   
  
WT/REG172/3  
 
21 June 2019  
(19-4232) Page: 1/21 
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements   
 
FACTUAL PRESENTATION  
FREE TRADE AGREEMENT  BETWEEN ARMENIA  AND KAZAKHSTAN  
(GOODS ) 
Report by the Secretariat  
This report, prepared for the consideration of the Free Trade Agreement between 
Armenia  and Kazakhstan , has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own 
responsibility and in full consultation with the Parties. The factual presentation 
reproduces as closely as possible the terminology used in the Agreement and in the 
comments provided and does not imply official endorsement or accept ance by the 
Secretariat of such terminology. The report has been drawn up in accordance with the 
rules and procedures contained in the Decision for a Transparency Mechanism for 
Regional Trade Agreements (WT/L/671) and thus does not imply any value judgemen t 
by the Secretariat regarding the contents of the Agreement.  
Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Peter Milthorp  
(tel: +41 22 739 5016). Any statistical questions arising from this report may be 
addressed to Rowena Cabos (t el: +41 22 739 5185) . 
 
 
  WT/REG172/3  
 
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  TABLE O F CONTENTS  
Page 
1   TRADE ENVIRONMEN T ................................ ................................ ................................  3 
2   CHARACTERISTIC E LEMENTS OF THE AGREE MENT  ................................ .....................  6 
2.1   Background Information  ................................ ................................ ..............................  6 
3   PROVISIONS ON TR ADE IN GOODS  ................................ ................................ ............  7 
3.1   Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions ................................ ..................  7 
 General provisions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 7 
 Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  ................................ ................................ .........  8 
 Liberalization schedule  ................................ ................................ .............................  9 
 Tariff rate quotas  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 11 
3.2   Rules of origin  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  11 
3.3   Export  duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  ................................ ................  11 
3.4   Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  ................................ ................................ ...... 11 
 Standards  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  11 
3.4.1.1    Sanitary and phytosanitary measures  ................................ ................................ .... 11 
3.4.1.2    Technical barriers to trade  ................................ ................................ ...................  11 
 Safeguard mechanisms  ................................ ................................ ..........................  11 
 Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  ................................ ...............................  12 
 Subsidies and State -aid ................................ ................................ ..........................  12 
 Customs -related procedures ................................ ................................ ....................  12 
 Other regulations  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 12 
3.4.6.1    Transit  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  12 
3.5   Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  ................................ ................................  12 
4   GENERAL PROVISIO NS OF THE AGREEMENT  ................................ ............................  12 
4.1   Transparency  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........  12 
4.2   Current payments and capital movements  ................................ ................................ ... 12 
4.3   Exceptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............  12 
4.4   Accession and Withdrawal, amendment  ................................ ................................ ....... 13 
4.5   Institutional framework  ................................ ................................ .............................  13 
4.6   Dispute settlement  ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 13 
4.7   Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  ................................ .........  13 
4.8   Government procurement  ................................ ................................ ..........................  15 
4.9   Intellectual Property Rights  ................................ ................................ ........................  15 
 Competition  ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........  15 
ANNEX 1  ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................  16 
 
  WT/REG172/3  
 
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Key Facts  
 
Parties to the Agreement:  Armenia and Kazakhstan   
 
Date of Signature:   2 September 1999  
 
Date of Entry into Force:  3 January 2002  
 
Date of Notification:   17 June 2004  
 
Full implementation:   3 January 200 3 
 
 
 
1  TRADE ENVIRONMENT  
1.1.  On 2 September 1999 , the Republic of Armenia and Republic of Kazakhstan (hereafter 
respectively "Armenia" and "Kazakhstan") signed the Free Trade Agreement between the 
Government of Armenia and Kazakhstan ("the Agreement "). The Agreement entered into force on 
3 January 2002 .1  
1.2.  In 200 1, at the entry into force of the Agreement, Armenia's population was 3 million, 
compared with Kazakhstan's 14.8 million.2 Armenia's GDP was estimated at US D 694 million, while 
Kazakhstan's was USD 22.1 b illion. In 2001, Armenia ranked 124th and 114th for global exports and 
imports of goods respectively  (excluding intra -EU trade). In 2001 Kazakhstan ranked 42nd and 48th 
for global exports and imports of goods (excluding intra -EU trade). In the same year , Armenia 's 
world exports reached US D 342 million and imports US D 877 million  while Kazakhstan's world 
exports reached US D 8.6 billion and imports US D 6.4 billion. During 2001, Armenia's and 
Kazakhstan's global exports and imports were dominated by fuels and mining products, 
manufact ures and agricul tural products .  
1.3.  In 2017, Armenia's population was 2.9 million inhabitants , substantially below that of 
Kazakhstan at 18 million. Armenia's GDP was estimated at US D 11,548 billion , and Kazakhstan's 
GDP was US D 160,839 million. In 2017 Armenia ranked 106th  and 105th  in global exports and 
imports of goods  (intra -EU trade)  and Kazakhstan ranked 32nd and 44th in global goods exports and 
imports  (excluding intra -EU trade).3 In the same year, Armenia's world exports reach ed 
USD 2.2 billion and imports US D 4.1 billion, while Kazakhstan 's goods exports and imports reached 
USD 48.3 billion and US D 29.3 billion respectively.  During 2017 Armenia's and Kazakhstan's  global 
exports and imports were dominated by fuels and mining products , manufactures  and agricultural 
products.  Between 1999 -2001 and 2017 Kazakhstan's global exports of fuels and mining products 
increased from 54 % of total exports to 69%, the structure of imports remained broadly the same. 
Armenia's global exports and imports remained broadly the same, though with a decline in exports 
of precious stones (40 to 15% ) and an increase in exports of prepared foods (10 to 23%) .  
1.4.  In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 16th for global e xports from Armenia. F or global i mports into  
Armenia, Kazakhstan ranked 35th. Also in the same year , for global e xports from Kazakhstan, 
Armenia ranked 42nd, in terms of global imports into Kazakhstan,  Armenia ranked 53rd.  
1.5.  Chart 1.1 depicts the composition of the Parties trade with the world during  the period 
1999-2017. The Parties trade with the world has grown overall, although subject to abrupt declines 
in 2008 -2009 in response to the world economic crisis. Despite this, Kazakhstan enjoyed a trade 
surplus throughout. In contrast, Armenia's global imports exceeded exports during the period. On 
                                                
1 The Agreement was notified to the WTO as having entered into force on 25 December 2001.  
2 World Bank data.  
3 Trade statistics from WTO Trade profiles 2017, viewed at:  
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/trade_profiles17_e.htm  WT/REG172/3  
 
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  bilateral trade, Armenia ran a consistent trade deficit with Kazakhstan until 2013, when the balance 
of trade reversed to a small positive balance.  
Chart 1.1 Armenia - Kazakhstan: Merchandise bilateral trade and with world (1999 -
2017)  
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade database . 
 
