APPENDIX TABLESSwitzerland WT/TPR/S/13
Page 101
Table AIII.1
Agricultural andfoodproducts carrying tariffs (advalorem equivalents) ofover100percent, July-December 1995
(SwFandpercent)
HScode Duty rate
(SwFper100kg.)Duty revenue
(SwF1,000)Advalorem
equivalent
(percent)
0204.10.90 Sheep orgoatmeat, fresh 941 0 197
0207.10.39 Duck, fresh 635 1 135
0207.39.39 Duck, geese andfowl 2,563 2 259
0207.43.90 Poultry products, fresh 2,679 1 437
0207.50.90 Poultry liver, fresh 522 1 226
0210.11.99 Meat products 1,605 41 119
0210.90.89 ) 4,161 0 168
0401.30.10 Milk andcream products 878 2 452
0402.21.20 Milk andcream products, concentrated 1,544 5 319
0402.29.20 ) 1,544 0 117
0402.91.10 ) 223 170 181
0402.99.10 ) 223 480 165
0403.10.99 Yoghurt andother milkproducts 787 0 426
0403.90.99 ) 787 3 268
0404.10.00 Whey 281 0 220
0405.00.99 Butter, fresh unsalted 1,883 0 389
0603.10.49 Roses, fresh 3,500 3 200
0603.10.69 Fresh cutflowers, other 2,200 3 102
0701.90.99 Potatoes 95 0 11,340
0702.00.19 Tomatoes 600 3 196
0702.00.29 ) 150 2 146
0702.00.39 ) 150 12 135
0702.00.99 ) 150 437 113
0703.10.29 Onions 250 1 207
0703.10.59 ) 100 1 121
0703.10.69 ) 100 4 102
0703.10.79 ) 100 15 167
0703.90.29 ) 130 0 151
0704.10.99 Cabbages, cauliflowers, etc 120 5 115
0704.90.29 ) 100 0 102
0704.90.59 ) 120 11 108
0704.90.59 ) 261 2 107
0704.90.79 ) 150 0 124
0705.11.19 Salad 150 5 104
0705.19.19 ) 100 4 177
0705.19.29 ) 400 0 135
0705.19.39 ) 400 0 207
0705.19.49 Salad 400 0 250
0705.29.19 ) 200 52 233
0705.29.29 ) 250 3 198
0705.29.39 ) 250 13 127
0705.29.49 ) 250 63 217
0705.29.79 ) 118 0 179
Table AIII.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/13
Page 102Trade Policy Review
HScode Duty rate
(SwFper100kg.)Duty revenue
(SwF1,000)Advalorem
equivalent
(percent)
0706.10.29 Carrots, turnips 120 0 129
0706.10.39 ) 150 0 209
0706.90.29 ) 200 1 164
0706.90.69 ) 350 1 178
0707.00.19 Cucumbers 165 0 215
0707.00.29 ) 100 1 140
0707.00.39 ) 98 18 108
0708.10.29 Leguminous vegetables 200 0 157
0708.20.29 ) 200 6 154
0708.20.29 ) 490 1 290
0708.20.39 ) 490 2 110
0709.10.19 Asparagus andother vegetables 481 0 230
0709.40.19 ) 200 1 221
0709.40.29 ) 200 1 159
0709.70.19 ) 150 6 139
0709.90.19 ) 200 1 193
0709.90.29 ) 100 13 115
0709.90.49 ) 300 1 306
0709.90.69 ) 351 0 677
0710.21.90 Frozen vegetables 195 200 115
0710.22.99 ) 195 17 102
0710.30.19 ) 195 6 136
0710.80.19 ) 195 347 171
0710.90.19 ) 195 343 116
0713.10.91 Dried vegetables 36 31 144
0806.10.21 Grapes, fresh 40 0 129
0809.40.19 Plums 117 6 176
0810.10.19 Other fruit, fresh 450 1 176
1001.90.21 Wheat andmeslin 28 7 102
1005.10.00 Maize (corn) 57 2 202
1005.90.30 ) 30 47 171
1006.30.20 Rice 26 526 130
1101.00.12 Wheat flour 43 0 127
1103.11.99 Cereal groats, meal andpellets 167 8 211
1103.29.19 ) 167 0 100
1104.19.19 Cereal grains, otherwise worked 170 6 162
1107.10.13 Malt 25 23 165
1107.20.99 ) 154 0 217
1201.00.23 Soybeans 38 3,646 113
1203.00.23 Copra 84 11 241
1206.00.23 Sunflower seeds 59 3,497 167
1206.00.24 ) 53 890 115
1212.99.11 Roots foranimal fodder 28 8 162
1214.10.10 Alfalfa 33 120 173
1501.00.19 Lard 163 3 106
1511.10.90 Palm oilandfractions 123 1,855 148
Table AIII.1 (cont'd)Switzerland WT/TPR/S/13
Page 103
HScode Duty rate
(SwFper100kg.)Duty revenue
(SwF1,000)Advalorem
equivalent
(percent)
1511.90.18 ) 143 29 123
1511.90.19 ) 148 179 131
