00-0478 MOREPRESS RELEASE
PRESS/167
7 February 2000
WTO SERVICES AND AGRICULTURE NEGOTIATIONS:
MEETINGS SET FOR FEBRUARY AND MARCH
The World Trade Organization’s General C ouncil agreed today on the organization of
negotiations to further liberalize services and agriculture. The services talks will take place in special
negotiating sessions of the Council for Trade in Services, the first of which will be held in the fourth
week of February. The Agriculture Committee will hold similar special sessions, the first in the week
beginning 20 March.
The General Council also unanimously agreed to address the trade and developmental impact
on developing countries during mandated reviews of WTO agreements including those on intellectual
property rights (“TRIPS”) and trade-related investment measures (“TRIMS”).
“Today’s decisions show that the WTO is very much in business” said WTO Director-
General Mike Moore afterwards. “The members reached agreement with a tremendous amount of
goodwill. This is the result of a lot of serious and constructive preparation.
“The decisions provide a platform, not only for the mandated negotiations and reviews, but
also for other issues which members would like to see included in the WTO’s programme,” Mr Mooresaid. “With work underway constructively in agriculture and services, discussions on the other issues
can also progress.
“Agriculture and services are vitally important for the prosperity of people all over the
world,” the Director-General said. “Half of the world’s workforce — 52% of the female workforceand 46% of the male workforce — are in agriculture according to the World Bank’s latest figures, and
29% work in service industries.
“Both sectors are already going through fundamental reform and liberalization under the
WTO, and the launch of the new negotiations will provide WTO member governments with theopportunity to thrash out their differences and continue  with the reforms in a way that best serves their
priorities and their interests,” he said.
“While both subjects have been difficult to negotiate in the past, and will no doubt continue to
be difficult in the coming years, WTO member governments did reach important agreements six years
ago. I’m confident they’ll do so again. There’s just too much at stake.”PRESS/167
Page 2/3
MOREMany of the topics discussed today remain on the table following failure to reach agreement
at the 30 November to 3 December 1999 Ministerial Conference in Seattle.
The negotiations on agriculture and services are required under current WTO rules (Article 20
of the Agriculture Agreement and Article XIX (i.e. 19) of the General Agreement on Trade in
Services).1 These talks will cover sectors accounting for about half of the world economy and about a
quarter of international trade. According to WTO figures, in 1998, out of a bout $6.7 trillion of world
trade in goods and services, agriculture accounted for $0.5 trillion (over 8%), and services for $1.3
trillion dollars (almost 20%).2
The objectives are to further liberalize trade in services and to continue the agricultural
reform programme in which WTO members have agreed gradually to reduce subsidies and tariff- and
other barriers.
The present programme for agriculture lasts six years (until the end of this year) for
developed countries, and 10 years (to 2004) for developing nations. It includes reductions in export
subsidies, trade-distorting domestic support, and import tariffs. In services, new post-Uruguay Round
agreements were reached on telecommunications liberalization in February 1997, and financial
services liberalization in December 1997.
The new negotiations will take place in parallel with routine work in the Services Council and
Agriculture Committee. This includes monitoring how the present agreements and commitments are
being implemented.
Members are already consulting among themselves and with Mr Moore about how to proceed
with discussions on implementing a number of other present agreements — including proposals to
postpone deadlines for developing countries in certain areas such as intellectual property and
investment measures — and special concessions for products from least developed countries.
The General Council agreed today to intensify consultations on these issues, and on how to
improve decision-making so that the process is more efficient and at the same time allows all
members to participate and keep informed about developments. It instructed Mr Moore to consult
with members on possible steps to be taken on all of these subjects.
SEE ALSO Press Release 166:Director-Gen eral’s statement to General Council
For more information on agriculture and services in the WTO, see pages 17–19 and 21–24 of
Trading into the Future , the introduction to the WTO, also available on the WTO website at
http://www.wto.org/wto/about/agmnts0.htm
                                                     
1At the end of the 1986–94 Ur uguay Round of trade talks the countries which were to become the WTO’s
membership agreed to resume negotiations on both subjects at the beginning of this year. This was written
into the agreements.