 
1.6.  Chart 1.2 depicts the composition of global and bilateral trade between the Parties during the 
three -year period 1999-2001 by HS section. Of Kazakhstan's largest global exports ( minerals and 
base metals which accounted for 81% of exports) only base metals accounted for 15% of Armenia's 
imports from Kazakhstan; other imports  were natural and cultured pearls  (35%) , and chemicals 
(14%). During t he three -year period 1999 -2001 of Armenia's largest exports (precious stones, base 
metals, minerals, prepared foods and machinery which accounted for 84% of its exports), prepared 
foods and machinery accounted for 54% of Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia; the largest import 
was wood pulp (35%) . 
0102030405060708090100
020406080100
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017B. Kazakhstan 1999 -2017
Imports from Armenia (Right Axis)
Exports to Armenia (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total Exports
0102030405060
012345678910
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017A. Armenia 1999 -2017 
Imports from Kazakhstan (Right Axis)
Exports to Kazakhstan (Right Axis)
Total Imports
Total ExportsUSD billion USD billion USD million USD millionWT/REG172/3  
 
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  Chart 1.2 Armenia - Kazakhstan: Product composition of mercha ndise trade three year 
average (1999 -2001)  
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade database . 
 
1.7.  By 2015-2017, while Kazakhstan's exports of minerals had increased to 69% of its total 
exports, there was a shift in Armenia's largest imports from Kazakhstan  to base metals (61% ) 
replacing precious stones, and machinery (22%). Armenia's largest global imports were minerals  
(18%), machinery (15%), chemicals (10%) and prepared foodstuffs (10%). With regard to 
Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia, the share of prepared foods accounted for almost half of its 
imports, while accounting for around 23% of Armenia's global exports. Armenia's other key global 
exports were minerals, precious stones and base metals  (Chart 1.3) .  
54
2764423Kazakhstan's Global Exports (%)
35
151410108Armenia imports from Kazkahstan (%)
22
12
11
109943333222411Armenia's Global Imports (%)
40
13121096461110
29
13
12129643322711135
15 141010825Armenia imports from Kazkahstan (%)
22
12
11
1099433332224Armenia's Global Imports (%)
54
276442Kazakhstan's Global Exports (%)
35
292544211Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia (%)
29
13
121296433227Kazakhstan's Global Imports(%)
40
1312109646Armenia's Global Exports(%)Total: USD 612,917 Total: USD 830 million
Total: USD 4,969 million Total: USD 287 millionTotal:  USD 7,679 million
Total: USD 797,899
Animal or vegetable 
fat and oilsVegetablesLive animals
ChemicalsMineralsPrepared 
foods
TextilesWood pulpPlastics
Base metalsPrecious stonesArticles of stone, 
plaster, cement
OpticalVehiclesMachinery Miscellaneous
Other35
29254421Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia (%)
VegetablesLive animals
OtherWT/REG172/3  
 
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  Chart 1.3 Armenia - Kazakhstan: Product composition of merchandise trade, annual 
coverage (2015 -2017)  
 
Source:  UNSD Comtrade database . 
 
 
2  CHARACTERISTIC ELEME NTS OF THE AGREEMENT  
2.1  Background Information  
2.1.  The Agreement was signed by the Parties on 2 September 1999  and entered into force on 
3 January 2002. It was notified to the WTO by the Parties on 17 June 2004 under Article XXIV(7)(a) 
of the GATT  and its Understanding  (document WT/REG172/N/1)  as having en tered into force on 25 
December 2001 .  
2.2.  The text of the Agreement is available, together with its related  Protocol , on the following 
official websites:  
Armenia :   https://www.arlis.am/Docume ntView.aspx?DocID=21187   
Kazakhstan : http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/Z000000114  
 
6122622224Armenia imports from Kazkahstan (%)
18
15
10
10765544322224Armenia's Global Imports (%)
30
23151363327Armenia's Global Exports
27
13
10 986533332223Kazakhstan's Global Imports69166424Kazakhstan's Global Exports (%)
50
25105434Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia (%)Total: USD 1.7 million Total: USD 3.5 billion
Total: USD 28.4 billion Total: USD 1.8 billionTotal:  USD 43.7 billion
Total: USD 4 million
Prepared foodsVegetablesLive animals
PlasticsChemicalsMinerals
Articles of stone, 
plaster, cementTextilesWood pulp
MachineryBase metalsPrecious stones
MiscellaneousOpticalVehicles OtherWT/REG172/3  
 
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  2.3.  The Agreement consists of 18 Articles and one Protocol ; the Protocol has not been in force 
since 3 January 20034 (Box 2.1) .  
Box 2.1 Structure of the Agreement  
Preamble   
Article 1  Application of customs duties under the Agreement Rules of Origin  
Article 2  Additional fees and charges  
Article 3  Quotas and Safeguards  
Article 4  Settlements and payments  
Article 5  Prohibition on re -export  
Article 6  Exchange of statistical information  
Article 7  Exchange of information on free -trade agreements  
Article 8  Competition  
Article 9  Commodity nomenclature  
Article 10  Transit  
Article 11  Exceptions  
Article 12  Hiera rchy of agreements between the Parties  
Article 13  Inter-relationship of agreements within the CIS framework  
Article 14  Agreements with third parties  
Article 15  Joint Commis sion 
Article 16  Amendments to the Agreement  
Article 17  Dispute settlement  
Article 18  Entry into force  
Protocol  Exemptions from the Agreement  
Source:  WTO Secretariat based on the Agreement.  
 