1511.90.98 ) 140 599 167
1513.21.90 Palm kernel oil 129 1,173 140
1515.29.91 Corn oil 140 150 146
1602.42.90 Prepared orpreserved meat 855 1 214
1602.49.90 ) 925 0 293
1806.20.14 Cocoa preparations 425 0 104
1806.20.19 ) 194 1 107
1901.20.82 Bakers mixes anddoughs 358 5 108
1901.20.91 ) 359 4 108
1901.90.82 ) 388 2 160
1905.90.11 Bread, pastry, cakes 21 57 138
1905.90.14 ) 150 116 142
2005.20.29 Processed vegetables 1,072 10 181
2005.90.59 ) 386 1 119
2009.60.29 Fruit juice 452 1 152
2204.29.29 Other wine 300 117 133
2306.40.10 Oilcake andother solid residues 23 290 118
2306.90.10 ) 23 4 133
2308.90.11 Animal feed 23 70 107
2403.10.00 Manufactured tobacco 73 1 140
Source: Government ofSwitzerland.WT/TPR/S/13
Page 104Trade Policy Review
Table AIII.2
Reports bytheCartel Commission andsubsequent policy changes, 1991 tomid-1995
Report Main recommendations andsuggestions Subsequent developments
Measures affecting
supply ofbathroom
appliances
(No.2,1991)Abolish restrictive sales practices bySwiss ceramic ware
manufacturers; abolish exclusive dealership arrangements among
manufacturers, wholesalers andtapfitters; abolish horizontal market
segmentation between wholesalers andfitters ofsanitary ware;
abolish theprohibition maintained bytheAssociation ofWholesale
Dealers ofSanitary Ware ontheopening ofnewsales outlets.Recommendations have been
followed. Newcomplaints have
since arisen inthesector.
Railway cars
(No.2,1992)Swiss Federal Railways (CFF) should advertise procurement needs for
carsandrelated material internationally andconsider competitive bids
fromabroad; intheabsence offoreign bids,CFFshould examine the
price calculation oftheSwiss supplier; Swiss technical norms should
beharmonized withthose oftheInternational Railway Union, with
exceptions limited totechnical particularities ofSwitzerland 's
network; private operators benefiting fromsubsidies forthepurchase
ofcarsandrelated material should alsoapply these principles.Recommendations have been
carried out; several public and
private purchases ofequipment
abroad.
Shop opening hours
(No.2,1992)Provisions relating toopening hours forshops should beabolished in
federal, cantonal andcommunal legislation; special legislation should
cater forjustified interests (e.g. noise reduction, social and
environmental policy considerations); legislation onworking
conditions, motor vehicle traffic, andnoise should berevised toavoid
distortions tocompetition.Modification oflegislation in
most cantons toextend opening
hours.
Health insurance and
rateconventions
(No.2,1993)Cantonal doctors 'associations should abolish restrictions preventing
their members (doctors) from competing among each other inthe
provision ofbasic health services; there should benoexclusive links
between doctors 'associations andhealth insurers. Theassociation of
health insurers must notoblige members toadhere torate
conventions; itshould improve transparency ofinsurance services,
accept members ofindividual insurance schemes, andeliminate
exclusivity clauses fixing prices ofmedical services. Theproposed
lawonhealth insurance (LAMA) should prevent: exclusive links
between health insurers andhealth service providers; prohibitions of
competition (fees, etc.)among practitioners; andexclusivity clauses
banning anypreferential relations between doctors andinsurers.
