WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE
ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL DEL COMERCIOIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
14 March 2000
(00-0981)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English/
anglais/
inglés
MAIN DEDICATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
LAWS AND REGULATIONS NOTIFIED UNDER
ARTICLE 63.2 OF THE AGREEMENT
SINGAPORE
The present document reproduces the text1 of the Copyright Act Revised Edition 1988, as
notified by Singapore under Article 63.2 of the Agreement (see document IP/N/1/SGP/3).
Conseil des aspects des droits de propriété
intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce
PRINCIPALES LOIS ET REGLEMENTATIONS CONSACREES A LA
PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE NOTIFIEES AU TITRE
DE L'ARTICLE 63:2 DE L'ACCORD
SINGAPOUR
Le présent document contient le texte1 de l'Édition révisée de 1988 de la Loi sur le droit
d'auteur, notifiée par Singapour au titre de l'arti cle 63:2 de l'Accord (voir le document IP/N/1/SGP/3).
Consejo de los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad
Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio
PRINCIPALES LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS DEDICADOS A LA PROPIEDAD
INTELECTUAL NOTIFICADOS EN VIRTUD DEL PÁRRAFO 2
DEL ARTÍCULO 63 DEL ACUERDO
SINGAPUR
En el presente documento se reproduce el texto1 de la Ley de Derecho de Autor; edición
revisada de 1988, notificada por Singapur de conformidad con el párrafo 2 del artículo 63 del Acuerdo(véase el documento IP/N/1/SGP/3).
                                                     
1 English only/Anglais seulement/En inglés solamente.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 2
COPYRIGHT ACT
(CHAPTER 63)
REVISED EDITION 1988
Act 2 of 1987
S 130/88
S 22/89
Act 14/1994
Act 15/1994Act 24/1995
6 of 19983 of 1999
An Act relating to copyright and matters related thereto.
[10th April 1987]
PART I
PRELIMINARY
Short title.
1. This Act may be cited as the Copyright Act.
Application.
2. Except insofar as Part XI otherwise expressly provides, this Act shall apply in
relation to things existing on 10th April 1987 in like manner as it applies in relation to
things coming into existence after that date.
S 107/87.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 3
Application to Government.
3. Subject to Part X, this Act shall bind the Government but nothing in this Act shall
render the Government liable to be prosecuted for an offence.
Copyright not to subsist except by virtue of this Act.
4. Subject to the provisions of this Act, no copyright shall subsist otherwise than by
virtue of this Act.
Savings of rights of Government, etc.
5. Nothing in this Act shall affect any right or privilege of the Government or any
other person under any other written law, except insofar as that law is expressly re-
pealed, amended or modified by this Act.
Operation of other laws.
6. Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation of the law relating to breaches of
trust or confidence.
PART II
INTERPRETATION
Interpretation.
7. — (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires —
“accessory” , in relation to an article, means one or more of the following:
(a) a label affixed to, or displayed on, the article;
(b) the packaging or container in which the article is packaged or contained;
(c) a label affixed to, or displayed on, the packaging or container in which the
article is packaged or contained;
(d) a leaflet, pamphlet, certificate, warranty, brochure, written instruction or
other information incidental to the article and provided with the article on
its sale;
(e) an instructional sound recording or cinematograph film incidental to the
article and provided with the article on its sale,
but does not include —
(i) a copy of work that is incorporated into the surface of the article and is a
permanent part of the article;
(ii) a copy of a work that cannot be separated from the article without ren-
dering the article unsuitable for its ordinary use; or
(iii) a manual sold with computer software for use in connection with that
software;
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94 vide S 370/94.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 4
“adaptation”  —
(a) in relation to a literary work in a non-dramatic form, means a version of
the work (whether in its original language or in a different language) in a
dramatic form;
(b) in relation to a literary work in a dramatic form, means a version of the
work (whether in its original language or in a different language) in anon-dramatic form;
(c) in relation to a literary work being a computer program, means a version
of the work (whether or not in the language, code or notation in which the
work was originally expressed) not being a reproduction of the work;
(d) in relation to a literary work (whether in a non-dramatic form or dramatic
form), means —
(i) a translation of the work; or
(ii) a version of the work in which a story or action is conveyed solely or
principally by means of pictures; and
(e) in relation to a musical work, means an arrangement or transcription of the
work;
“archives”  means —(a) archival material in the custody of the National Archives of Singapore
established under section 17 of the National Heritage Board Act (Cap.
196A);
(b) a collection of documents or other material to which this paragraph applies
by virtue of subsection (4);
“artistic work”  means —
(a) a painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving or photograph, whether the work
is of artistic quality or not;
(b) a building or model of a building, whether the building or model is of
artistic quality or not; or
(c) a work of artistic craftsmanship to which neither paragraph ( a) nor ( b)
applies,
but does not include a layout-design or an integrated circuit within the meaning
of section 2 of the Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits Act 1999.
“author” , in relation to a photograph, means the person who took the photograph;
“broadcast”  means broadcast by wireless telegraphy, and “broadcasting” shall
have a corresponding meaning;
“building”  includes a structure of any kind;
“cable programme”  means a programme which is included in a cable programme
service;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 5
“cable programme service”  means a service which consists wholly or mainly in
the sending by any person, by means of a telecommunication system (whether
run by him or by any other person), of sounds or visual images or both either
—
(a) for reception, otherwise than by wireless telegraphy, at two or more places
in Singapore, whether they are so sent for simultaneous reception or atdifferent times in response to requests made by different users of the
service; or
(b) for reception, by whatever means, at a place in Singapore for the purpose
of their being presented there either to members of the public or to any
group of persons;
“cinematograph film”  means the aggregate of visual images embodied in an ar-
ticle or thing so as to be capable by the use of that article or thing —
(a) of being shown as a moving picture; or
(b) of being embodied in another article or thing by the use of which it can be
so shown,
and includes the aggregate of the sounds embodied in a sound-track associated
with such visual images;
“citizen of Singapore”  includes a person who, if he had been alive on 1st No-
vember 1957, would have qualified for Singapore citizenship under the Sin-
gapore Citizenship Ordinance 1957;
35/57.
“computer program”  means an expression, in any language, code or notation, of a
set of instructions (whether with or without related information) intended,
either directly or after either or both of the following:
(a) conversion to another language, code or notation;
(b) reproduction in a different material form,
to cause a device having information processing capabilities to perform a par-
ticular function;
“construction”  includes erection and “reconstruction” shall have a corresponding
meaning;
“conveyance” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and Exports
Act (Cap. 272A);
“copy” , in relation to a cinematograph film, means any article or thing in which
the visual images or sounds comprising the film are embodied;
“Copyright Act 1911”  means the Copyright Act 19112 of the United Kingdom
insofar as it has effect as part of the law of Singapore;
                                                     
2 Repealed by section 203, which is omitted in this Edition.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 6
U.K. 1911 c. 46.
“Copyright Tribunal” or “Tribunal”  means the Copyright Tribunal established
under Part VII;
“dramatic work”  includes —
(a) a choreographic show or other dumb show if described in writing in the
form in which the show is to be presented; and
(b) a scenario or script for a cinematograph film,
but does not include a cinematograph film as distinct from the scenario or
script for a cinematograph film;
“drawing”  includes any diagram, map, chart or plan;
“educational institution”  means —
(a) a school or similar institution at which full-time primary education or full-
time secondary education is provided or both full-time primary education
and full-time secondary education are provided;
(b) a junior college, a university, a college of advanced education or a tech-
nical and further education institution;
(c) an institution that conducts courses of primary, secondary or tertiary ed-
ucation by correspondence or on an external study basis;
(d) a school of nursing that is declared by regulations made under this Act to
be an institution to which this paragraph applies;
(e) an undertaking within a hospital, being an undertaking that conducts
courses of study or training in the provision of medical services, or in the
provision of services incidental to the provision of medical services, thatis declared by regulations made under this Act to be an institution to
which this paragraph applies;
(f) a teacher education centre that is declared by regulations made under this
Act to be an institution to which this paragraph applies;
(g) an institution that has, as its principal function, the provision of courses of
study or training for the purpose of —
(i)  general education;(ii)  the preparation of persons for a particular occupation or profession;
or
(iii)  the continuing education of persons engaged in a particular occu-
pation or profession,
and that is declared by regulations made under this Act to be an institution to
which this paragraph applies;
(h) an undertaking within a body administering an educational institution of a
kind referred to in paragraphs ( a) to ( g) of this definition, being an un-IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 7
dertaking that has as its principal function, or as one of its principal
functions, the provision of teacher training for persons engaged as in-
structors in educational institutions of such a kind, or of two or more such
kinds and that is declared by regulations made under this Act to be an
institution to which this paragraph applies;
(i) an institution, or an undertaking within a body administering an educa-
tional institution of a kind referred to in paragraphs ( a) to ( h) of this def-
inition, being an institution or undertaking that has as its principal
function, or as one of its principal functions, the furnishing of materials to
educational institutions of a kind referred to in paragraphs ( a) to ( h) of
this definition, or to educational institutions of two or more such kinds,for the purpose of assisting those institutions in their teaching purposes
and that is declared by regulations made under this Act to be an
institution to which this paragraph applies,
but does not include an institution that is conducted for the profit, direct or
indirect, of an individual or individuals;
“engraving”  includes an etching, lithograph, product of photogravure, woodcut,
print or similar work, not being a photograph;
“exclusive licence”  means a licence in writing, signed by or on behalf of the
owner or prospective owner of copyright, authorising the licensee, to the ex-
clusion of all other persons, to do an act that, by virtue of this Act, the owner of
the copyright would, but for the licence, have the exclusive right to do, and
“exclusive licensee” shall have a corresponding meaning;
“future copyright”  means copyright to come into existence at a future time or
upon the happening of a future event;
“handicapped reader”  means —
(a) a blind person;
(b) a person suffering severe impairment of his sight;
(c) a person unable to hold or manipulate books or to focus or move his eyes;
or
(d) a person suffering from a perceptual handicap;
“infringing copy”  —
(a) in relation to a work, means a reproduction of the work, or of an adapta-
tion of the work, not being a copy of a cinematograph film of the work or
adaptation;
(b) in relation to a sound recording, means a copy of the sound recording not
being a sound-track associated with visual images forming part of a cin-
ematograph film;
(c) in relation to a cinematograph film, means a copy of the film;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 8
(d) in relation to a television broadcast, sound broadcast or cable programme,
means a copy of a cinematograph film of the broadcast or programme or a
record embodying a sound recording of the broadcast or programme; and
(e) in relation to a published edition of a work, means a reproduction of the
edition,
being an article the making of which constituted an infringement of the copy-
right in the work, recording, film, broadcast, programme or edition or, in the
case of an article imported without the licence of the owner of the copyright,
the making of which was carried out without the consent of the owner of the
copyright;
“institution”  includes an educational institution;“institution assisting intellectually handicapped readers” means —
(a) any educational institution; or
(b) any non-profit organisation,
that has as its principal function, or one of its principal functions, the provision
of assistance to intellectually handicapped persons and that is declared by
regulations made under this Act to be, for the purposes of this Act, an in-
stitution assisting intellectually handicapped readers;
“international organisation to which this Act applies”  means an organisation that
is declared by the regulations made for the purposes of section 185 to be an
international organisation to which this Act applies, and includes —
(a) an organ of, or office within, an organisation that is so declared; and
(b) a commission, council or other body established by such an organisation
or organ;
“judicial proceeding”  means a proceeding before any court, tribunal or person
having by law power to hear, receive and examine evidence on oath;
“literary work”  includes —
(a) a table, or compilation, expressed in words, figures or symbols (whether
or not in a visible form); and
(b) a computer program or compilation of computer programs;
“manuscript” , in relation to a work, means an original document embodying the
work, whether written by hand or not;
“minimum royalty” , in relation to a record, means the amounts applicable in re-
spect of the record under sections 57 (3) and 58 ( b) (i) or, if those provisions
are affected by regulations made for the purposes of section 59, under those
provisions as so affected;
“non-profit organisation” means an organisation or association or persons,
whether corporate or unincorporate, that is not operated or conducted for profit;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 9
“photograph”  means a product of photography or of a process similar to pho-
tography, other than an article or thing in which visual images forming part of a
cinematograph film have been embodied, and includes a product of xe-
rography, and photography shall have a corresponding meaning;
“plate”  includes a stereotype, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative or
other similar appliance;
“programme” , in relation to a cable programme service, includes any item in-
cluded in that service;
“prospective owner”  —
(a) in relation to a future copyright that is not the subject of an agreement of a
kind referred to in section 195 (1), means the person who will be theowner of the copyright on its coming into existence; or
(b) in relation to a future copyright that is the subject of such an agreement,
means the person in whom, by virtue of that section, the copyright will
vest on its coming into existence;
“record”  means a disc, tape, paper or other device in which sounds are embodied;
“regulations”  means the regulations made under this Act;
“royalty” , in relation to a record, means the amount applicable in respect of the
record under section 57 (1) or, if that provision is affected by regulations made
for the purposes of section 59, under that provision so affected;
“sculpture”  includes a cast or model made for purposes of sculpture;
“Singapore Broadcasting Corporation” Deleted by Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94 vide
S386/94
“sound broadcast”  means sounds broadcast otherwise than as part of a television
broadcast;
“sound recording”  means the aggregate of the sounds embodied in a record;
“sound-track” , in relation to visual images forming part of a cinematograph film,
means —
(a) the part of any article or thing, being an article or thing in which those
visual images are embodied, in which sounds are embodied; or
(b) a disc, tape or other device in which sounds are embodied and which is
made available by the maker of the film for use in conjunction with thearticle or thing in which those visual images are embodied;
“sufficient acknowledgment” , in relation to a work, means an acknowledgment
identifying the work by its title or other description and, unless the work is
anonymous or pseudonymous or the author has previously agreed or directed
that an acknowledgment of his name is not to be made, also identifying the
author;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 10
“telecommunication apparatus”  means apparatus constructed or adapted for use
in transmitting or receiving —
(a) speech, music and other sounds;
(b) visual images;
(c) signals serving for the impartation (whether as between persons and per-
sons, things and things or persons and things) of any matter otherwisethan in the form of sounds or visual images; or
(d) signals serving for the actuation or control of machinery or apparatus,
which is to be or has been conveyed by means of a telecommunication sys-
tem;
“telecommunication system”  means a system for the conveyance, through the
agency of electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic, electro-chemical or electro-
mechanical energy, of —
(a) speech, music and other sounds;
(b) visual images;
(c) signals serving for the impartation (whether as between persons and per-
sons, things and things or persons and things) of any matter otherwise
than in the form of sounds or visual images; or
(d) signals serving for the actuation or control of machinery or apparatus;
“television broadcast”  means visual images broadcast by way of television, to-
gether with any sounds broadcast for reception along with those images;
“wireless telegraphy”  means the emitting or receiving, otherwise than over a path
that is provided by a material substance, of electro-magnetic energy;
“wireless telegraphy apparatus”  means an appliance or apparatus for the purpose
of transmitting or receiving sounds or visual images by means of wirelesstelegraphy;
“will”  includes a codicil;
“work”  means a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work;
“work of joint authorship”  means a work that has been produced by the collab-
oration of two or more authors and in which the contribution of each author is
not separate from the contribution of the other author or the contributions of
other authors;
“writing”  means a mode of representing or reproducing words, figures or sym-
bols in a visible form, and “written” shall have a corresponding meaning.
(1A) Without limiting the meaning of the expression "educational purposes" in this
Act, a copy of the whole or a part of a work or other subject-matter shall be taken to
have been made, used or retained, as the case may be, for the purposes of an educa-
tional institution if —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 11
(a) it is made or retained for use, or is used, in connection with a particular
course of instruction provided by the institution; or
(b) it is made or retained for inclusion, or is included, in the collection of a li-
brary of the institution.
(2) Without limiting the meaning of the expression “reasonable portion” in this Act,
where a literary, dramatic or musical work is contained in a published edition of thatwork, being an edition of not less than 10 pages, a copy of part of that work, as it
appears in that edition, shall be taken to contain only a reasonable portion of that work
if the pages that are copied in the edition —
(a) do not exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the number of pages in that edition; or
(b) in a case where the work is divided into chapters — exceed, in the aggregate,
10% of the number of pages in that edition but contain only the whole or part
of a single chapter of the work.
(3) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears —
(a) a reference to the body administering an educational institution      , an in-
stitution assisting handicapped readers or an institution assisting intellectu-
ally handicapped readers shall be read as —
(i) in a case where the institution is a body corporate, a reference to the insti-
tution; or
(ii) in any other case, a reference to the body or person (including the Gov-
ernment) having ultimate responsibility for the administration of the
institution;
(b) a reference to the body administering a library or archives shall be read as a
reference to the body (whether incorporated or not), or the person (including
the Government), having ultimate responsibility for the administration of thelibrary or archives;
(c) a reference to a copy of a sound recording shall be read as a reference to a
record embodying a sound recording or a substantial part of a sound re-
cording being a record derived directly or indirectly from a record produced
upon the making of a sound recording;
(d) a reference to the copying records of an educational institution      , an insti-
tution assisting handicapped readers or an institution assisting intellectuallyhandicapped readers shall be read as a reference to the collection of —
(i) the relevant records in respect of copies of articles and other works made by
or on behalf of the body administering the institution in reliance on
section 52;
(ii) the relevant records in respect of copies of articles and other works made by
or on behalf of the body administering the institution in reliance on
section 54      ;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 12
(iii) the relevant records in respect of copies of articles and other works made
by or on behalf of the body administering the institution in reliance on
section 54A,
other than any such records as have been duly destroyed by, or by authority
of, the body administering that institution;
(e) a reference to the custodian in charge of the copying records of an educational
institution      , an institution assisting handicapped readers or an institution
assisting intellectually handicapped readers shall be read as a reference to the
person having responsibility for the day-to-day administration of the
institution;
(f) a reference to the making, by reprographic reproduction, of a copy of a doc-
ument, or of the whole or a part of a work, shall be read as a reference to the
making of a facsimile copy of the document or the whole or that part of the
work, being a facsimile copy of any size or form;
(g) a reference to a handicapped reader’s copy of a work, or of a part of a work,
shall be read as a reference to —
(i) a record embodying a sound recording of the work, or of the part of the
work, being a record that was made by, or on behalf of, the body ad-ministering an institution assisting handicapped readers for use by a
handicapped reader for the purpose of research or study that he is un-
dertaking or proposes to undertake or for the purpose of instructing
himself on any matter; or
(ii) a Braille version, large-print version or photographic version of the work,
or of the part of the work, being a Braille version, large-print version or
photographic version, as the case may be, made by, or on behalf of, thebody administering the institution assisting handicapped readers for use
by a handicapped reader for the purpose of research or study that he is
undertaking or proposes to undertake or for the purpose of instructing
himself on any matter;
(ga) a reference to an intellectually handicapped reader's copy of a work, or
of a part of a work, shall be read as a reference to a copy of a work, or of a
part of a work, as the case may be, made by, or on behalf of, the body ad-ministering an institution assisting intellectually handicapped persons, being
a copy that is made for the sole purpose of use in the provision, whether by
the institution or otherwise, of assistance to any intellectually handicapped
person;
(h) a reference to a microform copy of the whole or a part of a work shall be read
as a reference to a copy of the whole or part of the work produced by
miniaturizing the graphic symbols of which the work is composed;
(i) a reference to a periodical publication shall be read as a reference to an issue of
a periodical publication and a reference to articles contained in the sameIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 13
periodical publication shall be read as a reference to articles contained in the
same issue of that periodical publication;
(j) a reference to a record embodying a sound recording shall be read as a ref-
erence to —
(i) a record produced upon the making of a sound recording; or
(ii) another record embodying the sound recording directly or indirectly derived
from a record so produced;
(k) a reference to a relevant record, or a relevant declaration, in relation to the
making, in reliance on a particular section —
(i) of a copy, or a handicapped reader’s copy, of the whole or a part of a work;
or
(ii) of a copy of a sound recording,
shall be read as a reference to any record or declaration of a kind referred to
in that section that is required by this Act to be made in relation to the
making of that copy.
(4) Where —
(a) a collection of documents or other material of historical significance or public
interest that is in the custody of a body, whether corporate or unincorporate,is being maintained by the body for the purpose of conserving and preserving
those documents or other material; and
(b) the body does not maintain and operate the collection for the purpose of de-
riving a profit,
paragraph ( b) of the definition of “archives” in subsection (1) shall apply to that
collection.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, telecommunication apparatus which is situated in
Singapore and —
(a) is connected to but not comprised in a telecommunication system; or
(b) is connected to and comprised in a telecommunication system which extends
beyond Singapore,
shall be regarded as a telecommunication system and any person who controls the
apparatus shall be regarded as running the system.
Residence.
8. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, a “person resident in Singapore” includes a
person who, at the material time, is residing in Singapore by virtue of a valid pass
lawfully issued to him under the Immigration Act to enter and remain in Singapore for
any purpose otherwise than for a temporary purpose.
Cap. 133.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 14
(2) For the purposes of this Act, a person who, at a material time, was ordinarily
resident in a country (including Singapore) but was temporarily absent from that
country shall be treated as if he had been resident in that country at that time.
Acts comprised in copyright.
9. — (1) A reference in this Act to an act comprised in the copyright in a work or
other subject-matter shall be read as a reference to any act that, under this Act, theowner of the copyright has the exclusive right to do.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the exclusive right to do an act in relation to a work,
an adaptation of a work or any other subject-matter includes the exclusive right to
authorise a person to do that act in relation to that work, adaptation or other subject-
matter.
Acts done in relation to substantial part of work or other subject-matter deemed
to be done in relation to the whole.
10. — (1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears —
(a) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a work or other subject-matter
shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a
substantial part of the work or other subject-matter; and
(b) a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a work shall be read as
including a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a substantial
part of the work, as the case may be.
(2) This section shall not affect the interpretation of any reference in sections 27,
185, 196 and 197 to the publication, or absence of publication, of a work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 15
References to acts done with licence of owner of copyright.
11. For the purposes of this Act, an act shall be deemed to have been done with the
licence of the owner of a copyright if the doing of the act was authorised by a licence
binding the owner of the copyright.
References to partial assignment of copyright.
12. A reference in this Act to a partial assignment of copyright shall be read as a
reference to an assignment of copyright that is limited in any way.
Libraries established or conducted for profit.
13. For the purposes of this Act, a library shall not be taken to be established or
conducted for profit by reason only that the library is owned by a person carrying on
business for profit.
Names under which work is published.
14. — (1) A reference in this Act to the name or names under which a work was
published shall be read as a reference to the name or names specified in the work as
the name of the author or the names of the authors of the work.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, a publication of a work under two or more names
shall not be taken to be pseudonymous unless all those names are pseudonyms.
Reproduction of works.
15. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, reproduction, in the case of a literary, dra-
matic or musical work, includes a reproduction in the form of a sound recording or
cinematograph film of the work, and any record embodying such a recording and any
copy of such a film shall be deemed to be a reproduction of the work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall apply in relation to an adaptation of a work in like manner as
it applies in relation to a work.
(3) For the purposes of this Act, an artistic work shall be deemed to have been re-
produced —
(a) in the case of a work in a two-dimensional form, — if a version of the work is
produced in a 3-dimensional form; or
(b) in the case of a work in a 3-dimensional form, — if a version of the work is
produced in a 2-dimensional form,
and the version of the work so produced shall be deemed to be a reproduction of the
work.
(4) Subsection (3) shall have effect subject to Division 9 of Part III.
Provisions relating to the making of a work or other subject-matter.
16. — (1) A reference in this Act to the time when, or the period during which, a
literary, dramatic or musical work was made shall be read as a reference to the timeIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 16
when, or the period during which, as the case may be, the work was first reduced to
writing or to some other material form.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, a literary, dramatic or musical work that exists in the
form of sounds embodied in an article or thing shall be deemed to have been reduced
to a material form and to have been so reduced at the time when those sounds were
embodied in that article or thing.
(3) For the purposes of this Act —
(a) a sound recording shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the
first record embodying the recording was produced; and
(b) the maker of the sound recording is the person who owned that record at that
time.
(4) For the purposes of this Act —
(a) a reference to the making of a cinematograph film shall be read as a reference
to the doing of the things necessary for the production of the first copy of the
film; and
(b) the maker of the cinematograph film is the person by whom the arrangements
necessary for the making of the film were undertaken.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a television broadcast or sound broadcast shall be
deemed to have been made by the person by whom, at the time when, and from the
place from which —
(a) the visual images or sounds in question, or both, as the case may be, are
broadcast; or
(b) in the case of a television broadcast or sound broadcast made by the technique
known as direct broadcasting by satellite, the visual images or sounds in
question, or both, as the case may be, are transmitted to the satellitetransponder.
Computer storage.
17. References in this Act to the reduction of any work or of an adaptation of a work
to a material form, or to the reproduction of any work or of an adaptation of a work in
a material form, shall include references to the storage of that work or adaptation in a
computer.
Sound recordings and records.
18. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, sounds embodied in a sound-track associated
with visual images forming part of a cinematograph film shall be deemed not to be a
sound recording.
(2) A reference in this Act to a record of a work or other subject-matter shall, unless
the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to a record by means of which
the work or other subject-matter can be performed.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 17
References to sounds and visual images embodied in an article.
19. For the purposes of this Act, sounds or visual images shall be taken to have been
embodied in an article or thing if the article or thing has been so treated in relation to
those sounds or visual images that those sounds or visual images are capable, with or
without the aid of some other device, of being reproduced from the article or thing.
Provisions relating to broadcasting.
20. — (1) A reference in this Act to broadcasting shall, unless the contrary intention
appears, be read as a reference to broadcasting whether by way of sound broadcasting
or of television.
(2) A reference in this Act to the doing of an act by the reception of a television
broadcast or sound broadcast shall be read as a reference to the doing of that act bymeans of receiving a broadcast —
(a) from the transmission by which the broadcast is made; or
(b) from a transmission made otherwise than by way of broadcasting, but simul-
taneously with the transmission referred to in paragraph ( a),
whether the reception of the broadcast is directly from the transmission concerned or
from re-transmission made by any person from any place.
(3) Where a record embodying a sound recording or a copy of a cinematograph film
is used for the purpose of making a broadcast (referred to in this subsection as the
primary broadcast), a person who makes a broadcast (referred to in this subsection as
the secondary broadcast) by receiving and simultaneously making a further
transmission of —
(a) the transmission by which the primary broadcast was made; or
(b) a transmission made otherwise than by way of broadcasting but simulta-
neously with the transmission referred to in paragraph ( a),
shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed not to have used the record or copy for
the purpose of making the secondary broadcast.
(4) In this Act —
(a) a reference to a cinematograph film of a television broadcast shall be read as
including a reference to a cinematograph film, or a photograph, of any of the
visual images comprised in the broadcast; and
(b) a reference to a copy of a cinematograph film of a television broadcast shall
be read as including a reference to a copy of a cinematograph film, or a re-
production of a photograph, of any of those images.
(5) In this section, %ldquo;re-transmission” means any re-transmission, whether
over paths provided by a material substance or not, and includes a re-transmission
made by making use of any article or thing in which the visual images or sounds con-
stituting the broadcast, or both, as the case may be, have been embodied.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 18
Cable programmes.
21. — (1) References in this Act to the inclusion of a programme in a cable pro-
gramme service are references to its inclusion in such a service by the person pro-
viding that service.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, no account shall be taken of a cable programme
service if, and to the extent that, it is provided for a person providing another suchservice.
Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94
(3) Where a service of distributing matter over wires or over other paths provided by
a material substance is only incidental to, or part of, a service of transmitting tele-
graphic or telephonic communications, a subscriber to the last-mentioned service shall
be taken, for the purposes of this section, to be a subscriber to the first-mentioned
service.
Performance.
22. — (1) Subject to this section, a reference in this Act to performance shall —
(a) be read as including a reference to any mode of visual or aural presentation,
whether the presentation is by the operation of wireless telegraphy apparatus,
by the exhibition of a cinematograph film, by the use of a record or by any
other means; and
(b) in relation to a lecture, address, speech or sermon, be read as including a ref-
erence to delivery,
and a reference in this Act to performing a work or an adaptation of a work shall
have a corresponding meaning.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, broadcasting, or the causing of a work or other
subject-matter to be included in a programme in a cable programme service, shall be
deemed not to constitute performance or to constitute causing visual images to be seen
or sounds to be heard.
(3) Where visual images or sounds are displayed or emitted by any receiving ap-
paratus to which they are conveyed by the transmission of electro-magnetic signals
(whether over paths provided by a material substance or not), the operation of anyapparatus by which the signals are transmitted, directly or indirectly, to the receiving
apparatus shall be deemed not to constitute performance or to constitute causing visual
images to be seen or sounds to be heard but, insofar as the display or emission of the
images or sounds constitutes a performance, or causes the images to be seen or the
sounds to be heard, the performance, or the causing of the images to be seen or soundsto be heard, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be effected by the operation of the
receiving apparatus.
(4) Without prejudice to subsections (2) and (3), where a work or an adaptation of a
work is performed or visual images are caused to be seen or sounds to be heard by the
operation of any apparatus referred to in subsection (3) or of any apparatus forIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 19
reproducing sounds by the use of a record, being apparatus provided by or with the
consent of the occupier of the premises where the apparatus is situated, the occupier of
those premises shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be the person giving
the performance or causing the images to be seen or the sounds to be heard, whether
he is the person operating the apparatus or not.
Performance of works or other subject-matter by students, etc.
23. — (1) Where a musical work is performed by the students of an educational in-
stitution in the premises of the institution or elsewhere in the presence of an audience
and is so performed in the course of the activities of the institution, the performance
shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed not to be a performance in public.
(2) Where a literary or dramatic work is performed by the students of an educational
institution in the premises of the institution or elsewhere in the presence of an au-
dience and is so performed in the course of the activities of the institution, the
performance shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed not to be a performance in
public if the audience is limited to persons who are taking part in the instruction or are
otherwise directly connected with the place where the instruction is given.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a person shall be deemed to be directly con-
nected with a place where instruction is given if he is a parent, guardian, brother orsister of a student who receives instruction at that place.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to cinematograph films in like
manner as they apply in relation to literary, dramatic and musical works but, in the
application of those subsections in relation to such films, any reference to perfor-
mance shall be read as a reference to the act of causing the sounds concerned to be
heard or the visual images concerned to be seen.
Publication.
24. — (1) Subject to this section, for the purposes of this Act —
(a) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or an edition of such a work,
shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if, reproductions of the
work or an edition of that work have been supplied (whether by sale or oth-
erwise) to the public;
(b) a cinematograph film shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if,
copies of the film have been sold, let on hire, or offered or exposed for saleor hire, to the public;
(c) a sound recording shall be deemed to have been published if, but only if,
records embodying the recording or a part of the recording have been sup-
plied (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public.
(2) In determining, for the purposes of subsection (1) ( a), whether reproductions of a
work or an edition of that work have been supplied to the public, section 10 shall not
apply.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 20
(3) For the purposes of this Act, the performance of a literary, dramatic or musical
work, the supplying (whether by sale or otherwise) to the public of records of a lit-
erary, dramatic or musical work, the exhibition of an artistic work, the construction of
a building or of a model of a building, or the supplying (whether by sale or otherwise)
to the public of photographs or engravings of a building, of a model of a building or of
a sculpture, shall not constitute publication of the work.
(4) A publication that is merely colourable and is not intended to satisfy the rea-
sonable requirements of the public shall be disregarded for the purposes of this Act
except insofar as it may constitute an infringement of copyright or a breach of a duty
under Part IX.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a publication in Singapore or in any other country
shall not be treated as being other than the first publication by reason only of an earlier
publication elsewhere, if the two publications took place within a period of not more
than 30 days.
(6) In determining, for the purposes of any provision of this Act —
(a) whether a work or other subject-matter has been published;
(b) whether a publication of a work or other subject-matter was the first publi-
cation of the work or other subject-matter; or
(c) whether a work or other subject-matter was published or otherwise dealt with
in the life-time of a person,
any unauthorised publication or the doing of any other unauthorised act shall be
disregarded.
(7) Subject to section 49, a publication or other act shall, for the purposes of sub-
section (6), be taken to have been unauthorised if, but only if —
(a) copyright subsisted in the work or other subject-matter and the act concerned
was done otherwise than by, or with the licence of, the owner of the
copyright; or
(b) copyright did not subsist in the work or other subject-matter and the act con-
cerned was done otherwise than by, or with the licence of —
(i) the author or, in the case of a sound recording, cinematograph film or edi-
tion of a work, the maker or publisher, as the case may be; or
(ii) persons lawfully claiming under the author, maker or publisher.
(8) Nothing in subsections (6) and (7) shall affect any provision of this Act relating
to the acts comprised in a copyright or to acts constituting infringements of copyrights
or any of the provisions of Part IX.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 21
Ownership of copyright for particular purposes.