3  PROVISIONS ON TRADE IN GOODS  
3.1  Import duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
General provisions  
3.1.  Article 1.1 of the Agreement provides that the Parties shall not apply customs duties or 
equivalent taxes and fees to the export and import of goods that originated within the customs 
territory of one of the Par ties and are destined for the customs territory of the other Party.  
3.2.  Article 1.1 also provides that i f the Parties consider it necessary for certain products to remain 
dutiable, they may agree a list of exemptions to be set out in a separate Protocol (Arti cle 1.1).   
3.3.  Article 1 of the Protocol to the Agreement provides that the exemptions permitted under 
Article  1 of the Agreement shall apply to all goods listed in the Appendix to the Agreement.  
3.4.  Article 2 of the Agreement concerns most favoured nation and na tional treatment. The Parties 
agree that they shall not: directly or indirectly impose any internal tax or fees on commodities that 
are subject to the Agreement in excess of corresponding taxes and fees imposed on similar 
domestically produced goods or those of third country origin; apply any special limitations or 
conditions that are subject to the Agreement in excess of limitations or conditions applied under 
similar circu mstances to similar domestically produced goods or those of third country origin;  and 
                                                
4 According to the Parties, there were no further amendments to the Agreement and the Protocol was  
terminated on 3 January 2003.  WT/REG172/3  
 
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  shall not apply special rules to warehousing, reloading, storage, and transportation of goods that 
originated within the territory of the Parties, and to payments and payment transfers in a manner 
different from rules applied in similar situations regard ing similar domestically produced goods o r 
those of third country origin.  
Liberalization of trade and tariff lines  
3.5.  Under Article 9 of the Agreement, the Parties agreed that the unified nine -digit Commodity 
nomenclature of CIS Foreign Economic Activities that is based upon the Harmonized Commodities 
Description and Coding System and Combined Tariffs and Statistics Nomenclature of t he Eurasian 
Economic Community will be used to imp lement tariff -based and non -tariff based regulation 
measures, statistical information exchange and for carrying out customs procedures.  
3.6.  Article 2 .1 of the Protocol to the Agreement provides that for goods exempted from Article 1 
of the Agreement, the Part ies shall offer most -favoured -nation terms to each other concerning:  
• Export related taxes and fees, including the collection methods for such taxes ; 
• Provisions dealing with customs processing of trans -shipments, transportation, 
warehousing, re -loading, and  similar services ; 
• Methods of payment and payment transfers; issuing of export and import licences ; 
• Regulations on selling, buying, transporting, distribution and utilisation of goods on the 
domestic market.  
3.7.  In Article 2.2 of the Protocol to the Agreement the Parties agree that Article 2.1 does not apply 
to: 
• preferences offered by the Parties to third countries for the purposes of creating a Customs 
Union or a Free -Trade zone or as a result of such unions or zones having been created ; 
• preferences offered to  developing countries in accordance with the laws of the Parties , or 
• preferences offered to neighbouring countries for the purpose of promoting near -border 
trade.  
3.8.  According to the Parties, the Protocol to the Agreement "On the exception of a separate product 
list from the free trade regime" remained valid for one year from the date of entry into force of the 
Agreement and was terminated on 03/01/ 2003.  
3.9.  Tables 3.1 and 3.2 show the duty -free treatment provided by Armenia and Kazakhstan towards 
each other, in terms of MFN and preferential treatment. Prior to the entry into force of the Agreement 
in 2001, 80.9% of Armenia's imports from Kazakhstan were duty free, representing 61% of the 
tariff.  
3.10.   Kazakhstan's 2001 MFN tariff comprised 8.968 lines, o f which 7,858 we re ad valorem (87.625)  
and 1,110 we re non -ad valorem  (12.38%). Of the non -ad valorem tariffs, mixed duties cover ed 946 
lines (10.55%), 89 were specific duties (0.99%), and 75  were compound duties. Duty -free lines 
amounted to 2,321 lines (25 .88%) of the tariff. The average MFN rate (of dutiable lines) was 
10.49%. With the full entry into force of the Agreement in 2001, a further 39% of the tariff became 
duty free, accounting for 19.1% of imports during 1998 -2000. As a result of the Agreement 100% 
of Armenia's imports from Kazakhstan became duty free .  WT/REG172/3  
 
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  Table 3.1: Armenia  
Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -out 
period  Number 
of lines  % of total 
lines in 
Armenia's 
tariff schedule  Value of Armenia's 
imports from Kazakhstan  
(1998 -2000)  
USD million  % of Armenia's total 
imports from  
Kazakhstan  
1998 -2000  
MFN (2001)  5,978  61.0 1.6 80.9 
2001 3,826  39.0 0.4 19.1 
Total  9,804  100.0  1.9 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Armenian authorities . 
 
3.11.   Before the entry into force of the Agreement, 35.9% of Kazak hstan's imports from Armenia 
representing 2,321 tariff lines, entered  duty free. Armenia' s 2001 MFN tariff comprise d 9,804 lines, 
of which 9,641 lines were ad valorem  (98.34% of the tariff). Non-ad valorem  tariffs amounted to 
163 lines (1.66% of the tariff), and of those 161 were specific duties (1.64%). Two further lines of 
the tariff were non -ad valorem, one was "other duty" and one had no applicable duty rate, (total 
0.02% of the tariff). Duty free MFN l ines comprise d 5,978 lines of the tariff, representing 60.98%. 
The average MFN duty rate was 10%.  
3.12.   In 2001, a further 6,531 tariff lines became d uty free, taking the total duty -free lines to 81.5% 
of the tariff  accounting for 45.7% of Kazakhstan's imports during 1998 -2000. In 2015 the remaining  
116 tariff lines became duty free, bringing to 8,968 the number of tariff lines duty free, and 
representing 100% of Kazakhstan's imports from Armenia.  
Table 3.2: Kazakh stan  
Tariff elimination commitments under the Agreement and corresponding average trade  
Duty phase -
out period  Number of 
lines  % of total lines in 
Kazakhstan's tariff 
schedule  Value of 
Kazakhstan's 
imports from 
Armenia  
(1998 -2000)   
USD million  % of Kazakh stan's 
total imports from  
Armenia 
1998 -2000  
MFN (2001)  2,321  25.9 0.2 35.9 
2001 6,531  72.8 0.3 45.7 
2015 116 1.3 0.1 18.5 
Total  8,968  100.0  0.6 100.0  
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature.  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Kazakhstan authorities.  
 
3.13.   According to the Parties, since 3 January 2003 when the Protocol to the Agreement ceased to 
be in effect, all trade turnover between the Parties was duty -free. On 02 January 2015, the Treaty 
on Armenia's accession to the EAEU came into effect and Armenia became a full member of the  
EAEU. Under the EAEU Treaty, Armenia joined the Treaty on the EAU on 29 May 2014, as well as 
the other international treaties included in the EAEU legal framework. In particular, in accordance 
with Artic le 28.3 of the Treaty, Member States shall not apply import and export customs duties (or 
duties, taxes and fees having equivalent effect) non -tariff regulation measures, safeguards, anti -
dumping or countervailing measures in mutual trade, except for the c ases provided by the same 
Treaty.  
Liberalization schedule  
3.14.   Table 3.3 indicates Armenia's average tariffs and imports by HS Section before and after entry 
into force of the Agreement. In 2001, Armenia's MFN tariffs were duty free for 5,978 lines out of 
9,804  total lines , with an average applied tariff of 3.8% . The Agreement liberalized the remainder 
for imports from Kazakhstan.  WT/REG172/3  
 
