VATICOPP  : Valorisation des tiges de cotonnier pour la fabrication des panneaux à 
particules  (project to utilize cotton stalks to manufacture particle board)  
WACIP  : West African Cotton Improvement Programme  
WTO  : World Trade Organization  
 
  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  SUMMARY  
1.1.  The feasibility study on "transferring technologies and know -how for the development of cotton 
by-products in Chad " is an initiative to identify examples of cotton by -products making positive 
contributions to poverty reduction, food security, job creation, income diversification, improve d 
living standards for women,  and the circular economy . The aim of this study is to establish priorities 
in interventions in order to facilitate investment and technology transfer.  
1.2.  To achieve that aim, a survey questionnaire was drawn up and submitted to the main 
stakeholders in the c otton sector : producers (through the National Union of Cotton Producers of 
Chad (UNPCT)), CotonTchad  SN and the Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research for Development 
(ITRAD) . The review of the literature was also included . The collected data were anal ysed and are 
included in this document as text and in figures and tables  with comments . 
1.3.  The results of the study show that Chad has huge potentialities for producing cotton, and hence  
for producing large quantities of by -products . Over the last 10 years (2009 –2019), annual seed 
cotton production has ranged from 17,000 to 185,000 tonnes, resulting in between 9,400 and 
102,000 tonnes of seed . The oil mill in Moundou (a CotonTchad  SN processing unit) can crush around 
50% of that seed to  obtain oil, which can then be used to make other by -products, including 
cottonseed meal and hulls. These by -products are delivered to traders entirely unprocessed . The 
traders then sell the by -products to farmers to be used as cattle  feed, even though the y contain 
gossypol, a harmful substance contained in cotton seed. Over the last 20 years, cotton has been 
sown in some 230,000 hectares of land a year on average . Since one hectare can produce an average 
of 2.5 tonnes of stalks, around 575,000 tonnes of sta lks are produced each year . The stalks may be 
used to produce briquettes, or they may be processed to make organic fertilizer.  
1.4.  All stakeholders recognize the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of using cottonseed 
meal and hulls  to manufacture cattle  feed and using stalks to produce biofuels and particle board, 
so small businesses are likely to choose these by -products to process them . Developing and 
promoting these by -products will generate value addition and create jobs for the rural youth, who 
are o ften attracted away from rural areas . Nevertheless, a pre -feasibility and cost -effectiveness 
study  for each by-product to be processed  appears essential . 
  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  1  GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY  
1.1  Background and rationale of the study  
1.1.  Cotton is grown for its lint (fibre) , but it also provides a significant quantity of by -products, 
including seed, oil, meal and hulls. Utilizing those by -products would create a range of opportunities 
and thousand s of jobs . Many value chains offer economic opportunities . To suppo rt the development 
of value chains through value addition in the cotton -growing sector, the World  Trade  Organization 
(WTO) has commissioned this feasibility study on the project for "Transferring technologies and 
know -how for the development of cotton co -products, by -products and derivative s in the 
four Cotton -4 countries" . The study is being carried out in the Cotton -4 (C-4) countries : Benin, 
Burkina  Faso, Chad and Mali . This document presents the results of the work carried out in Chad.  
1.2  Aims of the study  
1.2.  The initiative aims to collect evidence and success stories of cotton by -products contributing to 
poverty reduction, food security, job creation, revenue diversification, improved living standards for 
women, and the circular economy . Its primary purpose is  to establish priorities in  interventions in 
order to facilitate investment and technology transfer.  
1.3  Study methodology  
1.3.  As in the other three C -4 countries that were the subject of the study (Benin, Burkina  Faso and 
Mali), the study in Chad was carried out in two stages.  
1.3.1   Overall approach  
1.4.  To launch the study, a  survey questionnaire was sent to the correspondents of the C -4 countries 
Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali . The study was carried out on the basis of the questionnaire as approv ed 
by the stakehol ders. 
1.5.  To facilitate collection of the data, a letter from the W TO was sent to the bodies targeted by 
the study in each country . In support of that letter, the Directorate -General of the Chadian Institute 
of Agricultural Research for Development ( ITRAD ) sent an official letter to CotonTchad  SN, the 
largest company in the cotton sector  in Chad , to facilitate access to the company's data.  
1.3.2   Key stages of the study  
1.6.  The key stages of the study are : (i) the literature review, and (ii) data collection and processing . 
1.3.2.1   Literature  review  
1.7.  A review of the literature was carried out to better understand the theme of the feasibility study 
on the project for "Transferring technologies and know -how for the development of cotton 
co-products, by -products and derivative products  in the four Cotton -4 countries ". The review used 
technical reports prepared by stakeholders in the cotton sector and communications issued at 
international meetings, as well as several papers related to the study that were submitted by the 
coordinators of  the study  based in Cotonou . 
1.3.2.2   Data collection and processing  
1.8.  CotonTchad  SN made the basic data available and some of the officials at the company were 
interviewed . The collected data were analysed and are included in this document as text and in 
figures and tables  with comments . WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2  BASELINE FOR THE STUDY  
2.1  Size of the cotton sector and its role in Chad  
2.1.  Cotton was a leading sector in Chad from independence until the rise of petroleum production 
in 2003 . Today, cotton still contributes a significant  share of GDP . In 2000, it contributed 2.8 %; 
from 2005 to 2015, the figure ranged from 0.4% to 1%. Cotton's share of export revenue was 30.4 % 
in 2000 and 43 % in 2002 ; since the oil boom, however, its share of exports has fluctuated  between 
0.8% and 2.5%. 
2.2.  Cotton still occupies pride of place in the cotton -producing areas, since it affects the daily lives 
of around 380,000 producers belonging to over 5,000 village associations . It is estimated that more 
than 3  million  people obtain most of their incom e either directly or indirectly from cotton growing.  
2.3.  Cotton  is Chad's main cash crop and the income it generates allows  producers  to fulfil their 
needs and aspirations regarding food , education for their children, clothing, family health care, 
marriage, go od-quality housing, transport, farming equipment, etc.  
2.4.  Seven ginneries are currently operational in five administrative provinces stretching from east 
to west . Thanks in part to the opening of those ginneries, other industrial plants followed, including:  
• the oil and soap plant, which generates revenue from cottonseed by crushing it to make edible 
oil, meal to be used as animal feed and hulls to generate power ; and 
• the textiles company, which spins, weaves and dyes lint for local consumption.  
2.5.  Cotton is a major driver of socioeconomic growth in all cotton -growing provinces, creating jobs, 
boosting local trade , funding government bodies through taxes on goods and persons, and leading 
to the establishment of industrial processing plants that provide jobs rela ted to ginning, crushing 
seed to make oil, and weaving and dyeing to produce fabrics.  
2.6.  Cotton production also helps open up isolated regions, since it results in the maintenance of 
unpaved roads in rural areas used to collect and transport cotton, food prod ucts and people.  
2.7.  CotonTchad  SN is one of Chad's largest employers, with more than 800 employees . The cotton 
sector contributes to the construction of social facilities needed for rural development (schools, 
village health centres, etc.) through the payments it makes to village associations . The sector also 
strengthens social cohesion through  the cotton -producer organizations.  
2.2  Literature review  and definition  of the terms coproduits , sous -produits  and produits 
dérivés  in relation to cotton  
2.2.1   Background and developments in the cotton sector  in Chad  
2.8.  Cotton is grown around the world, from the tropics to beyond the 40th parallel . The basic 
conditions required to successfully grow cotton are a long frost -free season, a temperature range of 
18°C to 32°C, and 600 mm to 1,200 mm of water during the plant life cycle, which generally lasts 
from 125 to 175 days (FAO, 2012) . Cotton has a certain tolerance to salinity and drought and is 
therefore grown in arid and semi -arid regions.  