LAMA should include thefollowing provisions: outsiders may
participate incollective ratenegotiations; health insurers must notbe
obliged toconclude contracts with allhealth service providers;
insurance companies arefreetochoose theircontractual counterparts;
andhealth service providers have noright toapply rateschemes
which theirrepresentative associations have notnegotiated. Patients
should receive billsshowing totalexpenditure even ifathird party
payspartofit.Theprinciple ofcontractual negotiations ofmedical
fees between health service providers andinsurers should be
guaranteed; thefeesshould beapproved bythecantonal authorities;
affected parties (e.g. patients) should beallowed toappeal such
approvals. When rate conventions arenotrenewed, existing
provisions should beextended foroneyearandtherates setbyan
independent body representing allinterested parties. TheFederal
Government should beempowered toassist cantons inplanning
intensive careandadvanced medicine facilities andscaling down
overcapacity.Some ofthemost important
recommendations have been
included inthenew lawon
health insurance, such asthe
elimination ofprohibitions to
competition and exclusivity
clauses. Health insurances may
nowconclude separate contracts
with health providers (e.g.
HMOs).
Table AIII.2 (cont'd)Switzerland WT/TPR/S/13
Page 105
Report Main recommendations andsuggestions Subsequent developments
Competition inthe
milkmarket
(No.3,1993)Sales contracts between milkproducers andprocessors should notbe
subject toapproval bytheproducers 'association (Union centrale des
producteurs suisses delait,UCPL); UCPL authority toapprove new
types ofcheese must belimited tohardandsemi-hard varieties, and
beabolished forsoftcheeses; advertising feescollected byUCPL
from milkproducers mustnotbeusedforspecific brands; collective
services performed byUCPL must bespecified anddirectly
remunerated assuch. Inasecond step, flexible milk production
quotas should beintroduced onthebasis offatcontent rather than
supply volume; mechanisms should bedeveloped toencourage higher
protein andlessfatcontent; milksupply contracts should befully
liberalized; the obligation tosupply specified collection centres
should beabolished formass milkproducers, except indisadvantaged
regions; fixed milk prices should bereplaced byasystem of
indicative andintervention prices tobeapplied toexports and
unprofitable production. Price andvolume cartels among producers
ofUHT milkshould beabolished.Private salescontracts havebeen
abolished. State intervention in
themilk market iscurrently
under revision andanew, more
liberal lawisexpected toenter
intoforce in1997/98.
Concentration inthe
Swiss publishing
market
(No.4,1993)Binding codes ofconduct forpublishers andadvertising companies
established bytheCartel Commission (5/1994).Codes havealready beenusedto
dealwithcomplaints addressed
totheCartel Commission.
Physiotherapy
(No.4,1993)Abolish exclusivity clauses inconventions between theSwiss
Federation ofPhysiotherapists andtheassociation ofhealth insurers
thatprevent members from concluding rateagreements outside the
convention.Both theFederation andthe
association have modified their
statutes inagreement with the
recommendation.
Market forice-hockey
sticks (No.4,1993)Abolish the1985 contract between theSwiss IceHockey League and
thegroup ofcompanies marketing icehockey sticks andother
equipment, which prohibits League players fromusing equipment not
provided bythegroup. Abolish allsimilar agreements inother sports
inSwitzerland.Thecontract hasbeenrescinded;
parallel imports ofcompeting
brands arepossible.
Boycott inthemarket
forprinted advertising
byasports magazine
("Smash")
(No.4,1993)Under pressure from Swiss importers, theleading Swiss tennis
magazine hasboycotted theprinted advertising ofacompany selling
tennis equipment atlower prices through parallel imports. TheCartel
Commission hasrecommended thatthemagazine cease thispractice
because ofitsanti-competitive effects.Recommendation notfollowed
bythemagazine.