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  Table 3.3 Armenia: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN Average  
% No. of lines  MFN duty -free lines  
2001  Number of additional duty -
free lines under the 
Agreement  2001  
I 9.3 795 57 738 
II 7.7 714 162 552 
III 10.0 127  127 
IV 9.0 772 63 709 
V 1.0 240 216 24 
VI 0.0 1,193  1,193   
VII 2.0 334 266 68 
VIII 3.0 139 97 42 
IX 0.6 209 196 13 
X 0.9 233 212 21 
XI 4.3 1,334  761 573 
XII 9.0 114 11 103 
XIII 7.5 200 51 149 
XIV 2.5 63 47 16 
XV 0.2 809 792 17 
XVI 2.0 1,585  1,262  323 
XVII 3.5 288 188 100 
XVIII 1.5 389 331 58 
XIX 0.0 28 28  
XX 8.1 231 45 186 
XXI 10.0 7  7 
Total  3.8 9,804  5,978  3,826  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Armenian authorities . 
 
3.15.   Table 3.4 indicates Kazakhstan's average tariffs and imports by HS Section before the entry 
into force and after entry into force of the Agreement . Kazakhstan's average applied MFN tariff was 
7.7%. In 2015,  Kazakhstan made an additional 116 lines duty free  for Armenia . Those tariff lines all 
appeared in HS Section IV, prepared foodstuffs.5  
Table 3.4 Kazakhstan: Tariff elimination under the Agreement, by HS Section  
HS 
Section  MFN 
Average  
% No. of lines  MFN duty -free 
lines  
2001  Number of additional duty -free lines under 
the Agreement  
2001  2015  
I 12.1 526 25 501  
II 9.6 579 63 516  
III 12.1 84 4 80  
IV 14.4 633 9 508 116 
V 5.0 228 6 222  
VI 4.9 989 201 788  
VII 10.1 353 34 319  
VIII 7.8 99  99  
IX 15.7 169 7 162  
X 5.3 222 50 172  
XI 10.1 1,097  40 1,057   
XII 13.9 116 11 105  
XIII 13.7 281 9 272  
XIV 5.9 58  58  
XV 8.1 1,014  172 842  
XVI 1.1 1,603  1,429  174  
XVII 3.7 284 180 104  
XVIII 9.1 360 72 288  
XIX 20.0 26  26  
XX 9.2 240 2 238  
XXI 0.0 7 7   
Total  7.7 8,968  2,321  6,531  116 
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates 
are included.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Kazakhstan authorities . 
                                                
5 This additional liberalization took place following Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union.  WT/REG172/3  
 
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Tariff rate quotas  
3.16.   According to the Parties, the Agreement contains no provisions on tariff rate quotas .  
3.2  Rules of origin  
3.17.   Article 1.2 provides that origin shall be  determined according to the Ru les of Establishing the 
Country of Origin for Goods, approved by Resolution of the CIS Board of State Governments on 
24 September 1993. Originating goods are those (a) completely produced on the territory of the 
Parties or; ( b) goods incorporating raw materials and components of non -party origin which have 
been subject to sufficient processing to change the Harmonized System of Commodity Description 
and Coding by at least one of the first four digits  of the good, or (c) is pro duced with the use of raw 
materials and components listed in (b) above.  The Parties agreed to establish detailed rules on 
commodity origin in a document that would become an integral part of the Agreement. According to 
the Parties, no detailed rules on com modity origin have been concluded or applied.  
3.3  Export duties and charges, and quantitative restrictions  
3.18.   Article 1.1 of the Agreement provides, inter alia , that the Parties shall not apply customs 
duties or equivalent taxes to the export of goods originating in the customs territory of the Parties 
and destined to the territory of the other Party. Exemptions to these provisions may be the subject 
of a list o f exemptions under the Protocol.  
3.19.   Article 3.1 of the Agreement provides that the Parties shall refrain from introducing quotas or 
similar measures on the export of goods covered by the Agreement. Article 3.2 provides that any 
such quotas shall only be impo sed in the case of a heavy deficit of a given commodity on the internal 
market until the internal market condition stabilises.  
3.20.   Article 5 concerns re -export of goods , defined as the export of goods that originated within 
the territory of one of the Parties  by the other Party to the outside of its customs territory for the 
purpose of exporting it to a third party.  The Parties have ag reed that neither Party shall permit the 
re-export of goods that were subject to tariff -based or non -tariff based regulation wh ile being 
exported from their country of origin.  The Parties have agreed to establish a list of goods whose re -
exportation is prohibited and shall also exchange lists of goods subject to tariff -based or non -tariff 
based regulation. The re -export of such go ods to third parties is permitted only upon written consent 
and upon conditions stipulated by an authorized state agency of the country of origin.  According to 
the Parties, no such list of goods whose re -exportation is prohibited  has been developed,  
3.21.   In the event of non -compliance by a Party with Article 5, the second Party shall have the right 
to take unilateral action to regulate the export of the goods to the first Party, on prior notice.  
3.4  Regulatory Provisions of the Agreement  
Standards  
3.4.1.1   Sanitary and phy tosanitary measures  
3.22.   According to the Parties, t he Agreement contains no provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary 
measures.   
3.4.1.2   Technical barriers to trade  
3.23.   According to the Parties, t he Agreement contains no provisions on technical barriers to trade.  
Safeguard  mechanisms  
3.24.   In accordance with Article 3.1 of the Agreement, the Parties will refrain from applying 
discriminatory measures against each other, including quantitative restrictions or equivalent 
measures on the import or export of goods under the Agreement.  The restrictions may be unilaterally 
established, but must be within reasonable limits, and with strictly defined time limits and only taken 
in the event of a heavy deficit of a given commodity on the internal market until the  market condition WT/REG172/3  
 