2.9.  The socioeconomic significance  of cotton is very clear : in 2013 -14, more than 75  countries 
produced 25.624  million  tonnes of cotton lint in total (ICAC, 2014) . Cotton is grown mainly for its 
lint, a raw material in the textile industry . Cotton was grown on 32.429  million  hectares of la nd in 
2013-14 (ICAC, 2014), or 2.3 % of arable l and worldwide  (around 1.4  billion  hectares on average 
for the period from 1992 to 2009, FAOSTAT) . Around 80 % of the cotton produced comes from 
six countries . China has the highest output (6.7  million  tonnes), followed by India 
(6.371  million  tonnes), the United States (2.811  million  tonnes), Pakistan (2.076  million  tonnes), 
Brazil (1.644  million  tonnes) and Uzbekistan (920,000 tonnes) (ICAC, 2014).  
2.10.   Thanks to new production techniques and good management practic es, average global yields 
have almost doubled in 30 years, from 411 kg/ha of cotton lint in 1980 -81 to 790 kg/ha in 2013 -14 
(ICAC, 2014).  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2.11.   Cotton directly or indirectly impacts the lives of over 250  million  people around the world 
(ICAC, 2009) . It also play s an important role in industrial development, generating substantial 
revenue for stakeholders . The 25.6  million  tonnes of cotton produced in 2013 -14 and sold at an 
average price of USD 0.91 per pound of cotton lint (USD 2.01/kg) generated USD 51.4 billion for 
more than 100  million family farms.  
2.12.   Industrial cotton growing was introduced in Chad in 1928 . The crop was initially an imposition, 
but was gradually accepted by the people living in the areas where it is produced ( Chart  1). Since 
the 1980s, people in the south of Chad have emphasized the importance of cotton on account of  the 
size of the sector, the socioeconomic benefits it brings a t various levels and its strategic significance  
for Chad . Originally called Cotonfran  (French Equatorial Cotton Company), the company  has 
experienced several crises, as a result of which it has been restructured several times and changed  
its name . The larg est restructuring was undertaken by the Chadian State in 2012, establishing 
CotonTchad  SN, which took over all the operations previously conducted by the former company , 
CotonTchad . CotonTchad  SN was previously 75 % state-owned, with the remaining 25 % stake  shared 
between Dagris (19 %) and local banks (6 %). Its mission was to provide tools and fertilizers to cotton 
growers and to market seed cotton.  
2.13.   Poor management of the sector exacerbated the crisis . Given the socioeconomic importance 
of cotton to Chad, the State privatized the cotton company by selling a 60 % share in the company 
to the Singapore -based Olam group in 2018.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  Chart  1: Former administrative map of Chad showing the cotton production area  
 
Source:  Cotonfran , 1980.  
2.14.   Cotton growing impacts the lives of more than 3  million  Chadians . The cotton -growing area 
measures around 100,000  km², or about a tenth of the national territory (1.284  million  km²). Grown 
mainly in the south of the country for its lint, cotton also gener ates by -products which, if utilized, 
provide economic opportunities and jobs.  
2.15.   Although the term "cotton" is often used to mean  cotton  lint, the harvested crop (seed cotton) 
also contains a by -product called "cottonseed" . Seed cotton comprises about one  third lint and  
two thirds seed by weight . 
WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2.2.2   Performance over 10 years (2009 -10 to 2018 -19) 
2.2.2.1   Seed cotton, cotton lint and cottonseed production  
2.16.   Over the last 10 years, the season with the highest production was 2016 -17, with over 
300,000 hectares harvested . It was also the season with the highest yield . Nevertheless, for the 
period as a whole, the increase in output was due to the increase in the land area in which cotton 
was sown.  
Chart  2: Seed cotton land area, production  and yield s 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
2.17.   The final two crop years were very poor, producing less than 50,000 tonnes of seed cotton 
due to a shortage of synthetic fertilizers and insecticides, which are essential for cotton growing.  
2.18.  Cottonseed production experienced  the same fluctuations as lint production . As shown in Chart 3, 
output of lint and seed ( needed for  crushing to make oil) was highest in 2016 -17. 
Chart  3: Cottonseed and lint output, 2009 –19 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
0100200300400500600700
 - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000
YIELD (HA)LAND AREA (HA) / PRODUCTION (T)
Area (ha) Production (t) Yld (Kg/ha)
 - 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000Lint and cottonseed output (t)
Lint (t) Seed (t)WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2.2.2.2   Estimati on of availab ility of  cottonseed oil  
2.19.   On average, only 50 –60% of the cottonseed obtained from each annual crop is processed to 
make cottonseed oil.  
2.20.   The remaining cottonseed is probably  used as animal feed.  
2.21.   Over the last 10 years, the volume of seed processed to make oil has been anywhere between 
8,000 tonnes and 43,000 tonnes . On average, this represents 60 % of the cottonseed obtained when 
the seed cotton is ginned.  
2.22.   Also on average, the volume of oil obtained each crop year  from crushing the cottonseed 
represents only 17 % of the volume of seed used . Production of cottonseed oil peaked at  
7,413  tonnes in 2014 -15, thanks in part to a good crop that produced 142,000 tonnes of seed cotton . 
The positive  trend in production of see d cotton and cottonseed oil continued in the following 
two seasons.  
Chart  4: Cottonseed oil output, 2009 –19 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
2.2.2.3   Estimati on of  availab ility of  cottonseed meal  
2.23.   Meal is what remains of the cotton kernels that are crushed to make oil . On average, the meal 
represents 43 % of the volume of crushed seed . The amount produced varies in  proportion to the 
amount of oil obtained . Meal production peaked in 2014 -15 (Chart  5). 
05000100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000Volume of seed and oil (t)
Seed (t) Oil (t)WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  Chart  5: Meal and seed production, 2009 –19 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
2.24.   Meal production over the last 10 years reached its lowest levels in 2017 -18 and 2018 -19. This 
was due to the difficulties experienced by the cotton sector in Chad in recent years . 
2.2.2.4   Estimati on of  availab ility of  cottonseed hulls  
2.25.   The volume of hulls produced each year is calculated on the b asis of the volume of seed 
crushed to produce oil . This means that hu ll production follows the same upward and downward 
trends as oil and meal production.  
Chart  6: Hull production , 2009–19 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
2.26.   On average, the volume of hulls is equal to 41 % of the volume of crushed seed.  
 - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000Volume of seed and meal (t)Seed(t) Meal (t)
020004000600080001000012000140001600018000Volume of hulls (t)WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2.2.2.5   Estimati on of  availab ility of  cotton stalks  
2.27.   The volume of stalks was estimated on the basis of seed cotton production using the formula 
devised by Kpadé et al (2019) for this pu rpose for VATICOPP ( Valorisation des tiges de cotonnier 
pour la fabrication des panneaux à particules ), a project to utilize cotton stalks to manufacture 
particle board . This formula assumes an average waste –product ratio of 2 . Analysis of Chart  7 shows 
that seed cotton output fell in 2017 -18 and 2018 -19. 
Chart  7: Estimat ed quantity of stalks produced, 2009 –19. 
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
2.28.   Seed cotton output was poor (less than 30,000 tonnes) in the final two seasons of the period, 
because financial difficulties demotivated producers . For instance, if inputs are unavailable or they 
reach producers late, as sometimes occurs, the cot ton crop is not harvested in full . And even if the 
crop is harvested, the producers might not get paid . Seed cotton output rebounded to 113,000 in 
2019-20, which would equate to 226,000 tonnes of stalks . Although they could be used for compost, 
unfortunate ly 80% of the stalks are used as fuel wood or are consumed by wildfires.  
2.2.3   Impact of cotton growing  
2.2.3.1   Food crops  
2.29.   The main food crops grown in terms of land area are sorghum, millet, groundnuts, dry-season  
sorghum, maize, rice, cowpeas and sesame . Since agricul ture is often extensive , crop yields are 
generally low.  
2.30.   Over the last 10 years, the average land area in which food crops were grown was 
4,401,900  hectares . The volume produced was 3,904,400 tonnes, resulting in an average yield of 
890 kg per hectare.  
