RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/250
11 April 2001
(01-1877)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
REVIEW OF LEGISLATION
Responses from Jordan to questions posed by Canada, Japan,
Switzerland and the United States
By means of a communication from the Permanent Mission of Jordan, dated 28 March 2000,
the Secretariat has received the following responses to questions posed by Canada, Japan, Switzerland
and the United States, which were circulated in documents IP/C/W/245, 238, 239 and 240,
respectively.
_______________
CANADA
1. What recourse do right-holders have in respect of wilful trademark counterfeiting or
copyright piracy on a commercial scale, as required by Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement?
Right holders of Trademarks and Copyrights enjoy the option provided under Article 61 of
the TRIPS Agreement, in respect of wilful trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy as follows:
Trademarks
Article 38 of the Trademark Law No. 33 for the year 1952 and its amendments (for the year
1999) provides the following:
"1. Anyone committing, with intent of fraud, any of the following acts, shall be subject to
imprisonment for not less than three months and not more than one year, or a fine not lessthan a Hundred Jordanian Dinars and not more than Three Thousand Jordanian Dinars, or
both penalties: -
(A) Forged a trademark registered according to the provisions of this Law, or
counterfeited it in a manner that would mislead the public, or labeled inside theKingdom a forged or counterfeited trademark on the same class of goods for which
the trademark is registered.
(B) Unlawfully used a trademark owned by others on the same class of goods for
which the trademark is registered.
(C) Sold or acquired for the purpose of selling, or offered for sale, goods bearing
a trademark, the use of which is considered a crime according to subparagraphs (A)
and (B) of this Article, if he had previous knowledge of the same.
2. Notwithstanding what is stated in paragraph (1) of this Article, persons selling,
offering for sale, or acquiring for the purpose of selling, goods bearing a trademark, the use ofIP/C/W/250
Page 2
which is considered a crime according to subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) of this
Article, shall be fined of not less than Fifty Jordanian Dinars and not more than Five Hundred
Jordanian Dinars.
3. The provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article shall apply on whoever attempts,
assists, or provokes committing any of the acts provided for in the mentioned paragraph."
Copyright
Article (51) of the Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments (for the years
1998 and 1999) provides the following:
"(A) He shall be penalized by an imprisonment term of no less than three months and no
more than three years and  a fine of no less than JD 1000 and of no more than JD 3000 or by
one of those two penalties:
1. Whoever illegally exercised one of the privileges provided for the Articles 8,
9 and 10 of this law.
2. Whoever offers for sale imitation work of art or copies thereof although he
knows that it is imitated or conveys it to th e public in any way or imports it into the
Kingdom or exports it abroad.
(B) In case of a repetition to any crimes among the ones provided for the paragraph (A)
of this article, the perpetrator of the crime shall be sentenced the maximum of the
imprisonment penalty. Also, the Court may judge close  down the establishment in which the
crime has been committed for a pried of no more than one year or to suspend its license for a
certain period or for good ."
2. What protection does your Copyright le gislation afford to "foreign works"?
Copyright and Related Rights
Article 3 (A) of The Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments (for the
years 1998 and 1999) provides the following:
"The original works of literature and science shall enjoy protection under this law whatever
their type, importance or purpose of production".
According to the above article the law had only stipulated originality as the main factor for
acquiring copyrightability. There is no reference to the nationality, thus any original work of literature
or science is copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law.
Additionally, Article 4 of the same law refers to author as the  "person who publishes a work
attributed to him" and thus there is no limitation upon the nationality.
Once the work is considered copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law, its author is
granted all the rights and privileges acquired under the said law regardless of his/her nationality.
Additionally and under the current law, non- disposition of the copyrighted work at the
Documentation Center would not affect the au thor's rights as was stipulated before.
Finally Article 53 of the Copyright Law for the year 1998 and which provided protection only
for works published or reproduced in Jordan by Jordanian and foreign authors, and works ofIP/C/W/250
Page 3
Jordanian authors published abroad was cancelled by the amendments which took place in 1999, thus
the 53 of the current effective law as amended provides the following:
"(A) The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of Jordanian, and non-Jordanian
authors whether published or unpublished, which exist within the Kingdom in any of theobjective forms provided for in Article (3) Paragraph (b) (of the Original Law), and to the
works of Jordanian authors outside the Kingdom, whether published or unpublished, which
exist in any of the objectives forms provided for in Article (3) Paragraph (B).
(B) Subject to the provisions of the International Agreements regarding Copyright and in
the case where such provisions are not applicable, reciprocal treatment shall be taken into
account. The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of foreign authors published orunpublished outside the Kingdom, which exist in any of the objective forms provided for in
Article (3) Paragraph (B).
(C) For the purposes of applying this Article, authors who are habitual residents of any of
the Countries, which are members of the International Agreements on Copyrights, to whichJordan is also a member shall be accorded the treatment of the Kingdom's nationals, even if
they are not nationals. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to the holders of the
rights provided for in Article (23) of this Law."
JAPAN
1. Please explain exceptions or exemptions of the National Treatment and Most-Favoured-
Nation Treatment under the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Law, if any, as permitted in Articles3
and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Article 3 (A) of The Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments (for the
years 1998 and 1999) provides the following:
"The original works of literature and science shall enjoy protection under this law whatever
their type, importance or purpose of production "
According to the above article the law had only stipulated originality as the main factor for
acquiring copyrightability. There is no reference to the nationality, thus any original work of literature
or science is copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law.
Additionally, Article 4 of the same law refers to author as "the person who publishes a work
attributed to him" and thus there is no limitation upon the nationality.
Once the work is considered copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law, its author is
granted all the rights and privileges acquired under the said law regardless of his/her nationality.
Additionally and under the current law, non- disposition of the copyrighted work at the
Documentation Center would not affect the au thor's rights as was stipulated before.
Finally Article 53 of the Copyright Law for the year 1998 and which provided protection only
for works published or reproduced in Jordan by Jordanian and foreign authors, and works of
Jordanian authors published abroad was cancelled by the amendments which took place in 1999, thus
the 53 of the current effective law as amended provides the following:IP/C/W/250
Page 4
"(A) The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of Jordanian, and non-
Jordanian authors whether published or unpublished, which exist within the Kingdom in
any of the objective forms provided for in Ar ticle (3) Paragraph (b) (of the Original Law),
and to the works of Jordanian authors outside the Kingdom, whether published or
unpublished, which exist in any of the objectives forms provided for in Article (3)Paragraph (B).
(B) Subject to the provisions of the International Agreements regarding Copyright and
in the case where such provisions are not applicable, reciprocal treatment shall be taken
into account. The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of foreign authors
published or unpublished outside the Kingdom, which exist in any of the objective forms
provided for in Article (3) Paragraph (B).
(C) For the purposes of applying this Article, authors who are habitual residents of any
of the Countries, which are members of the International Agreements on Copyrights, to
which Jordan is also a member shall be accorded the treatment of the Kingdom's nationals,
even if they are not nationals. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to the holdersof the rights provided for in Article (23) of this Law."
2. Please explain how the term of protection of  a work under the Copyright Protection Law and
other related laws complies with the TRIPS Agreement.
The Jordanian Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments (for the years
1998 and 1999) complies with the terms of protection provided under the TRIPS Agreement and/or
the Berne Agreement as follows:
According to Article (30) of the law works of authors are protected during his lifetime and
for fifty years after his death, or the death of the last person remaining alive among the authors who
took part in compiling the work- if there is more than one author. For purposes of calculating the saidperiod of protection the date of death shall be deemed to occur on the first day of January of the
Gregorian Calendar Year following the actual date of death of the author.
On the other hand Article 31 of the law provides the following:
"The protection period for the following works shall be valid for fifty years as of the date of
publication, provided that the period of protection shall be deemed to begin on the first of
January of the Gregorian Calendar Year following the actual date of publication.
(A) Cinematographic and television works. However, where such works are not
published with the authorization of the right holder within fifty years of their
completion, the period of protection shall run from the date of the completion of the
work, which shall be deemed to begin on the first of January of the Gregorian
Calendar Year following the actual date of completion.
(B) Any work of art whose author or copyright holder is a corporate body.
(C) The work, which is published for the first time after the death of its author.
(D) The work of art which does not bear the author's name or which bears a
pseudonym, however, if the author reveals his identity during the protection period,
the protection period shall start from the date of the author's death."
Article (32) of the law specifies the term of protection for photographic works in addition to
works of applied arts and it states the following:IP/C/W/250
Page 5
"The term of protection for the following works shall be valid for twenty-five years as of the
date of its completion, which shall be deemed to occur on the first of January of the calendar
Gregorian year, in which the work was actually completed:
(A) Photographic works.
(B) Works of applied arts."
