APPENDIX TABLESEgypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 109
Table AI.1
Exports by groups of products, 1992-97
(US$ million and per cent)
Commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 3,050.0 3,105.2 3,472.5 3,444.1 3,534.4 3,908.0
Total primary products 64.7 67.1 60.7 59.6 68.4 59.7
Agriculture 14.1 12.4 16.3 16.0 14.8 11.5
Food 11.0 10.1 8.3 9.9 10.6 7.6
Rice glazed or polished 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.6 3.3 1.8
Potatoes fresh excl sweet 1.4 1.0 0.8 3.0 2.3 1.1
Agricultural raw material 3.1 2.3 8.0 6.1 4.2 3.8
Raw cotton ,excl linters 1.7 1.4 6.7 4.4 2.6 2.8
Petroleum and Mining 50.6 54.7 44.4 43.6 53.5 48.2
Ores and other minerals 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.1
Non-ferrous metals 6.4 4.5 4.8 5.8 5.3 3.9
Aluminium, alloys, unwrought 0.0 0.0 0.8 4.3 4.7 3.2
Fuels 43.7 49.8 39.0 37.2 47.6 43.3
Residual fuel oils 4.4 5.8 14.0 13.4 22.9 22.7
Crude petroleum, etc. 38.0 42.3 22.8 20.9 23.1 17.1
Lubricating oils, greases 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1
Coke of coal, etc. 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.0
Manufactures 35.3 32.9 39.3 40.4 31.6 40.3
Iron & steel 4.5 4.2 3.9 4.6 2.0 2.8
Iron, steel bars etc. 1.4 1.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.7
Chemicals 5.4 3.6 4.7 5.9 5.0 7.2
Coal, petroleum distilates n.e.s. 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.1
Medicaments 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.3
Chem prods, preps n.e.s. 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6
Other semi-manufactures 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.0 5.4
Brick etc non-refractory 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9
Machinery and transport equipment 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.2
Power generating machines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other non-electrical machinery 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Agricultural machinery and tractors 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Office machines & telecommunications equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other electrical machines 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1
Automotive products 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8
Motor vehicle parts n.e.s. 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7
Other transport equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Textiles 13.0 12.7 17.7 16.4 11.9 13.4
Grey cotton yarn in bulk 8.1 6.9 10.9 8.9 5.5 7.2
Grey woven cotton fabric 2.1 2.4 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.5
Other textile products 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.4 2.2 2.0
Clothing 5.4 5.8 6.7 7.5 7.0 6.9
Textile clothes not knit 3.5 3.9 4.2 5.1 4.6 4.2
Clothing, accessories knit 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.8
Other consumer goods 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.5
Articles of plastic n.e.s. 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.2
Ceramic plumbing fixtures 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.7
Other 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Source : UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1)WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 110
Table AI.2
Imports by groups of products 1992-97
(US$ million and per cent)
Commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 8,292.9 8,175.2 9,586.6 11,738.9 13,019.6 13,095.3
Total primary products 40.3 35.1 37.8 39.4 40.1 37.1
Agriculture 35.7 26.0 33.2 35.4 35.6 32.4
Food 29.4 23.9 27.5 28.4 29.5 26.4
Wheat etc unmilled 8.5 4.1 8.0 7.5 9.5 6.3
Maize unmilled 2.1 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.3 2.9
Raw beet and cane sugar 0.2 0.1 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.0
Sunflower seed oil 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.6
Palm oil 0.8 0.0 0.7 1.4 1.3 1.4
Bovine meat fresh, frozen 1.4 0.0 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.2
Vegetable oil residues 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.2
Agricultural raw material 6.3 2.1 5.7 7.1 6.1 6.0
Lumber shaped conifer 3.7 0.0 2.7 3.8 2.7 3.1
Petroleum and mining 4.6 9.1 4.6 3.9 4.5 4.7
Ores and other minerals 1.8 5.9 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.7
Non-ferrous metals 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.3
Fuels 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.8
Manufactures 59.7 64.9 62.1 60.6 59.9 62.9
Iron & steel 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.7 7.8 7.0
Chemicals 13.1 13.1 12.1 13.1 12.3 13.3
Prod of polymerizing etc. 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.6
Medicaments 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3
Other semi-manufactures 9.6 9.2 8.9 9.8 8.8 9.1
Paper etc in bulk n.e.s. 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.9 1.2 1.3
Machinery and transport equipment 26.2 31.0 29.0 25.1 25.3 27.0
Power generating machines 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2
Other non-electrical machinery 11.7 13.3 11.9 11.1 11.7 12.4
Pumps, centrifuges 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.8
Machine parts, accessories n.e.s. 2.2 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.7
Other machines non electrical 1.3 2.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6
Const, mining machinery n.e.s. 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.6
Agricultural machinery and tractors 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Office machines & telecommunications equipment 3.3 4.1 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.6