25. — (1) In the case of a copyright of which (whether as a result of a partial assign-
ment or otherwise) different persons are the owners in respect of its application to —
(a) the doing of different acts or classes of acts; or
(b) the doing of one or more acts or classes of acts in different countries or at
different times,
the owner of the copyright, for any purpose of this Act, shall be deemed to be the
person who is the owner of the copyright in respect of its application to the doing of
the particular act or class of acts, or to the doing of the particular act or class of acts in
the particular country or at the particular time, as the case may be, that is relevant to
that purpose, and a reference in this Act to the prospective owner of a future copyrightof which different persons are the prospective owners shall have a corresponding
meaning.
(2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), where under any provision of this Act a
question arises whether an article of any description has been imported or sold, or
otherwise dealt with, without the licence of the owner of any copyright, the owner of
the copyright, for the purpose of determining that question, shall be taken to be the
person entitled to the copyright in respect of its application to the making of articles ofthat description in the country into which the article was imported, or, as the case may
be, in which it was sold or otherwise dealt with.
(3)
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94
Where reference is made in this Act to an imported article the making of which was
carried out without the consent of the owner of the copyright, the reference to the
owner of the copyright shall be read as a reference to —
(a) a person entitled to the copyright in respect of its application to the making of
an article of that description in the country where the article was made; or
(b) if there is no person entitled to the copyright in respect of its application to the
making of an article of that description in the country where the article was
made, the person entitled to the copyright in respect of that application inSingapore,
and the making of the article shall be deemed to have been carried out with the con-
sent of that owner if, after disregarding all conditions as to the sale, distribution or
other dealings in the article after its making, the article was made with his licence
(other than a compulsory licence).IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 22
Commercial rental arrangement
25A. — (1) In this Act, "commercial rental arrangement", in relation to a sound re-
cording or a computer program, signifies an arrangement that has the following fea-
tures:
(a) regardless of the way in which the arrangement is expressed, it is in sub-
stance an arrangement under which a copy of the sound recording or com-puter program is made available by a person on terms that it will or may be
returned to the person;
(b) the arrangement is made in the course of the conduct of a business; and
(c) the arrangement provides for the copy to be made available —
(i) for payment in money or money's worth; or(ii) as part of the provision of a service for which payment in money or
money's worth is to be made.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in subsection (1), an arrangement shall not be regarded
as a commercial rental arrangement if, regardless of the way in which the arrangement
is expressed, it is an arrangement for the lending of a copy of a sound recording or
computer program under which the amount payable is intended to be no more than —
(a) the amount necessary to recover the costs, including overheads, of the ar-
rangement; or
(b) a deposit to secure the return of the copy.
PART III
COPYRIGHT IN ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND
ARTISTIC WORKS
DIVISION 1 — NATURE, DURATION AND OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT IN
WORKS.
Nature of copyright in original works.
26. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copy-
right, in relation to a work, is the exclusive right —
(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do all or any of the fol-
lowing acts:
(i) to reproduce the work in a material form;
(ii) to publish the work       if the work is unpublished;(iii) to perform the work in public;
(iv) to broadcast the work;
(v) to include the work in a cable programme;
(vi) to make an adaptation of the work;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 23
(vii) to do, in relation to a work that is an adaptation of the first-mentioned
work, any of the acts specified in relation to the first-mentioned work in
sub-paragraphs (i) to (vi);
(b) in the case of an artistic work, to do all or any of the following acts:
(i) to reproduce the work in a material form;
(ii) to publish the work in Singapore or any country in relation to which this
Act applies, if the work is unpublished;
(iii) to include the work in a television broadcast;
(iv) to include the work in a cable programme     ; and
(c) in the case of a computer program, to enter into a commercial rental arrange-
ment in respect of the program unless the program is not the essential objectof the rental.
(2) Subsection (1)( c) shall not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement
in respect of a machine or device in which a computer program is embodied if the
program is not able to be copied in the course of the ordinary use of the machine or
device.
(3) The reference in subsection (2) to a device shall not include a device of a kind
ordinarily used to store computer programs, such as a floppy disc, a device of the kindcommonly known as a CD ROM, or an integrated circuit.
(4) Subsection (1)( c) shall not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement
in respect of a computer program if —
(a) the copy of the computer program, not being an infringing copy, was pur-
chased by a person (referred to in this subsection as the program owner) be-
fore the commencement of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 1998;
(b) the commercial rental arrangement is entered into in the ordinary course of a
business conducted by the program owner; and
(c) the program owner was conducting the same business, or another business
that consisted of, or included, the making of commercial rental arrangements
in respect of computer programs, when the copy was purchased.
Original works in which copyright subsists.
27. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in an original
literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is unpublished and of which the author—
(a) was a qualified person at the time when the work was made; or
(b) if the making of the work extended over a period — was a qualified person for
a substantial part of that period.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where an original literary, dramatic, musical
or artistic work has been published —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 24
(a) copyright shall subsist in the work; or
(b) if copyright in the work subsisted immediately before its first publication,
copyright shall continue to subsist in the work,
if, but only if —
(c) the first publication of the work took place in Singapore;
(d) the author of the work was a qualified person at the time when the work was
first published; or
(e) the author died before that time but was a qualified person immediately before
his death.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2) but subject to the remaining provisions of this
Act, copyright shall subsist in —
(a) an original artistic work that is a building situated in Singapore; or
(b) an original artistic work that is attached to, or forms part of, such a building.
(4) In this section, “qualified person” means a citizen of Singapore or a person res-
ident in Singapore.
Duration of copyright in original works.
28. — (1) This section shall have effect subject to sections 27 (2) and 29.
(2) Subject to this section, where, by virtue of this Part, copyright subsists in a lit-
erary, dramatic or musical work, or in an artistic work other than a photograph, that
copyright shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration
of the calendar year in which the author of the work died.
(3) If, before the death of the author of a literary, dramatic or musical work —
(a) the work had not been published;
(b) the work had not been performed in public;
(c) the work had not been broadcast;
(d) the work had not been included in a cable programme; and
(e) records of the work had not been offered or exposed for sale to the public,
the copyright in the work shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years
after the expiration of the calendar year in which the work is first published, per-
formed in public, or broadcast, or included in a cable programme, or records of the
work are first offered or exposed for sale to the public, whichever is the earliest of
those events to happen.
(4) A reference in subsection (3) to the doing of an act in relation to a work shall be
read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to an adaptation of the
work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 25
(5) If, before the death of the author of an engraving, the engraving had not been
published, the copyright in the engraving shall continue to subsist until the expiration
of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the engraving is first
published.
(6) Copyright subsisting in a photograph by virtue of this Part shall continue to sub-
sist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in whichthe photograph is first published.
Duration of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous work.
29. — (1) Subject to subsection (2), where the first publication of a literary, dramatic
or musical work, or of an artistic work other than a photograph, is anonymous or
pseudonymous, section 28 shall not apply in relation to the work but any copyrightsubsisting in the work by virtue of this Part shall continue to subsist until the expi-
ration of the period of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the
work was first published.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a work if at any time before the ex-
piration of the period referred to in that subsection, the identity of the author of the
work is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.
Ownership of copyright in original works.
30. — (1) This section shall have effect subject to Part X.
(2) Subject to this section, the author of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work
shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part.
(3) The operation of subsection (4), (5) or (6) in relation to copyright in a particular
work may be excluded or modified by agreement.
(4) Where a literary, dramatic or artistic work is made by the author in pursuance of
the terms of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similarperiodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship and is so made for the purpose
of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the proprietor shall be
entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this Part insofar as the
copyright relates to —
(a) publication of the work in any newspaper, magazine or similar periodical; or
(b) reproduction of the work for the purpose of its being so published,
but not otherwise.(5) Subject to subsection (4), where —
(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person
for the taking of a photograph, the painting or drawing of a portrait or the
making of an engraving by the other person; and
(b) the work is made in pursuance of the agreement,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 26
the first-mentioned person shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work
by virtue of this Part, except that if the work is required for any particular purpose,
that purpose shall be communicated to that other person and that other person shall be
entitled to restrain the doing, otherwise than for that particular purpose, of any act
comprised in the copyright in the work.
(6) Where a literary, dramatic or artistic work to which subsections (4) and (5) do not
apply, or a musical work, is made by the author in pursuance of the terms of his
employment by another person under a contract of service or apprenticeship, that
other person shall be entitled to any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of this
Part.
DIVISION 2 — INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN WORKS
Infringement by doing acts comprised in the copyright.
31. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the copyright in a literary, dramatic,
musical or artistic work is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the
copyright, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Singapore, or
authorises the doing in Singapore of, any act comprised in the copyright.
(2) Sections 32 to 34 shall not affect the generality of subsection (1).
Infringement by importation for sale or hire.
32. The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed by a
person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports an article into
Singapore for the purpose of —
(a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or
hire, the article;
(b) distributing the article —
(i) for the purpose of trade; or(ii) for any other purpose to an extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of
the copyright; or
(c) by way of trade exhibiting the article in public,
where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article was
carried out without the consent of the owner of the copyright.
Infringement by sale and other dealings.
33. — (1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is infringed
by a person who, in Singapore, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright
—
(a) sells, lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire, an
article; or
(b) by way of trade exhibits an article in public,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 27
where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article con-
stituted an infringement of the copyright or, in the case of an imported article, the
making of the article was carried out without the consent of the owner of the copy-
right.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the distribution of any articles —
(a) for the purpose of trade; or
(b) for any other purpose to an extent that affects prejudicially the owner of the
copyright concerned,
shall be taken to be the sale of those articles.
Infringing copies made on machines installed in libraries and archives.
34. Where —
(a) a person makes an infringing copy of, or part of, a work or a published edition
of a work or of two or more works on a machine for the making, by
reprographic reproduction, of copies of documents, being a machine installed
by or with the approval of the body administering a library or archives on the
premises of the library or archives, or outside those premises for the
convenience of persons using the library or archives; and
(b) there is affixed to, or in close proximity to, the machine, in a place readily
visible to persons using the machine, a notice of the prescribed dimensions
and in accordance with the prescribed form,
neither the body administering the library or archives nor the officer-in-charge of the
library or archives shall be taken to have authorised the making of the infringing copy
by reason only that the copy was made on that machine.
DIVISION 3 — ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENTS OF
COPYRIGHT WORKS
Fair dealing for purpose of research or study.
35. — (1) A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an
adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, for the purpose of research or
private study shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the matters to which regard shall be had, in deter-
mining whether a dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or with anadaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, being a dealing by way of copying
the whole or a part of the work or adaptation, constitutes a fair dealing with the work
or adaptation for the purpose of research or private study shall include —
(a) the purpose and character of the dealing, including whether such dealing is of
a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes;
(b) the nature of the work or adaptation;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 28
(c) the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole
work or adaptation; and
(d) the effect of the dealing upon the potential market for, or value of, the work or
adaptation.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (2), a dealing with a literary, dramatic or musical
work, or with an adaptation of such a work, being a dealing by way of the copying, forthe purposes of research or private study —
(a) if the work or adaptation comprises an article in a periodical publication, of
the whole or a part of that work or adaptation; or
(b) in any other case, of not more than a reasonable portion of the work or ad-
aptation,
shall be taken to be a fair dealing with that work or adaptation for the purpose of
research or private study.
(4) Subsection (3) shall not apply to a dealing by way of the copying of the whole or
a part of an article in a periodical publication if another article in that publication,
being an article dealing with a different subject-matter, is also copied.
Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review.
36. A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an ad-
aptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, shall not constitute an infringement of
the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of criticism or review, whether of that
work or of another work, and a sufficient acknowledgment of the work is made.
Fair dealing for purpose of reporting current events.
37. A fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an ad-
aptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, shall not constitute an infringement of
the copyright in the work if it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reportingof current events —
(a) in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical and a sufficient acknowledg-
ment of the work is made; or
(b) by means of broadcasting or a cable programme service or in a cinematograph
film.
Reproduction for purposes of judicial proceedings or professional advice.
38. The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is not infringed by
anything done —
(a) for the purposes of a judicial proceeding or of a report of a judicial proceed-
ing;
(b) for the purpose of seeking professional advice from an advocate and solicitor;
orIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 29
(c) for the purpose of, or in the course of, the giving of professional advice by an
advocate and solicitor.
Back-up copy of computer program.
39. — (1) Subject to subsection (2), the copyright in a literary work being a computer
program is not infringed by the making of a reproduction of the work, or of a
computer program being an adaptation of the work, if —
(a) the reproduction is made by, or on behalf of, the owner of the copy (referred
to in this section as the original copy) from which the reproduction is made;
and
(b) the reproduction is made for the purpose only of being used, by or on behalf
of the owner of the original copy, in lieu of the original copy in the event thatthe original copy is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to the making of a reproduction of a computer
program, or of an adaptation of a computer program, from an infringing copy of the
computer program.
(3) Notwithstanding section 31, it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a
computer program to make or authorise the making of another copy or adaptation of
that computer program provided that such a new copy or adaptation is created as anessential step in the utilisation of the computer program in conjunction with a machine
and that it is used in no other manner.
(4) Where an act is permitted under this section, it is irrelevant whether or not there
exists any term or condition in an agreement which purports to prohibit or restrict the
act, and such a term or condition shall, in so far as it purports to prohibit or restrict the
act, be void.
(5) For the purposes of this section, a reference to a copy of a computer program or
of an adaptation of a computer program is a reference to any article in which the
computer program or adaptation is reproduced in a material form.
Inclusion of works in collections for use by educational institutions.
40. — (1) The copyright in a published literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work is
not infringed by the inclusion of a short extract from the work, or, in the case of a
published literary, dramatic or musical work, from an adaptation of the work, in a
collection of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works contained in a book, soundrecording or cinematograph film and intended for use by educational institutions if —
(a) the collection is described in an appropriate place in the book, on the label of
each record embodying the recording or of its container, or in the film, as
being intended for use by educational institutions;
(b) the work or adaptation was not published for the purpose of being used by
educational institutions; and
(c) a sufficient acknowledgment of the work or adaptation is made.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 30
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to the copyright in a work if, in addition
to the extract concerned, two or more other extracts from, or from adaptations of,
works (being works in which copyright subsists at the time when the collection is
published) by the author of the first-mentioned work are contained in that collection,
or are contained in that collection taken together with every similar collection, if any,
of works intended for use by educational institutions and published by the samepublisher within the period of 5 years immediately preceding the publication of the
first-mentioned collection.
Accessories to imported articles.
40A. — (1) The copyright is a work embodied in an accessory to an article is not
infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright, importsthe article into Singapore for a purpose mentioned in section 32 ( a), (b) or ( c) unless
the article is an infringing copy.
(2) The operation of this Act in relation to a work embodied in an article shall not be
affected by the operation of this section in relation to a work embodied in an ac-
cessory to the article.
(3) If an article is imported into Singapore for a purpose mentioned in section 32 ( a),
(b) or ( c) and the importation is not, by reason of this section, an infringement of the
copyright in a work embodied in an accessory to the article, the use of the accessory
with the article for any such purpose shall not be an infringement of the copyright in
the work, and section 33 shall not apply to the accessory.
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94 vide S 370/94.
DIVISION 4 — ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENTS OF
COPYRIGHT IN LITERARY, DRAMATIC AND MUSICAL WORKS
Reading or recitation in public or for a broadcast.
41. The reading or recitation in public, or the inclusion in a sound broadcast or tele-
vision broadcast or a cable programme of a reading or recitation, of an extract of rea-
sonable length from a published literary or dramatic work, or from an adaptation of
such a work, shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work if a
sufficient acknowledgment of the work is made.
Religious performances.
42. A performance of a literary, dramatic or musical work of a religious nature, or an
adaptation of such a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other
religious assembly shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.
Reproduction for purpose of broadcasting.
43. — (1) Where the broadcasting by a person of a literary, dramatic or musical
work, or of an adaptation of such a work, would not (whether by reason of an assign-
ment or licence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringe-
ment of the copyright in the work, but the making by the person of a sound recordingIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 31
or a cinematograph film of the work or adaptation would, apart from this subsection,
constitute such an infringement, the copyright in the work is not infringed by his
making such a recording or film solely for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work
or adaptation.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a recording or film if a record em-
bodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for a purpose other than —
(a) the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in circumstances that do not
(whether by reason of an assignment or licence or of the operation of a pro-
vision of this Act) constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work; or
(b) the making of further records embodying the recording or further copies of the
film for the purpose of the broadcasting of the work or adaptation in suchcircumstances.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a recording or film where a record
embodying the recording or a copy of the film is used for the purpose of the broad-
casting of the work or adaptation by a person who is not the maker of the recording or
film unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the work such amount
as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the
owner to pay to him such amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on theapplication of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the
making of the recording or film.
(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in subsection (3) is liable,
when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the undertaking
relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the work and the owner
may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt
due to the owner.
(5) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a recording  or film unless all the
records embodying the recording or all  the copies of the film are destroyed or are
delivered, with the consent of the director of National Archives, to the National Ar-
chives of Singapore —
(a) before the expiration of the period of 6 months or, in the case of a recording
or film made by a non-profit organisation solely for its own broadcast, 2
years, commencing on the day on which any of the records embodying therecording or any of the copies of the film is first used for broadcasting the
work or adaptation in accordance with that subsection; or
(b) before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the
maker of the recording or film and the owner of the copyright in the work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 32
DIVISION 5 — COPYING OF WORKS IN LIBRARIES
Interpretation
44. In this Division, a reference to an article contained in a periodical publication
shall be read as a reference to anything (other than an artistic work) appearing in such
a publication.
Copying by libraries and archives for users.
45. — (1) A person may furnish to the officer-in-charge of a library (not being a
library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individual or individ-
uals) or the officer-in-charge of archives —
(a) a request in writing to be supplied with a copy of an article, or a part of an
article, contained in a periodical publication or of the whole or a part of apublished literary, dramatic or musical work other than an article contained
in a periodical publication; and
(b) a declaration signed by him stating —
(i) that he requires the copy for the purpose of research or private study and
will not use it for any other purpose; and
(ii) that he has not previously been supplied with a copy of that article or other
work, or the same part of the article or other work, as the case may be,by an authorised officer of the library or archives, or that he has lost,
destroyed or damaged any such copy previously supplied to him.
(2) Subject to this section, where a request and declaration referred to in subsection
(1) are furnished to the officer-in-charge of a library or archives, an authorised officer
of the library or archives may, unless the declaration contains a statement that to his
knowledge is untrue in a material particular, make, or cause to be made, the copy to
which the request relates and supply the copy to the person who made the request.
(3) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a copy to which a request
under subsection (1) relates, subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to the request if
the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the copy and a
reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.
(4) Subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to a request for a copy of, or parts of,
two or more articles contained in the same periodical publication unless the articles
relate to the same subject-matter.
(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply to a request for a copy of the whole of a literary,
dramatic or musical work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication),
or to a copy of a part of such a work that contains more than a reasonable portion of
the work unless —
(a) the work forms part of the library or archives collection; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 33
(b) before the copy is made, an authorised officer of the library has, after rea-
sonable investigation, made a declaration stating that he is satisfied that a
copy (not being a secondhand copy) of the work cannot be obtained within a
reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(6) The copyright in an article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed
by the making, in relation to a request under subsection (1), of a copy of the article, orof a part of the article, in accordance with subsection (2) unless the copy is supplied to
a person other than the person who made the request.
(7) The copyright in a published literary, dramatic or musical work other than an
article contained in a periodical publication is not infringed by the making, in relation
to a request under subsection (1), of a copy of the work, or of a part of the work, inaccordance with subsection (2) unless the copy is supplied to a person other than the
person who made the request.
(8) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (6) or (7) in such cases
as are specified in the regulations.
Copying by libraries or archives for other libraries or archives.
46. — (1) The officer-in-charge of a library may request, or cause another person to
request, the officer-in-charge of another library to supply the officer-in-charge of thefirst-mentioned library with a copy of an article, or a part of an article, contained in a
periodical publication, or of the whole or a part of a published literary, dramatic or
musical work other than an article contained in a periodical publication —
(a) for the purpose of including the copy in the collection of the first-mentioned
library, not being in substitution for a subscription to such periodical pub-
lication or work or a purchase of such work; or
(b) for the purpose of supplying the copy to a person who has made a request for
the copy under section 45.
(2) Subject to this section, where a request is made by or on behalf of the officer- in-
charge of a library to the officer-in-charge of another library under subsection (1), an
authorised officer of the last-mentioned library may make, or cause to be made, the
copy to which the request relates and supply the copy to the officer-in-charge of the
first-mentioned library.
(3) Where, under subsection (2), an authorised officer of a library makes a copy of
the whole or a part of a work and supplies it to the officer-in-charge of another library
in accordance with a request made under subsection (1) —
(a) the copy shall, for all purposes of this Act, be deemed to have been made on
behalf of an authorised officer of the other library for the purpose for which
the copy was requested; and
(b) an action shall not be brought against the body administering that first-men-
tioned library, or against any officer or employee of that library, for in-fringement of copyright by reason of the making or supplying of that copy.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 34
(4) Subject to this section, where a copy of the whole or a part of an article contained
in a periodical publication, or of any other published literary, dramatic or musical
work is, by virtue of subsection (3), to be deemed to have been made on behalf of an
authorised officer of a library, the copyright in the article or other work is not
infringed by the making of the copy.
(5) The regulations may exclude the application of subsection (4) in such cases as are
specified in the regulations.
(6) Where a charge is made for making and supplying a copy to which a request
under subsection (1) relates, subsection (4) shall not apply in relation to the request if
the amount of the charge exceeds the cost of making and supplying the copy and a
reasonable contribution to the general expenses of the library.
(7) Subsection (4) shall not apply to or in relation to a copy of the whole or a part of
an article or other work that is, by virtue of subsection (3), to be deemed to have been
made on behalf of an authorised officer of a library for a purpose referred to in
subsection (1) unless, as soon as practicable after the request was made, an authorised
officer of the library made a declaration that set out particulars of the request
(including the purpose for which the copy was requested) and stated —
(a) in a case where a copy of the whole or a part of the article or other work had
previously been supplied, in accordance with a request under subsection (1),
for the purpose of inclusion in the collection of the library — that the copy so
supplied had been lost, destroyed or damaged, whichever was appropriate;
and
(b) in a case where the copy was a copy of the whole of a literary, dramatic or
musical work (other than an article contained in a periodical publication) or
of a part of such a work that contains more than a reasonable portion of thework — that the copy was made and supplied as part of an inter-library
arrangement which does not have the effect or the purpose of enabling par-
ticipating libraries to receive copies of whole works or parts thereof, by way
of systematic reproduction and supply of copies, in such aggregate quantities
as substitutes for a subscription to or purchase of such works.
(8) In this section, a reference to a library shall be read as a reference to a library
other than a library that is conducted for the profit, direct or indirect, of an individualor individuals, and as including a reference to archives.
Copying of unpublished works in libraries or archives.
47. — (1) Where, at a time more than 50 years after the expiration of the calendar
year in which the author of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or of an artistic work
being a photograph or engraving, died, and more than 75 years after the time at which,
or the expiration of the period during which, the work was made, copyright subsists in
the work but —
(a) the work has not been published; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 35
(b) a copy of the work, or, in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the
manuscript of the work, is kept in the collection of a library or archives
where it is, subject to any regulations governing that collection, open to
public inspection,
the copyright in the work is not infringed —
(c) by the making of a copy of the work by a person for the purpose of research or
private study or with a view to publication; or
(d) by the making of a copy of the work by, or on behalf of, the officer-in-charge
of that library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies the
officer-in-charge of that library or archives that he requires the copy for the
purpose of research or private study or with a view to publication and that hewill not use it for any other purpose.
(2) Where a manuscript, or a copy, of a thesis or other similar literary work that has
not been published is kept in a library of a university or other similar institution or in
an archives, the copyright in the thesis or other work is not infringed by the making of
a copy of the thesis or other work by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the
library or archives if the copy is supplied to a person who satisfies an authorised
officer of the library or archives that he requires the copy for the purpose of researchor private study.
Copying of works for preservation and other purposes.
48. — (1) Subject to subsection (4), the copyright in a work that forms, or formed,
part of the collection of a library or archives is not infringed by the making, by or on
behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives, of a copy (including a mi-
croform copy) of the work —
(a) if the work is held in manuscript form or is in original artistic work — for the
purpose of preserving the manuscript or original artistic work, as the case
may be, against loss or deterioration or for the purpose of research that is
being, or is to be, carried out at the library or archives in which the work is
held or at another library or other archives;
(b) if the work is held in the collection in a published form but has been damaged
or has deteriorated — for the purpose of replacing the work; or
(c) if the work has been held in the collection in a published form but has been
lost or stolen — for the purpose of replacing the work.
(2) The copyright in a work that is held in the collection of a library or archives is
not infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or
archives, for a purpose other than a purpose for which a copy may be made under
subsection (1), of a single microform copy of the work so held.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a work held in published form in the
collection of a library or archives unless an authorised officer of the library or archiveshas, after reasonable investigation, made a declaration stating that he is satisfied that aIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 36
copy (not being a second-hand copy) of the work cannot be obtained within a
reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(4) Where a copy (including a microform copy) of an unpublished work is made
under subsection (1) by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of a library or archives
for the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out at another library or
archives, the supply of the copy by or on behalf of the officer to the other library orarchives does not, for any purpose of this Act, constitute publication of the work.
Publication of unpublished works kept in libraries.
49. — (1) Where —
(a) a published literary, dramatic or musical work (referred to in this section as
the new work) incorporates the whole or a part of a work (referred to in thissection as the old work) to which section 47 (1) applied immediately before
the new work was published;
(b) before the new work was published, the prescribed notice of the intended
publication of the work had been given; and
(c) immediately before the new work was published, the identity of the owner of
the copyright in the old work was not known to the publishers of the new
work,
then, for the purposes of this Act, the first publication of the new work, and any
subsequent publication of the new work whether in the same or in an altered form,
shall, insofar as it constitutes a publication of the old work, be deemed not to be an
infringement of the copyright in the old work or an unauthorised publication of the old
work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to a subsequent publication of the new work in-
corporating a part of the old work that was not included in the first publication of thenew work unless —
(a) section 47 (1) would, but for this section, have applied to that part of the old
work immediately before that subsequent publication;
(b) before that subsequent publication, the prescribed notice of the intended
publication had been given; and
(c) immediately before that subsequent publication, the identity of the owner of
the copyright in the old work was not known to the publisher of that sub-sequent publication.
(3) Where a work, or part of a work, has been published and, by virtue of this sec-
tion, the publication is to be deemed not to be an infringement of the copyright in the
work, the copyright in the work is not infringed by a person who, after that publication
took place, broadcasts the work or that part of the work, as the case may be, or
includes it in a cable programme or performs it in public, or makes a record of it.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 37
Application of Division to illustrations accompanying articles and other works.
50. Where an article, thesis or literary, dramatic or musical work is accompanied by
artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating the article, thesis
or other work (referred to in this section as the illustrations), the provisions of this
Division shall apply as if —
(a) where any of those sections provides that the copyright in the article, thesis or
work is not infringed — the reference to that copyright included a reference
to any copyright in the illustrations;
(b) a reference in section 45, 46, 47 or 48 to a copy of the article, thesis or work
included a reference to a copy of the article, thesis or work together with a
copy of the illustrations;
(c) a reference in section 45 or 46 to a copy of a part of the article or work in-
cluded a reference to a copy of that part of the article or work together with a
copy of the illustrations that were provided for the purpose of explaining or
illustrating that part; and
(d) a reference in section 48 or 49 to the doing of any act in relation to the work
included a reference to the doing of that act in relation to the work together
with the illustrations.
DIVISION 6 — COPYING OF WORKS FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
Copying by non-reprographic means for purpose of a course of education
50A. — (1) Copyright in a work is not infringed by its being copied for the purposes
of a course of education, provided the copying —
(a) is done by a person conducting or undergoing the course of education; and
(b) is not by means of a reprographic process.
(2) For the purpose of this section —
“electronic” means actuated by electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic, electro-
chemical or electro-mechanical energy;
“facsimile copy” includes a copy that is reduced or enlarged in scale;
“in electronic form” means in a form usable only by electronic means;
“reprographic process” means a process —
(a) for making facsimile copies; or
(b) involving the use of an appliance for making multiple copies,
and includes, in relation to a work held in electronic form, any copying by electronic
means, but does not include the making of a cinematographic film or sound recording.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 38
Multiple copying of insubstantial portions of works.
51. — (1) Subject to this section, copyright in a literary or dramatic work is not in-
fringed by the making, on the premises of an educational institution, by any person,
for the purposes of a course of education provided by the institution, of a copy or
copies of a page or pages of the work in an edition of the work, or of works that in-
clude the work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to —
(a) the making of a copy or copies of the whole of a work; or
(b) the making of a copy or copies of more than 5 of the pages of a work in an
edition of the work, or of works that include the work, unless —
(i) one per cent of the total number of pages in the edition exceeds 5 pages; and(ii) the total number of pages so copied does not exceed 5% of the total number
of pages in the edition.
(3) Where a person has made or caused to be made on an occasion a copy of a part of
a work contained on a page or pages in an edition of the work, or of works that
include the work, in reliance on this section, subsection (1) shall not apply to the
making, by or on behalf of that person, on a subsequent occasion less than 14 days
after the day on which the previous copying took place, of a copy of any other part ofthat work.
Multiple copying under statutory licence by educational institutions.
52. — (1) Subject to this section, the copyright in an article contained in a periodical
publication is not infringed by the making of copies of the whole or a part of that
article, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution for the
educational purposes of that or another educational institution.
(2) Subject to this section, the copyright in a work, other than an article in a peri-
odical publication, is not infringed by the making of copies of the whole or a part of
that work, by or on behalf of the body administering an educational institution for the
educational purposes of that or another educational institution.
(4) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to copies of, or of parts of, two or more
articles contained in the same periodical publication unless the articles relate to the
same subject-matter.
(5) Subsection (2) shall not apply in relation to copies of, or of more than a reason-
able portion of, a work that has been separately published unless the person who
makes the copies, or causes the copies to be made, for or on behalf of the body ad-
ministering the educational institution, is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that
copies (not being second-hand copies) of the work cannot be obtained within a
reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(6) Subsection (1) shall not apply to copies of the whole or a part of an article con-
tained in a periodical publication, being copies made, by or on behalf of the bodyIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 39
administering an educational institution, for the      educational purposes of an edu-
cational institution, unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as
practicable after the making of those copies, a record of the copying setting out such
particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(7) Subsection (2) shall not apply to copies of the whole or a part of a work (not
being an article contained in a periodical publication), being copies made, by or onbehalf of the body administering an educational institution, for the      educational
purposes of an educational institution, unless there is made, by or on behalf of that
body, as soon as practicable after the making of those copies, a record of the copying
setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(8) For the purposes of subsections (6) and (7), a record of the copying of a work or
a part of a work —
(a) shall be kept in writing or in any other manner prescribed by the regulations;
and
(b) if it is kept in writing, shall be in accordance with the prescribed form.
(9) Where copies of, or of part of, a work, other than an article in a periodical pub-
lication, made as provided in subsection (2) by or on behalf of an educational insti-
tution for the      educational purposes of an educational institution —
(a) are made for distribution to persons undertaking a correspondence course, or
an external study course, provided by the educational institution for the
teaching purposes of which those copies are made, otherwise than as a part of
the lecture notes prepared in connection with that course; and
(b) do not contain more than a reasonable portion of the work,
the record made in relation to them in accordance with subsection (7) may state that
they are copies to which this subsection applies.
(10) Where copies of, or of part of, a work consisting of an article in a periodical
publication made, as provided in subsection (1), by or on behalf of the body admin-
istering an educational institution for the      educational purposes of an educational
institution are made for distribution to persons undertaking a correspondence course,
or an external study course, provided by the educational institution for the
educational purposes of which those copies are made, otherwise than as a part of the
lecture notes prepared in connection with that course, the record made in relation tothem in accordance with subsection (6) may state that they are copies to which this
subsection applies.
(11) Where copies of the whole or a part of a work, not being copies stated in the
record to be copies to which subsection (9) or (10) applies, are made by or on behalf
of the body administering an educational institution and, by virtue of this section, the
making of those copies does not infringe copyright in the work, that body shall, if the
owner of the copyright in the work makes a request, in writing, at any time during theprescribed period after the making of the copies, for payment for the making of the
copies, pay to the owner such an amount by way of equitable remuneration for theIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 40
making of those copies as is agreed upon between the owner and the body or, in
default of agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of
either the owner or the body.
(12) Where the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount of equitable remu-
neration payable to the owner of copyright in a work by the body administering an
educational institution in relation to copies of the whole or a part of that work thathave been made by or on behalf of that body in reliance on this section, the owner
may recover that amount from the body in a court of competent jurisdiction as a debt
due to him.