2 These are best available estimates adjusted to take account of the following: the services
agreements exclude government services, and the Agriculture Agreement includes processed food and excludefisheries products. Available figures are: agriculture (excluding processed food but including fisheries products)and services (including government services) account for 65% of world GDP (World Bank). Agriculture(including processed food and fisheries products) and se rvices (excluding government services) account for 27%
of international trade (WTO).PRESS/167
Page 4
MORETHE MANDATES
Article 20 of the Agriculture Agreement:
“Continuation of the Reform Process
“Recognizing that the long-term objective of substantial progressive reductions in support and protection
resulting in fundamental reform is an ongoing process, Members agree that negotiations for continuing theprocess will be initiated one year before the end of the implementation period, taking into account:
(a) the experience to that date from implementing the reduction commitments;
(b) the effects of the reduction commitments on world trade in agriculture;
(c) non-trade concerns, special and differential treatment to developing-country Members, and the
objective to establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system, and the other objectivesand concerns mentioned in the preamble to this Agreement;  and
(d) what further commitments are necessary to achieve the above mentioned long-term objectives.”
Article XIX of the General Agreement on Trade in Services:
“Negotiation of  Specific Commitments
“1. In pursuance of the objectives of this Agreement, Members shall enter into successive rounds of
negotiations, beginning not later than five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement andperiodically thereafter, with a view to achieving a progressively higher level of liberalization.  Such negotiations
shall be directed to the reduction or elimination of the adverse effects on trade in services of measures as a means
of providing effective market access.  This process shall take place with a view to promoting the interests of allparticipants on a mutually advantageous basis and to securing an overall balance of rights and obligations.
“2. The process of liberalization shall take place with due respect for national policy objectives and the level
of development of individual Members, both overall and in individual sectors.  There shall be appropriate
flexibility for individual developing country Members for opening fewer sectors, liberalizing fewer types oftransactions, progressively extending market access in line with their development situation and, when makingaccess to their markets available to foreign service suppliers, attaching to such access conditions aimed atachieving the objectives referred to in Article IV.
“3. For each round, negotiating guidelines and procedures shall be established.  For the purposes of
establishing such guidelines, the Council for Trade in Services shall carry out an assessment of trade in services inoverall terms and on a sectoral basis with reference to the objectives of this Agreement, including those set out inparagraph 1 of Article IV.  Negotiating guidelines shall establish modalities for the treatment of liberalizationundertaken autonomously by Members since previous negotiations, as well as for the special treatment for least-developed country Members under the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article IV.
“4. The process of progressive liberalization shall be advanced in each such round through bilateral,
plurilateral or multilateral negotiations directed towards increasing the general level of specific commitmentsundertaken by Members under this Agreement.”PRESS/167
Page 5
MOREBACKGROUND DATA
Note that trade figures for “agriculture” do not correspond exactly with the activities under
negotiation since they include fisheries products.
1. World trade in agricultural products, 1998
Value $bn 553
Annual change %
1980–85 -2
1985–90 9
1990–98 41996 3
1997 -2
1998 -5
Share in world merchandise trade % 10.5
Share in world exports of primary products % 52.4
Source: WTO Annual Report 1999, table IV.3, includes intra-EU trade
2. Top 15 agricultural exporters and importers, 1998
Value
$bnShare in world
%Value
$bnShare in world
%
Exporters Importers
United States 69.85 12.6 United States 62.40 10.6
France 41.06 7.4 Japan 56.59 9.6
Netherlands 34.74 6.3 Germany 48.89 8.3
Canada 30.02 5.4 United Kingdom 35.29 6.0
Germany 29.64 5.4 France 33.18 5.6
Belgium-Luxembourg 20.53 3.7 Italy 32.06 5.4
United Kingdom 19.49 3.5 Netherlands 21.22 3.6
Spain 17.47 3.2 Belgium-Luxembourg 20.45 3.5
Italy 17.08 3.1 Spain 18.12 3.1
Brazil 17.07 3.1 Russian Fed. a14.50 2.5
Australia 14.97 2.7 Canada b13.99 2.4
China 14.31 2.6 Hong Kong, China 12.70 -
Argentina 13.51 2.4   retained imports 6.92 1.2
Denmark 12.12 2.2 China 12.61 2.1
Thailand 11.46 2.1 Mexico b9.57 1.6
Korea, Rep. of 9.31 1.6
Above  15 363.30 65.7 Above  15 395.08 66.9
Source: WTO Annual Report 1999 table IV.7, includes intra-EU trade
a Includes WTO Secretariat estimates.b Imports are valued f.o.b.
