ORGANIZACIÓN MUNDIAL
DEL COMERCIOWT/WGTI/W/52
21 de agosto de 1998
(98-3261)
Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Relación
entre Comercio e InversionesOriginal:  inglés
COMUNICACIÓN DE LA UNCTAD
A continuación se reproduce el documento prepar ado por la secretaría de la UNCTAD sobre
las diferencias y similitudes entre el Proyecto de Código de conducta de las Naciones Unidas para lasempresas transnacionales y las Directrices de la OCDE sobre las Empresas Transnacionales.  Anexos
al presente documento se encuentran los textos del Proyecto de Código de conducta de las Naciones
Unidas para las empresas transnacionales (versiones de 1983 y 1990), el Conjunto de principios y
normas equitativos convenidos multilateralmente para el control de las prácticas comerciales
restrictivas (1980) y el Proyecto de Código internacional de conducta para la transferencia detecnología (versión de 1985).  El presente documento y los textos que figuran en el anexo se presentan
en respuesta a la petición hecha por el Grupo de Trabajo en su reunión de los días 16 y 17 de junio
de 1998.
_______________
El Proyecto de Código de conducta de las Naciones Unidas para las
empresas transnacionales y las Directrices de la OCDE
sobre las Empresas Transnacionales
Similitudes y diferencias
Características generales:  El Proyecto de Código de conducta de las Naciones Unidas para
las empresas transnacionales (en adelante "el Proyecto de Código") pretendía ser un marco global
donde se encuadraran los derechos y obligaciones de los Estados e inversores extranjeros.  Para unamás fácil consulta se adjuntan dos versiones:  la versión de 1986, que refleja la situación de las
negociaciones en aquel momento;  y la versión de 1990, preparada por el Presidente de las
negociaciones y enviada al Consejo Económico y Soci al.  Para una serie de temas, el Proyecto de
Código se remitía a las disposiciones de otros instrumentos que regían aspectos específicos de las
operaciones de las empresas transnacionales (ET), principalmente el Conjunto de principios y normasequitativos convenidos multilateralmente para el control de las prácticas comerciales restrictivas y el
Proyecto de Código internacional de conducta para la transferencia de tecnología (ambos textos se
encuentran adjuntos para facilitar su consulta).
Las Directrices de la OCDE sobre las Empresas Transnacionales (en adelante "las
Directrices"), que ya se hicieron llegar anteriormente al Grupo de Trabajo, formaban parte de un
paquete donde también se encontraban instrumentos sobre el trato nacional, los incentivos y
desincentivos, y los requisitos causantes de conflicto;  y se incluían en la Declaración de la OCDE
sobre Inversiones Internacionales y Empresas Transnacionales.  Estos instrumentos de la OCDE,
junto con el Código de Liberalización de los Movi mientos de Capital y el Código de Liberalización de
las Operaciones Corrientes de Invisibles, abarcan de manera global los derechos y obligaciones de los
Estados y los inversores.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 2
Las Directrices de la OCDE se completaron en 1976 y fueron posteriormente aplicadas y
modificadas.  El Proyecto de Código nunca se te rminó por completo, aunque algunas de sus fórmulas
fueron ampliamente aceptadas durante las negociaciones.  El Conjunto de principios y normas
equitativos convenidos multilateralmente para el control de las prácticas comerciales restrictivas fue
adoptado por la Asamblea General de las Nacion es Unidas en 1980.  El Proyecto de Código
internacional de conducta para la transferencia de tecnología no se terminó por completo, aunque se
había llegado a un acuerdo sobre el texto de muchas de las disposiciones.
Ámbito geográfico:  El Proyecto de Código tenía por objeto ser un instrumento universal.
Las Directrices eran aplicables oficialmente sólo dentro del área OCDE, aunque la naturaleza
internacional de las cuestiones que abordaba y su importancia para todos los países quedaban bien
enfatizados.  Por tanto, las Directrices ofrecen una base más amplia para orientar el comportamientode las empresas transnacionales.
Objetivo:  El Proyecto de Código y las Directrices comparten el objetivo principal de
maximizar la contribución positiva que las ET pueden aportar al crecimiento y el desarrollo y
minimizar las dificultades a las que sus operaciones pueden dar lugar.
Carácter jurídico:  Existía un entendimiento tácito sobre el carácter voluntario del Proyecto de
Código.  Las Directrices de la OCDE también son de carácter voluntario:  son recomendaciones
realizadas conjuntamente por los gobiernos de la OCDE a las ET que operan en sus territorios.
Definición de empresas transnacionales:  El Pr oyecto de Código adoptó una definición amplia
de las empresas transnacionales, que abarcaba tanto a las empresas públicas como a las privadas y las
formas de inversión en capital y no en capital.  Las Directrices no recogen una clara definición
jurídica de las ET, pero anotan que entre ellas suelen contarse las empresas públicas y privadas, y se
aclara que, siempre que sea pertinente, las Directrices se consideran la buena práctica para todas lasempresas (nacionales y transnacionales).
Seguimiento:  El Proyecto de Código debía disponer de mecanismos de modificación, examen
y seguimiento, aunque nunca se definieron completamente ni se pusieron en funcionamiento.  Los
mecanismos de seguimiento, examen y modificación de las Directrices se han utilizado durante más
de 20 años, durante los cuales el instrumento se ha difundido ampliamente, y se han hecho consultas,
aclaraciones y modificaciones.  Las Directrices han tenido un impacto particular en la esfera delempleo y las relaciones laborales.
Cuestiones abordadas con respecto a la conducta de las ET
Ambos instrumentos contienen disposiciones sobre:a) aplicabilidad de las leyes nacionales del país receptor a las ET;b) adhesión a los objetivos de política general y a los objetivos de desarrollo del país
receptor;
c) cooperación con el gobierno del país receptor;d) no injerencia en los asuntos políticos del país receptor;
e) abstención de prácticas corruptas;
f) divulgación de información confidencial;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 3
g) competencia;
h) balanza de pagos y financiación;i) fiscalización y transferencia de precios;j) empleo y relacionales laborales;k) protección del medio ambiente;l) protección del consumidor;
m) transferencia de tecnología.
Además, el Proyecto de Código contiene disposiciones sobre:a) respeto de los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales;b) adhesión a los valores socioculturales del país receptor;c) revisión y renegociación de los contratos.
(Con respecto a las normas de trato a las ET, el Proyecto de Código abarcaba una serie de
cuestiones no observadas por la Declaración de la  OCDE y sus instrumentos conexos, como pueden
ser la expropiación y la solución de diferencias.)
Muchas de las disposiciones del Proyecto de Código concernientes al comportamiento de
las ET se acordaron ad referendum , mientras que muchas de las cuestiones pendientes estaban
relacionadas con las disposiciones sobre el trato a las ET.
Formulación de principios específicos y normas:  Resulta difícil comparar las formulaciones
específicas del Proyecto de Código y de las Directrices, dado que durante las negociaciones sobre el
Código se propusieron y debatieron muchas versiones diferentes de las disposiciones y sólo algunas
de ellas fueron acordadas ad referendum .WT/WGTI/W/52
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ANNEX 1
DRAFT UNITED NATIONS CODE OF CONDUCT ON TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS*
[1983 version]
The elaboration of the United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations was one of the
main tasks of the Commission on Transnational Corporations (established by the Economic and
Social Council under resolution 1913 (LVII) of 5 December 1974).  The preparation of the text of the
Draft Code was entrusted first to an Ad Ho c Inter-Governmental Working Group.  The Group
submitted its report to the Commission at its eight session in 1982 (United Nations
document E/C.10/1982/6).  The next stage of the negotiations was entrusted to a special session of the
Commission on Transnational Corporations which be gan deliberations in 1983 and was open to the
participation of all States.  The special session was reconvened a number of times between 1983 and
1990.  In 1988, the Chairman of the reconvened special session and the Secretary-General of theUnited Nations prepared a text of a draft code (E/1988/39/Add.1), drawing upon discussions and
proposals presented over the years.  In an effort to facilitate compromise while preserving the already
agreed texts, the Chairman, at the meeting on 24 May 1990, transmitted to the Economic and Social
Council a revised text of the draft code of conduct, based on the 1988 draft.  The text of the draft
Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations reproduced in this volume reflects the status ofnegotiations as at 1986.
PREAMBLE AND OBJECTIVES** a/
DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION
1. (a) [The term "transnational corporations" as  used in this Code means an enterprise,
comprising entities in two or more countries, regardless of the legal form and fields of activity
of these entities, which operates under a system of decision-making, permitting coherentpolicies and a common strategy through one or more decision-making centres, in which the
entities are so linked, by ownership or otherwis e, that one or more of them may be able to
exercise a significant influence over the activities of others, and, in particular, to share
knowledge, resources and responsibilities with the others.]
