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JOB/MA/152/Add.3  
 
16 November  2022 
(22-8534) Page: 1/29 
Committee on Market Access   
 
EXPERIENCE -SHARING ON TRADE IN COVID -19 RELATED GOODS  
FOURTH  SESSION  
Note by the Secretariat1 
Addendum  
1.1.  The Committee on Market Access (CMA) held its fourth  experience -sharing session on trade in 
COVID -19 related goods on 16 September  2022.2 The topic of the session was: "Sharing of Members " 
practices and experience with respect to export restrictions during the pandemic ."3 
1.2.  Canada, Colombia, the European Un ion, the Kyrgyz Republic, the United Kingdom and the 
United States participated as speakers at the session to exchange their views and experiences on 
this topic. Their presentations are reproduced in Annex 1.4 At the meeting, six additional Members  
- China, Ecuador, Japan, Paraguay, Singapore, and Thailand - took the floor to contribute to the 
discussions . This note can be further updated  in the future  to incorporate  additional contributions by 
Members.  
1.3.  To complement what was shared by Members at the s ession, the following notes prepared by 
the Secretariat may offer additional information and data on the subject: i) Indicative list of trade -
related bottlenecks and trade -facilitating measures on critical products to combat COVID -19; 
(ii) Transparency  - Why it matters at times of crisis ; and ( iv) Export prohibitions and restrictions . 
Moreover , two Secretariat reports contain information on export restrictions during the pandemic: 
i) List of notifications and communications relating t o the COVID -19 pandemic  (document 
G/MA/W/157  and its revisions); ii) S ummary of export restrictions and trad e easing measures 
relating to the COVID -19 pandemic  (document G/MA/W/168  and its revisions).  
 
 
1 This document has been prepared under the Secretariat's own responsibility and is without prejudice 
to the positions of Members or to their rights and obligations under the WTO.  
2 The first , second  and third  experience sharing sessions too k place on 4 March 2022 , on 26 April 2022 , 
and on 18 July 2022, respectively.  The summary reports are available in documents JOB/MA/152 , 
JOB/MA/152 /Add.1, and JOB/MA/152 /Add.2.  
3 As a result of the Chairperson's informal consultations on 9 February 2022, the Committee agreed to 
organize a series of experience -sharing sessions on issues related to trade in COVID -19 goods. The following 
topics emerged as possible areas in which the Committee could engage in a technical dialogue on Members' 
practices: a) The definition of essential goods to combat the pandemic. That is, how Members have defined 
such lists and updated them over time; b) Tariff classification of these essential or criti cal goods within the 
Harmonized System. That is, once the products have been identified, whether Members faced issues with their 
HS classification. This is an area in which the collaboration with the World Customs Organization could be 
necessary; c) How Me mbers have monitored and measured trade in these essential goods to combat the 
pandemic, including the creation of national tariff lines or statistical breakouts; d) Sharing of Members' 
practices on measures aimed at easing trade under the purview of the C ommittee including, for example, in 
relation to tariff suspension, reduction, or elimination; and e) How to improve transparency in export 
restrictions, as well as sharing of experiences with respect to the choices underpinning the use of such 
restrictions  (e.g., why a certain type of measure was chosen, what factors determined the termination/non -
renewal of certain measures, whether a review of their effectiveness was undertaken, etc.).  
4 In the original language only.  JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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1  OVERVIEW OF MEASURES  ON EXPORT OF  COVID -19 ESSENTIAL  GOODS  
1.1.  In an effort to curb the spread of the COVID -19 pandemic  and to mitigate critical shortages of 
essential goods , Members adopted a series of measures aimed at restricting or prohibi ting trade on 
certain products  that were considered to be essential in their response s to the pandemic . 
1.2.  Based on the Secretariat's report5, 54 Members  (counting the EU -27 as one)  adopted 98 
measures that prohibit or restrict exports during the pandemic . These measures ranged from full 
bans or prohibitions to non -automatic licensing requirements  and some of them changed over time 
– for example to became less restrictive - as the pandemic evolved . Almost all export restrictions 
that have been introduced in relation to COVID -19 mentioned that they were "temporary". The 
highest number of export restrictions were in force  at the end of April 2020, which coincided with  
the first wave of the COVID -19 pandemic . Since then, the number of measures has progressively 
dropped  but about one third of them appear  to be still in force  as of the date of this document .  
1.3.  Products affected by the restrictions also vary from Member to Member, depending on the 
national situation s and availability of supply. More generally, P ersonal Protective Equipment  (PPE)  
and sanitizers and disinfectants were the most heavily restricted product categories  in the first six 
months of 2020 . Two years later, considerable changes in the types of products subject to export 
restrictions  have been observed . For example, the number of restrictions on facemasks, protective 
garments and gloves have been reduced since , whereas pharmaceuticals,  medical  devices  and 
equipment , and vaccines  have seen smaller  changes  since the start of the pandemic.  
1.4.  The vast majority of restrictions t hat have been notified by Members referred to Article XI:2(a) 
– which covers export restrictions applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or 
other products essential to the exporting Member - or Article XX:b of the GATT 1994 – which r elates 
to measures that are necessary  to protect human, animal or plant life or health  - as the basis to 
apply such restrictions.  
1.5.  At the meeting , Canada provided a historic background on export restrictions and prohibitions 
in the context of GATT and how G ATT Contracting Parties had sought to address trade restrictive  
measures  (see presentation in the Annex  and G/MA/W/179 ). 
1.6.  It is important to note that in the context of the Committee on Market Access, all WTO Members 
are required to notify all quantitative restrictions in force with respect to  their trade in goods.6 These 
notifications are essential to improve transparency and predictability, particularly in times of crises .7 
2  EXPORT RESTRICTIONS  APPLIED  BY MEMBERS DURING THE  COVID -19 PANDEMIC8 
2.1.  At the session, Members  shared their practices  and experience s with respect to expo rt 
restrictions adopted during the pandemic, with a particular focus on: the type of  restrictions; the 
choices underpinning these measures ; what factors determined the termination  or non-renewal o f 
certain measures ; whether a revi ew the effectiveness of export restrictions  was undertaken; and 
what could be learned for future crises . 
2.2.  Export  restrictive measures adopted by Members due to the COVID -19 pandemic were diverse 
in nature  and targeted produ cts that were considered to be essential by each Member . Based on 
information shared at the session, Members highlighted the following measures:  
 