3. Agricultural products’ share in trade, by region, 1998
Exports Imports Exports Imports
Share in total
merchandise  trade, %Share in
primary products  trade, %
World 10.5 10.5 World 52.4 52.4
North America 11.1 6.6 North America 65.8 43.7
Latin America 23.8 10.8 Latin America 56.5 59.4
Western Europe 10.1 11.3 Western Europe 66.1 58.3
C./E. Europe/Baltic States/CIS 11.7 13.2 C./E. Europe/Baltic States/CIS 29.7 49.8
Africa 19.5 17.0 Africa 31.8 67.5
Middle East 4.3 13.1 Middle East 6.1 70.5
Asia 7.7 11.3 Asia 54.4 44.7
Source: WTO Annual Report 1999, table IV.5, includes intra-EU tradePRESS/167
Page 6
MORE4. Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 1998
Value
$bnShare in world
%Value
$bnShare in world
%
Exporters Importers
United States 240.0 18.2 United States 165.8 12.7
United Kingdom 100.5 7.6 Germany 125.0 9.6
France 84.6 6.4 Japan 110.7 8.5
Germany 78.9 6.0 United Kingdom 78.8 6.0
Italy 66.6 5.1 France 65.4 5.0
Japan 61.8 4.7 Italy 62.9 4.8
Netherlands 51.6 3.9 Netherlands 46.6 3.6
Spain 48.7 3.7 Canada 35.2 2.7
Belgium-Luxembourg 35.4 2.7 Belgium-Luxembourg 33.9 2.6
Hong Kong, China 34.2 2.6 Austria 30.1 2.3
Austria 32.4 2.5 China 28.8 2.2
Canada 30.3 2.3 Spain 27.5 2.1
Switzerland 27.1 2.1 Korea, Rep. of 23.8 1.8
China 24.0 1.8 Taipei, Chinese 23.3 1.8
Korea, Rep. of 23.9 1.8 Hong Kong, China 22.7 1.7
Turkey 23.2 1.8 Sweden 21.8 1.7
Singapore 18.2 1.4 Ireland 20.0 1.5
Sweden 17.9 1.4 Brazil 18.7 1.4
Taipei, Chinese 16.6 1.3 Singapore 17.9 1.4
Australia 16.0 1.2 Australia 16.8 1.3
Denmark 14.8 1.1 Russian Fed. 16.1 1.2
Norway 14.0 1.1 Switzerland 16.1 1.2
Thailand 13.1 1.0 Denmark 15.3 1.2
Russian Fed. 12.9 1.0 Norway 15.2 1.2
Mexico 11.9 0.9 India 14.2 1.1
India 11.1 0.8 Mexico 12.6 1.0
Malaysia 10.7 0.8 Malaysia 12.4 0.9
Greece  a 9.8 0.7 Thailand 11.9 0.9
Israel 9.0 0.7 Indonesia 11.6 0.9
Poland 8.9 0.7 Philippines 10.1 0.8
Portugal 8.5 0.6 Israel 9.6 0.7
Egypt 7.8 0.6 Turkey 9.4 0.7
Brazil 7.6 0.6 Saudi Arabia 8.7 0.7
Philippines 7.5 0.6 Argentina 8.7 0.7
Czech Rep. 7.3 0.6 Finland 8.0 0.6
Ireland 6.9 0.5 Poland 7.1 0.5
Finland 6.8 0.5 Portugal 6.7 0.5
Hungary 4.9 0.4 Egypt 5.9 0.5
South Africa 4.8 0.4 South Africa 5.6 0.4