[The term "transnational corporation" as used in this Code means an enterprise
whether of public, private or mixed ownership, comprising entities in two or more countries,
regardless of the legal form and fields of activity of these entities, which operates under a
system of decision-making, permitting coherent policies and a common strategy through one
or more decision-making centres, in which the entities are so linked, by ownership or
                                                     
* Source: Commission on Transnational Corporations , Report on the Special Session (7-18 March and
9-21 May 1983)  Official Records of the Economic and Social Council , 1983, Supplement No. 7
(E/1983/17/Rev.1), Annex II.  This text of the Code was also reproduced in United Nations Centre onTransnational Corporations (1986).  The United Nations Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations ,
Current Studies, Series A (New York: United Nations) United Nations publication sales No. E.86.II.A.15,(ST/CTC/SER.A/4), Annex I, pp.28-45 [Note added by the editor].
** No final decision regarding the use and contents of headings and subheadings appearing in the text
has yet been taken.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 5
otherwise, that one or more of them [may be able to] exercise a significant influence over the
activities of others, and, in particular, to share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with
the others.]
(b) The term "entities" in the Code refers to both parent entities - that is, entities which
are the main source of influence over others - and other entities, unless otherwise specified in
the Code.
(c) The term "transnational corporation" in the Code refers to the enterprise as a whole or
its various entities.
(d) The term "home country" means the country in which the parent entity is located.
The term "host country" means a country in which an entity other than the parent entity is
located.
(e) The term "country in which a transnational corporation operates" refers to a home or
host country in which an entity of a transnational corporation conducts operations.
2. [The Code is universally applicable in, and to this end is open to adoption by, all States.]
[The Code is universally applicable in [home and host countries of transnational corporations]
[as defined in paragraph 1(a)], and to this end is open to adoption by, all States [regardless of theirpolitical and economic systems and their level of development].]
[The Code is open to adoption by all States and is applicable in all States where an entity of a
transnational corporation conducts operations.]
[The Code is universally applicable to all States regardless of their political and economic
systems and their level of development.]
3. [This Code applies to all enterprises as defined in paragraph 1(a) above.][To be placed in paragraph 1(a).]
[4. The provisions of the Code addressed to transnational corporations reflect good practice for
all enterprises.  They are not intended to introduce differences of conduct between transnational
corporations and domestic enterprises.  Wherever the provisions are relevant to both, transnational
corporations and domestic enterprises should be subj ect to the same expectations in regard to their
conduct.][to be deleted]
*
[5. Any reference in this Code to States, countries or Governments also includes regional
groupings of States, to the extent that the provisions of this Code relate to matters within these
groupings' own competence, with respect to such competence.]
[To be deleted]
                                                     
* On the grounds, inter alia , that the text within the first pair of brackets goes beyond the mandate of
the Intergovernmental Working Group on a Code of Conduct.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 6
ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A.  General and political
Respect for national sovereignty and observance of domestic laws, regulations and
administrative practices
6. Transnational corporations should/shall respect the national sovereignty of the countries in
which they operate and the right of each State to exercise its [full permanent sovereignty] [in
accordance with international law] [in accordance with agreements reached by the countries
concerned on a bilateral and multilateral basis] over its natural resources [wealth and economicactivities] within its territory.
7. [Transnational corporations] [Entities of transnational corporations] [shall/should observe]
[are subject to] the laws, regulations [jurisdiction] and [administrative practices] [explicitly declared
administrative practices] of the countries in which they operate.  [Entities of transnationalcorporations are subject to the jurisdiction of the c ountries in which they operate to the extent required
by the national law of these countries.]
8. Transnational corporations should/shall respect the right of each State to regulate and monitor
accordingly the activities of their entities operating within its territory.
Adherence to economic goals and development objectives, policies and priorities
9. Transnational corporations shall/should carry on their activities in conformity with the
development policies, objectives and priorities set out by the Governments of the countries in whichthey operate and work seriously towards making a positive contribution to the achievement of such
goals at the national and, as appropriate, the re gional level, within the framework of regional
integration programmes.  Transnational corporations shall/should co-operate with the Governments of
the countries in which they operate with a view to contributing to the development process and
shall/should be responsive to requests for consultation in this respect, thereby establishing mutually
beneficial relations with these countries.
10. Transnational corporations shall/should carry out their operations in conformity with relevant
intergovernmental co-operative arrangements concluded by countries in which they operate.
Review and renegotiation of contracts
11. Contracts between Governments and transnati onal corporations should be negotiated and
implemented in good faith.  In such contracts, especially long-term ones, review or renegotiation
clauses should normally be included.
In the absence of such clauses and where there has been a fundamental change of the
circumstances on which the contract or agreement was based, transnational corporations, acting in
good faith, shall/should co-operate with Governments for the review or renegotiation of such contract
or agreement.
Review or renegotiation of such contracts or agreements shall/should be subject to [the laws
of the host country] [relevant national laws and international legal principles].WT/WGTI/W/52
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Adherence to socio-cultural objectives and values
12. Transnational corporations should/shall respect the social and cultural objectives, values and
traditions of the countries in which they operate.  While economic and technological development is
normally accompanied by social change, transnational corporations should/shall avoid practices,products or services which cause detrimental effects on cultural patterns and socio-cultural objectives
as determined by Governments.  For this purpose, transnational corporations should/shall respond
positively to requests for consultations from Governments concerned.
Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
13. Transnational corporations should/shall respect human rights and fundamental freedoms in
the countries in which they operate.  In their social and industrial relations, transnational corporations
should/shall not discriminate on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, language, social, national and
ethnic origin or political or other opinion.  Transnational corporations should/shall conform to
government policies designed to extend equality of opportunity and treatment.
Non-collaboration by transnational corporations  with racist minority regimes in southern
Africa
14. In accordance with the efforts of the inte rnational community towards the elimination of
apartheid in South Africa and its continued illegal occupation of Namibia,
[(a) Transnational corporations shall progressively reduce their business activities
and make no further investment in South Africa and immediately cease all
business activities in Namibia;
(b) Transnational corporations shall refrain from collaborating directly or
indirectly with that regime especially with regard to its racist practices in
South Africa and illegal occupation of Namibia to ensure the successful
implementation of United Nations re solutions in relation to these two
countries.]
[Transnational corporations operating in southern Africa(a) Should respect the national laws and regulations adopted in pursuance of
Security Council decisions concerning southern Africa;
(b) Should within the framework of their business activities engage in
appropriate activities with a view to contributing to the elimination of racial
discrimination practices under the system of apartheid.]
Non-interference in internal political affairs
15. Transnational corporations should/shall not interfere [illegally] in the internal [political]
affairs of the countries in which they operate [by resorting to] [They should refrain from any]
[subversive and other [illicit] ] activities [aimed at] undermining the political and social systems in
these countries.
16. Transnational corporations should/shall not engage in activities of a political nature which are
not permitted by the laws and established policies and administrative practices of the countries in
which they operate.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 8
Non-interference in intergovernmental relations
17. Transnational corporations should/shall not interfere in [any affairs concerning]
intergovernmental relations [, which are the sole concern of Governments].
18. Transnational corporations shall/should not request Governments acting on their behalf to
take the measures referred to in the second sentence of paragraph 65.
19. With respect to the exhaustion of local remedies, transnational corporations should/shall not
request Governments to act on their behalf in any manner inconsistent with paragraph 65.
Abstention from corrupt practices
20. [Transnational corporations shall refrain, in their transactions, from the offering, promising or
giving of any payment, gift or other advantage to or for the benefit of a public official as consideration
for performing or refraining from the performance of his duties in connection with those transactions.
Transnational corporations shall maintain accu rate records of payments made by them, in
connection with their transactions, to any public official or intermediary.  They shall make available
these records to the competent authorities of the countries in which they operate, upon request, for
investigations and proceedings concerning those payments.]
[For the purposes of this Code, the principles set out in the International Agreement on Illicit
Payments adopted by the United Nations should apply in the area of abstention from corrupt
practices.]*
B.  Economic, financial and social
Ownership and control
21. Transnational corporations should/shall make every effort so to allocate their decision-making
powers among their entities as to enable them to contribute to the economic and social development
of the countries in which they operate.
22. To the extent permitted by national laws, policies and regulations of the country in which it
operates, each entity of a transnational corporation should/shall co-operate with the other entities, in
accordance with the actual distribution of responsibilities among them and consistent with
paragraph 21, so as to enable each entity to meet effectively the requirements established by the laws,
policies and regulations of the country in which it operates.
23. Transnational corporations shall/should co-operate with Governments and nationals of the
countries in which they operate in the implementation of national objectives for local equity
participation and for the effective exercise of control by local partners as determined by equity,
contractual terms in non-equity arrangements or the laws of such countries.
24. Transnational corporations should/shall carry out their personnel policies in accordance with
the national policies of each of the countries in which they operate which give priority to the
employment and promotion of its [adequately qualified] nationals at all levels of management and
direction of the affairs of each entity so as to enhance the effective participation of its nationals in thedecision-making process.