(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the owner of copyright in a work
to grant a licence authorising the body administering an educational institution tomake, or cause to be made, copies of the whole or a part of the work without in-
fringement of that copyright.
Things done for purposes of examination
52A. The copyright in a work is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of
an examination, whether by way of setting the questions, communicating the ques-
tions to the candidates or answering the questions.
Application of Division to illustrations accompanying articles and other works.
53. Where an article or other literary, dramatic or musical work is accompanied by
an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or illustrating
the article or other work, the provisions of this Division shall apply as if —
(a) where any of those sections provides that the copyright in the article or other
work is not infringed — the reference to that copyright included a reference
to any copyright in that artistic work or those artistic works;
(b) a reference in section 51 or 52 to a copy of an article or other work included a
reference to a copy of the article or other work together with a copy of that
artistic work or those artistic works;
(c) a reference in section 51 or 52 to a copy of a part of an article or other work
included a reference to a copy of that part of the article or other work to-
gether with a copy of the artistic work or artistic works provided for the
purpose of explaining or illustrating that part;
(d) a reference in section 51 to a copy of a page of a literary, dramatic or musical
work in an edition of the work or of works that include the work included a
reference to a copy of a page in such an edition that contained that work and
an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of explaining or
illustrating that part of that work; and
(e) a reference in section 51 to a copy of pages of a literary, dramatic or musical
work in an edition of that work or of works that include that work included a
reference to a copy of pages in such an edition that contained a part of thatIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 41
work and an artistic work or artistic works provided for the purpose of
explaining or illustrating that part of that work.
DIVISION 7 — COPYING OF WORKS IN INSTITUTIONS ASSISTING
HANDICAPPED READERS
Multiple copying under statutory licence by institutions assisting handicapped
readers.
54. — (1) The copyright in a literary or dramatic work that has been published is not
infringed by the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution
assisting handicapped readers, of a record embodying a sound recording of the work
or of a part of the work, for use by a handicapped reader for the purpose of research or
private study that he is undertaking or proposes to undertake, or for the purpose ofotherwise instructing himself on any matter.
(2) The copyright in a literary or dramatic work that has been published is not in-
fringed by the making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution as-
sisting handicapped readers, of a Braille version, a large-print version or a
photographic version, of the work or of a part of the work, for use by a handicapped
reader for the purpose of research or private study that he is undertaking or proposes
to undertake, or for the purpose of otherwise instructing himself on any matter.
(3) Where a sound recording of a work has been published, subsection (1) shall not
apply to the making of any record embodying a sound recording of the work (includ-
ing a record that is a copy of that first-mentioned sound recording) for or on behalf of
the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers unless the person
who makes that record, or causes that record to be made, is satisfied, after reasonable
investigation, that no new record that embodies only a sound recording of the work
can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(4) Where a Braille version of a work has been separately published, subsection (2)
shall not apply to the making of a Braille version of the work, or of a part of the work,
unless the person who makes that version, or causes that version to be made, for or on
behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers is
satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a Braille version of the
work, being a version that has been separately published, can be obtained within a
reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(5) Where a large-print version of a work has been separately published, subsection
(2) shall not apply to the making of a large-print version of the work, or of a part of
the work, unless the person who makes the version, or causes the version to be made,
for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers
is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a large-print version of
the work, being a version that has been separately published, can be obtained within a
reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(6) Where a photographic version of a work has been separately published, subsec-
tion (2) shall not apply to the making of a photographic version of the work, or of aIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 42
part of the work, unless the person who makes the version, or causes the version to be
made, for or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped
readers is satisfied, after reasonable investigation, that no new copy of a photographic
version of the work, being a version that has been separately published, can be
obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.
(7) Subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part
of an article contained in a periodical publication by way of the making, by or on
behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers, of a
handicapped reader’s copy of the article or of that part of the article unless there is
made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of that
copy, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed by theregulations.
(8) Subsections (1) and (2) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part
of a work (not being an article contained in a periodical publication) by way of the
making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped
readers, of a handicapped reader’s copy of the work or of that part of the work unless
there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the making of
that copy, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be prescribed bythe regulations.
(9) For the purposes of subsections (7) and (8), a record of the copying of a work or
a part of a work —
(a) shall be kept in writing or in any other manner prescribed by the regulations;
and
(b) if it is kept in writing, shall be in accordance with the prescribed form.
(10) Where a handicapped reader’s copy of the whole or a part of a work is made by
or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting handicapped readers
and, by virtue of this section, the making of that copy does not infringe copyright in
the work, that body shall, if the owner of the copyright in the work makes a request, in
writing, at any time during the prescribed period after the making of the copy, for
payment for the making of the copy, pay to the owner such an amount by way of
equitable remuneration for the making of that copy as is agreed upon between the
owner and the body, or, in default of agreement, such amount as is determined by theCopyright Tribunal on the application of either the owner or the body.
(11) Where the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount of equitable remu-
neration payable to the owner of copyright in a work by the body administering an
institution assisting handicapped readers in relation to a handicapped reader’s copy of
the whole or a part of that work that has been made by or on behalf of that body in
reliance on this section, the owner may recover that amount from the body in a court
of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to him.
(12) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, copyright shall not vest in the
maker of the handicapped reader’s copy by reason of his making that copy.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 43
(13) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the owner of copyright in a work
to grant a licence authorising the body administering an institution assisting
handicapped readers to make, or cause to be made, sound recordings of, or Braille,
large-print or photographic versions of, the whole or a part of the work without in-
fringement of that copyright.
(14) For the purposes of this section, a record, or a Braille version, a large-print
version or a photographic version, of a work shall be taken to be a new record, or a
new Braille version, a new large-print version or a new photographic version, of the
work, as the case may be, if it is not a second-hand record, or a second-hand Braille
version, a second-hand large-print version or a second-hand photographic version, of
the work, as the case may be.
(15) In this section, a reference to a photographic version of a work or a part of a
work shall be read as a reference to a copy or copies of the work or a part of a work
produced as a film-strip or series of separate transparencies designed to meet the
needs of handicapped readers.
Multiple copying under statutory licence by institutions assisting intellectually
handicapped readers
54A. — (1) The copyright in a work that has been published is not infringed by the
making, by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting intellectu-
ally handicapped readers, of a copy of the whole or a part of the work, for use in the
provision, whether by the institution or otherwise, of assistance to intellectually
handicapped persons.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to the making of any copy of a work, being a work
that has been separately published in a form that would be suitable for use in the
provision of the assistance referred to in that subsection, unless the person who makesthat copy, or causes that copy to be made, for or on behalf of the body administering
an institution assisting intellectually handicapped readers, is satisfied after reasonable
investigation that no new copy of the work in a form suitable for use in the provision
of that assistance can be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial
price.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), a copy shall be taken to be new if it is not
secondhand.
(4) Subsection (1) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part of an
article contained in a periodical publication by way of the making, by or on behalf of
the body administering an institution assisting intellectually handicapped readers, of
an intellectually handicapped reader's copy of the article or of that part of the article
unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as practicable after the
making of that copy, a record of the copying setting out such particulars as may be
prescribed by regulations.
(5) Subsection (1) shall not apply to the reproduction of the whole or a part of a work
(not being an article contained in a periodical publication) by way of the making, by
or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting intellectuallyIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 44
handicapped readers, of an intellectually handicapped reader's copy of the work or of
that part of the work unless there is made, by or on behalf of that body, as soon as
practicable after the making of that copy, a record of the copying setting out such
particulars as may be prescribed by regulations.
(6) For the purposes of subsections (4) and (5), a record of the copying of a work or
a part of a work —
(a) shall be kept in writing or in any other manner prescribed by regulations; and
(b) if it is kept in writing, shall be in accordance with the prescribed form.
(7) Where an intellectually handicapped reader's copy of the whole or a part of a
work is made by or on behalf of the body administering an institution assisting in-
tellectually handicapped readers and, by virtue of this section, the making of that copydoes not infringe copyright in the work, that body shall, if the owner of the copyright
in the work makes a request, in writing, at any time during the prescribed period after
the making of the copy, for payment for the making of the copy, pay to the owner
such an amount by way of equitable remuneration for the making of that copy as is
agreed upon between the owner and the body, or, in default of agreement, such
amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the application of either the
owner or the body.
(8) Where the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount of equitable remu-
neration payable to the owner of the copyright in a work by the body administering an
institution assisting handicapped readers in relation to an intellectually handicapped
reader's copy of the whole or a part of that work that has been made by or on behalf of
that body in reliance on this section,  the owner may recover that amount from the
body in a court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to him.
(9) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, copyright shall not vest in the
maker of the intellectually handicapped reader's copy by reason of his making that
copy.
(10) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the owner of the copyright in a
work to grant a licence authorising the body administering an institution assisting
intellectually handicapped readers to make, or cause to be made, copies of the whole
or a part of the work without infringement of that copyright.
DIVISION 8 — RECORDING OF MUSICAL WORKS
Interpretation.
55. — (1) For the purposes of this Division —
(a) a reference to a musical work shall be read as a reference to the work in its
original form or to an adaptation of the work;
(b) a reference to the owner of the copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical
work shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be read as a reference to the
person who is entitled to authorise the making in, and the importation into,Singapore of records of the works; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 45
(c) a reference to sale of a record by retail or to retail sale of a record shall be read
as not including a reference to —
(i) sale for a consideration not consisting wholly of money; or
(ii) sale by a person not ordinarily carrying on the business of making or selling
records.
(2) For the purposes of this Division, where a musical work is comprised partly in
one record and partly in another record or other records, all the records shall be treated
as if they constituted a single record.
(3) A reference in this Division to a record of a musical work does not include a
reference to a sound-track associated with visual images forming part of a cinemato-
graph film.
Conditions upon which manufacturer may make records of musical work.
56. — (1) Subject to this Division, the copyright in a musical work is not infringed by
a person (referred to in this section as the manufacturer) who makes a record of the
work or an adaptation thereof in Singapore, if —
(a) records of the work, or, as the case may be, of a similar adaptation of the
work, have previously been made in, or imported into, Singapore for the
purposes of retail sale, and were so made or imported by, or with the licenceof, the owner of the copyright in the work;
(b) before the making of the record, the manufacturer gave to the owner of the
copyright the prescribed notice of his intention to make it;
(c) the manufacturer intends to sell the record by retail, or to supply it for the
purpose of its being sold by retail by another person, or intends to use it for
making other records which are to be so sold or supplied; and
(d) in the case of a record which is sold by retail or supplied for the purpose of
its being sold by retail by another person, the manufacturer pays to the owner
of the copyright, in the prescribed manner and at the prescribed time, a
royalty of an amount ascertained in accordance with the provisions of this
Division.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a record of an adaptation of a musical
work if the adaptation debases the work.
(3) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1) ( d), the regulations made for the
purposes of that subsection may provide —
(a) that payment of the royalties in respect of records, or of an amount, ascer-
tained in accordance with the regulations, in respect of the royalties in re-
spect of records, is, or is in such classes of cases as are specified in those
regulations, to be made before the records are sold or supplied by the man-
ufacturer; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 46
(b) that the doing of such acts as are specified in those regulations, being such
acts as the Minister considers convenient for ensuring the receipt by the
owner of the copyright of the royalties in respect of records or, if the owner
of the copyright cannot be found by reasonable inquiry, as the Minister
considers reasonable in the circumstances, is to be deemed to constitute
payment of the royalties.
Amount of royalty.
57. — (1) Subject to this Division, the royalty payable in respect of a record is 5% of
the retail selling price of the record, which shall be determined in the manner pre-
scribed by the regulations.
(2) If the royalty payable in respect of a record under this section includes a fraction
of a cent that is less than or more than one-half of a cent —
(a) where that fraction is less than one-half of a cent — that fraction shall be
treated as one-half of a cent; and
(b) where that fraction is more than one-half of a cent — that fraction shall be
treated as a whole cent.
(3) If, apart from this subsection, the royalty payable in respect of a record under this
section would be less than one cent, that royalty shall be one cent.
Provisions relating to royalty where two or more works are on the one record.
58. Where a record comprises two or more musical works, whether or not there is
any other matter comprised in the record —
(a) if the record includes a work in which copyright does not subsist or works in
which copyrights do not subsist — the royalty payable in respect of the
record is, subject to paragraph ( b), the amount that bears to the amount that,
but for this section, would be the amount of the royalty the same proportionas the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist bears to the
total number of works in the record; and
(b) if the record includes two or more works in which copyrights subsist —
(i) subject to this Division, the royalty payable in respect of the record shall not
be less than one cent in respect of each work in the record in which
copyright subsists; and
(ii) if the owners of the copyrights in the works in the record in which copy-
rights subsist are different persons — there shall be paid to the owner of
the copyright in each work, in respect of that work, an amount as-
certained by dividing the amount of the royalty payable in respect of the
record by the number of works in the record in which copyrights subsist.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 47
Revision of royalty and minimum royalty.
59. — (1) If at any time after 10th April 1988 it appears to the Minister charged with
the responsibility for trade and industry that the royalty, or the minimum royalty,
payable in respect of records generally or in respect of records included in a particular
class of records is not equitable, he may request the Copyright Tribunal to hold an
inquiry into the matter and report the result of its inquiry to him.
(2) At any time after the Copyright Tribunal has made a report in relation to the
royalty, or the minimum royalty, payable in respect of records generally or in respect
of records included in a particular class of records, the regulations may provide that
the relevant provision of this Act, in its application in respect of records generally or
in respect of records included in that class of records, as the case may be, shall haveeffect as if it were subject to such variations as are provided by the regulations, being
such variations as the Minister thinks equitable.
(3) Where the Copyright Tribunal has made a report in relation to the royalty, or the
minimum royalty, payable in respect of records included in a particular class of
records (whether the report related only to records included in that class or also related
to other records), the Minister charged with the responsibility for trade and industry
shall not, before the expiration of 5 years after the report was made, request theTribunal to hold an inquiry under this section in relation to the royalty, or the
minimum royalty, as the case may be, payable in respect of records included in that
class.
(4) In this section,
“the relevant provision of this Act” means—
(a) in relation to the royalty payable in respect of any records — section 57
(1) or, if that section is affected by regulations made for the purposes ofthis section, that section as so affected; and
(b) in relation to the minimum royalty payable in respect of any records —
sections 57 (3) and 58 ( b) (i) or, if those provisions are affected by reg-
ulations made for the purposes of this section, those provisions as so af-
fected.
Conditions upon which manufacturer may include part of a literary or dramatic
work in a record of a musical work.
60. — (1) Where —
(a) a person makes in Singapore a record comprising the performance of a mu-
sical work in which words are sung, or are spoken incidentally to or in as-
sociation with the music, whether or not there is any other matter comprised
in the record;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 48
(b) copyright does not subsist in that work or, if copyright so subsists, the re-
quirements specified in section 56 (1) are complied with in relation to that
copyright;
(c) the words consist or form part of a literary or dramatic work in which copy-
right subsists;
(d) a record of the musical work in which those words, or words substantially the
same as those words, were sung, or were spoken incidentally to or in
association with the music has previously been made in, or imported into,
Singapore for the purpose of retail sale and was so made or imported by, or
with the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic
work; and
(e) the like notice was given to the owner of the copyright in the literary or dra-
matic work as is required by section 56 (1) ( b) to be given to the owner of the
copyright (if any) in the musical work and there is paid to the owner of the
copyright in the literary or dramatic work such amount (if any) as is as-
certained in accordance with this section,
the making of the record shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the
literary or dramatic work.
(2) Where copyright does not subsist in the musical work, the amount to be paid in
respect of the literary or dramatic work is an amount equal to the royalty that, but for
this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical work if copyright had
subsisted in the musical work.
(3) Where copyright subsists in the musical work as well as in the literary or dra-
matic work —
(a) if the copyrights in those works are owned by the same person — an amount
is not payable in respect of the literary or dramatic work; or
(b) if the copyrights in those works are owned by different persons — the royalty
that, but for this section, would have been payable in respect of the musical
work shall be apportioned between them in such manner as they agree, or, in
default of the agreement, as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal on the
application of either of them.
(4) Where the owner of the copyright in a musical work and the owner of the copy-
right in a literary or dramatic work do not agree on the manner in which an amount is
to be apportioned between them but the person who made the record gives an un-
dertaking in writing to each owner to pay to him the portion of that amount that the
Tribunal determines to be payable to him, then —
(a) section 56 (1) ( d) and subsection (1) ( e) of this section shall have effect as if
the payments referred to in those paragraphs had been made; and
(b) the person who made the record shall be liable, when the amount to which an
undertaking relates is determined, to pay that amount to the owner of the
copyright to whom the undertaking was given and the owner may recoverIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 49
that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from that person as a debt
due to the owner.
(5) The regulations made for the purposes of section 56 (1) ( d) in relation to pay-
ments to the owner of the copyright in a musical work shall have the like effect, with
any necessary modifications, for the purposes of subsection (1) ( e) in relation to pay-
ments to the owner of the copyright in a literary or dramatic work.
Making inquiries in relation to previous records.
61. Where —
(a) a person makes inquiries, as prescribed, for the purpose of ascertaining
whether a record of a musical work, or a record of a musical work in which
words consisting or forming part of a literary or dramatic work were sung orspoken, has previously been made in, or imported into, Singapore by, or with
the licence of, the owner of the copyright in the musical work or in the
literary of dramatic work, as the case may be, for the purpose of retail sale or
for use in making other records for the purpose of retail sale; and
(b) an answer to those inquiries is not received within the prescribed period,
a record of that musical work, or a record of that work in which those words were
sung or spoken, as the case may be, shall, for the purposes of the application of thisDivision —
(c) in relation to the person who made the inquiries; or
(d) in relation to a person who makes records of the musical work, or records of
that work in which those words or substantially the same words are sung or
spoken, for the purpose of supplying those records to the person who made
the inquiries in pursuance of an agreement entered into between those per-
sons for the making of the records,
be taken to have been previously made in, or imported into, Singapore with the li-
cence of the owner of that copyright for the purpose of retail sale or for use in making
other records for the purpose of retail sale, as the case may be.
Application of Division in relation to record of part of a work.
62. — (1) Subject to subsection (2), this Division shall apply in relation to a record of
a part of a musical work in like manner as it applies in relation to a record of the
whole of the work.
(2) Section 56 (1) shall not apply in relation to —
(a) a record of the whole of a work unless the previous record referred to in
paragraph ( a) of that subsection was a record of the whole of the work; and
(b) a record of a part of a work unless that previous record was a record of, or
comprising, that part of the work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 50
DIVISION 9 — ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENTS OF
COPYRIGHT IN ARTISTIC WORKS
Sculptures and certain other works in public places.
63. — (1) This section shall apply to sculptures and to works of artistic craftsmanship
of the kind referred to in paragraph ( c) of the definition of “artistic work” in section 7.
(2) The copyright in a work to which this section applies that is situated, otherwise
than temporarily, in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed
by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work or by the
inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 51
Buildings and models of buildings.
64. The copyright in a building or a model of a building is not infringed by the mak-
ing of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the building or model or by the
inclusion of the building or model in a cinematograph film or in a television
broadcast.
Incidental filming or televising of artistic works.
65. Without prejudice to sections 63 and 64, the copyright in an artistic work is not
infringed by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television
broadcast if its inclusion in the film or broadcast is only incidental to the principal
matters represented in the film or broadcast.
Publication of artistic works.
66. The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the publication of a painting,
drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematograph film if, by virtue of section 63, 64
or 65, the making of that painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or film did not
constitute an infringement of the copyright.
Artistic works included in a cable programme.
67. Sections 63, 64 and 65 shall apply in relation to a cable programme in like man-
ner as they apply in relation to a television broadcast.
Reproduction for purpose of including work in television broadcast or cable
programme.
68. — (1) Where the inclusion of an artistic work in a television broadcast or cable
programme made by a person would not (whether by reason of an assignment or li-
cence or of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of
copyright in the work but the making by the person of a cinematograph film of the
work would, apart from this subsection, constitute such an infringement, the copyrightin the work is not infringed by his making such a film solely for the purpose of the
inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable programme.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a film if a copy of the film is used for
a purpose other than —
(a) the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable programme in
circumstances that do not (whether by reason of an assignment or licence or
of the operation of a provision of this Act) constitute an infringement of thecopyright in the work; or
(b) the making of further copies of the film for the purpose of the inclusion of the
work in such a broadcast or programme.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a film where a copy of the film is
used for the purpose of the inclusion of the work in a television broadcast or cable
programme made by a person who is not the maker of the film unless the maker hasIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 52
paid to the owner of the copyright in the work such amount as they agree or, in default
of agreement, has given an undertaking in writing to the owner to pay to him such
amount as is determined by the Copyright Tribunal, on the application of either of
them, to be equitable remuneration to the owner for the making of the film.
(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in subsection (3) shall be
liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the under-taking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the work and the
owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as
a debt due to the owner.
(5) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a film unless all the copies of the film
are destroyed or are delivered, with the consent of the director of the NationalArchives, to the National Archives of Singapore —
(a) before the expiration of the period of 6 months or, in the case of a film made
by a non-profit organisation solely for its own broadcast, 2 years,
commencing on the day on which any of the copies of the film is first used
for including the work in a television broadcast in accordance with that
subsection; or
(b) before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the
maker of the film and the owner of the copyright in the work.
Reproduction of work in different dimensions.
69. For the purposes of this Act —
(a) the making of an object of any kind that is in 3 dimensions does not infringe
the copyright in an artistic work that is in two dimensions; and
(b) the making of an object of any kind that is in two dimensions does not infringe
the copyright in an artistic work that is in 3 dimensions,
if the object would not appear to persons who are not experts in relation to objects of
that kind to be a reproduction of the artistic work.
Special exception for artistic works which have been industrially applied.
70. — (1) Notwithstanding section 69, the making of any useful article in 3 dimen-
sions (including a reproduction in two dimensions reasonably required for the making
of the article does not infringe the copyright in an artistic work if, when the useful
article or reproduction is made, the artistic work has been industrially applied inSingapore or in any other country more than 15 years before the useful article or
reproduction is made.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), an artistic work is applied industrially if —
(a) more than 50 reproductions in 3 dimensions are made of it, for the purposes of
sale or hire;
(b) it is reproduced in 3 dimensions in one or more articles manufactured in
lengths, for the purposes of sale or hire; orIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 53
(c) it is reproduced as a plate which has been used to produce —
(i) more than 50 reproductions of an object in 3 dimensions for the purposes of
sale or hire; or
(ii) one or more articles in 3 dimensions manufactured in lengths for the pur-
poses of sale or hire.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), two or more reproductions in 3 dimensions
which are of the same general character and intended for use together are a single
reproduction.
(4) In this section, “useful article” means an article having an intrinsic utilitarian
function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey in-
formation.
(5) For the purposes of this section, an article that is normally part of a useful article
is considered a useful article.
Reproduction of part of work in later work.
71. — (1) The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the making of a later
artistic work by the same author if, in making the later work, the author does not re-
peat or imitate the main design of the earlier work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall have effect notwithstanding that part of the earlier work is
reproduced in the later work and that, in reproducing the later work, the author used a
mould, cast, sketch, plan, model or study made for the purposes of the earlier work.
Reconstruction of buildings.
72. — (1) Where copyright subsists in a building, the copyright is not infringed by a
reconstruction of that building.
(2) Where a building has been constructed in accordance with architectural drawings
or plans in which copyright subsists and has been so constructed by, or with thelicence of, the owner of that copyright, that copyright is not infringed by a later re-
construction of the building by reference to those drawings or plans.
DIVISION 10 — DESIGNS
Interpretation.
73. — (1) In this Division, “corresponding design” , in relation to an artistic work,
means a design which, when applied to an article, results in a reproduction of that
work.
(2) In this Division, references to the scope of the copyright in a registered design are
references to the aggregate of the things, which, by virtue of the provisions of the
United Kingdom Designs (Protection) Act, the registered proprietor of the design has
the exclusive right to do, and references to the scope of the copyright in a registered
design as extended to all associated designs and articles are references to theIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 54
aggregate of the things which, by virtue of that written law, the registered proprietor
would have had the exclusive right to do if —
Cap. 339.
(a) when that design was registered, there had at the same time been registered
every possible design consisting of that design with modifications or vari-
ations not sufficient to alter the character or substantially to affect the identity
thereof, and that proprietor had been registered as the proprietor of every
such design; and
(b) the design in question, and every other design such as is mentioned in para-
graph ( a), had been registered in respect of all the articles to which it was
capable of being applied.
Special exception in respect of industrial design.
74. — (1) Where copyright subsists in an artistic work and a corresponding design is
registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Act
amending or substituting for that Act, it shall not be an infringement of the copyright
in the work —
U.K. 1949. c. 88.
(a) to do anything, during the subsistence of the copyright in the registered de-
sign, which is within the scope of the copyright in the design; or
(b) to do anything, after the copyright in the registered design has come to an end,
which, if it had been done while the copyright in the design subsisted, would
have been within the scope of that copyright as extended to all associated
designs and articles:
Provided that this subsection shall have effect subject to the provisions of the
Schedule in cases falling within the Schedule.
(2) Where copyright subsists in an artistic work, and —
(a) a corresponding design is applied industrially (whether in Singapore or else-
where) by or with the licence of the owner of the copyright in the work;
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94 vide S 370/94.
(b) articles to which the design has been so applied are sold, let for hire, or of-
fered for sale or hire whether in Singapore or elsewhere; and
(c) at the time when those articles are sold, let for hire or offered or exposed for
sale or hire, they are not articles in respect of which the corresponding design
has been registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United
Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act,
U.K. 1949 c. 88.
subsections (3), (4) and (5) shall apply.
(3) Subject to subsection (5) —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 55
(a) during the relevant period of      25 years, it shall not be an infringement of the
copyright in the work to do anything which, at the time when it is done,
would have been within the scope of the copyright in the design if the design
had, immediately before that time, been registered in respect of all relevant
articles; and
(b) after the end of the relevant period of      25 years, it shall not be an infringe-
ment of the copyright in the work to do anything which, at the time when it is
done, would, if the design had been registered immediately before that time,
have been within the scope of the copyright in the design as extended to all
associated designs and articles.
(4) In subsection (3), “the relevant period of      25 years” means the period of      25
years beginning with the date on which articles, such as are mentioned in subsection
(2) (b), were first sold, let for hire or offered for sale or hire, whether in Singapore or
elsewhere.
(5) For the purposes of subsections (2) and (3), no account shall be taken of any
articles in respect of which, at the time when they were sold, let for hire, or offered for
sale or hire, the design in question was excluded from registration under the pro-
visions of the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United Kingdom, or any Actamending or substituting for that Act, by rules made under that Act or such other Act
(which relates to the exclusion of designs for articles which are primarily literary or
artistic in character); and for the purposes of any proceedings under this Act a design
shall be conclusively presumed to have been so excluded if —
U.K. 1949 c. 88.
(a) before the commencement of those proceedings, an application for the reg-
istration of the design under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the United
Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act, in respect of
those articles had been refused;
(b) the reason or one of the reasons stated for the refusal was that the design was
excluded from such registration by rules made under that Act or such other
Act; and
(c) no appeal against that refusal had been allowed before the date of the com-
mencement of the proceedings or was pending on that date.
(6) The regulations made for the purposes of this section may make provision for
determining the circumstances in which a design is, for the purposes of this section, to
be deemed to be applied industrially.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 56
DIVISION 11 — WORKS OF JOINT AUTHORSHIP
References to all of joint authors.
75. Subject to this Division, a reference in this Act to the author of a work shall,
unless otherwise expressly provided by this Act, be read, in relation to a work of joint
authorship, as a reference to all the authors of the work.
References to any one or more of joint authors.
76. The references in sections 27 and 29 (2) to the author of a work shall, in relation
to a work of joint authorship, be read as references to any one or more of the authors
of the work.
References to whichever of joint authors died last.
77. The references in sections 28 and 47 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a
work of joint authorship other than a work to which section 78 applies, be read as
references to the author who died last.
Works of joint authorship published under pseudonyms.
78. — (1) This section shall apply to a work of joint authorship that was first pub-
lished under two or more names of which one was a pseudonym or two or more (but
not all) were pseudonyms.
(2) This section shall also apply to a work of joint authorship that was first published
under two or more names all of which were pseudonyms if, at any time within 50
years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the work was first published,
the identity of one or more (but not all) of the authors was generally known or could
be ascertained by reasonable inquiry.
(3) The references in sections 28 and 47 to the author of a work shall, in relation to a
work to which this section applies, be read as references to the author whose identity
was disclosed or, if the identity of two or more of the authors was disclosed, asreferences to whichever of those authors died last.
(4) For the purposes of this section, the identity of an author shall be deemed to have
been disclosed if —
(a) one of the names under which the work was published was the name of the
author; or
(b) the identity of that author is generally known or can be ascertained by rea-
sonable inquiry.
Copyright to subsist in joint works without regard to any author who is an un-
qualified person.
79. — (1) Section 30 (2) shall have effect, in relation to a work of joint authorship of
which one of the authors is an unqualified person, or two or more (but not all) of theIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 57
authors are unqualified persons, as if the author or authors, other than unqualified
persons, had alone been the author or authors, as the case may be, of the work.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a person is an unqualified person in relation to
a work where, if he had alone been the author of the work, copyright would not have
subsisted in the work by virtue of this Part.
Inclusion of joint works in collections for use in educational institutions.
80. The reference in section 40 (2) to other extracts from, or from adaptations of,
works by the author of the extract concerned —
(a) shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from adaptations of,
works by the author of the extract concerned in collaboration with any other
person; or
(b) if the extract concerned is from, or from an adaptation of, a work of joint
authorship — shall be read as including a reference to extracts from, or from
adaptations of, works by any one or more of the authors of the extract
concerned, or by any one or more of those authors in collaboration with any
other person.
PART IV
COPYRIGHT IN SUBJECT-MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS
DIVISION 1 — PRELIMINARY
Interpretation.
81. In this Part,
“qualified person” means —
(a) a citizen of Singapore, or an individual resident in Singapore; or
(b) a body corporate incorporated under any written law in Singapore.
DIVISION 2 — NATURE OF COPYRIGHT IN SUBJECT-MATTER OTHER
THAN WORKS
Nature of copyright in sound recordings
82. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copy-
right, in relation to a sound recording, is the exclusive right to do all or any of the
following acts:
(a) to make a copy of the sound recording;
(b) to enter into a commercial rental arrangement in respect of the recording.
(2) Subsection (1)( b) shall not extend to entry into a commercial rental arrangement
in respect of a sound recording if —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 58
(a) the copy of the sound recording, not being an infringing copy, was purchased
by a person (referred to in this subsection as the record owner) before the
commencement of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 1998;
(b) the commercial rental arrangement is entered into in the ordinary course of a
business conducted by the record owner; and
(c) the record owner was conducting the same business, or another business that
consisted of, or included, the making of commercial rental arrangements in
respect  of copies of sound recordings, when the copy was purchased.
Nature of copyright in cinematograph films.
83. For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in
relation to a cinematograph film, is the exclusive right to do all or any of the followingacts:
(a) to make a copy of the film;
(b) to cause the film, insofar as it consists of visual images, to be seen in public;
(c) to broadcast the film;
(d) to include the film in a cable programme.
Nature of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts.
84. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copy-
right, in relation to a television broadcast or sound broadcast, is the exclusive right —
(a) in the case of a television broadcast insofar as it consists of visual images —
to make a cinematograph film of the broadcast, or a copy of such a film;
(b) in the case of a sound broadcast, or of a television broadcast insofar as it con-
sists of sounds — to make a sound recording of the broadcast, or a copy of
such a sound recording;
(c) in the case of a television broadcast — to cause it, insofar as it consists of
visual images, to be seen in public, or, insofar as it consists of sounds, to be
heard in public, if it is seen or heard by a paying audience; and
(d) in the case of a television broadcast or a sound broadcast — to re-broadcast it
or to include it in a cable programme.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1) ( c), a television broadcast shall be taken to be
seen or heard by a paying audience if it is seen or heard by persons who either —
(a) have been admitted for payment to the place where the broadcast is to be seen
or heard, or have been admitted for payment to a place of which that place
forms part; or
(b) have been admitted to the place where the broadcast is to be seen or heard in
circumstances where goods or services are supplied there at prices which
exceed the prices usually charged at that place and are partly attributable to
the facilities afforded for seeing or hearing the broadcast:IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 59
Provided that for the purposes of paragraph ( a) no account shall be taken —
(i) of persons admitted to the place in question as residents or inmates therein; or
(ii) of persons admitted to that place as members of a club or society, where the
payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of
facilities for seeing or hearing television broadcasts is only incidental to the
main purposes of the club or society.
Nature of copyright in cable programmes.