Telecomm equipment n.e.s. 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.5
Other electrical machines 5.3 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.6 4.8
Electric power machinery 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3
Switchgear etc 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1
Automotive products 5.1 5.9 7.5 5.9 5.2 5.1
Passenger motor vehicles excluding buses 1.4 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.4
Motor vehicle parts n.e.s. 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.2
Other transport equipment 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.1
Textiles 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3
Clothing 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Other consumer goods 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 4.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Source : UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 111
Table AI.3
Exports by destination, 1992-97
(US$ million and per cent)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 3,050.0 3,105.2 3,472.5 3,444.1 3,534.4 3,908.0
America 9.8 14.8 11.2 15.8 13.4 12.1
United States 9.4 13.9 10.5 15.2 13.0 11.4
Canada 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
Other America 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5
Europe 49.0 46.8 51.4 52.3 53.9 47.6
EU15a39.7 40.1 44.0 45.8 45.6 41.5
Italy 14.2 12.9 12.3 13.3 12.4 11.2
Germany 4.2 4.2 6.0 6.0 4.6 6.8
Netherlands 5.7 5.5 6.0 4.8 10.3 6.8
Greece 2.3 4.0 3.4 4.0 4.0 4.5
France 4.2 5.0 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.8
Spain 2.4 3.2 4.3 4.6 2.8 2.9
United Kingdom 3.4 2.7 4.1 4.1 4.7 2.3
Belgium-Luxembourg 1.9 1.4 2.1 3.2 1.4 1.6
Portugal 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0
EFTA 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2
East Europe 6.4 3.7 3.4 2.8 3.2 3.0
Romania 3.1 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.6
Former USSR 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.0
Other Europe 1.8 2.1 3.3 3.2 4.8 3.0
Turkey 0.6 0.8 2.1 2.4 3.3 2.5
Asia 32.8 30.9 30.4 24.9 27.4 29.9
Middle East 22.6 20.3 16.4 14.9 20.7 17.7
Israel 9.5 7.4 5.4 5.1 10.0 8.4
Saudi Arabia 6.6 6.3 4.5 3.3 3.5 3.5
Syrian Arab Republic 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 0.9
East Asia 9.4 8.9 10.7 7.4 5.8 10.2
Singapore 4.7 4.1 4.2 2.7 2.5 3.9
Japan 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.3
Korea, Rep. of 1.9 1.4 3.1 1.5 1.0 1.5
Thailand 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.1
South Asia 0.8 1.8 3.2 2.6 1.0 1.9
India 0.5 1.1 1.9 1.5 0.4 1.1
Oceania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Africa 6.3 5.3 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.9
Sub-saharan Africa 2.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.2
Other Africa 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.8
South Africa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0
Other 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.8 0.4 5.4
a Data for the period before 1995 includes all current member States of the European Union.
Source : UNSD,. Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 112
Table AI.4
Imports by origin, 1992-97
(US$ million and per cent)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total (US$ million) 8,292.9 8,175.2 9,586.6 11,738.9 13,019.6 13,095.3
America 21.6 18.0 21.1 22.6 25.0 19.4
United States 17.5 15.0 16.9 18.8 20.0 13.1
Canada 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8
Other America 3.1 2.4 3.8 3.2 4.3 5.5
Argentina 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.6
Brazil 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.0
Europe 51.4 55.8 50.8 51.4 48.9 51.3
EU15a41.1 45.4 40.0 38.9 36.2 38.4
Germany 10.4 10.9 9.5 8.9 8.4 8.7
Italy 6.6 8.3 6.4 6.2 6.7 7.1
France 5.0 6.6 6.2 5.8 4.4 6.2
United Kingdom 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.3
Netherlands 3.6 3.5 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.9
Sweden 2.5 2.7 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.3
Spain 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7
Belgium-Luxembourg 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.6
EFTA 3.7 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.3
Switzerland 3.5 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.0
East Europe 3.7 5.1 6.3 7.2 6.9 8.0
Former USSR 0.5 2.5 3.6 4.5 3.8 4.8
Romania 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7
Russian Federation 0.4 1.8 2.9 3.5 2.8 2.9
Ukraine 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.8
Other Europe 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.7
Asia 17.6 17.6 16.8 17.3 16.5 19.1
Middle East 2.3 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 4.8
Saudi Arabia 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.4
East Asia 13.5 13.2 12.0 12.3 11.3 12.2
Japan 4.3 4.5 4.2 2.7 2.6 3.4
China 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.3
Korea, Rep. of 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.9 1.5 1.8
Malaysia 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.9 1.8
South Asia 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1
India 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.7
Oceania 3.5 2.8 4.5 1.3 3.3 3.9
Australia 3.3 2.4 4.2 1.1 3.0 3.7
Africa 1.9 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.0
Sub-saharan Africa 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2
Other Africa 0.7 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.9
Other 3.9 4.3 5.0 5.0 4.1 4.3
a Data for the period before 1995 includes all current member States of the European Union.