                                                     
* To be included in one of the substantive introductory parts of the Code.WT/WGTI/W/52
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25. Transnational corporations should/shall contribute to the managerial and technical training of
nationals of the countries in which they operate and facilitate their employment at all levels of
management of the entities and enterprises as a whole.
Balance of payments and financing  b/
26. Transnational corporations should/shall carry on their operations in conformity with laws and
regulations and with full regard to the policy objectives set out by the countries in which they operate,
particularly developing countries, relating to bala nce of payments, financial transactions and other
issues dealt with in the subsequent paragraphs of this section.
27. Transnational corporations should/shall respond positively to requests for consultation on
their activities from the Governments of the countries in which they operate, with a view to
contributing to the alleviation of pressing prob lems of balance of payments and finance of such
countries.
28. [As required by government regulations and in furtherance of government policies]
[Consistent with the purpose, nature and extent of their operations] transnational corporations
should/shall contribute to the promotion of exports and the diversification of exports [and imports] in
the countries in which they operate and to an increased utilization of goods, services and other
resources which are available in these countries.
29. Transnational corporations should/shall be responsive to requests by Governments of the
countries in which they operate, particularly developing countries, concerning the phasing over a
limited period of time of the repatriation of capital in case of disinvestment or remittances of
accumulated profits, when the size and timing of such transfers would cause serious
balance-of-payments difficulties for such countries.
30. Transnational corporations should/shall not, contrary to generally accepted financial practices
prevailing in the countries in which they operate, engage in short-term financial operations or
transfers or defer or advance foreign exchange payments, including intra-corporate payments, in a
manner which would increase currency instability and thereby cause serious balance-of-payments
difficulties for the countries concerned.
31. Transnational corporations should/shall not impose restrictions on their entities, beyond
generally accepted commercial practices prevailing in the countries in which they operate, regarding
the transfer of goods, services and funds which would cause serious balance-of-payments difficulties
for the countries in which they operate.
32. When having recourse to the money and capital markets of the countries in which they
operate, transnational corporations should/shall not, beyond generally accepted financial practices
prevailing in such countries, engage in activities which would have a significant adverse impact on
the working of local markets, particularly by restricting the availability of funds to other enterprises.
When issuing shares with the objective of increasing  local equity participation in an entity operating
in such a country, or engaging in long-term borrowing in the local market, transnational corporations
shall/should consult with the Government of the country concerned upon its request on the effects of
such transactions on the local money and capital markets.
Transfer pricing
33. In respect of their intra-corporate transactions, transnational corporations, should/shall not use
pricing policies that are not based on relevant market prices, or, in the absence of such prices, the
arm's length principle, which have the effect of modifying the tax base on which their entities areWT/WGTI/W/52
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assessed or of evading exchange control measures [or customs valuation regulations] [or which
[contrary to national laws and regulations] adversely affect economic and social conditions] of the
countries in which they operate.
Taxation
34. Transnational corporations should/shall not, contrary to the laws and regulations of the
countries in which they operate, use their corporate structure and modes of operation, such as the use
of intra-corporate pricing which is not based on the arm's length principle, or other means, to modify
the tax base on which their entities are assessed.
Competition and restrictive business practices
35. For the purpose of this Code, the relevant provisions of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed
Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices adopted by the
General Assembly in its resolution 35/63 of 5 December 1980 shall/should also apply in the field of
restrictive business practices.  c/
Transfer of technology
36. [Transnational corporations shall conform to the transfer of technology laws and regulations
of the countries in which they operate.  They shall co-operate with the competent authorities of thosecountries in assessing the impact of international transfers of technology in their economies and
consult with them regarding the various technological options which might help those countries,
particularly developing countries, to attain their economic and social development.
Transnational corporations in their transfer of technology transactions, including
intra-corporate transactions, shall avoid practices which adversely affect the international flow of
technology, or otherwise hinder the economic and technological development of countries,
particularly developing countries.
Transnational corporations shall contribute to the strengthening of the scientific and
technological capacities of developing countries, in accordance with the science and  technology
policies and priorities of those countries.  Transnational corporations shall undertake substantialresearch and development activities in developing countries and make full use of local resources and
personnel in this process.]
[For the purposes of this Code the relevant pr ovisions of the International Code of Conduct on
the Transfer of Technology adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution ___________ of____________ shall/should apply in the field of transfer of technology.]
*
Consumer protection
37. Transnational corporations shall/should carry out their operations, in particular production
and marketing, in accordance with national laws, regulations, administrative practices and policies
concerning consumer protection of the countries in which they operate.  Transnational corporations
shall/should also perform their activities with due re gard to relevant international standards, so that
they do not cause injury to the health or endanger the safety of consumers or bring about variations in
the quality of products in each market which would have detrimental effects on consumers.
                                                     
* To be included in one of the substantive introductory parts of the Code.WT/WGTI/W/52
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38. Transnational corporations shall/should, in respect of the products and services which they
produce or market or propose to produce or market in any country, supply to the competent authorities
of that country on request or on a regular basis, as specified by these authorities, all relevant
information concerning:
Characteristics of these products or services which may be injurious to the health and safety
of consumers including experimental uses and related aspects;
Prohibitions, restrictions, warnings and other public regulatory measures imposed in  other
countries on grounds of health and safety protection on these products or services.
39. Transnational corporations shall/should disclose  to the public in the countries in which they
operate all appropriate information on the contents and, to the extent known, on possible hazardous
effects of the products they produce or market in the countries concerned by means of proper
labelling, informative and accurate advertising or other appropriate methods.  Packaging of their
products should be safe and the contents of the product should not be misrepresented.
40. Transnational corporations shall/should be responsive to requests from Governments of the
countries in which they operate and be prepared to co-operate with international organizations in their
efforts to develop and promote national and international standards for the protection of the health and
safety of consumers and to meet the basic needs of consumers.
Environmental protection
41. Transnational corporations shall/should carry out their activities in accordance with national
laws, regulations, administrative practices and policie s relating to the preservation of the environment
of the countries in which they operate and with due regard to relevant international standards.Transnational corporations shall/should, in performing their activities, take steps to protect the
environment and where damaged to [restore it to the extent appropriate and feasible] [rehabilitate it]
and should make efforts to develop and apply adequate technologies for this purpose.
42. Transnational corporations shall/should, in respect of the products, processes and services
they have introduced or propose to introduce in any country, supply to the competent authorities of
that country on request or on a regular basis, as specified by these authorities, all relevant informationconcerning:
Characteristics of these products, processes and other activities including experimental uses
and related aspects which may harm the environment and the measures and costs necessary to
avoid or at least to mitigate their harmful effects;
Prohibitions, restrictions, warnings and other public regulatory measures imposed in other
countries on grounds of protection of the environment on these products, processes and
services.
43. Transnational corporations shall/should be responsive to requests from Governments of the
countries in which they operate and be prepared where appropriate to co-operate with international
organizations in their efforts to develop and promote national and international standards for the
protection of the environment.
C.  Disclosure of information
44. Transnational corporations should disclose to the public in the countries in which they
operate, by appropriate means of communication, clear, full and comprehensible information on theWT/WGTI/W/52
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structure, policies, activities and operations of the transnational corporation as a whole.  The
information should include financial as well as non-financial items and should be made available on a
regular annual basis, normally within six months and in any case not later than 12 months from the
end of the financial year of the corporation.  In addition, during the financial year, transnational
corporations should wherever appropriate make available a semi-annual summary of financialinformation.
The financial information to be disclosed annually should be provided where appropriate on a
consolidated basis, together with suitable explanatory notes and should include, inter alia , the
following:
(a) A balance sheet;(b) An income statement, including operating results and sales;(c) A statement of allocation of net profits or net income;
(d) A statement of the sources and uses of funds;
(e) Significant new long-term capital investment;(f) Research and development expenditure.The non-financial information referred to in the first subparagraph should include, inter alia :
(a) The structure of the transnational corporation, showing the name and location of the
parent company, its main entities, its percentage ownership, direct and indirect, inthese entities, including shareholdings between them;
(b) The main activity of its entities;(c) Employment information including average number of employees;(d) Accounting policies used in compiling and consolidating the information published;
(e) Policies applied in respect of transfer pricing.The information provided for the transnational corporation as a whole should as far as
practicable be broken down:
By geographical area or country, as appropriate, with regard to the activities of its main
entities, sales, operating results, significant new investments and number of employees;
By major line of business as regards sales and significant new investment.The method of breakdown as well as details of information provided should/shall be
determined by the nature, scale and interrelationships of the transnational corporation's operations,
with due regard to their significance for the areas or countries concerned.
The extent, detail and frequency of the information provided should take into account the
nature and size of the transnational corporation as a whole, the requirements of confidentiality and
effects on the transnational corporation's competitive position as well as the cost involved in
producing the information.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 13
The information herein required should, as necessary, be in addition to information required
by national laws, regulations and administrative practices of the countries in which transnational
corporations operate.