85. — (1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copy-
right, in relation to a cable programme, is the exclusive right to do all or any of the
following acts:
(a) insofar as it consists of visual images, to make a cinematograph film of it or a
copy of such a film;
(b) insofar as it consists of sounds to make a sound recording of it or a copy of
such a sound recording;
(c) to cause it, insofar as it consists of visual images, to be seen in public, or,
insofar as it consists of sounds, to be heard in public, if it is seen or heard by
a paying audience;
(d) to broadcast it or to include it in a cable programme service.
(2) Subsection (1) shall apply whether the act in question is done by the reception of
the programme or by making use of any record, print, negative, tape or other article on
which the programme has been recorded.
(3) In relation to copyright in cable programmes, insofar as they consist of visual
images, subsection (1) shall apply to any sequence of images sufficient to be seen as a
moving picture; and accordingly, for the purpose of establishing an infringement of
such copyright, it shall not be necessary to prove that the act in question extended tomore than such a sequence of images.
(4) For the purposes of subsection (1) ( c), a cable programme shall be taken to be
seen or heard by a paying audience if it is seen or heard by persons who either —
(a) have been admitted for payment to the place where the programme is to be
seen or heard, or have been admitted for payment to a place of which that
place forms part; or
(b) have been admitted to the place where the programme is to be seen or heard in
circumstances where goods or services are supplied there at prices which
exceed the prices usually charged at that place and are partly attributable to
the facilities afforded for seeing or hearing the programme:
 Provided that for the purposes of paragraph ( a) no account shall be taken —
(i) of persons admitted to the place in question as residents or inmates therein; orIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 60
(ii) of persons admitted to that place as members of a club or society, where
payment is only for membership of the club or society and the provision of
facilities for seeing or hearing cable programmes is only incidental to the
main purposes of the club or society.
Nature of copyright in published editions of works.
86. For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, copyright, in
relation to a published edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or of
two or more literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, is the exclusive right to
make, by a means that includes a photographic process, a reproduction of the edition.
DIVISION 3 — SUBJECT-MATTER, OTHER THAN WORKS, IN WHICH
COPYRIGHT SUBSISTS
Sound recordings in which copyright subsists.
87. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in a sound
recording of which the maker was a qualified person at the time when the recording
was made.
(2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), copyright shall subsist, subject to the pro-
visions of this Act, in a sound recording if the recording was made in Singapore.
(3) Without prejudice to subsections (1) and (2), copyright shall subsist, subject to
the provisions of this Act, in a published sound recording if the first publication of the
recording took place in Singapore.
Cinematograph films in which copyright subsists.
88. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in a cine-
matograph film of which the maker was a qualified person for the whole or a sub-
stantial part of the period during which the film was made.
(2) Without prejudice to subsection (1), copyright shall subsist, subject to the pro-
visions of this Act, in a cinematograph film if the film was made in Singapore.
(3) Without prejudice to subsections (1) and (2), copyright shall subsist, subject to
the provisions of this Act, in a published cinematograph film if the first publication of
the film took place in Singapore.
Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts in which copyright subsists.
89. Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist —
(a) in a television broadcast made from a place in Singapore by the holder of a
broadcasting licence; and
Subst.by Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94
(b) in a sound broadcast made from a place in Singapore by the holder of a
broadcasting licence.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 61
Cable programmes in which copyright subsists.
90. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in a cable
programme which is included in a cable programme service provided by a qualified
person in Singapore.
(2) Copyright shall not subsist in a cable programme by virtue of this section if the
programme is included in the cable programme service by the reception and imme-diate re-transmission of a television broadcast or a sound broadcast.
Published editions of works in which copyright subsists.
91. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in a published
edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or of two or more literary,
dramatic, musical or artistic works, where —
(a) the first publication of the edition took place in Singapore; or
(b) the publisher of the edition was a qualified person at the date of the first pub-
lication of the edition.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply to an edition that reproduces a previous edition of
the same work or works.
DIVISION 4 — DURATION OF COPYRIGHT IN SUBJECT-MATTER OTHER
THAN WORKS
Duration of copyright in sound recordings.
92. Copyright subsisting in a sound recording by virtue of this Part shall continue to
subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in
which the recording is first published.
Duration of copyright in cinematograph films.
93. — (1) Copyright subsisting in a cinematograph film by virtue of section 88 (1) or
(2) shall continue to subsist until the film is published and, after the publication of thefilm, until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which
the film was first published.
(2) Copyright subsisting in a cinematograph film by virtue only of section 88 (3)
shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the
calendar year in which the film was first published.
Duration of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts.
94. — (1) Copyright subsisting in a television broadcast or sound broadcast by virtue
of this Part shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration
of the calendar year in which the broadcast was made.
(2) Insofar as a television broadcast or sound broadcast is a repetition (whether the
first or a subsequent repetition) of a previous television broadcast or sound broadcastIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 62
to which section 89 applies, and is made by broadcasting visual images or sounds
embodied in any article or thing —
(a) if it is made before the expiration of the period of 50 years after the expiration
of the calendar year in which the previous broadcast was made — any
copyright subsisting in it shall expire at the expiration of that period; and
(b) if it is made after the expiration of that period — copyright shall not subsist in
it by virtue of this Part.
Duration of copyright in cable programmes.
95. Copyright subsisting in a cable programme by virtue of this Part shall continue to
subsist until the expiration of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the
cable programme is first included in the cable programme service.
Duration of copyright in published editions of works.
96. Copyright subsisting in a published edition of a work or works by virtue of this
Part shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 25 years after the expiration of the
calendar year in which the edition was first published.
DIVISION 5 — OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT IN SUBJECT-MATTER OTHER
THAN WORKS
Ownership of copyright in sound recordings.
97. — (1) This section shall have effect subject to Part X.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the maker of a sound recording is the owner of any
copyright subsisting in the recording by virtue of this Part.
(3) Where —
(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person
for the making of a sound recording by the other person; and
(b) the recording is made in pursuance of the agreement,
the first-mentioned person is, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the
owner of any copyright subsisting in the recording by virtue of this Part.
Ownership of copyright in cinematograph films.
98. — (1) This section shall have effect subject to Part X.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the maker of a cinematograph film is the owner of any
copyright subsisting in the film by virtue of this Part.
(3) Where —
(a) a person makes, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person
for the making of a cinematograph film by the other person; and
(b) the film is made in pursuance of the agreement,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 63
the first-mentioned person is, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the
owner of any copyright subsisting in the film by virtue of this Part.
Ownership of copyright in television broadcasts and sound broadcasts.
99. Subject to Part X, a person who is or has been a holder of a broadcasting licence
is the owner of any copyright subsisting in a television broadcast or sound broadcast,
as the case may be, made by that person.
Subst. by Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94
Ownership of copyright in cable programmes.
100. Subject to Part X, a person providing a cable programme service is the owner of
any copyright subsisting in a cable programme included in that service.
Ownership of copyright in published editions of works.
101. Subject to Part X, the publisher of an edition of a work or works is the owner of
any copyright subsisting in the edition by virtue of this Part.
DIVISION 6 — INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT IN SUBJECT-MATTER
OTHER THAN WORKS
Interpretation
102. In this Division, "audio-visual item" means a sound recording, a cinematograph
film, a sound broadcast, a television broadcast or a cable programme.
Infringement by doing acts comprised in copyright.
103. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, a copyright subsisting by virtue of
this Part is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, and
without the licence of the owner of the copyright, does in Singapore, or authorises the
doing in Singapore of, any act comprised in the copyright.
(2) Sections 104 and 105 shall not affect the generality of subsection (1).
(3) Subsection (1) shall apply in relation to an act done in relation to a sound re-
cording whether the act is done by directly or indirectly making use of a record em-
bodying the recording.
(4) Subsection (1) shall apply in relation to an act done in relation to a television
broadcast or a sound broadcast or a cable programme whether the act is done by the
reception of the broadcast or programme or by making use of any article or thing inwhich the visual images and sounds comprised in the broadcast or programme have
been embodied.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 64
Infringement by importation for sale or hire.
104. A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is infringed by a person who,
without the licence of the owner of the copyright, imports an article into Singapore for
the purpose of —
(a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or
hire, the article;
(b) distributing the article —
(i) for the purpose of trade; or
(ii) for any other purpose to an extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of
the copyright; or
(c) by way of trade exhibiting the article in public,
where, he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article was
carried out without the consent of the owner of the copyright.
Infringement by sale and other dealings.
105. — (1) A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is infringed by a person who,
in Singapore, and without the licence of the owner of the copyright —
(a) sells, lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire, an
article; or
(b) by way of trade exhibits an article in public,
where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that the making of the article con-
stituted an infringement of the copyright or, in the case of an imported article, the
making of the article was carried out without the consent of the owner of the copy-
right.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the distribution of any articles —
(a) for the purpose of trade; or
(b) for any other purpose to an extent that affects prejudicially the owner of the
copyright concerned,
shall be taken to be the sale of those articles.
Acts done for purposes of judicial proceeding.
106. A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is not infringed by anything done
—
(a) for the purpose of a judicial proceeding or a report of a judicial proceeding;
(b) for the purpose of seeking professional advice from an advocate and solicitor;
or
(c) for the purpose of, or in the course of, the giving of professional advice by an
advocate and solicitor.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 65
Making of a copy of the sound recording for purposes of broadcasting
107. — (1) The copyright in a sound recording is not infringed by the making of a
copy of a sound recording solely for the purpose of the broadcasting of the recording.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording if the
copy is used for a purpose other than —
(a) the broadcasting of the recording; or
(b) the making of further copies of the sound recording for the purpose of the
broadcasting of the recording.
(3) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording where
the copy is used for the purpose of the broadcasting by a person who is not the maker
of the copy unless the maker has paid to the owner of the copyright in the recordingsuch amount as they agree or, in default of agreement, has given an undertaking in
writing to the owner to pay to him such amount as is determined by the Copyright
Tribunal, on the application of either of them, to be equitable remuneration to the
owner for the making of the copy.
(4) A person who has given an undertaking referred to in subsection (3) shall be
liable, when the Copyright Tribunal has determined the amount to which the under-
taking relates, to pay that amount to the owner of the copyright in the recording andthe owner may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the per-
son as a debt due to the owner.
(5) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a copy of a sound recording unless all
the copies made in accordance with that subsection are destroyed or are delivered,
with the consent of the director of the National Archives, to the National Archives of
Singapore —
(a) before the expiration of the period of 6 months or, in the case of a copy made
by a non-profit organisation solely for its own broadcast, 2 years,
commencing on the day on which any of the copies made in accordance with
that subsection is first used for broadcasting the recording in accordance with
that subsection; or
(b) before the expiration of such further period, if any, as is agreed between the
maker of the copy and the owner of the copyright in the recording.
Provisions relating to cinematograph films.
108. — (1) Where the visual images forming part of a cinematograph film consist
wholly or principally of images that, at the time when they were first embodied in an
article or thing, were means of communicating news, the copyright in the film is not
infringed by the causing of the film to be seen or heard, or to be both seen and heard,
in public after the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in
which the principal events depicted in the film occurred.
(2) Where, by virtue of this Part, copyright has subsisted in a cinematograph film, a
person who, after that copyright has expired, causes the film to be seen or heard, or toIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 66
be seen and heard, in public shall not, by so doing, infringe any copyright subsisting
by virtue of Part III in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work.
(3) Where the sounds that are embodied in a sound-track associated with the visual
images forming part of a cinematograph film are also embodied in a record, other than
such a sound-track or a record derived directly or indirectly from such a sound- track,
the copyright in the cinematograph film is not infringed by any use made of thatrecord.
Fair dealing for purpose of research or private study.
109. Section 35 (1) and (2) shall apply to the doing of any act in relation to audio-
visual items as it applies to the doing of that act in relation to literary, dramatic, mu-
sical and artistic works.
Fair dealing for purpose of criticism or review.
110. A fair dealing with an audio-visual item shall not constitute an infringement of
the copyright in the item or in any work or other audio-visual item included in the
item if it is for the purpose of criticism or review, whether of the first-mentioned au-
dio-visual item, another audio-visual item or a work, and a sufficient acknowledgment
of the first-mentioned audio-visual item is made.
Fair dealing for purpose of reporting news.
111. A fair dealing with an audio-visual item shall not constitute an infringement of
the copyright in the item or in any work or other audio-visual item included in the
item if —
(a) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news in a news-
paper, magazine or similar periodical and a sufficient acknowledgment of the
first-mentioned audio-visual item is made; or
(b) it is for the purpose of, or is associated with, the reporting of news by means
of broadcasting or a cable programme service or in a cinematograph film.
Copying of unpublished sound recordings and cinematograph films in libraries
or archives.
112. Where, at a time more than 50 years after the time at which, or the expiration of
the period during which, a sound recording or cinematograph film was made,
copyright subsists in the sound recording or cinematograph film but —
(a) the sound recording or cinematograph film has not been published; and
(b) a record embodying the sound recording, or a copy of the cinematograph film,
is kept in the collection of a library or archives where it is, subject to any
regulations governing that collection, accessible to the public,
the copyright in the sound recording or cinematograph film and in any work or other
subject-matter included in the sound recording or cinematograph film is not infringed
—IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 67
(c) by the making of a copy of the sound recording or cinematograph film by a
person for the purpose of research or private study or with a view to publi-
cation; or
(d) by the making of a copy of the sound recording or cinematograph film by or
on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives, if the copy is
supplied to a person who satisfies the officer that he or she requires the copyfor the purpose of research or private study or with a view to publication and
that he or she will not use it for any other purpose.
Copying of sound recordings and cinematograph films for preservation and
other purposes.
113. — (1) Subject to subsection (3), where a copy of a sound recording, being a
sound recording that forms, or formed, part of the collection of a library or archives, is
made by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives —
(a) if the sound recording is held in the collection in the form of a first record —
for the purpose of preserving the record against loss or deterioration or for
the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out at the library or
archives in which the record is held or at another library or archives;
(b) if the sound recording is held in the collection in a published form but has
been damaged or has deteriorated — for the purpose of replacing the sound
recording; or
(c) if the sound recording has been held in the collection in a published form but
has been lost or stolen — for the purpose of replacing the sound recording,
the making of the copy does not infringe copyright in the sound recording or in any
work or other subject-matter included in the sound recording.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), where a copy of a cinematograph film, being a cine-
matograph film that forms, or formed, part of the collection of a library or archives, is
made by or on behalf of the officer-in-charge of the library or archives —
(a) if the cinematograph film is held in the collection in the form of a first copy
— for the purpose of preserving the copy against loss or deterioration or for
the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out at the library or
archives in which the copy is held or at another library or archives;
(b) if the cinematograph film is held in the collection in a published form but has
been damaged or has deteriorated — for the purpose of replacing the
cinematograph film; or
(c) if the cinematograph film has been held in the collection in a published form
but has been lost or stolen — for the purpose of replacing the cinematograph
film,
the making of the copy does not infringe copyright in the cinematograph film or in
any work or other subject-matter included in the cinematograph film.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 68
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a sound recording, and subsection (2)
does not apply in relation to a cinematograph film, held in a published form in the
collection of a library or archives unless an authorised officer of the library or archives
has, after reasonable investigation, made a declaration stating that he or she is satisfied
that a copy (not being a second-hand copy) of the sound recording or cinematograph
film, as the case may be, cannot be obtained within a reasonable time at an ordinarycommercial price.
(4) Where a copy of an unpublished sound recording or an unpublished cinemato-
graph film is made under subsection (1) or (2) by or on behalf of the officer-in- charge
of a library or archives for the purpose of research that is being, or is to be, carried out
at another library or archives, the supply of the copy by or on behalf of the officer tothe other library or archives does not, for any purpose of this Act, constitute the
publication of the sound recording or cinematograph film or of any work or other
subject-matter included in the sound recording or cinematograph film.
Filming or recording broadcasts or programmes for private and domestic use.
114. — (1) The copyright in a television broadcast or a cable programme, or in a
literary, artistic, dramatic or musical work or a cinematograph film included in the
broadcast or programme, insofar as it consists of visual images, is not infringed by themaking of a cinematograph film of the broadcast or the cable programme for the
private and domestic use of the person by whom the cinematograph film is made.
(2) The copyright in a sound broadcast, a television broadcast or a cable programme,
or in a literary, dramatic or musical work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film
included in the broadcast or programme, insofar as it consists of sounds, is not
infringed by the making of a sound recording of the broadcast or the cable programme
for the private and domestic use of the person by whom the sound recording is made.
(3) For the purposes of this section, a cinematograph film or a sound recording shall
be deemed to be made otherwise than for the private and domestic use of the person
by whom it is made if it is made for the purpose of —
(a) the sale or letting for hire of the film or the sound recording, as the case may
be;
(b) broadcasting the film or recording or including it in a cable programme; or
(c) causing the film or recording to be seen or heard in public.
Use of broadcasts for educational purposes.
115. The making of a record of a sound broadcast or a cinematograph film of a tele-
vision broadcast or of a cable programme does not constitute an infringement of
copyright in a work or sound recording or cinematograph film included in the broad-
cast or programme, or an infringement of copyright in the broadcast or programme, if
—
(a) the record or cinematograph film is made by, or on behalf of, the person or
authority in charge of an educational institution; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 69
(b) the record or cinematograph film is not used except in the course of instruc-
tion at that institution.
Copying for course of instruction in making of film or soundtrack
115A. Copyright in a sound recording, cinematograph film, television broadcast,
sound broadcast or cable programme is not infringed by its being copied in the making
of —
(a) a cinematograph film; or
(b) a sound-track associated with the visual images forming part of a cine-
matograph film,
in the course of instruction, or preparation for instruction, in the making of a cine-
matograph film or sound-track associated with the visual images forming part of acinematograph film, if the copying is done by a person giving or receiving such in-
struction.
Things done for purposes of examination
115B. A copyright subsisting by virtue of this Part is not infringed by anything done
for the purposes of an examination, whether by way of setting the questions,
communicating the questions to the candidates or answering the questions.
Reproductions of editions of work.
116. The copyright in a published edition of a work or works is not infringed by the
making of a reproduction of the whole or a part of that edition if that reproduction is
made in the course of —
(a) where the edition contains one work only —
(i) a dealing with that work, being a dealing that does not, by virtue of section
35, 36, 37, 38 or 40, infringe copyright in that work; or
(ii) the making of a copy (including a handicapped reader’s copy      or an
intellectually handicapped reader's copy ) of the whole or a part of that
work, being a copy the making of which does not, by virtue of section
45, 46, 48, 51, 52      , 54 or 54A, infringe copyright in that work; or
(b) where the edition contains more than one work —
(i) a dealing with one of those works or dealings with some or all of those
works, being a dealing that does not, or dealings that do not, by virtue of
section 35, 36, 37, 38 or 40, infringe copyright in that work or thoseworks; or
(ii) the making of a copy (including a handicapped reader’s copy)     or an
intellectually handicapped reader's copy of the whole or a part of one of
those works or the making of copies (including the handicapped reader’s
copies)      or the intellectually handicapped reader’s copiesof the whole
or parts of some or all of those works, being a copy the making of whichIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 70
does not, or copies the making of which do not, by virtue of section 45,
46, 48, 51, 52      , 54 or 54A, infringe copyright in that work or in those
works.
Accessories to imported articles.
116A. — (1) The copyright in —
(a) a published edition of a work embodied in an accessory to an article; or
(b) a sound recording or cinematograph file that is an accessory to an article,
is not infringed by a person who, without the licence of the owner of the copyright,
imports the article into Singapore for a purpose mentioned in section 104 ( a), (b) or
(c) unless the article is an infringing copy.
(2) The operation of this Act in relation to —
(a) a published edition of a work embodied in an article; or
(b) a sound recording or cinematograph film,
is not affected by the operation of this section in relation to —
(i) a published edition of a work, or other subject-matter, embodied in an acces-
sory to the article; or
(ii) a sound recording or cinematograph film that is an accessory to the article.
(3) If an article is imported into Singapore for a purpose mentioned in section 104
(a), (b) or ( c), and the importation is not, by reason of this section, an infringement of
the copyright in —
(a) a published edition of a work embodied in an accessory to the article;
(b) a sound recording or cinematograph film that is an accessory to the article,
the use of the accessory with the article for any such purpose shall not be an in-
fringement of the copyright in the published edition of a work, or in the sound re-
cording or cinematograph film, and section 105 (1) shall not apply to the accessory.
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94
DIVISION 7 — MISCELLANEOUS
Copyrights to subsist independently.
117. — (1) Subject to section 108 (2), where copyright subsists in any subject-matter
by virtue of this Part, nothing in this Part shall be taken to affect the operation of PartIII in relation to any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work from which that
subject-matter is wholly or partly derived, and any copyright subsisting by virtue of
this Part is in addition to, and independent of, any copyright subsisting by virtue of
Part III.
(2) The subsistence of copyright under any provision of this Part shall not affect the
operation of any other provision of this Part under which copyright can subsist.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 71
PART V
REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENTS OF COPYRIGHT
DIVISION 1 — PRELIMINARY
Interpretation.
118. — (1) In this Part, “action” means a proceeding of a civil nature between parties,
and includes a counterclaim.
(2) In the application of this Part in relation to a counterclaim, references to the
plaintiff and to the defendant shall be read as references to the defendant and to the
plaintiff, respectively.
DIVISION 2 — ACTIONS BY OWNER OF COPYRIGHT
Actions for infringement.
119. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the owner of a copyright may bring
an action for an infringement of the copyright.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the relief that a court may grant in an action
for an infringement of copyright includes an injunction (subject to such terms, if any,
as the court thinks fit) and either damages or an account of profits.
(3) Where, in an action for infringement of copyright, it is established that an in-
fringement was committed but it is also established that, at the time of the infringe-ment, the defendant was not aware, and had no reasonable grounds for suspecting, that
the act constituting the infringement was an infringement of the copyright, the
plaintiff shall not be entitled under this section to any damages against the defendant
in respect of the infringement, but shall be entitled to an account of profits in respect
of the infringement whether any other relief is granted under this section or not.
(4) Where, in an action under this section —
(a) an infringement of copyright is established; and
(b) the court is satisfied that it is proper to do so, having regard to —
(i) the flagrancy of the infringement;
(ii) any benefit shown to have accrued to the defendant by reason of the in-
fringement; and
(iii) all other relevant matters,
the court may, in assessing damages for the infringement, award such additional
damages as it considers appropriate in the circumstances.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 72
Order for delivery up of infringing copies, etc.
120. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the court may, in addition to any
relief granted under section 119 in any action for an infringement of copyright brought
under that section, order any infringing copy, or any article specifically designed or
adapted for making copies of a work or other subject-matter which has been used, or
is to be used, for making infringing copies of the work or subject-matter, in thepossession of the defendant or before the court to be delivered up to the plaintiff.
(2) No order shall be made under this section unless the court also makes, or it ap-
pears to the court that there are grounds for making, an order under section 120A.
(3) A person to whom an infringing copy or other object is delivered up pursuant to
an order made under this section shall, if an order under section 120A is not made,retain the copy or object pending the making of an order, or the decision not to make
an order, under section 120A.
Order for disposal of infringing copies, etc.
120A. — (1) An application may be made to the court for an order that an infringing
copy or other object delivered up pursuant to an order made under section 120 be —
(a) forfeited to the plaintiff; or
(b) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court thinks fit.
(2) In considering what order, if any, should be made under this section, the court
shall have regard to —
(a) whether other remedies available in an action for infringement of copyright
would be adequate to compensate the plaintiff and to protect the interests of
the plaintiff; and
(b) the need to ensure that no infringing copy is disposed of in a manner that
would adversely affect the plaintiff.
(3) The court shall issue directions as to the service of notice on persons having an
interest in the copy or other object.
(4) Any person having an interest in the copy or other object is entitled —
(a) to appear in proceedings for an order under this section, whether or not that
person is served with notice; and
(b) to appeal against any order made, whether or not that person appears in the
proceedings.
(5) An order made under this section shall not take effect until the end of the period
within which notice of an appeal may be given or, if before the end of that period
notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of the
proceedings on the appeal.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 73
(6) Where there is more than one person interested in a copy or other object, the
court may direct that the object be sold, or otherwise dealt with, and the proceeds
divided, and shall make any other order as it thinks just.
(7) If the court decides that no order should be made under this section, the person in
whose possession the copy or other object was before being delivered up shall be
entitled to its return, and the court may order the defendant to pay to the plaintiff suchdamages as the court thinks just and equitable.
DIVISION 3 — PROCEEDINGS WHERE COPYRIGHT IS SUBJECT TO
EXCLUSIVE LICENCE
Interpretation.
121. In this Division —
“if the licence had been an assignment”  means if, instead of the licence, there had
been granted (subject to conditions corresponding as nearly as practicable with
those subject to which the licence was granted) an assignment of the copyright
in respect of its application to the doing, at the places and times authorised by
the licence, of the acts so authorised;
“the other party”  means —
(a) in relation to the owner of the copyright — the exclusive licensee; and
(b) in relation to the exclusive licensee — the owner of the copyright.
Application.
122. This Division shall apply to proceedings in relation to a copyright in respect of
which an exclusive licence has been granted and is in force at the time of the events to
which the proceedings relate.
Rights of exclusive licensee.
123. Subject to this Division, the exclusive licensee shall, except against the owner
of the copyright, have the same rights of action as the owner of the copyright wouldhave, and be entitled to the same remedies as he would be entitled to, by virtue of
sections 119 and 120 if the licence had been an assignment, and those rights and
remedies are concurrent with the rights and remedies of the owner of the copyright
under those sections.
Joinder of owner or exclusive licensee as a party.
124. — (1) Where —
(a) an action is brought by the owner of the copyright or by the exclusive lic-
ensee; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 74
(b) the action, insofar as it is brought under section 119, relates, in whole or in
part, to an infringement in respect of which the owner and the licensee have
concurrent rights of action under that section,
the owner or licensee, as the case may be, shall not be entitled, except with the leave
of the court, to proceed with the action, insofar as it is brought under that section and
relates to that infringement, unless the other party is joined as a plaintiff in the actionor added as a defendant.
(2) This section shall not affect the granting of an interlocutory injunction on the
application of the owner of the copyright or the exclusive licensee.
Defences available against exclusive licensee.
125. In an action brought by the exclusive licensee by virtue of this Division, a de-
fence under this Act that would have been available to a defendant in the action if the
action had been brought by the owner of the copyright shall be available to that
defendant as against the exclusive licensee.
Assessment of damages where exclusive licence granted.
126. Where an action to which section 124 applies is brought and the owner of the
copyright and the exclusive licensee are not both plaintiffs in the action, the court, in
assessing damages in respect of an infringement of a kind referred to in that section,shall —
(a) if the plaintiff is the exclusive licensee — take into account any liabilities, in
respect of royalties or otherwise, to which the licence is subject; and
(b) whether the plaintiff is the owner of the copyright or the exclusive licensee —
take into account any pecuniary remedy already awarded to the other party
under section 119 in respect of that infringement, or any right of action
exercisable by the other party under that section in respect of that in-fringement, as the case requires.
Apportionment of profits between owner and exclusive licensee.
127. Where —
(a) an action, insofar as it is brought under section 119, relates, in whole or in
part, to an infringement in respect of which the owner of the copyright and
the exclusive licensee have concurrent rights of action under that section; and
(b) in that action, whether the owner of the copyright and the exclusive licensee
are both parties or not, an account of profits is directed to be taken in respect
of that infringement,
then, subject to any agreement of which the court is aware by which the application
of those profits is determined as between the owner of the copyright and the exclusive
licensee, the court shall apportion the profits between them in such a manner as the
court considers just and shall give such directions as the court considers appropriate
for giving effect to that apportionment.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 75
Separate actions in relation to the same infringement.
128. In an action brought by the owner of the copyright or by the exclusive licensee
—
(a) a judgment or order for the payment of damages in respect of an infringement
of copyright shall not be given or made under section 119 if a final judgment
or order has been given or made in favour of the other party directing anaccount of profits under that section in respect of the same infringement; and
(b) a judgment or order for an account of profits in respect of an infringement of
copyright shall not be given or made under that section if a final judgment or
order has been given or made in favour of the other party awarding damages
or directing an account of profits under that section in respect of the sameinfringement.
Liability for costs.
129. Where, in an action to which section 124 applies, whether brought by the owner
of the copyright or by the exclusive licensee, the other party is not joined as a plaintiff
(either at the commencement of the action or at a later time), but is added as a
defendant, the other party is not liable for any costs in the action unless he enters an
appearance and takes part in the proceedings.
DIVISION 4 — PROOF OF FACTS IN COPYRIGHT PROCEEDINGS
Presumptions as to subsistence and ownership of copyright.
130. — (1) In an action brought by virtue of this Part —
(a) copyright shall be presumed to subsist in the work or other subject-matter to
which the action relates if the defendant does not put in issue the question
whether copyright subsists in the work or other subject-matter; and
(b) where the subsistence of the copyright is established — the plaintiff shall be
presumed to be the owner of the copyright if he claims to be the owner of the
copyright and the defendant does not put in issue the question of his
ownership.
(2) Where a defendant, without good faith, puts in issue the questions of whether
copyright subsists in a work or other subject-matter to which the action relates, or the
ownership of copyright in such work or subject-matter, thereby occasioning un-
necessary costs or delay in the proceedings, the court may direct that any costs to thedefendant in respect of the action shall not be allowed to him and that any costs oc-
casioned by the defendant to other parties shall be paid by him to such other parties.
Presumptions in relation to authorship of work.
131. — (1) Where a name purporting to be that of the author of a literary, dramatic,
musical or artistic work appeared on copies of the work as published or a name pur-
porting to be that of the author of an artistic work appeared on the work when it wasIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 76
made, the person whose name so appeared, if it was his true name or a name by which
he was commonly known, shall, in an action brought by virtue of this Part, be
presumed, unless the contrary is established, to be the author of the work and to have
made the work in circumstances to which section 30 (4), (5) and (6) does not apply.
(2) Where a work is alleged to be a work of joint authorship, subsection (1) shall
apply in relation to each person alleged to be one of the authors of the work as if ref-erences in that subsection to the author were references to one of the authors.
(3) Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a photograph —
(a) it is established that, at the time when the photograph was taken, a person was
the owner of the material on which the photograph was taken or, if the
ownership of that material as at that time is not established, that a person wasthe owner of the apparatus by which the photograph was taken; or
(b) neither the ownership as at the time when the photograph was taken of the
material on which it was taken nor the ownership as at that time of the ap-
paratus by which it was taken is established but it is established that, at the
time of the death of a person, the photograph was owned by the person or, if
the ownership of the photograph as at that time is not established, was in the
possession or custody of the person,
the person shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, to have been the
person who took the photograph.
Presumptions in relation to publisher of work.
132. Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a literary, dra-
matic, musical or artistic work, section 131 does not apply, but it is established —
(a) that the work was first published in Singapore and was so published during the
period of 50 years that ended immediately before the commencement of thecalendar year in which the action was brought; and
(b) that a name purporting to be that of the publisher appeared on copies of the
work as first published,
then, unless the contrary is established, copyright shall be presumed to subsist in the
work and the person whose name so appeared shall be presumed to have been the
owner of that copyright at the time of the publication.
Presumptions where author has died.
133. — (1) Where, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation to a literary,
dramatic, musical or artistic work, it is established that the author is dead —
(a) the work shall be presumed to be an original work unless the contrary is es-
tablished; and
(b) if it is alleged by the plaintiff that a publication specified in the allegation was
the first publication of the work, and that it took place in a country and on a
date so specified, that publication shall be presumed, unless the contrary isIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 77
established, to have been the first publication of the work, and to have taken
place in that country and on that date.
(2) Where —
(a) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work has been published;
(b) the publication was anonymous or is alleged by the plaintiff to have been
pseudonymous; and
(c) it is not established that the work has ever been published under the true name
of the author, or under a name by which he was commonly known, or that the
identity of the author is generally known or can be ascertained by reasonable
inquiry,
subsection (1) ( a) and ( b) shall apply, in an action brought by virtue of this Part in
relation to the work, in like manner as that subsection shall apply where it is estab-
lished that the author is dead.
Evidence in relation to proceedings
134. In an action brought by virtue of this Part in relation  to copyright in a sound
recording, if records embodying the recording as supplied to the public bear a label or
other mark stating —
(a) that a person specified on the label or mark was the owner of copyright in the
recording;
(b) that the recording was first published in a specified year; or
(c) that the recording was first published in a specified country,
the label or mark shall be sufficient evidence of the facts so stated except insofar as
the contrary is established.
Presumptions in relation to maker of film.
135. Where the name of a person appeared on copies of a cinematograph film as
made available to the public in such a way as to imply that the person was the maker
of the film and, in the case of a person other than a body corporate, that name was his
true name or a name by which he was commonly known, that person shall, in an
action brought by virtue of this Part, be presumed, unless the contrary is established,
to be the maker of the film and to have made the film in circumstances to which sec-
tion 98 (3) does not apply.
DIVISION 5 — OFFENCES
Offences.