Terms of protection related to protecting the rights of performers, producers of phonograms
and broadcasting corporations are provided under paragraphs (C) and (D) of Article 23 of the law,
as and whereas the term of protection  for performers and producers of phonograms is 50 years to
be calculated as from the first day of January of the Calendar Gregorian year following the year in
which the performance and/or fixation of the work took place. The term of protection for
Broadcasting Corporations is 20 years to be calculated as from the first day of January of theCalendar Gregorian year following the year in which the broadcasting took place for the first time.
SWITZERLAND
A.  
PATENTS
1. In your law, are patents available for all categories of products? In particular, are all
pharmaceutical products patentable? Are there any exceptions? If so please explain in detail what
these exceptions are and how they comply with Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement.
The Jordanian Patent Law No.32 for the year 1999 fully complies with the provisions of
Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement as:
1. Article 2 of the law defines the "Invention" as any creative idea reached by an inventor,
which is related to a product, process or to both, and which provides a practical solution to a
particular problem in any field of technology.
Accordingly patent protection is available for any inventions whether products or process as
per Article 27.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.
2. On the other hand, Article 36(A) of the law has provided the following:
"(A) Patents shall be granted for manufacturing and special chemical operations related to
chemical products, medications, pharmaceuticals compound, or food."
3. Article 3 of the law provides the terms and conditions of patentability as (novelty, involving
an inventive step, capability of industrial application), as it provides the following:
"An invention may be granted a patent protection, if the following conditions are met:
(A) 1. If it is new in terms of industrial technology, previously undisclosed to the
public anywhere in the world, whether in written or verbal description, or through
use, or any other means which affect knowledge of the invention, prior to the date of
filing a patent application, or the priority date claimed in the application, pursuant to
the provisions of this Law.
2. Disclosure of an invention to the public shall not be taken into account if it
occurs within twelve months preceding the date of filing the patent  application, orIP/C/W/250
Page 6
the date of claiming priority in the application, if such  disclosure  was a result of an
act committed by the applicant, or the result of an unlawful act committed by a
third party against the applicant.
(B) If the invention involves an inventive step, which reaching is not obvious to a
skilled person in the art familiar with the prior state of the technology in the field of the
invention.
(C) If the invention is capable of industrial application, whereby it is capable of being
manufactured or used in any field of agriculture, fishing, services, or industry broadly
defined, including handicrafts."
Accordingly any invention and whether a product or a process and in any field of
technology which satisfies the terms of patentability under the Jordanian law which are compatiblewith Article 27.1 of the TRIPS Agreement is eligible to be patentable.
4. There are certain exceptions from patent protection, such exceptions are provided under
Article 4 of the law as follows:
"The following shall be excluded from patent protection:
(A) 1. Inventions, the exploitation of which would be contrary to public order or
morality.
2. Inventions, the prevention of its commercial exploitation, is necessary to
protect life and health of humans, animals, or plants, or to avoid serious prejudice
to the environment.
The application of the provisions of subparagraph (1) and (2) of this Paragraph is
conditional on the fact that the exclusion of protection is not made merely because theinvention’s exploitation is prohibited by other legislation in force.
(B) Scientific discoveries or theories, and mathematical methods.(C) Diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of both humans and
animals.
(D) Plants and animals, other than microorganisms.(E) Biological processes for the production of plants or animals, other than non-
biological and microbiological processes.
(F) Inventions, whose application for registration for the first time outside the
Kingdom, had been filed by the owner more than eighteen months prior to the date of filing
for registration in the Kingdom."
While the exceptions mentioned under paragraph (A) of the above-captioned article
corresponds for the exceptions mentioned under Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, the exceptions
mentioned under paragraphs (C), (D) and (E) of the same article are compatible with such exceptions
provided under Article 27.3 of the TRIPS Agreement.
It is worth clarifying that, the exception mentioned under paragraph (B) refers to purely
theories, discoveries and mathematical methods which may not in themselves be the subject of a
patent either for lack of novelty or for independent existence in the nature which is totally inIP/C/W/250
Page 7
conformity with the philosophy and principles of the Patent Law, bearing in mind the full scope of
patentability as elaborated under points 1, 2, 3 of this response hereabove.
As for the exception mentioned under paragraph (F) of Article 4, kindly note that Jordan
had previously explained that this provision was included to encourage patent applicants to timelyfile patent applications in Jordan and would operate in conjunction with the novelty requirement.
2. Does your law, in accordance with Article 27.1 in combination with Article 31 of the
TRIPS Agreement, consider importation as “wor king a patent” (and therefore preclude compulsory
licensing, if a product is being imported)?
This issue will be clearly reflected in the Draft Patent Regulation, which is currently before
the Legislative Bureau and is expected to be issued very soon.
Additionally article 4(20) (C) of the Free Trade Agreement signed between Jordan and the
US on the 24
th of October 200 (FTA Agreement) provides that importation shall be considered as
working.
3. Does your law make compulsory licenses subject to all the conditions enumerated in
Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement? Please cite the relevant provisions of law.
Articles 22-26 of the Patent Law govern the compulsory licensing in respect of patents.
Such provisions are in conformity with and/or  contains all of the conditions and safeguards
enumerated in Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement as follows:
• Article 23(A) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(a) of the Agreement
• Article 23(B) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(b) of the Agreement
• Article 23(C) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(c) of the Agreement
• Article 23(D) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(d) of the
Agreement
• Article 23(E) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(e) of the Agreement
• Article 23(F) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(f) of the Agreement
• Article 23(G) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(h) of the Agreement
• Article 24 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(g) of the Agreement
• Article 26 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(i) of the Agreement
• Article 26 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(j) of the Agreement
• Article 23(B&F) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(k) of the
Agreement
An Article corresponding Article 31(l) of the Agreement is not explicitly provided but there
is nothing violating the said provision in the law.IP/C/W/250
Page 8
4. Does your legislation provide for the principle of the reversal of burden of proof in a process
patent litigation? Please cite the relevant provisions of law.
Yes, under Article 34(A) of the Patent Law, which provides the following:
"(A) The court may require the defendant in any civil procedure regarding an
infringement of the rights of the Patentee pr ovided for in this Law, to prove that the
process of producing his product which is identical to the product produced by the
Patentee, is different from the process protected by the patent, if the production is made
without the Patentee’s consent and if there is a substantial likelihood that the identical
product is made by the process protected by the patent, and the patentee was unable
through reasonable effort to determine the process actually used. "
B. PROTECTION OF UNDISLOSED INFORMATION
5. Please explain in detail if your legislation ensures that undisclosed and confidential test data
or other data submitted by an applicant to the responsible State agency in the procedure for market
authorisation of a pharmaceutical or of an agricultural chemical product is protected against
disclosure and against unfair commercial use by a competitor, for example by prohibiting a secondapplicant from relying on, or from referring to the original data of the first applicant, when applying
subsequently for market authorisation for his own product.  Does your legislation provide for
exceptions to this? If yes, under what conditions would such exceptions apply? Does your legislation
provide for a defined period of protection for undisclosed information / for such test data of the first
applicant?
Protection of undisclosed information is prov ided under the Law of Unfair Competition and
Trade Secrets No.15 for the year 2000.
Article (8) of the said law indicates the kind of protection available in respect of
undisclosed data and/or tests which should be submitted before any official authority in Jordan, in
order to approve the marketing of pharmaceutical, ag ricultural, or chemical products, its term, and
the exceptions of granting such a protection.
The said article provides as follows:"If any official competent authority requires the submission of undisclosed tests, or other data
which are a result of considerable effort, in order to approve the marketing of pharmaceutical
or of agricultural chemical products which utilize new chemical entities, such authority shall
observe the following:
(A) Protect such data from unfair commercial use, by preventing any person
not having the applicant’s consent from using the data to market suchpharmaceuticals and his own products, only after the lapse of five years from the
date the applicant of such data obtained the approval to market his products.
(B) Protect such data from disc losure except in the following:
1. Where it is necessary to protect the public.
2. Where the competent authority took the necessary steps to ensure
that the data are protected against unfair commercial use."IP/C/W/250
Page 9
UNITED STATES
A. GENERAL
1. With respect to each form of intellectual property covered by Part II of the TRIPS Agreement,
including plant variety protection, please explain the manner in which the laws of Jordan ensure thatnationals of other WTO Members receive national treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment as
required by Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement.  Please cite to the relevant provisions of law.
Jordanian IP laws are not in violation with the National Treatment and/or the Most Favored
Treatment stipulated under Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement as nationality is not an element
in granting any rights and/or enjoying any privileges, and once the conditions of the law are fulfilled
the subject intellectual property right is granted with no regard to the nationality.
Kindly find hereunder an illustration of IP laws compatibility with the Articles 3 and 4 of the
TRIPS Agreement.
Copyright and Related Rights
Article 3 (A) of the Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments (for the
years 1998 and 1999) provides the following:
"The original works of literature and science shall enjoy protection under this law whatever
their type, importance or purpose of production"
According to the above article the law had only stipulated originality as the main factor for
acquiring copyrightability. There is no reference to the nationality, thus any original work of
literature or science is copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law.