Source : UNSD, Comtrade database (SITC Rev.1).Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 113
Table AIII.1
Appeals against customs decisions, 1992-97
Year Primary arbitration Percentage settledPercentage sent to higher
arbitration
1992 1,248 74 26
1993 2,207 69 31
1994 2,443 62 38
1995 2,552 61 39
1996 2,414 60 40
1997 2,929 51 49
Source : Data provided by the Egyptian authorities.
Table AIII.2
Specific and mixed duties, 1998
HS Chapter Heading Description Duty rate
24.01 Unmanufactured tobacco, tobacco refuse
2401.10.00 Tobacco, not stemmed
2401.10.10 - tomback LE 9/kg. net
2401.10.90 - other LE 6.1/kg. net
2401.20.00 Tobacco, partly or wholly stripped
2401.20.10 - tomback LE 6.1/kg. net
2401.20.90 - other LE 9/kg. net
2401.30.00 Tobacco refuse
2401.30.10 - tomback LE 9/kg. net
2401.30.90 - other LE 6.1/kg. net
24.02 Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes
2402.10.00 - cigars, cheroots, cigarillos containing tobacco 85% (minimum limit of LE 150/ kg. net)
2402.20.00 - cigarettes containing tobacco (with or without filter) 85% (minimum limit of LE 100/kg. net)
2402.90.00 - other ..
2402.90.10 - cigars 85% (minimum limit of LE 150/kg. net)
2402.90.20 - cigarettes (with or without filter) 85% (minimum limit of LE 100/kg. net)
24.03 Other manufactured tobacco and substitutes
2403.10.00 - smoking tobacco, with or without substitutes LE 9/kg. net
2403.10.90 - other LE 9/kg. net
2403.91.00 - homogenized or reconstituted tobacco LE 8/kg. net
2403.99.00 - other LE 8/kg. net
2403.99.10 - cut or compressed or for chewing LE 9/kg. net
2403.99.90 - other, including snuff LE 8/kg. net
.. Not available.
Source : WTO Secretariat based on data provided by the Egyptian authorities.WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 114
Table AIII.3
Main items bound at levels below applied MFN tariff rate, 1998
HS
ChaptersDescription No. of linesAverage applied rate
(Per cent)Average bound rate
(Per cent)
28 Inorganic chemicals 144 11.1 7.0
29 Organic chemicals 108 11.0 7.2
52 Cotton 77 54.0 48.0
54 Man-made filaments 33 54.0 48.0
58 Special woven fabrics 37 54.0 48.0
59 Impregnated, coated, cover/laminated textile fabric 10 54.0 48.0
84 Machinery and mechanical appliances 77 10.3 5.0
85 Electrical machinery and equipment 21 11.1 5.2
Source : Secretariat estimates based on WTO Schedule LXIII and data provided by the Egyptian authorities.
Table AIII.4
Services subject to sales tax
Service Unit Rate
Hotels and tourist restaurant services, with the exception of services provided to
employees free of chargeBilled rate 5%
Tourist transport companies Billed rate 5%
Telex and fax services Billed rate 10%
Air conditioned transport between the governorates including bus and railroad transport Ticketed value 5%
Private sound and light shows "Service amount" 10%
Services using utilities of sound and light service companies "Service amount" 10%
Services of professional brokers for holding general or private ceremonies Contract amount 5%
Local telephone and telegram services (for the public, the Government and others) Billed rate 5%
International communications services (radio, satellite and others), car wirelesses (local
or international)Billed rate 10%
Telephone installation or connection services (including wireless) Billed rate 10%
Services for working for others "Service amount" 10%
Car rental services "Service amount" 10%
Express mail services "Service amount" 10%
Cleaning and special security services "Service amount" 10%
Road usage services Tax rate 10% (min.