45. Transnational corporations should/shall supply to the competent authorities in each of the
countries in which they operate, upon request or on a regular basis as specified by those authorities,
and in accordance with national legislation, all information required for legislative and administrative
purposes relevant to the activities and policies of their entities in the country concerned.
Transnational corporations should/shall, to the extent permitted by the provisions of the
relevant national laws, regulations, administrative practices and policies of the countries concerned,supply to competent authorities in the countries in which they operate information held in other
countries needed to enable them to obtain a true and fair view of the operations of the transnational
corporation concerned as a whole in so far as the in formation requested relates to the activities of the
entities in the countries seeking such information.
The provisions of paragraph 51 concerning confidentiality shall apply to information supplied
under the provisions of this paragraph.
46. With due regard to the relevant provisions of the ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles
concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and in accordance with national laws,regulations and practices in the field of labour relations, transnational corporations should/shall
provide to trade unions or other representatives of employees in their entities in each of the countries
in which they operate, by appropriate means of communication, the necessary information on the
activities dealt with in this code to enable them to  obtain a true and fair view of the performance of
the local entity and, where appropriate, the corpora tion as a whole.  Such information should/shall
include, where provided for by national law and practices, inter alia , prospects or plans for future
development having major economic and social effects on the employees concerned.
Procedures for consultation on matters of mutual concern should/shall be worked out by
mutual agreement between entities of transnational corporations and trade unions or other
representatives of employees in accordance with national law and practice.
Information made available pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph should be subject to
appropriate safeguards for confidentiality so that no damage is caused to the parties concerned.
TREATMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A.  General treatment of transnational corporat ions by the countries in which they operate
47. States have the right to regulate the entry and establishment of transnational corporations
including determining the role that such corporations may play in  economic and social development
and prohibiting or limiting the extent of their presence in specific sectors.
48. Transnational corporations should receive [fair and] equitable [and non-discriminatory]
treatment [under] [in accordance with] the laws, regulations and administrative practices of thecountries in which they operate [as well as intergovernmental obligations to which the Governments
of these countries have freely subscribed] [consisten t with their international obligations] [consistent
with international law].WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 14
49. Consistent with [national constitutional systems and] national needs to [protect
essential/national economic interests,] maintain public order and to protect national security, [and
with due regard to provisions of agreements among countries, particularly developing countries,]
entities of transnational corporations should be given by the countries in which they operate [the
treatment] [treatment no less favourable than that] [appropriate treatment].*  accorded to domestic
enterprises under their laws, regulations and administrative practices [when the circumstances in
which they operate are similar/identical] [in like situations].  [Transnational corporations should not
claim preferential treatment or the incentives and concessions granted to domestic enterprises of the
countries in which they operate.]  [Such treatment should not necessarily include extension to entities
of transnational corporations of incentives and concessions granted to domestic enterprises in order to
promote self-reliant development or protect essential economic interests.]**
[50. Endeavouring to assure the clarity and stability of national policies, laws, regulations andadministrative practices is of acknowledged importance.  Laws, regulations and other measures
affecting transnational corporations should be publi cly and readily available.  Changes in them should
be made with proper regard to the legitimate rights and interests of all concerned parties,  including
transnational corporations.]
[To be deleted]51. Information furnished by transnational corporations to the authorities in each of the countries
in which they operate containing [legitimate business secrets] [confidential business information]should be accorded reasonable safeguards normally applicable in the area in which the information is
provided, particularly to protect its confidentiality.
[52. In order to achieve the purposes of paragraph 25 relating to managerial and technical training
and employment of nationals of the countries in which transnational corporations operate, the transferof those nationals between the entities of a transnational corporation should, where consistent with the
laws and regulations of the countries concerned, be facilitated.]
[To be deleted]53. Transnational corporations should be able to transfer freely and without restriction all
payments relating to their investments such as income from invested capital and the repatriation ofthis capital when this investment is terminated, and licensing and technical assistance fees and other
royalties, without prejudice to the relevant provis ions of the "Balance of payments and financing"
section of this Code and, in particular, its paragraph 29.]
[To be deleted]
B.  Nationalization and compensation
54. [In the exercise of its right to nationalize or expropriate totally or partially the assets of
transnational corporations operating in its territory, the State adopting those measures should payadequate compensation taking into account its own laws and regulations and all the circumstances
which the State may deem relevant.  When the question of compensation gives rise to controversy or
should there be a dispute as to whether a nationalization or expropriation has taken place, it shall be
settled under the domestic law of the nationalizing or expropriating State and by its tribunals.]
                                                     
* In this alternative, the sentence will end here.
** Some delegations preferred not to have a second sentence.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 15
[In the exercise of their sovereignty, States have the right to nationalize or expropriate
foreign-owned property in their territory.  Any such  taking of property whether direct or indirect,
consistent with international law, must be non-discriminatory, for a public purpose, in accordance
with due process of law, and not be in violation of specific undertakings to the contrary by contract or
other agreement;  and be accompanied by the payment of prompt, adequate and effectivecompensation.  Such compensation should correspond to the full value of the property interests taken,
on the basis of their fair market value, including going concern value, or where appropriate other
internationally accepted methods of valuation, determined apart from any effects on value caused by
the expropriatory measure or measures, or the expectation of them.  Such compensation payments
should be freely convertible and transferable, and should not be subject to any restrictive measures
applicable to transfers of payments, income or capital.]
[In the exercise of its sovereignty, a State has the right to nationalize or expropriate totally or
partially the assets of transnational corporations in its territory, and appropriate compensation should
be paid by the State adopting such measures, in accordance with its own laws and regulations and all
the circumstances which the State deems relevant.  Relevant international obligations freely
undertaken by the States concerned apply.]
[A State has the right to nationalize or expropriate the assets of transnational corporations in
its territory against compensation, in accordance with its own laws and regulations and its
international obligations.]
C.  Jurisdiction
[55.] [Entities of transnational corporations are subj ect to the jurisdiction of the countries in which
they operate.]
[An entity of a transnational corporation operating in a given country is subject to the jurisdiction of
such a country] [in respect of its operations in that country.]
[To be deleted]56. [Disputes between a State and an entity of a transnational corporation operating in its territory
are subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and other competent authorities of that State unlessamicably settled between the parties.]
[Disputes between a State and an entity of a transnational corporation which are not amicably
settled between the parties or resolved in accordance with previously agreed dispute settlement
procedures, should be submitted to competent courts or other authorities, or to other agreed means ofsettlement, such as arbitration.]
[Disputes between States and entities of transnational corporations, which are not amicably
settled between the parties, shall/should be submitted to competent national courts or authorities in
conformity with the principle of paragraph 7.  Where the parties so agree, such disputes may bereferred to other mutually acceptable dispute settlement procedures.]
[57. In contracts in which at least one party is an entity of a transnational corporation the parties
should be free to choose the applicable law and the form for settlement of disputes, including
arbitration, it being understood that such a choice may be limited in its effects by the law of thecountries concerned.]
[To be deleted]WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 16
58. [States should [use moderation and restraint in order to] [seek to] avoid [undue] encroachment
on a Jurisdiction more [properly appertaining to, or more] appropriately exercisable, by another
State.]  Where the exercise of jurisdiction over transnational corporations and their entities by more
than one State may lead to conflicts of jurisdiction, States concerned should endeavour to adopt
mutually acceptable [principles and procedures, bilaterally or multilaterally, for the avoidance orsettlement of such conflicts,] [arrangements] on the basis of respect for [their mutual interests] [the
principle of sovereign equality and mutual interests.]
[To be placed in the section on intergovernmental co-operation.]
INTERGOVERNMENTAL CO-OPERATION
59. [It is acknowledged] [States agree] that intergovernmental co-operation is essential in
accomplishing the objectives of the Code.
60. [States agree that] intergovernmental co-operation should be established or strengthened at
the international level and, where appropriate, at th e bilateral, regional and interregional levels [with a
view to promoting the contribution of transnational corporations to their developmental goals,
particularly those of developing countries, while controlling and eliminating their negative effects].
*
61. States [agree to] [should] exchange information on the measures they have taken to giveeffect to the Code and on their experience with the Code.
62. States [agree to] [should] consult on a bilateral or multilateral basis, as appropriate, on matters
relating to the Code and its application [in particular on conflicting requirements imposed on
transnational corporations by the countries in which they operate and issues of conflicting nationaljurisdictions] [in particular in relation to confli cting requirements imposed by parent companies on
their entities operating in different countries] a nd with respect to the development of international
agreements and arrangements on issues related to the Code.
63. States [agree to] [should] take into consideration the objectives of the Code as reflected in its
provisions when negotiating bilateral or multilateral agreements concerning transnational
corporations.
64. States [agree not to use] [should not use] transnational corporations as instruments to
intervene in the internal or external affairs of other States [and agree to take appropriate action within
their jurisdiction to prevent transnational corpora tions from engaging in activities referred to in
paragraph 15 to 17 of this Code].