Additionally, Article 4 of the same law refers to author as "the person who publishes a work
attributed to him" and thus there is no limitation upon the nationality.
Once the work is considered copyrightable under the Jordanian Copyright Law, its author is
granted all the rights and privileges acquired under the said law regardless of his/her nationality.
Additionally and under the current law, non- disposition of the copyrighted work at the
Documentation Center would not affect the au thor's rights as was stipulated before.
Finally Article 53 of the Copyright Law for the year 1998 and which provided protection
only for works published or reproduced in Jordan by Jordanian and foreign authors, and works of
Jordanian authors published abroad was cancelled by the amendments which took place in 1999, thus
the 53 of the current effective law as amended provides the following:
"(A) The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of Jordanian, and non-Jordanian
authors whether published or unpublished, which exist within the Kingdom in any of the
objective forms provided for in Article (3) Paragraph (b) (of the Original Law), and to the
works of Jordanian authors outside the Kingdom, whether published or unpublished, which
exist in any of the objectives forms provided for in Article (3) Paragraph (B).
(B) Subject to the provisions of the International Agreements regarding Copyright and in
the case where such provisions are not applicable, reciprocal treatment shall be taken into
account. The provisions of this Law shall apply to the works of foreign authors published or
unpublished outside the Kingdom, which exist in any of the objective forms provided for in
Article (3) Paragraph (B).IP/C/W/250
Page 10
(C) For the purposes of applying this Article, authors who are habitual residents of any of
the Countries, which are members of the International Agreements on Copyrights, to which
Jordan is also a member shall be accorded the treatment of the Kingdom's nationals, even if
they are not nationals. The provisions of this Article shall also apply to the holders of therights provided for in Article (23) of this Law."
Industrial Designs
Article 2 of the Industrial Designs and Models Law no. 14 for the year2000 defines the
"Owner of the Industrial Design or  Model" as "T he natural or juridical person who registered an
industrial design or a model, in accordance with the provisions of the law".
Article 3 of the said law provides the conditions  under which an industrial design or a model
is registered and given the protection, as novelty and independence.  Accordingly and where such
conditions are met and the industrial design or the model is registered, its owner is granted the same
treatment and has the same rights and privileges whether this person is a national of the Kingdom or
of any other WTO Member.
Patents
 Article 2 of the Patents Law no 32 for the year 1999 defined the "Patentee"  as "the natural
or juridical person who is granted a Patent" . Thus there is no distinction and/or discrimination
between nationals of the Kingdom and other WTO Members and the  Patentee is granted the samerights and advantages regardless of his/her nationality.
Furthermore and under the same article the "Invention" is defined as  "any creative idea
reached by an inventor, which is related to a product, process or to both, and which provides a
practical solution to a particular problem in any field of technology" , and on the other hand  the
"Patent"  is defined as "the certificate granted for the protection of an invention" .
According to the above one can easily notice that Patent Law does not refer to the
nationality, and once the patent application satisfies the formalities and patentability provided under
the law, its owner would be granted a patent under the Jordanian Patent Law and would be entitled
for all the rights, advantages and privileges regardless of his/her nationality.
Trademarks
Article 2 of the the Trademarks Law No. 33 for the year 1952 and its amendments (for the
year 1999 ) provided a defintion for the "Trademark" as "any clear sign used or shall be used by any
person to distinguish his goods, products or services  from the goods, products, or services of others" .
Additionally Article 6 of the said law stated that "a person desiring to have the exclusive use of atrademark for distinguishing goods of his own production, manufacture, selection, or in respect of
which he issued a certificate, or goods in which he trades or intends to trade, may apply for the
registration of such trademark in accordance with the provisions of this Law".
According to the above  any person - regardless  of the nationality - can apply to register a
trademark in Jordan, and upon satisfying the formal and objective conditions of registration , andfinalizing the procedures of registration - described hereunder under question 8 - the owner of the
registered trademark enjoys the same privileges and rights emanating from the registration .IP/C/W/250
Page 11
Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits
Article 2 of the Law for the protection of Layout-D esigns of Integrated Circuits No. 10 for the year
2000 defines "Integrated Circuit" as a "product, whether in its final form or intermediate form, that
performs an electronic function, which is composed of interconnected group of elements, at least one of
which is an active element, whereby these elemen ts are integrally formed together with their
interconnections in and/or on a piece of material".  "The Protected Layout-Design" is defined as "the
layout-design, which acquired the provided protection in accordance with the provisions of this law" .
The "Right Holder" is defined as "the creator of a protected layout-design or his legal successor".
* Same argument as above
Geographical Indications
While Geographical Indications are granted the same treatment under the Law of
Geographical Indications no 8 of the year 2000 without any distinction as to its origin as Article 2 of
law defines the "Geographical Indication as  "any indication  which identifies a good as originating in
the territory of a specific country, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality,
reputation or other characteristics of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical indication",
the right to shove an infringement upon a geographical indication is provided for any interested party
under Article 8 of the same law regardless of the nationality .
Trade Secrets and Unfair Competition
The Trade Secret and Unfair Competition Law No. 15 for the year 2000 does not discriminate
between Jordanians and non-Jordanian in connection to the right to prohibit an act of unfair
competition and/or to protect a trade secret. Under Article 5(A) of the said law the "Right Holder" isdefined as "the person who possesses the right to disclose, use and preserve the Trade Secret" .
 While there is no reference to the nationality in the definition of a "Right Holder" under the
law, Article 5(B) states that the "right holder ma y prevent any person from misappropriation of a trade
secret protected by this Law".
On the other hand Article 2 of the same law defines an act of unfair competition, as "any act
of competition contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters shall constitute an act
of unfair competition" , and gave examples of such particular acts, according to which any act that
creates confusion with the establishment, the goods and services, and the industrial or commercial
activities, of a competitor, in addition to any practice that discredits the reputation of the competing
products or services, and misleads the public is considered to be an act of unfair competition.Accordingly the law treated all competitors equally and preserved the right to prohibit unfair
competition regardless of the nationality of the co mpetitor and without granting any special treatment
for the nationals of the Kingdom against their competitors.
Plant Variety
Article 2 of the Law for the Protection of New Plant Varieties No. 24 for the year 2000 defines the
"Breeder" as "the person who bred, or discovered and developed, a new plant variety, or his successor in
title" .  The "Protected Variety" is the defined as  "the variety that is registered according to the provisions
of this Law".
On the other hand and while Article 5 provides the conditions that have to be met in the variety in
order to be registered, Article 6 identifies the people who have the right to register a variety under the law.IP/C/W/250
Page 12
Such Articles do not refer to the nationality, and once the conditions of the law are satisfied the Breeder,
enjoys all the rights and privileges granted according to the law.
B. COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
2. Please explain how the copyright law of Jordan pr otects computer programs as literary works
and complications of data as required by Article 10 of the TRIPS Agreement.
While Article 3(A) of the Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments
provides the following:
"The original works of literature and science shall enjoy protection under this law whatever
their type, importance or purpose of production".
Computer Programs and whether in source or object code is mentioned as an example of such
protected works under point no.8 of Paragraph B of the same article
Compilations of data is protected under Article 3(D) of the same law which provides the
following:
"Protection shall also be granted to other literary and artistic collections such as
encyclopedias, anthologies and data compilations whether in machine–readable form or any
other form, which constitute, in terms of their selection and arrangement of material, creativeintellectual works. Protection shall likewise be granted to collections containing selected
pieces of poetry, prose, music and suchlike provided that the source and authors of such
pieces, are mentioned in those collections and without prejudice to the author’s rights with
regard to each works which constitutes part of the said collection."
3. Article 11 of the TRIPS Agreement requires that rental rights for computer programs and
cinematographic works be available.  Please cite to the corresponding provision of the copyright law
of Jordan.
While Article (9) of the Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments
provides that the author shall have the "right to exploit the work of art in any financial way he
chooses", Paragraph (D) of the same article provides that "the author shall have the right to authorizethe use of one copy or more of his work to the persons who exploit them in leasing or hiring out and
other acts relating to offering the work to the public".
According to the above Computer programs and Cinematographic works are subject to the
right rental as provided under Article 11 of the TRIPS Agreement.
4. Please state the length and terms of protection the copyright law of Jordan provides  for a
work other than a photographic work or a work of applied art and cite to the relevant provision of
law.
Apart from Photographic works and works of applied arts, Articles 30 and 31 of the law
specify terms of protection.