25 piastres)
Intermediary real estate services Value of service 10%
Intermediary services for vehicle sales Value of service 10%
Source : General Sales Tax, Law 11/1991 as amended by Laws 91/96, 2/97 and 163/1998.Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 115
Table AIII.5
Banned imports, 1998
HS ChapteraCommodity
02 Poultry liver
04 Edible poultry offal
51 Woven fabrics of wool or fine hair
52 Other cotton woven fabrics
54, 55 Woven fabrics of polypropylene, of a width not less that 4 metres for moquette and carpet industry and woven
fabrics of man-made fibresb
55 Woven man-made fibre woven fabrics
58 Cotton gauze
Cotton terry towelling
Woven pile and chenille fabrics
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics, elastic or rubberized
Knitted or crocheted fabrics, not elastic or rubberized
61 Gloves, knitted or crocheted, not elastic or rubberized
Gloves, mittens, stockings, socks, not knitted or crocheted
Knitted or crocheted fabrics, not elastic or rubberized
Men's and boys' outer garments
Men's and boys' under garments, including collars, shirts and cuffs
Outer garments and accessories, neither elastic or rubberized
Shawls, scarves, muffs, veils, etc.
Stockings, understockings and the like, not elastic or rubberized
Under garments, knitted or crocheted, not elastic or rubberized
Women's, girls' and infants' outer garments
Women's, girls' and infants' under garments
63 Bed linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen linen, curtains and other furniture
Clothing, clothing accessories, blankets, household linen and furnishings of textile materials, footwear and
headgear of any material showing signs of appreciable wear and tear, and imported in bulk or in bales, sacks or
similar bulk packaging
Sacks and bags of cotton or man-made fibres
Travel rugs and blankets
a Not all tariff lines in the Chapter are subject to import bans.
b Plastic mats made of polypropylene with a width of more than 5 metres were removed from the list of banned imports in 1997.
Source : Import and Export Regulations, Annex no. 1 as amended by decrees 288/1993 and 227/1997.WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 116
Table AIII.6
Permitted second-hand imports and prescribed conditions
Product Prescribed conditions
Arms Approval required from the Ministry of Interior Affairs.
Containers Unrestricted
Aircraft tyres To be bought through Egyptian airports.
Production lines, machinery, machines, apparatus, equipment and
spare partsPermitted except articles and spare parts for domestic use;
computer equipment and parts to be no more than ten years old;apparatus, machinery and equipment for medical use must be
approved by the Ministry of Health.
Rags and second hand pieces of cloth made of textile material and
remnants of thread, bundles and thick ropesOnly imports of the raw material are allowed on approval from the
relevant Authority at the Ministry of Industry.
Scrap metal including second-hand railway rails Should not include second-hand auto spare parts;  rails to be
turned into scrap before customs clearance is sought.
Sports material, equipment and apparatus Unrestricted.
Plastic scrap and waste Approval required from the Head of the Environmental Affairs
Agency.
Transport equipment and spare parts (except motor cycles) Authorized spare parts are:  mudguards, doors, motors, gearboxes,
bodywork (except chassis), bumpers, different bearings, wheel
rims, dashboards and springs;
Motor vehicles imported for private use should be no more thanfive years old from date of manufacture to date of shipment,
except dumpers designed for use outside public roads, motor
vehicles equipped with hydraulic cranes mounted on a mobileplatform, and motor vehicles provided with concrete pumps;
buses, passenger cars and other motor vehicles for the transport of
goods and material, road tractors for semi-trailers to be no morethan one year old from date of manufacture to date of shipment
and possession and to have been owned by residents abroad for at
least nine months for private and/or commercial use;
Approval is required by the Civil Aviation Administration for the
import of aircraft and their spare parts;
Approval is required from the Ministry of Transport for ships andfishing boats;
Approval is required from the Ministries of Tourism and MarineTransport for tourist ships and vessels.
Waste paper, returnable newspapers and magazines and second-
hand booksApproval is required from the relevant Authority at the Ministry of
Information.
Waste, ordinary containers and empty receptacles from free-zoneprojectsApproval is required from the Head of the Executive Agency of
the Investment Authority;  should not include articles that aresubject to import bans.
Works of art, collections and monuments Approval is required from the Ministry of Culture.
Source : Import and Export Regulations, 1998, Annex 2, including decree 194/1997.Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 117
Table AIII.7
New Egyptian standards, 1992-97
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total standards issued 385 443 226 239 152 256
Equivalent to ISO standards (%) 14 11 11 2 9 13
Equivalent to IEC standards (%) 14 3 11 7 20 8
No equivalent international standards available 100 62 49 28 30 69
Source : Information provided by the Egyptian authorities.
Table AIII.8
The New Communities
Industrial community Factories operating, 1991 Factories operating, 1996Labour  employed, 1996
(000s)
Al Amal 0 0 0.0
Alobour n.a. n.a. n.a.
Badr n.a. 27 1.4
Borg El Arab 100 258 14.2
New Beni Sueif 1 10 0.1
New Damietta n.a. 60 1.9
New Minia n.a. n.a. n.a.