5 G/MA/W/168/Rev. 3. 
6 "Decision on Notification Procedures  for Quantitative Restrictions", G/L/59/Rev.1 . 
7 All the information on Quantitative Restrictions notifications is available at QR Database 
https://qr.wto.org/en#/home . 
8 Along with export -restricting measures , a few Members also shared the ir experiences implementing 
trade -easing measures on a variety of products. For example, the Kyrgyz Republic eliminated customs duties 
on critical goods imported into the E urasian Economic Union . In addition, the Council of the Eurasian Economic 
Commission provide d duty-free import of sugar in the amount of 40 thousand tons for the Kyrgyz Republic in 
the period from 15 May to 30 September 2021. Also, with respect to PPE , import tariffs were lowered to zero. 
Similarly, Colombia  eliminated its tarif fs for six-month period on a range of 111 subsections to products related 
to health and aviation sector s. These measures w ere in place for six months, and on 22 March it was brought 
down to 53 additional goods. A more detailed information on trade -easing m easures could be found in 
document  JOB/MA/152/Add. 2. JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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• Export  prohibitions  on a wide range of goods necessary to prevent and contain the spread 
of COVID -19, such as  PPEs, disinfectants,  medical goods and pharmaceuticals;  
• Export prohibitions on certain types of agricultural products;  
• Export prohibitions on mineral fertilizers and raw materials ; 
• Export licensing on PPEs, COVID -19 vaccines and substances to produce  COVID -19 
vaccines ;  
• Emergency controls on the export of medicines . 
2.3.  For example, in March 2020 Colombia  passed a decree  which temporarily9 restricted  exports 
and re -exports of products necessary to contain COVID -19. The decree covered  24 products  
(including ethyl alcohol, pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, PPE , respirators, etc. ) and established a 
priority for distribution and commercialisation  of these products  to key entities  (e.g., hospitals, 
health agencies, state security forces, pharmacies etc. ). Similarly, Ecuador adopted export 
restrictions on 28 products that were identified as "indispensable " by its national health authorities . 
This measure aimed to reduce pressure on its health system.  
2.4.  Likewise , the European Union  introduced export authorizations on PPEs  which lasted for 
about  2.5 months . Later export authorizations were put in place for COVID -19 vaccines  for 11  
months . In addition,  in the first and  second  quarter of 2020, various  trade restrictive measures  were 
adopted in eight  EU member States and in the UK , which at that time was in a transition period after 
leaving the EU . 
2.5.  Similarly, the U nited Kingdom emergency control measures on export of medicines were 
introduced to ensure that UK wholesalers met their obligations to supp ly UK patients . Specifically, 
these measures only appl ied to medicines which were already placed on the UK market for UK 
patients and d id not apply to production  destined  for export.  
2.6.  The United States imposed export restrictions on five "scarce or threaten ed materials ", 
including , respirators, masks, gloves, gowns, and needles. The President  of the United States  
directed the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to allocate to domestic use these 
scarce or threatened materials . The list subject to the export restrictions was determined  by the 
U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services  in consultation wi th FEMA  and other agencies 
coordinating the U.S. Government 's response to the COVID -19 pandemic.  Under the rule, no 
shipments of covered materials could leave the United States without explicit approval by FEMA. 
These measures were in place from April 2020  until July  2021, and were modified twice during their 
duration . 
2.7.  The Kyrgyz Republic also took measures to ensure adequate supply of essential  goods  to its 
population . By decisions of the Eurasian Economic Union, a temporary ban was introduced on the 
expor t of PPEs and disinfectants, medicines, medical products, and materials from the customs 
territory of the EAEU . In addition, d ue to its dependence on imports of food products, the 
Kyrgyz  Republic  introduced a temporary ban on exports of agricultural products to curb price 
increases. The products covered by this measure included, inter alia , wheat, wheat flour, sugar, rice, 
vegetable oil , chicken eggs, corn  and barley. Equally, to prevent the increa se in prices for the spring 
field work, the Kyrgyz Republic introduced a temporary export ban on fertilizers to countries outside 
of the customs territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. A temporary ban on exports of oil and oil 
products, and scrap and was te of ferrous metals was  also introduced to protect the domestic market, 
to support domestic oil refineries, to prevent critical shortages and to stimulate the production of 
final goods . 
2.1  Exceptions to export restrictions  
2.8.  Members  pointed out that even though export restrictions  were imposed on a  wide range of 
products, various exemptions and exceptions from these measures were put in place and were used 
extensively by the exporters. These exemptions and exceptions had a legal basis and were based, 
 