2.31.   Cowp eas, sesame and cotton are often planted at the start of a crop rotation . Cowpeas and 
sesame can be grown on a plot  after rudimentary clearing , while cotton at the start of a rotation 
produces a good yield and benefits subsequent crop seasons too . Growing cotton benefits cereal 
crops that are subsequently grown in the same soil, which have 20 % to 30 % higher yields thanks 
to the after -effect of the fertilizer used on the cotton . Cotton also generates enough income for 
farmers to grow cereal crops, as they ca n then buy farming equipment such as oxen, ploughs and 
carts. This equipment gives them greater control over the crop calendar (tilling, sowing, hilling, etc.) . 
Providing support to cotton producers also boosts the productivity of food crops.  
050000100000150000200000250000300000350000400000Volume of seed cotton and stalks 
produced (t)
Seed cotton (t) Stalks (t)WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  2.32.   According to Hauswirth and Djinodji (2006), cotton -producing farms almost always have lower 
yields and lower food coverage levels for cereals, oilseeds and protein crops than 
non-cotton -producing farms . These findings explain why many farmers have begun growing 
groundn uts instead of cotton . Nevertheless, cotton growing continues for two reasons : it is an almost 
exclusive condition for gaining access to technical innovations (fertilizers, sprayers, insecticides), 
and it is a cash crop, the buying rate of which is known in advance.  
2.2.3.2   Farmer/household income  
2.33.   The economic performance of cotton producers is slightly lower than that of groundnut 
producers, but slightly higher than that of sesame, maize and sorghum producers . In addition, 
growing cotton still requires more  working capital than growing other crops  (Table 1). 
Table 1: Revenue per hectare for cotton, groundnuts, sesame, maize and sorghum in 
cotton -growing areas in Chad.  
Description  Cotton  Groundnuts  Sesame  Maize  Sorghum  
Cost of production ( CFAF) 112,450  92,250  102,500  83,700  42,500  
Output (kg)  750 600 300 900 600 
Buying price ( CFAF/kg)  223 250 500 150 125 
Output value ( CFAF) 167,250  150,000  150,000  135,000  75,000  
Producers' net revenue ( CFAF) 54,800  57,750  47,500  51,300  32,500  
Source:  Naitormbaide, 2019.  
2.34.  This literature review found that, in addition to cottonseed oil, the cotton industry provides Chad 
with three other by-products : seed, which is separated from the lint during ginning, and the meal and 
hulls, which result from the oil production  (file: http://www.feedbase.com/papers/afz3044.pdf ). 
2.35.   The by -products of gin ning are cotton gin trash : a mixture of st alks, leaves, linters and seeds.  
2.2.4   Definition  of the terms coproduits , sous -produits  and produits dérivés  in relation to  
cotton  
2.36.   The term coproduit  (by-product ) refers to  a substance  created intentionally and unavoidably 
at the same time as the main product and as part of the same manufacturing process . The main 
finished product and the by-product must both meet certain specifications regarding their nature, 
allowing them to be used  immediately  for a specific purpose.  
2.37.   The product harvested from the cotton plant is called seed cotton . Seed cotton is ginned to 
produce two sous-produits  (by-products ): seed and lint . Cotton linters (low -quality fibres produced 
during ginning) are used to manufacture products such as yarn, plastics and filling material . 
Lint, seed and linters are coproduits  (by-products ). 
2.38.   Cottonseed is sometimes used in its raw  state as animal feed, especially in the dairy industry.  
2.39.   The term sous -produit  (by-product ) is a residual product that results from  the manufacture 
or distribution of a finished product . When cottonseed is crushed, the meal can be separated from 
the oil . Cake and oil are therefore produits dérivés  (derivative s/by-products ) of cottonseed, and 
meal is a sous -produit  (by-product ) of cotton.  
2.40.   During the industrial production of oil, the kernels are separated from the hulls before the oil 
is extracted . Hulls are also a derivative of the seed.  
2.41.   The oil is usually used for human consumption, but  is sometimes used to manufacture soap 
or for other industrial uses, such as to manufacture plastics and pharmaceutical products . Soap is 
therefore an oil derivative . This paper  discusses the two main cotton by -products : oil and meal. WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 16 - 
  2.2.4.1   Cottonseed  
2.42.   Cottonseed  is currently the cheapest oil and protein raw material in the world, costing around 
USD 150 per tonne . Its economic potential is not fully exploited, since it is traditionally used 
exclusively for producing oil and meal for animal feed . The seed given to animals may be whole, 
delinted (linters are a fuzz covering the hulls), or partially or fully de hulled . Whole cottonseed 
contains about 22 % protein, 20 % fat and 28 % crude fibre (dry -matter content).  
2.43.   Cottonseed is less valuable than cotton lint and is norma lly crushed to separate the oil from 
the meal. Dehulling  cottonseed produces kernels, and hulls with linters . Crushing cottonseed, on the 
other hand, produces three main types of products : refined oil (for human consumption), meal 
(feed for ruminants) and soap products.  
2.44.   Given the wide range of origins and varieties, cottonseed is a highly variable product . Rich in 
oils and fats, it has a far higher fibre content than rapeseed and soybeans . As such, cottonseed can 
be used to make high -energy, high-fibre rations for highly productive dairy cows.  
2.2.4.2   Cottonseed kernels  
2.45.   Cottonseed kernels have a high oil and protein content, but they also contain a toxic pigment 
called gossypol, which is removed by artisanal or industrial means . Crushing the kernels p roduces 
an excellent -quality edible oil, which is also used to manufacture soaps . Cottonseed oil is the sixth 
most widely consumed vegetable oil in the world . It is a good -quality oil that is high in 
polyunsaturated fatty acids (including vitamin E) and co ntains no cholesterol, but it does not react 
as well to heat as other common oils . In some cotton -growing countries (including Mali, Chad, 
Burkina  Faso and Togo), most of the edible oil consumed is cottonseed oil.  
2.46.   In Chad, cottonseed oil is used for human consumption and to manufacture soap . The oil may 
also have other industrial uses, such as for manufacturing plastics or pharmaceutical products.  
2.47.   Cottonseed is sometimes used in its raw state as animal feed . The composition of cottonseed 
depends on several factors, but on average  a tonne of seed cotton produces 35 –40% lint, about 
10% oil and around 30 % meal. 
Chart  8: Proportions of by -products obtained from seed cotton  
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2020  
2.48.   Blasi and Drouillard  (2002) showed that the relative share of the different components partly 
depends on both the ginning outturn ratio, which ranges from 30 to 40% of the weight of the seed 
cotton, and the cottonseed oil extraction ratio, which varies  between 10 % and 16 % of the seed 
weight, depending on the crushing method used.  
2.49.   In the United States, a metric tonne of seed cotton produces, on average, around 350  kg of 
lint and 104  kg of oil . Of the remaining 546 kg, meal (293 kg) accounts for more than half, hulls for 
176 kg and linters for 52  kg. Around 26 kg becomes waste . In West and Central Africa, however, 
WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 17 - 
  one tonne of seed cotton produces around 420 kg of lint (thanks to a better ginning outturn ratio) 
and 70 kg of oil (where oil extraction methods are less technically a dvanced).  
2.2.4.3   Cottonseed meal  
2.50.   Cottonseed meal is a source of protein, with the average protein content as a percentage of 
dry matter ranging from 22.2 % (Sharma et al., 1978a) to 30.3 % (Balogun et al., 1990) for un hulled  
cottonseed meal and from 29.7 % (Shekar -Reddy et al. , 1998) to 56.0 % (Ryan et al. , 1986) for 
hulled cottonseed  meal. Cottonseed meal competes with other types of oil meal and is generally 
used as animal feed.  
2.51.   The pulp that remains after the oil has been extracted from the cottonseed is processed to 
make meal, which is used as feed for ruminants (only animals that can detoxify the gossypol during 
digestion, such as cows and sheep) . The meal provides 3 to 6 times more pro tein (which represents 
up to 49 % of the meal's dry matter) than cereals and up to 20 times more than certain types of 
fodder . It is also the plant food with the highest phosphorus content . Cottonseed meal can be used 
as fertilizer or as a growth  substrate for mushroom s, among other agricultural uses . It is traded 
internationally and is exported by most cotton -producing countries.  
