RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE WT/CTE/W/28
19April 1996
ORGANIZATION(96-1447)
Committee onTrade andEnvironment
ITEM 4:THE PROVISIONS OFTHE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM
WITH RESPECT TOTHE TRANSPARENCY OFTRADE MEASURES USED
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
AND REQUIREMENTS WHICH HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRADE EFFECTS
Note bytheSecretariat
1. Atthemeeting oftheCommittee on14December 1995, several delegations requested the
Secretariat toupdate WT/CTE/W/5 andprovide additional information onitsAnnex --"Potential
Identified Gaps inExisting Transparency Provisions" --toassist theCommittee inconsidering the
adequacy ofWTO provisions inensuring thetransparency oftrade measures usedfor
environmental purposes andenvironmental measures andrequirements which havesignificant
trade effects.
2. Thelistannexed toWT/CTE/W/5 (seeAnnex) wascompiled from statements made during
theEMIT Group 'sdiscussions aswellasintheWTO PrepCom inwhich some delegations
suggested thatcertain measures maynotfallunder anyexisting WTO transparency provision and
maytherefore represent anabsolute gapinthose provisions which theCommittee should consider
closing. During discussions onItem4intheCommittee (W/CTE/M/2 andM/6) several
delegations suggested thatthecomprehensive nature ofWTO andGATT 1994 transparency
provisions make itunlikely thatanyabsolute gapsexist.
3. However, several Members feltthattheCommittee should further examine particular
environmental measures including environmental packaging, eco-labelling schemes, waste handling
andrecycling schemes, taxes andcharges, andmeasures taken atthelocalorsub-federal levelto
determine thesufficiency ofWTO andGATT 1994 transparency provisions. They expressed
doubts that,forexample, GATT Article Xextended tocover voluntary measures administered by
theprivate sector (such ascertain eco-labelling schemes) orthatthe1979 Understanding
Regarding Notification Consultation, Dispute Settlement andSurveillance covered measures which
arenottrade measures inthetraditional sense oftheterm(such asdomestic taxes andcharges).
4. Itwasnoted thatthere maybedifferences among WTO Members inhowtheyindividually
interpret orcomply withtheirtransparency obligations. Several delegations stated thattheissues
ofinterpretation orcompliance arenotmatters thatshould betaken upbytheCommittee onTrade
andEnvironment andthatthese arebeing discussed inother Committees andWorking Groups,
particularly theWorking Group onNotification Obligations andRequirements.1Itisworth noting
thatinitsfirstReport inNovember 1995 (G/L/30), theWorking Group identified aneedfor
1TheMinisterial Decision onNotification Procedures, which wasadopted bytheGeneral Council on31January 1995, provided
thattheCouncil forTrade inGoods undertake areview ofnotification obligations andprocedures intheAgreements inAnnex 1Aof
theWTO Agreement. Forthispurpose, theWorking Group onNotification Obligations andProcedures wasestablished in
February 1995.WT/CTE/W/28
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further examination of,interalia,assistance tosome developing countries inmeeting their
notification obligations.
5. Anadditional factor mentioned intheCommittee onTrade andEnvironment wasthat
there maybeaneedtoreview theadequacy oftheleveloftransparency towhich specific
measures under consideration aresubject. Various levels oftransparency arecalled forunder
WTO provisions, ranging from anobligation topublish (e.g.GATT Article X),anobligation to
notify expost(e.g.the1979 Understanding); anobligation tonotify exante(e.g., the
TBTAgreement), andanobligation toestablish enquiry points (e.g., theTBTAgreement).
6. Inorder tohelpidentify andmonitor environmental measures which might haveanimpact
onmarket access, particularly fordeveloping countries, oneMember suggested during the
Sub-Committee onTrade andEnvironment thattheCommittee consider theestablishment ofa
"database onenvironmental measures withaneffect ontrade", andthatconsideration include
"what wasnecessary andfeasible interms ofmonitoring anddatacollection inthisareaunder the
WTO, taking dueaccount ofwork donebyother organizations inorder toavoid duplication of
efforts". Subsequent proposals intheCommittee byseveral Members havecalled forthe
establishment ofenvironmental enquiry points tohelpensure adequate transparency of
environmental measures (PC/SCTE/M/5; WT/CTE/M/2 andWT/CTE/M/6).