9 The Decree was in force  six months . JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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inter alia, on principles of i nternational solidarity  (e.g. exports to least  developed countries  or on 
humanitarian grounds ) and prioritization (e.g. hospitals, pharmacies).  
2.9.  For example, Colombia introduced two decree s that were used as exceptions to export 
restrictions. The first decree (Resolution of 27 March 2022)  established  cases in which  exceptions 
were given to these restrictions and goods could be authorize d to be export ed or re-export ed, for 
example goods that were already  in ports or in transit  and established legal situations . The second 
decree (Resolution of 2 April 2020)  establish ed a prioritization mechanism for the distribution  and 
sale of products, as well as mechanisms for export authorizations of restricted products.  
2.10.   Similarly, in April 2020, th e United States introduced and published a wide range of  exceptions 
under which the exports of scarce or threatened materials  could be permitted.  Under the general 
exception, the U.S. companies with continuous export agreements with customers in other countries  
were allowed to export , as long as 80 percent of domestic production was distributed in the United 
States . Additional exceptions  also inclu ded, inter alia , (i) shipments  to U.S. Commonwealths and 
Territories ; (ii) exports by non -profits or non -governmental organizations solely for donation to 
foreign charities or  governments for free distribution ; (iii) i ntracompany transfers of covered 
mater ials by U.S. companies to company owned or affiliated foreign  facilities; (iv) c overed materials 
exported solely for assembly into medical kits and diagnostic testing kits destined for U.S.  sale or 
delivery ; (v) s ealed, sterile medical kits and diagnostic kits only partially covered by covered 
materials that cannot  easily be  removed ; (vi) d eclared diplomatic shipments ; (vii) s hipments to 
overseas U.S. military and diplomatic addresses ; (viii) i n transit merchandise ; (ix) s hipments for 
which final destinatio n is Canada or Mexico ; and (x) s hipments by or on behalf of the U.S. Federal 
Government, including its Military . To prevent exporters from taking advantage from these 
exemptions, surveillance  measures were introduced  whereby the specific authorities were  
responsible for  detecting such shipments . 
2.11.   Likewise, the EU export authorization mechanism contained exemptions and exceptions , 
based on principles of international solidarity.  Exports to several destinations were exempted, 
namely, export s to COVA X, EFTA cou ntries, Western Balkans, and the EU neighbourhood countries.  
Also, the U nited Kingdom  had exemptions on medicines to be exported  to international humanitarian 
organisations . 
2.2  Principles  on the use of export restrictions  
2.12.   It was  stressed that trade restrictive measures had a domino effect between Members, and 
that was a concern for all trading nations.  Some Members  also made a call to "keep supply chains 
open and remove any existing trade restrictive measures on essential goods, especially medical 
supplies, in the face of the COVID -19 crisis".10 
2.13.   Members recognized that w hen used as a last resort, export restrictions may be appropriate 
as emergency measures to manage domestic supply issues. However, they also observed that even 
when export restrictions are considered necessary, they have to be targeted, proportionate, 
transparent and temporary. Regular reviews are also essential to continually assess the effectiveness 
of measures, to explore alternative methods to manage shortages, and remove the need for them 
in the future.  
2.14.   Members identified the following fundamental principles as crucial when implementing export 
restrictions:  
• Transparency , which ensured prompt publication on a website or other official source s 
available for consu ltation, and a rapid notification to the WTO respective Committees ; 
• A temporary character  of trade restrictive  measures , i.e. they should expire or be 
terminated once the conditions improve ; 
• Measures must be  necessary and t argeted or limited to their objective , and only concern 
those exports for which they were  put in place ; 
 
