RESTRICTED
WORLD TRADE G/STR/N/1/USA
29September 1995
ORGANIZATION(95-2840)
Original: English
STATE TRADING
Notification Pursuant toArticle XVII:4(a) oftheGATT 1994 and
Paragraph 1oftheUnderstanding ontheInterpretation ofArticle XVII
UNITED STATES
Thefollowing communication, dated 12September 1995, hasbeen received from the
United States Trade Representative.
_______________
Pursuant totheprovisions ofArticle XVII:4(a) oftheGATT 1994 andparagraph 1ofthe
Understanding ontheInterpretation ofArticle XVII, Ihavethehonour tosubmit theUnited States '
notification concerning StateTrading Enterprises inaccordance withthequestionnaire onstatetrading
setoutinBISD 9S/184-185.
Thisnotification includes thefollowing programmes/enterprises:
TheCommodity Credit Corporation
TheFederal Helium Program
TheIsotope Production andDistribution Program
United States Enrichment Corporation
Naval Petroleum andOilShale Reserves
Strategic Petroleum Reserves
TheAlaska, Bonneville Southeastern, Southwestern, andWestern Area Power Marketing
Administrations
Tennessee Valley Authority
National Stockpile ofStrategic andCritical MaterialsG/STR/N/1/USA
Page2
COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
TheUSDepartment ofAgriculture 'sCommodity Credit Corporation (CCC): miscellaneous
agricultural products.
II. Reasons andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
TheCommodity Credit Corporation (CCC) isagovernment-owned andoperated entity within
theUSDepartment ofAgriculture (USDA). TheCorporation wascreated tostabilize, support, and
protect farmincome andprices. CCCalsohelpsmaintain balanced andadequate supplies ofagricultural
commodities andhelps intheirorderly distribution.
History :CCC wasincorporated on17October 1933, under aDelaware charter witha
capitalization of$3million. Itwasinitially managed andoperated inclose affiliation withthe
ReconstructionFinanceCorporation,whichfundeditsoperations.On1July1939,CCC wastransferred
toUSDA bythePresident 'sReorganization PlanI.Itwasreincorporated on1July1948, asafederal
corporation within USDA bytheCommodity Credit Corporation Charter Act(62Stat.1070, 15U.S.C.
714).
Basic Responsibilities :TheCCC Charter Act,asamended, authorizes theCorporation to
support prices ofagricultural commodities through loans, purchases, payments, andother operations,
andmakes available materials andfacilities required intheproduction andmarketing ofagricultural
commodities. TheCCC Charter Actalsoauthorizes thesaleofagricultural commodities toother
government agencies andforeign governments, andfooddonations todomestic, foreign, orinternational
reliefagencies.CCC alsoassistsinthedevelopmentofnewdomesticandforeignmarketsandmarketing
facilities foragricultural commodities.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofstatetrading enterprises
Organization :CCC ismanaged byaBoard ofDirectors, subject tothegeneral supervision
anddirection oftheSecretary ofAgriculture, whoisanexofficio director andChairman oftheBoard.
TheBoard consists ofseven members, inaddition totheSecretary, whoareappointed bythePresident
oftheUnited States byandwiththeadvice andconsent oftheSenate. Themembers oftheBoard
andtheCorporation 'sofficers areallofficials ofUSDA.
CCChasnooperating personnel. Itspricesupport, storage, reserve anddiversion programmes,
anditsdomestic acquisition anddisposal activities forprice-supported commodities, arecarried out
primarilythroughthepersonnelandfacilitiesoftheConsolidatedFarmServiceAgency(CFSA),formerly
theAgricultural Stabilization andConservation Service. CCC alsousestheservices ofother USDA
agenciestocarryoutitsauthoritiesandresponsibilities.TheAgriculturalMarketingServiceoccasionally
usesCCCauthoritytoacquirevariouscommoditiesfordomesticandforeignfoodassistanceprogrammes.
Export sales(except fortobacco andpeanuts) andforeign assistance disposal ofCCC-controlled stocks
areadministered through theGeneral Sales Manager oftheForeign Agricultural Service (FAS).
Financing :CCC hasanauthorized capital stock of$100 million heldbytheUnited States,
withtheauthority tohaveoutstanding borrowings ofupto$30billion atanyonetime. Thefiscal
year1988 appropriation act,P.L.100-202, increased thestatutory borrowing authority from $25to
$30billion.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page3
Funds areborrowed fromtheTreasury andmayalsobeborrowed fromprivate lending agencies
andothers. TheCorporation reserves asufficient amount ofitsborrowing authority topurchase at
anytimeallnotes andother obligations evidencing loans made bysuchagencies andothers. Allbonds,
notes, debentures, andsimilar obligations issued bytheCorporation aresubject toapproval bythe
Secretary oftheTreasury asrequired bytheActof8March 1938 (15U.S.C. 713a-4). Reservation
ofborrowing authority forthese purposes hasnotbeenrequired formany years.
Interest onborrowings from theTreasury (andoncapital stock) ispaidataratebased upon
theaverage interest rateofalloutstanding marketable obligations (ofcomparable maturity date) of
theUSGovernment asofthepreceding month. Interest mayalsobepaidonother notes andobligations
atarateprescribed bytheCCC andapproved bytheSecretary oftheTreasury. TheDepartment of
Agriculture andRelated Agencies Appropriation Act,1966, made provision forterminating interest
after30June1964,ontheportionoftheCCC'sborrowingsfromtheTreasuryequaltotheunreimbursed
realized losses recorded onthebooks oftheCorporation aftertheendofthefiscal yearinwhich such
losses arerealized.
Commodity Support Activities :Thebasic structure andoperational elements ofcommodity
support programmes arecontained inlegislation commonly known as"theFarm Bill". TheFood,
Agriculture, Conservation andTrade Actof1990 (need legal cite)authorizes commodity support
programmes for1991-1995.
Commodity support operations, handled primarily through loan, purchase andpayment
programmes, include thoseforwheat, cornoilseeds, cotton (upland andextralongstaple), rice,tobacco,
milkandmilkproducts, barley, oats,sorghum, rye,honey, peanuts, andsugar. Loanratesaredesigned
tokeepcommodities competitive, andtarget prices, where applicable, aredesigned toreflect costs
ofproduction. Thefarmer-owned grain reserve programme enables farmers tostore designated
commodities when stocks arehigher thanneeded tomeet domestic andexport requirements andto
release theminthemarket, when stocks runlowandprices aremore advantageous. Support formilk
andtheproducts ofmilkiscarried outthrough purchases ofbutter, cheese andnonfat drymilkfrom
processors andhandlers. There arenoCCC support programmes forprocessed products, other than
dairy products.
Operational details ofsupport programmes generally areprepared byCFSA andapproved by
theBoard ofDirectors and/or theSecretary ofAgriculture. Once approved, USDA releases apublic
announcement, usually apress release. Detailed operating instructions aresenttopersonnel incharge
ofadministeringtheprogrammeinWashingtonandthefield,andregulationsarepublishedintheFederal
Register .CFSA county office personnel assist farmers inthepreparation ofsupport documents, check
theireligibility forsupport, andkeepthem informed ofprogramme details.
Incarrying outcommodity support programmes, theCCC acquires inventory intwoprincipal
ways:
"Takeover" -Ifaproducer doesnotredeem thecommodity byloanrepayment time, CCC
takes overtitleandpossession ofthecommodity which waspledged ascollateral forthenonrecourse
price-support loan. Nonrecourse loans aredefined asloans thatproducers arenotobligated torepay
orfulfil. Instead, producers havetheoption todeliver and/or forfeit thecollateral (thecommodity)
totheCCC. Settlement oftheloanisthenmade attheloanratebased onthequantity andquality
ofthecommodity involved. CCC alsooffers recourse loans; however, theloans cannot beforfeited
andcommodities involved arenotasource ofCCC inventory.
Purchases -Prices ofspecified commodities aresupported through CCC purchases ofthe
commodities fromproducers orprocessors. Forexample, support formilkandtheproducts ofmilkG/STR/N/1/USA
Page4
iscarried outthrough purchases ofbutter, cheese, andnonfat drymilkfromprocessors andhandlers.
Asnoted previously, CCC alsoiscommitted toacquire eligible commodities from producers, atthe
producer 'soption, under theloanprogramme.
DomesticFoodAssistanceProgrammes:Incertaincircumstances,CCC isauthorizedtodonate
foodcommodities acquired through support programmes orfromprivate stocks totheBureau ofIndian
Affairs, andfederal, State, andprivate agencies. Thecommodities areusedforUSschool lunch
programmes, summer camps forchildren, andtheassistance ofneedy persons. They arealsoused
incharitable institutions, including hospitals, totheextent needy persons areserved. Inmostinstances,
arrangements aremade toprocess thecommodities intofood.
CCC alsoprovidessurplusdairyproductstothearmedservicesandtoveteranshospitalswithout
charge, except forthecostofpackaging. CCCalsodonates foodacquired through support programmes
tofederal penal andcorrectional institutions andtoState correctional institutions forminors, except
where service isprovided onaconcessional basis. CCC makes available totheSecretary oftheInterior
grain acquired through support operations tobeusedasfeedformigratory waterfowl forthepurpose
ofpreventing cropdamage. TheSecretary oftheInterior mayalsorequisition CCC-owned grain for
feeding starving migratory birds, andanyState mayrequisition CCC-owned grain upon thefinding
oftheSecretary oftheInterior thatresident game birds andother resident wildlife arethreatened with
starvation.