7. ThisNote focuses ontheextent towhich itcanbededuced from thescope ofexisting
WTO transparency provisions andthenotifications which havebeenmade whether anyofthe
measures listed intheAnnex toWT/CTE/W/5 escape entirely allforms ofWTO transparency
requirements. Itshould benoted thattheexamples citedareintended tobeillustrative only.
SUMMARY
8. WT/CTE/W/5 contained asummary ofthemain WTO transparency provisions relating to
themeasures contained intheannexed listof"potential gaps". Since then, theWorking Group on
Notification Obligations andProcedures hasidentified some 215different WTO notification
requirements, some ofwhich alsohaveabearing onthese measures.
9. Abroad range oftrade-related environmental measures havebeennotified under GATT
andWTO provisions. They include measures related toenergy conservation programmes, soil
andforestry conservation, environmental labelling, environmental packaging, waste reduction
schemes, recycling anddisposal measures, deposit-refund andtake-back requirements and
producer responsibility forwaste handling, environmental impact assessment procedures, pollution
regulations, subsidies, including taxconcessions, preferential measures forenvironmentally-related
investment funds, andenvironmental measures related totradeable services.
10. Asignificant majority ofthese measures hasbeennotified intheform oftechnical
regulations under theTBTAgreement. From thelistcontained inWT/CTE/W/5, measures
notified under theTBTAgreement include handling requirements, packaging regulations,
including take-back anddeposit-refund schemes, labelling andeco-labelling schemes, internal
taxes andother internal charges, measures taken pursuant totheimplementation ofMEAs, and
regulations based substantially oninternational standards.WT/CTE/W/28
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11. Thefollowing tableupdates TBT/W/156 andprovides asummary ofTBTnotifications
since 1980, indicating those forwhich theobjective andrationale ofthetechnical regulation was
given inthenotification astheprotection oftheenvironment.
YearNumber ofenvironment
notificationsTotal number of
notifications%ofenvironment
notifications
1980-90 211 2687 7.8%
1991 35 358 9.7%
1992 36 394 9.1%
1993 42 487 8.6%
1994 35 508 6.9%
1995 (Tokyo Round) - 27 -
1995 (WTO TBT) 41 365 11.2%
1980-1995 400 4,826 8.3%
12. Notifications ofenvironment-related measures havealsobeenprovided byMembers under
theAgreements onSubsidies andCountervailing Measures, Agriculture, Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures, Import Licensing Procedures, Textiles, Services andState Trading.
General information related toenvironmental measures hasalsobeencontained insome Trade
Policy Reviews.
13. Environmental characteristics aresometimes neither thesolenorpredominant feature of
thenotified measures. Forexample, information onsoilconservation measures
(G/SCM/N/3/Can) andontheconservation ofendangered natural breeds (G/AG/N/CHE/1) has
beenprovided inthecontext ofnotifications ofagricultural support programmes. Onesubsidy
notification included information onpublic assistance programmes tosupport thedevelopment and
diffusion ofcleaner technologies orgrants forwaste reduction andrecycling (G/SCM/N/3/Nor).
Some notifications under theGATS contained information regarding public financial assistance
programmes forcompanies developing orusing environmental technology (GATS/EL/31;
GATS/EL/33).
14. Thefollowing observations appear relevant fortheCommittee 'sfurther work onthisItem:
(a) Notifications havebeenreceived from atleastoneMember under most ofthefifteen
categories ofmeasures contained intheAnnex toWT/CTE/W/5.
(b) Thenumber ofnotifications ofanyparticular measure made maynotreflect accurately the
number ofMembers actually applying thatmeasure. Insome cases, itwould appear that
onlyasmall number ofMembers hasopted tomake notifications. Forexample, although
there havebeennumerous notifications oftrade measures taken inthecontext ofMEAs,
these havebeensubmitted byonlyasmall proportion ofWTO Members which areParties
totheMEAs. Inother cases, veryfewnotifications havebeenmade byMembers. For
example, onlythree notifications covered internal environmental taxes andcharges; one
covered environmentally-related processes andproduction methods (PPMs); two
notifications covered technical regulations orstandards based substantially oninternational
standards; andonecovered environmentally-related measures taken atthesub-federal
level.WT/CTE/W/28
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(c) Thefactthatnotifications oftrade-related environmental measures arescattered under the
many WTO notification provisions thatnowexistmaymake itdifficult forMembers to
benefit fullyfrom thetransparency which these provisions havebeendesigned toprovide.