136. — (1) A person who at a time when copyright subsists in a work —
(a) makes for sale or hire;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 78
(b) sells or lets for hire, or by way of trade offers or exposes for sale or hire;      or
(c) by way of trade exhibits in public     ,
any article which he knows, or ought reasonably to know, to be an infringing copy of
the work shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding $10,000 for the article or for each article in respect of which the offencewas committed or $100,000, whichever is the lower, or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 5 years or to both.
(2) A person who at a time when copyright subsists in a work has in his possession
or imports into Singapore any article which he knows, or ought reasonably to know, to
be an infringing copy of the work for the purpose of —
(a) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or
hire, the article;
(b) distributing the article for the purpose of trade, or for any other purpose to an
extent that will affect prejudicially the owner of the copyright in the work; or
(c) by way of trade exhibiting the article in public,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
$10,000 for the article or for each article in respect of which the offence wascommitted or $100,000, whichever is the lower, or to imprisonment for a term not
exceeding 5 years or to both.
(3) Any person who, at a time when copyright subsists in a work, distributes, either
—
(a) for purposes of trade; or
(b) for other purposes, but to such an extent as to affect prejudicially the owner of
the copyright,
articles which he knows, or ought reasonably to know, to be infringing copies of the
work, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not
exceeding $50,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to both.
(4) A person who, at a time when copyright subsists in a work, makes or has in his
possession an article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of the work
that the person knows, or ought reasonably to know, is to be used for making infring-ing copies of the work, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction
to a fine not exceeding $20,000 for each such article in respect of which the offence is
committed or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both.
(5) Subsections (1) to (4) shall apply in relation to copyright subsisting in any sub-
ject-matter by virtue of Part IV in like manner as they apply in relation to copyright
subsisting in a work by virtue of Part III.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 79
(6) Any person who for his private profit causes a literary, dramatic or musical work
to be performed in public, or causes a cinematograph film to be seen or heard or seen
and heard in public, other than by the reception of a television broadcast or cable
programme, where he knows, or ought reasonably to know, that copyright subsists in
the work or cinematograph film and that the performance constitutes an infringement
of the copyright, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to afine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to
both.
(7) For the purposes of this section, any person who has in his possession 5 or more
infringing copies of any work or other subject-matter shall, unless the contrary is
proved, be presumed —
(a) to be in possession of such copies otherwise than for private and domestic use;
or
(b) to be in possession of such copies for the purpose of sale.
(8) The court before which a person is charged with an offence by reason of a con-
travention of any of the provisions of this section may, whether he is convicted of the
offence or not, order that any article that appears to the court to be an infringing copy
or any article specifically designed or adapted for making copies of a work or other
subject-matter which has been used or is to be used for making infringing copies of
the work or subject-matter in the possession of the alleged offender or before the
court, be destroyed or delivered up to the owner of the copyright concerned or
otherwise dealt with in such manner as the court thinks fit.
(9) If information is given upon oath to a Magistrate that there is reasonable cause
for suspecting that there is in any premises any article or document which is evidencethat an offence under subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4) has been committed, the Magistrate
may issue, either unconditionally or subject to such conditions as he thinks fit, a
warrant authorising a police officer to enter and search the premises for the articles
and documents which are specified in the warrant, and to seize such articles and
documents found at the premises.
(10) If an article was seized under subsection (9)
and —
(a) in proceedings brought under this section, no order is made under subsection
(8) as to the article; or
(b) no such proceedings are instituted within 6 months of the seizure,
the article shall be returned to the person in whose possession it was when it was
seized or, if it is not reasonably practicable to return it to that person, shall  be dis-
posed of in accordance with the law regulating the disposal of lost or unclaimed
property in the hands of police authorities.
(11) If a document was seized under subsection (9) and no proceedings under this
section are instituted within 6 months of the seizure, the document and all copies ofIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 80
the document shall be returned to the person in whose possession the document was
when it was seized or, if it is not reasonably practicable to return the document and
copies to that person, shall be disposed of in accordance with the law regulating the
disposal of lost or unclaimed property in the hands of police authorities.
(12) For the purposes of this section —
“document” means anything in which information of any description is recorded;“premises” includes any land, building, structure and conveyance.
Affidavit evidence.
137. — (1) An affidavit made before a notary public by or on behalf of the owner of
the copyright in any work or other subject-matter and stating —
(a) that at the time specified therein, copyright subsisted in the work or other
subject-matter;
(b) that he or the person named therein is the owner of the copyright; and
(c) that the copy of the work or other subject-matter annexed thereto is a true
copy thereof,
shall be admitted in evidence in any proceedings for an offence under this Part and
shall be prima facie proof of the matters stated therein until the contrary is proved, and
the court before which such affidavit is produced shall presume that the affidavit wasmade by or on behalf of the owner of the copyright.
(2) If an accused to any proceedings for an offence under this Part desires in good
faith that the person who made an affidavit referred to in subsection (1) be cross-ex-
amined with respect to the matters in the affidavit, the affidavit may not be used in the
proceedings unless the person appears as a witness for such cross-examination or the
court before which the proceedings are being conducted, in its discretion, permits the
affidavit to be used without the person so appearing.
Powers of police officer.
138. — (1) Any police officer may arrest without warrant any person who, in any
street or public place —
(a) sells or exposes or offers for sale; or
(b) has, or is reasonably suspected of having, in his possession for the purpose of
selling or letting for hire,
any infringing copy of any work or other subject-matter.(2) Any police officer may stop and search and forcibly board any vehicle in which
he reasonably suspects that there is any infringing copy of any work or other subject-
matter and seize, remove or detain any such infringing copy and anything which ap-
pears to him to be or to contain, or likely to be or to contain, evidence of an offence
under this Act.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 81
Advertisement for supply of infringing copies of computer programs.
139. — (1) Any person who, by any means, publishes, or causes to be published, in
Singapore an advertisement for the supply in Singapore (whether from within or out-
side Singapore) of a copy of a computer program which is an infringing copy shall,
unless he proves that he acted in good faith and had no reasonable grounds for sup-
posing that copyright would or might thereby be infringed, be guilty of an offence andshall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 2 years or to both.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a transmission of a computer program that, when
received and recorded, will result in the creation of a copy of the computer program
shall be deemed to constitute the supply of a copy of the computer program at theplace where the copy will be created.
Court for trial of offences.
140. Notwithstanding the provisions of any written law to the contrary, a District
Court or Magistrate’s Court shall have jurisdiction to try any offence under this Act
and award the full punishment for such offence.
DIVISION 6 — BORDER ENFORCEMENT MEASURES
Interpretation
140A. In this Division and Division 7, unless the context otherwise requires —
“aircraft” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act
(Cap. 272A);
“authorised officer” means —
(a) an officer of customs as defined in section 3 of the Customs Act (Cap.
70); or
(b) any officer or class or description of officers appointed by the Minister by
notification in the Gazette to exercise the powers and perform the duties
conferred and imposed on an authorised officer by this Division and
Division 7;
“copyright material” means —
(a) a work;
(b) a sound recording;
(c) a cinematograph film;
(d) a published edition of a work; or
(e) a television or sound broadcast as recorded in a cinematograph film or a
sound recording;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 82
“Director-General” means the Director-General of Customs and Excise appointed
under section 4(1) of the Customs Act (Cap. 70);
“goods in transit” means goods imported, whether or not landed or transhipped
within Singapore, which are to be carried to another country either by the same
or another conveyance;
“master” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act
(Cap. 272A);
“objector” , in relation to particular seized copies, means the person who gave the
notice under section 140B(1) as a result of the giving of which the copies were
seized;
“owner” , in relation to the copyright in copyright material, includes an exclusive
licensee of the copyright in the material;
“pilot of an aircraft” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and
Exports Act;
“seized copies” means copies seized under section 140B (7);
“senior authorised officer” means —
(a) a senior officer of customs as defined in section 3 of the Customs Act;
and
(b) any officer or class or description of officers appointed by the Minister by
notification in the Gazette to exercise the powers and perform the duties
conferred and imposed on a senior authorised officer by Division 7;
“vehicle” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act;
“vessel” has the same meaning as in the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act.
Restriction of importation of copies of works, etc.
140B. — (1) A person may give the Director-General a written notice stating —
(a) that he is the owner of the copyright in copyright material;
(b) that, at a time and place specified in the notice, copies of the copyright ma-
terial to which this section applies are expected to be imported; and
(c) that he objects to such importation.
(2) A notice given under subsection (1) shall be supported by such documents and
information as may be prescribed in regulations.
(3) Subject to subsection (4), this section shall apply to copies of copyright material
made wholly or partly outside Singapore the making of which was carried out without
the consent of the owner of the copyright.
(4) This section shall not apply to copies of copyright material which are goods in
transit.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 83
(5) Unless it is revoked under subsection (6), a notice under subsection (1) shall
remain in force until —
(a) the end of the period of 60 days commencing on the day on which the notice
was given; or
(b) the end of the period for which the copyright in the copyright material to
which the notice relates is to subsist,
whichever is the earlier.
(6) A notice under subsection (1) may be revoked by written notice given to the
Director-General by the person who gave the first-mentioned notice or by a subse-
quent owner of the copyright in the copyright material to which the notice relates.
(7) If —
(a) a notice has been given under this section in respect of copyright material;
(b) the notice has not lapsed or been revoked; and
(c) a person imports copies of the copyright material to which this section ap-
plies for the purpose of —
(i) selling, letting for hire, or by way of trade offering or exposing for sale or
hire, the copies;
(ii) distributing the copies for the purpose of trade;(iii) distributing the copies for any other purpose to an extent that will affect
prejudicially the owner of the copyright in the copyright material; or
(iv) by way of trade exhibiting the copies in public,
an authorised officer may seize the copies.
(8) The Minister may make regulations to provide for —
(a) the forms of notices under this section;
(b) the times at which, and the manner in which, notices are to be given; and
(c) the giving of information and evidence to the Director-General.
Security for liability or expense of seizure
140C. An authorised officer may refuse to seize copies under section 140B(7) unless
—
(a) the objector has deposited with the Director-General a sum of money that, in
the opinion of the Director-General, is sufficient to reimburse the Gov-
ernment for any liability or expense it is likely to incur as a result of theseizure of the copies; or
(b) the objector has given security, to the satisfaction of  the Director-General,
for the reimbursement of the Government for any such liability or expense.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 84
Secure storage of seized copies
140D. Seized copies shall be taken to such secure place as the Director-General di-
rects.
Notice of seizure
140E. — (1) As soon as is practicable after copies are seized under section 140B(7),
the Director-General shall give to the importer and the objector, either personally orby post, a written notice identifying the copies and stating that the identified copies
have been seized.
(2) A notice under subsection (1) shall state that the copies will be released to the
importer unless —
(a) an action for infringement of copyright in respect of the copies is instituted
by the objector within a specified period from the day specified in the notice;
and
(b) the objector gives written notice to the Director-General within that period
stating that the action for infringement of copyright has been instituted.
(3) The period to be specified for the purposes of paragraph ( a) of subsection (2) is
the period prescribed for the purposes of that paragraph.
(4) The day specified for the purposes of subsection (2)( a) shall not be earlier than
the day on which the notice is given.
(5) The objector may, by written notice given to the Director-General before the end
of the period specified in a notice for  the purposes of subsection (2)( a) (the retention
period), request that the period be extended.
(6) Subject to subsection (7), if —
(a) a request is made in accordance with subsection (5); and
(b) the Director-General is satisfied that it is reasonable that the request be
granted,
the Director-General may extend the retention period by such period as is prescribed.
(7) A decision on a request made in accordance with subsection (5) shall be made
within 2 working days after the request is made, but such a decision cannot be made
after the end of the retention period to which the request relates.
Inspection, release, etc., of seized copies
140F. — (1) The Director-General may permit the objector or the importer to inspect
the seized copies.
(2) If the objector gives the requisite undertakings, the Director-General may permit
the objector to remove one  sample of the seized copies from the custody of the
Director-General for inspection by the objector.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 85
(3) If the importer gives the Director-General the requisite undertakings, the Direc-
tor-General may permit the importer to remove one sample of the seized copies from
the custody of the Director-General for inspection by the importer.
(4) The requisite undertakings are undertakings in writing that the person giving the
undertaking will —
(a) return the sample copy to the Director-General at a specified time that is
satisfactory to the Director-General; and
(b) take reasonable care to prevent damage to the sample copy.
(5) If the Director-General permits inspection of the seized copies, or the removal of
a sample copy, by the objector in accordance with this section, the Director-General is
not liable to the importer for any loss or damage suffered by the importer arising outof —
(a) damage to any of the seized copies incurred during that inspection; or
(b) anything done by the objector or any other person to, or in relation to, a
sample copy removed from the custody of the Director-General or any use
made by the objector of such a sample copy.
Forfeiture of seized copies by consent
140G. — (1) Subject to subsection (2), the importer may, by written notice to the
Director-General, consent to the seized copies being forfeited to the Government.
(2) The notice shall be given before any action for infringement of copyright in re-
lation to the copies is instituted.
(3) If the importer gives such a notice, the copies are forfeited to the Government
and shall be disposed of —
(a) in the manner prescribed by the regulations; or
(b) if no manner of disposal is so prescribed, as the Director-General directs.
Compulsory release of the seized copies to the importer
140H. — (1) The Director-General shall release seized copies (not being copies
forfeited to the Government under  section 140G) to the importer on the expiration of
the retention period for the copies if the objector has not, before the expiration of that
period —
(a) instituted an action for infringement of the relevant copyright in respect of
the copies; and
(b) given written notice to the Director-General stating that the action has been
instituted.
(2) For the purpose of subsection (1), the retention period  for seized copies is —
(a) the period specified in a notice given under section 140E in respect of the
copies; orIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 86
(b) if that period has been extended under section 140E, that period as so ex-
tended.
(3) If —
(a) an action for infringement of copyright has been instituted in respect of
seized copies; and
(b) at the end of the period of 3 weeks commencing on the day on which the
action was instituted, there is not in force an order of the court in which the
action was instituted preventing the release of the copies,
the Director-General shall release the copies to the importer.
(4) If the objector gives written notice to the Director-General stating that he con-
sents to the release of the seized copies, the Director-General shall release the copiesto the importer.
(5) This section shall have effect subject to section 140J.
Provision relating to actions for infringement of copyright
140I. — (1) In this section, "infringement action" means an action for an infringe-
ment of copyright constituted by the importation of seized copies.
(2) The court in which an infringement action is pending may, on the application of a
person having a sufficient interest in the subject-matter of the action, allow the personto be joined as a defendant to the action.
(3) An authorised officer is entitled to be heard on the hearing of an infringement
action.
(4) In addition to any relief that may be granted apart from this section, the court
may —
(a) at any time, order that the seized copies be released to the importer subject to
such conditions, if any, as the court thinks fit;
(b) order that the seized copies not be released to the importer before the end of a
specified period; or
(c) order that the goods be forfeited to the Government.
(5) A court may not make an order under subsection (4)( a) if it is satisfied that the
Government or any statutory authority  is required or permitted under any other law to
retain control of the seized copies.
(6) The Director-General shall comply with an order made under subsection (4).(7) If —
(a) the court decides that the relevant copyright was not infringed by the im-
portation of the seized copies; and
(b) a defendant to the infringement action satisfies the court that he has suffered
loss or damage as a result of the seizure of the copies,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 87
the court may order the objector to pay compensation in such amount as the court
thinks fit to that defendant.
Retention of control of seized copies
140J. Notwithstanding section 140H, in a case in which no order has been made
under section 140I(4) in relation to seized copies, the Director-General is not obliged
to release or dispose of the copies if the Government is required or permitted, underany other law, to retain control of the copies.
Disposal of seized copies ordered to be forfeited
140K. If a court orders that seized copies are to be forfeited  to the Government, the
copies shall be disposed of —
(a) in the manner prescribed by the regulations; or
(b) if no manner of disposal is so prescribed, as the Director-General directs.
Insufficient security
140L. — (1) If the reasonable expenses incurred by the Director-General in relation
to any action taken by the Director-General under this Division, or taken in accor-
dance with an order of a court under this Division exceed the amount deposited, or the
amount of the security given, under section 140C, the amount of the excess is a debt
due to the Government.
(2) The debt created by subsection (1) is due by the objector, or, if there are 2 or
more objectors, by the objectors jointly and severally.
DIVISION 7 — POWERS OF SEARCH
Powers of search in relation to vessels, aircraft and vehicles
140M. — (1) A senior authorised officer or an authorised officer acting in accor-
dance with the general or special directions of a senior authorised officer may board
any conveyance in Singapore and may rummage and search all parts of the convey-ance for copies of copyright material liable to be seized under section 140B (7).
(2) For the more effective exercise of the powers conferred by this section, a senior
authorised officer may do all or any of the following:
(a) require the master of any vessel in Singapore to heave to;
(b) by direction to the master of any vessel or the pilot of any aircraft in Sin-
gapore, require the vessel or aircraft, as the case may be, not to proceed until
so authorised;
(c) require any documents which ought to be on board any vessel or aircraft,
being documents relating to any goods therein, to be brought to him for in-
spection;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 88
(d) break open and forcibly enter any place or receptacle in any conveyance to
which he cannot otherwise reasonably obtain access;
(e) by direction to the master of any vessel in Singapore, require the vessel to
proceed to any specified anchorage, wharf or place to which the vessel may
lawfully go;
(f) by direction to the master of any vessel in Singapore, require him to move or
discharge any cargo or other goods therein;
(g) require the person in charge of a vehicle —
(i) to stop and not to proceed until so authorised; or
(ii) to bring the vehicle to any police station or examination station;
(h) direct that the removal of any goods from or placed in any vessel be pro-
hibited until so authorised;
(i) require the master of any vessel or the pilot of any aircraft to produce a
complete manifest of the whole cargo of the vessel or aircraft and a complete
list of  stores carried by that vessel or aircraft.
(3) An authorised officer may exercise, in respect of any vehicle or any vessel not
exceeding 75 tons net tonnage, the powers which are conferred upon a senior autho-
rised officer by subsection (2) other than the powers conferred by paragraph ( d) of that
subsection.
(4) It shall be presumed in any proceedings arising out of any thing done under this
section, unless the contrary is proved, that any authorised officer, not being a senior
authorised officer, by whom the thing was done was acting in accordance with the
general or special direction of a senior authorised officer.
(5) If any vessel or aircraft fails to comply with any lawful requisition or direction
given or made under this section, a senior authorised officer may take all such steps asappear to him necessary to secure such compliance.
(6) Any person who contravenes this section or who fails to comply with any lawful
requisition or direction given or made thereunder shall be guilty of an offence and
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $6,000 or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 12 months or to both.
(7) An authorised officer may exercise the powers conferred by this section in re-
spect of a vessel under way if he reasonably suspects that it is not in transit throughSingapore.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 89
Examination of packages
140N. — (1) Any goods, package, box, chest or other article which is being or has
recently been imported and in regard to which a reasonable suspicion exists that it is
or that it contains a copy of copyright material liable to be seized under section
140B(7) may be —
(a) examined and searched by an authorised officer or detained until any person
in charge thereof has opened it for examination and search;
(b) subjected to such tests or analysis as the authorised officer thinks fit;
(c) forcibly opened by, or by order of, a senior authorised officer to facilitate the
examination and search except that any person in charge of the package, box,
chest or other article shall be afforded every reasonable facility for beingpresent at the opening, examination and search; or
(d) marked, locked, sealed or otherwise secured by an authorised officer pending
examination and search.
(2) Any person, other than an authorised officer, who removes, opens, breaks or
tampers with any lock, seal or other means of securing any goods, package, box, chest
or other article referred to in subsection (1)( d) shall be guilty of an offence and shall
be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $6,000 or to imprisonment for a termnot exceeding 6 months or to both.
Power to remove packages and goods to police station or examination station
140O. — (1) For the more convenient exercise of the powers conferred by section
140N, an authorised officer may remove  any package, box, chest or other article or
any goods to a police station or examination station or may require it to be so removed
by the owner thereof or his agent or any person having the custody, charge or control
thereof.
(2) Any person who fails to comply with any such requisition shall be guilty of an
offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $6,000.
(3) Upon the failure by a person to comply with such a requisition, an authorised
officer may remove the goods in the manner provided by subsection (1) and all the
expenses of such removal (as certified by a senior authorised officer) shall be recov-
erable as a fine from that person or from the owner of the goods.
Search of persons and baggage
140P. — (1) Any person landing or being about to land or having recently landed
from any vessel or aircraft, or leaving any vessel or aircraft in Singapore whether for
the purpose of landing or otherwise, or entering or having recently entered Singapore
by land, sea or air, shall —
(a) on demand by an authorised officer, either permit his person and goods and
baggage to be searched by the officer for any copy of copyright material
liable to be seized under section 140B(7) or, together with the goods andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 90
baggage, accompany the officer to a police station or an examination station,
and there permit his person and goods and baggage to be searched in the
presence and under the supervision of a senior authorised officer for any
copy of copyright material liable to be seized under section 140B (7); or
(b) on demand by a senior authorised officer, permit his person and goods and
baggage to be searched by the officer, or in the presence and under the su-pervision of the officer, for any copy of copyright material liable to be seized
under section 140B(7).
(2) Whenever it is necessary to cause a woman to be searched, the search shall be
made by another woman and with strict regard to decency.
(3) The goods and baggage of any person who requests to be present when they are
searched shall not be searched except in his presence, unless he fails to be present
after being given reasonable facility for being present.
(4) Any person who refuses to comply with any lawful demand made under this
section may be arrested without warrant by the authorised officer making the demand.
Powers of authorised officers to enter certain premises
140Q. — (1) For the purpose of exercising the powers conferred by sections 140M to
140P, an authorised officer may, without warrant, enter upon any islet, landing place,wharf, dock, railway or quay or the premises of a provider of port services or facilities
licensed or exempted under the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore Act (Cap.
170A), or of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore.
(2) In this section, "railway" has the same meaning as in the Railways Act (Cap.
263).
Obstruction
140R. Any person who —
(a) refuses any authorised officer or senior authorised officer access to any
vessel, aircraft, vehicle or place which the officer is entitled under this Di-
vision; or
(b) obstructs or hinders any authorised officer or senior authorised officer in the
execution of any power conferred upon that officer by this Division,
shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
$15,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.
DIVISION 8— MISCELLANEOUS
Limitation of actions in respect of infringement of copyright.
141. An action shall not be brought for an infringement of copyright, after the ex-
piration of 6 years from the time when the infringement took place.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 91
PART VI
COMPULSORY LICENCES FOR TRANSLATION AND REPRODUCTION
OF CERTAIN WORKS
Interpretation.
143. In this Part —
“qualified person”  means —
(a) a citizen of Singapore, or an individual resident in Singapore; or
(b) a body corporate incorporated under any written law in Singapore;
“purposes of teaching, research or scholarship”  includes —
(a) purposes of instructional activity at all levels in educational institutions;
and
(b) purposes of all types of organised educational activity.
Licence to produce and publish translations.
144. — (1) Any qualified person may apply to the Copyright Tribunal for a licence to
produce and publish a translation of a literary or dramatic work which has beenpublished in printed or analogous forms of reproduction in any of the official lan-
guages in use in Singapore for the purposes of teaching, scholarship or research.
(2) An application under this section shall be made in such form as may be pre-
scribed and shall state the proposed retail price of a copy of the translation of the
work.
(3) Every application for a licence under this section shall, along with his applica-
tion, deposit with the Copyright Tribunal such fee as may be prescribed.
(4) Where an application is made to the Copyright Tribunal under this section, it
may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, grant to the applicant a licence,
not being an exclusive licence, to produce and publish a translation of the work in the
language mentioned in the application subject to the condition —
(a) that the applicant shall pay to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties
in respect of copies of the translation of the work sold to the public, cal-
culated at such rate as the Copyright Tribunal may, in the circumstances ofeach case, determine in the prescribed manner, except that the royalties shall
be consistent with the standards normally operating in the case of licences
freely negotiated between persons in Singapore and owners of translation
rights in the country of the owner of the right of translation; and
(b) that the licence shall not extend to the export of copies of the translation of the
work outside Singapore and every copy of such translation shall contain aIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 92
notice in the language of such translation that the copy is available for
distribution only in Singapore.
(5) Subsection (4) shall not apply to the export by the Government or any authority
under the Government of copies of such translation in a language other than English to
any country if —
(a) such copies are sent to citizens of Singapore residing outside Singapore or to
any association of such citizens outside Singapore; or
(b) such copies are meant to be used for purposes of teaching, scholarship or re-
search and not for any commercial purpose,
and in either case, the government of the country to which the copies are exported
has agreed to the receipt or distribution, or both, of the copies exported to that country.
(6) No licence shall be granted by the Copyright Tribunal under this section until the
expiration of whichever the following periods is applicable:
(a) one year from the date of first publication of the work where the application is
for a licence for translation into any of the official languages of Singapore
other than English;
(b) 3 years from the date of first publication of the work where the application is
for a licence for translation into English.
(7) No licence shall be granted by the Copyright Tribunal unless —
(a) the Tribunal is satisfied that no translation of the work into the language in
question has been published in printed or analogous forms of reproduction,
by or with the authorisation of the owner of the right of translation, or that all
previous editions in that language are out of print;
(b) the applicant has proved to the satisfaction of the Tribunal that he had re-
quested and had been denied authorisation by the owner of the copyright toproduce and publish such translation, or that he was, after due diligence on
his part, unable to find the owner;
(c) where the applicant was, after due diligence on his part, unable to find the
owner of the copyright, he had sent a copy of his request for the authorisation
by registered air-mail post to the publisher whose name appears from the
work, not less than two months before the application for the licence;
(d) the applicant had at the time he submitted an application under this section
informed any national or international information centre designated for this
purpose by the government of the country in which the publisher of the work
to be translated is believed to have his principal place of business;
(e) the Tribunal is satisfied that the applicant is competent to produce and publish
a correct translation of the work and possesses the means to pay to the owner
of the copyright the royalties payable to him under this section;
(f) a period of 6 months in the case of an application for a licence for translation
into English or 9 months in the case of an application for a licence for trans-IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 93
lation into any of the official languages of Singapore other than English, has
elapsed from the date of making the request under paragraph ( b), or where a
copy of the request has been sent under paragraph ( c) from the date of
sending of that copy, and the translation of the work in the language
mentioned in the application has not been published by the owner of the
copyright in the work or any person authorised by him within the said periodof 6 months or 9 months, as the case may be;
(g) the name of the author and the title of the particular edition of the work pro-
posed to be translated are printed on all the copies of the translation;
(h) if the work is composed mainly of illustrations, the provisions of section 145
are also complied with;
(i) the author has not withdrawn from circulation copies of the work; and
(j) an opportunity of being heard is given, wherever practicable, to the owner of
the copyright in the work.
Licence to reproduce and publish works for certain purposes.
145. — (1) Where, after the expiration of the relevant period from the date of the first
publication of an edition of a literary, scientific or artistic work —
(a) copies of that edition are not made available in Singapore; or
(b) such copies have not been put on sale in Singapore for a period of 6 months,
by the owner of the right of reproduction or by any person authorised by him in this
behalf to the general public, or in connection with systematic instructional activities at
a price reasonably related to that normally charged in Singapore for comparable
works, any qualified person may apply to the Copyright Tribunal for a licence to re-
produce and publish such work in printed or analogous forms of reproduction at the
price at which such edition is sold or at a lower price for the purposes of systematicinstructional activities.
(2) Every such application shall be made in such form as may be prescribed and shall
state the proposed retail price of a copy of the work to be reproduced.
(3) Every applicant for a licence under this section shall, along with his application,
deposit with the Copyright Tribunal such fee as may be prescribed.
(4) Where an application is made to the Copyright Tribunal under this section, it
may, after holding such inquiry as may be prescribed, grant to the applicant a licence,not being an exclusive licence to produce and publish a reproduction of the work
mentioned in the application subject to the conditions that —
(a) the applicant shall pay to the owner of the copyright in the work royalties in
respect of copies of the reproduction of the work sold to the public, calcu-
lated at such rate as the Copyright Tribunal may, in the circumstances of each
case, determine in the prescribed manner, except that the royalties shall be
consistent with the standards normally operating in the case of licences freelyIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 94
negotiated between persons in Singapore and owners of reproduction rights
in the country of the owner of the reproduction right; and
(b) a licence granted under this section shall not extend to the export of copies of
the reproduction of the work outside Singapore and every copy of such
reproduction shall contain a notice that the copy is available for distribution
only in Singapore.
(5) No licence shall be granted to an applicant under this section unless —
(a) the applicant has proved to the satisfaction of the Copyright Tribunal that he
had requested and had been denied authorisation by the owner of the copy-
right in the work to reproduce and publish such work or that he was, after due
diligence on his part, unable to find the owner;
(b) where the applicant was, after due diligence on his part, unable to find the
owner of the copyright, he had sent a copy of his request for such authori-
sation by registered air-mail post to the publisher whose name appears from
the work not less than 3 months before the application for the licence;
(c) the applicant had informed any national or international centre designated for
this purpose by the government of the country in which the publisher of the
work to be reproduced is believed to have his principal place of business;
(d) the Copyright Tribunal is satisfied that the applicant is competent to reproduce
and publish an accurate reproduction of the work and possesses the means to
pay to the owner of the copyright the royalties payable to him under this
section;
(e) the applicant undertakes to reproduce and publish the work at such price as
may be fixed by the Copyright Tribunal being a price reasonably related to
the price normally charged in Singapore for works of the same standard onthe same or similar subjects;
(f) a period of 6 months in the case of an application for the reproduction and
publication of any work of natural science, physical science, mathematics or
technology, or a period of 3 months in the case of an application for the
reproduction and publication of any other work, has elapsed from the date of
making the request under paragraph ( a), or where a copy of the request has
been sent under paragraph ( b), from the date of sending of a copy, and a
reproduction of the work has not been published by the owner of the
copyright in the work or any person authorised by him within the said period
of 6 months or 3 months, as the case may be;
(g) the name of the author and the title of the particular edition of the work pro-
posed to be reproduced are printed on all the copies of the reproduction;
(h) the author has not withdrawn from circulation copies of the work; and
(i) an opportunity of being heard is given, wherever practicable, to the owner of
the copyright in the work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 95
(6) No licence to reproduce and publish the translation of a work shall be granted
under this section unless such translation has been published by the owner of the right
of translation or any person authorised by him and the translation is in a language in
general use in Singapore.
(7) This section shall also apply to the reproduction and publication, or translation
into a language in general use in Singapore, of any text incorporated in audio-visualfixations prepared and published solely for the purpose of systematic instructional
activities.
(8) For the purposes of this section,
“relevant period” , in relation to any work, means a period of —
(a) 7 years from the date of the first publication of that work, where the ap-
plication is for the reproduction and publication of any work of, or re-
lating to fiction, poetry, drama, music or art;
(b) 3 years from the date of the first publication of that work, where the ap-
plication is for the reproduction and publication of any work of, or re-
lating to natural science, physical science, mathematics or technology;
and
(c) 5 years from the date of the first publication of that work, in any other
case.
Licence for domestic broadcasting organisation.
146. — (1) Any qualified person who is the holder of a broadcasting licence may
apply to the Copyright Tribunal for a licence to produce and publish the translation of—
Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94 vide S 386/94.
(a) a work referred to in section 144 and published in printed or analogous forms
of reproduction; or
(b) any text incorporated in audio-visual fixations prepared and published solely
for the purpose of systematic instructional activities,
for broadcasting such translation for the purposes of teaching or for the dissemina-
tion of the results of specialised, technical or scientific research to the experts in any
particular field.
(2) Section 144 (2) to (4) shall, with the necessary modifications, apply to the grant
of a licence under this section and the licence shall not also be granted unless —
(a) the translation is made from a work lawfully acquired;
(b) the broadcast is made through the medium of sound and visual recordings;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 96
(c) the recording has been lawfully and exclusively made for the purpose of
broadcasting in Singapore by the applicant or by any other broadcasting
agency; and
(d) the translation and the broadcasting of the translation are not used for any
commercial purpose.
Termination of licences granted under this Part.
147. — (1) If at any time after the granting of a licence to produce and publish the
translation of a work in any language under section 144 (referred to in this section as
the licensed work), the owner of the copyright in the work or any person authorised by
him publishes a translation of the work in the same language and which is
substantially the same in content at a price reasonably related to the price normallycharged in Singapore for the translation of works of the same standard on the same or
similar subject, the licence so granted shall, subject to this section, be terminated.
(2) If, at any time after the granting of a licence to produce and publish the repro-
duction or translation of any work under section 145, the owner of the right of re-
production or any person authorised by him sells or distributes copies of the work or a
translation thereof, as the case may be, in the same language and which is substan-
tially the same in content at a price reasonably related to the price normally charged inSingapore for works of the same standard on the same or similar subject, the licence
so granted shall, subject to this section, be terminated.
(3) No termination of the licence shall take effect until after the expiry of a period of
3 months from the date of service of a notice in the prescribed manner on the person
holding the licence by the owner of the right of reproduction or of the right of
translation, as the case may be, intimating the sale or distribution of the copies of the
editions of work as aforesaid.