CCC makes available farmcommodities orproducts inareas ofacute economic distress, and
inconnectionwithcertainmajordisasters,asdeterminedbythePresidentoftheUnitedStates.Inventory
Operations: TheCCC isauthorized totransport, store, process, anddispose ofvarious agricultural
commodities andtheirproducts inorder tocarry outdomestic andexport programmes defined in
legislation.
Export Programmes :CCCisauthorized topromote theexport ofUSagricultural commodities
andproducts through sales, payments toexporters, direct credits andtheconduct ofother activities
related totheexportation ofcommodities. CCC alsoadministers international fooddonation andfood
assistance programmes (e.g.PL-480).
CCC actsasthefinancing agent forexport credit guarantee programmes andseveral export
subsidy programmes. CCCadministers twoexport credit guarantee programmes -theexport guarantee
programme (GSM-102) andtheintermediate export credit guarantee programme (GSM-103). Under
theExport Enhancement Program (EEP), CCC payscashtoUSexporters asabonus, allowing them
tosellUSagricultural products totargeted countries atprices below those theexporter paystoacquire
andexport them. Under theDairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP), CCC payscashtoUSexporters
asbonuses, anditallows them tosellcertain USdairy products atprices below theexporter 'scosts
ofacquisition. CCC alsopayscashtoUSexporters ofsunflower seedoilandcottonseed oilasbonuses,
making upthedifference between thehigher UScostofacquiring these vegetable oilsandthelower
world priceatwhich theyaresold(SOAP andCOAP). EEP, DEIP, SOAP andCOAP currently operate
onthebasisofdirect cashpayments toexporters. Inthepastunder EEP, exporters alsoreceived bonuses
intheform ofgeneric commodity certificates thatcould beredeemed forcommodities inCCC
inventories, butthispractice wasdiscontinued in1991.
Under theMarket Promotion Program (MPP), USDA funds thedevelopment, maintenance
andexpansion ofcommercial export markets foragricultural commodities through costshare assistance
toeligible trade organizations thatimplement aforeign market development programme. Inthepast
under MPP, participants intheMPP programme received generic commodity certificates thatcould
beredeemed forcommodities inCCC inventories. Theuseofgeneric certificates wasdiscontinuedG/STR/N/1/USA
Page5
in1991 andcurrently allMPP funding isonacashbasis. MPP isadministered byFASthrough
cooperative agreements between CCC andnonprofit agricultural trade commodity groups.
CCCalsomakesdirect(subsidized)salesofdairyproductsfromitsinventoriestoexportmarkets.
Imports :CCC doesnotimport anycommodities.
Summary: CCC Purchase andSales (Inventory Operations)
CCC inventory levels given inTable 1(seeIVbelow) include commodity operations under
thedomestic commodity support programmes aswellas"throughput" required tooperate domestic
andforeign foodassistance programmes.
Under thecommodity support programmes, CCC acquires commodities through purchases
andloanforfeitures. Commodity inventories arevalued attheiracquisition cost(oramount ofcollateral
forfeited byproducers) plusthecostofprocessing andpackaging afteracquisition. Theforfeiture
amount istheacquisition costplusthesettlement cost,excluding interest. Crops acquired byCCC
aresubsequently disposed ofaccording tovarious statutes. These dispositions include sales, barter
anddonations. CCC'srealized gains andlosses arerecognized atthetimeofdisposition.
CCC isauthorized tocontract foruseofprivately owned facilities incarrying outitsactivities.
CCC alsohasauthority toacquire personal property andtorentorleaseoffice space necessary
foritsbusiness. CCC isprohibited from acquiring realproperty, oranyinterest inproperty, except
forthepurpose ofprotecting itsfinancial interests andforproviding adequate storage tocarry outits
programmes.
DataonCCCsalesofcommodities frominventory intothedomestic market andexport markets
areprovided under IVbelow. These datadonotinclude CCC disposals frominventory fordomestic
orforeign foodassistance programmes. CCC inventory operations aredetailed eachyearintheReport
ofthePresident oftheCommodity Credit Corporation.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place inproducts affected
TheUSimports and/or exports commodities thathavebeensubject toCCCcommodity support
programmes andinventory operations.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page6TABLE 1
Total USProduction, Imports, Exports, &CCC Inventories
Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1992Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Butter1625 $1,238 2.0 $3,902 159.0 $261,055 300.4 $646,109
Cheese 2,885 NA 138.6 $455,360 14.6 $46,215 3.0 $8,954
Non-fat drymilk2396 $888 0.6 $909 126.0 $198,502 29.6 $55,782
Barley 9,908 $928,000 194.8 $18,032 2,089.9 $219,580 120.7 $10,511
Corn 189,874 $17,715,750 165.9 $14,864 40,693.1 $4,605,404 3,285.5 $322,303
Oats 4,271 $388,080 1,093.9 $106,199 49.7 $6,603 0.9 $88
Sorghum 14,860 $13,616,250 0.0 $10 7,454.6 $836,242 211.0 $22,537
Soybeans 50,472 $11,087,460 56.5 $11,662 19,276.8 $4,318,075 4.1 $721
Wheat 67,135 $7,967,160 1,454.0 $169,377 34,321.5 $4,323,416 4,123.9 $582,934
Rice 7,320 $1,208,252 196.8 $106,892 2,279.0 $756,764 19.8 $2,558
Honey 100 $121,300 49.5 $47,218 4,669.0 $6,205 1.9 $2,560
Cotton 3,835 $4,912,192 0.3 $334 1,494.1 $2,183,195 0.7 $954
Rye 290 $28,405 96.9 $8,419 0.9 $89 0.6 $47
Peanuts 2,235 $1,394,341 0.2 $198 347.8 $210,436 0 $0G/STR/N/1/AUS
Page7Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1992Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Sunflowerseeds 1,639 $314,688 45.9 $11,617 105.0 $58,897 6.2 $1,212
Flaxseed 157 $21,824 114.2 $23,256 10.6 $1,928 1.0 $213
Drybeans 1,026 $457,300 43.0 $26,680 504.0 $219,413 0 $0
Sugar (rawvalue) 6,628 $3,222,000 1,623.0 $633,203 492.0 $153,850 0 $0
1 Butter value calculated using Chicago Grade AAprice. FASestimates oftrade data.
2 Nonfat drymilkvalue calculated using manufacturers 'average selling price. FASestimates oftrade data.
3 Endof1992 fiscal year.
Example: 1992: 1991/92 marketing yearforcorn, sorghum, soybeans, rice,cotton, peanuts, sunflowerseed, andflaxseed; 1992/93 marketing yearfor
barley, oats,wheat, andrye; 1992 calendar yearforbutter, cheese, nonfat drymilk, andhoney.
Source: USDAG/STR/N/1/USA
Page8Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1993Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Butter1599 $1,042 1.3 $2,256 161.0 $226,178 247.9 $498,829
Cheese 2,969 NA 157.8 $492,882 16.3 $54,609 0.6 $1,942
Non-fat drymilk2425 $996 0.8 $1,303 147.0 $256,443 10.2 $17,270
Barley 8,666 $792,020 2,042.3 $184,126 1,610.4 $168,826 117.4 $10,202
Corn 240,719 $19,617,390 482.6 $52,312 41,765.7 $4,250,915 1,438.2 $144,827
Oats 3,001 $281,520 1,922.0 $165,395 79.7 $12,006 0.6 $59
Sorghum 22,227 $1,653,750 0.0 $0 6,651.5 $662,437 100.3 $12,084
Soybeans 59,612 $12,176,400 175.4 $43,014 20,399.5 $4,606,024 5.5 $1,219
Wheat 65,220 $7,810,960 2,790.7 $311,591 36,039.3 $4,736,915 108.2 $14,785
Rice 8,151 $1,058,433 238.3 $122,192 2,709.9 $766,408 38.4 $5,308
Honey 104 $125,000 57.3 $50,541 4,038.0 $6,281 1.3 $1,743
Cotton 3,531 $4,273,767 1.8 $4,193 1,125.2 $1,525,944 19.4 $27,354
Rye 262 $26,367 60.2 $6,095 0.4 $42 0 $0
Peanuts 1,943 $1,285,200 0.0 $0 300.5 $186,492 0 $0
Sunflowerseeds 1,163 $250,045 25.3 $8,145 83.8 $61,380 0 $0
Flaxseed 84 $13,547 135.2 $29,447 3.5 $472 0.1 $22G/STR/N/1/AUS
Page9Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1993Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Drybeans 994 $539,500 38.0 $23,980 442 $207,754 0 $0