Inthatregard, itmight befeltuseful fortheSecretariat onaregular basis tocollate all
notifications oftrade-related environmental measures fortheeaseofreference of
Members. Itwillberecalled thatoneMember proposed attheDecember 1995
Committee meeting thedevelopment ofan"open-ended inventory system" including
information onthetypeofmeasure, itspurpose andproduct coverage, adescription of
howthemeasure works, comments onitstrade effects, andtherelevant WTO provisions
towhich itisrelated, withtheaimofincreasing multilateral transparency
((WT/CTE/M/6). Itwillberecalled thatsome Members oftheCommittee havenoted
thatthere isaGATT/WTO tradition offocusing onthenature orcharacteristics ofa
measure, andnotitspolicy purpose.
REVIEW OFMEASURES CONTAINED INTHE LIST OF"POTENTIAL IDENTIFIED GAPS
INEXISTING TRANSPARENCY PROVISIONS" (WT/CTE/W/5,ANNEX)
(i) Handling Requirements
15. In1995, 12TBTnotifications related tohandling requirements andregulations.
Examples include notifications ofcharges forhandling controlled substances identified inthe
Montreal Protocol (G/TBT/Notif.95.94); handling requirements related topesticides
(G/TBT/Notif.95.216); halogenated hydrocarbons (G/TBT/Notif.95.94); wastes, including
handling requirements andother measures forradioactive wastes (G/TBT/Notif.95.185)2;and
flammable liquids (G/TBT/Notif.95.21). Previous examples include anotification ofhandling
requirements related topesticides andchemicals (TBT/Notif.93.180). In1996, one
TBTnotification related tohandling requirements foragricultural andhorticultural sheeting
(G/TBT/Notif.96.4).
16. Although themajority ofnotifications related tohandling requirements fellunder the
TBTAgreement, several notifications related towaste andwaste handling havebeenprovided by
Members under theAgreement onImport Licensing Procedures. Examples include import and/or
export restrictions related toradioactive wastes (G/LIC/N/3/USA/1); anddangerous chemicals;
(G/LIC/N/3/MUS/1).
(ii) Other packaging requirements including bans, technical regulations thatmay
require compliance withcertain characteristics inorder forpackaging tobeputon
themarket orallowed intothecountry, andtakebackrequirements
17. TBTnotifications under thiscategory include packaging requirements related tothe
unhealthy orhazardous contents orwaste, including required information disclosure intended to
increase environmentally sound packaging (G/TBT/Notif.95.206); producer responsibility for
newsprint, including take-back requirements covering newspaper andmagazine paper, telephone
books andmail-order books (G/TBT/Notif.95.244). Select Trade Policy Reviews provide
information onpackaging andrelated requirements. Forexample, theTPRforthe
European Union (WT/TPR/S/3) provided general information onpackaging regulations, including
information onarecent aEuropean Parliament andCouncil Directive onpackaging.
2IntheTrade Policy Review fortheCzech Republic (WT/TPR/G/12), general information isprovided withregards quantitative
restrictions onspecific waste imports. These restrictions relate to"waste andscrap orpaperboard andferrous waste andscrap".WT/CTE/W/28
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(iii) Labelling AndEco-labelling Schemes, Including TheCriteria ToBeSatisfied In
Order ToBeGranted aLabel
18. In1995, over50TBTnotifications contained information ongeneral labelling schemes,
ofwhich several notifications were related toenvironmental labelling schemes. Asignificant
proportion ofTBTnotifications inthiscategory relate tomeasures taken pursuant toMEAs (see
Category XII). Some notifications covered general labelling schemes which involved
environmental protection aspartoftheirpolicy objectives. TwoTBTnotifications covered (a)a
proposed (unadopted) voluntary eco-labelling scheme related totimber andtimber products
(TBT/Notif.93.123) and(b)avoluntary labelforenergy efficiency standards
(G/TBT/Notif.95.120).