2.52.   The use of cottonseed meal in livestock production is limited by anti-nutritional factors such 
as the presence of gossypol, which  only ruminants can detoxify . The main impediment to using 
cottonseed meal as chicken feed is the presence of free gossypol, which can damage many internal 
tissues and reduce the growth performance and feed efficiency of the ration (Diaw et al. , 2010) . 
Processes to bind the free gossypol are used to increase the amount of meal incorporated into the 
feed, but there are drawbacks to  those processes.  
2.53.   Cottonseed meal is a highly variable product : the average protein content is 42 % but can be 
anywhere between 28 % and 58 %, the raw cellulose content ranges from 8 % to 23 %, and the oil 
and fat content ranges from 0.5 % to 15 % (dry-matter content) . In addition to the initial seed, 
another factor that leads to variability is technological treatments.  
2.54.   The volume of meal produced in Chad depends on the volume of seed cotton produced . 
Consequently, because of the difficulties the cotton sector has faced and the way the country's 
livestock population has developed over the last 10 years, produc tion levels fall well short of demand . 
Chapter 3 of the present paper  presents statistics on trends  in production levels.  
2.2.4.4   Linters  
2.55.   Linters around the seeds are a highly cellulosic material formed of short cellulose fibres and 
are used to manufacture felts ( rugs, carpets, etc.) ; trims for bedding , furnishings and  motor 
vehicle s; compresses, gauze pads , cotton wool and dressing s; and yarn for carpets and rugs . 
Derivative food products are also extracted from linters (dietary fibre, thickeners, excipients, etc. ). 
Because of their many uses, linters are present on the international market.  
2.56.   In Chad, linters are often mixed with waste fibres recovered from the cotton gins . Referred to 
as mode bord , it is of poor quality and is sold relatively cheap ly to traders to be used as low-quality 
padding (for mattresses) at an affordable price for persons with low income s. 
2.2.4.5   Hulls 
2.57.   Hulls constitute a relatively appetizing animal feed. They can also be used by the chemical 
industry to manufacture synthetic derivati ves, such as fertilizers.  
2.58.   In Chad, hulls are used exclusively by the oil plant to generate power . If the oil plant does 
not use all the hulls, the remaining ones are sold to traders, who sell them on to livestock farmers 
to be used as animal feed.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 18 - 
  2.2.4.6   Gossypol  
2.59.   Although gossypol is toxic, it has certain beneficial properties.  
• Contraceptive properties  
2.60.   Gossypol has been used in China for a long time as a natural remedy for bronchitis and as an 
abortive remedy (Vander Jagt DL et al. , 2000) . The Chinese first noted a significantly lower birth 
rate in the cotton -producing regions, and the observation was linked to  the fact that the indigenous 
population included cottonseed oil in its diet. 
• Antiviral properties  
− Anti-herpes properties  
2.61.   The antiviral properties of gossypol have been noted mainly with the herpes virus . With regard 
to HIV, Lin et al. (1989) observed selective inhibition of HIV -1 replication by ( -)-gossypol , while t he 
anti-HIV activity by (+) -gossypol in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells was in line with its 
cytotoxicity.  
− Anti-fungal properties  
2.62.   Aspergillus  flavus  is responsible for the biosynthesis of aflatoxins that form on kernels and 
seed. Gossypol inhibits these food poisons from forming (Mellon JE, 1992).  
− Anti-parasite properties  
2.63.   Gossypol in hibits numerous parasites that sometimes cause severe and widespread diseases, 
including Entamoaba  histolytica , which invades the intestines and the liver ; Trypanosoma brucei , 
which infects cattle  in Africa ; and Taenia  taeniaeformis , a parasite that infects humans  and animals . 
The development of Taenia taeniaeformis  larvae in rats further to the ingestion o f eggs can be 
inhibited by gossypol  (Rikihisa Y & Lin YC, 1986) . Gossypol  can also inhibit Plasmodium  falciparum , 
one of the four  species of parasites that cause malaria.  
− Anti-tumour activity  
2.64.   Studies on prostate and breast cancer have shown that gossypol arrests cell growth in the 
G0/G1 phase and inhibits cells from entering the S phase (Ligueros M et al., 1997 ; Shidaifat F et al., 
1996).  
2.2.4.7   Use of cotton stalks  
2.65.   In order to reduce phytosanitary risks or limit infestation by caterpillars that have entered 
into diapause, cotton growers used to systematically burn cotton stalks or use them as fodder for 
penned livestock . Although organic m aterial takes a long time to break down, in recent years the 
awareness of producers has been raised and they have been encouraged to recycl e this material  by 
incorporating it into the soil.  
2.66.   Many studies carried out on cotton stalks have shown that they hav e a chemical composition 
comparable to that of most hardwood species . They also contain holocellulose (69 %), lignin (27 %) 
and ash (7 %). As such, they may be used as an alternative raw material for manufacturing several 
value -added products.  
2.67.   With climate change reducing soil fertility, resulting in lower yields, this way of recycling cotton 
stalks is a new opportunity for small -scale farmers, who can now achieve a significant increase in 
income by comparison with the substantial gains derived from cotton growing.  
2.68.   Promoting the recycling of cotton stalks creates an economic opportunity that, if seized upon, 
will revive a sector plagued by declining soil fertility, fluctuations in world cotton prices , reductions 
in subsidies by major powers, etc. WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 19 - 
  • Manu re and potash production from cotton stalks  
2.69.   Manure production is underdeveloped because cotton stalks take a long time to decompose  
owing  to the presence of lignin . Thanks to studies carried out under the West African Cotton 
Improvement Programme  (WACIP) , funded by the United States Agency for International 
Development ( USAID ), technical processes have been drawn up to use cotton stalks to produce 
manure.  
2.70.   Like waste from other crops, cotton stalks are often burned or used for grazing, and therefore 
not retu rned to the soil (Soumaré et al., 2000 ; Lompo, 2005) . Only a small fraction of cotton stalks 
are composted, and they do not always meet the nutritional needs of the crops . Because such a 
small proportion of organic matter is returned to the soil, mineral f ertilizers – which are often 
prohibitively expensive – lose some of their effic acy (Vall et al., 2006) . Furthermore, given the very 
difficult  economic situation caused by  the drop in world cotton prices, which has also dragged down 
the prices paid to seed cotton producers, improving the size of harvests is a major challenge for 
cotton companies in different countries . In West Africa, manure production from cotton stems is 
most developed in Burkina Faso and Mali . Dakuo et al.  (2011) showed that compost from cotton 
stalks had higher levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), but relatively low levels of phosphorus 
(P). Kpadé et al.  (2018) conducted a survey indicating that  52% of respondents in Benin, 49 % in 
Mali and 23 % in Togo  recycle cotton stalks to use them as organic fertilizers.  
• Briquette and fuel wood production from cotton stalks  
2.71.   The manufacturing of briquettes from cotton stalks is increasingly encouraged in most 
cotton -producing countries, and the practice is growing f ast in Mali, Burkina Faso and Benin . 
In Benin, such an initiative was tested by the Cotton and Fibre Agricultural Research Centre (CRA -CF) 
of the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin (INRAB) through the VATICOPP project.  
2.72.   This briquette -manufac turing process is important because it reduces deforestation 
(especially for charcoal and fuel wood production) and bushfires , as well as  creating new economic 
activity in rural areas and therefore new sources of income . Several techniques are used to make  
briquettes, but two main ones are used in the market : one in which the stalks are incinerated before 
the briquettes are made, and one in which the briquettes are made immediately after grinding.  
• Mushroom growing  
2.73.   Cotton is a fibrous plant with a high conce ntration of lignin (27 %), making it a high -quality 
food resource (substrate) for mushrooms, which provide excellent nutritional intake for humans . 