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  stabilises,  or some commodity being imported into the territory of a Party in such increased 
quantities or under such conditions that harm or threaten to harm domestic manufacturers of similar 
or directly competing goods.  According to the Parties, no safeguards have been taken under the 
Agreement.  
Anti-dumping and countervailing measures  
3.25.   According to the Parties, t he Agreement contains no provisions on anti -dumping or 
countervailing measures.   
Subsidies and State -aid 
3.26.   According to the Parties t he Agreement contains no provisions on subsidies and State aid.   
Customs -related procedures  
3.27.   Under Article 6 of the Agreement, the Parties agree to exchange information on customs 
related matters, including available statistics relating to application of the Agreement on a complete  
and regular basis. The responsible agencies of the Parties shall coordinate the exchange of such 
information.  
Other regulations  
3.4.6.1   Transit  
3.28.   On transit, the Parties in Article 10 provide that each Party shall provide free transit over its 
territory for goods originating in the other Party or having originated in third countries and destined 
for the territory of the other Party or any third country. The Parties will supply exporters, importers 
and shipping companies with all available resources and services required for the execution of transit 
operations on most -favoured -nation terms. The Parties agreed to waive customs duties and transit 
fees on trans -shipment of goods originating in the other Party, formalised by a separate agreement . 
Rates of fees and charges for trans -shipment shall be economically justified and shall not exceed 
normal operating expenses with reasonable profit.  According to the Parties, no agreement on transit 
fees been concl uded. 
3.5  Sector -Specific Provisions of the Agreement  
3.29.   There are no sector specific provisions.  
4  GENERAL PROVISIONS O F THE AGREEMENT  
4.1  Transparency  
4.1.  According to Article 7.1, the Parties shall exchange information about their international free 
trade agreements wit h third parties. Article 7.2 requires the Parties to exchange information about 
any changes in applied tariffs.  
4.2  Current payments and capital movements  
4.2.  Article 4 provides that all settlements and payments related to trade and economic cooperation 
between t he Parties shall be carried out in compliance with the inter -bank settlement agreements 
between the authorized banks of the Parties.  
4.3  Exceptions  
4.3.  Article 11 of the Agreement concerns exceptions. Article 11.1 provides that the Agreement 
shall not prevent any  of the Parties from taking measures of State control in the area of foreign 
economic relations, generally accepted in international practice which are necessary for compliance 
with international agreements to which the Parties are or intend to become part y, provided that the 
measures relate to: protection of public moral s and public order; protection of human life and health; WT/REG172/3  
 
- 13 - 
 
  conservation of animal and plant life; protection of the environment; conservation of valuable art, 
archaeological and historical ob jects that national treasures; protection of industrial and intellectual 
property; trade in gold, silver and other precious metals and stones; conservation of non -renewable 
natural resources; limiting exports of a commodity in the event that the domestic p rice is lower than 
the world market price due to implementation of governmental support programs; and disturbances 
in the balance of payments.  
4.4.  Article 11.2 provides that the Parties may use any means of State control considered necessary , 
if the measures relate to: assuring national security, including the prevention of leaks in confidential 
information related to state secrets; trade in arms, military technology, munitions, offering military -
type services, technology transfer and providing services in the  manufacture of armaments and 
military hardware and for other purposes; supplying fissionable nuclear materials and sources of 
radioactive wastes; measures taken at time of war or during other extreme situations in international 
relations; and, actions tak en in compliance with the UN Charter for maintaining international peace 
and security.  
4.4  Accession and Withdrawal , amendment  
4.5.  Article 16 of the Agreement permits the Parties to make amendments and additions to the 
Agreement by mutual agreement. Any such amendments and additions become effective upon 
completion of any required domestic formalities. According to the Parties, no amendments have 
been made to the Agreement.   
4.5  Institutional framework  
4.6.  The Parties established a n Armenian -Kazakh commission in Article 15. The Commission is 
created based upon the purposes of the Agreement and to develop recommendations for improving 
the trade and economic cooperation between the Pa rties. The Commission is mandated to meet on 
either Party's initiative, but not less than once a year at alternating locations in the territory of the 
Parties. According to the Parties, the 7th meeting of the Armenian -Kazakh Intergovernmental 
Commission wa s held on 26 and 27 September 2017 in Yerevan. The 7th Protocol of the Commission 
was signed.  
4.6  Dispute settlement  
4.7.  Article 17 of the Agreement provides that all disputes between the Parties in relation to the 
interpretation and enforcement of the Agreement shall be settled by means of consultations and 
negotiations.  
4.7  Relationship with other agreements concluded by the Parties  
4.8.  In Article 12 the Parties agreed that provisions of the Agreement supersede the provisions of 
any agreements between the Parties insof ar as the latter are incompatible or identical with the prior. 
Article 13 provides that the provisions of the Agreement do not affect any of the obligations 
undertaken by the Parties under other international agreements previously concluded by the Parties 
with third countries, including Agreements within the CIS framework with the participation of the 
Parties.  
4.9.  In Article 14 the Parties agreed nothing in the Agreement prevents the Parties from establishing 
relationships with third countries and with their associations and international organizations on the 
condition that those relationships do not contradict the purposes or provisions of the Agreement.  
4.10.   Armenia and Kazakhstan are  also member s of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), with 
Kazakhstan a n original  member since 1 January 2015 and Armenia having acceded to it on 2 Januar y 
2015.6 Under the EAEU framework, prior existing agreements between the EAEU Parties remain in 
effect, unless revoked by the Parties. According to the Parties, paragraph 41 Section V of Annex 3 
of the Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Armenia to the EAEU (Con ditions and Transitional 
Clauses)  and tariff exemptions  remain in force  in accordance with international treaties concluded 
                                                
6 Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union treaty was considered by the Committee on 
Regional Trade Agreement s at its meeting on 19  November 2018, on the basis of document WT/REG363/1.  WT/REG172/3  
 
- 14 - 
 
  prior to 1 January 2015. Also according to the Parties, the Agreement does not affect any obligations 
under the EAEU Treaty.  
Table 4.1 Armenia and Kazakhstan participation in other RTAs (notified and non -notified 
in force), as of 27 May 2019  
RTA Name  Date of 
entry into 
force  Coverage  GATT/WTO Notification  
Year WTO Provision  
ARMENIA  
EAEU – Viet Nam  05-Oct-16 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EAEU - Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic  12-Aug-15 Goods & 
Services  2015 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EAEU - Accession of Armenia  02-Jan-15 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)a 01-Jan-15 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area between 
members of the Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)b 17-Oct-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Georgia  11-Nov-98 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia – Ukraineb 18-Dec-96 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Turkmenistan  07-Jul-96 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia – Republic of Moldovab 21-Dec-95 Goods  2004 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia - Kyrgyz Republicb 27-Oct-95 Goods  2000 GATT Art. XXIV  
Armenia – European Union  01-Jun-18 Goods & 
Services  Not notified  
Armenia – Belarusb 28-Jul-03 Goods  Not notified  
Armenia – Tajikistanb 20-Jul-94 Goods  Not notified  
KAZAKHSTAN  
EAEU – Viet Nam  05-Oct-16 Goods & 
Services  2017 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EAEU - Accession of the Kyrgyz Republic  12-Aug-15 Goods & 
Services  2015 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
EAEU - Accession of Armenia  02-Jan-15 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)  01-Jan-15 Goods & 
Services  2014 GATT Art. XXIV & GATS 
Art. V  
Treaty on a Free Trade Area between 
members of the  Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS)b 8-Dec-12 Goods  2013 GATT Art. XXIV  
Common Economic Zone (CEZ)c 20-May-04 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Georgia – Kazakhstan  16-Jul-99 Goods  2001 GATT Art. XXIV  
Ukraine – Kazakhstanb 19-Oct-98 Goods  2008 GATT Art. XXIV  
Russian Federation - Belarus - Kazakhstan  03-Dec-97 Goods  2012 GATT Art. XXIV  
Kyrgyz Republic – Kazakhstanb 11-Nov-95 Goods  1999 GATT Art. XXIV  
Kazakhstan – Serbia  10-Jan-12 Goods  Not notified  
a EAEU Member States are: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian 
Federation.  
b  Article 23.2 of the  Treaty on a Free Trade Area between Members of the CIS states that: "The Parties 
have agreed that from the date of entry into force of this Treaty, they will take m easures for 
terminating bilateral international treaties existing between them in the manner and within the terms 
stipulated by such treaties, unless the Parties have not agreed otherwise". In this regard, relevant 
authorities indicated that all correspond ing bilateral agreements are still in force.  
c  CEZ Parties are: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine. The CEZ is a framework 
agreement and does not introduce any kind of preferential treatment among its parties.  
Source:  WTO Secretariat. Further information may be found in the WTO Database on RTAs: 
http://rtais.wto.org .  
 WT/REG172/3  
 