65. Government action on behalf of a transnational corporation operating in another country
should/shall be subject to the principle of exhaustion of local remedies provided in such a country
and, when agreed among the Governments concerned, to procedures for dealing with international
legal claims.  Such action should not in any event amount to the use of any type of coercive measures
not consistent with the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of
International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations.
                                                     
* It is agreed that the last bracketed text will be deleted provided that the concept embodied therein is
referred to in the section on objectives.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 17
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT
A.  Action at the national level
66. In order to ensure and promote implementation of the Code at the national level, States
shall/should, inter alia :
(a) Publicize and disseminate the Code;(b) Follow the implementation of th e Code within their territories;
(c) Report to the United Nations Commissi on on Transnational Corporations on the
action taken at the national level to promote the code and on the experience gained
from its implementation;
(d) Take actions to reflect their support for the Code and take into account the objectives
of the Code as reflected in its provisions when introducing implementing and
reviewing laws, regulations and administrative practices on matters dealt with in the
Code.
B.  International institutional machinery
67. The United Nations Commission on Transnationa l Corporations shall assume the functions of
the international institutional machinery for the implementation of the Code.  In this capacity, the
Commission shall be open to the participation of all States having accepted the Code.  [It mayestablish the subsidiary bodies and specific procedures it deems necessary for the effective discharge
of its functions.]  The United Nations Centre of Transnational Corporations shall act as the secretariat
to the Commission.
68. The Commission shall act as the focal international body within the United Nations system
for all matters related to the Code.  It shall establish and maintain close contacts with other United
Nations organizations and specialized agencies dealing with matters related to the Code and itsimplementation with a view to co-ordinating work  related to the Code.  When matters covered by
international agreements or arrangements, specifically referred to in the Code, which have been
worked out in other United Nations forums, arise,  the Commission shall forward such matters to the
competent bodies concerned with such agreements or arrangements.
69. The Commission shall have the following functions:
(a) To discuss at its annual sessions matters related to the Code.  If agreed by the
Governments engaged in consultations on specific issues related to the Code, the Commission
shall facilitate such intergovernmental consultations to the extent possible.  [Representativesof trade unions, business, consumer and other relevant groups may express their views on
matters related to the Code through the non-governmental organizations represented in the
Commission.]
(b) Periodically to assess the implementation of the Code, such assessments being based
on reports submitted by Governments and, as appropriate, on documentation from United
Nations organizations and specialized agencies performing work relevant to the Code and
non-governmental organizations represented in the Commission.  The first assessment shall
take place not earlier than two years and not later than three years after the adoption of theWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 18
Code.  The second assessment shall take place two years after the first one.  The Commission
shall determine whether a periodicity of two years is to be maintained or modified for
subsequent assessments.  The format of assessments shall be determined by the Commission.
[(c) To provide [, upon the request of a Government,] clarification of the provisions of the
Code in the light of actual situations in which the applicability and implications of the Code
have been the subject of intergovernmental consultations.  In clarifying the provisions of the
Code, the Commission shall not draw conclusions concerning the conduct of the parties
involved in the situation which led to the reques t for clarification.  The clarification is to be
restricted to issues illustrated by such a situation.  The detailed procedures regarding
clarification are to be determined by the Commission.]
[To be deleted.]
(d) To report annually to the General Assembly [through the Economic and Social
Council] on its activities regarding the implementation of the Code.
(e) To facilitate intergovernmental arrangements or agreements on specific aspects
relating to transnational corporations upon request of the Governments concerned.
70. The United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations shall provide assistance relating to
the implementation of the Code, inter alia , by collecting, analysing and disseminating information
and conducting research and surveys, as required and specified by the Commission.
C.  Review procedure
71. The Commission shall make recommendations to the General Assembly [through the
Economic and Social Council] for the purpose of re viewing the Code.  The first review shall take
place not later than six years after the adoption of the Code.  The General Assembly shall establish, as
appropriate, the modalities for reviewing the Code.*
Notes
a/ No drafting was done on the Preamble and Objectives of the Code.  However, the following
text was drafted during the discussion on other parts of the Code and the decision was taken to place it
in one of the substantive introductory parts of the Code:
"For the purposes of this Code, the principles set out in the Tripartite Declaration of Principles
concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, adopted by the Governing Body of the
International Labour Office, should apply in the fiel d of employment, training, conditions of work and
life and industrial relations."
(No decision has yet been taken on the exact location of this paragraph.)
b/ Some delegations accepted paragraphs 26, 30, 31 and 32 on balance of payments and
financing on an ad referendum basis.
c/ The placement of this paragraph has not yet been decided.
                                                     
* Further discussion of this provision will take place after related issues, such as the mode of adoption
and the legal nature of the code, have been settled.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 19
Appendix
NON-COLLABORATION BY TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS WITH
RACIST MINORITY
REGIMES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA  a/
14. In accordance with the efforts of the inte rnational community towards the elimination of
apartheid in South Africa and its illegal occupation of Namibia,
(a) Transnational corporations shall/should refrain from operations and activitiessupporting and sustaining the racist minority regime of South Africa in maintaining the
system of apartheid and the illegal occupation of Namibia;
(b) Transnational corporations shall/should engage in appropriate activities within their
competence with a view to eliminating racial discrimination and all other aspects of thesystem of apartheid;
(c) Transnational corporations shall/should comply strictly with obligations resulting
from Security Council decisions and shall/shou ld fully respect those resulting from all
relevant United Nations resolutions;
(d) With regard to investment in Namibia, transnational corporations shall/should comply
strictly with obligations resulting from S ecurity Council resolution 283 (1970) and other
relevant Security Council decisions and shall/should fully respect those resulting from all
relevant United Nations resolutions.
Notes
a/ The text of paragraph 14 was agreed ad referendum in the working group on paragraph 14,
but no final decision thereon was taken by the Commission.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 20
ANNEX 2
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
Distr.
GENERAL
E/1990/94
12 June 1990
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
_________________________________________________________________________________
Second regular session of 1990
Item 7(d) of the provisional agenda*
DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION:
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Letter dated 31 May 1990 from the Chairman of the reconvened special
session of the Commission on Transnational Corporations to the
President of the Economic and Social Council
In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1990/204, the special session of
the Commission on Transnational Corporations  was reconvened on 24 May 1990 "with a view to
concluding the work on the formulation of the code of conduct on transnational corporations for
transmission to the Economic and Social Council at its second regular session".  That resolution was
in consonance with the decision of the enlarged Bu reau of the reconvened special session to conclude
negotiations by May 1990.  Those negotiations began more than a decade ago and in recent years they
have concentrated on a few important outstanding issues.  In 1988, the Chairman of the reconvened
special session and the Secretary-General prepared a text of the draft code, drawing upon the
discussions and proposals presented over the years.  That text was reproduced indocument E/1988/39/Add.1.
During the meetings of the enlarged Bureau in January 1990, a number of amendments were
submitted, which were discussed in April and May.  In the light of the April discussions, the
Secretary-General prepared a draft code of conduct, which was distributed informally.  Although itwas not possible to agree on a final draft code of conduct, it is important to note that the vast majority
of its provisions have already been accepted.  It should therefore not be difficult to reach agreement
on compromise formulations of the remaining provisi ons.  In an effort to facilitate that compromise
while preserving the already agreed texts, the Chairman, at the meeting on 24 May 1990, announced
that he would transmit to the Economic and Social Council the text of a draft code of conduct, basedon document E/1988/39/Add.l and bearing in mind the informal draft of the Secretary-General and the
discussion in the enlarged Bureau.  That text is annexed hereto.
                                                     
* E/1990/92
90-14844 1652e (E)WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 21
The Bureau considers that the work of the reconvened special session of the Commission on
Transnational Corporations has been concluded and it is the Chairman's impression that the text
annexed will receive the support of the overwhelming majority of countries from all regional groups.
(Signed) Miguel Marin-Bosch
Chairman
Reconvened special session of the
Commission of Transnational CorporationsWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 22
Annex
PROPOSED TEXT OF THE DRAFT CODE OF CONDUCT
ON TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
CONTENTS
Paragraphs
PREAMBLE
DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION 1 - 6
ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS 7 – 46
A. General 7 - 20
Respect for national sovereignty and observance of domestic
laws, regulations and administrative practices 7 – 9
Adherence to economic goals and development objectives,
policies and priorities 10 - 11
Review and renegotiation of contracts and agreements 12
Adherence to socio-cultural objectives and values 13Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms 14Non-collaboration by transnational corporations with the
racist minority regime in South Africa 15
Non-interference in internal affairs of host countries 16Non-interference in intergovernmental relations 17 - 19Abstention from corrupt practices 20
B. Economic, financial and social 21 – 43
Ownership and control 21 – 24Employment conditions and industrial relations 25Balance of payments and financing 26 – 32Transfer pricing 33Taxation 34WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 23
CONTENTS (continued)
Paragraphs
Competition and restrictive business practices 35Transfer of technology 36Consumer protection 37 - 40Environmental protection 41 - 43
C. Disclosure of information 44 – 46
TREATMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS 47 – 58
A. General provisions relating to the treatment of
transnational corporations 47 - 54
B. Nationalization and compensation 55
C. Jurisdiction 56
D. Dispute Settlement 57 – 58
INTERGOVERNMENTAL CO-OPERATION 59 – 65
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT 66 - 71A. Action at the national level 66
B. International institutional machinery 67 – 70
C. Review procedure 71WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 24
PREAMBLE
The General Assembly,
Recalling Economic and Social Council resolutions 1908 (LVII) of 2 August 1974 and
1913 (LVII) of 5 December 1974, establishing the Commission on Transnational Corporations and
the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations with the mandate, as their highest priority of
work, of concluding a Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations,
Convinced that a universally accepted, compre hensive and effective Code of Conduct on
Transnational Corporations is an essential element in the strengthening of international economic and
social co-operation and, in particular, in achieving one of the main goals and objectives in thatco-operation, namely, to maximize the contributions of transnational corporations to economic
development and growth and to minimize the negative effects of the activities of these corporations.