Sugar (rawvalue) 7,111 $3,369,000 1,569.0 $591,427 337 $106,076 0 $0
1 Butter value calculated using Chicago Grade AAprice. FASestimates oftrade data.
2 Nonfat drymilkvalue calculated using manufacturers 'average selling price. FASestimates oftrade data.
3 Endof1993 fiscal year.
Dataispreliminary
Source: USDA
Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1994Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Butter1584 $915 2.0 $2,944 87.0 $118,480 83.3 $145,098
Cheese 3,029 NA 44.3 $152,308 19.6 $65,341 0 $0
Non-fat drymilk2513 $1,205 0.6 $899 131.0 $222,803 22.7 $50,818
Barley 8,126 $761,250 330.1 $32,660 1,550.3 $148,231 115.8 $10,051
Corn 160,954 $15,840,000 75.5 $7,490 33,057.3 $3,816,766 1,135.3 $110,281
Oats 3,336 $280,600 587.5 $49,261 20.3 $3,322 0 $0G/STR/N/1/USA
Page10Production Imports Exports CCC Inventories3
Selected
commodities
1994Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)Quantity
('000MT)Value
($'000)
Sorghum 13,589 $1,233,540 0.1 $7 5,216.6 $600,160 18.8 $1,670
Soybeans 50,919 $11,974,400 68.6 $14,528 16,363.9 $4,160,933 4.2 $773
Wheat 63,157 $8,007,450 418.4 $55,785 31,145.2 $4,026,012 87.2 $11,959
Rice 7,081 $1,245,678 60.3 $33,530 2,432.7 $888,804 0.5 $65
Honey 100 $111,104 60.1 $48,016 3,251.0 $5,162 2.9 $3,822
Cotton 3,513 $4,521,562 0.9 $2,755 1,565.7 $2,286,576 28.7 $90,949
Rye 282 $28,402 155.5 $14,684 0.7 $66 0 $0
Peanuts 1,539 $1,030,900 0.2 $184 159.8 $135,843 0 $0
Sunflowerseeds 1,167 $331,428 11.8 $3,370 72.9 $62,602 0 $0
Flaxseed 88 $14,616 23.1 $5,107 2.9 $366 0.8 $148
Drybeans 1,324 $628,500 49.0 $28,935 501.0 $256,597 0 $0
Sugar (rawvalue) 6,944 $3,275,000 1,619.0 $615,760 392.0 $130,492 7.4 $3,919
1 Butter value calculated using Chicago Grade AAprice. FASestimates oftrade data.
2 Nonfat drymilkvalue calculated using manufacturers 'average selling price. FASestimates oftrade data.
3 Endof1994 fiscal year.
Dataispreliminary
Source: USDAG/STR/N/1/AUS
Page11TABLE 2
Cumulative Total Exports forCCC Direct Sales
USFiscal Years* 1992, 1993, 1994
FY1992
MTValue
($'000)FY1993
MTValue
($'000)FY1994
MTValue
($'000)
Nonfat drymilk 36,079 $63,284 1,948 $3,506 0 $0
Butteroil** 46,496 $70,032 9,804 $12,413 15,591 $19,189
*TheUSfiscal yearrunsfrom 1October through 30September.
**Onanbutter equivalent basis.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page12TABLE 3
Domestic Sales from CCC Inventories, inthousands
1992 1993 1994 Quantity
u
Quantity Cost Proceeds Quantity Cost Proceeds Quantity Cost Proceeds
Butter 4,089 4,502 3,229 32,553 28,942 23,828 57,972 48,637 41,446 pound
Cheese 18 23 9 120 153 112 2 2 1 pound
Non-fat drymilk 24 65 1 677 637 630 33 29 26 pound
Barley 2,066 4,415 3,873 117 260 184 0 0 0 bushel
Corn 180,488 504,561 411,061 36,976 112,626 76,615 0 0 0 bushel
Oats 291 433 386 22 33 25 0 0 0 bushel
Sorghum 38,052 104,156 85,922 254 713 451 0 0 0 bushel
Soybeans 93 479 349 1,560 7,845 8,540 3 11 57 bushel
Wheat 31,881 125,125 108,319 46,967 178,161 158,299 0 0 0 bushel
Rice 16,677 107,847 89,321 4,754 31,515 28,920 2,386 15,345 12,338 hundredw
Honey 373 192 171 956 570 337 1,421 849 462 pound
Cotton, staple 0 0 0 1 578 374 98 45,886 39,923 bale
Cotton, upland 252 65,738 52,807 423 113,124 93,182 236 62,947 52,326 bale
Rye 22 44 34 22 46 35 0 0 0 bushel
Peanuts 688 109 53 1,345 455 160 547 172 70 poundG/STR/N/1/AUS
Page131992 1993 1994 Quantity
u
Quantity Cost Proceeds Quantity Cost Proceeds Quantity Cost Proceeds
Sunflowerseeds 23 210 177 200 1,829 1,794 0 0 0 hundredw
Flaxseed 38 343 258 35 318 264 12 114 100 hundredw
Drybeans 0 0 0 78 1,421 322 0 0 0 hundredw
Sugar 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,678 2,821 2,896 pound
Datafor1993 and1994 arepreliminary.
Source: "Report ofthePresident oftheCommodity Credit Corporation", USDA.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page14
FEDERAL HELIUM PROGRAM
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
TheUnited States maintains theFederal Helium Program (FHP) operated bytheUSBureau
ofMines (BOM), Department oftheInterior.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
TheFHPinoperation today began in1960withthepassage oftheHelium Act(74Stat.918,
P.L.86-777). Thepurpose oftheprogramme istoconserve helium foressential government activities
andtosupply thecurrent andforeseeable future needs ofFederal agencies. TheFHPauthorizes the
Secretary oftheInterior: "tomaintain andoperate helium production andpurification plants together
withfacilities andaccessories thereto; toacquire, store, transport, sell,andconserve helium-bearing
natural gas,andhelium-gas mixtures, toconduct exploration forandproduction ofhelium onandfrom
thelandacquired, leased, orreserved; andtoconduct orcontract withpublic orprivate parties for
experimentation andresearch todiscover helium supplies andtoimprove processes andmethods of
helium production, purification, transportation, storage, andutilization ..."(TheHelium Act,Sec.4).
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
TheFHPserves toprovide thehelium needs ofgovernment agencies, mainly theDepartment
ofEnergy, Department ofDefence, andNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration. In1994,
theUSBOM operated oneof18helium production plants. Theother 17plants areoperated byprivate
companies having noconnection withtheFHP.
TheBOM salesofhelium areprimarily toother governmental (Federal) agencies, although
theBOM iswilling tosellhelium tonon-governmental customers when itisrequested byaprivate
producer totemporarily fulfil itscontractual obligation. Sales bytheBOM accounted foranaverage
of12percentoftotalUSsalesofhelium during 1992-1994.
TheBOM alsostores helium asaconservation measure to"provide ...asustained supply of
helium which, together withsupplies available orexpected tobecome available otherwise, willbe
sufficient toprovide foressential government activities". (The Helium Act, Sec.15) Asof
September 1994, theBOM'shelium stockpile amounted to878million cubic metres.
Thehelium refining programme hasbeen recommended bytheLegislative andExecutive
Branches tobeprivatized.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page15
IV. Statistical information
Helium -inmillion cubic metres (total USindustry) :
1992 1993 1994
Production 91.9 99.2 112.0
Imports10 0 0
Exports 30.7 28.0 25.0
Withdrawal from storage22.5 (3.7) (11.5)
1 There were imports inthese years, buttheystatistically round tozero. In1992, imports
amounted to214thousand cubic metres; in1993, 25thousand cubic metres; andin1994,
26thousand cubic metres.
2 Parentheses areinjections tostorage.
Helium -million cubic metres grade-A helium sold:
1992 1993 1994
USBureau ofMines 8.6 7.9 6.6
Private industry 85.8 87.6 93.8
Total 94.4 95.5 100.4
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
TheUnited States hasimported andexported helium inthepastthree years. However, the
Government, through theFHP, doesnotimport orexport helium. Lessthan1percentofBOM helium
salesaretoprivate distributors forresale forconsumption orexport.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page16
ISOTOPES
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
TheDepartment ofEnergy, through theIsotope Production andDistribution Program, provides
radioactive andstable isotope products andassociated services toawide andvaried domestic and
international market.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
Themission oftheDepartment ofEnergy (DOE) Isotope Production andDistribution (IP&D)
Programme covers theproduction andsaleofradioactive andstable isotopes, byproducts, surplus
materials,andrelatedisotopeservices.Suchservicesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,irradiationservices,
target preparation andprocessing, source encapsulation andother special preparations, analyses and
separations, services related toshipping, andprocessing returned isotopes. These products andservices
aresoldworldwide andareusedforavariety ofresearch, development, biomedical, andindustrial
applications. Theprogramme 'sobjectives aretoproduce anddistribute isotopes forresearch and
development, medical diagnostics andtherapy, andother applications thatareinthenational interest.
DOE isexamining opportunities tohavenewventures funded orco-funded bytheprivate sector.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
TheIP&D Programme markets, stores, anddistributes isotopes thatarecurrently produced
atBrookhaven National Laboratory, EG&G Mound Applied Technologies, EG&G Idaho, LosAlamos
National Laboratory, OakRidge National Laboratory, andWestinghouse Hanford Company/Pacific
Northwest Laboratories. DOE produces isotopes onlywhere thereisnoUSprivate sector capability.
DOE operates certain unique facilities, suchasnuclear reactors andassociated hotcells, particle
accelerators, andisotope enrichment facilities, providing production capacity tomeetpressing needs.
TheIP&Dsellsisotopestogovernmententitities,domesticpurchasers,andtoforeignpurchasers.