Production of edible mushrooms in Benin and the subregion is booming . In Benin, where they are 
often consider ed a second -tier food supplement, mushrooms are often harvested early in the rainy 
season, when there are food shortages (the "hungry gap "). Cotton stalks are a good substrate for 
mushrooms.  
• Paper pulp  
2.74.   Because cotton stalks are rich in cellulose fibres, th ey are a choice raw material for the 
paper -making industry . Pulp is prepared by isolating cellulose fibres contained in wood, other woody 
plants or other sources of fibres while retaining their mechanical, optical and morphological 
properties as best as possible and seeking to eliminate lignin, the other main compon ent of wood.  
2.75.   Cotton stalks make good ingredients for paper pulp, thus offering new opportunities to the 
paper -making industry  in Benin . Environmentalists also welcome the use of cotton stalks for pulp, 
since it reduces deforestation . This value -addition op tion is available and simply needs to be used.  
• Particle board  
2.76.   Particle board is becoming increasingly popular in the furniture industry and has become an 
integral part of 21st century furni shing . Particle board made from cotton stalks is used to make 
furniture, wall panels, window panels, table tops, floor and ceiling tiles, partitions and roof panels . 
It is also used for insulation.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 20 - 
  2.3  Current status of by -product manufacturers  and production techniques  
2.77.   Two companies process cotton by -products in Chad.  
2.3.1   CotonT chad  SN 
2.78.   CotonTchad SN ( Société Cotonnière du Tchad Société Nouvelle ) was originally formed in 1972 
and was privatized in April 2018. It is 60 % owned by the Singapore -based Olam group . CotonTchad  
SN was previously 75 % state-owned, with the remaining 25 % stake shared between Dagris (19 %) 
and local banks (6 %). Its mission is to provide tools and fertilizers to cotton growers and to market 
seed cotton.  
2.79.   Although the term "cotton" is often used to refer specifically to the lint, the crop that is 
harvested (called "seed cotton") not only contains lint but also a by -product called cottonseed . The 
company owns seven ginneries throughout the cotton -production area with output capacities ranging 
from 80 to 300 tonnes per day.  
2.80.   The lint is exported, whil e the seed is either crushed to separate the oil from the meal or used 
as cattle  feed. The seed used to produce oil is transported from all parts of the country to be crushed 
at a single plant in Moundou . The oil is currently used only for human consumptio n, with soap 
production having ended in 2006 for technical and economic reasons . The meal and hulls obtained 
when the seed is crushed are systematically used as animal feed.  
2.3.2   ABOUFATIMA, a private company  
2.81.   This semi -industrial private company was created in 2019 in Léré, a town in south -west Chad 
near the Cameroon border . The company has 19 permanent employees, as well as a number of 
casual staff based on the company's needs.  
2.82.   To produce cottonseed oil, ABOUFATIMA buys seed from CotonTchad  SN through its Léré 
plant. It uses five machines to crush and press the seed to extract the oil.  
2.83.   In 2019 and 2020, ABOUFATIMA purchased 8,500 tonnes of seed, from which it produced 
857 tonnes of oil and nearly 97 tonnes of meal (Table 2). 
Table 2: Volume of seed used to produce oil and meal  
Year Volume of seed (t)  Volume of oil (t)  Volume of meal  (t) 
2019 6000 605 68.6 
2020 2500 252 28.6 
Total  8500  857 97.2 
Source:  ABOUFATIMA (2020).  
2.84.   70% of the oil that the company produces is consumed in Chad, with the remaining 30 % 
exported to Cameroon.  
2.85.   The main difficulty that the company faces is its power supply . Since Léré's  electricity network 
is not functional, the company uses its own generators, which significantly increases the cost of 
producing cottonseed oil.  
2.86.   Of the two cotton -processing companies in Chad, CotonTchad  SN is the larger, since it supplies 
the semi -artisan al company ABOUFATIMA with its raw material . Since ABOUFATIMA's purchasing 
power is probably limited, it buys only small volumes of seed (500 to 1,000 tonnes) from CotonTchad  
SN, thus severely limiting its production capacity.  
2.4  Value chains of priority by -products  
2.87.   Producing 100 kg of seed cotton generates an average of 40.3 kg of lint and 54.7  kg of seed . 
Over the last 10 years, production of seed cotton has averaged 85,144 tonnes, with 34,310  tonnes WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 21 - 
  of lint and 46,604 tonnes of seed . Each year, between 28 % and 90 % of seed is used to produce oil . 
As mentioned previously, one tonne of seed produces 60 -100 kg of oil, around 400  kg of hulls and 
400 kg of meal. These values are lower than those obtained in the United States, where one tonne  
of seed produces aroun d 200  kg of oil, 300  kg of hulls and 500  kg of meal. 
2.88.   Apart from the lint, the by -products are consumed almost entirely in Chad . Since there is so 
much livestock in Chad, the amount of meal produced each year is not enough to meet local needs . 
Chadian oil i s of such good quality that it dominates local markets, with the stock held by shops 
often being depleted before the following year's oil has been produced.  
2.89.   This analysis shows that the best -utilized products are oil and meal. Unfortunately, the 
availability of meal is limited, so it is difficult for traders to buy it . This shortage often fuels price 
speculation, making meal unaffordable for low -income farmers.  
2.90.   Hulls are poorly utilized . In addition to their use as a source of en ergy, making organic fertilizer 
from hulls would significantly improve environmental management and could boost agricultural 
output.  
3  DIAGNOSIS OF THE COTTON SECTOR IN CHAD  
3.1  Stakeholders and their roles in production  
3.1.  The main stakeholders in Chad's cotton se ctor are cotton producers and their representative 
bodies (village associations, local cotton coordination committees (CCLs) and the National Union of 
Cotton Producers of Chad ( UNPCT) ), CotonTchad  SN, the State and state agencies 
(the National  Rural Develo pment Office (ONDR) and the Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research 
for Development (ITRAD)) . Banks, private transport operators and suppliers are also stakeholders.  
3.1.1   The Chadian State  
3.2.  The State approves bank credits on behalf of CotonTchad  SN, subsidize s factors of production 
for cotton producers , also subsidizes  CotonTchad  SN's operations, and exempts the cotton company 
from certain taxes such as value -added tax  (VAT) . Since the partial privatization  of CotonTchad  SN, 
the State owns only 35 % of the comp any. The multinational Olam owns 60 % and the producers 5 %. 
3.1.2   CotonTchad  SN 
3.3.  CotonTchad  SN is partly responsible for managing the producers in terms of organizing the 
markets where seed cotton is sold . It also funds agreements signed between it and the other 
stakeholders . Its roles include:  
− providing agricultural inputs (fertilizers, phytosanitary products and seed) to cotton 
producers, mainly on credit;  
− purchasing seed cotton, with an obligation to buy the entire crop;  
− transporting seed cotton, with part of the transport service outsourced to private 
operators;  
− ginning seed cotton and removing and marketing the lint;  
− transporting the seed, processing it to make oil and meal, and marketing the oil and meal. 
3.4.  Cotton is grow n mainly in the south of the country on family farms run by five or six farmers . 
The size of the farms ranges  typically from 1 to 2 hectares . Viewed as "white gold", cotton is a pillar 
of the Chadian economy, providing a livelihood to around 3  million  people and occupying around a 
tenth of the total cultivated land . The main export destination for Chadian cotton is the 
European  Union, especially France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal and Spain.  
3.5.  CotonTchad  SN currently has seven ginneries in operation and one oi l plant . All of these are 
located in the south of the country (Sarh, Koumra, Moundou, Kelo, Léré and Pala) . The Gounou -Gaya 
and Kyabe factories have not been operational for more than 15 years.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 22 - 
  3.6.  CotonTchad  SN employs around 2,000 workers spread  across the various cotton -producing 
areas . A technical unit working on the ground is responsible for producing and marketing the cotton . 
The unit comprises  plant coordinators, supervisors, seed -production coordinators and training 
coordinators.  