According to Article 30 works of an author are protected during his lifetime and for fifty
years after his death, or the death of the last person remaining alive among the authors who took partin compiling the work- if there is more than one au thor.  For purposes of calculating the said period of
protection the date of death shall be deemed to occur on the first day of January of the Gregorian
Calendar Year following the actual date of death of the author.IP/C/W/250
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On the other hand Article 31 of the law provides the following:
"The protection period for the following works shall be valid for fifty years as of the date of
publication, provided that the period of protection shall be deemed to begin on the first of
January of the Gregorian Calendar Year following the actual date of publication:
(A) Cinematographic and television works. However, where such works are not
published with the authorization of the right holder within fifty years of their
completion, the period of protection shall run from the date of the completion of the
work, which shall be deemed to begin on the first of January of the Gregorian
Calendar Year following the actual date of completion.
(B) Any work of art whose author or copyright holder is a corporate body.
(C) The work, which is published for the first time after the death of its author.(D) The work of art which does not bear the author's name or which bears a
pseudonym, however, if the author reveals his identity during the protection period,
the protection period shall start from the date of the author's death."
Terms of protection related to protecting the rights of performers, producers of phonograms
and broadcasting corporations are provided under para graphs ( C) and ( D) of Article 23 the law,  as
and whereas the term of protection  for performers and producers of phonograms is 50 years to be
calculated as from the first day of January of the Calendar Gregorian year following the year in which
the performance and/or fixation of the work took place.  The term of protection for Broadcasting
Corporations is 20 years to be calculated as from the first day of January of the Calendar Gregorian
year following the year in which the broadcasting took place for the first time.
5. Please describe the protection the copyright law of Jordan provides for performers, and the
term of the protection .
The right of performers is referred to in Articles 5 and 23 of The Copyright Law as, and while
Article 5(B) of the Copyright Law grants copyri ght protection to "whoever performed and conveyed
to the public a work of art made by others whether this performance was through singing, playing,putting into rhythm, reciting, taking photographs, painting, pantomiming, chorea-acting, or any other
way" , Article 23 (A)(1) of the same law provides that the performer may prohibit others form fixing
their unfixed performance, reproducing any fixed performance, broadcasting it or conveying it to
public without their  authorization .
According to Article 23 (C) of the law, the term of protection is 50 years to be calculated as
from the first day of January of the Calendar Gregorian following the year in which the performance
took place
6. Article 14.2 of the TRIPS Agreement provides th at producers of phonograms are to enjoy the
right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of their phonograms.  Article 14.2
requires that producers of phonograms are to have the right to authorize or prohibit the commercial
rental to the public of originals or copies of their phonograms.  Please describe how the copyright
law of Jordan implements these obligati ons and indicate the term of protection.
The producers of phonogram's right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect
reproduction of their phonograms is provided under Article 23 (B) of the law.IP/C/W/250
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Pursuant to Article 23 (C), the term of protection is 50 years to be calculated as from the first
day of January of the Calendar Gregorian Year following the year in which the performance took
place.
7. Please explain how Article 9 of the Jordani an Copyright Law, which gives the author the
"right to exploit his work for financial gain in whatever manner he chooses," is consistent with Article
9.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, since TRIPS requires that the exclusive rights be granted to an author
regardless of whether the exploitation is financial or not.  Please explain whether this provision
would result in an author being unable to authorize or prohibit the production of his or her work in a
case where a third party reproduces the work other than for financial gain.
Article (9) of the Copyright Law does not, and under any circumstance, result in depriving the
author of his right to prohibit infringement of his work in case where such an infringement does not
lead to a financial gain, as the exclusive rights of the authors are enumerated in Articles (8) and (9)
and while Article (9) deals with the financial rights, Article (8) of the same law deals with the author's
moral rights such as the right to attribute the work  to himself, the right to determine publication and
its mode and date, the right to do any alteration to the work, the right to shove any infringement  uponthe work and to prohibit any distortion, fals ification, modification or any violation which is
detrimental to the authors reputation or honor.  Acco rding to Article (8) the author enjoys the right to
prohibit any infringement upon his work regardless of the existence of a  financial gain.
On the other hand, and pursuant to Article 51 of the Copyright Law an illegal exercise of any
of the privileges provided under Articles 8, 9, 10 and 23 is criminalized by an imprisonment term of
no less than three months and no more than three years and a fine of no less than JD 1000 and of no
more than JD 3000 or by one of those two penalties.
Accordingly, any infringement upon any of the author's rights numerated under Article 8 is
penalized as well, and the term "for financial gain" in Article 9 does not preclude the ability of the
author or right holder from engaging in, authorizing or prohibiting any non-commercial exploitation
of his work; except for those non-commercial exploitations explicitly permitted by the law without the
authorization of the author or right holder, provid ed that such exploitations were limited to certain
special cases, and provided that such exploitations did not conflict with a normal exploitation of the
work and did not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.
C. TRADEMARKS
8. Please describe the procedure that must be followed to register a trademark in Jordan, citing
the relevant provisions of the law, and describe the rights that the owner of a registered mark can
exercise.
According to Article (6) of the Trademarks Law No. 33 for the year 1952, any person who
wants to register a trademark may file a trademark registration application.
Articles 22- 27 of the Trademark Regulation No. 1 for the year 1952 specifies in details the
procedures that should be followed by the Registrar when a trademark application is filed. Once a
trademark application is filed, it is examined as to its registrability and existence of prior identicaland/or similar trademarks, and pursuant to Article (11) of the law the Registrar may accept the
application or reject it either absolutely or subject to certain conditions, amendments or
modifications as the case might be.
Article (13) of the law provides that trademark applications accepted by the Registrar are to
be published in the Official Gazette, and details of such a publication is governed by Articles 32, 33
of the Trademark Regulation.IP/C/W/250
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Article (14) of the law provides a three-month period for the filing of an opposition by any
party, and the procedures for filing and proceeding with such an opposition are provided under
Articles 34-45 of the Trademarks Regulation.
In the absence of an opposition action, or where such an opposition is filed and refused, the
relevant certificate of registration will be issued as duly .
Rights of the Proprietor of a Trademark
Subject to Article (26) of the Trademarks Law No. 33 for the year 1952 ,the registration of a
trademark shall give its proprietor the exclusive right to use it and the right to prevent third parties
from using confusingly identical or similar marks without his/her prior consent.
Additionally and pursuant to Articles (34), (38) and (39) of the law, the owner of a registered
trademark has the right to sue for damages, file for a criminal action and request provisionalmeasures against any infringement upon his/her registered trademark.
D.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
9. Please describe in detail how the laws of Jordan provide for the recognition and protection of
geographical indications required by Article 22.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, citing to the relevant
provisions of law or regulation, and provide examples of geographical indications so protected.
Article 3 of the Law of Geographical Indications No. 8 for the year 2000 provides the
recognition and protection required pursuant to Article 22.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Since there is not a registration system in this respect, courts will decided such an issue on a
case-by-case basis.
10. Please describe in detail the manner in which the higher level of protection required for wines
and spirits under Article 23.2 of the TRIPS Agre ement is implemented, citing to the relevant
provisions of law or regulation, and provide examples of geographical indications for such products.
The higher level of protection required for wines and spirits under Article 23.2 of the TRIPS
Agreement is implemented into Article 4 of the Law of Geographical Indications No. 8 for the year
2000.
Since there is not a registration system in this respect, courts will decided such an issue on a
case-by-case basis.
E. PATENTS
11. Articles 36(C)–(E) of Jordan’s patent law of 1999 appear to allow Jordan a delay of up to
three years to provide patent protection for chem icals related to medications, or pharmaceutical or
food products.  In paragraph 230 of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of theHashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the World Trade Organization, WT/ACC/JOR/ 33, Jordan stated that
it would apply fully all the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement from the date of accession to the WTO,
without recourse to any transitional period.  Please confirm that there is no transition to full
protection for the subject matter referred to in Article 36(A), citing any relevant laws and regulations.
If this cannot be confirmed, please describe in  detail how Articles 36(C)-(E) conform to the
requirement for patent protection under Articles 70.8 and 70.9 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Manufacturing methods and special chemical operations related to chemical products,
medications, pharmaceuticals compounds or food are fully protected and could be the subject of aIP/C/W/250
Page 16
valid patent in Jordan as and while the enforcement of Paragraph (D) of Article (36) required a
special decision from the Cabinet which was not issued at the time when the Patent Law was
enforced, Paragraph (E) of the same Article provided that "Paragraphs (C) and (D) shall come into
force within one month after the issuance of a decision to this effect by the Cabinet which should
take place during a maximum period of three years from the date of Jordan's accession to the WTO,and if the same decision was not issued during that time , then the provisions of said paragraphs shall
automatically come into force upon the lapse of the three years period".
However a decision by the Council of Cabinet has been issued on 28 March 2000. Thus
Paragraph (D) of Article (36) is fully e ffective now without any transitional period.
12. Articles 22-26 of Jordan’s patent law address compulsory licensing.  Purposes for
compulsory licensing, which are provided in Ar ticle 22, include national security, emergency
situations and public non-commercial benefit.  These articles do not address or provide purposes fordependent compulsory licenses.  Moreover, Arti cle 31 of the TRIPS Agreement imposes additional
conditions.  Please confirm that Jordan does not intend to grant dependent compulsory licences.