In1994, theIP&D serviced over300customers. Thespecific materials soldunder theprogramme
arelisted inAnnex I.Prices fortheproducts soldarebased onanumber offactors, including
production costs andmarket value.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported isotopes. The
IP&D doesnotimport isotopes butitdoessellisotopes toforeign purchasers.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page17
ANNEX 1
Listofisotopes sold
Aluminium-26
Americium-241
Calcium-42, -43,-44,-46,-48
Californium-252
Cadmium-109, -112
Cesium-137
Chromium-50, -53
Cobat-60
Copper-67
Dysprosium-163
Gallium-69
Germanium-68
Helium-3
Hydrogen-2, -3
Iodine-125, -131
Iridium-192
Iron-54, -57,-58
Krypton-78, -86
Lead-204
Lithium-6
Lutetium-176
Magnesium-28
Molybdenum-99
Nickel-61, -62,-63
Palladium-103
Phosphorous-32
Rubidium-87
Samarium-152
Silicon-29
Sodium-22
Strontium-82, -84,-85,-88,-89,-90
Tellurium-124
Thallium-203
Uranium-234
Xenon-124, -126, -127, -133
Yttrium-90
Zinc-66, -68,-70
Zirconium-90, -92,-94,-96G/STR/N/1/USA
Page18
TABLE 1
ISOTOPES -Revenues
1992 1993 1994
Domestic sales 7,798,308 5,366,579 6,920,987
Foreign sales 4,363,940 3,985,316 3,155,670
Intergovernmental
sales1,716,399 687,533 1,623,014
Total 13,878,647 10,039,428 11,699,671
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Isotope Production andDistribution Programme.
TABLE 2
USImport andExport Data
Value data, indollars 1992 1993 1994
Imports 78,968,908 70,752,586 88,183,454
Exports 129,075,746 114,521,341 103,750,108
Quantity data, inunits 1992 1993 1994 Units
Imports -
Element, isotope &compound
w/radioactivity only21,406,286 14,803,548 14,288,413 curies
Radioact element, isotope &
compound, nesoi222,269,973 246,450,213 273,789,767 millicuries
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) 18,930 22,967 89,564 kilograms
Non-radioactive isotopes, other
thandeuterium oxide543,188 1,239,663 667,908 kilograms
Exports -
Element, isotope &compound
w/radioactivity only529,038 273,387 419,887 curies
Radioact element, isotope &
compound, nesoi78,810,964 42,243,979 34,225,106 millicuries
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) 29,321 6,511 12,124 kilograms
Note: (1)Forexports, thefigures include non-radioactive isotopes (other thandeuterium oxide)
inthevalue databutnotinthequantity data. (2)Import andexport dataareforallisotopes, sothey
include more isotopes thanthose intheIsotope Production andDistribution Programme.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUSDepartment ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page19
URANIUM ENRICHMENT
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
Throughaquasi-governmententity,theUnitedStatesEnrichmentCorporation,theUnitedStates
operates uranium enrichment plants forthepurpose ofproviding nuclear reactor-grade fueltonuclear
power plants.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
TheUnited States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) wascreated bytheEnergy Policy Actof
1992. TheCorporation began operations on1July1993when theUSDepartment ofEnergy 's(DOE)
uranium enrichment activities weretransferred totheCorporation. TitleIXoftheEnergy Policy Act
of1992 (P.L. 102-486) added anewTitleIItotheAtomic Energy Actof1954, establishing the
corporation under theGovernment Corporation Control Act. Theenabling legislation anticipates the
privatization ofUSEC, andthusprovides forprivatization tooccur when certain criteria andobligations
aremet.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
Asprovided forinthelegislation, USEC isawholly owned government corporation thathas
aleasearrangementforthetwogaseousdiffusionuraniumenrichmentfacilitiesownedbytheDepartment
ofEnergy. These plants arelocated inPaducah, Kentucky andPiketon, Ohio.
USEC istheexclusive marketing agent onbehalf oftheUSGovernment forentering into
contracts forproviding enriched uranium anduranium enrichment andrelated services. USEC provides
enriched uranium andservices tobothforeign anddomestic firms. In1994, 57percentofsaleswere
tocustomers intheUnited States, 35percentofsales were toAsian customers, and8percentto
customers inEurope.
Uranium enriched bythecorporation orpurchased forresale issoldtodomestic andforeign
utilities foruseasfuelfornuclear power plants. Most enrichment services areprovided toelectric
utilities under long-term contracts, although there isalimited spotmarket.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
Foreign trade inenriched uranium, bothimports andexports, hasoccurred during thepast
three-year period.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page20
TABLE 1
ENRICHED URANIUM -USUtility feeddeliveries, thousand lbs.uranium oxide (U308):
1991 1992 1993
USDOE/USEC 33,852 27,622 32,362
Non-US enrichers 4,140 4,423 2,738
Total 37,992 32,045 35,100
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Energy Information Administration, "Uranium Purchases Report
1993".
TABLE 2
USimport andexport dataforenriched uranium
Value data, indollars 1992 1993 1994
Imports 448,330,943 386,587,743 518,100,020
Exports 967,974,345 895,338,242 1,045,676,102
Quantity data, in
kilograms1992 1993 1994 Units
Imports 926,631 1,007,526 1,077,508 kilogrammes
Exports 1,872,671 1,223,623 1,322,951 kilogrammes
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUSDepartment ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page21
NAVAL PETROLEUM AND OILSHALE RESERVES
I. Enumeration ofthestatetrading enterprise
TheUnited States maintains theNaval Petroleum andOilShale Reserves under theDepartment
ofEnergy.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
TheNaval Petroleum andOilShale Reserves wereestablished byanExecutive Order inthe
early1900'stoprovide anemergency source offuelfortheNavy'sfleetasitconverted itscoal-powered
fleettooil.Fordecades theReserves remained generally undeveloped, withtheexception ofabrief
period ofproduction during World WarII,andwere maintained inreadiness fornational defence
contingencies.
Theoilembargoof1973precipitatedCongresstopasstheNavalPetroleumReservesProduction
Actof1976(Public Law94-258), thatsignificantly altered themission oftheNaval Petroleum Reserves,
requiring thatthose Reserves beproduced attheir"maximum efficiency rate" inorder toensure a
reliable fuelsupply fornational security. In1977, Congress transferred management oftheReserves
from theDepartment oftheNavy totheDepartment ofEnergy.
III. Description andfunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprise
TheDepartment ofEnergy operates theNaval Petroleum Reserve Number 1inCalifornia and
Number 3inWyoming andtheNaval OilShale Reserve Number 3inColorado, through itscontractors.
Allproductive acreage owned bytheGovernment inNaval Petroleum Reserve Number 2inCalifornia
isproduced under leasetoprivate companies. Naval OilShale Reserves Number 1inColorado and
Number 2inUtah areundeveloped.
TheNaval Petroleum Reserves Actof1976mandated thattheReserves beproduced andtheir
production soldcompetitively ontheopenmarket, withallreceipts from those salestobeprovided
totheUSTreasury. Since 1976, theReserves havesoldcrude oiltotheprivate sector, theDepartment
ofDefence, andtheStrategic Petroleum Reserve. Currently, alloilisbeing soldtotheprivate sector.
Allnatural gasandnatural gasliquids notrequired forfieldoperations alsoaresoldtotheprivate
sector.
ThePresident 'sFY1996 Budget contains aproposal toprivatize theReserves.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported crude oil,natural
gas,andnatural gasliquids. However, theGovernment, through theReserves, doesnotimport or
export oil,natural gas,ornatural gasliquids.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page22
TABLE 1
NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVES -Production andextraction
1991 1992 1993 units
Crude oil 28,044,752 26,371,469 24,720,626 barrels
Natural gas 126,229,004 118,868,080 122,768,609 1,000 cubic
feet
Propane 67,235,367 57,311,789 53,032,903 gallons
Natural gasoline 59,261,936 55,542,356 55,047,233 gallons
Mixed butane 52,015,203 42,170,883 39,154,992 gallons
Isobutane 4,049,633 8,926,706 10,770,232 gallons
Note: Dataareonafiscal yearbasis.
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Assistant Secretary forFossil Energy, "Naval Petroleum &Oil
Shale Reserves"
TABLE 2
NAVAL PETROLEUM RESERVES -Revenues
1991 1992 1993
Crude oil 479,976,642 345,100,994 317,594,413
Natural gas 72,598,359 37,075,249 37,632,814
Propane 21,953,472 17,865,480 17,064,348
Natural gasoline 26,438,153 10,621,960 17,567,837
Mixed butane 16,482,885 21,275,178 8,490,543
Isobutane 1,588,063 3,280,460 4,030,141
Other 35,144,290 37,581,091 37,341,461
Total 654,181,864 472,800,412 439,721,557
Note: (1)Dataareonafiscal yearbasis, (2)1992 Crude oildatarepresent accrued earnings.
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Assistant Secretary forFossil Energy, "Naval Petroleum &Oil
Shale Reserves".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page23
TABLE 3
USproduction data, inunits
1992 1993 1994 units
Crude oil 2,624,632 2,499,033 2,431,476 1,000 barrels
Natural gas122,132 22,729 23,678 billion cubic
feet
Propane2349,929 351,490 353,568 1,000 barrels
Natural gasoline n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mixed butane391,962 88,587 89,935 1,000 barrels
Isobutane472,749 74,610 76,025 1,000 barrels
Note: (1)"n.a." means notavailable. (2)Dataincludes bothfieldandrefinery production.