3.7.  Only the M oundou plant is at the same location as where the seed is crushed . The others are 
between 100 and 400  km away . Since some national roads are unpaved, the transport of seed is 
sometimes interrupted, in which case the plant's supply of raw material is also i nterrupted if the 
rains come early.  
• Seed -cotton pricing : the process and the parties involved  
3.8.  Through Order No. 1862/PR/PM/MDIC/2017 of 1 9 April 2017, the Government of Chad 
established a tripartite committee (cotton producers, CotonTchad  SN and the State) to design a 
mechanism for setting the purchase price for seed cotton and for the transfer of agricultural inputs . 
In the tripartite committee, the State is represented by three ministries : the Ministry of Production, 
Irrigation and Agric ultural Equipment ; the Ministry of Mines, Industrial and Commercial Development 
and Private Sector Promotion ; and the Ministry of Finance and Budget.  
3.9.  In exercising its mandate, the tripartite committee put forward a pric ing mechanism  which was 
approved by the Government.  
3.10.   The aforementioned government -approved mechanism for pricing seed cotton is based on the 
mechanism used in Burkina  Faso and contains the following elements : 
− a guaranteed minimum price (floor price) announced before the sowing season;  
− a fina l price to be calculated at the end of the crop season ; and 
− a price smoothing fund to ensure  that the minimum guaranteed price is respected.  
3.11.   The minimum guaranteed price (MGP) is calculated as follows:  
MGP = Share _Prod × P F × Cotlook A _FOB × LiYLD  
Where:  
− MGP = minimum guaranteed price, announced before sowing season;  
− Share _Prod = producers ' share  of lint  value;  
− PF = prudence factor  corresponding  to floor price of smoothing tunnel;  
− Cotlook  A_FOB = trend line for cost of lint as measured by three -year average of 
Cotlook  A Index on a free on board (FOB) basis, centred on current year and expressed  
in CFAF; 
− LiYLD = ginning lint yield standard.  
3.12.   The final producer price is calculated at the end of the crop season based on actual 
Cotlook  A Index values for the n/n +1 crop season . The price is expressed on an FOB basis by 
deducting the cost, insurance and freight (CIF) . The 12 -month period used for the calculation goes 
from April of the year n to M arch of the year n +1.  
3.13.   The values of the various parameters for Chad are as follows:  
− Share _Prod = 54 %; 
− PF = 95% (revised to 92 % if the price smoothing fund has a net liability with the cotton 
company);  
− LiYLD = 41 %; 
− Cotlook A_FOB is obtained by deducting 3 cents/pound from the trend line for lint prices.  
3.14.   Since t he pric ing formula was con sidered obsolete,  it was update d by a consult ant in 
December  2019 but has not yet been published.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 23 - 
  3.1.3   Seed cotton producers  
3.15.   The primary role of producers is to grow their own seed cotton and deliver it to CotonTchad  
SN through their village association under the terms of a n agreement  called the Charte de Marché 
Autogéré  (MAG - self-managed market charter) . The village associations are the direct respondents 
of CotonTchad  SN when factors of production such as loans to farmers, seed cotton marketing and 
recovery of productivity loans ar e implemented . The associations form local cotton coordination 
committees ( CCLs) at the canton level, and these delegations form the National Union of Cotton 
Producers of Chad ( UNPCT ), which is the national umbrella organization . Alongside the Government, 
the UNPCT and CotonTchad  SN carefully examine all the bids for inputs and set prices for seed cotton 
and inputs . The UNPCT also takes part in the market ing of  seed cotton, the revisi on of the MAG and 
all other activities involving the producers . Overall, r elations between the two partners are good.  
3.1.4   Chadian Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (ITRAD)  
3.16.   ITRAD is a public scientific and technical institution that conducts research on crop production, 
including cotton (varietal research, production  of basic seed, conservation of phylogenetic resources, 
development of crop technology packages).  
3.17.   The partnership between ITRAD and CotonTchad  SN takes place through an agreement setting 
out a framework for the delivery of services and the provision of exp ertise to CotonTchad  SN. The 
services include support for drawing up the seed policy plan, producing pre -basic and basic seeds to 
maintain varietal purity, and providing CotonTchad  SN field workers, staff at seed multiplication 
farms and seed producers wit h training related to seed cotton production . The services also include 
drawing up technical recommendations and taking part in meetings relating to tenders for 
agricultural inputs, as well as providing any other expertise relating to agricultural inputs, ginning 
and lint quality.  
3.18.   Given the shortage of human resources for cotton research, there has been almost no varietal 
improvement for over 10 years . Although several cotton varieties have been introduced through 
partnerships (C4 + Togo, C4CP, etc.), work to improve the quality of cotton is at the embryonic 
stage . Substantial support for research is therefore essential to develop new varieties and new 
production techniques to boost cotton production and thereby improve the availability of cotton 
by-products  that can then be processed.  
3.1.5   National Rural Development Agency (ANADER)  
3.19.   ANADER provides support to rural communities as a whole for all crops, including cotton . It 
sits on the dispute settlement commission responsible for determining the quality of seed cotton at 
ginneries . The partnership between ANADER and CotonTchad  SN takes place under a collaboration 
agreement and a memorandum of understanding, the most recent of which were signed by the 
two parties on 3 May and 1 3 May 2015, respectively.  
3.1.6   Banks  
3.20.   Banks issue state -guaranteed seasonal loans to CotonTchad  SN for harvesting, purchasing 
and ginning seed cotton and marketing the lint, as well as productivity loans for purchasing inputs 
and delivering them to producers . The State executes the  guarantee i f the cotton company is unable 
to repay the loan.  
3.1.7   Private transport operators  
3.21.   Private transport operators are a very important pillar in CotonTchad  SN's development . For 
each marketing year, CotonTchad  SN requests the services of private transport operator s in Chad 
and Cameroon to move seed cotton from purchase centres to factories and to move lint for export 
from factories to Cameroon . These operators also transport agricultural inputs . The Bolloré group is 
the main private company that transports cotton b ales for the export and import of agricultural 
inputs.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 24 - 
  3.1.8   Suppliers  
3.22.   Chadian and foreign companies supply goods and services . They deliver inputs, machinery 
and parts, vehicles and miscellaneous supplies to CotonTchad  SN. 
3.23.   The largest suppliers of agricultural inputs over the past five years have been 
Arysta  LifeScience and the Société de Services pour l'Europe et l'Asie  (SOSEA  – Europe and Asia 
Service Company) for pesticides and the Louis -Dreyfus Commodities group for mineral fertilizers . 
Given Chad's location  on the continent, these companies deliver the inputs via the port of Douala, 
situated more than 1,000  km away from the delivery destinations . The cost of transport and 
administrative and customs procedures therefore increases the prices of inputs delivere d to 
producers . To encourage producers to grow cotton, the State subsidizes inputs almost every 
crop year. 
3.2  Policy environment analysis : legal and regulatory frameworks for the production of 
by-products  
3.24.   There is no cross-industry  agreement governing the cotton sector in Chad . The MAG is 
responsible only for marketing seed cotton, purchasing it and recovering productivity loans . Although 
the joint committee of cotton producers, the Chadian State and CotonTchad  SN is somewhat akin t o 
a cross-industry  body, its sole mission is to set prices for seed cotton and agricultural inputs.  
3.25.   Chad's cotton sector has experienced a series of successive crises caused by exogenous and 
endogenous factors . The exogenous causes have been (i) the declin e in world cotton prices due to 
huge subsidies in the Global North, (ii) parity in the dollar –euro exchange rate, which has been 
unfavourable to the CFA franc, and (iii) Chad's location in the African continent . The endogenous 
factors are : (iv) the high co st of agricultural inputs and material, (v) limited support for producers, 
(vi) ageing industry due to a lack of investment in maintenance and upgrades, and (vii) poor internal 
management by the cotton company, with high production costs for lint.  
3.26.   Despite the various reforms undertaken by the Chadian State, the sector's performance did 
not recover until the State transferred a 60 % stake to the Olam group and 5 % to cotton producers . 
The group's entry into the sector finally gave a long -awaited boost to the c otton industry and 
generated optimism among cotton producers.  