Please also explain in detail how the compulsory licensing provisions of Articles 22-26 contain all of
the conditions and safeguards enumerated in Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Jordan does not intend to grant dependent compulsory licences as the cases under which the
Minister of Industry and Trade, may grant compulso ry licenses are restricted to paragraphs A-C of
Article (22) of the Patent Law, and are not mentioned by way of example as the language of the said
article clearly indicates. Additionally the Patent Law provided no authority to the Government to
authorize the use of a patent without the auth orization of the right holder for the purpose of
exploiting a patent, which could not be exploi ted without infringing another patent. Worth
mentioning that  the representatives of Jordan ha d committed themselves to clarify this issue in the
implementing regulation. (Paragraph 212 of the Report of the Working Party on the Accession of the
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the World Trade Organization)
On the other hand Articles 22-26 of the Patent Law are in conformity with and/or contains
all of the conditions and safeguards enumerated in  Article (31) of the TRIPS Agreement as follows:
• Article 23(A) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(a) of the Agreement
• Article 23(B) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(b) of the Agreement
• Article 23(C) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(c) of the Agreement
• Article 23(D) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(d) of the Agreement.
• Article 23(E) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(e) of the Agreement.
• Article 23(F) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(f) of the Agreement.
• Article 23(G) of the Patent Law is in conf ormity with Article 31(h) of the Agreement.
• Article 24 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(g) of the Agreement.
• Article 26 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(i) of the Agreement.
• Article 26 of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(j) of the Agreement.IP/C/W/250
Page 17
• Article 23(B&F) of the Patent Law is in conformity with Article 31(k) of the
Agreement.
An Article corresponding Article 31(l) of the Agreement is not explicitly provided but there
is nothing violating with the said provision in the law.
13. Please confirm that importation constitutes working under the Jordanian patent law as
required by Article 27.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, cite any relevant laws and regulations, and explain
in detail how they apply.
This issue will be clearly reflected in The Draft Patent Regulation which is currently before
the Legislative Bureau and is expected to be issued very soon.
Additionally article 4(20) (C) of the Free Trade Agreement signed between Jordan and the
US on the 24th of October 200 (FTA Agreement) provides that importation shall be considered as
working.
14. Please explain in detail how the exclusions for "scientific theories and discoveries" in
Article 4 are consistent with the full scope of patentability that is required under Article 27 of theTRIPS Agreement.
The exclusion provided in Article (4) for scientific theories and discoveries does not
contradict with the full scope of patentability provided under Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement as:
1. Article 2 of the Patent Law has defined "Invention" as "Any creative idea reached by an
inventor, in any of the fields of technology, which is related to a product, process or to both, and
which provides a practical solution to a particular problem in any of theses fields". The same Article
defined the term Patent as "the certificate granted for the protection of an invention".
Accordingly the full scope of protection for both products and process are provided under
Article 2.
2. After defining the terms "Invention" and “Patent” in Article (2) of the law, Article (3)
defines the condition of patentability (novelty, non-obviousness, and capability of industrialapplication) . Accordingly any invention as defined under Article (2) and which satisfies the
conditions of patentability under Article (3) is eligible for patent protection under the Jordanian
Patent Law.
3. Scientific theories and discoveries mentioned under Article (4) of the Patent Law refers to
purely theories and discoveries which may not in themselves be the subject of a patent either for lack
of novelty or for independent existence in the nature which is totally in conformity with thephilosophy and principles of the Patent Law, bearing in mind that such theories and discoveries were
mentioned in the same paragraph with mathematical methods, thus the same philosophy for
excluding mathematical formulas applies to such scientific theories and discoveries .
4. In Article 4(17) of the Free Trade Agreement signed between Jordan and the US on the 24
th
of October 200 (FTA Agreement), Jordan had reconfirmed the full scope of protection under
Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement for any invention whether in the form of a product or a process.
15. Article 4(B) contains an exclusion for "mathe matical methods".  Jordan previously explained
that this applies to only purely mathematical subj ect matter.  Furthermore, there is no exclusion for
"computer related inventions".  Please confirm that  the exclusion for "mathematical methods" refersIP/C/W/250
Page 18
only to purely mathematical subject matter and not to "business methods" or "computer-related
inventions."
The term "Mathematical Methods" as mentioned under Article 4(B) does not extend to
include business and /or computer related methods and inventions as the exclusion mentioned inArticle 4 is limited to the cases mentioned under the said article and thus is applied exclusively upon
such cases.
Paragraph (5) of the Memorandum of Understanding on Issues Related to the Protection of
Intellectual Property Rights Under the Agreement Between Jordan and the United States of America
on the Establishment of a Free Trade Agreement "Jordan shall take all the steps necessary to clarify
that the exclusion from patent protection of 'mathema tical methods' in Article 4(B) of Jordan's Patent
Law does not include such 'methods' as business methods or computer related inventions" .
16. Article 4(F) contains a patentability exclusion for inventions filed more than 18 months before
filing in Jordan, which appears to have no precedent in the laws of other countries, any international
standard or emerging trend.  This provision may have an adverse effect on the decision making
process to pursue patent protection throughout the world.  Jordan previously explained that this
provision was included to encourage patent applicants to timely file patent applications in Jordan and
would operate in conjunction with the novelty requirement.  Jordan also indicated a willingness to
reconsider this issue.  Please explain in detail Jordan’s current position on this issue and identify any
regulations, guidelines or other materials that may help to clarify this provision.  Please also explainhow this provision is consistent with the right of priority under the Paris Convention, particularly
where a chain of priority is claimed in which the original patent application was filed more than 18
months prior to the last patent application.
Kindly be informed that the said issue is not tested yet, as the application of the new Patent
Law is dependent upon the issuance of the Regulation which is currently before the Legislative
Bureau. Thus there is not any practical application to this exclusion. However kindly be informed
that the exclusion provided under Article 4(F) of the law will be read and interpreted in view of the
law as a whole. Moreover the Registrar is to expected to issue guild lines which will further clarify
and identify this issue.
On the other hand and through the FTA Agreement, Jordan had undertaken  "to take all the
necessary steps to clarify that Article 4(F) of Jordan’s Patent Law shall be understood to exclude
from patent protection inventions whose application for registration for the first time outside Jordan
has been filed by the owner and published more than eighteen months prior to the date of filing for
registration in Jordan. Thus, an inventor, who outsi de of Jordan files but then withdraws a patent
application prior to publication, shall be permitted to file for a patent application in Jordan"(Paragraph 6 of the Memorandum of Understanding on Issues Related to the Protection of
Intellectual Property Rights Under the Agreement Between Jordan and the United States of America
on the Establishment of a Free Trade Agreement.)
17. The patent law excludes plant varieties from patent protection. In paragraph 220 of the
Report of the Working Party on the Accession of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the World
Trade Organization, WT/ACC/JOR/33, Jordan stated that it had no existing legislation covering the
subject of plant variety protection, but that a draft New Plants Variety Law was referred to the
Legislative Bureau at the Council of Ministers in November 1999.  Please cite any relevant laws and
regulations regarding plant variety protection in Jordan and explain in detail how the Jordanian laws
and regulations are consistent with Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Plant Varieties are protected in Jordan under the Law for the Protection of New Plant
Varieties No. 24 for the year 2000. A Draft Regulation is currently before the Ministry of
Agriculture and is expected to be issued this year.IP/C/W/250
Page 19
While Article 27 of the TRIPS Agreement provides that members "shall provide for the
protection of plant varieties either by patent or by an effective sui generis  system or by a
combination thereof" , Jordan satisfies this condition as its above captioned law provide full
protection for plant varieties whereas the term  "Variety" is defined as "any plant grouping within asingle botanical taxon of the lowest known rank, irrespective of whether the conditions for the grant
of the protection right are fully met, and is defined by the expression of the characteristics resulting
from a genotype or combination of genotypes, distinguished from any other plant grouping by the
expression of at least one of the said characteristics, and considered as one unit with regard to its
suitability for being propagated without changing any of its characteristics" .  Additionally, the said
law is consistent with the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
(UPOV 1991).
18. On the issue of marketing approval, Article 21(C) of the patent law appears to permit third
parties to submit applications for marketing approval for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical
products prior to the expiration of a patent.  During previous discussions, Jordan explained that the
operation of this provision would be coordinated with the MOH and the MOA to ensure that noapprovals would be granted until patent expiry.  Please describe the Jordanian marketing approval
process in detail, identifying any relevant regu lations, and explain how it ensures protection against
unfair commercial use of data as required by Article 39.3 of the TRIPS Agreement.
We will be forwarding the required answer, upon receipt of the same from the Ministry of
Health.
F.
ENFORCEMENT
19. Please briefly describe how the Government of Jordan meets the requirements of Article 41 of
the TRIPS Agreement, including Articles 41.1, 41.2, 4.3, and 41.4, and identify any relevant
Jordanian laws and regulations .