Argentina 4.4 0.3 Czech Rep. 5.4 0.4
Total of above 1210.0 91.8 Total of above 1180.0 90.4
World 1320.0 100.0 World 1305.0 100.0
Source: WTO Annual Report 1999, table I.7PRESS/167
Page 7
MORE5. Agriculture and services as % of GDP
Agriculture Services
1980 1998 1980 1998
Albania 34 63 21 19
Algeria 10 12 36 41
Angola .. 14 .. 32
Argentina 6 7 52 56
Armenia .. 41 .. 23
Australia 5 3 58 71
Austria 4 1 60 68
Azerbaijan .. 19 .. 36
Bangladesh 34 23 42 49
Belarus .. 14 .. 42
Belgium 2 1 64 72
B e n i n 3 53 95 24 7
Bolivia .. 16 .. 52
Botswana 11 4 44 51
Brazil 11 8 45 56
Bulgaria 14 23 32 50
Burkina Faso 33 32 45 40
Burundi 62 49 25 32
Cambodia .. 51 .. 34
Cameroon 31 42 43 36
Canada 4 .. 58 ..
Central African Republic 40 55 40 27
Chad 45 39 46 46
Chile 7 8 55 57
C h i n a 3 01 82 13 3
Hong Kong, China 1 0 67 85
Colombia 22 13 43 49
Congo, Dem. Rep. 25 58 42 25
Congo, Rep. 12 12 42 39
Costa Rica 18 14 55 64
Côte d’Ivoire 26 25 54 52
Croatia .. .. .. ..
Czech Republic 7 .. 30 ..
Denmark 5 .. 66 ..
Dominican Republic 20 12 52 56
Ecuador 12 12 50 54
Egypt, Arab Rep. 18 17 45 50
El Salvador 38 13 40 59
Eritrea .. 9 .. 61
Estonia .. 5 .. 67
Ethiopia 6,568 56 .. 32
Finland 10 4 51 62
France 4 2 62 72
Georgia 24 32 40 45
Germany .. 1 .. 44
Ghana 58 37 30 38
Greece 14 .. 61 ..
Guatemala 25 21 53 60
Guinea .. 22 .. 42
Haiti .. 31 .. 48
Honduras 24 23 52 47
Hungary 19 6 34 60
I n d i a 3 82 53 94 5
Indonesia 24 16 34 41
Iran, Islamic Rep. 18 .. 50 ..
Ireland .. .. .. ..
Israel .. .. .. ..
Italy 6 3 55 66
J a m a i c a 8 75 45 8
Japan 4 .. 54 ..
Jordan 8 3 64 72
Kazakhstan .. 10 .. 63
K e n y a 3 32 94 75 5
Korea, Rep. 15 6 45 51
Kuwait 0 .. 25 ..
PRESS/167
Page 8
MOREAgriculture Services
1980 1998 1980 1998
Kyrgyz Republic .. 46 .. 30
Lao PDR .. 52 .. 27
Latvia 12 7 37 62
Lebanon .. 12 .. 61
Lesotho 24 11 47 47
Lithuania .. 14 .. 46
Macedonia, FYR .. 12 .. 61
Madagascar 30 31 54 56
Malawi 44 39 34 41
Malaysia 22 12 40 40
Mali 48 45 38 34
Mauritania 30 24 44 45
Mexico 8 5 59 68
Moldova .. 31 .. 34
Mongolia 15 33 52 40
Morocco 18 16 51 54
Mozambique 48 34 22 48
Myanmar 47 59 41 31
N a m i b i a 1 11 03 45 6
Nepal 62 40 26 38
Netherlands 3 .. 64 ..
New Zealand 11 .. 58 ..