4  ANALYSIS OF COTTON BY -PRODUCTS AND DERIVATIVE S IN CHAD  
4.1  Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) for expansion of each 
product  
4.1.  Tables 3 to 7 show the results of the SWOT analysis  performed on the various cotton 
by-products and derivative s. 
Table 3: SWOT analysis for expansion of the lint market  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Existence of ginneries;  
− Domestic and external markets (CEMAC zone) 
available;  
− Highly  structured sector.  − Monopoly held by single private operator;  
− Almost non -existent domestic markets;  
− Very low domestic consumption;  
− Almost no endogenous technology for 
processing by-products.  
Opportunities  Threats  
− Large and growing population;  
− Rehabilitation of a textile and spinning 
company  under way ; 
− Presence of a  private operator.  − Ageing ginneries;  
− Unavailability of by-products in the market in 
the event of  a breakdown at the sole 
processing plant (oil plant);  
− Very limited knowledge of consume r need s in 
terms of quality and quantity.  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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  Table 4: SWOT analysis for expansion of cotton seed  production  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Excellent natural environment for seed cotton 
production;  
− Existence of ginneries;  
− Domestic markets for livestock feed;  
− Creation of an oil production plant.  − Ageing ginneries;  
− Unaffordable for consumers;  
− Single processing plant (oil plant).  
Opportunities  Threats  
− Very large domestic market;  
− Sustained growth in cattle and sheep 
numbers.  − Unavailability of seed in the event of 
processing plant breakdowns.  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
4.2  By-products in the seed -crushing subsector  
4.2.1   Mapping  of operat ors in the subsector  
4.2.  The Moundou oil plant is the sole producer of cottonseed oil . It is therefore starting up oil and 
meal production . This year, ginneries will produce around 63,000 tonnes of seed to be crushed.  
4.3.  The Moundou oil plant receives its supplie s from the ginneries . It had been shut down since 
cotton production dropped, but action was taken to reopen the plant in 2019, with cottonseed 
production expected to exceed 100,000 tonnes.  
4.2.2   By-products in the subsector  
4.4.  Cottonseed is the only raw material used by the Moundou oil plant . The seed is processed at 
the plant to produce the following by-products:  
• Oil; 
• Meal with a floury  texture  
• Hulls; 
• Ash; 
• Free fatty acids;  
• Waste.  
4.5.  The SWOT analysis for the expansion of oil production is presented in Table 5, below.  
Table 5: SWOT analysis for expansion of oil production  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Raw material available;  
− Two processing industries;  
− Domestic and external markets (CEMAC zone) 
available;  
− Skilled human resources;  
− Job creation.  − Limited availability in the domestic market;  
− Relatively expensive;  
− Almost no endogenous technology for processing 
oil. 
Opportunities  Threats  
− Collaboration with external companies, with 
the private sector involved in cotton 
production and processing.  − Oil not always available in the market;  
− Single processing plant (oil plant).  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
4.6.  Tables 6 and 7 show the SWOT analyses for the expansion of meal and hu ll production in Chad.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 26 - 
  Table 6: SWOT analysis for expansion of cottonseed meal  production  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Raw material availab le; 
− Existence of a processing plant (oil plant).  − Inaccessible  for consumers;  
− Relatively expensive.  
Opportunities  Threats  
− Large domestic and external markets;  
− Increase in production due to revival of the 
sector.  − High cost of meal; 
− Breakdown of the sole processing plant (oil plant).  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
Table 7: SWOT analysis for expansion of hu ll production  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Existence of a processing plant;  
− Domestic market available;  
− Skilled human resources;  
− Raw material available;  − Very limited use;  
− Lack of processing technology.  
Opportunities  Threats  
− Potential use as a soil improver in organic 
farming;  
− Potential use as fuel in boilers;  
− Potential use for growing mushrooms.  − Pollution of the environment, because they are 
discarded almost everywhere;  
− Very limited consumption.  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
4.7.  Like the meal, the hulls are used as livestock feed . Despite their many advantages – as a soil 
improver, as a fuel to generate power and as a substrate for growing mushrooms – hulls are not 
well utilized in Chad, which does not have adequate technology to process them . It is therefore 
necessary to develop a hull management programme.  
4.8.  The stakeholders involved in the hull value chain are:  
- CotonTchad ; 
- The cotton producers ' union; 
- The livestock producers ' union;  
- The traders ' union;  
- The agropastoralists ' union;  
- The business owners ' union;  
- The oil plant.  
4.9.  A consequence of the additional cotton production is an increase in the number of stalks, which 
are utilized as fodder for penned livestock or as fertilizer . Some stalks, however, are still incinerated.  
4.10.   Stalks can be used to manufacture briq uettes, compost and particle board.  
4.11.   This study identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to stalk  
management  (Table 8). WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 27 - 
  Table 8: SWOT analysis for expansion of the utilization of cotton stalks  
Strengths  Weaknesses  
− Excellent natural environment for seed cotton 
production;  
− Land available;  
− Skilled labour available;  
− Stalks available;  
− Fodder for penned livestock;  
− Revitalization of the sector;  
− Use of stalks as fertilizer.  − Unfamiliarity with technology for 
manufactur ing particle board;  
− Absence of small and medium -sized 
enterprises using stalks to produce 
briquettes, compost, artisanal soap, etc.  
Opportunities  Threats  
− Potential to utilize cotton stalks;  
− Creation of small and medium -sized enterprises for 
women for the production of local soap;  
− Government financial support;  
− Sustained growth in cattle and sheep numbers;  
− Opening of the oil plant, from  which hulls and other 
waste can be used as fertilizer;  
− Possibility to sell cotton stalks.  − Poorly processed stalks may create pest 
nests.  
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
4.3  Markets for products and by -products  
4.12.   Market sizes depend on demand for the by -product among economic operators or 
industrialists  in a given geographical area.  
4.3.1   Cotton lint  
4.13.   Annual lint production ranges from 6,680 tonnes to 75,980 tonnes, depending on the weather 
and the socio economic  situation . More than 98 % of that production is exp orted through the port of 
Douala in Cameroon . According to industrialists, Chadian cotton lint is among the best quality cotton 
lint in the world . Despite that, the new textile company (Nouvelle société textile du Tchad ), which is 
expected to process some of the lint locally, is struggling to get up and running.  
4.3.2   Linters  
4.14.   Based on the volumes of seed cotton produced by CotonTchad  SN from 2009 to 2018, and 
given that linters account for 3 % of the volume of seed cotton, 2017 was the year in which Chad 
produced the highest volume of linters, at around 5,700 tonnes ( Chart  9). WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 28 - 
  Chart  9: Cotton linter p roduction over 10 years  
 
Source:  CotonTchad  SN, 2019  
4.15.   Since the volume  of linters depends on annual production of seed cotton, Chad has large 
quantities of linters, which can be used as padding or as raw material for making paper and 
cardboard.  
4.3.3   Seed  
4.16.   The amount of seed produced ranges from 9,043 tonn es to 105,068 tonnes, depending on 
how abundant the year's crop is . Good-quality seed may be resown (12 %). Other seed is either sent 
to the oil plant (80 %) to be crushed into oil or sold to other processing companies (2 %) or to 
livestock farmers to be used  as feed (6 %). All of the seed is consumed locally in Chad.  
4.3.4   Meal  
4.17.   Meal is highly sought after and is used to feed livestock . Chad has more than 100  million  head 
of cattle , so demand for meal is never fully met . In fact, the data obtained shows that current 
production levels, which vary based on seed cotton production, provide meal for less than 10 % of 
the livestock . Seed cotton production has fallen since 2017, making it difficult to find enough 
livestock feed . Many efforts have been made to revive productio n of seed cotton, and therefore of 
meal. Those efforts have clearly borne fruit, as 113,494 tonnes of seed cotton were produced during 
the 2019 -20 crop season, up from around 17,000 tonnes the previous season.  