Article 41.1 of the TRIPS Agreement
(i) General provisions:
As a general rule, civil infringement of IPR, misuses of a trade secret or the acts of unfair
competition are characterized as torts.  As such th ey are subject to Articles (48), (49),  (256) (257),
(259), (263), (266), (267), (268), (269)  of the Civil Code no 34 for the year1976 .
In addition to the Civil Law, the Law of Civil Procedure contains provisions relating to civil
judicial procedures and remedies.
Under the Law of Civil Procedures, and along with the final decision, the court shall decide
to compensate the litigant in favor of whom the verdict was issued, for the fees and expenses
emanating from filing the lawsuit and its procedures.
The Court may also decide during the course of the lawsuit, the expenses of any specific
petitions or session when requested by any of the parties without prejudice to any decision that mightbe issued later on with regard to expenses.
In addition to all sorts of fees and expenses, the Court may decide on compensation of
attorneys' fees.IP/C/W/250
Page 20
On the other hand and as a general rule, any person who abuses another's right is liable to
compensate.  Disciplinary measures are also applicable against government officials and lawyers
who do not carry out their duties in accordance with laws and code of ethics.
(ii) Specific provisions
Jordanian Intellectual Property enforcement mechanisms are TRIPS compatible, additionally
and while the said laws include efficient enforcement mechanisms as required by the TRIPS
Agreement, it ensures and/or provides for safeguards against their abuse, as and under all IP laws, a
petition for provisional measures, including a request to suspend clearance of goods from customs, is
to be filed together with a monetary guaranty against any damages that may be sustained by the
defendant, if the petitioner proves to be unjustified in his claim or if the petitioner fails to commencean action on the merits within 8 days.
The provisions including such enforcement measures and safeguards are as follows:
• Patent Law No. 32 for the year 1999:  Articles 32-34
• Law for the Protection of New Plant Varieties No. 24 for the year 2000: Article 29
• Trademarks Law No. 33 for the year 1952 and its amendments for the year 1999:
Articles 34, 38, 39
• Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments for the years 1998 and
1999: Articles, 46-52
• Law for the Protection of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits No. 10 for the year
2000: Article 22
• Law of Industrial Designs and Models No. 14 for the year 2000: Article 17
• Law of Geographical Indications No. 8 for the year 2000: Article 8
• Law  of  Unfair Competition and Trade Secr ets No. 15 for the year 2000: Articles 3
and 7
Article 41.2 of the TRIPS Agreement
Enforcement procedures are fair and equitable, the right of litigation is available without any
limitation, the procedures are not unnecessarily complicated and the provisions governing it aretransparent, however there are no provisions setting definite time limits for court proceedings.
Regarding costs, the Court Fees Regulation governs costs of legal proceedings as follows:
(i) Fees for Civil Cases:
Court of First Instance, Court of  Appeal, and Court of Cassation:
Court fees are calculated as a percentage of the value of the case.   These are the total of 2%
of the first 10,000, 3% of the second 10,000, and 1% of each additional 10,000.  The fees are
capped at 1200 JDS.  The original fee is subject also to an additional fee of 10%.  There is
also a 6.8 JD fee to lodge the lawyer's power of attorney.  Any document presented in a case
is subject to a fee of 0.3% of its value in revenue stamp.IP/C/W/250
Page 21
Magisterial Courts:
Court fees are 3% of the value of the case not to exceed 25 JD.  In addition to the 10%
additional fee and the fee for lodging the power of attorney.
(ii) Fees for Criminal cases:
Fees are negligible
(iii) Appeals to the High Court Justice
Fees for appeals to the High  Court of Justic e are determined by the Chief Justice with a
lower limit of 30 JD and an upper limit of 300 JD.
(iv) Oppositions and Cancellations
The fees for Trademarks oppositions and cancellations actions are as follows:
Opposition Action: 100 JD
Cancellation Actions: 150 JDAs for other rights of Intellectual Property, kindly be informed that such fees are not
determined yet as fees schedules are parts of the said IP regulations not issued until this day.
Article 41.3 of the TRIPS Agreement
Article 160 of the Civil Procedures Law No. 24 for the year 1988  meets this requirement.
The award must indicate the court that issued su ch, its date of issuance, location, name of the
judges who participated in the issuance of such a nd were present in the citation of such, name of the
parties, their presence or absence and the name of their attorneys. The award must also include a
comprehensive citation of the lawsuit’s facts, pleas, a summary of their defense and the award
reasoning and conclusion .
Article 41.4 of the TRIPS Agreement
According to the Jordanian Industrial Property legislation, the final decision of the Registrar
are subject to appeal before  the High Court of Justice which  enjoy such a jurisdiction according toArticle 9(A)(8)(9)(10) of the Law of High Court of Justice No. 12 for the year 1972.
20. Please describe the mechanisms for identify ing and protecting confidential information in
civil judicial and administrative IP cases, as re quired under Article 43.1 of the TRIPS Agreement and
identify any relevant Jordanian laws and regulations.
Courts have a discretionary power to hold cases behind closed doors.  This discretion may
extend to cases where there is need to present conf idential information taking into consideration that
courts are bound to observe the Trade Secrets Law.
Moreover, Article (34) (B) of the Patent Law provides:"(B.1) The court shall take into  account the legitimate interests of the defendants to protect
their industrial and commercial secrets when requesting for evidence according to
Paragraph (A) of this Article.IP/C/W/250
Page 22
If such secrets are disclosed during a lawsuit filed by the plaintiff and based on an unjust
claim, the defendant may claim compensation for damages by virtue of a court's decision."
21. Please explain the authority of Jordanian judges and administrative officials to issue
injunctions (or equivalent measures) to order a party to desist from an infringement and to prevent
infringing goods from entering the channels of commerce, as required by Article 44.1 of the TRIPS
Agreement.  Please describe, in detail, th e procedures for issuing such injunctions.
All IP laws provide the options to cease the infringement, place a provisional attachment on
and/or seizure of the product subject of infringement wherever found, and preserve the evidence
related to the infringement, which measure may be taken by a court of law upon petition of the rightholder or successor and set out the same procedures for initiation, ordering and maintenance in force
of such a measure which involves:
1. Filing a petition with the competent court.
2. Submitting therewith a monetary guaranty sufficient to prevent arbitrariness, and
against any damages sustained by the defendant if the petitioner is not justified in his claim.
3. In cases where any delay is likely to cause irreparable harm to the right holder, or
where there is a demonstrable risk of evidence related to the infringement being lost, theCourt may take any of the provisional  measures provided in the Law on a provisional basis
without notifying the defendant, and in absence thereof. The injured parties shall be notified
of the measures taken by the Court as soon as the measure is executed.
4. Upon proving that the petitioner is the right holder and that his rights had been
infringed or that such infringement is imminent, the Court may take any of the measures on a
provisional basis to prevent the act of infringe ment from occurring, or to preserve evidence
relevant to the act of infringement.
Additionally, the Customs Law No. 20 for the year 1998 and its amendments for the year
2000 prohibits the entry into the Kingdom of imported goods, which constitute infringement of any
intellectual property right protected under the relevant Legislation in force, thus the right holder maysubmit to the competent court a petition attached with a cash or bank guarantee accepted by the
court, to suspend release and clearance procedures for the said goods, provided the petition is
supported by sufficient evidence about the infringement, and a detailed description of the infringing
goods.
Citation of the relevant Articles related to Provisional Measures are provided in the
responses to questions 19 and 31.
22. Do judicial and administrative officials in Jordan have the authority to order infringers to
provide right holders with information on third parties involved in the production and distribution ofinfringing goods or services and their channels of di stribution?  Under what circumstances is this
authority exercised?
There is no specific reference to the right to provide information about third parties involved,
however and pursuant to the Law of Civil Procedures and the Law of Evidence court is entitled torequest any party to produce documents which lie within his control, and that might be relevant to the
case.IP/C/W/250
Page 23
23. Please explain whether public authorities and offi cials are exempt from the liability for abuse
of enforcement procedures and describe the circ umstances in which such limitations do not apply, as
well as any relevant Jordanian laws and regulations.
Generally, judicial authorities are not subject to liability for actions carried by them.
The Criminal Code No. 16 for the year 1961 provides that a public official shall not be liable
for any act, undertaken in compliance with the la w or with an order from a competent authority
unless that order is without a legal basis.
Moreover, Article 263(2) of the Civil Law provides the following:
"And yet the public official shall not be responsible for his act causing damages to others if
he commits it in compliance with an order from his supervisor when compliance with such
order was obligatory or he believed that it was obligatory and he proves that he believed thatthe act he committed was lawful and his belief was based on reasonable grounds and that in
committing the act he exercised diligence and care."
However, disciplinary measures are applicable against government officials who do not
carry out their duties in accordance with laws.