Nicaragua 23 34 45 44
Niger 43 41 34 42
Nigeria 21 32 34 27
Norway 4 2 61 66
Pakistan 30 25 46 50
Panama 9 7 72 76
Papua New Guinea 33 28 40 36
Paraguay 29 25 44 53
P e r u 1 0 74 85 5
Philippines 25 17 36 52
Poland .. 4 .. 70
Portugal .. .. .. ..
Romania .. 15 .. 48
Russian Federation .. 9 .. 49
Rwanda 50 34 27 43
Saudi Arabia 1 6 18 49
Senegal 19 17 66 59
Sierra Leone 33 44 47 32
Singapore 1 0 61 65
Slovak Republic .. 5 .. 62
Slovenia .. 5 .. 57
South Africa 7 4 43 57
Spain .. 3 .. . .
Sri Lanka 28 22 43 52
Sweden 4 .. 63 ..
Switzerland .. .. .. ..
Syrian Arab Republic 20 .. 56 ..
T a j i k i s t a n . .. .. .. .
Tanzaniab .. 46 .. 40
Thailand 23 11 48 49
Togo 27 42 48 37
T u n i s i a 1 41 45 55 8
Turkey 26 15 51 57
Turkmenistan .. .. .. ..
Uganda 72 43 23 39
Ukraine .. 12 .. 48
United Kingdom 2 2 55 67
United States 3 2 64 71
Uruguay 14 8 53 64
Uzbekistan .. 28 .. 42
Venezuela 5 4 49 52
Vietnam .. 26 .. 43
Yemen, Rep.. .. 18 .. 34
Zambia 14 16 44 55
Zimbabwe 16 18 55 58
World 7 5 56 61
PRESS/167
Page 9
MOREAgriculture Services
1980 1998 1980 1998
Low income 31 21 30 38
Excl. China & India 29 25 39 42
Middle income 13 9 46 56
Lower middle income .. 12 .. 52
Upper middle income 11 7 47 57
Low and middle income 18 12 42 51
East Asia & Pacific 24 15 33 41
Europe & Central Asia .. 11 .. 55
Latin America & Carib. 10 8 50 58
Middle East & N. Africa 10 .. 37 ..
South Asia 36 25 40 46
Sub-Saharan Africa 18 17 43 50
High income 3 2 59 65
Source: World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000  (http://www.worldbank.org/wdr/2000/pdfs/engtable12.pdf )
a. Data prior to 1992 include Eritrea     b. Data cover mainland Tanzania only.
Figures in italics  are for years other than those specifiedPRESS/167
Page 10
MORE6. 2.4 Employment by economic activity
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY SERVICES
Male % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
force
1980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–97
Albania 54 51 62 60 28 26 17 19 18 24 21 21
Algeria 27 18 69 57 33 38 6 7 40 45 25 36
Angola 67 65 87 86 13 14 1 2 20 21 11 13
Argentina 17 16 3 3 40 39 18 17 44 46 79 81
A r m e n i a 2 12 4 2 11 14 84 73 83 93 12 94 15 1
A u s t r a l i a 7 6 4 33 43 21 51 14 45 86 78 0
Austria 9 6 13 8 51 42 25 17 41 48 62 72
A z e r b a i j a n 2 82 7 4 23 63 63 52 02 13 63 83 84 3
Bangladesh 67 53 81 76 5 11 14 8 29 33 5 11
B e l a r u s 2 92 6 2 31 34 44 53 33 62 83 04 45 1
B e l g i u m 4 3 2 24 13 41 61 15 05 46 87 2
Benin 66 62 69 65 10 12 4 4 24 27 27 30
B o l i v i a 5 34 8 5 34 52 12 21 11 02 63 03 64 5