New Salheya 17 26 1.6
Noubareya n.a. 6 0.1
Sadat 89 141 6.8
Sixth of October 196 485 63.1
Tenth of Ramadan 472 765 103.0
Total 875 1,814 192.0
n.a. Not available.
Source : Moore, P., Egypt: Meeting the challenges of the 21st century;  Privatization and beyond , Euromoney Books.WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 118
Table AIV.1
Applied and bound tariffs and imports, by ISIC category, 1998a
(Units and per cent)
Applied tariffs 1998 Final bound rate
2005Imports
1997 ISIC
CodeProductsNo. of
lines Simple
averageRangeSimple
averageRange(% of
GDP)
Total 6,032 26.8 0-3,000 27.1 2-3,000
1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 311 18.5 1-40 27.5 2-80 2.28
111 Agriculture and livestock production 225 19.3 1-40 27.9 2-80 2.21
121 Forestry 24 16.5 5-40 21.9 10-80 0.02
122 Logging 13 5.0 5-5 20.0 20-20 0.05
130 Fish and shellfish, live, fresh or frozen 49 19.2 3-40 30.1 5-60 0.00
2 Mining and quarrying 114 10.9 3-40 21.7 3-60 0.41
210 Coal mining 4 3.0 3-3 8.8 5-20 0.12
220 Crude petroleum and natural gas production 3 5.0 5-5 20.0 20-20 0.00
230 Metal ore mining 23 4.8 3-5 20.0 20-20 0.19
290 Other mining 84 13.2 5-40 22.9 3-60 0.10
3 Manufacturing 5,607 27.6 0-3,000 29.8 2-160 14.75
311 Food products 458 21.8 1-80 31.5 5-80 2.10
Slaughtering, preparing and preserving meat 87 28.7 3-80 37.8 5-80 0.26
Dairy products 43 19.1 1-40 24.1 5-60 0.20
Canning and preserving of fruit and
vegetables94 29.9 1-40 45.0 5-60 0.11
Fish products 62 18.1 5-40 25.7 5-60 0.13
Manuf. of vegetable & animal oils/fats 101 12.5 1-40 22.4 5-60 0.89
Grain mill products 39 12.9 5-40 16.1 5-60 0.04
Manufacture of bakery products 9 40.0 40-40 60.0 60-60 0.00
Sugar factories and refineries 9 15.0 5-30 23.3 10-40 0.47
Cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery 14 33.6 20-40 46.4 20-60 0.01
312 Other food products and animal feed 69 22.6 1-40 37.2 5-80 0.29
Other food products 60 24.0 1-40 39.8 10-80 0.23
Prepared animal feed 9 13.9 5-30 20.0 5-40 0.06
313 Beverages 24 1,489.0 5-3,000 1,823.0 10-3,000 0.00
Distilling, rectifying and blending spirits 9 2,013 40-3,000 2,351.0 80-3,000 0.00
Manufacture of wine 8 2,026 5-3,000 2,626.0 10-3,000 0.00
Manufacture of malt liquor 3 420.0 30-1,200 430.0 45-1,200 0.00
- Soft drinks and mineral water 4 40.0 40-40 70.0 60-80 0.00
314 Tobacco products 5 72.0 20-85 72.0 20-85 0.05
321 Textiles 727 36.3 5-54 28.8 5-60 0.40
- Spinning, weaving and finishing textiles 444 35.2 5-54 23.2 5-35 0.34
- Made-up textile goods, exc. wearing
apparel66 38.7 5-54 35.0 10-60 0.02
- Knitting mills 137 41.5 30-54 38.7 30-40 0.01
- Carpets 23.4 40.0 40-40 60.0 60-60 0.00
- Cordage, rope and twine 12 27.9 20-30 30.0 30-30 0.00
- Textiles, n.e.s. 45 27.8 10-54 28.0 15-30 0.03
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 119
Applied tariffs
1998Final bound rate
2005Imports 1997
ISIC
CodeProductsNo. of
lines Simple
averageRangeSimple
averageRange (% of GDP)
322 Clothing (except knitted or crocheted) 139 39.3 30-40 42.0 40-60 0.01
323 Leather and leather products 62 26.9 5-40 45.4 20-60 0.00
324 Leather footwear 19 37.4 30-40 56.8 40-60 0.01
331 Wood products, except furniture 73 22.1 5-40 39.6 10-60 0.79
- Sawmills, planing and other wood mills 45 19.8 5-40 35.2 10-60 0.78
332 Wooden furniture 23 39.1 30-40 58.3 20-60 0.02
341 Paper and product products 144 21.2 5-40 32.7 5-60 0.56