Decides to adopt the following Code of  Conduct on Transnational Corporations:
DEFINITIONS AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION
1. (a) This Code is universally applicable to enterprises, irrespective of their country of
origin and their ownership, including private, public  or mixed, comprising entities in two or more
countries, regardless of the legal form and fields of activity of these entities, which operate under a
system of decision-making, permitting coherent policies and a common strategy through one or more
decision-making centres, in which the entities are so  linked, by ownership or otherwise, that one or
more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the activities of others and, in
particular, to share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with the others.  Such enterprises arereferred to in this Code as transnational corporations.
(b) The term "entities" in the Code refers to both parent entities - that is, entities which
are the main source of influence over others - and other entities, unless otherwise specified in the
Code.
(c) The term "transnational corporation" in the Code refers to the enterprise as a whole or
its various entities.
(d) The term "home country" means the country in which the parent entity is located.
The term "host country" means a country other than the home country in which an entity other than
the parent entity is located.
(e) The term "country in which a transnational corporation operates" refers to a home or
host country in which an entity of a transnational corporation conducts operations.
2. For the application of this Code, it is irrelevant whether or not enterprises as described in
paragraph 1(a) above are referred to in any country as transnational corporations.
3. The Code is universally applicable in all States, regardless of their political and economic
systems or their level of development.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 25
4. The provisions of the Code addressed to transnational corporations reflect good practice for
all enterprises.  Subject to the provisions of paragraph 52, wherever the provisions of the Code are
relevant to both, transnational corporations and domestic enterprises shall be subject to the same
expectations with regard to their conduct.
5. Subject to the relevant constitutions, charters or other fundamental laws of the regional
groupings of States concerned, any reference in this Code to States, countries or Governments, also
includes regional groupings of States, to the extent that the provisions of this Code relate to matters
within these groupings' own competence,  with respect to such competence.
6. In their interpretation and application the provisions of this Code are interrelated and each
provision should be construed in the context of the other provisions.
ACTIVITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A.  General
Respect for national sovereignty and observance of domestic laws, regulations and administrative
practices
7. Transnational corporations shall respect the na tional sovereignty of the countries in which
they operate and the right of each State to exercise its permanent sovereignty over its natural wealth
and resources.
8. An entity of a transnational corporation is subject to the laws, regulations and established
administrative practices of the country in which it operates.
9. Transnational corporations shall respect the right of each State to regulate and monitor
accordingly the activities of their entities operating within its territory.
Adherence to economic goals and development objectives, policies and priorities
10. Transnational corporations should carry out their activities in conformity with the
development policies, objectives and priorities set out by the Governments of the countries in which
they operate and work seriously towards making a positive contribution to the achievement of such
goals at the national and, as appropriate, the re gional level, within the framework of regional
integration programmes.  Transnational corporations should co-operate with the Governments of thecountries in which they operate with a view to contributing to the development process and should be
responsive to requests for consultation in this respect, thereby establishing mutually beneficial
relations with these countries.
11. Transnational corporations should carry out their operations in conformity with applicable
intergovernmental co-operative arrangements concluded by the countries in which they operate.
Review and renegotiation of contracts and agreements
12. (a) Contracts or agreements between Governments and transnational corporations should
be negotiated and implemented in good faith.  In such contracts or agreements, especially long-term
ones, review or renegotiation clauses should normally be included.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 26
(b) In the absence of such clauses and where there has been a fundamental change of the
circumstances on which the contract or agreement was based, transnational corporations, acting in
good faith, should co-operate with Governments for the review or renegotiation of such contract or
agreement.
Adherence to socio-cultural objectives and values
13. Transnational corporations should respect the social and cultural objectives, values and
traditions of the countries in which they operate.  While economic and technological development is
normally accompanied by social change, transnational corporations should avoid practices, products
or services which cause detrimental effects on cultural patterns and socio-cultural objectives as
determined by Governments.  For this purpose, transnational corporations should respond positivelyto requests for consultations from Governments concerned.
Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
14. Transnational corporations shall respect human rights and fundamental freedoms in the
countries in which they operate.  In their social and industrial relations, transnational corporations
shall not discriminate on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, language, social, national and ethnic
origin or political or other opinion.  Transnational corporations shall conform to government policies
designed to extend equality of opportunity and treatment.
Non-collaboration by transnational corporations with the racist minority regime in South Africa
15. In accordance with the efforts of the inte rnational community towards the elimination of
apartheid in South Africa,
(a) Transnational corporations shall refrain from operations and activities supporting and
sustaining the racist minority regime of South Africa in maintaining the system of apartheid;
(b) Transnational corporations shall engage in appropriate activities within their
competence with a view to eliminating racial discrimination and all other aspects of the system of
apartheid;
(c) Transnational corporations shall comply strictly with obligations resulting from
Security Council decisions and shall fully respect those resulting from all relevant United Nations
resolutions.
Non-interference in internal affairs of host countries
16. Without prejudice to the participation of transnational corporations in activities that are
permissible under the laws, regulations or established administrative practices of host countries, and
without prejudice to paragraph 8 of the Code, transnational corporations shall not interfere in the
internal affairs of host countries.
Non-interference in intergovernmental relations
17. Transnational corporations shall not interfere in intergovernmental relations provided that this
provision shall not preclude such activities as are sanctioned within the framework of bilateral ormultilateral co-operation.
18. Transnational corporations should not request Governments acting on their behalf to take the
measures referred to in the second sentence of paragraph 65.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 27
19. With respect to the exhaustion of local remedies, transnational corporations should not
request Governments to act on their behalf in any manner inconsistent with paragraph 65.
Abstention from corrupt practices
20. (a) Transnational corporations shall refrain, in their transactions, from the offering,
promising or giving of any payment, gift or other advantage to or for the benefit of a public official as
consideration for performing or refraining from the performance of his duties in connection with those
transactions.
(b) Transnational corporations shall maintain accurate records of any payments made by
them to any public official or intermediary.  They shall make available these records to the competent
authorities of the countries in which they operate, upon request, for investigations and proceedings
concerning those payments.
B.  Economic, financial and social
Ownership and control
21. Transnational corporations should make every effort so to allocate their decision-making
powers among their entities as to enable them to contribute to the economic and social developmentof the countries in which they operate.
22. To the extent permitted by national laws, policies and established administrative practices of
the country in which it operates, each entity of a transnational corporation should co-operate with the
other entities, in accordance with the actual distribution of responsibilities among them and consistentwith paragraph 22, so as to enable each entity to meet effectively the requirements established by the
laws, policies and regulations of the country in which it operates.
23. Transnational corporations should carry out their personnel policies in accordance with the
national policies of each of the countries in which they operate which give priority to the employment
and promotion of its nationals at all levels of management and direction of the affairs of each entity so
as to enhance the effective participation of its nationals in the decision-making process.
24. Transnational corporations should contribute to the managerial and technical training of
nationals of the countries in which they operate and facilitate their employment at all levels of
management of the entities and enterprises as a whole.
Employment conditions and industrial relations
25. For the purposes of this Code, the principles set out in the Tripartite Declaration of Principles
concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, adopted by the Governing Body of the
International Labour Office, should apply in the fiel d of employment, training, conditions of work and
life and industrial relations.
Balance of payments and financing
26. Transnational corporations shall carry out their operations in conformity with laws and
regulations and with full regard to the policy objectives set out by the Countries in which they
operate, particularly developing countries, relating to balance of payments, financial transactions and
other issues dealt with in the subsequent paragraphs of this section.  These obligations are without
prejudice to multilaterally agreed trade rules and sound commercial practices.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 28
27. Transnational corporations should respond positively to requests for consultation on their
activities from the Governments of the countries in which they operate, with a view to contributing to
the alleviation of pressing problems of balance of payments and finance of such countries.
28. Transnational corporations should, where appropriate, contribute to the promotion and
diversification of exports in the countries in which they operate and to an increased utilization of
goods, services and other resources which are available in these countries.