19. TBTnotifications ofmandatory eco-labelling schemes included: chemical products
(TBT/Notif.91.25; TBT/Notif.92.366; TBT/Notif.93.180); equipment -emitting noise
(TBT/Notif.91.26); substances andpreparations dangerous totheenvironment
(TBT/Notif.92.136); batteries andaccumulators containing certain hazardous substances
(TBT/Notif.92.285); ozone-depleting substances (TBT/Notif.93.181; TBT/Notif.94.6;
TBT/Notif.94.152); asbestos brake andclutch linings (G/TBT/Notif.95.142); engine vehicle
requirements (G/TBT/Notif.95.242); harmonized energy efficiency standards forselect consumer
goods (G/TBT/Notif.95.320); electrical andhydrocarbon efficiency standards
(G/TBT/Notif.95.51); andpaints containing leadcompounds (G/TBT/Notif.95.84).
20. Information oneco-labelling schemes arealsocontained intheTrade Policy Review. For
example, theTPRoftheEuropean Union (WT/TPR/S/3) provided general information onan
ECDecision which specified eco-labelling criteria forwashing machines anddishwashers (in
June1993), kitchen rolls, toilet paper andsoilimprovement substances (November 1994).
(iv) Processes AndProduction Methods, Including Those Emanating From Product
Life-Cycle Analysis
21. Although several notifications ofPPM-based measures havebeencovered under the
TBTAgreement, fewrelate toenvironmental measures. Oneexample covered measures taken
pursuant toanMEA: TBT/Notif.91.259 covered articles containing orproduced byusing
HCFCs, andincluded abanontheimportation ofcertain packing andinsulating materials and
certain furniture orparts containing softorrigidfoam manufactured withHCFC. Other examples
include foodprocessing criteria (G/TBT/Notif.95.266); animal feeds (G/TBT/Notif.96.10);
allowable additives inwine(G/TBT/Notif.95.293); andcertain life-saving products
(G/TBT/Notif.96.16). Oneeco-labelling scheme notified under theTBTAgreement contained a
reference toPPMs based onlife-cycle reviews (G/TBT/Notif.95/43).
(v) Packaging, Labelling AndOther General Environmental Measures Taken By
Governments AtTheSub-Federal Level
22. There hasbeenonenotification ofenvironmental measures taken atthesub-federal levelin
accordance withTBTArticle 3"Preparation, Adoption andApplication ofTechnical Regulations
byLocal Government Bodies andnon-Governmental Bodies" related toenergy efficiency
requirements atthesub-federal levelforelectrical andhydro-electrical appliances
(G/TBT/Notif.95.50). Anotification bythesame Member covered labelling requirements of
sub-federal alcohol retail distribution authorities (G/TBT/Notif.95.51).WT/CTE/W/28
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(vi) Economic Instruments AndRegulations
23. Eco-labelling, packaging anddeposit-refund systems areoften considered tobeone
component ofeconomic instruments, andarecovered elsewhere intheList. Three
TBTnotifications covered internal fiscal measures intended toencourage consumer useof
unleaded fuels(TBT/Notif. 80.6.1; TBT/Notif.85.174; TBT/Notif. 87.90). General information
isalsoprovided inselect TPRs regarding some aspects ofenvironmental taxes andregulations.
(vii) Deposit Refund Schemes
24. Three notifications related toenvironmental deposit-refund systems havebeenprovided by
thesame Member. They cover non-returnable bottles forsoftdrinks andmineral waters
(TBT/Notif.93.313); atake-back scheme forbatteries (TBT/Notif.94.269); andatake-back
scheme forwheeled containers (G/TBT/Notif.95.43).
(viii) Domestic Taxes
25. GATT Article Xprovides explicitly forthepublication of"Laws, regulations, judicial
decisions andadministrative rulings ofgeneral application, made effective byanycontracting
party, pertaining totheclassification orthevaluation ofproducts forcustoms purposes, ortorates
ofduty, taxes orother charges, ortorequirements, restrictions orprohibitions onimports or
exports oronthetransfer ofpayments thereof, oraffecting theirsale,distribution, transportation,
insurance, warehousing inspection, exhibition, processing, mixing orother use..." Several
Members havenoted thatthetransparency provisions inArticle Xaresufficiently comprehensive
tocover abroad range ofenvironmental measures, including taxes andcharges andother
measures.
26. Information ontaxrebate policies iscontained inselect notifications under theAgreement
onSubsidies andCountervailing Measures. Among these were notifications oftax-related
measures intended topromote investment intheenvironmental sector. Onenotification
(G/SCM/N/3/Nor) provided information onadomestic taxconcession scheme fortheminerals, oil
andcoalsectors, intended tohelpoffset certain industry-level costs ofcarbon dioxide taxes.