Competition inthe
cement market
(No.5,1993)Abolish current agreements thatrestrict production; fixprices
(including discounts); limittherange ofsupplies; co-ordinate export
policies andpricing practices tocombat imports; prohibit individual
publicity; co-ordinate transport decisions; andestablish exclusive
supply links with twowholesale trade organizations. Abolish a
convention determining modes andprices oftransport, andthe
exclusive carriers ofcement. Allow transport companies tostock
cement. Abolish anagreement thatlimits supplies ofcontainers, and
therefore capacity, andotherwise restricts competition. Abolish rules
providing formarket-sharing arrangements among road transport
companies. Remove theobligation ontwowholesalers tobuy
exclusively Swiss cement; liberalize resale ofcement, construction
plaster andgypsum, andabolish discriminatory pricing practices.
Eliminate exclusive links between onesupplier ofpaperbags andthe
cement producers. Remove discriminatory transport tariffs and
immobilization costs (ofrailway cars) affecting outsiders.The Swiss cement producers
undertook toabolish their
associationandcartel
arrangements. Exclusive
transport requirements were
abolished. Anew transport
agreement regroups cement
producers toenable them to
achieve better prices forrail
transport; third parties (e.g.
foreign producers, importers)
may join the agreement.
AccordingtotheCartel
Commission, thenewagreement
establishes acartel limited to
sharing traffic between railand
road transport; ithaspositive
effects ontheenvironment and
does notinprinciple restrict
competition.
Table AIII.2 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/13
Page 106Trade Policy Review
Report Main recommendations andsuggestions Subsequent developments
Market forsand,
gravel andconcrete in
theCanton ofBasel
(No.2,1994)Abolish provisions establishing exclusive links between gravel
quarries andtheassociation ofgravel andconcrete producers
(Verband derKies- undTransportbetonwerke Basel, VKTB); abolish
anagreement withaforeign gravel supplier (Weba Kiesimport AG)
nottocompete inmortar andother finalproducts; eliminate market-
sharing andminimum price arrangements forconcrete among VKTB
members; abolish exclusivity premiums offered byVKTB members
tolong-standing clients; abolish clauses preventing VKTB members
from dealing directly withfinalcustomers andfrom selling tonon-
organized companies; andabolish apremium offered toapotential
competitor (Meyer-Spinnler AG)fornotentering theconcrete market.VKTB introduced newrules at
theendof1995, these were
beingexaminedbythe
Commission.
Switchboards for
private companies
(Autocommutateurs
d'usagers )
(No.2,1994)Abolish theexclusive links established between theSwiss
Telecommunications Operator (PTT) anditssuppliers ofswitchboards
(Ascom, Alcatel, Siemens-Albis andTelepax); allow forparallel
imports andsales ofswitchboards; abolish clauses prohibiting
companies from performing maintenance work independently ofPTT
orfrom installing ormanufacturing products notsupplied byPTT;
abolish acontractual obligation ofagroup ofindependent telephone
engineers (EG-Tel AG) vis-à-vis PTT topreferably install PTT
equipment; amend technical requirements sothatapproval of
switchboards isbased solely onconsiderations ofsecurity andnetwork
protection; exhaust theprocedural possibilities forproduct approval
provided forunder the1992 Law onTelecommunications anda
related ordinance tofacilitate conformity certification byforeign
manufacturers andlaboratories.Relevant contracts have been
amendedorrescinded.
Technical norms have been
adapted inline with the
Commission'srecommendations.
Competition inthe
motor vehicle market
(No.3,1994)Exclusive supply anddistribution agreements may beconcluded
between manufacturers anddealers, butnotbetween manufacturers
andaspecified single importer. Cross-supplies among dealers
should bepossible bothinternally andinternationally. Abolish all
provisions preventing dealers fromimporting orre-exporting newcars
of"their" make aswellasusing andselling spare parts notprovided
through the"official" importer. Installation of"non-genuine" spare
parts byindependent garages should notinprinciple affect warranty
benefits. Bonuses andother discounts contingent onthevolume of
spare parts soldshould beabolished ifthey distort competition.
Contractual provisions relating toadealer 'sstocks must beamended
soastobeacceptable tobothdealer andimporter. Whenever an
exclusive dealer 'spremises conform totheimporter 'sspecification,
thesupply contract should beforatleast4years, permanent contracts
should berevocable onatleast12months 'notice. Importers must
notfixretail prices ofspare parts. Direct imports must beaccorded
thesame maintenance andwarranty services as"official" imports.