10 See JOB/MA/152/Add.2, para 1.7.  JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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• Proportionality of measures, that must be restricted to only what is necessary to attain a 
specific objective;  
• Measures must c ontain exemptions and exce ptions  based on , inter alia , principles of 
emergency, international solidarity, special consideration  for Least Developed Countrie s 
(LDCs)  and net -importing countries ; 
• Measures must be subject to regular reviews  necessary to assess their effectiveness  and 
further application ; 
• Timeliness , which ensures that responsible agencies were obliged to provide a response on 
a measure within a specific period of time . 
3  CHOICES UNDERPINNING EXPORT RESTRICTIONS  ON COVID -19 GOODS  
3.1.  Members  highlighted the following considerations with respect to the adoption of export 
restrictions as part of their response to the global pandemic:  
• Critical shortages /supply issues  at the national level ; 
 
• Pressure on the national healthcare systems;  
 
• Need to p revent destabilization of the economic situation ; 
 
• Engagement of relevant stakeholders from the public and private sector to inform the 
decision -making process;  
 
• Conduct a risk assessment  to determine potential impacts  of restrictive measures  and 
evaluate alternatives ; 
 
• Continuously review  the use of t rade restrictive measures  and the product coverage  as 
the health situation  (at the national and international levels)  evolved  to limit the 
restrictions  to where there was a real shortage . 
 