4.18.   The meal produced as a result will provide a cheaper source of protein for ruminants, as well 
as for poultry and fish, but only if suitable technologies are used to remove the gossypol (a yellow 
toxic pigment that protects cotton from insects) or to reduce the gos sypol content to safe levels.  
4.3.5   Oil 
4.19.   Almost all of the oil produced at the plant is consumed locally . The amount of oil produced 
ranges from 3,438 tonnes to 19,125 tonnes, depending on the year . When seed cotton production 
is down, cottonseed oil production  also falls , so large -scale imports of oil from other countries are 
sometimes justified . Indeed , the Chadian market is sometimes flooded with oil from Asia and 
neighbouring Sudan.  
4.20.   In 2019, cottonseed oil production was expected to reach 10,000 tonnes . A 20-litre canister  
of oil refined at the plant costs CFAF 17,000. 
0100020003000400050006000Volume of linters (t)
Crop seasonsWT/CFMC/W/86  
- 29 - 
  4.21.   The oil plant has created many jobs since it was reopened, and it employs both men and 
women . The main organi zations that participate in the value chain are CotonTchad  SN, the UNPCT, 
and the respective unions representing livestock producers, traders, agropastoralists and business 
owners.  
5  IDENTIFICATION AND ORDER OF PRIORIT Y OF BY -PRODUCTS TO BE EXPLOITED IN 
CHAD  
5.1.  The by -products to be developed were identified following discussions with stakeholders in the 
cotton sector, taking into account the economic, social and environmental context . The stakeholders 
consulted were cotton producers, industrialists (ginner s and process ors of cotton products and 
by-products), livestock farmers, traders and consumers . The main by -products are cotton meal, 
hulls and stalks.  
5.1  Meal  
5.2.  Exploiting the meal is a priority . Processing cottonseed meal adds value and greatly enhances 
the quantity and quality of protein for the more than 100  million head of cattle  in Chad.  
5.3.  The 2019 -20 seed cotton crop totalled 113,494 tonnes, from which around 62,989 tonnes of 
seed was obtained . Around 60 % of that seed, or 37 ,793 tonnes, was sent to the oil plant for crush ing, 
so the total meal produced was 13,228 tonnes – well short of the amount needed to feed Chad's 
vast livestock population.  
5.4.  Since there is no processing unit to improve the quality of meal, it is recommende d that Chad 
open a small processing unit, which would add value to this by-product . Cottonseed meal is a good 
protein supplement for animal feed of low nutritional quality and for fibrous by-products, since its 
proteins are easy to digest.  
5.2  Hulls 
5.5.  CotonTchad  SN currently uses the hulls to generate green energy . Cotton hulls are highly 
cellulosic (53 % cellulose), a fairly appetizing fodder and can aid digestion in fibre -poor animal 
rations . To a lesser extent, they are also used as organic soil improvers by ve getable growers . Since 
a tonne of seed can produce around 300 kg of hulls, the seed from the 2019 -20 crop can potentially 
produce 11,338 kg of hulls. Because bovines that are fed hulls have better fat and a high milk yield, 
it is evident that hulls would b enefit the economy of a country like Chad, in which livestock farming 
plays such a central role . Processing units for this by -product are therefore vital.  
5.3  Cotton stalks  
5.6.  Cotton stalks are another major cotton by -product . Often viewed as agricultural waste, cotton 
stalks account for around 80 % of the total mass of the cotton plant . The International Cotton 
Advisory Committee (ICAC) estimates that around 2 –3 tonnes of stalks per hectare of cotton field 
can be recovered . This part of the pla nt can be used as substrates for edible mushrooms or to 
manufacture particle board . Stalks can also be processed to make biofuels such as briquettes and 
pellets, thus responding to current priorities in environmental protection policies . In other words, 
stalks can be used in Chad to manufacture briquettes, which could potentially replace wood charcoal . 
The sale of stalks not only generates extra income for cotton producers, but it also helps protect the 
environment . During the 2019 -20 crop season, 288,508 h ectares of land produced 721,250  tonnes 
of stalks, providing a very important source of raw material for the stalk processing units planned 
to be opened in Chad.  
5.4  Order of priority for  products  
5.7.  Three main by-products were identified:  
− meal and hulls, which c an be used to manufacture cattle  feed, and  
− stalks, which can be processed to make biofuels such as briquettes and pellets.  WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 30 - 
  5.8.  The order of priority for these by -products was established according to  their economic, social 
and environmental importance and impa ct. 
5.9.  A pair-wise ranking, a tool that serves to determine priorities , was used for this purpose . In 
the pair -wise ranking table, the same by-products were placed on both the horizontal and the vertical 
axis. At the intersection of the two axes are the cells  where interviewees entered their choices from 
among the pairs of by-products harvested from the field (cotton stalks) or obtained through 
processing, with the reasons for those choices listed . The frequencies obtained were used to 
determine the order of p riority of the by-products.  
Table 9: Order of priority for ginning by -products and cotton stalks  
By-products  Meal  Hulls Stalks  
Meal   Meal Meal 
Hulls  Meal   Hulls 
Stalks  Meal Hulls   
Source:  Survey results, 2019.  
5.10.   Analysis of Table 9 shows that, of the three by-products identified for potential new uses, the 
first priority is meal for the manufacture of cattle  feed, followed by s talks and hulls in equal 
proportions.  
5.11.   Since meal will be utilized as cattle feed  and to ensure product diversification , it is preferable 
that cotton stalks be processed and made into biofuels (briquettes, particle board) and compost so 
that they can be ret urned to the soil where they were produced and ensure that cotton farming is 
sustainable . These measures can be an opportunity to create jobs for the rural youth.  
6  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  
6.1.  The initiative aims to collect evidence and success stories of  cotton by -products contributing to 
poverty reduction, food security, job creation, revenue diversification, improved living standards for 
women, and the circular economy.  
6.2.  Although the primary sector in Chad has been dominated by the petroleum industry  since 2003, 
which contribute 64.6 % of added value, agriculture is still dominated by cotton farming, with more 
than 300,000 Chadian farms growing cotton . Around 2  million  people depend on cotton for their 
livelihoods.  
6.3.  Cotton is a cash crop currently manag ed by CotonTchad  SN, which has a monopoly on seed 
cotton purchases, ginning and the marketing of cotton lint, by -products and derivative s. In view of 
its limited vehicle fleet, the transport of seed cotton, seed and lint is outsourced to private operators . 
CotonTchad  SN supplies agricultural inputs (fertilizers, pesticides and phytosanitary products) to 
producers on credit . Seed cotton is the raw material used in the processing of numerous by -products 
and derivative s, including seed, meal, oil, hulls and st alks. Apart from cotton stalks, which are often 
discarded in fields or used to generate power, the by -products of cotton farming, such as meal, hulls 
and linters, probably generate additional value for the company that has a near monopoly in all 
segments o f the cotton sector (production, marketing and processing of seed cotton) . In such a 
scenario, it is almost  impossible to ascertain the profit margins of each segment, which reflects the 
limits of this study.  
6.4.  The processing of seed cotton is limited to the  main by -products that CotonTchad  SN sells in 
the market, namely, cotton seed, oil, meal and hulls. This is probably because there are no small and 
medium -sized enterprises and because knowledge of processing techniques is lacking . An improved 
business clim ate could attract investors to Chad, making a range of derivative s available through 
the processing of by-products such as cotton meal and hulls that are not currently processed  but 
are in high demand . In addition to the above are cotton stalks . The study has shown that the main 
priority in order to add value and create jobs for young people and women will be the process ing of 
meal to make cattle feed . Likewise, processing cotton stalks to make compost would  make it possible 
to preserve soils to ensure the sustainability of cotton -growing in Chad . Cotton stalks can also be 
used to manufacture particle board and can be processed to make biofuels such as briquettes and 
pellets . Given their economic and environm ental importance, meal and stalks are the cotton WT/CFMC/W/86  
- 31 - 
  by-products whose processing is the highest priority in Chad, but a feasibility and cost -effectiveness 
study is necessary.  
  WT/CFMC/W/86  
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