29. Transnational corporations should be responsive to requests by Governments of the countries
in which they operate, particularly developing countries, concerning the phasing over a limited period
of time of the repatriation of capital in case of disinvestment or remittances of accumulated profits,when the size and timing of such transfers would cause serious balance-of-payments difficulties for
such countries.
30. Transnational corporations should not, contrary to generally accepted financial practices
prevailing in the countries in which they operate, engage in short-term financial operations ortransfers or defer or advance foreign exchange pa yments, including intra-corporate payments, in a
manner which would increase currency instability and thereby cause serious balance-of-payments
difficulties for the countries concerned.
31. Transnational corporations should not impose restrictions on their entities, beyond generally
accepted commercial practices prevailing in the countries in which they operate, regarding the transfer
of goods, services and funds which would cause serious balance-of-payments difficulties for the
countries in which they operate.
32. When having recourse to the money and capital markets of the countries in which they
operate, transnational corporations should not, beyond generally accepted financial practices
prevailing in such countries, engage in activities which would have a significant adverse impact on
the working of local markets, particularly by restricting the availability of funds to other enterprises.
When issuing shares with the objective of increasing  local equity participation in an entity operating
in such a country, or engaging in long-term borrowing in the local market, transnational corporations
should consult with the Government of the country concerned upon its request on the effects of such
transactions on the local money and capital markets.
Transfer pricing
33. In respect of their intra-corporate transactions, transnational corporations should not use
pricing policies that are not based on relevant market prices, or, in the absence of such prices, thearm's length principle, which have the effect of adversely affecting the tax revenues, the foreign
exchange resources or other aspects of the economy of the countries in which they operate.
Taxation
34. Transnational corporations shall not, contrary to the laws and regulations of the countries in
which they operate, use their corporate structure and modes of operation, such as the use of
intra-corporate pricing which is not based on the arm's length principle, or other means, to modify the
tax base on which their entities are assessed.
Competition and restrictive business practices
35. For the purposes of this Code, the relevant provisions of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed
Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices adopted by theWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 29
General Assembly in its resolution 35/63 of 5 December 1980 apply in the field of restrictive business
practices.
Transfer of technology
36. (a) Transnational corporations shall conform to the transfer of technology laws and
regulations of the countries in which they opera te.  They shall co-operate with the competent
authorities of those countries in assessing the impact  of international transfers of technology in their
economies and consult with them regarding the various technological options which might help those
countries, particularly developing countries, to attain their economic and social development.
(b) Transnational corporations in their transfer of technology transactions should, in
accordance with the criteria set forth in the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, avoid restrictive practices which adversely
affect the international flow of technology, or otherwise hinder the economic and technological
development of countries, particularly developing countries.
(c) Transnational corporations should contribute to the strengthening of the scientific and
technological capacities of developing countries, in accordance with the science and technology
established policies and priorities of those countries.  Transnational corporations should undertake
substantial research and development activities in developing countries and should make full use of
local resources and personnel in this process.
Consumer protection
37. Transnational corporations shall carry out their operations, in particular production and
marketing, in accordance with national laws, regulations, administrative practices and policiesconcerning consumer protection of the countries in which they operate.  Transnational corporations
shall also perform their activities with due regard to  relevant international standards, so that they do
not cause injury to the health or endanger the safe ty of consumers or bring about variations in the
quality of products in each market which would have detrimental effects on consumers.
38. Transnational corporations shall, in respect of the products and services which they produce
or market or propose to produce or market in any country, supply to the competent authorities of thatcountry on request or on a regular basis, as specified by these authorities, all relevant information
concerning:
Characteristics of these products or services which may be injurious to the health and safety
of consumers including experimental uses and related aspects;
Prohibitions, restrictions, warnings and other public regulatory measures imposed in other
countries on grounds of health and safety protection on these products or services.
39. Transnational corporations should disclose to the public in the countries in which they operate
all appropriate information on the contents and, to the extent known, on possible hazardous effects of
the products they produce or market in the countries concerned by means of proper labelling,
informative and accurate advertising or other appropriate methods.  Packaging of their products
should be safe and the contents of the product should not be misrepresented.
40. Transnational corporations should be responsive to requests from Governments of the
countries in which they operate and be prepared to co-operate with international organizations in their
efforts to develop and promote national and international standards for the protection of the health and
safety of consumers and to meet the basic needs of consumers.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 30
Environmental protection
41. Transnational corporations shall carry out their activities in accordance with national laws,
regulations, established administrative practices and policies relating to the preservation of theenvironment of the countries in which they operate and with due regard to relevant international
standards.  Transnational corporations should, in performing their activities, take steps to protect the
environment and where damaged to rehabilitate it and should make efforts to develop and apply
adequate technologies for this purpose.
42. Transnational corporations shall, in respect of the products, processes and services they have
introduced or propose to introduce in any country, supply to the competent authorities of that countryon request or on a regular basis, as specified by these authorities, all relevant information concerning:
Characteristics of these products, processes and other activities including experimental uses and
related aspects which may harm the environment and the measures and costs necessary to avoid or at
least to mitigate their harmful effects;
Prohibitions, restrictions, warnings and other public regulatory measures imposed in other
countries on grounds of protection of the environment on these products, processes and services.
43. Transnational corporations should be responsive to requests from Governments of the
countries in which they operate and be prepared where appropriate to co-operate with international
organizations in their efforts to develop and promote national and international standards for the
protection of the environment.
C.  Disclosure of information
44. Transnational corporations should disclose to the public in the countries in which they
operate, by appropriate means of communication, clear, full and comprehensible information on the
structure, policies, activities and operations of the transnational corporation as a whole.  The
information should include financial as well as non-financial items and should be made available on a
regular annual basis, normally within six months and in any case not later than 12 months from the
end of the financial year of the corporation.  In addition, during the financial year, transnationalcorporations should wherever appropriate make available a semi-annual summary of financial
information.
The financial information to be disclosed annually should be provided where appropriate on a
consolidated basis, together with suitable explanatory notes and should include, inter alia , the
following:
(a) A balance sheet;(b) An income statement, including operating results and sales;(c) A statement of allocation of net profits or net income;(d) A statement of the sources and uses of funds;
(e) Significant new long-term capital investment;
(f) Research and development expenditure.WT/WGTI/W/52
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The non-financial information referred to in the first subparagraph should include, inter alia :
(a) The structure of the transnational corporation, showing the name and location of the
parent company, its main entities, its percentage ownership, direct and indirect, in these entities,
including shareholdings between them;
(b) The main activity of its entities;(c) Employment information including average number of employees;
(d) Accounting policies used in compiling and consolidating the information published;
(e) Policies applied in respect of transfer pricing.The information provided for the transnationa l corporation as a whole should as far as
practicable be broken down:
By geographical area or country, as appropriate, with regard to the activities of its main
entities, sales, operating results, significant new investments and number of employees;
By major line of business as regards sales and significant new investment.
The method of breakdown as well as details of information provided should be determined by
the nature, scale and interrelationships of the transnational corporation's operations, with due regard to
their significance for the areas or countries concerned.
The extent, detail and frequency of the information provided should take into account the
nature and size of the transnational corporation as a whole, the requirements of confidentiality and
effects on the transnational corporation's competitive position as well as the cost involved in
producing the information.
The information herein required should, as necessary, be in addition to information required
by national laws, regulations and established administrative practices of the countries in which
transnational corporations operate.
45. (a) Transnational corporations shall supply to the competent authorities in each of the
countries in which they operate, upon request or on a regular basis as specified by those authorities,and in accordance with national legislation, all information required for legislative and administrative
purposes relevant to the activities and policies of their entities in the country concerned.
(b) Transnational corporations shall, to the extent permitted by the provisions of the
relevant national laws, regulations, established administrative practices and policies of the countriesconcerned, supply to competent authorities in the countries in which they operate information held in
other countries needed to enable them to obtain a true and fair view of the operations of the
transnational corporation concerned as a whole in so far as the information requested relates to the
activities of the entities in the countries seeking such information.
(c) The provisions of paragraph 52 concerning confidentiality shall apply to information
supplied under the provisions of this paragraph.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 32
46. (a) With due regard to the relevant provisions of the ILO Tripartite Declaration of
Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy and in accordance with national
laws, regulations and practices in the field of labour relations, transnational corporations shall provide
to trade unions or other representatives of employees in their entities in each of the countries in which
they operate, by appropriate means of communication, the necessary information on the activitiesdealt with in this Code to enable them to obtain a true and fair view of the performance of the local
entity and, where appropriate, the corporation as a whole.  Such information shall include, where
provided for by national law and practices, inter alia , prospects or plans for future development
having major economic and social effects on the employees concerned.
(b) Procedures for consultation on matters of mutual concern should be worked out by
mutual agreement between entities of transnational corporations and trade unions or otherrepresentatives of employees in accordance with national law and practice.