3.2.  For example, t he main criteria used  by the Kyrgyz Republic  to define the products that were 
essential or critical to combat the economic consequences of COVD -19 was a short supply of the 
product in the country. Inputs provided by national stakeholders from both the public (e.g. 
government agencies) and the private sector (e.g. traders)  were used in the determination.  
3.3.  The U nited Kingdom  developed a policy to ensure  that the use of any short supply export 
restrictions is done in a controlled way. Using this policy, the trade department worked closely with 
the health department to identify improvements to how existing medicine measures were applied. 
This included more regular engagement with stakeholders and the detail of the decision process. If 
a supply issue was identified, the UK would conduct a risk assessment  to determine potential 
impacts. Mitigation and management options were then decided based on the medicine in shortage, 
the nature and length of shortage or the availability of alternatives.  The UK Government  also reviews 
the list of medicines subject to export restrictions at regular intervals and would remove medicines 
from the restricted list that no longer meet the criteria for inclusion.  
3.4.  In the case of the European Union , an export restriction was applied on vaccin es produced by 
companies with whom the EU  had signed  Advanced Purchasing Agreement s (APA). Based on this 
arrangement, the EU ordered and paid for up to 300 million doses  scheduled  to be delivered by early 
2021. Given that manufactures were unable to deliver the agreed amount to the EU, while delivering 
vaccine  doses to other countries, a measure was introduced to bring transparency to export s from 
the EU  and to ensure  that the access of vaccines was delivered according to the purchasing 
agreement . This measure was limited to its objective and only  concerned export s for which the EU 
had APAs  with clearly identified customs codes . It was also of a temporary  nature and  lasted for 11 
months. The respective member State authority  had a maximum of two days to respond to an 
authorization request . The publication of the measures was done at the  domestic level and through  JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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a prompt notification to the WTO. Despite the export restrictions, export s of doses  continued during 
this time .11 
3.5.  The United States ' list of designated scarce or threatened materials  was modified based on 
shifting needs and availability of materials for the  national  healthcare system , and that actual 
products covered were more specific  (e.g.,  N95 masks and PPEs that met very specific criteria 
needed for use in hospitals or medical facilities ). In determining whether export of the covered 
materials  could be authorized, the totality of circumstances  was taken into consideration  and a wide 
range of U.S. agencies were involved to better inform the overall decision.  For example, the 
Department of State could advise on issues related to international relations; the Department of 
Commerce could advise on issues related to domestic produ ction capacity and competitiveness, and 
the Department of Health and Human Services could advise on hospitals ' needs and whether or not 
the goods would help fill supply shortfalls. At the same time, incorporating enforcement and legal 
experts into the grou p helped to ensure that exporters did not exploit the exemptions process to 
avoid having shipments detained. Because the covered goods were in such short supply, timely 
determinations by the FEMA was important to ensure the goods kept moving. Once a shipme nt had 
been identified and temporarily detained, FEMA sought to work with the interagency and make a 
determination within 72 hours.  
4  FACTORS DETERMINING THE TERMINATION OR NON -RENEWAL OF CERTAIN MEASURES  
4.1.  Based on contributions by Members , the following factors were used  to determine the 
termination or non -renewal of certain trade  restrictive measures. These factors included:  
• Current state of supply of essential products;  
• Current state of the  economic environment ; 
• Periodic reviews  and monitoring  of existing m easures;  
• Research of alternative sources;  
• Consultation with different agencies.  
 
4.2.  For example, Ecuador' s Emergency Committee monitor ed the situation  with supplies of its 28 
restricted  products. Once the situation with the national suppl ies stabilised , Ecuador's export 
restrictions were terminat ed. In the case of Colombia, t he measures expired within the time limits 
originally set out in the decrees . Similarly, the European Union terminated its exports  authorization 
scheme when the level of s upply  of vaccines no longer threatened the execution of the purchases 
agreements  and the security of vaccines supply to EU citizens.  
4.3.  In a similar vein , the United Kingdom  regularly  conducted periodic review of its emergency 
control measures . For example, the medicine Bupropion  was added to the restricted list due to a 
serious shortage, global supply issues with alternative medicines and an increased risk of export of 
medicines that were already on the UK market.  During the latest review, however, the health  
department found evidence that the supply situation had improved and the restriction on the export 
of Bupropion  was subsequently lifted after six months. Following this approach, the UK  reduced the 
number of measures by half in 2021. Alternatively, some measures may be eliminated by identifying  
alternative products on the market. As an illustration , Diamorphine, a pain management medicine, 
was in shortage. However, a supplier was able to provide additional stock of an alternative produ ct, 
therefore, no export restriction was required to manage this shortage  on diamorphine . 
4.4.  Similarly, in the United States, FEMA and the Department of Health and Human Services 
continuously reviewed the list of scarce or threatened products, and which of th ose needed to be 
covered by the export restrictions. This allowed FEMA to adapt the temporary final rule to cover only 
those where there was a real shortage , and when the shortage stopped the export measure expire d. 
This ensured that the measure was in pla ce only when it was absolutely necessary.  The United States 
also pointed out that the i nvolvement of wide range of agencies , departments  and experts was 
 