1 Gross withdrawals
2 Includes propylene production
3 Dataisfornormal butane andincludes butylene
4 Includes isobutylene
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"PetroleumSupplyAnnual".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page24
TABLE 4
USImport andExport Data
Value data, in
1,000 dollars1992 1993 1994
Imports -
Crude oil 38,219,674 38,437,625 38,463,525
Natural gas 2,807,508 3,391,164 4,014,188
Propane 409,179 620,723 602,373
Natural gasoline n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mixed butane1297,962 334,561 274,715
Isobutane2 2 2
Exports -
Crude oil 29,936 20,221 53,326
Natural gas 351,103 244,727 254,027
Propane3169,384 153,102 131,902
Natural gasoline n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mixed butane391,083 77,356 63,690
Isobutane2 2 2
Quantity data,
inunits1992 1993 1994 units
Imports -
Crude oil 2,276,182,998 2,540,826,858 2,704,207,467 barrels
Natural gas 2,064,740,481 2,381,472,157 2,651,012,957 1,000
cubic feet
Propane 36,684,986 51,892,346 56,231,524 barrels
Natural gasoline n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mixed butane118,933,510 24,374,208 22,193,035 barrels
Isobutane2 2 2G/STR/N/1/USA
Page25
Exports -
Crude oil 1,632,200 1,137,902 2,626,210 barrels
Natural gas 198,074,807 119,941,422 122,396,056 1,000
cubic feet
Propane311,358,379 9,058,974 8,700,940 barrels
Natural gasoline n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mixed butane35,445,758 5,474,425 4,932,065 barrels
Isobutane2 2 2
Note: Includes products inboththegaseous andliquefied states
1 Includes allbutanes.
2 Included inthedataabove forallbutanes.
3 Dataisforexports ofliquefied product only.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUSDepartment ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page26
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE
I. Enumeration ofthestatetrading enterprise
TheUnited States maintains theStrategic Petroleum Reserve under theDepartment ofEnergy.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
TheStrategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) isacrude oilstockpile, managed bytheDepartment
ofEnergy. TheSPR wascreated pursuant totheEnergy Policy andConservation Actof
22December 1975(Public Law94-163), asamended, toreduce theimpact ofdisruptions insupplies
ofpetroleum products andtocarry outobligations oftheUnited States under theAgreement onan
International Energy Programme. Under theInternational Energy Programme, member nations agree
tomaintain stocks ofcrude andproduct inreserves "sufficient tosustain consumption foratleast90days
withnonetoilimports". TheSPRmission istoreduce vulnerability toeconomic, national security,
andforeign policy consequences ofsupply interruptions bydiscouraging supply disruptions asatool
ofother nations, andbyadding tocrude oilsupplies intheUnited States, intheevent ofadisruption
dueeither topolicy, military ornatural causes.
III. Description andfunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprise
TheDepartment ofEnergy owns andoperates fiveStrategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage
facilities fortheunderground storage ofcrude oil.These facilities haveacombined storage capacity
of750million barrels. TheDepartment alsoconstructed andoperates amarine andpipeline distribution
terminal fortheSPR.
Asof31March 1995theSPRhadatotalcrude oilinventory of592million barrels, orabout
80percentofcapacity. TheSPRisdesigned todistribute crude oiltoUSrefiners through commercial
pipelines andmarine terminals. Currently, theSPRisaccessible to54refiners bycommercial pipelines.
TheSPRalsoisconnectedtofivemainterminals(fourcommercialandoneoperatedbytheDepartment).
Inrecent years, SPRacquisition andfillactivities havebeenverylimited. The1990year-end
inventory onacalendar yearbasis was589.7 million barrels (587.7, fiscal yearbasis). Fillwas
suspended during bothcalendar andfiscal year1991, andadecrease ininventory resulted from
drawdown inearly calendar year1991. Fillactivities didoccur in1992 and1993. Duetolackof
funding, there werenoSPRoilacquisition andfillactivities in1994 andthrough thefirstquarter of
1995.
SPRacquires crude oilfromtwosources: theNaval Petroleum Reserve (described separately)
andacompetitive bidprocess fromprivate commercial firms. Forexample, during 1993approximately
12.3million barrels ofcrude oilwere acquired anddelivered totheSPR. Ofthisquantity, about
7million barrels were received from theNaval Petroleum Reserve (NPR). Pursuant totheNaval
Petroleum Reserve Production Action of1976, theSecretary ofEnergy could notsellNPRcrude oil
ataprice lessthanthehigher of90percentofthecurrent sales price ofcomparable petroleum in
thesame areaortheprice ofoilbeing purchased fortheSPRminus thecostoftransporting oilfrom
theNPRtotheSPR. Thebalance ofcrude oildelivered totheSPRduring 1993(5.3million barrels)
wasacquired under aprocess ofopen, continuous solicitations forcompetitive offers thatwerereceived
anevaluated onaperiodic basis.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page27
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported crude oil.
Inthepast,acquisitions ofcrude oilfortheSPRhavecome directly from foreign suppliers. Ifoil
supplies fortheSPRaredistributed toUSrefiners, thecrude oilcannot beexported.
VI. Additional information
TABLE 1
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE -Inventory in1,000 barrels
1992 1993 1994
Crude petroleum 574,000 587,100 591,700
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Office ofStrategic Petroleum Reserve, "Strategic Petroleum
Reserve, Annual/Quarterly Reports".
TABLE 2
USProduction Data, in1,000 Barrels
1992 1993 1994
Crude petroleum 2,624,632 2,499,033 2,431,476
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"PetroleumSupplyAnnual".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page28
TABLE 3
USImport andExport Data
Value data, in1,000 dollars 1992 1993 1994
Imports 38,219,674 38,437,625 38,463,525
Exports 29,936 20,221 53,326
Quantity data, inbarrels 1992 1993 1994
Imports 2,276,182,998 2,540,826,858 2,704,207,467
Exports 1,632,200 1,137,902 2,626,210
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUSDepartment ofCommerce,G/STR/N/1/USA
Page29
POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
TheAlaska Power Administration, Bonneville Power Marketing Administration, Southeastern
Power Administration, Southwestern Power Administration, andWestern AreaPower Administration
market wholesale hydroelectric power within theirrespective areas.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
Section 5oftheFlood Control Actof1944 assetoutinTitle16,Section 825s ofthe
United States Code, setforthemissions oftheSouthwestern, Southeastern, andAlaska Power
Administration, which wereestablished bytheSecretary oftheInterior in1943. TheBonneville Dam
Actof1937("Bonneville Act") established theBonneville Power Administration within theDepartment
oftheInterior. TheBonneville ActandtheFederal Columbia River Transmission System Actof1974
govern Bonneville 'soperations. Theauthority forWestern AreaPower Administration 'soperations
derives fromthefederal reclamations laws, inparticular section 9(c)oftheReclamation Actof1939.
Thefunctions ofthepower administrations were transferred totheDepartment ofEnergy bythe
Department ofEnergy Organization Actof1977.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
TheAlaska Power Administration (APA) owns twohydroelectric projects, Snettisham and
Eklutna. Unlike theother power marketing administrations, APAowns itspower generating facilities.
Snettisham isa78-megawatt project located 45miles south ofJuneau, Alaska, which hasoperated
asJuneau 'smain power source since 1975. Eklutna isa30-megawatt project located 34miles from
Anchorage, which hasaccounted forabout 5percentofthepower supply fortheAnchorage and
Matnuska Valley since 1955. Programme objectives include maximizing energy production, and
marketing power generated inaccordance withauthorizing legislation, which accords apreference
topublic utilities andcooperatives.
Bonneville Power Marketing Administration wascreated in1937 tomarket andtransmit the
power produced byBonneville Dam ontheColumbia River. Since then, Congress hasdirected
Bonneville tosellatwholesale thepower produced atatotalof30Federal damsinthePacific Northwest,
andtoacquire non-Federal power andconservation resources sufficient tomeet thegrowing needs
ofBonneville 'scustomer utilities.
Southeastern Power Administration (SEPA) markets wholesale power generated attheArmy
Corps ofEngineers hydroelectric generating plants inan11stateareatopublicly andcooperatively
owned distribution utilities using wheeling andpooling agreements. There are23projects inoperation.
SEPA isstructured toencourage widespread useofavailable Federal power; make power available
atthelowest possible ratestoconsumers consistent withsound business principles; formulate power
ratestorecover allcosts ofproduction andtransmitting power; givepreference inthesaleofpower
topublic bodies andcooperatives; utilize existing areatransmission facilities; integrate projects to
themaximum extent feasible andoperate projects toprovide maximum power contribution inmeeting
power requirements. SEPA doesnotownoroperate anytransmission facilities.
TheSouthwestern Power Administration isamarketing agent forhydroelectric power generated
byCorps ofEngineers dams inasixstatearea. Southwestern operates andmaintains some 1,380 miles
ofhighvoltage transmission lines, 24substations andswitching stations, and44VHF radio and
microwave stations. Southwestern sellsitspower atwholesale primarily topublicly andcooperativelyG/STR/N/1/USA
Page30
owned distribution utilities, andisresponsible forscheduling anddispatching power, negotiating power
salescontracts, andconstructing facilities required tomeetchanging customer loadrequirements.
Western AreaPower Administration (WAPA) markets power atwholesale in15states from
federally-owned power plants operated primarily bytheBureau ofReclamation, Corps ofEngineers,
andtheInternational Boundary andWater Commission. WAPA operates andmaintains approximately
16,734 circuit-miles ofhigh-voltage transmission linesand259substations/switchyards, andconstructs
additions andmodifications toexisting facilities.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported electric power.