The Customs Law provides that the Customs Department shall not be liable to compensate
the importer or the owner of the goods for any in juries resulting from suspension of release and
clearance of the goods.
24. Please explain whether the Customs Laws of  Jordan, and any amendments to these laws,
contains provisions that provide for the proh ibition of importation of goods contradicting the
provisions of intellectual property laws.
Article (41) of the Customs Law no 20 for the year 1998 and its amendments for the year
2000 prohibits the entry into the Kingdom  of imported goods which infringe an intellectual property
right protected under the applicable laws.
In addition Instructions No. 7 for the year 2000 on Border Measures for the Protection of
Intellectual Property Rights was issued pursuant to the Customs Law and for this purpose.
25. Please describe the procedures for protecting intellectual property at the border, as
require by Article 52 of the TRIPS Agreement (e.g., application, required information, process and
time-frame for notifying applicant of acceptance, effective period for border enforcement action).
Please identify any relevant Jordanian laws and regulations
.
Under Article 41 (A) (B) (C) of the Customs Law:
• The right holder should submit a petition to the competent court along with a cash or
bank guarantee.
• The petition should be supported by sufficient evidence about the infringement, and
a detailed description of the infringing goods.
• Petitioner may inspect goods subject to suspension of release and clearance
procedures, under the Department’s supervision, in order to substantiate the petitioner’sclaim.IP/C/W/250
Page 24
• The Court may order the petitioner to pay to the importer, the consignee, and the
owner of the goods an appropriate compensation for any injuries incurred as a result ofsuspending the clearance and release procedure, on a wrongful basis, or in the case of release
of the goods pursuant to provisions of the law.
• The competent court shall issue its decision with regards to the petition for suspension
of clearance procedures within three days of submission, and that the petitioner shall be
notified of the court's decision within a reasonable period.  .
• The defendant may appeal the court’s decision to the Court of Appeal within eight
days from the day the decision is notified or communicated to the defendant.  The Court ofAppeal's decision is considered final.
• Should the petitioner, and within eight days after being notified of the decision to
suspend release and clearance procedures, fails to notify the Customs Department that a courtcase has been instituted, then the seized goods shall be released provided that conformity of
such goods to legal requirements related to importation is established.
Under Article 2 of the Instructions No. (7) for the year 2000 on Border Measures for the
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.
1- Where there is a decision issued by the competent court to suspend clearance or
release of goods, such decision shall be referred to Competent Department, which shall
undertake the execution of such and shall address the relevant Customs House if specified to
implement the court's decision. If the Customs House is not specified, it shall issue a
proclamation to all Customs Houses.
2- The goods for which the competent court’s decision to suspend clearance or release
is issued shall be kept under impoundment at the customs yards and warehouses, and shall
only be released in the following two cases:
a- If the petitioner within eight days after being notified of the decision to
suspend release and clearance procedures issued by the court fails to notify the
Department that a court case has been instituted, and after submitting due evidence.
b- Where the competent court issues a decision including the cancellation of
the decision to suspend clearance procedures and to release the goods.
In such cases, the Directorate shall continue the clearance procedures pursuant to the
provisions of the Customs Law and the relevant provisions of the legislation in force.
26. Please explain what constitutes prima facie infringement in Jordan for purposes Article 52 of
the TRIPS Agreement.
While the Customs Law has provided that sufficient evidence about the infringement, and a
detailed description of the infringing goods has to be provided. It did not provide any provisions
and/or indications of prima facie  infringement.
Accordingly, we believe that a prima facie  infringement is to be decided on a case-by-case
basis, and according to the circumstances and evidence of infringement.IP/C/W/250
Page 25
27. Please identify what forms of intellectual property, if any are subject to provisions,
Article 53.2 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Copyright and Related Rights, Trademarks, Pate nts, Industrial Designs and Models, Layout-
Designs for Integrated Circuits, Trade Secrets, Geographical Indications.
28. What procedures exist for notifying applicants of the suspension of release?
While Article 41 (A)(2) of the Customs law has provided that the applicant should be
notified with the court’s decision of suspense within a reasonable period of time, the notificationprocedures are governed by the general rules of notification identified in the Law of Civil Procedures
(Articles 4-16), however the Customs law has introduced certain provisions that has to be take into
consideration in connection with notification procedures as follows:
Article 230:"Customs Department officials and judicial police officers may prepare and serve subpoenas,
notifications, judgments, and in general all documents relating to court procedures, including
collection and fining decisions."
Article 231:
"(A) Notification shall be made according to the provisions of Civil procedure, without
prejudice to the following two cases:-
1. If the person to be served notices changes elected place of residence or work
after the date of preparation of the verbal process, and without notifying the
Department in writing, or if the said person provides a false address, notification
shall be served by posting a notice at the latest, or known, or elected place of
residence or work,  and at the notice board of the competent customs house.
2. If the place of residence of the person to be served is unknown,  and if the
value of the goods involved in smuggling does not exceed 200 JDs, notification shall
be served through the court's bulletin board and a record thereof made in a verbal
process. If the value of the goods involved in smuggling exceeds 200 JDs,
notification shall be through the courts bulletin board, and at least one
announcement in a daily newspaper."
29. Please explain the procedures for allowing right holders an opportunity to inspect suspect
goods that have been detained by customs authorities, as required by Article 57 of the TRIPS
Agreement.  Please identify any relevant Jordanian laws or regulations.
Article 41 (E) of the Customs Law entitles the  applicant and/or petitioner  to inspect the
goods subject to suspension of release and clearance procedures provided that this is done in the
Customs Premises and under the  Department’s supervision .
On the other hand, Article 4 of the Instructions no 7 for the year 2000 on Border Measures
for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights provid es that the  right holder is allowed  to inspect
the goods subject of the suspension of release provided that this is done in the Customs Premises and
under the supervision of the competent employee thereof .IP/C/W/250
Page 26
30. Please explain whether the competent authorities in Jordan are empowered to act ex officio
and, if so, the enforcement action that may be taken.
Under the Criminal Procedures Law
The Public Prosecutor Office is responsible for initiating criminal proceedings either on its
own initiative or in response to complaints.
Under the Copyright Law
Where there is suspicion indicating that a violation of the Copyright Law is being committed
at any place which carries out printing, copying, producing or distributing of works, the employees
of the National Library are entitled to search such a place and seize the copies and the materials used
in their production and transfer such together with the persons committing the violation to court.
The Minister of Culture may also request the court to shut down the infringing establishment.
Under the Customs Law
The Director or a deputy thereof may – and only in cases where there are apparent and clear
signs of an infringement upon a trademark or copyright- suspend clearance and release of goods.
31. Please describe the remedies that are available to right holders in Jordan for infringing
goods (i.e. destruction, disposal or both).
Trademarks
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney’s fees.
• Criminal Liability (imprisonment for a period of not less than three months and not
more than one year or to a fine not less than one hundred Dinars and not more than three
thousand or both  )
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
• Confiscation of the goods, packaging, rol ling materials, advertisement, portraits,
seals, and other tools and materials primarily used for printing the trademark on goods, orused for committing the infringement, or resulted in the infringement.
• Destruction of the goods, packaging, rolling materials, advertisement, portraits,
seals, and other tools and materials primarily used for printing the trademark on goods, orused for committing the infringement, or result ed in the infringement, or its use for non-
commercial purposes.IP/C/W/250
Page 27
Patents
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney's fees.
• Criminal liability (imprisonment for a period of not less than three months and not
more than one year or to a fine not less than one hundred Dinars and not more than three
thousand or both)
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
4. Confiscation of the products, tools, and  main materials used, or resulting in
infringement.
Destruction of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting in infringement, or
their use for non-commercial purposes.
Copyright
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney's fees.
• Criminal liability (imprisonment for a minimum term of three months and a
maximum term of three years, and to a fine of not less than 1000 JD and not more than 3000JD, or to either of the punishments).
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
• Destruction of the copies or photocopi es unlawfully published, along with the
materials used in its publication.
• Alteration of   features of such copies, photocopies, and materials so as render them
unfit for use.
• Confiscation and sale of the copies or reproductions of the work and of the material
used for the reproduction.IP/C/W/250
Page 28
• Upon the request of the judgment beneficiary the court may order publication
of its judgment in one or more daily or weekly newspapers at the convicted party’sexpense.
Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney's fees.
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement wherever
found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
• Confiscation of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting in
infringement.
• Destruction  of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting in
infringement, or their use for non-commercial purposes.
Industrial Designs and Models
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney’s fees.
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
• Confiscation of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting  in
infringement.
• Destruction of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting in
infringement, or their use for non-commercial purposes.
Geographical Indications
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney’s fees.
• Provisional measures:
1 Cease the infringement.IP/C/W/250
Page 29
2 Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3 Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
• Confiscation of the products, tools and main materials used, or resulting in,
infringement.
• Destruction of the products, tools, and main materials used, or resulting in
infringement, or their use for non-commercial purposes.