- Pulp, paper and paperboard 86 16.7 5-40 23.6 5-60 0.39
- Containers, boxes of paper & paperboard 11 33.6 10-40 60.0 60-60 0.01
342 Printing and publishing 50 22.0 0-40 42.4 20-60 0.04
351 Industrial chemicals 733 12.3 3-40 16.6 3-60 1.77
- Basic industrial chemicals (exc. fertilisers) 535 11.3 3-40 12.4 3-60 0.66
- Fertilisers and pesticides 36 17.6 5-30 28.6 20-40 0.14
- Synthetic resins, plastic materials and
man-made fibres (except glass)162 14.2 3-40 29.2 5-60 0.97
352 Chemical products and pharmaceuticals 327 19.8 0-40 31.8 3-70 0.78
- Paints, varnishes and lacquers 29 25.9 10-30 38.8 20-50 0.08
- Drugs and medicines 88 7.5 1-40 12.9 3-70 0.46
- Soap, cleaning preparations, perfumes 57 30.8 5-40 51.8 20-60 0.05
353 Petroleum refineries 18 10.3 5-30 21.7 10-40 0.18
354 Petroleum and coal products 13 13.5 3-20 23.8 20-40 0.01
355 Rubber products 68 24.8 0-40 37.9 2-60 0.24
- Tyre and tube industries 14 29.3 20-30 39.3 30-40 0.16
356 Plastic products 37 27.0 10-40 54.2 10-60 0.06
361 Pottery, china and earthenware 16 29.4 5-40 48.1 20-60 0.04
362 Glass and glass products 81 26.5 5-40 48.9 20-60 0.09
369 Other non-metallic mineral products 115 24.0 5-40 41.1 10-60 0.22
- Structural clay products 24 21.0 5-30 31.3 10-60 0.06
- Cement, lime and plaster 9 20.0 10-30 37.8 20-50 0.12
371 Iron and steel products 271 15.5 3-30 24.5 2-60 1.19
372 Non-ferrous basic metals 214 14.5 1-30 26.1 2-50 0.32
381 Metal products, except machinery and
equipment, n.e.s.257 23.0 5-40 40.3 2-60 0.35
- Cutlery, hand tools and hardware 78 19.5 10-40 30.6 2-60 0.08
- Metal furniture and fixtures 10 30.0 10-40 48.0 30-60 0.01
- Structural metal products 40 15.4 5-40 41.9 20-60 0.08
382 Non-electrical machinery and equipment 567 11.2 0-40 20.2 2-70 2.40
Table AIV.1 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 120
Applied tariffs
1998Final bound rate
2005Imports 1997
ISIC
CodeProductsNo. of
lines Simple
averageRangeSimple
averageRange (% of GDP)
- Engines and turbines 14 11.1 5-40 11.1 5-20 0.02
- Agricultural machinery and equipment 17 9.1 5-40 18.5 2-70 0.05
- Metal and woodworking machinery 122 8.4 5-30 14.1 2-60 0.15
- Special industrial machinery and equipment 147 6.4 5-30 10.9 2-30 0.93
- Office, computing & accounting machinery 39 11.8 5-30 27.1 5-40 0.21
383 Electrical machinery 380 19.1 5-40 34.8 2-70 1.21
- Electrical motors and apparatus 111 11.5 5-40 23.7 2-60 0.40
- Radio, television and communications 139 17.2 5-40 34.6 10-60 0.50
- Electrical appliances and houseware 32 35.9 10-40 54.8 30-60 0.03
384 Transport equipment 221 23.6 0-135 36.0 2-160 1.04
- Shipbuilding and repairing 39 12.8 0-40 32.3 5-60 0.12
- Railway equipment 24 7.1 5-20 19.7 2-40 0.03
- Motor vehicles 107 34.8 5-135 45.7 2-160 0.86
- Motorcycles and bicycles 26 25.2 5-40 39.2 30-60 0.03
- Aircraft manufacture 20 5.0 5-5 12.3 5-20 0.00
385 Professional and scientific equipment 249 14.7 5-40 24.4 2-60 0.41
- Professional and scientific measuring and
controlling equipment, n.e.s.105 7.0 5-40 13.1 5-60 0.20
- Photographic and optical goods 78 20.3 5-30 30.5 2-60 0.09
- Watches and clocks 66 20.5 10-30 34.7 20-60 0.03
390 Other manufactures 247 26.3 0-40 42.8 10-60 0.18
- Jewellery and related articles 23 21.5 0-30 46.1 20-60 0.00
- Musical instruments 24 30.0 30-30 42.5 40-60 0.00
- Sporting goods 27 13.3 5-40 28.9 20-60 0.02
a Excluding relevant surcharge and service fee.