However, noneofthePower Marketing Administrations hasdirectly purchased orsoldelectricity from
foreign sources.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page31
TABLE 1
POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS -Revenues in1,000 dollars
1992 1993 1994
Alaska Power Administration 9,400 10,200 10,200
Bonneville Power Marketing
Administration1,929,800 1,942,500 2,191,282
Southeastern Power Administration 155,300 169,300 158,100
Southwestern Power Administration 100,100 112,200 107,900
Western Area Power Administration 707,184 674,062 579,357
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Annual Reports ofthePower Administrations, andOffice of
thePresident, Budgets oftheUnited States ofAmerica.
TABLE 2
POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS -Total Sales, in1,000 kilowatthours
1991 1992 1993
Alaska Power Administration 378,067 367,057 402,487
Bonneville Power Marketing
Administration87,381,010 72,447,528 75,556,783
Southeastern Power Administration 7,841,235 7,029,787 9,014,114
Southwestern Power Administration 5,959,022 6,563,871 8,310,189
Western Area Power Administration 33,858,343 34,484,109 33,357,637
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"FinancialStatisticsofMajor
USPublicly Owned Electric Utilities".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page32
TABLE 3
POWER MARKETING ADMINISTRATIONS -Netgeneration in1,000 kilowatthours
1991 1992 1993
Alaska Power Administration 395,755 370,336 411,230
Bonneville Power Marketing
Administration98,348,502 75,768,462 77,868,808
Southeastern Power Administration 8,261,739 7,263,162 9,210,836
Southwestern Power Administration 5,155,000 7,131,000 9,316,857
Western Area Power Administration 25,983,588 25,366,412 25,090,310
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"FinancialStatisticsofMajor
USPublicly Owned Electric Utilities".
TABLE 4
USProduction ofElectricity, inMillion Kilowatthours
1992 1993 1994
Electricity 2,797,219 2,882,525 2,910,712G/STR/N/1/USA
Page33
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
TheTennessee Valley Authority produces andmarkets wholesale hydroelectric power.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
In1993, Congress created theTennessee Valley Authority (TVA) "intheinterest ofthenational
defence andforagricultural andindustrial development, andtoimprove navigation intheTennessee
River andtocontrol thedestructive flood waters intheTennessee River andMississippi River Basins".
Although thepreamble totheTVA Actof1933 doesnotmention thegeneration ofelectricity asa
primary purpose oftheAuthority, Congress appreciated thatTVAwater control facilities would produce
more power thantheAuthority needed torunitsownflood control, navigation andresearch facilities,
andtheActmakes aspecific provision forthesaleanddistribution of"surplus" electric power.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
TheTVA wasthefirstofthewholesale marketing organization tobeformed. Itwasgiven
theauthority tobothownandoperate dams, transmission lines, andpower plants along theTennessee
River anditstributaries. TheTVAprovides power toapproximately 110municipal and50cooperative
electric systems fordistribution toover3.3million customers.
IV. Statistical information
Seeattached tables.
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported electric power.
TVA doesnotparticipate intheimport orexport market forelectrical power because, bylaw,TVA
must operate within its"power service region" (Tennessee River andtributaries).
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page34
TABLE 1
TVA -Revenues in1,000 dollars
1992 1993 1994
Tennessee Valley Authority 5,064,000 5,182,000 5,524,000
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Annual Reports ofthePower Administrations, andOffice of
thePresident, Budgets oftheUnited States ofAmerica.
TABLE 2
TVA -Total sales, in1,000 kilowatthours
1991 1992 1993
Tennessee Valley Authority 117,517,593 113,314,921 119,750,881
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"FinancialStatisticsofMajor
USPublicly Owned Electric Utilities".
TABLE 3
TVA -Netgeneration in1,000 kilowatthours
1991 1992 1993
Tennessee Valley Authority 116,435,858 124,080,503 125,119,788
Source: USDepartmentofEnergy,EnergyInformationAdministration,"FinancialStatisticsofMajor
USPublicly Owned Electric Utilities".
TABLE 4
USProduction ofElectricity, inmillion kilowatthours
1992 1993 1994
Electricity 2,797,219 2,882,525 2,910,712
Source: USDepartment ofEnergy, Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page35
TABLE 5
USImport andExport Data, Electricity
Value data, in1,000 dollars 1992 1993 1994
Imports 589,809 661,923 960,328
Exports 63,628 60,813 29,959
Quantity data, in
kilowatthours1992 1993 1994
Imports 26,198,004 29,363,869 44,307,640
Exports 1,853,753 2,570,285 858,821
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUSDepartment ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page36
STRATEGIC AND CRITICAL MATERIALS STOCKPILING
I. Enumeration ofstatetrading enterprises
Department ofDefence: National Stockpile ofStrategic andCritical Materials.
II. Reason andpurpose forintroducing andmaintaining statetrading enterprises
Thestockpile ofstrategic andcritical materials ismaintained forthesolepurpose ofassuring
sufficient materials tofulfil national requirements inanemergency. Inorder tomeetthisgoaland
minimize programme cost,therequirements foreachstockpiles material arere-evaluated bi-annually.
These activities arecarried outunder theauthority oftheStrategic andCritical Materials Stock Piling
Act(50U.S.C. 98etseq.).On25February 1988, under Executive Order 12626, thePresident
designated theSecretary ofDefence tobetheNational Defence Stockpile Manager. TheOffice of
theAssistant Secretary ofDefence forEconomic Security determines whatmaterials arestrategic and
critical andspecifies thequantity ofsuchmaterials tobestockpiled tomeetnational security needs.
Previously, management andoperations hadbeendivided between theFederal Emergency Management
Agency andtheGeneral Services Administration.
III. Description ofthefunctioning ofthestatetrading enterprises
Prior to1October 1994, thequantities ofstockpiled materials wererequired tobesufficient
tosustain theUnited States foraperiod ofnotlessthanthree years forawarofinfinite duration.
Thestockpile goals wererevised after1October 1994 (theNational Defence Authorization Actfor
Fiscal Year1995) andarecurrently keyed toscenarios ofwhatwould berequired under asignificant
mobilization effort. These goals arenotstatic butflexible targets which depend uponpolicy guidance,
economic, strategic, technological andpolitical factors.
Theplanning process provides forperiodic review ofPresidential stockpile guidance andfor
continuous updating inthecomputation ofgoals. Stockpile goals areimplemented through anAnnual
Materials Planofacquisitions anddisposals thatvaryinaccordance withmarketing, strategic andbudget
considerations.
Materials forthestockpile areacquired fromtwotypes ofcontracts: newmaterials purchases
andcontracts involved intheupgrading ofmaterials inthestockpile when necessary. Procurement
ofnewmaterials forwhich thestockpile goalsarenotyetfulfilled ismade through openbidding, without
discrimination astoforeign ordomestic bidders. Allthesematerials arepaidforincash. Asmaterials
areusually stockpiled because theyarenotavailable intheUnited States inadequate supplies inwartime,
most purchases arefrom foreign sources. Upgrading contracts generally arenon-cash, barter-type
transactions inwhich thenewly supplied materials arepaidforbytheexchange ofexcess stockpile
materials authorized fordisposal.
Disposal ofmaterials inexcess ofstockpile goals must beconducted inamanner designed
toprotect theUnited States against avoidable lossonthesaleofthematerials, andtoprotect producers,
processors andconsumers against avoidable disruption oftheirusual markets.
IV. Statistical Information
Seeattached tables.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page37
V. Reason whynoforeign trade hastaken place (ifthisisthecase) inproducts affected
During thepastthree-year period, theUnited States hasimported andexported materials
contained inthestockpile. Mostpurchases forthestockpile aremade fromforeign sources. Generally,
disposals fromthestockpile areopentodomestic andforeign enterprises onanon-discriminatory basis.
VI. Additional information
None.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page38
TABLE 1
Strategic andCritical Materials Stockpiling
(Inventory transactions, value data)
Disposals, incontract value
(dollars)1992 1993 1994
Aluminium oxide n.t. 1,880,854 3,869,776
Antimony n.t. 1,487,422 7,602,489
Asbestos 730 n.t. n.t.
Bauxite 7,800,000 7,441,760 4,872,000
Bismuth 463,300 451,320 1,129,243
Cadmium n.t. 82,036 472,240
Chromite 862,073 486,675 4,761,108
Cobalt n.t. 7,045,895 71,361,048
Copper n.t. 22,965,917 22,949,163
Diamond 24,231,191 117,966,528 75,278,637
Ferro-chromium 4,349,334 27,052,225 17,376,438
Ferro-manganese 1,635,162 12,320,605 17,120,844
Ferrosilicon manganese 3,605,457 4,660,279 n.t.
Fluorspar 40,000 268,221 4,769,518
Germanium n.t. 194,189 n.t.
Graphite 215,690 n.t. n.t.
Iodine 836,647 n.t. 1,009,669
Lead n.t. 6,659,583 34,955,318
Manganese 3,291,888 4,284,775 9,666,814
Manganese dioxide 46,200 2,038,000 507,900
Mercury 1,277,200 476,308 758,716
Mica 195,320 227,328 83,794
Nickel n.t. 6,584,227 32,076,050
Quartz 231,120 1,679,854 6,318,911
Rubber 33,283 8,358,738 2,801,870
Rutile n.t. 247,986 3,552,890
Sebacic acid n.t. n.t. 308,115G/STR/N/1/USA
Page39
Disposals, incontract value
(dollars)1992 1993 1994
Silicon carbide 1,784,750 1,684,770 1,808,250
Silver 33,249,975 24,584,616 10,310,886
Talc 25 67 n.t.