(4) Copies of the licensed work produced and published or already reproduced by the
licensee before the termination of his licence takes effect may continue to be sold or
distributed until the copies are exhausted.
Discontinuation of this Part.
148. — (1) The Minister may, by order published in the Gazette , discontinue the
operation of this Part.
(2) Any order made for the purpose of subsection (1) may contain savings and tran-
sitional provisions with respect to licences granted under this Part.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 97
PART VII
COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL
DIVISION 1 — PRELIMINARY
Interpretation.
149. — (1) In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears —
“licence” —
(a) in relation to a literary, dramatic or musical work, means a licence grant-
ed by or on behalf of the owner or prospective owner of the copyright in
the work to perform the work or an adaptation of the work in public, to
broadcast the work or an adaptation of the work, to make a sound re-
cording or cinematograph film of the work or an adaptation of the workfor the purpose of broadcasting the work or adaptation or including it in a
cable programme service; or
(b) in relation to a computer program or sound recording, means a licence
granted by or on behalf  of the owner or prospective owner of the copy-
right in the program or recording to enter a commercial rental agreement
in respect of the program or recording;".
“licence scheme”  means a scheme (including anything in the nature of a scheme,
whether called a scheme or tariff or called by any other name) formulated by a
licensor or licensors and setting out the classes of cases in which the licensor or
each of the licensors is willing, or the persons on whose behalf the licensor or
each of the licensors acts are willing, to grant licences and the charges (if any)
subject to payment of which, and the conditions subject to which, licences
would be granted in those classes of cases;
“licensor”  means the owner or prospective owner of the copyright in the work or
any body of persons (whether corporate or unincorporate) acting as agent for
the owner or prospective owner in relation to the negotiation or granting of
such licences;
“member”  means a member of the Tribunal, and includes the President of the
Tribunal;
“order”  includes an interim order;
“organisation”  means an organisation or association of persons whether corporate
or unincorporate;
“party”  includes a person making representations to the Tribunal at an inquiry
under section 157;
“proceeding” , in relation to the Tribunal, includes an inquiry by the Tribunal
under section 157.
(2) In this Part —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 98
(a) a reference to conditions is a reference to any conditions other than conditions
relating to the payment of a charge;
(b) a reference to giving an opportunity to a person or organisation of presenting a
case is a reference to giving the person or organisation an opportunity, at the
option of the person or organisation, of submitting representations in writing,
or of being heard, or of submitting representations in writing and beingheard;
(c) a reference to a person who requires a licence of a particular kind includes a
reference to a person who holds a licence of that kind if the person will, at
the expiration of the period for which the licence was granted, require a
renewal of that licence or a grant of a further licence of the same kind; and
(d) a reference to proceedings for infringement of copyright includes a reference
to proceedings brought in respect of an alleged contravention of section 136
(6).
Cases to which licence schemes apply.
150. — (1) For the purposes of this Part, a case shall, subject to subsection (2), be
deemed to be a case to which a licence scheme applies if, in accordance with a licence
scheme for the time being in operation, a licence would be granted in that case.
(2) For the purposes of this Part, where, in accordance with a licence scheme —
(a) the licences that would be granted would be subject to conditions by virtue of
which particular matters would be excepted from the licences; and
(b) a case relates to one or more matters falling within such an exception,
that case shall be deemed not to be a case to which the scheme applies.
DIVISION 2 — CONSTITUTION OF TRIBUNAL
Establishment of Tribunal.
151. — (1) There shall be established a Tribunal, to be called the Copyright Tribunal,
which shall consist of a President of the Tribunal and of not less than two nor more
than 4 other members appointed by the Minister.
(2) The President of the Tribunal shall possess the qualifications required for a Dis-
trict Judge under section 9 (3) of the Subordinate Courts Act.
Cap. 321.
(3) There shall be paid to the members of the Tribunal who are not public officers
such remuneration (whether by way of salaries or fees), and such allowances, as the
Minister may determine.
(4) The Minister may appoint such officers and employees of the Tribunal as the
Minister may determine.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 99
(5) The remuneration and allowances of members of the Tribunal, the remuneration
of any officers and employees appointed under subsection (4) and such other expenses
of the Tribunal as the Minister may determine, shall be paid out of moneys provided
by Parliament.
Tenure of office.
152. — (1) Subject to this section, the members of the Tribunal shall hold office for
such period as may be determined at the time of their respective appointments; and a
person who ceases to hold office as a member of the Tribunal shall be eligible for
reappointment.
(2) Any member of the Tribunal may at any time by notice in writing to the Minister
resign his appointment.
(3) The Minister may declare the office of any member of the Tribunal vacant on the
ground of his unfitness to continue in office or incapacity to perform the duties
thereof.
Minister may appoint any person to act for absent member, etc.
153. If any member of the Tribunal is, by reason of illness, absence or other rea-
sonable cause, for the time being unable to perform the duties of his office, either
generally or in relation to any particular proceedings, the Minister may appoint someother duly qualified person to discharge the duties of that member for any period, not
exceeding 6 months at one time, or, as the case may be, in relation to those pro-
ceedings; and a person so appointed shall, during that period or in relation to those
proceedings, have the same powers as the person in whose place he is appointed.
Quorum.
154. If at any time there are more than two members of the Tribunal, in addition to
the President of the Tribunal, then, for the purposes of any proceedings, the Tribunalmay consist of the President together with any two or more of those members.
Decision of Tribunal.
155. If the members of the Tribunal dealing with any reference or application are
unable to agree as to the order to be made by the Tribunal, a decision shall be taken by
the votes of the majority; and, in the event of an equality of votes, the President of the
Tribunal shall be entitled to a second or casting vote.
Sittings of Tribunal.
156. — (1) Sittings of the Tribunal shall be held at such places and times as the
President of the Tribunal determines.
(2) The exercise of the powers of the Tribunal shall not be affected by a vacancy or
vacancies in the membership of the Tribunal.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 100
DIVISION 3 — INQUIRIES BY, AND APPLICATIONS AND REFERENCES TO,
TRIBUNAL
Application to Tribunal for determination of remuneration payable for making
recording or film of a work
156A. — (1) This section shall apply where an application is made to the Tribunal in
pursuance of section 43(3) or 68(3) for the determination of an equitable remunerationto be paid to the owner of the copyright in a work for the making of a sound recording
or cinematograph film of the work or of an adaptation of the work.
(2) The parties to an application in relation to which this section applies are —
(a) the owner of the copyright in the work; and
(b) the maker of the recording or film.
(3) Where an application in relation to which this section applies is made to the Tri-
bunal, the Tribunal shall consider the application and, after giving to the parties to the
application  an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make an order determining
the amount that it considers to be equitable remuneration to the owner of the copyright
for the making of the recording or film.
Application to Tribunal for determination of remuneration payable for making
copy of sound recording
156B. — (1) This section shall apply where an application is made to the Tribunal in
pursuance of section 107(3) for the determination of an equitable remuneration to be
paid to the owner of the copyright in a sound recording for the making of a copy of the
sound recording.
(2) The parties to an application in relation to which this section applies are —
(a) the owner of the copyright in the sound recording; and
(b) the maker of the copy of the sound recording.
(3) Where an application in relation to which this section applies is made to the Tri-
bunal, the Tribunal shall consider the application and, after giving to the parties to the
application  an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make an order determining
the amount that it considers to be equitable remuneration to the owner of the copyright
for the making of the copy of the sound recording.
Inquiries into royalty payable in respect of records of musical works.
157. — (1) This section shall apply where the Minister charged with the responsi-
bility for trade and industry requests the Tribunal in pursuance of section 59 to hold an
inquiry in relation to the royalty, or the minimum royalty, payable in respect of
records generally, or in respect of records included in a particular class of records.
(2) Where such a request is made, the Tribunal shall hold the inquiry and shall give
every person or organisation that the Tribunal is satisfied has a substantial interest inIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 101
the matter to which the inquiry relates an opportunity of presenting a case to the
Tribunal.
(3) As soon as practicable after the completion of the inquiry, the Tribunal shall
make a report in writing to the Minister setting out the result of the inquiry.
Applications to Tribunal for determination of remuneration payable to owner of
copyright for copies made under statutory licence.
158. — (1) This section shall apply where application is made to the Tribunal in
pursuance of      section 52(11), 54(10) or 54A(7) for the determination of an equitable
remuneration to be paid to the owner of the copyright in a work for the making of
copies      , of a handicapped reader's copy or of an intellectually handicapped reader's
copy, as the case requires, of the whole or of a part of that work.
(2) The parties to an application in relation to which this section applies are —
(a) the owner of the copyright in a work; and
(b) the body by which, or on behalf of which, the copies      , the handicapped
reader's copy or the intellectually handicapped reader's copy referred to in
subsection (1) were or was made.
(3) Where an application in relation to which this section applies is made to the Tri-
bunal, the Tribunal shall consider the application and, after giving the parties to theapplication opportunities of presenting their cases —
(a) shall make an order determining the amount that it considers to be equitable
remuneration to the owner of the copyright for the making of the copies or
, of the handicapped reader's copy or of the intellectually handicapped reader's
copy, as the case requires; and
(b) may, subject to the regulations, make such order as to costs as the Tribunal
thinks fit.
(4) Where the Tribunal makes, under subsection (3), an order that one party to an
application pay an amount by way of costs to the other party to the application, the
first-mentioned party shall pay that amount to the other party and, in default of pay-
ment, the first-mentioned party may recover that amount from the other party in a
court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to him.
Applications to Tribunal for apportionment of royalty in respect of a record.
159. — (1) This section shall apply where an application is made to the Tribunal in
pursuance of section 60 (3) ( b) for an apportionment of an amount payable in respect
of a record between the owner of the copyright in a musical work and the owner of the
copyright in a literary or dramatic work.
(2) The parties to an application in relation to which this section applies are —
(a) the owner of the copyright in the musical work; and
(b) the owner of the copyright in the literary or dramatic work.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 102
(3) Where an application in relation to which this section applies is made to the Tri-
bunal, the Tribunal shall consider the application and, after giving to the parties to the
application an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make an order apportioning
the amount to which the application relates between the parties in such manner as it
thinks equitable.
Reference of proposed licence schemes to Tribunal.
160. — (1) Where a licensor proposes to bring a licence scheme into operation, he
may refer the scheme to the Tribunal.
(2) The parties to a reference under this section are —
(a) the licensor referring the scheme; and
(b) such organisations or persons (if any) as apply to the Tribunal to be made
parties to the reference and, in accordance with subsection (3), are made
parties to the reference.
(3) Where an organisation (whether claiming to be representative of persons re-
quiring licences or not) or a person (whether requiring a licence or not) applies to the
Tribunal to be made a party to a reference, and the Tribunal is satisfied that the
organisation or person has a substantial interest in the operation of the scheme to
which the reference relates, the Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, make that organisation orperson a party to the reference.
(4) The Tribunal shall consider a scheme referred under this section and, after giving
to the parties to the reference an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make such
order, either confirming or varying the scheme, as the Tribunal considers reasonable
in the circumstances.
(5) An order (other than an interim order) of the Tribunal under this section may,
notwithstanding anything in the licence scheme to which it relates, be made so as to bein force either indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal thinks fit.
(6) Where a licence scheme has been referred to the Tribunal under this section, the
licensor may do either or both of the following things:
(a) bring the scheme into operation before the Tribunal makes an order in pur-
suance of the reference;
(b) withdraw the reference at any time before the Tribunal makes an order in
pursuance of the reference, whether the scheme has been brought into op-eration or not.
(7) If the scheme is not brought into operation before an order is made in pursuance
of the reference, the scheme as confirmed or varied by the order comes into operation,
notwithstanding anything in the scheme, forthwith upon the making of the order.
(8) After the making of an order in pursuance of the reference, the scheme as con-
firmed or varied by the order shall remain in operation, notwithstanding anything in
the scheme, so long as the order remains in force.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 103
Reference of existing licence schemes to Tribunal.
161. — (1) Where, at any time while a licence scheme is in operation, a dispute arises
with respect to the terms of the scheme between the licensor operating the scheme and
—
(a) an organisation claiming to be representative of persons requiring licences in
cases included in a class of cases to which the scheme applies; or
(b) any person claiming that he requires a licence in a case included in a class of
cases to which the scheme applies,
the licensor, organisation or person concerned may refer the scheme to the Tribunal
insofar as the scheme relates to cases included in that class.
(2) The parties to a reference under this section are —
(a) the licensor, organisation or person referring the scheme;
(b) if the reference is not made by the licensor operating the scheme — that li-
censor; and
(c) such other organisations or persons (if any) as apply to the Tribunal to be
made parties to the reference and, in accordance with subsection (3), are
made parties to the reference.
(3) Where an organisation (whether claiming to be representative of persons re-
quiring licences or not) or a person (whether requiring a licence or not) applies to the
Tribunal to be made a party to a reference, and the Tribunal is satisfied that the
organisation or person has a substantial interest in the matter in dispute, the Tribunal
may, if it thinks fit, make that organisation or person a party to the reference.
(4) The Tribunal shall not begin to consider a reference under this section by an
organisation unless the Tribunal is satisfied that the organisation is reasonably rep-
resentative of the class of persons that it claims to represent.
(5) Subject to subsection (4), where a licence scheme is referred to the Tribunal un-
der this section, the Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and, after giving to
the parties to the reference an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make such
order, either confirming or varying the scheme, insofar as it relates to cases included
in the class of cases to which the reference relates, as the Tribunal considers reason-
able in the circumstances.
(6) An order (other than an interim order) of the Tribunal under this section may,
notwithstanding anything in the licence scheme to which it relates, be made so as to be
in force either indefinitely or for such period as the Tribunal thinks fit.
(7) A reference of a licence scheme to the Tribunal under this section may be with-
drawn at any time before an order is made in pursuance of the reference.
(8) Where a licence scheme has been referred to the Tribunal under this section, the
scheme shall remain in operation, notwithstanding anything in the scheme, until the
Tribunal makes an order in pursuance of the reference.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 104
(9) Subsection (8) shall not apply in relation to a reference with respect to any period
after the reference has been withdrawn or after the Tribunal has refused to begin to
consider the reference in pursuance of subsection (4).
(10) After the making of an order in pursuance of the reference, the scheme as con-
firmed or varied by the order shall remain in operation, notwithstanding anything in
the scheme, so long as the order remains in force.
Further reference of licence schemes to Tribunal.
162. — (1) Where the Tribunal has made an order (other than an interim order) under
section 160 or 161 with respect to a licence scheme, then, subject to subsection (2), at
any time while the order remains in force —
(a) the licensor operating the scheme;
(b) any organisation claiming to be representative of persons requiring licences in
cases included in the class of cases to which the order applies; or
(c) any person claiming that he requires a licence in a case included in that class,
may refer the scheme again to the Tribunal insofar as it relates to cases included in
that class.
(2) A licence scheme shall not, except with the leave of the Tribunal, be referred
again to the Tribunal under subsection (1) at a time earlier than —
(a) where the order concerned was made so as to be in force indefinitely or for a
period exceeding 15 months — the expiration of the period of 12 months
commencing on the date on which the order was made; or
(b) where the order concerned was made so as to be in force for a period not
exceeding 15 months — the commencement of the period of 3 months end-
ing on the date of expiration of the order.
(3) The parties to a reference under this section are —
(a) the licensor, organisation or person referring the scheme;
(b) if the reference is not made by the licensor operating the scheme — that li-
censor; and
(c) such other organisations or persons (if any) as apply to the Tribunal to be
made parties to the reference and, in accordance with the provisions appli-
cable in that behalf by virtue of subsection (5), are made parties to the ref-
erence.
(4) Subject to subsection (5), where a licence scheme is referred to the Tribunal un-
der this section, the Tribunal shall consider the matter in dispute and, after giving to
the parties to the reference an opportunity of presenting their cases, shall make such
order in relation to the scheme as previously confirmed or varied, insofar as it relates
to cases included in the class of cases to which the reference relates, whether by way
of confirming, varying or further varying the scheme, as the Tribunal considers rea-
sonable in the circumstances.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 105
(5) Section 161 (3), (4) and (6) to (10) inclusive shall apply for the purposes of this
section.
(6) Subsections (1) to (5) shall have effect in relation to orders made under this sec-
tion in like manner as they have effect in relation to orders made under section 160 or
161.
(7) Nothing in this section shall prevent a licence scheme in respect of which an
order has been made under section 160 or 161 from being again referred to the Tri-
bunal under that section —
(a) insofar as the scheme relates to cases included in a class of cases to which the
order does not apply — at any time; and
(b) insofar as the scheme relates to cases included in the class of cases to which
the order applied while it was in force — after the expiration of the order.
Application to Tribunal in relation to licences.
163. — (1) A person who claims, in a case to which a licence scheme applies, that the
licensor operating the scheme has refused or failed to grant him a licence in ac-
cordance with the scheme, or to procure the grant to him of such a licence, may apply
to the Tribunal under this section.
(2) A person who claims, in a case to which a licence scheme applies, that he re-
quires a licence but that the grant of a licence in accordance with the scheme would, in
that case, be subject to the payment of charges, or to conditions, that are not rea-
sonable in the circumstances of the case may apply to the Tribunal under this section.
(3) A person who claims that he requires a licence in a case to which a licence
scheme does not apply (including a case where a licence scheme has not been for-
mulated or is not in operation) and —
(a) that a licensor has refused or failed to grant the licence, or to procure the grant
of the licence, and that in the circumstances it is unreasonable that the licence
should not be granted; or
(b) that a licensor proposes that the licence should be granted subject to the pay-
ment of charges, or to conditions, that are unreasonable,
may apply to the Tribunal under this section.
(4) An organisation that claims that it is representative of persons requiring licences
in cases to which a licence scheme does not apply (including cases where a licencescheme has not been formulated or is not in operation) and —
(a) that a licensor has refused or failed to grant the licences, or to procure the
grant of the licences, and that in the circumstances it is unreasonable that the
licences should not be granted; or
(b) that a licensor proposes that the licences should be granted subject to the
payment of charges, or to conditions, that are unreasonable,
may apply to the Tribunal under this section.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 106
(5) Where an organisation (whether claiming to be representative of persons re-
quiring licences or not) or a person (whether requiring a licence or not) applies to the
Tribunal to be made a party to an application under subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4), and
the Tribunal is satisfied that the organisation or person has a substantial interest in the
matter in dispute, the Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, make that organisation or person a
party to the application.
(6) Where an application is made to the Tribunal under subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4),
the Tribunal shall give to the applicant, to the licensor concerned and to every other
party (if any) to the application an opportunity of presenting their cases and, if the
Tribunal is satisfied that the claim of the applicant is well-founded, the Tribunal shall
make an order specifying, in respect of the matters specified in the order —
(a) in the case of an application under subsection (1) — the charges, if any, and
the conditions, that the Tribunal considers to be applicable in accordance
with the licence scheme in relation to the applicant;
(b) in the case of an application under subsection (2) or (3) — the charges, if any,
and the conditions, that the Tribunal considers reasonable in the cir-
cumstances in relation to the applicant; or
(c) in the case of an application under subsection (4) — the charges, if any, and
the conditions, that the Tribunal considers reasonable in the circumstances in
relation to persons, or to persons included in classes of persons, specified in
the order, being persons who were represented by the applicant or were
parties to the application.
(7) A reference in this section to a failure to grant a licence, or to procure the grant of
a licence, shall be read as reference to a failure to grant the licence, or to procure the
grant of the licence, as the case may be, within a reasonable time after a request to doso.
Effect of licence schemes being continued in operation pending order of Tribu-
nal.
164. — (1) Where a licence scheme is in operation by virtue of this Part pending the
making of an order on a reference under this Part and a person, in a case to which the
scheme applies, does anything that, apart from this subsection, would be an in-
fringement of a copyright but would not be such an infringement if he were the holderof a licence granted in accordance with the scheme insofar as the scheme relates to
cases to which the reference relates, that person shall, if he has complied with the
relevant requirements, be in the like position, in any proceedings for infringement of
that copyright, as if he had at the material time been the holder of such a licence.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the relevant requirements are —
(a) that, at all material times, the person concerned has complied with the con-
ditions that, in accordance with the licence scheme, would be applicable to alicence in respect of the case concerned; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 107
(b) where, in accordance with the scheme, any charges are payable in respect of
such a licence — that, at the material time, he had paid those charges to the
licensor operating the scheme, or, if at that time the amount payable could
not be ascertained, he had given an undertaking in writing to the licensor to
pay the charges when ascertained.
(3) A person who does anything in relation to which subsection (1) applies shall be
liable to pay to the licensor operating the licence scheme concerned the amount of any
charges that would be payable if he were the holder of a licence granted in accordance
with the scheme insofar as the scheme relates to the doing of that thing and the
licensor may recover that amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person
as a debt due to the licensor.
Effect of order of Tribunal in relation to licences.
165. — (1) Where an order made on a reference under this Part with respect to a
licence scheme is for the time being in force and a person, in a case to which the
scheme as confirmed or varied by the order applies, does anything that, apart from this
subsection, would be an infringement of copyright but would not be such an in-
fringement if he were the holder of a licence granted in accordance with the scheme,
as confirmed or varied by the order, insofar as the scheme relates to cases to which theorder applies, that person shall, if he has complied with the relevant requirements, be
in the like position, in any proceedings for infringement of that copyright, as if he had
at the material time been the holder of such a licence.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the relevant requirements are —
(a) that, at all material times, the person concerned has complied with the con-
ditions that, in accordance with the licence scheme as confirmed or varied by
the order, would be applicable to a licence in respect of the case concerned;and
(b) where, in accordance with the scheme as so confirmed or varied, any charges
are payable in respect of such a licence — that, at the material time, he had
paid those charges to the licensor operating the scheme, or, if at that time the
amount payable could not be ascertained, he had given an undertaking in
writing to the licensor to pay the charges when ascertained.
(3) A person who does anything in relation to which subsection (1) applies shall be
liable to pay to the licensor operating the licence scheme concerned the amount of any
charges that would be payable if he were the holder of a licence granted in accordance
with the scheme, as confirmed or varied by the order, insofar as the scheme relates to
the doing of that thing and the licensor may recover that amount in a court of
competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the licensor.
(4) Where the Tribunal has made an order on an application under section 163 (1),
(2) or (3) specifying charges, if any, and conditions, in relation to the applicant, inrespect of the matters specified in the order, then if —
(a) the applicant has complied with the conditions specified in the order; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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(b) in a case where the order specifies any charges — he has paid those charges to
the licensor or, if the amount payable could not be ascertained, has given to
the licensor an undertaking in writing to pay the charges when ascertained,
the applicant shall be in the like position, in any proceedings for infringement of
copyright relating to any of those matters, as if he had at all material times been the
holder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright concerned on the conditions,and subject to payment of the charges (if any), specified in the order.
(5) Where the Tribunal has made an order on an application under section 163 (4)
specifying charges (if any) and conditions, in relation to the persons, or to persons
included in the classes of persons, specified in the order, in respect of matters spec-
ified in the order, then, if —
(a) any such person has complied with the conditions specified in the order; and
(b) in the case where the order specifies any charges — the person has paid those
charges to the licensor or, if the amount payable could not be ascertained, has
given to the licensor an undertaking in writing to pay the charges when
ascertained,
that person shall be in the like position, in any proceedings for infringement of
copyright relating to any of those matters, as if he had at all material times been theholder of a licence granted by the owner of the copyright concerned on the conditions,
and subject to payment of the charges (if any), specified in the order.
(6) Where a person in relation to whom an order referred to in subsection (4) or (5)
applies does, in relation to any of the matters specified in that order, anything that,
apart from that subsection, would be an infringement of copyright but would not be
such an infringement if he were the holder of a licence in respect of the doing of that
thing granted by the owner of the copyright concerned on the conditions and subject topayment of the charges (if any) specified in the order, that person shall be liable to pay
to the owner of the copyright the amount of any charges that would be payable if he
were the holder of such a licence and the owner of the copyright may recover that
amount in a court of competent jurisdiction from the person as a debt due to the owner
of the copyright.
Attorney-General may make application for suspension order.
166. — (1) Subject to subsection (2), upon application made to it by the Attorney-
General, the Tribunal may, in its discretion, make an order suspending the application
of section 52 (1) and (2) in relation to the body administering an educational in-
stitution, being a body that has been convicted of two or more offences against the
regulations in relation to the retention of records or declarations relating to copies of
the whole or parts of works made in reliance on section 52.
(2) The Tribunal shall not make an order under subsection (1) if it is satisfied that the
body in relation to which the order is sought has taken all reasonable steps to ensurethat no further contravention of the regulations referred to in subsection (1) will occurIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 109
in relation to the retention of records or declarations relating to copies made or to be
made by or on behalf of the body.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (1), a conviction of the custodian in charge of the
copying records of an educational institution for a contravention of the regulations
referred to in subsection (1), not being a conviction for a contravention in relation to
which the body administering the educational institution has also been convicted, shallbe taken to be a conviction of the body administering the educational institution.
(4) The parties to an application under subsection (1) in relation to a body admin-
istering an educational institution are —
(a) the Attorney-General; and
(b) that body.
Application to revoke suspension orders.
167. — (1) The body administering an educational institution may, at any time, make
application to the Tribunal for the revocation of an order under section 166
suspending the application of section 52 (1) in relation to it.
(2) Where the Tribunal is satisfied, upon application made under subsection (1), that
the body making the application has taken all reasonable steps to ensure that no
further contravention of the regulations referred to in section 166 (1) will occur inrelation to the retention of records or declarations relating to copies made or to be
made in reliance on section 52, the Tribunal may revoke the order to which the ap-
plication relates.
(3) The parties to an application under subsection (1) for the revocation of an order
made in relation to the body administering an institution are —
(a) that body; and
(b) the Attorney-General.
Interim orders.
168. Where an application or reference is made to the Tribunal under this Act, the
Tribunal may make an interim order having effect until the final decision of the Tri-
bunal on the application or reference is given.
Reference of questions of law to High Court.
169. — (1) The Tribunal may, of its own motion or at the request of a party, refer a
question of law arising in proceedings before it for determination by the High Court.
(2) A question shall not be referred to the High Court by virtue of subsection (1) in
pursuance of a request made after the date on which the Tribunal gave its decision in
the proceedings unless the request is made before the expiration of 14 days of the
Tribunal giving its decision.
(3) If the Tribunal, after giving its decision in any proceedings, refuses a request to
refer a question to the High Court, the party by whom the request was made may,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 110
within 14 days of the refusal, apply to the High Court for an order directing the Tri-
bunal to refer the question to the High Court.
(4) Where a reference is made to the High Court under this section with respect to
any proceedings before the Tribunal, and where an application is made under sub-
section (3) with respect to any such proceedings, every party to the proceedings before
the Tribunal shall be entitled to appear and to be heard.
(5) Where, after the Tribunal has given its decision in any proceedings, the Tribunal
refers to the High Court under this section a question of law that arose in the course of
the proceedings, and the High Court decides that the question was erroneously
determined by the Tribunal —
(a) the Tribunal shall reconsider the matter in dispute and, if it considers it nec-
essary to do so for the purpose of giving effect to the decision of the High
Court, shall give to the parties to the proceedings a further opportunity of
presenting their cases; and
(b) if it appears to the Tribunal to be appropriate, and in conformity with the de-
cision of the High Court, to do so, the Tribunal shall make such order re-
voking or modifying any order previously made by it in the proceedings, or,
in the case of proceedings under section 163 where the Tribunal refused tomake an order, shall make such order under that section, as the Tribunal
considers to be appropriate.
(6) A reference of a question by the Tribunal to the High Court under this section
shall be by way of stating a case for the opinion of the High Court; and the decision of
the Court on any such reference shall be final.
(7) For the purposes of this section, a question of law shall not include a question
whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a finding of fact by the Tribunal.
(8) This section shall not apply in relation to an inquiry by the Tribunal under section
157.
Agreements or awards not affected.
170. Nothing in this Part shall affect the operation of any agreement or of any award
made by an arbitrator, whether the agreement or award was made before, or is made
after, 10th April 1987.
DIVISION 4 — PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE
Proceedings to be in public except in special circumstances.
171. — (1) Subject to this section, the hearing of proceedings before the Tribunal
shall be in public.
(2) Where the Tribunal is satisfied that it is desirable to do so by reason of the con-
fidential nature of any evidence or matter or for any other reason, the Tribunal may —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 111
(a) direct that a hearing or part of a hearing shall take place in private and give
directions as to the persons who may be present; or
(b) give directions prohibiting or restricting the publication of evidence given
before the Tribunal (whether in public or in private) or of matters contained
in documents produced to the Tribunal.
Application may be made to Tribunal by the agent of the copyright owner.
172. — (1) An owner of copyright may make an application to the Tribunal under
this Act by his agent.
(2) Two or more owners of copyright may jointly make a single application to the
Tribunal by the same agent against the same person or body.
Procedure.
173. In proceedings before the Tribunal —
(a) the procedure of the Tribunal shall, subject to this Act and the regulations, be
within the discretion of the Tribunal;
(b) the Tribunal shall not be bound by the Evidence Act; and
Cap. 97.
(c) the proceedings shall be conducted with as little formality, and with as much
expedition, as the requirements of this Act and a proper consideration of the
matters before the Tribunal permit.
Mistakes or errors in orders of Tribunal.
174. The Tribunal may correct, in any order of the Tribunal, a clerical mistake or an
error arising from an accidental slip or omission.
Regulations as to procedure.
175. — (1) The regulations may make provision for or in relation to the procedure in
connection with the making of references and applications to the Tribunal and the
regulation of proceedings before the Tribunal and may prescribe the fees payable in
respect of those references and applications and the fees and expenses of witnesses in
those proceedings.
(2) The regulations may include provision —
(a) for requiring notice of an intended inquiry by the Tribunal under section 157
or an intended reference to the Tribunal under section 160, 161 or 162 to be
advertised in accordance with the regulations;
(b) for requiring notice of an intended application to the High Court under section
169 (3) to be given to the Tribunal and to the other parties to the proceedings,
and for limiting the time within which any such notice is to be given;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 112
(c) for suspending, or authorising or requiring the Tribunal to suspend, the op-
eration of orders of the Tribunal in cases where, after giving its decision, the
Tribunal refers a question of law to the High Court;
(d) for modifying, in relation to orders of the Tribunal the operation of which is
suspended, the operation of any provisions of this Part as to the effect of
orders made under this Part;
(e) for the publication of notices, or the doing of any other things, to ensure that
persons affected by the suspension of an order of the Tribunal will be in-
formed of its suspension; and
(f) for regulating or prescribing any other matters incidental to or consequential
upon any request, application, order or decision under section 169.
Power to take evidence on oath.
176. — (1) The Tribunal may take evidence on oath or affirmation, and for that pur-
pose a member may administer an oath or affirmation.
(2) A member may summon a person to appear before the Tribunal to give evidence
and to produce such documents and articles (if any) as are referred to in the summons.
Evidence in form of written statement.
177. The Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, permit a person appearing as a witness before
the Tribunal to give evidence by tendering, and verifying by oath or affirmation, a
written statement, which shall be filed with the Secretary to the Tribunal.
Representation.
178. In proceedings before the Tribunal —
(a) a party other than a body corporate or an unincorporated body of persons may
appear in person or be represented by an employee of the party approved by
the Tribunal;
(b) a party being a body corporate may be represented by a director or other of-
ficer, or by an employee, of the party approved by the Tribunal;
(c) a party being an unincorporated body of persons or a member of such a body
may be represented by a member, or by an officer or employee, of the body
approved by the Tribunal; and
(d) any party may be represented by an advocate and solicitor.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 113
DIVISION 5 — MISCELLANEOUS
Protection of members and witnesses.
179. — (1) A member shall have, in the performance of his duty as a member, the
same protection and immunity as a judge of the High Court.
(2) A person summoned to appear before the Tribunal as a witness shall have the
same protection, and shall, in addition to the penalties provided by this Act, be subjectto the same liabilities, in any civil or criminal proceedings as a witness in proceedings
in the High Court.
Disobedience to summons, etc.
180. — (1) A person who has been summoned to appear as a witness before the Tri-
bunal shall not, without lawful excuse, and after tender of reasonable expenses, fail toappear in obedience to the summons.
(2) A person who has been summoned to produce a document or article to the Tri-
bunal shall not, without lawful excuse, and after tender of reasonable expenses, fail to
produce the document or article.
(3) A person who appears before the Tribunal shall not, without lawful excuse,
refuse to be sworn or to make an affirmation, or to produce documents or articles, or
to answer questions, that he is required by the Tribunal to produce or answer.
(4) Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall
be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 3 months.
Contempt of Tribunal, etc.