Another SCM notification provided information oninvestment-related taxconcessions topromote
themanufacturing ofup-to-date andenvironmentally-friendly products (G/SCM/N/9/Hun).
(ix) Measures Related ToSubsidies
27. OneMember provided notification ofdomestic subsidies related toenvironmental
objectives including assistance inwaste management andrecycling; grants orconcessional loans
toincrease energy efficiency; measures tohelpreduce carbon dioxide
emissions(G/SCM/N/3/Nor). Another notified measures toimprove theconservation offisheries,
sustainable management offorestry, andsoilconservation (G/SCM/N/3/Can).
(x) Measures Under Article XX
28. Asnoted inL/6896, between 1980 and1991, theInventory ofQuantitative Restrictions
contained 54notifications ofrestrictions justified under Article XX(b); 12restrictions justified
under Article XX(g); and14restrictions justified under Article XX(h). More recently, one
Member provided anotification pursuant totheDecision onNotification Procedures for
Quantitative Restrictions related torestrictions inthetrade ofcontrolled products/substances
identified under theMontreal Protocol andtheBasel Convention withjustification under
Article XX(b), (g)and(j)(G/MA/NTM/QR/1); andanotification totheTextiles MonitoringWT/CTE/W/28
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Body ofanimport prohibition oncertain types offishing netsandnetsusedforcatching game
(G/TMB/N/146). Anadditional source oftransparency related tomeasures taken under Article XX
isthe"Replies toQuestionnaire onImport Licensing Procedures" under theCommittee onImport
Licensing. In1996, oneMembers provided notification ofproducts subject toimport controls
through licensing under Article XX(b) andother provisions: examples ofproducts listed include
organic chemicals, pharmaceutical products, surface-active preparation andwaste materials
(G/LIC/N/3/CYP/1).
(xi) General Measures Taken ForEnvironmental Protection
29. Thiscategory from theListinW/CTE/W/5 isunderstood tocomprise allother measures
notlisted more explicitly under other categories. Thisincludes TBTnotifications which covered a
banontheexport andprofessional transport ofmercury (G/TBT/Notif.95.300); andaproposed
regulation thatwould bantheregistration ofnewvehicles ofpermitted gross vehicle weight not
more thanfourtonnes which arepowered bydiesel compression ignition engines
(G/TBT/Notif.95.339).
30. Under aNotification Pursuant toArticle XVII:4(a) oftheGATT 1994 andParagraph 1of
theUnderstanding oftheInterpretation ofArticle XVII (State Trading), oneMember provided
information onthemarketing offuels, withapartial justification ofstateenterprise arrangements
related toincreasing environmental sensitivity inthehydrocarbons sector (G/STR/N/1/CRI).
Notifications under theAgreement onAgriculture included information onmeasures forthe
conservation ofendangered natural breeds (G/AG/N/CHE/1); andinformation on
agriculturally-related "Environmental Programmes" related tosoilerosion andsoilconservation
(G/AG/N/NZL/2).
31. Certain Trade Policy Reviews covered some general measures forenvironmental
protection. Forexample, theTPRs forMauritius andVenezuela contain information onnational
requirements related toEnvironment Impact Assessment certificates, aswellasgeneral
information ondomestic environmental regulations andother measures.
(xii) Article IIIMeasures
32. Environmental measures related toGATT Article IIIarecovered incategories (vi),(viii)
and(xi)above.