B o s n i a  a n d  H e r z e g o v i n a 2 6 9 3 81 64 55 42 43 73 03 73 94 8
Botswana 53 39 74 55 18 30 2 9 28 31 24 36
Brazil 41 28 26 14 28 28 14 13 31 43 60 74
Bulgaria .. .. 22 13 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
B u r k i n a  F a s o 9 2 9 1 9 3 9 432225755
B u r u n d i 8 8 8 6 9 8 9 844119 1 011
C a m b o d i a 7 0 6 9 8 0 7 87878 2 3 2 4 1 4 1 4
Cameroon 65 62 87 83 11 12 2 3 24 26 11 14
Canada 6 5 3 2 34 29 14 11 52 57 74 78
Central African Republic 79 74 90 8 75610 1 6 2 09 1 3
C h a d 8 2 7 7 9 5 9 16701 1 2 1 648
Chile 20 18 2 4 25 32 13 13 52 45 79 76
C h i n a 7 16 9 7 97 61 61 71 21 31 41 41 01 1
Hong Kong, China 1 1 1 1 47 39 56 33 52 60 43 66
Colombia .. 1 .. 0 .. 29 .. 18 .. 60 .. 66
Congo, Dem. Rep. 62 58 84 81 18 20 4 5 20 23 12 14
Congo, Rep. 42 33 81 69 20 23 2 4 38 44 17 27
Costa Rica 43 27 5 5 23 24 20 17 34 43 75 69
Côte d’Ivoire 60 54 75 72 10 12 5 6 30 34 20 22
Croatia 23 17 28 15 38 38 28 28 39 45 45 57
C u b a 3 02 4 1 0 83 23 62 22 13 94 16 87 1
Czech Republic 14 13 12 9 67 54 44 36 19 33 45 55
Denmark 10 7 3 3 41 37 17 16 44 55 76 81
Dominican Republic 40 31 11 9 26 32 16 23 34 38 73 68
Ecuador 44 39 22 16 22 20 16 16 34 41 63 68
Egypt, Arab Rep. 43 29 8 32 20 22 10 7 32 39 56 37
El Salvador 56 50 9 7 20 22 18 19 24 29 73 74
E r i t r e a 7 9 7 7 8 8 8 57822 1 4 1 6 1 1 1 3
E s t o n i a 1 91 8 1 21 15 04 83 63 43 13 45 25 5
E t h i o p i a 9 0 8 6 8 9 8 622228 1 1 1 0 1 2
Finland 12 10 9 5 42 38 21 14 38 49 64 66
F r a n c e 9 6 7 54 33 82 21 74 85 67 17 9
Gabon 59 46 74 59 18 21 5 10 24 33 21 32
G a m b i a ,  T h e 7 87 4 9 39 21 01 2 2 31 31 5 5 6
G e o r g i a 3 12 7 3 42 43 23 82 12 33 73 44 55 2
Germany 6 4 8 4 54 48 33 24 40 48 59 72
Ghana 66 64 57 55 12 12 14 14 22 25 29 31
Greece 25 19 39 23 34 32 18 17 40 47 39 51
G u a t e m a l a 6 56 4 1 71 61 71 62 72 31 92 15 66 1
G u i n e a 8 6 8 3 9 6 9 22311 1 2 1 537
G u i n e a - B i s s a u 8 1 7 8 9 8 9 63300 1 7 1 923
H a i t i 7 9 7 6 6 1 5 78988 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5
Honduras 63 51 40 .. 17 19 .. 26 20 27 51 64
Hungary 21 19 15 11 48 42 38 32 32 39 47 57
India 63 59 83 74 15 17 9 15 22 24 8 11
I n d o n e s i a 5 93 9 5 64 01 22 01 21 52 93 73 23 9
Iran, Islamic Rep. 36 30 82 73 28 26 6 9 35 44 12 18
Iraq 22 12 62 39 24 19 11 9 55 69 27 52
I r e l a n d 2 31 6 6 33 32 82 11 63 53 96 66 9
Israel 7 4 4 2 39 37 15 15 51 55 77 77
I t a l y 1 1 7 1 4 74 03 52 41 84 04 94 85 9
Jamaica 43 34 18 15 23 32 9 13 35 34 73 72
PRESS/167
Page 11
MOREAGRICULTURE INDUSTRY SERVICES