181. — (1) A person shall not —
(a) insult or disturb a member in the exercise of his powers or functions as a
member;
(b) interrupt the proceedings of the Tribunal;
(c) use insulting language towards a member;
(d) create a disturbance or take part in creating or continuing a disturbance in or
near a place where the Tribunal is sitting;
(e) contravene or fail to comply with a direction of the Tribunal given under
section 171 (2) ( b); or
(f) do any other act or thing that would, if the Tribunal were a court of record,
constitute a contempt of that court.
(2) Any person who contravenes any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty
of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $5,000 or to
imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 114
Cost of proceedings.
182. — (1) The Tribunal may order that the costs of any proceedings before it in-
curred by any party, or a part of those costs, shall be paid by any other party and may
tax or settle the amount of the costs to be so paid, or specify the manner in which they
are to be taxed.
(2) Costs directed by the Tribunal to be paid to a party may be recovered by that
party in any court of competent jurisdiction.
(3) This section shall apply in relation to an inquiry by the Tribunal under section
157.
Proof of orders of Tribunal.
183. Without prejudice to any other method available by law for the proof of orders
of the Tribunal, a document purporting to be a copy of such an order, and to be cer-
tified by the Secretary to the Tribunal to be a true copy of the order, shall be admitted
in any proceedings, as evidence of the order.
PART VIII
EXTENSION OR RESTRICTION OF THIS ACT
Application of this Act to countries other than Singapore.
184. — (1) The Minister may make regulations applying any of the provisions of this
Act specified in the regulations, in relation to a country so specified, in any one or
more of the following ways, so as to secure that those provisions:
(a) apply in relation to literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works or editions first
published, or sound recordings or cinematograph films made or first
published, in that country as they apply in relation to literary, dramatic, mu-
sical or artistic works or editions first published, or sound recordings or
cinematograph films made or first published, in Singapore;
Act 14/94 wef 1.10.94
(b) apply in relation to persons who, at a material time, are citizens or nationals of
that country as they apply in relation to persons who, at such a time, are
citizens of Singapore;
(c) apply in relation to persons who, at a material time, are resident in that country
as they apply in relation to persons who, at such a time, are resident in
Singapore;
(d) apply in relation to bodies incorporated under the laws of that country as they
apply in relation to bodies incorporated under the laws of Singapore;
(e) apply in relation to television broadcasts and sound broadcasts made from
places in that country, by one or more organisations constituted in, or under
the laws of, that country, as they apply in relation to television broadcastsIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 115
and sound broadcasts made from places in Singapore by a broadcasting lic-
ensee;
Act 15/94 wef 1.10.94
(f) apply in relation to cable programmes sent from places in that country as they
apply in relation to cable programmes sent from places in Singapore.
(2) Regulations made under subsection (1) —
(a) may apply the provisions of this Act without exception or modification or
applying a provision of this Act in relation to a country other than Singapore
in accordance with that subsection subject to exceptions or modificationsspecified in those regulations;
(b) may apply the provisions of this Act either generally or in relation to such
classes of works or other subject-matter, or other classes of cases, as may be
specified in those regulations.
(3) The Minister shall not make regulations under this section applying any of the
provisions of this Act in the case of a country, other than a country which is a party to
a Convention relating to copyright to which Singapore is also a party, unless theMinister is satisfied that, in respect of the class of works or other subject-matter to
which those provisions relate, provision has been or will be made under the laws of
that country whereby adequate protection will be given to owners of copyright under
this Act.
Provisions as to international organisations.
185. — (1) Where it appears to the Minister that it is desirable that this Act should
apply in relation to an organisation —
(a) of which two or more countries, or the governments of two or more countries,
are members; or
(b) that is constituted by persons representing two or more countries, or repre-
senting the governments of two or more countries,
the Minister may by regulations declare that organisation to be an international or-
ganisation to which this Act applies.
(2) An international organisation to which this Act applies that otherwise does not
have, or at some material time otherwise did not have, the legal capacities of a body
corporate shall have, and shall be deemed at all material times to have had, the legal
capacities of a body corporate for the purpose of holding, dealing with and enforcing
copyright and for the purposes of all legal proceedings relating to copyright.
(3) Where an original work, or a sound recording or a cinematograph film is made by
or under the direction or control of an international organisation to which this Act
applies in such circumstances that copyright would not subsist in the work, sound
recording or cinematograph film apart from this subsection —
(a) copyright shall subsist in the work, sound recording or cinematograph film;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 116
(b) that copyright shall subsist so long as the work, sound recording or cine-
matograph film remains unpublished; and
(c) the organisation shall, subject to Part X, be the owner of that copyright.
(4) Where an original work, or a sound recording or a cinematograph film is first
published by or under the direction or control of an international organisation to which
this Act applies, in such circumstances that, apart from this subsection, copyrightwould not subsist in the work, the sound recording or cinematograph film, as the case
may be, immediately after the first publication thereof —
(a) copyright shall subsist in the work, sound recording or cinematograph film, or,
if copyright in the work, sound recording or cinematograph film subsisted
immediately before its first publication, copyright shall continue to subsist inthe work, sound recording or cinematograph film;
(b) that copyright shall subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration
of the calendar year in which the work, sound recording or cinematograph
film, as the case may be, was first published; and
(c) the organisation shall, subject to Part X, be the owner of that copyright.
(5) Where an edition of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or of two or
more literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, other than an edition that reproducesa previous edition of the same work or works, is published by, or under the direction
or control of, an international organisation to which this Act applies in such
circumstances that copyright would not, apart from this subsection, subsist in the
edition immediately after the first publication of the edition —
(a) copyright shall subsist in the edition;
(b) that copyright shall subsist until the expiration of 25 years after the expiration
of the calendar year in which the edition was first published; and
(c) the organisation shall, subject to Part X, be the owner of that copyright.
(6) Parts III and IV, other than the provisions of those Parts relating to the subsis-
tence, duration or ownership of copyright, shall apply in relation to copyright sub-
sisting by virtue of this section in like manner as it applies in relation to copyright
subsisting by virtue of those Parts.
Denial of copyright to citizens of countries not giving adequate protection to
Singapore works.
186. — (1) If it appears to the Minister that the law of a country does not give ade-
quate protection to Singapore works, or does not give adequate protection in relation
to a class or classes of such works (whether the lack of protection relates to the nature
of the work or the nationality, citizenship or country of residence of its author, or all
of those matters), the Minister may by regulations make provision in relation to that
country in accordance with subsection (2).
(2) Regulations made for the purposes of this section may provide, either generally
or in such classes of cases as are specified in the regulations, that copyright under thisIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 117
Act does not subsist in works first published after a date specified in those regulations
(which may be a date before the commencement of those regulations or before 10th
April 1987) if, at the time of the first publication of those works, the authors of the
works were or are —
S 107/87.
(a) citizens or nationals of a country specified in those regulations, not being at
that time persons resident in Singapore; or
(b) in the case of works being sound recordings or cinematograph films — bodies
incorporated under the law of a country specified in those regulations.
(3) In making regulations for the purposes of this section, the Minister shall have
regard to the nature and extent of the lack of protection for Singapore works by reason
of which the regulations are made.
(4) In this section —
“Singapore work”  means a work the author of which was, at the time when the
work was made, a qualified person for the purpose of the relevant provision of
this Act;
“author” , in relation to a sound recording or a cinematograph film, means the
maker of the recording or film;
“the relevant provision of this Act”  means —
(a) in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work — section 27;
and
(b) in relation to a sound recording or a cinematograph film or a cable pro-
gramme — Part IV;
“work”  means a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, a sound recording, a
cinematograph film      , a television broadcast, a sound broadcast or a cable
programme.
PART IX
FALSE ATTRIBUTION OF AUTHORSHIP
Interpretation.
187. In this Part, “name” includes initials or a monogram.
Duty not to attribute falsely the authorship of a work.
188. — (1) A person (referred to in this subsection as the offender) shall, by virtue of
this section, be under a duty to the author of a work not to —
(a) insert or affix another person’s name in or on the work, or in or on a repro-
duction of the work, in such a way as to imply that the other person is the
author of the work;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 118
(b) publish, sell or let for hire, by way of trade offer or expose for sale or hire, or
by way of trade exhibit in public, the work with another person’s name so
inserted or affixed, if the offender knows that the other person is not the
author of the work;
(c) do any of the acts mentioned in paragraph ( b) in relation to, or distribute, re-
productions of the work, being reproductions in or on which another person’sname has been so inserted or affixed, if the offender knows that the other
person is not the author of the work; or
(d) perform in public or broadcast or include in a cable programme the work as
being a work of which another person is the author, if the offender knows
that the other person is not the author of the work.
(2) Subsection (1) shall apply where, contrary to the fact, a work is represented as
being an adaptation of the work of another person in like manner as it applies where a
work is represented as being the work of another person.
(3) After the death of the author of a work, a person shall, by virtue of this section,
be under a duty to the legal personal representative of the author not to do in relation
to, or to a reproduction of, the work or an adaptation of the work any act that, but for
the death of the author, the person would, by reason of either subsection (1) or (2)have been under a duty to the author not to do.
(4) In this section, “work” means a work in which copyright subsists.
Duty not to attribute falsely the authorship of altered work.
189. Where a work in which copyright subsists has been altered by a person other
than the author of the work, a person shall, by virtue of this section, be under a duty to
the author of the work not to —
(a) publish, sell or let for hire, or by way of trade offer or expose for sale or hire
the work as so altered, as being the unaltered work of the author; or
(b) publish, sell or let for hire, or by way of trade offer or expose for sale or hire a
reproduction of the work as so altered, as being a reproduction of the un-
altered work of the author,
if, to his knowledge, it is not the unaltered work or a reproduction of the unaltered
work, as the case may be, of the author.
Duty not to attribute falsely the authorship of reproduction of artistic work.
190. A person shall, by virtue of this section, be under a duty to the author of an
artistic work in which copyright subsists not to —
(a) publish, sell or let for hire, by way of trade offer or expose for sale or hire, or
by way of trade exhibit in public, a reproduction of the work, as being a
reproduction made by the author of the work; or
(b) distribute reproductions of the work as being reproductions made by the au-
thor of the work,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 119
where the reproduction was, or the reproductions were, to his knowledge, not made
by the author.
Breach of duty not committed if act done outside Singapore or done with per-
mission.
191. The doing of an act by a person shall not be a breach of a duty owed by that
person to another person by virtue of this Part if the act was done outside Singapore orwas done with the permission, whether express or implied, of that other person.
Action for breach of duty.
192. — (1) Where a person commits a breach of a duty owed by him to another per-
son by virtue of this Part, the breach shall not be enforceable by criminal proceedings
but the other person may bring an action in respect of the breach.
(2) The relief that a court may grant in an action under subsection (1) shall include
an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit) and damages.
(3) Where, in respect of an act done in relation to, or to a reproduction of, a work or
an adaptation of a work after the death of the author of the work, damages are re-
covered under this section by the legal personal representative of the author, those
damages devolve as if they formed part of the estate of the author and as if the right of
action in respect of the doing of that act had subsisted, and had been vested in theauthor, immediately before his death.
Saving of other rights and remedies.
193. — (1) Subject to this section, this Part shall not affect any right of action or
other remedy, whether civil or criminal, in proceedings instituted otherwise than by
virtue of this Part.
(2) Any damages recovered in proceedings instituted by virtue of this Part shall be
taken into account in assessing damages in proceedings instituted otherwise than byvirtue of this Part and arising out of the same operation or transaction.
(3) Any damages recovered in proceedings instituted otherwise than by virtue of this
Part shall be taken into account in assessing damages in proceedings instituted by
virtue of this Part and arising out of the same operation or transaction.
PART X
MISCELLANEOUS
Assignments and licences in respect of copyright.
194. — (1) Subject to this section, copyright shall be transmissible by assignment, by
testamentary disposition, or by operation of law as personal or movable property.
(2) An assignment of copyright may be limited in any of the following ways, or in
any combination of two or more of those ways:IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 120
(a) so as to apply to one or more, but not all, of the classes of acts which by virtue
of this Act the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to do (including
any one or more classes of acts not separately designated in this Act as being
restricted by the copyright, but falling within any of the classes of acts so
designated);
(b) so as to apply to any one or more, but not all, of the countries in relation to
which the owner of the copyright has by virtue of this Act that exclusive
right;
(c) so as to apply to part, but not the whole, of the period for which the copyright
is to subsist,
and references in this Act to a partial assignment are references to an assignment so
limited.
(3) No assignment of copyright (whether total or partial) shall have effect unless it is
in writing signed by or on behalf of the assignor.
(4) A licence granted in respect of any copyright by the person who, in relation to the
matters to which the licence relates, is the owner of the copyright shall be binding
upon every successor in title to his interest in the copyright, except a purchaser in
good faith for valuable consideration and without notice (actual or constructive) of thelicence or a person deriving title from such a purchaser; and references in this Act, in
relation to any copyright, to the doing of anything with, or (as the case may be)
without, the licence of the owner of the copyright shall be construed accordingly.
Prospective ownership of copyright.
195. — (1) Where by an agreement made in relation to any future copyright, and
signed by or on behalf of the prospective owner of the copyright, the prospective
owner purports to assign the future copyright (wholly or partially) to another person(referred to in this subsection as the assignee), then if, on the coming into existence of
the copyright, the assignee or a person claiming under him would, apart from this
subsection, be entitled as against all other persons to require the copyright to be vested
in him (wholly or partially, as the case may be), the copyright shall, on its coming into
existence, vest in the assignee or his successor in title accordingly by virtue of this
subsection and without further assurance.
(2) Where, at the time when any copyright comes into existence, the person who, if
he were then living, would be entitled to the copyright is dead, the copyright shall
devolve as if it had subsisted immediately before his death and he had been the owner
of the copyright.
(3) Section 194 (4) shall apply in relation to a licence granted by a prospective owner
of any copyright as it applies in relation to a licence granted by the owner of a
subsisting copyright, as if any reference in that subsection to the owner’s interest in
the copyright included a reference to his prospective interest therein.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 121
Copyright to pass under will with unpublished work.
196. Where under a bequest (whether specific or general) a person is entitled, ben-
eficially or otherwise, to the manuscript of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or to
an artistic work, and the work was not published before the death of the testator, the
bequest shall, unless a contrary intention is indicated in the testator’s will or a codicil
thereto, be construed as including the copyright in the work insofar as the testator wasthe owner of the copyright immediately before his death.
Provisions as to Government copyright.
197. — (1) In the case of every original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work
made by or under the direction or control of the Government —
(a) if apart from this section copyright would not subsist in the work, copyright
shall subsist therein by virtue of this subsection; and
(b) in any case, the Government shall, subject to this Part, be entitled to the
copyright in the work.
(2) The Government shall, subject to this Part, be entitled to the copyright in every
original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work first published in Singapore, or in
another country to which section 27 extends, if first published by or under the di-
rection or control of the Government.
(3) Copyright in a literary, dramatic or musical work, to which the Government is
entitled in accordance with sub-section (1) or (2) —
(a) where the work is unpublished, shall continue to subsist so long as the work
remains unpublished; and
(b) where the work is published, shall subsist (or, if copyright in the work sub-
sisted immediately before its first publication, shall continue to subsist) until
the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in whichthe work was first published, and shall then expire.
(4) Copyright in an artistic work to which the Government is entitled in accordance
with this section shall continue to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from
the end of the calendar year in which the work was made, and shall then expire:
 Provided that where the work in question is an engraving or a photograph, the
copyright shall continue to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end
of the calendar year in which the engraving or photograph is first published.
(5) In the case of every sound recording or cinematograph film made by or under the
direction or control of the Government —
(a) if apart from this section copyright would not subsist in the recording or film,
copyright shall subsist therein by virtue of this subsection; and
(b) in any case, the Government shall, subject to this Part, be entitled to the
copyright in the recording or film; and it shall subsist for the same period asIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 122
if it were copyright subsisting by virtue of, and owned in accordance with,
Part III or IV, as the case may be.
(6) This section shall have effect subject to any agreement made by or on behalf of
the Government with the author of the work, or the maker of the sound recording or
cinematograph film, as the case may be, whereby it is agreed that the copyright in the
work, recording or film shall vest in the author or maker, or in another persondesignated in the agreement in that behalf.
(7) In relation to copyright subsisting by virtue of this section —
(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, the provisions of
Part III, with the exception of provisions thereof relating to the subsistence,
duration or ownership of copyright; and
(b) in the case of a sound recording, cinematograph film or cable programme, the
provisions of Part IV, with the exception of provisions thereof relating to the
subsistence or ownership of copyright,
shall apply as those provisions apply in relation to copyright subsisting by virtue of
Part III or IV, as the case may be.
(8) For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared that section 12 of the Govern-
ment Proceedings Act (which relates to infringements of industrial property by em-ployees or agents of the Government) shall apply to copyright under this Act.
Cap. 121.
Use of copyright material for service of Government.
198. — (1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or a pub-
lished edition of such a work, or in a sound recording, cinematograph film, televisionbroadcast, sound broadcast or cable programme, shall not be infringed by the
Government or by a person authorised in writing by the Government doing any acts
comprised in the copyright if the acts are done for the service of the Government.
(2) Where the Government has made an agreement or arrangement with the gov-
ernment of some other country for the supply to that country of goods required for the
defence of that country —
(a) the doing of any act in connection with the supply of those goods in pursuance
of the agreement or arrangement; and
(b) the sale to any person of such of those goods as are not required for the pur-
poses of the agreement or arrangement,
shall, for the purposes of subsection (1), be each deemed to be for the service of the
Government.
(3) Authority may be given under subsection (1) before or after the acts in respect of
which the authority is given have been done, and may be given to a person not-
withstanding that he had a licence granted by, or binding on, the owner of the copy-
right to do the acts.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 123
(4) Where an act comprised in a copyright has been done under subsection (1), the
Government shall as soon as possible, unless it appears to the Government that it
would be contrary to the public interest to do so, inform the owner of the copyright, as
prescribed, of the doing of the act and shall furnish him with such information as to
the doing of the act as he from time to time reasonably requires.
(5) Where an act comprised in a copyright has been done under subsection (1), the
terms for the doing of the act are such terms as are, whether before or after the act is
done, agreed between the Government and the owner of the copyright or, in default of
agreement, as are fixed by the Copyright Tribunal.
(6) An agreement or licence (whether made or granted before or after 10th April
1987) fixing the terms upon which a person other than the Government may do actscomprised in a copyright is inoperative with respect to the doing of those acts after
that date, under subsection (1), unless the agreement or licence has been approved by
the Minister.
S 107/87.
(7) Where an article is sold and the sale is not by virtue of subsection (1), an in-
fringement of a copyright, the purchaser of the article, and a person claiming through
him, is entitled to deal with the article as if the Government were the owner of that
copyright.
(8) An act done under subsection (1) does not constitute publication of a work or
other subject-matter and shall not be taken into account in the application of any pro-
vision of this Act relating to the duration of any copyright.
(9) Where an exclusive licence is in force in relation to any copyright, subsections
(1) to (8) shall have effect as if any reference in those subsections to the owner of the
copyright were a reference to the exclusive licensee.
(10) The copying of the whole or a part of a work for the teaching purposes of an
educational institution of, or under the control of, the Government shall, for the pur-
poses of this section, be deemed not to be an act done for the service of the Govern-
ment.
S 130/88.
Reception of broadcasts or cable programmes.
199. — (1) A person who, by the reception of a television broadcast, sound broadcast
or cable programme, causes a literary, dramatic or musical work, or an adaptation ofsuch work, to be seen, heard or seen and heard in public does not, by doing so,
infringe the copyright, if any, in the work.
(2) A person who, by the reception of an authorised television broadcast or autho-
rised cable programme, causes a cinematograph film to be seen, heard or seen and
heard in public shall be treated, in any proceedings for infringement of the copyright
(if any) in the film under Part IV, as if he had been the holder of a licence granted by
the owner of that copyright to cause the film to be seen or heard in public by thereception of the broadcast or the cable programme.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 124
(3) A person who, by the reception and immediate retransmission of an authorised
television broadcast or sound broadcast causes a literary, dramatic or musical work or
an adaptation of such a work, an artistic work or a cinematograph film programme to
be included in a programme in a cable programme service shall be treated, in any
proceedings for infringement of the copyright, if any, in the work or film, as if he had
been the holder of a licence granted by the owner of that copyright to include thework, adaptation or film to be transmitted by him in any programme included in a
cable programme service.
(4) If, in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (2) or (3), the person causing the
cinematograph film to be seen or heard, or the work, adaptation or cinematograph film
to be transmitted, as the case may be, infringed the copyright in question, by reasonthat the broadcast or cable programme was not an authorised broadcast or programme,
proceedings shall not be brought against that person under this Act in respect of his
infringement of that copyright, but it shall be taken into account in assessing damages
in any proceedings against the maker of the broadcast or programme in respect of that
copyright, insofar as that copyright was infringed by them in making the broadcast or
programme.
(5) For the purposes of this section, a broadcast or cable programme shall be taken,
in relation to a work, an adaptation of a work or a cinematograph film, to be an au-
thorised broadcast or programme if, but only if, it is made by, or with the licence of,
the owner of the copyright in the work or film.
Groundless threats of legal proceedings.
200. — (1) Where a person, by means of circulars, advertisements or otherwise,
threatens a person with an action or proceeding in respect of an infringement of
copyright, then, whether the person making the threats is or is not the owner of thecopyright or an exclusive licensee, a person aggrieved may bring an action against the
first-mentioned person and may obtain a declaration to the effect that the threats are
unjustifiable, and an injunction against the continuance of the threats, and may recover
such damages (if any) as he has sustained, unless the first-mentioned person satisfies
the court that the acts in respect of which the action or proceeding was threatened
constituted, or, if done, would constitute, an infringement of copyright.
(2) The mere notification of the existence of a copyright does not constitute a threat
of an action or proceeding within the meaning of this section.
(3) Nothing in this section shall render an advocate and solicitor liable to an action
under this section in respect of an act done by him in his professional capacity on
behalf of a client.
(4) The defendant in an action under this section may apply, by way of counterclaim,
for relief to which he would be entitled in a separate action in respect of an
infringement by the plaintiff of the copyright to which the threats relate and, in anysuch case, the provisions of this Act with respect to an action for infringement of a
copyright are mutatis mutandis applicable in relation to the action.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 125
Notation of copies, etc.
201. — (1) In proceedings against a person or body for infringement of copyright in a
work in connection with the making, by or on behalf of an institution, of a copy of the
whole or a part of that work, the person or body is not entitled to rely on section 45,
46, 48, 52, 54 or 54A as justification for the making of that copy unless, at or about
the time the copy was made, there was made on the copy a notation —
(a) stating that the copy was made on behalf of that institution and the date on
which it was made; and
(b) in the case of a copy that was made in reliance on section 54 (4), stating that
the copy is a prescribed reproduction made in reliance on that subsection.
(2) In proceedings against a person or body for infringement of copyright in a sound
recording or a cinematograph film in connection with the making, by or on behalf of
an institution, of a copy of the sound recording or cinematograph film, the person or
body is not entitled to rely on section 113 as justification for the making of the copy
unless, at or about the time the copy was made, there was made on, or attached to, the
copy a notation stating that the copy was made on behalf of that institution and setting
out the date on which the copy was made.
(3) In proceedings against a person or body for infringement of copyright in a work
in connection with the making, on behalf of an institution assisting handicapped
readers, a record embodying a sound recording of the work, or of a part of the work,
the person or body is not entitled to rely on section 54 (1) unless, at the time the
record was made, there was embodied on the record, immediately before the com-
mencement of that sound recording, a sound recording of a prescribed message.
(4) A person who —
(a) makes on a copy of the whole or a part of a work, a notation referred to in
subsection (1);
(b) makes on, or attaches to, a copy of a sound recording or a cinematograph film
a notation of the kind referred to in subsection (2); or
(c) causes to be embodied on a record embodying a sound recording a message
referred to in subsection (3),
being a notation of message that contains a statement that the person knows, or ought
reasonably to know, is false or misleading in a material particular, shall be guilty of anoffence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $2,000.
(5) For the purposes of subsections (1), (2) and (3) —
(a) where a copy of a work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film is made,
or caused to be made, by an authorised officer of a library, or is made by or
on behalf of the officer-in-charge of a library, being a library of an insti-
tution, the copy shall be deemed to have been made on behalf of the insti-
tution;IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 126
(b) where a copy of a work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film is made,
or caused to be made by an authorised officer of a library, or is made by or
on behalf of the officer-in-charge of a library, being a library that is not a
library of an institution, then —
(i) the copy shall be deemed to have been made on behalf of the person or body
administering the library; and
(ii) those subsections apply as if a reference in those subsections to an insti-
tution included a reference to that person or body;
(c) where a copy of a work, a sound recording or a cinematograph film is made,
or caused to be made, by an authorised officer of archives, or is made by or
on behalf of the officer-in-charge of archives, then —
(i) the copy shall be deemed to have been made on behalf of the person or body
administering the archives; and
(ii) those subsections apply as if a reference in those subsections to an insti-
tution included a reference to that person or body;
(d) where a copy, or a record embodying a sound recording, of a whole or of a
part of a work, is made by or on behalf of the body administering an insti-
tution, the copy or record, as the case may be, shall be deemed to have beenmade on behalf of the institution; and
(e) where a copy of a sound recording or cinematograph film is made by or on
behalf of the body administering an institution, the copy shall be deemed to
have been made on behalf of the institution.
(6) The production, in any proceedings —
(a) for infringement of copyright in a work;
(b) before the Copyright Tribunal on application made under section 52 (11)     ,
54 (10) or 54A (7); or
(c) for a contravention of a provision of this Act,
of a copy of a work, or of a part of a work, bearing a notation of the kind referred to
in subsection (1) or (2), whichever is applicable, is prima facie evidence of the matters
stated in the notation.
(7) For the purposes of subsection (6), where a copy of a work or a part of a work
bears a notation of a kind referred to in subsection (1), whichever is applicable, thenotation shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to have been made on the
copy at or about the time the copy was made.
(8) The production, in any proceedings of a kind referred to in subsection (6), of a
record embodying a sound recording of a work or a part of a work, being a record that
also embodies a sound recording of a message of the kind referred to in subsection (3),
is prima facie evidence of the matters stated in the message.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 127
(9) For the purposes of subsection (8), where a record embodying a sound recording
of a work or a part of a work also embodies a sound recording of a message of the
kind referred to in subsection (3), the message shall, unless the contrary is proved, be
deemed to have been embodied on the record at the time the record was made.
(10) The production, in any proceedings —
(a) for infringement of copyright in a sound recording or a cinematograph film; or
(b) for a contravention of this Act,
of a copy of a sound recording or a cinematograph film bearing, or to which there is
attached, a notation of the kind referred to in subsection (2), is prima facie evidence of
the matters stated in the notation.
(11) For the purposes of subsection (10), where a copy of a sound recording or a
cinematograph film bears, or where there is attached to such a copy, a notation of the
kind referred to in subsection (2), the notation shall, unless the contrary is proved, be
deemed to have been made on or attached to the copy at or about the time the copy
was made.
(12) In this section, “copy” , in relation to a work, or a part of a work, includes a
microform copy, a Braille version, a large-print version, or a photographic version, of
the work, or of the part of the work.
Immunity of Government, etc.
201A. No action or other legal proceedings shall lie against the Government or any
officer or employee thereof for anything which is in good faith done or omitted to be
done in the exercise of any power, duty or function under this Act or any regulations.
Regulations.
202. — (1) The Minister may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act pre-
scribing all matters that are required to be prescribed or are necessary or convenient tobe prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the regulations made under
this Act may provide for the keeping and retention of records and declarations in
relation to copies of works made by libraries, archives or institutions and the deposit
of such records and declarations with persons appointed by the Minister.
2033. Omitted.
2044. Omitted.
                                                     
3This section repealed the U.K. Copyright Act 1911, the Copyright Act and the
Copyright (Gramophone Records and Broadcasting) Act (1970 Ed. Caps. 187 and188).
4This section repealed section 38 of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation Act
(Chapter 297).IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 128
PART XI
TRANSITIONAL
DIVISION 1 — PRELIMINARY
Interpretation.
205. —  (1) In this Part, the expression “photograph” shall, in lieu of the meaning
given to that expression by section 7, have the meaning given by subsection (2).
(2) For the purposes of any provision of this Part that provides that an expression is
to have the meaning given to that expression by this section or that refers to an
expression as defined by this section —
“collective works”  means —
(a) an encyclopaedia, dictionary, year book or similar work;
(b) a newspaper, review, magazine or similar periodical; or
(c) a work written in distinct parts by different authors, or in which works or
parts of works of different authors are incorporated;
“deliver” , in relation to a lecture, includes deliver by means of a mechanical in-
strument;
“dramatic work”  includes a piece for recitation, a choreographic work or enter-
tainment in dumb show the scenic arrangement or acting form of which is fixed
in writing or otherwise, and a cinematograph production where the ar-
rangement, the acting form or the combination of incidents represented gives
the work an original character;
“lecture”  includes an address, speech and sermon;“literary work”  includes a map, chart, plan, table and compilation;
“perform” , in relation to a dramatic work as defined by this section or a musical
work, means to make an acoustic representation of the work or a visual rep-
resentation of a dramatic action in the work, and includes such a representation
made by means of a mechanical instrument;
“photograph”  includes photo-lithograph and a work produced by a process sim-
ilar to photography.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 129
References to making of works, recordings and films.
206. For the purposes of any reference in this Part to works, sound recordings or
cinematograph films made before 10th April 1987, a work, sound recording or cin-
ematograph film the making of which extended over a period shall be deemed not to
have been made before that date unless the making of it was completed before that
date.
S 107/87.
References in other laws or instruments to copyright.
207. — (1) Without prejudice to the operation of the other provisions of this Part —
(a) a reference in any other written law or in any contract, agreement or other
instrument to a provision of the Copyright Act 1911 shall be read as a ref-
erence, or as including a reference, to the corresponding provision of this
Act;
(b) a reference in any other written law or in any contract, agreement or other
instrument to copyright or to works in which copyright subsists shall, if apart
from this Act it would be read as a reference to copyright under theCopyright Act 1911 or to works in which copyright subsisted under that Act,
be read as a reference, or as including a reference, to copyright under this Act
or to works or any other subject-matter in which copyright subsists under this
Act, as the case may be; and
(c) a reference in any other written law or in any contract, agreement or other
instrument to the grant of an interest in copyright by licence shall be read, in
relation to copyright under this Act, as a reference to the grant of a licence inrespect of that copyright.
(2) This section shall have effect unless the contrary intention appears in any other
written law or in the contract, agreement or other instrument, as the case may be.
Authorship of photographs.
208. A reference in this Act to the author of a photograph shall, in relation to a pho-
tograph taken before 10th April 1987, be read as a reference to the person who, at the
time when the photograph was taken, was the owner of the material on which thephotograph was taken.
Publication.
209. — (1) For the purposes of the application of section 24 (5) in determining
whether a publication that took place before 10th April 1987 was the first publication,
the reference in that section to a period of not more than 30 days shall be read as areference to a period of not more than 14 days.
S 107/87.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 130
(2) For the purposes of the application of section 24 (7) in relation to an act done
before that date —
(a) a reference in that section to copyright shall include a reference to copyright
under the Copyright Act 1911; and
(b) a reference in that section to the licence of the owner of copyright shall be
read as a reference to the consent or acquiescence of the owner.
DIVISION 2 — ORIGINAL WORKS
Expired copyright not to revive.
210. — (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part III, copyright shall not subsist by virtue
of that Part in a work first published before 10th April 1987 unless copyright subsisted
in the work under the Copyright Act 1911 immediately before that date.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in relation to a work to which Division 5 applies.
Original works in which copyright subsists.
211. — (1) Section 27 (1) shall apply to works made before 10th April 1987 as if
each reference in that subsection to a qualified person included a reference to a British
subject and to a person domiciled in a country to which the Copyright Act 1911
extended.
(2) Section 27 (2) shall apply to works first published before 10th April 1987 —
(a) as if each reference in paragraph ( c) of that subsection to Singapore included a
reference to a country to which the Copyright Act 1911 extended; and
(b) as if paragraphs ( d) and ( e) of that subsection were omitted.
(3) Section 27 (2) shall apply to works that are first published after 10th April 1987
and the author of which died before the commencement of the repealed Singapore
Citizenship Ordinance 19575 as if the reference in paragraph ( e) of that section to a
qualified person included a reference to a person who would have been a citizen ofSingapore if that Ordinance had been in force immediately before his death.
35/57.
(4) Section 27 (3) shall not apply to or in relation to a building that was constructed
before 10th April 1987.
S 107/87.
(5) This section shall have effect subject to section 210.
Duration of copyright in photographs.
212. Section 28 (6) shall not apply in relation to a photograph taken before 10th
April 1987 but, subject to section 27 (2) as affected by section 207, copyright sub-
sisting in such a photograph by virtue of Part III shall continue to subsist until the
                                                     
5The Ordinance came into operation on 1st November 1957.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 131
expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the calendar year in which the photo-
graph was taken.