- 15 - 
 
  4.8  Government procurement  
4.11.   According to the Parties t here are no provisions on Government procurement in the 
Agreement.   
4.9  Intellectual Property Rights  
4.12.   According to the Parties, t here are no provisions on intellectual property rights in the 
Agreement.  
Competition  
4.13.   Article 8 of the Agreement provides that through national legislation, the Parties shall declare 
incompatible wit h the purposes of the Agreement any unfair business practices, such as entering 
into agreements between enterprises or associations for the purpose of hindering or limiting 
competition or to disrupt the competitive environment within the territory of the P arties, or carrying 
out actions that aid one or a few enterprises in the use of a dominant position, limiting competition 
within the entire territory or of the Parties or within a significant portion of it.  WT/REG172/3  
 
- 16 - 
 
  ANNEX 1  
1. Table A1.1 below provide s a comparison between the scheduled elimination of tariffs applied 
to the Parties' mutual imports and the duty rates applied by them on MFN imports is shown in 
Tables  A1.1 and A1.2 by HS Chapters (agricultural and industrial)  and total produc ts. All imports 
into Armenia from Kazakhstan are duty free.  
2. Armenia's overall average applied MFN tariff rate in 2001 was 3.8%  when the Agreement 
entered into force. I n 2018 the average applied MFN tariff rate was 7.5%. The average applied MFN 
tariff on a gricultural products in 2001 was 8.7%  and 2.3% on industrial products. I n 2018 the 
average applied tariff on agricultural products  was 12.1%  and 5.9% for industrial products . Duty 
free lines accounted for 61% of MFN tariff lines in 2001, and 19.6% in 2018.  Under the Agreement, 
in 2001, the overall applied tariff for imports from Kazakhstan fell to zero, for agricultural and 
industrial goods. This gave exporters from Kazakhstan an average margin of preference of 100%  
overall and for HS Chapter 1 -24 goods and HS chapter 25 -97 products respectively.  
Table A1. 1 Armenia: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from Kazakhstan  
Origin of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2001 3.8 10.0 61.0 8.7 10.0 11.7 2.3 10.0 77.0 
 2018 7.5 9.4 19.6 12.1 12.9 6.1 5.9 7.9 24.3 
Kazakhstan  2001 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature  and HS 2012 nomenclature (MFN 2015) . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Armenian authorities . 
 
3. Kazakhstan's overall average applied MFN duty rate was 7.7% in 2001, and 7.1% in 2018. 
The average applied MFN tariff on  agricultural goods was 12% in 2001, decreasing to 10.8% in 2018. 
The average applied MFN tariff for HS Chapter 25 -97 goods was 6.7% in 2001, decreasing to 5.7% 
in 2018. Upon entry  into force of the Agreement in 2001, the average overall applied tariff app lied 
to imports into Kazakhstan from Armenia fell to 0.1% overall, 0.4% for HS Chapter 1 -24, and zero 
for Chapter 25 -97. This gave exporters from Armenia an average margin of preference of 98.7%  
overall and 96.7% for HS Chapter 1 -24 products and 100% for HS 25-97 products.  In 2001 the 
share of duty free lines  (all products) was 25.9 %, decreasing to 16% in 2018.  
Table A1. 2 Kazakhstan: Indicators of MFN tariff rates and preferential rates for imports 
from Armenia  
Origin 
of 
goods  Year ALL PRODUCTS  HS Chapters 1 -24 HS Chapters 25 -97 
Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average 
applied tariff  Share 
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Average applied 
tariff  Share  
of 
duty-
free 
tariff 
lines 
(%) Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
Overall 
(%) 
On 
dutiable 
(%) 
MFN 2001 7.7 10.5 25.9 12.0 12.8 5.5 6.7 9.7 31.1 
 2018 7.1 8.5 16.0 10.8 11.5 6.2 5.7 7.2 19.4 
Armenia  2001-2014 0.1 18.8 98.7 0.4 18.8 93.6 0.0 0.0 100.0  
 2015 0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  0.0 0.0 100.0  
Note:  For the calculation of averages, specific rates are excluded and the ad valorem  parts of alternate rates 
are included.  
Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature and HS 2012 nomenclature (MFN 2016).  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Kazakhstan authorities and WTO -IDB. WT/REG172/3  
 