Male % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
force
1980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–97
Japan 9 5 13 6 39 38 28 23 50 54 57 67
Jordan 11 10 58 41 27 28 3 4 62 63 39 55
Kazakhstan 28 28 20 15 38 37 25 25 34 35 55 60
Kenya 77 75 88 85 10 11 2 3 13 15 10 12
Korea, Dem. Rep. 39 35 52 42 37 38 20 23 24 27 28 35
Korea, Rep. 29 12 38 16 30 38 23 24 35 47 36 59
Kuwait 2 2 0 0 36 32 3 2 62 67 97 98
Kyrgyz Republic 35 36 33 28 34 30 23 23 32 34 44 50
Lao PDR 77 76 82 8 17745 1 6 1 7 1 3 1 4
L a t v i a 1 81 9 1 41 24 94 73 63 33 23 45 05 5
Lebanon 13 6 20 10 29 34 21 22 58 60 59 68
Lesotho 26 29 64 59 52 41 5 5 22 30 31 36
Libya 16 7 63 28 29 27 3 5 55 66 34 68
L i t h u a n i a 2 62 3 2 91 34 74 73 03 42 73 04 15 3
M a c e d o n i a ,  F Y R 3 02 1 4 72 33 84 02 34 13 23 93 03 6
Madagascar 73 70 93 88 9 10 2 3 19 20 5 9
M a l a w i 7 8 7 8 9 6 9 6 1 0911 1 2 1 333
Malaysia 36 28 49 26 19 23 18 23 44 48 33 52
M a l i 8 6 8 3 9 2 8 92212 1 2 1 579
Mauritania 65 49 79 63 11 16 2 4 25 35 19 34
M a u r i t i u s 2 71 8 2 71 42 84 02 75 04 54 24 63 6
Mexico 43 35 19 12 30 25 28 20 28 40 53 69
M o l d o v a 4 63 8 4 12 83 03 42 32 62 52 83 64 7
Mongolia 43 34 36 30 21 23 21 22 36 44 43 48
M o r o c c o 4 83 5 7 26 32 32 81 41 92 93 71 41 8
Mozambique 72 70 97 96 14 15 1 1 14 15 2 3
Myanmar 72 70 80 78 9 11 7 9 19 19 12 14
Namibia 52 46 64 54 22 21 5 8 27 33 31 39
Nepal 91 91 98 9 810008922
Netherlands 6 5 2 2 36 30 12 9 50 58 74 78
New Zealand 13 10 7 5 39 30 21 12 48 52 72 76
N i c a r a g u a 4 93 8 1 6 92 62 82 12 32 63 46 46 9
N i g e r 8 6 8 4 9 8 9 756119 1 011
N i g e r i a 5 2 4 3 5 7 4 4 1 0953 3 8 4 9 3 8 5 3
N o r w a y 1 0 7 6 34 03 31 41 05 05 78 08 5
Oman 52 48 25 20 21 22 33 35 27 30 42 45
Pakistan 56 44 73 65 15 18 12 10 29 34 15 15
Panama 35 30 5 3 21 21 11 10 38 46 77 80
Papua New Guinea 76 73 92 8 98923 1 6 1 868
Paraguay 58 51 9 8 20 23 22 20 23 26 70 72
Peru 45 41 25 22 20 20 14 12 35 26 61 72
P h i l i p p i n e s 6 14 4 3 72 61 51 81 61 22 53 14 75 4
Poland 28 27 32 28 46 45 28 25 26 28 40 48
Portugal 21 10 31 12 41 40 24 24 32 49 37 59
Puerto Rico 8 6 1 0 30 29 26 22 24 27 74 75
R o m a n i a 2 62 1 4 52 85 05 33 04 02 42 62 53 2
Russian Federation 19 17 13 10 50 48 37 35 31 34 50 56
Rwanda 88 86 98 9 856117812
Saudi Arabia 45 20 25 12 17 21 5 6 39 59 70 82
Senegal 74 70 90 86 9 10 2 4 17 20 8 11
Sierra Leone 63 60 82 81 20 22 4 4 17 18 14 16
Singapore 2 0 1 0 32 35 39 30 63 62 57 68
S l o v a k  R e p u b l i c 1 51 4 1 3 93 83 63 43 14 85 05 46 0
S l o v e n i a 1 4 5 1 7 64 95 23 73 93 84 34 65 4