11 Over 1.2 billion doses and one billion substances (to make one billion doses) were delivered  by the 
European Union to other count ries during the duration of this measure.  JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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necessary to have a more complete picture of the situation and to better inform of the overall 
decision . For example, the US Department of Health and Human Services , after it had consulted with 
other agencies , concluded that  the material shortages had alleviated,  and the export measures were 
no longer necessary.  
5   REVIEW  OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADE RESTRIC TIVE  MEASURES  
5.1.  Members recognised that it was important to understand and analyse the impact and economic 
effect of the export restrictive measures introduced during the pandemic. However, d ue to a n overall 
complexity of such an exercise , many Members acknowledged that this study ha d not been 
conduc ted. 
5.2.  In particular, Members encountered several  challenges to conduct this type of analysis. For 
example, Colombia , pointed out that due to limited human and physical resources, lack of time and 
lack of an overall methodology, the impact or economic effect s of its trade -restrictive  measures ha d 
not been analysed.  However, it appear ed, that the studies carried out by other international 
organisations, including several of which were presented at the WTO Secretariat, could be used when 
evaluating the impact o f trade restrictive measures, including the methodology and experience that 
had been  used in that type of analysis.  
5.3.  The U nited Kingdom  also noted that i t was difficult to understand the full extent of export 
restrictions. This was partly  due to a lack of c ommodity codes on reports and the reporting of open 
measures after they were removed.  
5.4.  On the contrary , the E uropean Union reviewed the effectiveness of  its trade restrictive 
measures based on the data that had been  obtained . More specifically, based on the  information 
provided, the E uropean Union modified its measures  in three areas. Firstly, some of the  exemptions 
to these measures were reversed. Secondly, an introduction of c onditionalities  allowed to reject 
applications when the destination country was a vaccine producer that restricted its exports. And 
finally, the measures were adjusted taking into account the epidemiological situation in the 
destination country, its vaccination rate, and  access to vaccination in destination countries . Despite 
export restrictions, the E uropean Union approved  over 3,450 authorizations, that include d 61 
countries  and only one authorization was denied . 
6  LESSONS LEARNED  
6.1.  Members concluded that trade restrictive measures introduced during the COVID -19 pandemic 
aimed to alleviate pressure from the respective health systems by ensur ing an adequate supply of 
COVID -19 essential good s, and to prevent  volatility in prices and destabilization of the economic 
situation due to critical shortages of products.  
6.2.  While it was noted  that the introduction of these measures was necessary  to address the se 
challenges , it was also  recognised the detrimental impact that export restrictions have on 
international supply. Export restrictions were said to have a domino effect between Members and to 
be a concern for all trading nations, particularly for least developed countries  or net -importer 
countries.  
6.3.  If and when export restrictions may be appropriate as emergency measures to manage 
domestic supply issues, Members recognised that they have to  be targeted, proportionate, 
transparent, and temporary.  
6.4.  Members have drawn several lessons fro m the introduction of export restrictions  which can be 
summarized as follows (non -exhaustive list).  
6.1  Enhance t ransparency  
6.5.  Members stressed  that prompt publication  of trade -restrictive measures at the domestic level  
and their timely  notification to the WTO was essential  to keep  other Members  informed of the 
availability of certain goods  and to minimize the uncertainty . JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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6.6.  In particular, it was noted that incomplete inf ormation in the notifications – such as m issing  
commodity codes  – and significant delays in reporting these measures  did not allow Members to 
have a full picture of the situation in the global market . In this regard, Members noted the following 
practices:  
• Close working relationships between the government departments and agencies  were 
crucial to  bring forward rapid notifications;  
• Importance of p ublish ing the legal basis for these measures at the national level , as 
well as any  related  updates, modifications and exceptions ; 
• WTO Secretariat's assistance in notification submissions.  
6.2  Use of technology and digital solutions to improve data  
6.7.  Some Members highlighted that adequate information technology tools and digital solutions 
remained a serious challenge when it came to sourcing quick and high -quality quantitative data. The 
data was needed not only with respect to trade, but also in other areas, for example, logistics, 
distribution, and production.  
6.3  Continue d monitoring and review of trade restrictive measures  
6.8.  Several Members emphasized that trade restrictive measures  must be monitored, continuously 
reviewed to assess their effectiveness, an d adjusted to the current situation by the relevant agencies 