Ownership of copyright.
213. — (1) Section 30 (4) and (6) shall not apply in relation to works made before
10th April 1987.
(2) Section 30 (5) shall not apply in relation to a work that was or is made in pur-
suance of an agreement made before 10th April 1987.
(3) Where a work is excluded from the application of section 30 (4), (5) or (6) by
reason of either of subsection (1) or (2), section 30 (2) shall have effect in relation to
the work subject to subsections (4) to (8).
(4) The operation of any of subsections (5) to (8) in relation to a particular work may
be excluded or modified by agreement.
(5) Where, in the case of a work being a photograph, portrait or engraving —
(a) a person made, for valuable consideration, an agreement with another person
for the taking of the photograph, the painting or drawing of the portrait or the
making of the engraving by the other person; and
(b) the work was made in pursuance of the agreement,
the first-mentioned person is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work by
virtue of Part III.
(6) Where the work was made by the author in pursuance of the terms of his em-
ployment by another person under a contract of service or apprenticeship, that other
person is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work by virtue of Part III.
(7) Where the work is a literary, dramatic or artistic work that was made by the au-
thor in pursuance of the terms of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper,
magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship and wasso made for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical,
the author is entitled to restrain the publication of the work otherwise than in a
newspaper, magazine or similar periodical.
(8) In subsections (5), (6) and (7), expressions that are defined by section 205 shall
have the meanings respectively given to those expressions by that section and shall
not have the meanings, if any, respectively given to those expressions by Part II.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 132
Recording of musical works.
214. — (1) Where a record of a work has, before 10th April 1987, been made by, or
with the consent or acquiescence of, the owner of the copyright in the work under the
Copyright Act 1911, Division 8 of Part III shall have the like effect as if the record
had been made in Singapore for the purpose of retail sale and had been so made by, or
with the licence of, the person who is entitled, by virtue of this Act, to authorise themaking in Singapore of records of the work.
(2) Notwithstanding section 203, section 19 (2) to (7) of the Copyright Act 1911 as
in force immediately before 10th April 1987 shall continue to apply in relation to
records made before that date and, subject to that section, any regulations made for the
purposes of that section and in force immediately before that date shall continue toapply in relation to those records.
S 107/87.
Publication of artistic works.
215. Section 66 shall not apply in relation to a painting, drawing, engraving, pho-
tography or cinematograph film made before 10th April 1987, but the copyright in anartistic work is not infringed by the publication of a painting, drawing, engraving,
photograph or cinematograph film made before that date if, by virtue of section 63 or
64, the making of the painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or film would not
have constituted an infringement of the copyright under this Act if this Act had been
in operation at the time when it was made.
Reconstruction of buildings.
216. The reference in section 72 (2) to construction of a building by, or with the
licence of, the owner of the copyright in architectural drawings or plans shall be read
as including a reference to construction by, or with the licence of, the person who, at
the time of the construction, was the owner of the copyright in the drawings or plans.
Industrial designs.
217. — (1) Division 10 of Part III and the Schedule shall not apply to artistic works
made before 10th April 1987.
(2) Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of this Act in an artistic work made before
10th April 1987 which, at the time when the work was made, constituted a design
capable of being registered under the Patents and Designs Act 1907 of the United
Kingdom, and was used, or intended to be used, as a model or pattern to be multiplied
by an industrial process.
U.K. 1907 c.29.
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Reproduction of work upon payment of royalties.
218. — (1) The copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that has
been published before 10th April 1987 is not infringed by the reproduction of the
work for sale if —
(a) the reproduction takes place at a time after the expiration of 25 years, or, in
the case of a work in which copyright subsisted at the commencement of theCopyright Act 1911, after the expiration of 30 years, after the date of the
death of the author; and
(b) the person reproducing the work establishes —
(i) that, before 10th April 1987, he gave the notice in writing of his intention to
reproduce the work that was prescribed for the purposes of the provisoto section 3 of the Copyright Act 1911; and
(ii) that he has paid, in the manner that was prescribed for the purposes of that
proviso, or is prescribed for the purposes of this section, as the case may
be, to, or for the benefit of, the owner of the copyright royalties in
respect of all copies of the work sold by him calculated at the rate of
10% of the price at which he published the reproduction.
(2) The regulations may make provision for or in relation to the manner in which,
and the times at which, payment of royalties is to be made for the purposes of sub-
section (1) ( b) (ii) and may include provision requiring payment in advance, or oth-
erwise securing the payment of the royalties.
(3) A reference in subsection (1) ( a) to a time after the expiration of a specified
number of years from the date of the death of the author of a work shall, in the case of
a work of joint authorship, be read as a reference to a time after —
(a) the expiration of the same number of years from the date of the death of the
author who died first; or
(b) the date of the death of the author who died last,
whichever is the later.
(4) Where a literary, dramatic or musical work, or an engraving, in which copyright
subsisted at the date of the death of the author or, in the case of a work of joint au-
thorship, at or immediately before the date of the death of the author who died last —
(a) had not been published;
(b) in the case of a dramatic or musical work — had not been performed in pub-
lic; and
(c) in the case of a lecture — had not been delivered in public,
before that date, subsection (1) shall apply as if the author had died on the date on
which —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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(d) in the case of a literary work (other than a lecture) or an engraving — the
work was first published;
(e) in the case of a dramatic or musical work — the work was first published or
first performed in public, whichever first happened; or
(f) in the case of a lecture — the lecture was first published or first delivered in
public, whichever first happened.
(5) In this section, expressions that are defined by section 205 shall have the mean-
ings respectively given to those expressions by that section and do not have the
meanings, if any, respectively given to those expressions by Part II.
DIVISION 3 — SUBJECT-MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS
Sound recordings.
219. — (1) Section 87 (1) shall apply in relation to sound recordings made before
10th April 1987 as if the reference in that section to a qualified person included a
reference to a British subject and to a person domiciled in a country to which the
Copyright Act 1911 extended.
(2) Section 87 (2) shall not apply in relation to a sound recording made before 10th
April 1987.
(3) Section 87 (3) shall apply in relation to sound recordings first published before
10th April 1987 as if the reference in that subsection to Singapore included a reference
to a country to which the Copyright Act 1911 extended.
(4) Section 92 shall not apply in relation to a sound recording made before 10th
April 1987 but copyright subsisting in such a recording by virtue of section 87 (1) or
(3) shall continue to subsist until the expiration of 50 years after the expiration of the
calendar year in which the recording was made.
S 107/87.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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Cinematograph films.
220. Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of section 88 in a cinematograph film
made before 10th April 1987.
Application of this Act to dramatic works and photographs comprised in cine-
matograph films.
221. — (1) Where a cinematograph film made before 10th April 1987 was an original
dramatic work as defined by section 205, this Act (other than this subsection) shall
have effect in relation to the film as if the film had been an original dramatic work as
defined by section 7 and the person who was the author of the work for the purposes
of the Copyright Act 1911 shall be deemed to be the author of the work for the
purposes of this Act as having effect by virtue of this subsection.
(2) This Act shall have effect in relation to photographs forming part of a cinemato-
graph film made before 10th April 1987 in like manner as it has effect in relation to
photographs not forming part of a cinematograph film.
Television broadcasts and sound broadcasts.
222. Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of section 89 in —
(a) a television broadcast or a sound broadcast made before 10th April 1987; or
(b) a television broadcast or a sound broadcast made after that date that is a rep-
etition of a television broadcast or a sound broadcast made before that date.
Published editions of works.
223. Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of section 91 in a published edition of a
work or works where the first publication of the edition took place before 10th April
1987.
S 107/87.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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Cable programmes.
224. Copyright shall not subsist by virtue of section 90 in a cable programme which
is included in a cable programme service before 10th April 1987.
DIVISION 4 — MISCELLANEOUS
Actions for infringement.
225. Sections 119 and 120 shall not apply to an infringement of copyright under the
Copyright Act 1911 and shall not affect any proceedings under that Act, whether
instituted before or after 10th April 1987.
Actions where copyright subject to exclusive licence.
226. Division 3 of Part V shall not apply in relation to a licence granted before 10th
April 1987 and shall not affect any proceedings under the Copyright Act 1911,whether instituted before or after that date.
Offences.
227. For the purposes of Division 5 of Part V, the definition of “infringing copy” in
section 7 shall apply as if any reference in that definition to copyright included a
reference to copyright under the Copyright Act 1911.
Limitation of actions.
228. Section 141 shall not apply in relation to an infringement of copyright under the
Copyright Act 1911 or to an article made, or imported into Singapore, before 10th
April 1987.
Restriction of importation of printed copies of works.
229. Where —
(a) before 10th April 1987, a notice had been given in respect of a work under
section 14 of the Copyright Act 1911 as amended in its application to Sin-
gapore; and
(b) that notice had not been withdrawn, and had not otherwise ceased to have
effect, before that date,
the notice shall, during the period of 6 months commencing on that date, have such
effect (if any) as it would have if it had been duly given in accordance with section
142.
References and applications to Tribunal in relation to licence schemes.
230. — (1) Part VII shall apply in relation to licence schemes formulated before 10th
April 1987 in like manner as it applies in relation to licence schemes formulated on or
after that date, but, for the purposes of the application of that Part in relation to licenceIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 137
schemes formulated before that date, any reference in that Part to copyright includes a
reference to copyright under the Copyright Act 1911.
(2) Any reference in section 163 to a refusal or failure to grant or procure the grant
of a licence, or to a proposal that a licence should be granted, shall not include a ref-
erence to a refusal or failure that occurred, or a proposal that was made, before 10th
April 1987.
S 107/87.
Duration of Government copyright in photographs.
231. Section 197 (4) shall apply in relation to photographs taken before 10th April
1987 as if the proviso to that subsection were omitted.
Duration of Government copyright in recordings.
232. Section 197 (5) shall apply in relation to sound recordings made before 10th
April 1987 as if the reference in that section to the expiration of the calendar year in
which the recording is first published were a reference to the expiration of the cal-
endar year in which the recording was made.
Government copyright in films.
233. — (1) Section 197 (5) shall not apply in relation to cinematograph films made
before 10th April 1987.
(2) Where section 197 (5) does not apply in relation to a cinematograph film by rea-
son of subsection (1) —
(a) if the film was an original dramatic work as defined by section 205 — section
197 (1), (2) and (3), shall apply, in relation to that work in accordance with
section 221 (1); and
(b) section 197 (1), (2) and (3), as modified by section 231, shall apply in relation
to photographs forming part of the film in like manner as they apply in
relation to photographs not forming part of a cinematograph film.
Works made or published by international organisations.
234. — (1) Section 185 (3) shall not apply in relation to works made before 10th
April 1987.
(2) Section 185 (4) shall not apply in relation to works first published before 10th
April 1987.
Subject-matter, other than original works, made or published by international
organisations.
235. — (1) Section 185 (3) shall not apply in relation to sound recordings or cine-
matograph films made before 10th April 1987.
(2) Section 185 (4) shall not apply in relation to sound recordings or cinematograph
films first published before 10th April 1987.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 138
(3) Section 185 (5) shall not apply in relation to an edition published before 10th
April 1987.
S 107/87.
False attribution of authorship of work.
236. — (1) It is a breach of the duty imposed on a person by section 188 if the person
does, on or after 10th April 1987, any of the acts mentioned in subsection (1) ( b) and
(c) of that section notwithstanding that the name concerned was inserted or affixed
before that date.
(2) Subject to subsection (1), Part IX shall not apply in relation to acts done before
10th April 1987.
(3) In this section, “name” includes initials or a monogram.
Assignments and licences.
237. — (1) Subject to this section, where copyright subsists in a work by virtue of
this Act, any document that was made, or event that occurred, before 10th April 1987,
being a document or event that had any operation affecting the ownership of, or
creating, transferring or terminating an interest, right or licence in respect of,copyright in the work under the Copyright Act 1911 or would have had such an op-
eration if that Act had continued in force, shall have the like operation in relation to
the copyright in the work under this Act.
(2) If the operation of a document to which subsection (1) applies was or would have
been limited to a period specified in the document, the document shall not have any
operation in relation to the copyright under this Act, except insofar as that period
extends after 10th April 1987.
(3) For the purposes of the operation of a document in accordance with this section
—
(a) expressions used in the document shall have the same respective meanings as
they had immediately before 10th April 1987, whether or not those ex-
pressions have different meanings for the purposes of this Act; and
(b) section 195 (1) shall not apply.
(4) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), where the author of a work
that was made before 10th April 1987 was the first owner of the copyright in the work
—
S 107/87.
(a) any assignment of the copyright, or any grant of an interest in the copyright,
made by the author (otherwise than by will) after the commencement of the
Copyright Act 1911 and before 10th April 1987, being an assignment or
grant that has effect in relation to copyright in the work under this Act by
virtue of subsection (1), shall not operate to vest in the assignee or granteeIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 139
any rights with respect to the copyright in the work after the expiration of 25
years after the date of the death of the author;
(b) on the death of the author, the reversionary interest in the copyright expectant
on the termination of that period shall devolve, notwithstanding any
agreement to the contrary, on his legal personal representative as part of his
estate; and
(c) any agreement entered into by the author as to the disposition of that rever-
sionary interest is of no force or effect,
but nothing in this subsection shall be taken to apply to the assignment of the copy-
right in a collective work or a licence to publish a work or a part of a work as part of a
collective work.
(5) In subsection (4), expressions that are defined by section 205 have the meanings
respectively given to those expressions by that section and shall not have the
meanings, if any, respectively given to those expressions by Part II.
(6) Subsections (1) to (5) shall apply in relation to copyright under this Act in a
sound recording or in a cinematograph film in like manner as they apply in relation to
copyright in a work but a reference in those subsections to the copyright under the
Copyright Act 1911 shall —
(a) in the application of those subsections in relation to a sound recording — be
read as a reference to the copyright under that Act in records embodying the
recording; and
(b) in the application of those subsections in relation to a cinematograph film —
be read as a reference to any copyright under that Act in the film (insofar as it
constituted a dramatic work for the purposes of that Act) or in photographs
forming part of the film.
Bequests.
238. — (1) Section 196 shall not apply in relation to a bequest contained in the will
of a testator who died before 10th April 1987.
S 107/87.
(2) Where —
(a) an author has died before 10th April 1987;
(b) a person has acquired, under the will of the author, the ownership of a manu-
script of a work by the author; and
(c) the work —
(i) has not been published;(ii) in the case of a dramatic or musical work — has not been performed in
public; and
(iii) in the case of a lecture — has not been delivered in public,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 140
the ownership by that person of the manuscript shall be evidence that that person is
the owner of the copyright in the work.
(3) In subsection (1), expressions that are defined by section 205 shall have the
meanings respectively given to those expressions by that section and shall not have
the meanings, if any, respectively given to those expressions by Part II.
Existing computer programs.
239. — (1) The Copyright Act 1911 shall apply to a computer program made before
10th April 1987 as it applies in relation to a literary work and shall so apply whether
or not copyright would subsist in that program apart from this Act.
(2) Where, by virtue of subsection (1), copyright subsists under the Copyright Act
1911 in a computer program that was made before 10th April 1987, nothing done inrelation to the computer program before that date shall be taken to constitute an of-
fence under the repealed Copyright Act6 or an infringement of that copyright.
1970 Ed. Cap. 187.
(3) For the purposes of this section, a computer program the making of which ex-
tends over a period shall be deemed not to have been made before 10th April 1987unless the making of it was completed before that date.
S 107/87.
                                                     
6Repealed by section 203, which is omitted in this Edition.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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DIVISION 5 — WORKS MADE BEFORE 1ST JULY 1912
Interpretation.
240. In this Division, “right conferred by the Copyright Act 1911” , in relation to a
work, means a right that, by virtue of section 24 of the Copyright Act 1911, was
conferred in place of a right that subsisted immediately before the commencement of
that Act.7
Application.
241. This Division shall apply to works made before 1st July 1912.
Rights conferred by Copyright Act 1911.
242. Notwithstanding anything in Division 2, section 27 shall not apply to a work to
which this Division applies unless a right conferred by the Copyright Act 1911subsisted in the work immediately before 10th April 1987.
Performing rights.
243. — (1) Where the right conferred by the Copyright Act 1911 in relation to a
dramatic or musical work to which this Division applies did not include the sole right
to perform the work in public, then, copyright, insofar as it subsists in the work by
virtue of this Act, shall not include the performing rights in relation to the work.
(2) Where the right conferred by the Copyright Act 1911 in relation to a dramatic or
musical work to which this Division applies consisted only of the sole right to perform
the work in public, then, copyright, insofar as it subsists in the work by virtue of this
Act, shall consist only of the performing rights in relation to the work.
(3) For the purposes of this section, the performing rights, in relation to a work, are
—
(a) the exclusive right to perform the work, or an adaptation of the work, in pub-
lic;
(b) the exclusive right to broadcast the work or an adaptation of the work; and
(c) the exclusive right to cause the work, or an adaptation of the work, to be in a
cable programme service.
Contributions to periodicals.
244. Where —
(a) a work to which this Division applies (in this section referred to as the rele-
vant work) consists of an essay, article or item forming part of, and firstpublished in, a review, magazine or other periodical or work of a like nature;
and
                                                     
7The Act came into operation on 1st July 1912.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 142
(b) immediately before 10th April 1987, a right of publishing the relevant work in
a separate form subsisted by virtue of the note to the First Schedule to the
Copyright Act 1911,
S 107/87.
copyright subsisting in the relevant work by virtue of this Act shall be subject to that
right of publishing the relevant work in a separate form.
Assignments and licences.
245. — (1) Without prejudice to the generality of section 237 (1), where —
(a) the author of a work to which this Division applies had, before the com-
mencement of the Copyright Act 19118, made an assignment or grant of a
kind referred to in paragraph ( a) of the proviso to section 24 (1) of that Act
(referred to in this section as paragraph ( a) of the proviso); and
(b) copyright subsists in the work by virtue of this Act,
subsections (2), (3) and (4) shall have effect.
(2) If, before 10th April 1987, an event occurred or a notice was given, being an
event or notice that, in accordance with paragraph ( a) of the proviso, had any oper-
ation affecting the ownership of the right conferred by the Copyright Act 1911 in
relation to the work or creating, transferring or terminating an interest, right or licence
in respect of that right, that event or notice shall have the like operation in relation to
the copyright in the work under this Act.
(3) Any right that, at a time after 10th April 1987, would, by virtue of paragraph ( a)
of the proviso, have been exercisable in relation to the work or in relation to the right
conferred by the Copyright Act 1911, if this Act had not been enacted, shall beexercisable in relation to the work or in relation to the copyright subsisting in the work
under this Act, as the case may be.
(4) If, in accordance with paragraph ( a) of the proviso, the right conferred by the
Copyright Act 1911 would have reverted to the author or his personal representatives
on the date referred to in that paragraph, and that date occurs after 10th April 1987,
then on that date —
S 107/87.
(a) the copyright in the work under this Act shall revert to the author or his per-
sonal representatives, as the case may be; and
(b) any interest of any other person in that copyright that subsists on that date by
virtue of any document made before the commencement of the Copyright
Act 19119 shall cease.
                                                     
8The Act came into operation on 1st July 1912.
9The Act came into operation on 1st July 1912.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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PART XII
PERFORMERS' PROTECTION
Interpretation
246. — (1) In this Part —
“action” means a proceeding of a civil nature between parties and includes a
counterclaim;
“authorised” , in relation to a recording of a performance, means made with the
authority of the performer;
“direct” , in relation to a recording of a performance, means made —
(a) directly from the live performance; or
(b) from a broadcast or re-broadcast of, or a cable programme that includes,
the performance;
“exempt recording” means —
(a) a direct recording of a performance made solely for the purpose of the
private and domestic use of the person who made it;
(b) a direct recording of a performance made solely for the purpose of use in
scientific research;
(c) a direct recording of a performance made by, or on behalf of, the body
administering an educational institution solely for the educational pur-
poses of that institution or of another educational institution;
(d) a direct recording of a performance made for the purposes of setting or
answering the questions in an examination or communicating the ques-
tions to the candidates;
(e) a direct recording of a performance made in the course of instruction, or
preparation for instruction, in the making of a cinematograph film or asound-track associated with the visual images forming part of a cine-
matograph film, if the recording is done by a person giving or receiving
such instruction;
(f) a direct recording of a performance made by, or on behalf of, the body
administering an institution assisting handicapped readers solely for use
by a handicapped reader for the purpose of research or private study that
he is undertaking or proposes to undertake, or for the purpose of other-wise instructing himself on any matter;
(g) a direct recording of a performance made by, or on behalf of, the body
administering an institution assisting intellectually handicapped persons
solely for the purpose of the provision, whether by the institution or
otherwise, of assistance to intellectually handicapped persons;
(h) a direct recording of a performance made —IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 144
(i) for the purpose of, or associated with, the reporting of news or current
affairs; or
(ii) for the purpose of criticism or review;
(i) a direct recording of a performance made —
(i) for the purpose of judicial proceedings;
(ii) for the purpose of seeking professional advice from an advocate and
solicitor; or
(iii) for the purpose of, or in the course of,  the giving of professional ad-
vice by an advocate and solicitor;
(j) a direct recording of a performance made by a broadcaster who has the
authority of the performer to broadcast the performance, being a record-ing made solely for the purpose of making that broadcast;
(k) a direct recording of a performance made by a person who reasonably be-
lieves, due to a fraudulent or innocent misrepresentation made to the
person, that the performer has authorised the making of the recording by
the person;
(l) a copy of a recording referred to in paragraph ( a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g),
(h) or ( i), being a copy made solely for a purpose referred to in any of
those paragraphs;
(m) a copy of a recording referred to in paragraph ( j), being a copy made
solely for the purpose referred to in that paragraph;
(n) a copy of a recording referred to in paragraph ( k), being a copy made —
(i) by a person who believes, due to a fraudulent or innocent misrepre-
sentation made to the person, that the performer has authorised the
making of the copy; or
(ii) solely for a purpose referred to in paragraph ( a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f),
(g), (h) or ( i); or
(o) a copy of an authorised recording of a performance;
“performance” means —
(a) a performance (including an improvisation) of a dramatic work, or part of
such a work, including such a performance given with the use of puppets;
(b) a performance (including an improvisation) of a musical work or part of
such a work;
(c) the reading, recitation or delivery of a literary work, or part of such a
work, or the recitation or delivery of an improvised literary work;
(d) a performance of a dance; or
(e) a performance of a circus act or a variety act or any similar presentation
or show,IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 145
being a live performance given in Singapore or by one or more qualified per-
sons, whether in the presence of an audience or otherwise;
“protection period” , in relation to a performance, means the period beginning on
the day when the performance is given and ending at the end of the period of
50 calendar years after the calendar year in which the performance is given;
“qualified person” means a citizen of Singapore or a person resident in Singapore;“recording” means a sound recording other than an exempt recording;
“unauthorised” , in relation to a recording of a performance, means made without
the authority of the performer;
“unauthorised use” has the meaning given to it in section 252.
(2) The following shall be taken not to be performances for the purposes of this Part:
(a) a performance referred to in section 23(1);
(b) a reading, recital or delivery of any item of news and information;
(c) a performance of a sporting activity;
(d) a participation in a performance as a member of an audience;
(e) a performance in a National Day Parade in Singapore;
(f) any other performance as may be prescribed by the Minister.
(3) In this Part —
(a) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a performance shall be read as
including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a substantial part
of the performance;
(b) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a recording of a performance
shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a
recording of a substantial part of the performance;
(c) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a performance, or a recording
of a performance, with the authority of the performer is, in the case of 2 or
more performers, a reference to the doing of the act where each of the
performers has authorised the doing of the act;
(d) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a performance, or a recording
of a performance, with the authority of the performer is, in the case of 2 or
more performers, a reference to the doing of the act where each of the
performers has authorised the doing of the act; and
(e) a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a performance, or a recording
of a performance, without the authority of the performer is, in the case of 2 or
more performers, a reference to the doing of the act where at least one of the
performers has not authorised the doing of the act.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 146
Educational purposes
247. Without limiting the meaning of the expression "educational purposes" in
paragraph ( c) of the definition of "exempt recording" in section 246(1), a recording or
a copy of such a recording, shall be taken to have been made for the educational
purposes of an educational institution if it is made —
(a) for use in connection with a particular course of instruction provided by the
institution; or
(b) for inclusion in the collection of a library of the institution.
Exempt recordings cease to be exempt recordings in certain circumstances
248. — (1) If any recording of a performance, being a recording that is an exempt
recording under paragraph ( j) of the definition of "exempt recording" in section
246(1), is not destroyed before the expiration of the period of 6 months or, in the case
of a recording made by a non-profit organisation solely for its own broadcast, 2 years,
commencing on the day on which the recording is first used for broadcasting the
performance, the recording shall, at the end of that period, cease to be an exempt
recording.
(2) If any copy of a recording of a performance, being an exempt recording under
paragraph ( m) of the definition of "exempt recording" in section 246(1), is not de-
stroyed before the expiration of the period of 6 months or, in the case of a copy made
by a non-profit organisation solely for its own broadcast, 2 years, commencing on the
day on which the copy is first used for broadcasting the performance, the copy of the
recording shall, at the end of that period, cease to be an exempt recording.
(3) A recording or a copy of such a recording that is an exempt recording because it
was made for a purpose referred to in paragraph ( a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h) or ( i)
of the definition of "exempt recording" in section 246(1), ceases to be an exemptrecording if it is used for any other purpose without the authority of the performer.
Private and domestic use
249. For the purposes of this Part, a recording or a copy of such a recording shall be
taken not to have been made for the private and domestic use of the person who made
it if it is made for the purpose of —
(a) the sale or letting for hire of the recording;
(b) broadcasting the recording or including it in a cable programme; or
(c) causing the recording to be heard in public.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 147
References to inclusion of performance in a cable service
250. A reference in this Part to the inclusion of a performance in a cable programme
service is a reference to the inclusion of the performance in a programme of such a
service by the person providing that service.
Application
251. — (1) This Part shall apply to an act done on or after the date of commencement
of the Copyright (Amendment) Act 1998 in relation to a performance given before, on
or after that date.
(2) Nothing in this Part shall affect any copyright subsisting in a work that is per-
formed or in any sound recording, cinematograph film or broadcast of a performance,
or any other right or obligation arising otherwise than under this Part.
What constitutes unauthorised use
252. — (1) A person makes an unauthorised use of a performance if the person, at
any time during the protection period of the performance and without the authority of
the performer —
(a) makes a direct recording of the performance;
(b) broadcasts live the performance;
(c) makes a copy of a recording of the performance that the person knows, or
ought reasonably to know, is an unauthorised recording;
(d) makes a copy of an exempt recording of the performance, being a copy that
the person knows, or ought reasonably to know, is not itself an exempt re-
cording; or
(e) causes the performance to be seen and heard, or seen or heard, live in public.
(2) This section shall apply only to acts done in Singapore.
Action for unauthorised use
253. — (1) A performer may bring an action for an unauthorised use of his perfor-
mance.
(2) The relief that a court may grant in an action for an unauthorised use of a per-
formance includes an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit)
and damages.
(3) Where, in an action for an unauthorised use of a performance —
(a) the unauthorised use is established; and
(b) the court is satisfied that it is proper to do so, having regard to —
(i) the flagrancy of the use;
(ii) any benefit shown to have accrued to the defendant by reason of the use;
andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 148
(iii) all other relevant matters,
the court may, in assessing damages, award such additional damages as it considers
appropriate in the circumstances.
(4) The court may, in addition to any relief granted under subsections (2) and (3),
order any unauthorised recording of the performance, or any article specifically de-
signed or adapted for making unauthorised recordings of the performance, in thepossession of the defendant or before the court to be delivered up to the performer.
(5) No order shall be made under subsection (4) unless the court also makes, or it
appears to the court that there are grounds for making, an order under section 254.
(6) A performer to whom an unauthorised recording or other object is delivered up
pursuant to an order made under subsection (4) shall, if an order under section 254 isnot made, retain the recording or object pending the making of an order, or the
decision not to make an order, under that section.
Order for disposal of infringing copies or other object
254. — (1) An application may be made to the court for an order that an unauthorised
recording or other object delivered up pursuant to an order made under section 253
shall be —
(a) forfeited to the performer; or
(b) destroyed or otherwise dealt with as the court thinks fit.
(2) In considering what order, if any, should be made under this section, the court
shall have regard to —
(a) whether other remedies available in an action for an unauthorised use of a
performance would be adequate to compensate the performer and to protect
the interests of that performer; and
(b) the need to ensure that no unauthorised recording is disposed of in a manner
that would adversely affect a performer.
(3) The court shall issue directions as to the service of notice on persons having an
interest in the recording or other object.
(4) Any person having an interest in the recording or other object is entitled —
(a) to appear in proceedings for an order under this section, whether or not he is
served with notice; and
(b) to appeal against any order made, whether or not he appears in the proceed-
ings.
(5) An order made under this section shall not take effect until the end of the period
within which notice of an appeal may be given or, if before the end of that period
notice of appeal is duly given, until the final determination or abandonment of  the
proceedings on the appeal.IP/N/1/SGP/C/1
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(6) Where there is more than one person interested in a recording or other object, the
court may direct that the object be sold, or otherwise dealt with, and the proceeds
divided, and shall make any other order as it thinks just.
(7) If the court decides that no order should be made under this section, the person in
whose possession the recording or other object was before being delivered up is
entitled to its return and the court may order the defendant to pay to the performersuch damages as the court thinks just or equitable.
Rights to bring an action not assignable
255. The right of a performer to bring an action under this Part is not assignable.
Denial of protection to citizens of countries not giving adequate protection to
Singapore performances
257. — (1) If it appears to the Minister that the law of a country does not give ade-
quate protection to performances given in that country by a citizen of Singapore or a
person resident in Singapore (whether the lack of protection relates to the nature of the
performance or the nationality, citizenship or country of residence of its performer, or
all of those matters), the Minister may, having regard to the nature and extent of the
lack of protection involved, make regulations in relation to that country in accordance
with subsection (2).
(2) Regulations made for the purposes of this section may provide, either generally
or in such cases as are specified in the regulations, that this Part does not apply to
performances given after a date specified in the regulations (which may be a date
before the commencement of the regulations or of the Copyright (Amendment) Act
1998) if, at the time the performances were or are given, the performers were or are
citizens or nationals of a country specified in the regulations, other than persons res-
ident in Singapore.
Application to foreign countries
256. — (1) The Minister may make regulations applying any of the provisions of this
Part specified in the regulations, in relation to a country so specified, in any one or
more of the following ways, so as to secure that those provisions —
(a) apply in relation to performances given in that country  as they apply in re-
lation to performances given in Singapore;
(b) apply in relation to persons who are citizens or nationals of that country as
they apply in relation to persons who are citizens of Singapore;
(c) apply in relation to persons who are resident in that country as they apply in
relation to persons who are resident in Singapore.
(2) Regulations made under subsection (1) may apply the provisions —
(a) without exception or modification or subject to such exceptions or modifi-
cations as may be specified in the regulations; andIP/N/1/SGP/C/1
Page 150
(b) either generally or in relation to such classes of performances, or other
classes of cases, as may be specified in the regulations.
(3) The Minister shall not make regulations applying any of the provisions of this
Part in the case of a country, other than a country which is a party to a Convention
relating to the protection of performers to which Singapore is also a party, unless the
Minister is satisfied that, in respect of the performances to which those provisionsrelate, provision has been or will be made under the law of that country whereby ad-
equate protection is or will be given to performers whose performances are protected
under this Part.
THE SCHEDULE
Section 74.
FALSE REGISTRATION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
1. The provisions of this Schedule shall have effect where —
(a) copyright subsists in an artistic work, and proceedings are brought under this Act relating to
that work;
(b) a corresponding design has been registered under the Registered Designs Act 1949 of the
United Kingdom, or any Act amending or substituting for that Act, and the copyright in the
design subsisting by virtue of that registration has not expired by effluxion of time beforethe commencement of those proceedings; and
(c) it is proved or admitted in the proceedings that the person registered as the proprietor of the
design was not the proprietor thereof for the purposes of that Act or such other Act and was
so registered without the knowledge of the owner of the copyright in the artistic work.
2. For the purposes of those proceedings (but subject to paragraph 3) the registration shall be
treated as never having been effected, and accordingly, in relation to that registration, section 74 (1) of
this Act shall not apply, and nothing in any written law relating to industrial designs shall be con-
strued as affording any defence in those proceedings.
3. Notwithstanding anything in paragraph 2, if in the proceedings it is proved or admitted that any
act to which the proceedings relate —
(a) was done in pursuance of an assignment or licence made or granted by the person registered
as proprietor of the design; and
(b) was so done in good faith in reliance upon the registration, and without notice of any pro-
ceedings for the cancellation of the registration or for rectifying the entry in the register of
designs relating thereto,
section 74 (1) of this Act shall apply in relation to  that act for the purposes of the first-mentioned
proceedings.
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