Plant Variety
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney's fees.
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement.
Unfair Competition and Trade Secrets
• Civil liability: claiming damages including recovery of lost profit, expenses and
attorney's fees.
• Provisional measures:
1. Cease the infringement.
2. Place a provisional attachment on the product subject of infringement
wherever found.
3. Preserve the evidence related to the infringement
32. Please identify whether de minimis imports are excluded from the border measures under the
laws of Jordan, as permitted under Article 60 of the TRIPS Agreement, and explain what constitutes a
de minimis import in Jordan.  Please identify any relevant Jordanian laws and regulations.
According to the Article 41(F) of the Customs Law as well as Article 5 of the  Instructions
on Border Measures for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights No. 7 for the year 2000 the
following are excluded:
Small quantities of goods of a non-commercial nature, personal items and gifts contained in
travelers personal luggage or sent in small consignments, as well as goods in transit and goods which
are placed in the markets of the exporting country by the right holder or upon permission thereof, areexcluded.IP/C/W/250
Page 30
33. Please explain how the criminal fines provided for in the Jordan Copyright and Trademark
laws, which provide for a maximum of 3000 Jordanian Dinars (approximately US $4,255) are
compatible with Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement which requires remedies that are "sufficient to
provide a deterrent".
We believe that 30000 JD is adequate to provide sufficient deterrent to infringement, taking
into consideration such a remedies is among the highest criminal fines in Jordan, and bearing in mind
that the rate for the individual yearly income in Jordan (According to the data provided by the
Department of Statistics for the year 1997- the latest available-)  is 934.7 JD.
34. Please explain how the Jordanian Copyright La w, which fails to criminalize certain wilful
acts of commercial piracy, namely, the intent ional unauthorized use or copying of computer
programs in a business setting, is compliant with Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement.
Article 61 of the TRIPS Agreement is fully complied with under the Copyright Law as
follows:
Article(3)(B)(8) grants copyright protection for computer programs whether in source code
or object code as literary works.
Article (9) of the Copyright Law provides
"The author shall have the right to exploit his work of art financially in any way he chooses.
No other person shall be entitled to exercise this right without written authorization from
him or his successors. The right to exploit shall include the following
(A) The right to print and to convey and release his work to the public.
(B) The right to reproduce his work by all material forms including
photographic, cinematographer. Or recording means.
(C ) The right to translate his work of art into another language or to adapt it, or
to arrange it musically or to make any other alteration thereto.
(D) The right to authorize the use of one copy or more of this work to the
persons who exploit them in leasing or hiring out and other acts relating to offering
the work to the public.
(E) The right to convey his work of art to the public through recitation, delivery,
display, acting, radiophone broadcast, cinematographer publication or any othermeans."
Article 51 provides:
"(A) He shall be penalized by an imprisonment term of no less than three months and no
more than three years and  a fine of no less than JD 1000 and of no more than JD 3000 or byone of those two penalties:
1. Whoever illegally exercised one of the privileges provided for the Articles 8,
9 and 10 of this law.
2. Whoever offers for sale imitation work of art or copies thereof although he knows
that it is imitated or conveys it to the public in any way or imports it into theKingdom or exports it abroad.IP/C/W/250
Page 31
(B) In case of a repetition to any crimes among the ones provided for the paragraph (A)
of this article, the perpetrator of the crime shall be sentenced the maximum of the
imprisonment penalty. Also, the Court may judge close down the establishment in which the
crime has been committed for a pried of no more than one year or to suspend its license for a
certain period or for good."
Additionally and while the remedies provided under the Copyright Law include seizing the
pirated copies and the materials used in its production, and destruction of the copies or photocopies
unlawfully published, along with the materials used in its publication as mentioned in the response to
question 31.
35. Please describe whether seizure, forfeiture  and destruction of infringing goods and any
materials and implements are available as remedies in willful trademark or copyright piracy cases.
Yes such remedies are available under both the Copyright Law and the Trademark Law
(please see the response to question 31)
36. Please state whether decisions on the merit in court proceedings in Jordan are provided in
writing and if those written opinions are available to the public so that people can become familiar
with the law.
Decisions on the merit in court proceedings in Jordan are provided in writing in accordance
with Article 160 of the Law of Civil Proceedings, which provides the following:
"The award must indicate the court that issued it, its date of issuance, location, name of the
judges who participated in its issuance and those who were present in the its citation, full
names of the parties, their presence or absence and the name of their attorneys. The award
must also include a comprehensive citation of the lawsuit’s facts the parties’ requests, asummary of their pleas and defences and the award reasoning and conclusion ."
In general court decisions are not published for public, however and in cases of major legal
disputes that affect a large sector of people and/or has an impact on the economic situation and in
cases of crimes that disturb the national security, Jordanian Newspapers usually updates the public
with the process of trial of such court cases and disputes and publishes the outcome of case and its
basis. Worth mentioning that Jordan Bar Association publishes court decisions in its journal issued
on monthly basis.
37. Please describe any new initiatives that are planned to improve enforcement of intellectual
property rights in Jordan, particularly initiatives related to criminal enforcement.
The Law of Criminal Procedures No. 9 for the year 1961 is under the process of revision and
amendment, and an advanced draft currently is before the House of Deputies for review andadoption.
Additionally the Criminal Law No. 16 for the year 1961 is under amendment and a draft
copy is currently before the Legislative Bureau. Worth mentioning that the said draft includes a
separate chapter for computer crimes.
38. Please provide statistical information related to civil copyright, trademark, geographical
indication, industrial design, patent, integrated circuit layout-design and trade secret enforcement for
each of the year 2000, including the number of cases filed; injunctions issued; infringing products
seized; infringing equipment seized; cases resolved (including settlement); and the amount of
damages awarded.IP/C/W/250
Page 32
Statistical information of such a kind is not available in Jordan under the current judicial
system. However kindly note that enforcement of IPR in Jordan during the year 2000 has witnessed a
remarkable progress, which was distinct before official authorities as well  as the public.
39. Please provide statistical information related to criminal enforcement in the area of
copyright piracy and trademark infringement for each of the year 2000, including the number of
raids, prosecutions, convictions, and the amount of fines and/or jail terms (including whether the fines
were paid and whether the jail term was actually served or was suspended) and any other information
establishing the criminal system operated effectively to deter copyright piracy and trademark
counterfeiting.
As above-mentioned statistical information is not available in Jordan, however and on the
criminal level, the Kingdom had witnessed an obvious progress, which had resulted in a considerable
decrease of infringement, especially in connection with pirated and counterfeited goods.  It is worth
mentioning that the jail term was served for the first time in the Kingdom's history.
40. Please list and describe the functions of those government entities within the government of
Jordan that have intellectual property enforcement authority.
(i) Ministry of Industry and Trade
Trademarks:
Article 14- Opposition Action
Article 25- Cancellation Action
Patents
Article 14- Opposition Action
Article 30(C)- Cancellation Action
Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits
Article 8- Opposition Action
Article 13- Cancellation Action
Industrial Designs and Models
Article 9 -Opposition Action
Article 13 -Cancellation Action
(ii) National Library / Ministry of Culture
Copyright
Article 36 - Right to inspect, seize and refer to the competent court, right to request closing the
shop.
(iii) Ministry of Agriculture
Plant Varieties
Article 12- Opposition Action
Article 23- Cancellation ActionIP/C/W/250
Page 33
(iv) Customs Department
The Tariff Directorate
Article 41 of the Customs LawArticles 2 and 3 of the Instructions on Border Measures for the Protection of Intellectual
Property Rights.
41. Please provide us with a copy of any Jordanian laws that relate to the enforcement of
intellectual property rights.
Enclosed herewith-kindly find copies of the laws enumerated under the numbers 7-16,
however and as for the laws under the numbers 1-6 kindly be informed that a translation of the
provisions related to IP Enforcement is provided as the said laws are not available in English.
- Civil Law No. 43 for the year 1976.
- Law of High Court of Justice No. 11 for the year 1989.
- Criminal Law No. 16 for the year 1961.
- Law of Civil Procedures No. 24 for the year 1988.
- Law of Criminal Procedures No. 9 for the year1961.
- Evidence Law No. 30 for the year 1952.
- Trademarks Law No. 33 for the year 1952 and its amendments.
- Copyright Law No. 22 for the year 1992 and its amendments
- Patents Law no 32 for the year 1999.
- Law of Industrial Designs and Models No. 14 for the year2000.
- Law for the Protection of Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits No. 10 for the year
2000.
- Law for the Protection of New Plant Varieties No. 24 for the year 2000.
- Law of Geographical Indications no 8 of the year 2000.
- Trade Secret and Unfair Competition Law No.15 for the year 2000.
- Customs Law No. 20 for the year 1998 and its amendments.
- Instructions on Border Measures for the Pr otection of Intellectual Property No. 7 for
the year 2000.
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