or emergency committees  or working groups . Reviews were also essential to explore alternative 
methods to manage shortages  and remove the need for restrictions  in the future. Some Members 
highligh ted that a more regular engagement with stakeholders and enhanced cross -departmental 
coordination was key to make these reviews efficient  and effective . 
6.4  Enhance national cooperation and coordination  
6.9.  Several Members established or strengthened national coor dination mechanisms to elaborate 
their response to the pandemic. Bringing together various experts from a wide number of issues 
allowed to have a complete picture of the situation. In this regard, the following practices relating 
to cooperation at the nati onal level were highlighted:  
• Establishing and/or strengthening  cross-agencies and cross-departmental  
coordination and  efforts  to keep abreast of the situation  and make informed decisions 
on the current measures;  
• Ensuring that there was an emergency committ ee / working group set up to coordinate 
actions of all the agencies ; 
• Establishing and strengthening a  regular communication and cooperation with the 
private sector with an objective to obtain more timely and precise information.  
6.5  Continue to hold  discussion  among Members  
6.10.   Members also highlighted that sharing of experiences on the adoption of trade -restrictive 
measures and holding  this type of dialogue among them was particularly important.  In this regard, 
Members observed that there was scope for improving dialogue, in particular by:  
• Evaluating the impact of export restrictions  on third countries, in particular, on those 
countries that d id not have a direct access to vaccines and that ha d a limited possibility 
and ability for the product ion of these goods;  
• Understanding the global impact of trade restrictive measures, and hearing the voice 
of private sector, often directly affected by slowdown in trade across supply chains ; JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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• In the framework of the Ministerial Declaration on the WTO Response to the COVID -19 
Pandemic and Preparedness for Future Pandemics , Members could use the information 
shared during these sessions and mainstream it in to the response to future crises . 
6.11.   Enhance experience sharing at the WTO  
6.12.   Members also pointed out to the important role played by the WTO in providing information 
during the pandemic and suggested concrete actions that could be taken, including within the 
framework of the Committee  on Market Access , such as:  
• Encourage Members to continue sharing information on trade restrictive measures 
related to the pandemic with an objective to identify common practices and workable 
solutions;  
• Continue to share informatio n to support the decision -making processes on trade 
policy measures;  
• Engage the private sector in the discussions in order to reflect their inputs in the work 
of the CMA . 
 JOB/MA /152/Add.3  
 
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ANNEX  
PRESENTATIONS BY MEMBERS  
PRESENTATION BY CANADA  
 
 
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PRESENTATION BY COLOMBIA  
 
 
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PRESENTATION BY THE EUROPEAN UNION  
 
                               
                             
              
                                       
                                 
         
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PRESENTATION BY THE UNITED KINGDOM  
 
 
 
                                    
                   
                                              
                                                              
                                                   
         
                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                         
                                         
                                      
                                             
                                           
                                         
                                                                                   
                                               
                                                
                                                
                                                                    
                                                                     
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PRESENTATION BY THE UNITED STATES  
 
 
 
 
                       
                         
                  
                                                      
              
 
                               
                                        
                                                                                                           
                     
                                                             
                                            
                                            
                                
                                                                          
                                                                                         
                                
                                                                            
                                                                                     
                                
                                          
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