Source : Estimates by the WTO Secretariat based on data provided by the Egyptian authorities.Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 121
Table AIV.2a
Egypt's specific commitments under the GATS
Sector Commitments
ALL SECTORS Number of foreign personnel necessary for the supply of services in any
entity, regardless of the number of branches, limited to 10% of the total
number of personnel employed.  Limitations on national treatment on
acquisition of land that is authorized on the basis of an evaluation of specificprojects for which the land is to be acquired and in accordance with national
policy objectives.  Acquisition of land and/or real estate property in the free
zones is unbound.
SPECIFIC SECTORSb
3. Construction and related engineering services Cross-border supply and consumption abroad are unbound.  Commercial
presence is only permitted for joint venture companies and foreign equity may
not exceed 49% of the total capital required for each project.  Nationaltreatment is provided for commercial presence and the presence of natural
persons.
7. Financial Services
A. Insurance and insurance related services An economic needs test is used to determine commercial presence whose maincriteria and requirements are:
1.  Whether there is surplus demand in the market, giving new companies an
opportunity to enter without reducing competition and harming the financial
position of existing suppliers.
2.  Where at least 50% of the capacity of existing companies, calculated on thebasis of solvency margins, is used and there is surplus demand that can be met
by a new company.
3.  Where the establishment of a new company would increase total retentionin the market taking technical considerations in to account.
4. New companies are required to introduce new insurance coverage.
a.  Life, health, personal accident Market access is limited to foreign and joint venture companies in the free
zones, provided that their activities are limited to transactions in convertible
currencies;  there are no limits on foreign equity participation in these zonesalthough an economic needs test is used to determine commercial presence
(the test will be relaxed in 2000);  branches of foreign insurance companies
are not permitted.  For companies investing outside the free zones, foreigncapital equity is limited to 49% up to 31 December 1999 after which the limit
is to be raised to 51%.  Legal cessions of total transactions must be ceded to
the Egyptian Reinsurance Company according to percentages determined by
the supervisory authority and 5% of the company's treaties to the African
Reinsurance Co.  Qualified non-Egyptian directors are allowed up to 5 years
and may be renewed subject to approval by the Supervisory Authority.
Limitations on national treatment require that a non-Egyptian director must
have at least two Egyptian deputies.  No limits on cross-border supply and
consumption abroad;  no limits on national treatment for commercial presence.
b.  Non-life insurance Same as above except that the economic needs test will be lifted in 2002;
foreign equity participation will be raised to 51% on 1 January 2003;  and
cross-border supply unbound.
c.  Reinsurance and retrocession Foreign and joint venture companies only permitted in free zones and their
activities limited to transactions in convertible currencies.  There are nomaximum limits on foreign equity participation.  Foreign branches of
reinsurance companies are not permitted.  Insurance and reinsurance
companies are not permitted to deal with reinsurers not listed with theSupervisory Authority.  The company must cede 5% of its treaties to the
African Reinsurance Co.
Table AIV.2 (cont'd)WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 122
Sector Commitments
d.  Auxiliary services other than intermediation Foreign service suppliers must be authorized to perform this activity by a
competent authority in his home country and registered in the Egyptian
register for that purpose.  In the case of liaison offices, commercial presence is
bound for public relations and marketing research.  Cross-border supply and
consumption abroad unbound for actuarial services and loss assessment.
e.  Intermediation Market access bound for cross-border supply and consumption abroad of life
insurance and reinsurance services  Commercial presence and presence of
natural persons unbound..
B. Banking
Joint venture banks Foreign equity may be up to 100%, although ownership of more than 10% of
the issued capital of any bank, except through inheritance, requires the
approval of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Egypt.  In addition,the General Manager must have banking experience of at least 10 years in
banks established in Egypt (other than branches of foreign banks).
Limitations on national treatment require that foreign service suppliers provideon-the-job training for Egyptian employees.  Cross-border supply and
consumption abroad are unbound;  there are no limits on national treatment for
the presence of natural persons.
Foreign bank branches Commercial presence is determined by means of an economic needs test.
Branches of foreign banks in existence on 5 June 1992 may be licenced to deal
in local currency in addition to foreign currency subject to the satisfaction ofminimum capital requirements, adequacy of provisions and other prudential
measures.  There are no limits on the presence of natural persons;  cross-
border supply and consumption abroad are unbound.
Representative offices of foreign banks Commercial presence only allowed for foreign banks not having branches in
Egypt;  the activities of representative offices should be limited to studies ofpotential investment, liaising with head offices and contributing to the solution
of problems confronting their head office correspondents in Egypt.