Official importers must notseektoenforce national exhaustion (i.e.
exclusivity rights under patent andtrademark legislation) andimpose
penalties intheevent ofparallel imports ofcarsandparts bytheir
dealers. TheFederal Council should draftnewlegislation ifcurrent
intellectual property laws donotprevent unjustified market
segmentation. Technical requirements should beharmonized with
those ofmain trading partners soastoremove distortions to
competition. Conformity approval should alsobeharmonized and
testscarried outabroad accepted.Changesinhomologation
introduced inOctober 1995
allow private consumers to
import carsdirectly iftheyhave
theEUconformity certificate;
homologation isstillcompulsory
forprofessional importers, but
thesame documents may be
presented asthose needed forEU
homologation. Parallel
importers may refer tothe
official importer 'shomologation,
subject tothepayment ofan
import licensing fee.
Table AIII.2 (cont'd)Switzerland WT/TPR/S/13
Page 107
Report Main recommendations andsuggestions Subsequent developments
Cheese market
regulation
(No.4,1994)Abolish market regulations, inparticular government-set prices and
sales margins, andacompulsory purchase requirement ontheSwiss
Cheese Union (USF) ofallhard cheese produced byprocessors.
Abandon USFinitscurrent form asaState-trading monopoly; rely
ontheprivate sector should acommon organization bedeemed
necessary tomarket exportable cheese; andintroduce progressively a
marketing system inconformity with competition lawandprivate
sector legislation. During thetransition, government-set milkprices
should disappear; farmers should becompensated forincome losses;
compensatory payments should belimited towellspecified general
interest tasks; theFederal Government maysubsidize production of
butter andskimmed milk. Anintervention mechanism, managed by
theFederal Government, should assist thetransition process untilthe
milkmarket reaches abalance. Amutual exclusivity clause between
milkproducers andprocessors should beabolished.Cheese market regulations are
currently under review. More
liberal legislation isexpected in
1997-98.
Bread flour market
(No.4,1994)Establish areform programme toimprove current structures inthe
sector while respecting theConstitution. Reforms should include the
eventual abolition ofproduction quotas; price premiums should be
provided only toensure food supply security; liberalize millers '
direct access toSwiss wheat; provide transport subsidies only to
ensure food supply security. Thetwoleading retailers should not
expect suppliers tohonour theirdominant position.The millers 'cartel hasbeen
abolished; thesector iscurrently
undergoing restructuring.
Market formedical
services intheCanton
ofBern (No.5,1994
and1a,1996)Prevent thedoctors 'association from: threatening members who
conclude separate contracts withhealth insurers from exclusion and
lossofcertain titles ("FMH"); prohibiting members from charging
rates below those established inconventions; and limiting
professional contacts ofitsmembers with non-members fornon-
medical reasons. Oblige doctors toinform patients about thecostof
treatment andrequest theassociation toinvestigate howtoimprove
patients 'information about doctors. Abolish theprohibition, bythe
Berne Cantonal Federation ofHealth Insurers (FCBCM), onits
members toconclude separate contracts withhealth service providers
andtofreely setrates; encourage theFCBCM tobetter inform clients
ofthecostofinsurance services. Abolish anyexclusivity and"most-
favoured party" clauses infuture conventions between theFCBCM
andthedoctors 'association. Encourage co-operation between
FCBCM andthedoctors 'association withaview toestablishing a
standard health contract andtypology oftreatment, andremove the
linkinfederal lawbetween medical titlesandmembership onmedical
associations. Reinforce therôleoftheFederal Office ofSocial
Insurance (OFAS) inco-ordinating efforts toreduce costs. Inform the
public ofcantonal medical titlesequivalent toSwiss medical titles.Most recommendations have
been accepted both bythe
FCBCM and the doctors '
association. The "FMH"
medical titleisnolonger linked
tomembership ofthedoctors '
association.