- 17 - 
 
  4. Table A1.3 shows market access opportunities in Armenia for Kazakhstan's top 25 exports, 
which in 2000 -2002 accounted for 74% of Kazakhstan's global exports  and covered by 70 tariff lines . 
At the time of entry into force of the Agreement all 70 lines were already duty free on an MFN basis.  
Table A1. 3 Armenia : Market access opportunities under the agreement for Kazakhstan 's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Kazakhstan's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to 
Armenia 's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2001  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of lines  
duty-
free duti-
able 
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, 
crude  50.5 0.0 2  
740311  Copper, refined, in the form of cathodes and sections of 
cathodes  4.4 0.0 1  
100190  Wheat and meslin  2.4 0.0 2  
720241  Ferro-chromium, containing by weight > 4% of carbon  1.4 0.0 3  
281820  Aluminium oxide  1.3 0.0 1  
271000  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals 
(excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight 
of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous 
minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the 
preparations, n.e.s.  1.3 0.0 29  
270119  Coal "ecsc", whether or not pulverized, non -agglomerated  1.2 0.0 1  
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  1.1 0.0 1  
520100  Cotton, neither carded nor combed  1.0 0.0 2  
721049  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 
>= 600 mm, hot -rolled or cold -rolled "cold -reduced", not 
corrugated, tinned  0.9 0.0 2  
710691  Silver, incl. silver plated with gold or platinum, unwrought  0.9 0.0 2  
790111  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, containing by weight >= 
99,99% of zinc  0.8 0.0 1  
720839  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 
>= 600 mm, in coils, simply hot -rolled, not clad, plated or 
coated, of a thickness of < 3 mm, not pickled, without 
patterns in relief "ecsc"  0.7 0.0 2  
710812  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, unwrought, for non -
monetary purposes)  0.7 0.0 1  
740811  Wire of refined copper, with a maximum cross -sectional 
dimension of > 6 mm  0.6 0.0 1  
720927  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 
>= 600 mm, not in coils, simply cold -rolled "cold -
reduced", not clad, plated or coated, of a thickness of >= 
0,5 mm but <= 1 mm "ecsc"  0.6 0.0 2  
721012  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 
>= 600 mm, hot -rolled or cold -rolled "cold -reduced", 
tinned, of a thickness of < 0,5 mm  0.6 0.0 3  
720449  Waste and scrap of iron or steel "ecsc"  0.5 0.0 4  
720917  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, of a width of 
>= 600 mm, in coils, simply cold -rolled "cold -reduced", 
not clad, plated or coated, of a thickness of >= 0,5 mm 
but <= 1 mm "ecsc"  0.5 0.0 2  
260112  Agglomerated iron ores and concentrates "ecsc" (excl. 
roasted iron pyrites)  0.5 0.0 1  
810810  Unwrought titanium; titanium powders; titanium waste 
and scrap  0.5 0.0 1  
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  0.4 0.0 1  
260800  Zinc ores and concentrates  0.4 0.0 1  
780110  Unwrought lead, refined  0.4 0.0 1  WT/REG172/3  
 
- 18 - 
 
  Kazakhstan's top export products in 2000 -2002  Access Conditions to 
Armenia 's import 
markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2001  
Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of lines  
duty-
free duti-
able 
790112  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, containing by weight < 
99,99% of zinc  0.4 0.0 3  
TOTALS  74.0  70 0 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Armenian authorities and UNSD -Comtrade database.  
 
5. Table A1.4 shows the market access opportunities in Armenia for Kazakhstan's 25 top exports 
in 2015 -2017, which accounted for 86.9% of Kazakhstan's global exports  and covered by 85 tariff 
lines. Of the 85 tariff lines,  29 were duty free on an MFN basis. The remaining 56 lines subject to 
MFN duties were liberalized for imports from Kazakhstan when the Agreement entered into force.    
Table A1. 4 Armenia : Market access opportunities under the agreement for Kazakhstan 's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Kazakhstan's top export products in 2015 -2017  Access Conditions to Armenia 's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2018  No. of 
duty-free 
under the 
Agreement  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  No. of 
lines  duty-
free 
dutiable  
270900  Petroleum oils and oils obtained from 
bituminous minerals, crude  55.5 1.4 5 2 2 
284410  Natural uranium and its compounds; alloys, 
dispersions, incl. cermets, ceramic products 
and mixtures containing natural uranium or 
natural uranium compound  4.1 0.0 4   
740311  Copper, refined, in the form of cathodes and 
sections of cathodes  3.9 2.0  1 1 
271121  Natural gas in gaseous state  3.5 0.0 1   
720241  Ferro-chromium, containing by weight > 4% 
of carbon  3.1 0.0 2   
271019  Medium oils and preparations, of petroleum or 
bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, 
n.e.s.  2.5 3.8 9 28 28 
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  1.4 3.0  1 1 
790111  Unwrought zinc, not alloyed, containing by 
weight >= 99,99% of zinc  1.4 3.0  1 1 
100199  Wheat and meslin (excl. seed for sowing, and 
durum wheat)  1.3 5.0  1 1 
710691  Silver, incl. silver plated with gold or 
platinum, unwrought  1.2 12.5  2 2 
110100  Wheat or meslin flour  1.1 9.2  3 3 
760110  Aluminium, not alloyed, unwrought  0.9 0.0 1   
271112  Propane, liquefied  0.8 5.0  6 6 
281820  Aluminium oxide  0.7 0.0 1   
740319  Copper, refined, unwrought  0.7 5.0  1 1 
260111  Non-agglomerated iron ores and concentrates  0.6 0.0 1   
270119  Coal, whether or not  pulverised, non -
agglomerated  0.6 5.0  1 1 WT/REG172/3  
 
- 19 - 
 
  Kazakhstan's top export products in 2015 -2017  Access Conditions to Armenia 's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2018  No. of 
duty-free 
under the 
Agreement  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  No. of 
lines  duty-
free 
dutiable  
721049  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, 
of a width of >= 600 mm, hot -rolled or cold -
rolled "cold -reduced", not corrugated, plated 
or coated with zinc  0.5 0.0 2   
780110  Unwrought lead, refined  0.5 0.0 1   
250300  Sulphur of all kinds  0.5 5.0  2 2 
260800  Zinc ores and concentrates  0.4 0.0 1   
280470  Phosphorus  0.4 5.0  2 2 
271113  Butanes, liquefied  0.4 3.8 1 3 3 
261000  Chromium ores and concentrates  0.4 5.0  1 1 
720836  Flat-rolled products of iron or non -alloy steel, 
of a width of >= 600 mm, in coils, simply hot -
rolled, not clad, plated or coated, of a 
thickness of >= 10 mm, not pickled, without 
patterns in relief  0.4 5.0  1 1 
TOTALS  86.9  29 56 56 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from WTO-TPR database and UNSD -Comtrade database.  
 