South Africa 18 16 16 10 45 42 16 15 37 42 68 76
Spain 19 11 16 7 42 39 21 14 36 46 56 65
S r i  L a n k a 4 13 6 4 43 21 61 81 21 72 63 72 12 1
Sudan 66 64 88 84 9 10 4 5 24 26 8 11
Sweden 8 5 3 2 45 34 16 11 46 52 79 81
Switzerland .. 6 .. 4 .. 42 .. 19 .. 49 .. 74
Syrian Arab Republic 27 22 78 69 35 30 7 6 39 49 15 25
Tajikistan 36 37 54 46 29 28 16 17 35 35 30 37
T a n z a n i a 8 0 7 8 9 2 9 17822 1 3 1 477
Thailand .. 55 .. 61 .. 20 .. 19 .. 26 .. 29
Togo 70 66 67 65 12 12 7 7 19 22 26 29
Trinidad and Tobago .. 11 .. 4 .. 29 .. 10 .. 47 .. 65
T u n i s i a 3 32 3 5 34 23 03 33 23 23 74 41 62 7
PRESS/167
Page 12
ENDAGRICULTURE INDUSTRY SERVICES
Male % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
forceMale % of
male labour
forceFemale % of
female labour
force
1980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–971980 1990
–97
Turkey 45 29 88 59 22 27 5 12 33 38 8 19
Turkmenistan 33 34 46 41 32 30 16 14 36 36 38 44
Uganda 84 81 91 8 86722 1 0 1 28 1 0
U k r a i n e 2 62 4 2 41 64 64 63 33 42 83 14 45 0
United Arab Emirates 5 9 0 0 40 30 7 3 55 61 93 98
United Kingdom 3 3 1 1 44 32 21 13 44 51 72 80
United States 5 4 2 1 35 32 15 13 50 60 74 81
Uruguay 22 21 4 4 31 31 23 21 47 48 74 70
U z b e k i s t a n 3 53 5 4 63 63 43 01 91 93 23 53 64 5
Venezuela 19 19 3 2 32 25 19 13 48 48 76 75
V i e t n a m 7 17 0 7 57 31 61 71 01 11 31 31 51 6
West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Yemen, Rep. 60 50 98 88 19 22 1 6 21 29 1 7
Yugoslavia, FR
(Serb./Mont.)34 28 47 32 35 38 19 26 31 34 33 41
Zambia 69 68 85 83 13 13 3 3 19 19 13 14
Zimbabwe 63 58 85 81 19 13 4 2 18 29 12 17
W o r l d 5 04 6 5 65 22 22 21 51 52 52 92 42 9
Low income 65 61 81 75 13 15 8 10 22 25 11 14
Middle income 55 50 59 56 23 23 17 17 22 26 24 27
Lower middle income 59 56 63 61 21 21 16 16 20 22 20 22
Upper middle income 34 27 31 22 32 31 20 17 33 42 49 61
Low & middle income 59 54 67 62 19 20 14 15 22 25 19 23
E a s t  A s i a  &  P a c i f i c 6 96 6 7 57 21 51 61 21 31 61 71 31 4
Europe & Central Asia 26 24 27 22 44 42 31 30 30 34 42 48
Latin America & Carib. 39 29 21 12 28 28 18 16 32 42 61 70
Middle East & N. Africa 37 27 53 55 25 26 10 11 36 46 29 29
South Asia 63 59 82 75 14 17 10 14 23 25 8 10
Sub-Saharan Africa 66 62 79 75 12 12 4 4 22 26 17 21
High income 8 5 8 4 .. 34 22 17 .. 53 .. 73
E u r o p e  E M U 1 0 8 1 1 64 64 02 61 94 15 05 96 9
Source: World Bank, 1999 World Development Indicators ( http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi/pdfs/tab2_4.pdf )
1990–1997 data are for most recent years