C. Other financial services
g.  Underwriting No limitations except commercial presence (excluding trade in Securities)
must be through incorporation in Egypt.
h.  Brokerage Same as above.
i.  Portfolio and investment management; and 
collective investment fundsSame as above.
j.  Securities, clearing and settlement Same as above.
Marketing and market promotion Same as above.
Venture capital Same as above.
9. Tourism and travel related services
A. Hotels and restaurants
a.  Hotels and other commercial accommodation
b.  Restaurants, bars and canteensCross-border supply is unbound and there are no limitations on consumption
abroad.  For commercial presence, a licence is issued on the basis of an
economic needs test whose main criteria include market needs and location of
different categories of hotels;  casino services may only be provided by five-star hotels;  limitations on the total number of services operations dependent
on an economic needs test whose criteria include geographical location, and
growth in the number and categories of tourists;  foreign equity participation is
limited to 49% of the total for projects to be located in the Sinai.  Limitations
on national treatment require that the training of Egyptian employees becarried out by foreign natural persons within the terms of the contract.  There
are no limits on the presence of natural persons.
Table AIV.2 (cont'd)Egypt WT/TPR/S/55
Page 123
Sector Commitments
B. Travel agencies and tour operators Cross-border supply is unbound.  Commercial presence is subject to an
economic needs test;  limitations on national treatment require that the training
of Egyptian employees be carried out by foreign natural persons within the
terms of the contract.  There are no limits on the presence of natural persons.
D. Other tourism services
a.  Tourism management services No limits on cross-border supply, consumption abroad and the presence of
natural persons.  Commercial presence is bound for representative offices withlimitations on the total number of services provided dependent on an
economic needs test;  training of Egyptian employees must be carried out by
foreign natural persons within the terms of the contract
b.  Tourism transport services For land transport.  Market access through cross border supply and the
presence of natural persons unbound with no limitations on consumptionabroad and commercial presence;  for inland waterways, extending passenger
use is subject to the physical capacity of the River Nile and there are no
market access limitations for the presence of natural persons.  Cross-border
supply is unbound.
There are no limitations on national treatment for consumption abroad and
commercial presence;  in addition, there are no limitations on the presence of
natural persons for inland waterways
c.  Tourism training institutions No limitations
d.  Tourism related conventions Same as above
e.  Institutional food service catererscSame as above
11. Transport services
A. Maritime Transport
a.  Passenger transportation
b.  Freight transportationCommercial presence only allowed for joint venture companies with foreign
capital equity not exceeding 49%;  all ships owned by established companiesmust be registered in the Egyptian shipping register as a pre-requisite to flying
the Egyptian flag.  In addition, 95% of the crew must be Egyptian and their
wages should not be less than 90% of total paid up wages and the Chairmanand the majority of the Board of Directors must be Egyptian.  Cross-border
supply is unbound and there are no limits on market access for consumption
abroad;  there are no limits on national treatment for consumption abroad,
commercial presence and the presence of natural persons.
f.  Port dredging services Commercial presence allowed only for joint venture companies with foreign
equity not exceeding 75%.  In addition, at least 25% of both the personnel and
members of the Board of Directors must be Egyptian nationals.  Cross-border
supply and consumption abroad unbound.  No limits on national treatment for
commercial presence and the presence of natural persons.
a This table summarizes Egypt's specific commitments in the GATS Schedule.  It does not provide the same level of detail as the 
Schedule and is not a substitute for it.
b Numbered according to WTO classification.
c Except airport catering services, which are restricted to national air carriers.
Source : WTO documents MTN.GNS/W/120, 10 July 1991;  GATS/SC/30, 15 April 1994;  and GATS/SC/30/Suppl.2, 26
February 1998.WT/TPR/S/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 124
Table AIV.3
Summary of Article II (MFN) exemptions listed by Egypt
All sectors National treatment is given to personnel from Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Qatar,
Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and possibly other countries.
Sector-specific commitments (by major
service area)b
2.  Communication services Egypt provides national treatment for co-production agreements for audiovisual works
from Algeria, Cyprus, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco,
Oman, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and possibly other countries.
11.  Transport services The supply of road transport services into and across Egypt is limited to countries from
the Arab League and possibly other countries with which Egypt has bilateral or
multilateral agreements.  The MFN restriction is maintained to promote intra-Arabtrade and the movement of citizens of Arab countries into Egypt as part of its
commitments within the Arab League.
a This table summarizes Article II (most-favoured-nation) exemptions listed by Egypt.  It does not contain the same level of det ail 
as the Schedule and is not a substitute for it.
b Sectors numbered according to WTO Secretariat classification.
Source : WTO document GATS/EL/30, 15 April 1994
__________