Cantonal banks
(No.3,1995)Remove distortions tocompetition resulting from thespecial status of
cantonal banks, inparticular: thegovernment guarantee ofdeposits;
theexemption fromauthorization bytheFederal Banking Commission
(CFB); different reserve requirements; special rules regarding own
funds; andspecial provisions sharing responsibility between banks
andcantonal authorities. Atthecantonal level, transfer surveillance
functions vis-à-vis thebanks totheCFB; reconsider themandate of
cantonal banks; examine regularly whether thebanks 'return on
equity isadequate andtheirtaxexemption isreflected in,andjustified
by,additional profits; review statutory limitations onthebanks '
commercial activities; andensure thattheCanton 'scommercial
relations with thebanks aregoverned exclusively byeconomic
criteria.
Competition on
certain markets for
waste (No.2,1995)Norecommendations.
Table AIII.2 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/13
Page 108Trade Policy Review
Report Main recommendations andsuggestions Subsequent developments
Carinsurance
(No.3,1995)Abolish aconvention between insurance companies imposing penalties
oncompanies accepting newcustomers following premium changes;
revise Article 24oftheLawonInsurance Contracts toprovide for
premium refunds ifcontracts arecancelled prior totheir regular
expiry dates; revise Article 54oftheLawtoimprove competition,
notably ifcarownership changes (atpresent, insurance contracts are
linked tothecar).The convention has been
rescinded.
Code ofconduct for
Telecom PTT
(No.1a,1996)Binding code ofconduct togovern theinterim period untiltheentry
intoforce ofthenewLawonTelecommunications. Theobjective is
toprevent Telecom from forestalling newmarket entries (e.g. via
acquisitions).Telecom PTThasaccepted the
codeandreferred afirstcasefor
examination tothe Cartel
Commission.
Source: Cartel Commission; WTO Secretariat.Switzerland WT/TPR/S/13
Page 109
Table AIV.1
Real production bysector, 1990-94
(Index 1989 =100)
Sector 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Agriculture 94 98 100 100 97
Manufacture offood, beverages andtobacco 100 102 100 101 104
Electricity, gas,water andenvironmental protection 100 104 105 107 116
Textiles 94 91 89 85 96
Clothing andfootwear 99 96 94 90 86
Paper 99 96 97 99 105
Printing andpublishing 101 95 87 85 94
Leather, rubber andplastic products 106 103 104 105 99
Chemicals 100 104 109 118 134
Mining andquarrying 100 90 84 81 90
Basic metal industry 101 98 93 89 97
Metal products, machinery andequipment 107 100 94 89 94
Electrical apparatus andcommunications equipment 103 99 94 94 103
Jewellery andwatches 100 90 98 105 93
Wood andwood products, other manufacturing industries 105 102 97 93 102
Construction 101 97 93 92 93
Trade services (wholesale andretail) 102 101 103 99 100
Banking services 95 101 108 109 104
Insurance services 95 92 94 96 98
Transport andcommunications services 101 100 98 101 102
Hotels andrestaurants 103 101 96 95 94
Health services 103 101 96 95 94
Other services 106 100 97 96 95
Source: Zentrum fürZukunftsforschung, St.Gallen.WT/TPR/S/13
Page 110Trade Policy Review
Table AIV.2
Employment bysector, 1990-94
(Index 1989 =100)
Sector 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Agriculture 96 92 88 90 85
Manufacture offood, beverages andtobacco 102 101 96 94 96
Electricity, gas,water andenvironmental protection 104 107 108 108 110
Textiles 99 92 85 77 76
Clothing andfootwear 93 84 73 67 69
Paper 100 99 95 93 90
Printing andpublishing 102 101 92 87 88
Leather, rubber andplastic products 103 101 93 86 87
Chemicals 102 101 98 99 101
Mining andquarrying 102 99 94 89 91
Basic metal industry 103 102 96 91 91
Metal products, machinery andequipment 99 99 93 88 84
Electrical apparatus andcommunications equipment 101 98 91 88 88
Jewellery andwatches 105 102 97 95 99
Wood andwood products, other manufacturing industries 102 99 90 84 85
Construction 99 94 90 91 89
Trade services (wholesale andretail) 102 102 103 104 102
Banking services 104 105 104 107 110
Insurance services 103 107 111 110 111
Transport andcommunications services 103 104 101 103 103
Hotels andrestaurants 100 101 100 100 101
Health services 100 100 100 100 100
Other services 108 115 116 117 117
Source: Zentrum fürZukunftsforschung, St.Gallen .