(xiii) Trade Measures Taken ForTheImplementation ofMultilateral Environmental
Agreements
33. Themost extensive notifications inthiscategory related totheimplementation ofthe
Montreal Protocol. Since 1990, there havebeensome 40TBTnotifications inthiscategory which
contain either explicit reference totheMontreal Protocol, orwhich identify measures for
substances explicitly controlled under theProtocol.3These TBTnotifications related tothe
3Notifications under theTBTrelated totheMontreal Protocol include thefollowing: (TBT/Notif.90.59); (TBT/Notif.90.206);
(TBT/Notif.90.271); (TBT/Notif.90.144); (TBT/Notif.90.235); (TBT/Notif.90.236); (TBT/Notif.91.25); (TBT/Notif.92.92);
(TBT/Notif.90.300); (TBT/Notif.90.309); (TBT/Notif.90.310); (TBT/Notif.91.87); (TBT/Notif.91.88); (TBT/Notif.91.219);
(TBT/Notif.91.253); (TBT/Notif.91.255); (TBT/Notif.91.328); (TBT/Notif.92.130); (TBT/Notif.92.2); (TBT/Notif.92.136);
(TBT/Notif.92.157); (TBT/Notif.93.136); (TBT/Notif.93.157); (TBT/Notif.93.357); (TBT/Notif.93.377); (TBT/Notif.93.1);
(TBT/Notif.93.181); (TBT/Notif.94.107); (TBT/Notif.94.214); (TBT/Notif.94.334); (TBT/Notif.94.339); (TBT/Notif.94.6);
(TBT/Notif.94.77); (G/TBT/Notif.95.94); (TBT/Notif.94.418); (G/TBT/Notif.95.273); (G/TBT/Notif.95.82);
(G/TBT/Notif.95.83); (G/TBT/Notif.95.114); (G/TBT/Notif.95.143); (G/TBT/Notif.95.295).WT/CTE/W/28
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Montreal Protocol havebeensubmitted byacomparatively limited number ofMembers inrelation
tothenumber ofMembers which arealsoparty totheMontreal Protocol. In1996, in"Replies to
theQuestionnaire onImport Licensing Procedures" oneMember provided information on
measures related tomandatory import licensing forozone-depleting substances
(G/LIC/N/3/HKG/1).
34. Notifications ofmeasures taken inrelation totheimplementation ofCITES orwith
reference totrade measures usedinrelation totheprotection ofendangered species arecontained
atleasttwonotifications under theAgreement onImport Licensing (L/5640/Add.36/Rev.6);
(L/5640/Add.40/Rev.3). Inaddition, some Members provided information related toendangered
species measures inthe"Replies toQuestionnaire onImport Licensing Procedures" submitted to
theCommittee onImport Licensing (G/LIC/N/3/Arg/1; G/LIC/N/3/CAN/1; G/LIC/N/3/HKG/1;
G/LIC/N/3/USA/1).
35. OneTBTnotification covered implementation oftheBasel Convention (TBT/Notif.92.171)
andanother covered measures taken inthecontext oftheprovisions oftheBasel Convention.
(TBT/Notif.92.172). OneTBTnotification covered measures taken inrelation tothe
implementation ofthevoluntary London Guidelines (TBT/Notif.93.180).
(xiv) Regulations orStandards Based Substantially onInternational Standards
36. TheTBTAgreement (Article 2and5)would notappear torequire notification oftechnical
regulations orstandards based inwhole orinpartoninternational standards. However one
TBTnotification covered fuel-efficiency standards based onUNECE Regulation No.15.04
(TBT/Not.86.83); andanother covered requirements foravoluntary energy efficiency labelling
schemes forhousehold refrigerant andappliances based onISO8187 standards
(G/TBT/Notif.95.120).
(xv) Environmental Measures intheArea ofServices:
37. Notifications under theGeneral Agreement onTrade inServices related tothe
environment included regulations related tointernal waterways passenger freight and
transportation provisions which include environmental protection objectives (GATS/EL/26); and
tomeasures taken inrelation tosupporting theuseofenvironmental technologies (GATS/EL/31)
(GATS/EL/33).WT/CTE/W/28
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ANNEX
(From WT/CTE/W/5 and
TRE/W/7)
Potential Identified Gaps inExisting Transparency Provisions
(February 1993)
1. Handling Requirements
2. Other packaging requirements including bans, technical regulations thatmayrequire
compliance withcertain characteristics inorder forpackaging tobeputonthemarket or
allowed intothecountry, andtake-back requirements.
3. Labelling andeco-labelling schemes including thecriteria tobesatisfied inorder tobe
granted alabel
4. Processes andproduction methods, including those emanating from product life-cycle
analysis
5. Packaging, labelling andother general environmental measures taken bygovernments at
thesub-federal level
6. Economic instruments orregulations
7. Deposit refund schemes
8. Domestic taxes
9. Measures related tosubsidies
10. Measures under Article XX
11. General measures taken forenvironmental protection
12. Article IIImeasures
13. Trade measures taken fortheimplementation ofmultilateral environmental agreements
14. Regulations orstandards based substantially oninternational standards
15. Environmental measures intheareaofservices