Tin 54,744,517 45,931,148 71,134,428
Vegetable tannin extract, Chestnut 32,419 494,500 659,063
Vegetable tannin extract, Quebracho 540,696 1,970,287 1,229,619
Vegetable tannin extract, Wattle n.t. 2,800,150 n.t.
Zinc n.t. 1,288,909 40,003,310
Acquisitions, incontract value
(dollars)1992 1993 1994
Beryllium 7,395,933 n.t. n.t.
Chromium 13,468,838 n.t. n.t.
Columbium 4,437,500 n.t. n.t.
Ferro-chromium 45,954,131 n.t. n.t.
Ferro-manganese 43,717,029 n.t. n.t.
Indium 255,000 n.t. n.t.
Jewel bearings 2,400,000 2,400,000 1,500,000
Rubber 12,443,470 n.t. 17,263,853
Tantalum 16,680,291 n.t. n.t.
Note: (1) Dataareonafiscal yearbasis, Oct.-Sept;
(2) "n.t." means notransaction.
Source: Department ofDefence, "Strategic andCritical Materials Report totheCongress".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page40
TABLE 2
Strategic andCritical Materials Stockpiling
(Inventory transactions, quantity data)
Disposals, inUnits 1992 1993 1994 Units
Aluminium oxide n.t. 5,183 18,897 metric ton
Antimony n.t. 1,155 2,862 metric ton
Asbestos 4 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Bauxite 437,392 557,032 614,020 metric ton
Bismuth 90 90 143 metric ton
Cadmium n.t. 148 338 metric ton
Chromite 18,140 9,070 202,446 metric ton
Cobalt n.t. 274 1,785 metric tons
ofcontained
metal
Copper n.t. 12,698 13,621 metric ton
Diamond 8,943,802 2,495,388 3,058,564 carat
Ferro-chromium 6,231 56,929 38,943 metric ton
Ferro-manganese 3,175 34,568 42,547 metric ton
Ferrosilicon manganese 8,516 13,834 n.t. metric ton
Fluorspar 2 21,333 272,679 metric ton
Germanium n.t. 706 n.t. kilogram
Graphite 541 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Iodine 114 n.t. 115 metric ton
Lead n.t. 20,112 67,130 metric ton
Manganese 51,046 61,422 233,698 metric ton
Manganese dioxide 599 29,242 6,142 metric ton
Mercury 14,500 8,250 10,000 flask
Mica 196 195 124 metric ton
Nickel n.t. 1,229 5,700 metric ton
Quartz 41 179 312 metric tonG/STR/N/1/USA
Page41
Disposals, inUnits 1992 1993 1994 Units
Rubber 90 10,053 2,233 metric ton
Rutile n.t. 1,087 17,564 metric ton
Sebacic acid n.t. n.t. 135 metric ton
Silicon carbide 3,855 3,855 4,082 metric ton
Silver 8,847,597 9,269,394 2,800,000 troyounce
Talc 135 0 n.t. kilogram
Tin 9,260 8,435 14,143 metric ton
Vegetable tannin extract,
Chestnut46 1,663 2,036 metric ton
Vegetable tannin extract,
Quebracho770 5,080 3,357 metric ton
Vegetable tannin extract,
Wattlen.t. 5,080 n.t. metric ton
Zinc n.t. 11,261 39,820 metric ton
Acquisitions, inunits 1992 1993 1994 Unit
Beryllium 12 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Chromium 1,451 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Columbium 133 n.t. n.t. metric tons
ofcontained
metal
Ferro-chromium 73,240 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Ferro-manganese 76,097 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Indium 50,000 n.t. n.t. troyounce
Jewel bearings 1,150,194 1,150,194 367,700 piece
Rubber 9,902 n.t. 12,921 metric ton
Tantalum 46 n.t. n.t. metric tons
ofcontained
metal
Tantalum minerals 272 n.t. n.t. metric ton
Note: (1) Dataareonafiscal yearbasis, Oct.-Sept;
(2) "n.t." means notransaction.
Source: Department ofDefence, "Strategic andCritical Materials Report totheCongress".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page42
TABLE 3
United States Production Data
1992 1993 1994 Units
Aluminium oxide1167,200 155,300 177,100 metric ton
Antimony 17,854 21,723 20,000 metric ton
Asbestos216,000 14,000 10,000 metric ton
Bauxite3 3 3
Beryllium 193 198 200 metric ton
Bismuth3 3 3
Cadmium 1,620 1,094 1,000 metric ton
Chromite ore 0 0 0
Cobalt4 4 4
Columbium n.a. n.a. n.a.
Copper 1,710,000 1,790,000 1,840,000 metric ton
Diamonds595 105 108 million carats
Ferro-chromium 68,000 61,000 63,000 metric ton
Ferro-manganese n.a. n.a. n.a.
Ferrosilicon manganese n.a. n.a. n.a.
Fluorspar651,000 60,000 50,000 metric ton
Germanium713,000 10,000 10,000 kilogram
Graphite80 0 0
Indium9 9 9
Iodine 1,995,000 1,921,000 2,000,000 kilogram
Jewel bearings n.a. n.a. n.a.
Lead 305,000 335,000 360,000 metric ton
Manganese dioxide n.a. n.a. n.a.
Manganese ore 0 0 0
Mercury 643 3
metric tonG/STR/N/1/USA
Page43
1992 1993 1994 Units
Mica10169,000 180,000 191,000 metric ton
Nickel 8,962 4,878 0 metric ton
Quartz11407 394 400 metric ton
Rubber120 0 0
Rutile3 3 3
Sebacic acid3 3 3
Silicon carbide 84,300 74,000 83,100 metric ton
Silver132,157 1,712 2,000 metric ton
Talc 997,000 968,000 972,000 metric ton
Tantalum14
0 0
Tin150 0 0
Vegetable tannin extract,
Chestnutn.a. n.a. n.a.
Vegetable tannin extract,
Quebrachon.a. n.a. n.a.
Vegetable tannin extract,
Wattlen.a. n.a. n.a.
Zinc 272,000 240,000 240,000 metric ton
Note: (1) Datafor1994 isestimated.
(2) "n.a." means notavailable.