6. Table A1.5 shows the market access opportunities under the Agreement in Kazakhstan for 
Armenia's top 25 exports, which in 1999 -2001 comprised 78.7% of Armenia's global exports  and 
were covered by 50 tariff lines, 9 of which were duty free on an MFN basis . In 2001 a further 32  lines 
became dut y-free for imports from  Armenia . In 2015 , with Armenia's accession to the EAEU,  the 
remaining  9 lines became duty free . 
Table A1. 5 Kazakhstan : Market access opportunities under the agreement for Armenia 's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Armenia's top export products in 1999 -2001  Access Conditions to Kazakhstan's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2001  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  No. of 
lines  duty-free 
dutiable  
2001  
2015  
710239  Diamonds, worked, but not mounted or set  29.3 5.0  1 1  
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or 
grape marc  7.6 1,0 euro 
per 1 L   7  7 
271600  Electrical energy  6.5 5.0  1 1  
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in semi -
manufactured forms, for non -monetary 
purposes  4.7 5.0  1 1  
760200  Aluminium waste and scrap  3.8 0.0 3    
711319  Of other precious metal, whether or not plated 
or clad with precious metal  3.4 5.0  1 1  
400249  Chloroprene "chlorobutadiene rubber, cr ", in 
primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip  3.0 0.0 1    
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  2.9 5.0  1 1  WT/REG172/3  
 
- 20 - 
 
  Armenia's top export products in 1999 -2001  Access Conditions to Kazakhstan's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2001  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate (%)  No. of 
lines  duty-free 
dutiable  
2001  
2015  
740200  Copper, unrefined; copper anodes for 
electrolytic refining  2.5 5.0  1 1  
720270  Ferro-molybdenum  2.0 5.0  1 1  
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked or simply 
sawn, cleaved or bruted  1.9 5.0  1 1  
620213  Women's or girls' overcoats, raincoats, car -
coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, of 
man-made fibres  1.7 5.0  2 2  
261390  Molybdenum ores and concentrates  1.4 5.0  1 1  
740400  Copper waste and scrap  1.4 5.0  3 3  
853720  Boards, cabinets and similar combinations of 
apparatus for electric control or the distribution 
of electricity, for a voltage > 1.000 v  0.9 0.0 2    
760711  Aluminium foil, not backed, rolled but not 
further worked, of a thickness of <= 0,2 mm  0.8 0.0 2    
621210  Brassieres  0.8 5.0  1 1  
850450  Inductors  0.6 0.0 1    
720449  Waste and scrap of iron or steel "ecsc"  0.6 5.0  5 5  
261310  Roasted molybdenum ores and concentrates  0.5 5.0  1 1  
810291  Unwrought molybdenum, including bars and 
rods obtained simply by sintering; waste and 
scrap  0.5 15.0  1 1  
200290  Tomatoes, prepared or preserved otherwise 
than by vinegar or acetic acid  0.5 15.0  7 7  
240220  Cigarettes, containing tobacco  0.5 30.0  2  2 
711290  Waste and scrap of silver, incl. metal clad with 
silver, and ash and sweepings containing 
several precious metals; other waste and scrap 
containing silver or silver compounds, of a kind 
used principally for the recovery of precious 
metal  0.4 5.0  1 1  
410110 Whole hides and skins of bovine animals, of a 
weight per skin not exceeding 8 kg when simply 
dried, 10 kg when dry -salted, or 14 kg when 
fresh, wet -salted or otherwise preserved  0.4 5.0  2 2  
TOTALS  78.7  9 41 32 9 
Note:  Based on the HS 1996 nomenclature  
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from Kazakhstan authorities and UNSD -Comtrade database.  
 
7. Table A1.6 shows the market access opportunities under the Agreement for Armenia's top 
25 export s in 2015 -2017, accounting for 8 0.5% of global exports  and covered by 134 tariff lines in 
Kazakhstan's tariff of which 6 lines were duty free on an MFN basis . In 2015 -2017 Armenia's top 25 
export s covered a total of 128 lines , all of which  were duty free  under the Agreement .  WT/REG172/3  
 
- 21 - 
 
  Table A1. 6 Kazakhstan : Market access opportunities under the agreement for Armenia 's 
top 25 exports to the world  
Armenia's top export products in 2015 -2017  Access Conditions to Kazakhstan's 
import markets  
HS number and description of the product  Share in 
global 
exports 
(%) MFN 2018  No. of duty 
free lines 
under the 
agreement  Average 
MFN 
applied 
rate 
(%) No. of lines  duty-free 
dutiable  
260300  Copper ores and concentrates  23.1 3.0  1 1 
240220  Cigarettes, containing tobacco  11.4 0.0  2 2 
220820  Spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or 
grape marc  7.9 0.0  11 11 
710813  Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, in 
semi-manufactured forms, for non -
monetary purposes  7.0 9.9  2 2 
760711  Aluminium foil, not backed, rolled but not 
further worked, of a thickness of <= 0,2 mm  4.7 7.2 2 3 3 
710239  Diamonds, worked, but not mounted or set  4.1 5.0  1 1 
720270  Ferro-molybdenum  3.8 5.0  1 1 
271600  Electrical energy  3.8 0.0 1   
740200  Copper, unrefined; copper anodes for 
electrolytic refining  3.7 5.0  1 1 
711590  Articles of precious metal or of metal clad 
with precious metal, n.e.s.  1.4 15.0  1 1 
261690  Precious -metal ores and concentrates  1.2 3.0  1 1 
711319  Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of 
precious metal other than silver, whether or 
not plated or clad with precious metal  1.1 5.0  1 1 
620213  Women's or girls' overcoats, raincoats, car 
coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, of 
man-made fibres  0.9 13.8  2 2 
040690  Cheese  0.7 14.7  34 34 
620113  Men's or boys' overcoats, raincoats, car 
coats, capes, cloaks and similar articles, of 
man-made fibres  0.7 13.8  2 2 
260800  Zinc ores and concentrates  0.7 0.0 1   
940540  Electric lamps and lighting fittings, n.e.s.  0.7 8.2 1 14 14 
710231  Non-industrial diamonds unworked or 
simply sawn, cleaved or bruted  0.6 0.0 1   
070200  Tomatoes, fresh or chilled  0.6 12.5  8 8 
020410  Fresh or chilled lamb carcases and half -
carcases  0.5 15.0  1 1 
620342  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts, of cotton  0.4 13.8  7 7 
300490  Medicaments consisting of mixed or 
unmixed products for therapeutic or 
prophylactic purposes, put up in measured 
doses "incl. those for transdermal 
admin istration" or in forms or packings for 
retail sale  0.4 2.9  5 5 
080610  Fresh grapes  0.4 5.0  2 2 
701090  Carboys, bottles, flasks, jars, pots, phials 
and other containers, of glass, of a kind used 
for the commercial conveyance or packing of 
goods, and preserving jars, of glass  0.4 10.7  23 23 
620343  Men's or boys' trousers, bib and brace 
overalls, breeches and shorts of synthetic 
fibres  0.4 13.8  5 5 
TOTALS  80.5  6 128 128 
Note:  Based on the HS 2017 nomenclature . 
Source:  WTO estimates based on data from the WTO -IDB and UNSD -Comtrade  database s. 
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