1 Includes datafortheUnited States andCanada.
2 Sales data.
3 Withheld toavoid disclosing company proprietary information.
4 There wasnoprimary production ofcobalt, onlysecondary production.
5 There wasnoproduction ofnatural diamonds, dataareformanufactured diamonds.
6 Estimated data. Finished mine shipments.
7 Estimated data.
8 Nonatural graphite production.
9 There wasnoprimary production, onlyupgrading oflow-grade imports.
10 Sales data. Includes ground, scrap andflake mica.
11 Industrial, plant cultured.
12 Noproduction ofnatural rubber.
13 Primary production.
14 Small unreported quantity produced.
15 Noprimary production.
Source: USDepartment oftheInterior, Bureau oftheMines, "Mineral Commodity Summaries,
1995"; andUSInternational Trade Commission, "Synthetic Organic Chemicals".G/STR/N/1/USA
Page44
TABLE 4
United States Import andExport Data
Value data, indollars
Imports1992 1993 1994
Aluminium oxide 848,331,315 706,457,338 558,009,520
Antimony* 26,077,032 25,593,723 61,677,195
Asbestos 6,148,468 6,347,458 4,712,458
Bauxite 27,614,137 21,162,522 40,158,341
Beryllium 26,000 26,000 40,100
Bismuth* 7,680,984 6,252,812 9,646,373
Cadmium* 3,807,763 1,688,808 2,170,917
Chromite 15,299,142 16,507,665 13,903,030
Cobalt 246,169,709 165,574,071 245,970,106
Columbium 101 2,382 3,765
Copper 6,467,315 26,424,988 49,250,107
Diamonds 65,609,339 48,062,829 38,299,850
Ferro-chromium 193,466,949 129,116,839 93,971,566
Ferro-manganese 97,460,166 112,165,828 99,931,220
Ferrosilicon manganese 118,463,744 133,412,926 123,408,359
Fluorspar 33,756,732 30,469,780 30,835,001
Germanium 3,717,951 3,098,117 2,527,134
Graphite 25,536,806 29,850,635 26,871,904
Indium 10,824,110 11,464,039 8,948,161
Iodine 32,467,911 27,344,571 31,675,144
Jewel bearings 514,505 630,740 547,426
Lead 106,526,506 85,161,353 134,389,943
Manganese dioxide 31,527,845 35,998,981 44,400,573
Manganese ore 29,753,856 24,495,219 29,761,147
Mercury 402,941 143,168 494,451
Mica 2,638,044 3,263,325 2,927,185G/STR/N/1/USA
Page45
Value data, indollars
Imports1992 1993 1994
Nickel 627,921,444 515,625,780 552,117,618
Quartz 2,066,856 2,574,390 1,624,274
Rubber 639,032,395 692,928,365 809,027,535
Rutile 81,222,103 101,852,706 82,943,088
Sebacic acid* 5,667,361 4,987,265 1,961,072
Silicon carbide 50,795,511 57,924,627 58,304,870
Silver 444,413,491 378,087,889 472,643,506
Talc 6,476,407 6,039,015 7,145,657
Tantalum 2,354 11,649 12,603
Tin 163,022,728 174,497,425 172,174,576
Vegetable tannin extract,
Chestnut*2,148,927 1,354,599 532,903
Vegetable tannin extract,
Quebracho5,594,497 4,752,668 5,205,676
Vegetable tannin extract, Wattle 7,100,812 6,518,213 5,545,430
Zinc 552,128,477 485,525,752 500,836,346
Total 4,527,882,734 4,083,396,460 4,324,606,130
Note: Anasterisk (*)indicates thatthedatainclude alarger category ofproducts thanthespecific
stockpile item.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUnited States Department ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page46
Value data, indollars
Exports1992 1993 1994
Aluminium oxide 279,561,518 282,220,510 243,661,078
Antimony* 1,619,475 870,959 7,465,037
Asbestos* 6,729,397 8,497,486 7,232,030
Bauxite 1,824,082 1,047,655 1,941,801
Beryllium 98,597 103,212 489,784
Bismuth* 576,754 790,417 1,059,319
Cadmium* 596,767 471,226 2,774,785
Chromite 1,602,134 2,136,207 3,550,869
Cobalt* 19,564,003 9,383,378 31,522,293
Columbium* 6,403,097 3,461,296 4,203,169
Copper 7,472,864 4,275,507 5,926,217
Diamonds 16,709,576 6,878,007 6,320,575
Ferro-chromium 7,187,976 7,803,853 5,257,458
Ferro-manganese 2,989,289 4,852,026 2,695,904
Ferrosilicon manganese 7,966,866 10,200,792 9,354,766
Fluorspar 1,983,340 2,126,464 3,692,668
Germanium* 3,169,082 1,767,394 2,188,351
Graphite 12,380,661 11,364,424 13,601,459
Indium* 6,403,097 3,461,296 4,203,169
Iodine 15,147,949 8,556,377 9,065,589
Jewel bearings 2,440,172 2,537,793 3,494,390
Lead 44,624,255 32,240,366 29,514,347
Manganese dioxide 4,340,922 3,144,625 3,597,679
Manganese ore 2,865,972 1,827,390 1,553,206
Mercury 2,759,579 1,228,603 884,532
Mica 414,087 569,810 545,987
Nickel 4,301,571 4,128,928 4,044,152G/STR/N/1/USA
Page47
Value data, indollars
Exports1992 1993 1994
Quartz 4,582,203 4,532,714 11,188,679
Rubber 7,940,781 4,763,817 7,678,169
Rutile* 10,565,536 4,892,585 6,072,060
Sebacic acid* 14,624,740 15,810,564 13,599,376
Silicon carbide 11,844,412 15,775,442 14,238,121
Silver 163,541,811 126,463,799 176,768,309
Talc 25,119,085 24,930,145 27,487,939
Tantalum 21,886 19,871 14,898
Tin 3,708,239 6,608,977 10,881,057
Vegetable tannin extract,
Chestnut*67,407 275,833 64,926
Vegetable tannin extract,
Quebracho1,428,999 1,117,973 2,017,832
Vegetable tannin extract, Wattle 613,231 370,062 525,151
Zinc 98,944 1,243,474 4,691,242
Total 705,890,356 622,751,257 685,068,373
Note: Anasterisk (*)indicates thatthedatainclude alarger category ofproducts thanthespecific
stockpile item.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUnited States Department ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page48
Quantity data, in
units
Imports1992 1993 1994 Units
Aluminium oxide 4,666,936,668 3,873,107,409 3,059,804,690 kg
Antimony* 15,099,610 14,363,585 18,205,250 kg
Asbestos 26,844 27,721 23,115 metric
ton
Bauxite 440,479 326,252 1,001,288 metric
ton
Beryllium 2 341 201 kg
Bismuth* 1,620,534 1,334,647 1,661,785 kg
Cadmium* 1,921,500 1,414,935 1,108,668 kg
Chromite 208,092 254,802 201,273 metric
ton
Cobalt 5,279,625 5,403,289 5,833,117 kg
Columbium 1,456 110,657 171,272 kg
Copper 2,684,783 13,200,792 20,730,834 kg
Diamonds 11,802,599 7,074,783 3,865,029 carat
Ferro-chromium 376,512,427 324,225,050 248,205,111 kg
Ferro-manganese 226,897,763 281,442,060 249,085,279 kg
Ferrosilicon
manganese257,177,289 330,745,982 275,249,063 kg
Fluorspar 400,425 390,595 392,673 metric
ton
Germanium 7,756 6,942 8,239 kg
Graphite 49,744,449 52,171,638 53,136,014 kg
Indium 54,417 73,426 70,226 kg
Iodine 3,654,772 3,509,374 4,258,157 kg
Jewel bearings Noquantity datareported
Lead 192,119,191 197,167,848 233,546,188 kg
Manganese dioxide 22,702,322 26,772,116 29,774,239 kgG/STR/N/1/USA
Page49
Quantity data, in
units
Imports1992 1993 1994 Units
Manganese ore 245,205,300 229,291,192 330,526,772 kg
Mercury 91,705 39,943 128,678 kg
Mica 4,913,747 6,611,557 6,324,515 kg
Nickel 89,502,668 95,917,725 95,695,429 kg
Quartz 10,010 6,711 2,396 metric
ton
Rubber 774,714,845 834,690,456 830,761,429 kg
Rutile 181,129,893 274,886,371 221,724,519 kg
Sebacic acid* 2,685,279 2,608,754 812,315 kg
Silicon carbide 89,114,521 115,350,243 110,310,799 kg
Silver 3,192,988,894 2,481,878,769 2,478,766,225 gram
Talc 35,436 53,958 87,274 metric
ton
Tantalum 15,171 138,217 81,059 kg
Tin 27,313,841 33,681,669 32,411,952 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Chestnut*2,199,680 1,234,921 573,126 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Quebracho7,084,940 5,846,549 6,303,426 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Wattle8,641,127 7,652,679 6,981,951 kg
Zinc 457,871,470 505,266,162 522,376,995 kg
Note: Anasterisk (*)indicates thatthedatainclude alarger category ofproducts thanthespecific
stockpile item.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUnited States Department ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page50
Quantity data, in
units
Exports1992 1993 1994 Units
Aluminium oxide 1,111,919,667 1,202,991,923 997,284,576 kg
Antimony* 947,380 315,197 1,348,672 kg
Asbestos* 24,889 27,909 19,558 metric
ton
Bauxite 8,591 4,749 15,011 metric
ton
Beryllium 13,845 446 12,567 kg
Bismuth* 90,320 70,070 160,154 kg
Cadmium* 212,905 38,030 1,447,240 kg
Chromite 7,042 10,011 47,103 metric
ton
Cobalt* 463,708 394,659 1,016,151 kg
Columbium* 632,138 129,746 36,827 kg
Copper 3,094,993 1,824,163 2,724,378 kg
Diamonds 3,154,541 1,209,858 663,338 carat
Ferro-chromium 8,292,445 10,070,712 6,216,144 kg
Ferro-manganese 4,627,483 8,132,465 4,279,700 kg
Ferrosilicon
manganese10,603,145 13,633,959 10,473,201 kg
Fluorspar 13,646 13,739 23,490 metric
ton
Germanium* 9,179 5,329 5,573 kg
Graphite 20,338,572 17,499,613 20,809,604 kg
Indium* 632,138 129,746 36,827 kg
Iodine 1,659,127 1,014,190 1,165,170 kg
Jewel bearings Noquantity datareported
Lead 64,339,699 51,442,949 48,229,527 kg
Manganese dioxide 4,293,936 3,647,368 3,316,392 kgG/STR/N/1/USA
Page51
Quantity data, in
units
Exports1992 1993 1994 Units
Manganese ore 17,944,405 16,072,149 15,361,474 kg
Mercury 977,441 887,744 316,033 kg
Mica 502,261 449,399 683,770 kg
Nickel 749,901 754,086 563,719 kg
Quartz 52,160 51,194 50,925 metric
ton
Rubber 4,457,286 2,882,083 3,512,444 kg
Rutile* 34,665,497 15,202,019 19,001,835 kg
Sebacic acid* 3,792,500 4,075,997 3,691,647 kg
Silicon carbide 13,512,023 16,742,456 15,956,053 kg
Silver 1,166,566,474 864,502,586 988,707,189 gram
Talc 151,046 127,159 141,037 metric
ton
Tantalum 76,139 84,101 55,159 kg
Tin 739,362 1,699,492 1,996,772 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Chestnut*56,240 86,675 49,977 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Quebracho503,021 434,886 622,736 kg
Vegetable tannin
extract, Wattle781,483 407,371 251,416 kg
Zinc 46,752 1,193,540 3,738,358 kg
Note: Anasterisk (*)indicates thatthedatainclude alarger category ofproducts thanthespecific
stockpile item.
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUnited States Department ofCommerce.G/STR/N/1/USA
Page52
TABLE 5
United States Import andExport Data, Electricity
Value data, in1,000 dollars 1992 1993 1994
Imports 589,809 661,923 960,328
Exports 63,628 60,813 29,959
Source: United States Department ofEnergy, Energy Information Administration,
"Monthly Energy Review"
Quantity data, inkilowatt
hours1992 1993 1994
Imports 26,198,004 29,363,869 44,307,640
Exports 1,853,753 2,570,285 858,821
Source: Compiled from official statistics oftheUnited States Department ofCommerce.