(c) Information made available pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph should be
subject to appropriate safeguards for confidentiality so that no damage is caused to the parties
concerned.
TREATMENT OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A.  General provisions relating to the treatment
of transnational corporations
47. In all matters relating to the Code, States shall fulfil, in good faith, their obligations under
international law.
48. States have the right to regulate the entry and establishment of transnational corporations
including determining the role that such corpora tions may play in economic and social development
and prohibiting or limiting the extent of their presence in specific sectors.
49. Transnational corporations shall receive fair and equitable treatment in the countries in which
they operate.
50. Subject to national requirements for maintaining public order and protecting national security
and consistent with national constitutions and basic laws, and without prejudice to measures specified
in legislation relating to the declared development objectives of the developing countries, entities of
transnational corporations should be entitled to treatment no less favourable than that accorded todomestic enterprises in similar circumstances.
51. The importance of endeavouring to assure the clarity and stability of national policies, laws,
regulations and established administrative practices is acknowledged.  Laws and regulations affecting
transnational corporations should be publicly and readily available.  To the extent appropriate,relevant information regarding decisions of competent administrative bodies relating to transnational
corporations should be disseminated.
52. Information furnished by transnational corporations to the authorities in each of the countries
in which they operate containing confidential business information shall be accorded reasonablesafeguards normally applicable in the area in which the information is provided, particularly to protect
its confidentiality.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 33
53. In order to achieve the purposes of paragraph 24 relating to managerial and technical training
and employment of nationals of the countries in which transnational corporations operate, the transfer
of those nationals between the entities of a transnational corporation should, subject to the laws and
regulations of the countries concerned, be facilitated.
54. Transnational corporations are entitled to transfer all payments legally due.  Such transfers are
subject to the procedures laid down in the relevant legislation of host countries, such as foreign
exchange laws, and to restrictions for a limited period of time emanating from exceptional balance of
payment difficulties.
B.  Nationalization and compensation
55. It is acknowledged that States have the right to nationalize or expropriate the assets of a
transnational corporation operating in their territories, and that adequate compensation is to be paid by
the State concerned, in accordance with the applicable legal rules and principles.
C.  Jurisdiction
56. An entity of a transnational corporation is subject to the jurisdiction of the country in which it
operates.
D.  Dispute settlement
57. Disputes between States and entities of transnational corporations, which are not amicably
settled between the parties, shall be submitted to competent national courts or authorities.  Where the
parties so agree, or have agreed, such disputes shall be referred to other mutually acceptable or
accepted dispute settlement procedures.
58. Where the exercise of jurisdiction over transnational corporations and their entities by more
than one State may lead to conflicts of jurisdiction, States concerned should endeavour to avoid or
minimize such conflicts, and the problems to which they give rise by following an approach of
moderation and restraint, respecting and accommodating the interests of Other States.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL CO-OPERATION
59. It is acknowledged that intergovernmental co-operation is essential in accomplishing the
objectives of the Code.
60. Intergovernmental co-operation should be established or strengthened at the international
level and, where appropriate, at the bilateral, regional and interregional levels.
61. States should exchange information on the measures they have taken to give effect to the
Code and on their experience with the Code.
62. States should consult on a bilateral or multilateral basis, as appropriate, on matters relating to
the Code and its application and with respect to the development of international agreements and
arrangements on issues related to the Code.
63. States should take into consideration the objectives of the Code as reflected in its provisions
when negotiating bilateral or multilateral agreements concerning transnational corporations.WT/WGTI/W/52
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64. States should not use transnational corporations as instruments to intervene in the internal or
external affairs of other States and should take appropriate action within their jurisdiction to prevent
transnational corporations from engaging in activities referred to in paragraphs 16 and 17 of this
Code.
65. Government action on behalf of a transnational corporation operating in another country shall
be subject to the principle of exhaustion of local remedies provided in such a country and, when
agreed among the Governments concerned, to procedures for dealing with international legal claims.
Such action should not in any event amount to the use of any type of coercive measures not consistent
with the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law
concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT
A.  Action at the national level
66. In order to ensure and promote the implementation of the Code at the national level, States
should, inter alia :
(a) Publicize and disseminate the Code;(b) Follow the implementation of th e Code within their territories;
(c) Report to the United Nations Commissi on on Transnational Corporations on the
action taken at the national level to promote the Code and on the experience gained from itsimplementation;
(d) Take action to reflect their support for the Code and take into account the objectives
of the Code as reflected in its provisions when introducing, implementing and reviewing laws,
regulations and administrative practices on matters dealt with in the Code.
B.  International institutional machinery
67. The United Nations Commission on Transnationa l Corporations shall assume the functions of
the international institutional machinery for the implementation of the Code.  In this capacity, the
Commission shall be open to the participation of all States.  Consistent with United Nations practices,
it may establish the subsidiary bodies and specific procedures it deems necessary for the effective
discharge of its functions.  The United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations shall act as the
secretariat to the Commission.
68. The Commission shall act as the international body within the United Nations system for all
matters related to the Code.  It shall establish and maintain close contacts with other United Nationsorganizations and specialized agencies dealing with matters related to the Code and its
implementation with a view to co-ordinating work  related to the Code.  When matters covered by
international agreements or arrangements, specifically referred to in the Code, which have been
worked out in other United Nations forums, arise,  the Commission shall forward such matters to the
competent bodies concerned with such agreements or arrangements.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 35
69. The Commission shall have the following functions:
(a) To discuss at its annual sessions matters related to the Code.  If agreed by the
Governments engaged in consultations on specific issues related to the Code, the Commission shall
facilitate such intergovernmental consultations to the extent possible.  Representatives of trade unions,business, consumer and other relevant groups may express their views on matters related to the Code
through the non-governmental organizations represented in the Commission.
(b) Periodically to assess the implementation of the Code, such assessments being based
on reports submitted by Governments and, as appropriate, on documentation from United Nations
organizations and specialized agencies performing work relevant to the Code and non-governmental
organizations represented in the Commission.  The first assessment shall take place not earlier thantwo years and not later than three years after the adoption of the Code.  The second assessment shall
take place two years after the first one.  The Commission shall determine whether a periodicity of two
years is to be maintained or modified for subsequent assessments.  The format of assessments shall be
determined by the Commission.
(c) To develop in the light of experience procedures for providing clarifications on
provisions of the Code.
(d) To report annually to the General Assembly through the Economic and Social
Council on its activities regarding the implementation of the Code.
(e) To facilitate intergovernmental arrangements or agreements on specific aspects
relating to transnational corporations upon request of the Governments concerned.
70. The United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations shall provide assistance relating to
the implementation of the Code, inter alia , by collecting, analysing and disseminating information
and conducting research and surveys, as required and specified by the Commission.
C.  Review procedure
71. The Commission shall make recommendations to the General Assembly through the
Economic and Social Council for the purpose of reviewing the provisions of the Code.  The firstreview shall take place not later than six years after the adoption of the Code.  The General Assembly
shall establish, as appropriate, the modalities for reviewing the Code.WT/WGTI/W/52
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ANNEX 3
THE SET OF MULTILATERALLY AGREED EQUITABLE PRINCIPLES AND RULES
FOR THE CONTROL OF RESTRICTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES*1
AND
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE STRENGTHENING THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SET**
The Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive
Business Practices was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its thirty-fifth session on5 December 1980 by its resolution 35/63.  The Second United Nations Conference to Review all
Aspects of the Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive
Business Practices was held in Geneva from 26 November to 7 December 1990.  That Conference
adopted a resolution on "Strengthening the implementation of the Set" at its sixth meeting on
7 December 1990.  A Third Review Conference took place on 13-21 November 1995.  ThisConference adopted a resolution calling for a number of concrete actions to give effect to the
implementation of the Set.
THE SET OF MULTILATERALLY AGREED EQUITABLE PRINCIPLES AND RULES
FOR THE CONTROL OF RESTRICTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES
The United Nations Conference on Restrictive Business Practices,
Recognizing  that restrictive business practices can adversely affect international trade,
particularly that of developing countries, and the economic development of these countries,
Affirming  that a set of multilaterally agreed equitable principles and rules for the control of
restrictive business practices can contribute to attaining the objective in the establishment of a new
international economic order to eliminate restrictive business practices adversely affectinginternational trade and thereby contribute to development and improvement of international economic
relations on a just and equitable basis,
Recognizing  also the need to ensure that restrictive business practices do not impede or negate
the realization of benefits that should arise from the liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriersaffecting international trade, particularly those affecting the trade and development of developing
countries,
                                                     
* Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1981). The Set of Multilaterally
Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices , United Nations
document TD/RBP/CONF/10/Rev.1 (New York: United Nations) [Note added by the editor].
1 The Set of Principles and Rules was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Restrictive
Business Practices as an annex to its resolution of 22 April 1980.
** Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1991). "Resolution Adopted by the
Conference Strengthening the Implementation of the Set", Report of the Second United Nations Conference to
Review all Aspects of the Multilaterally Agreed Equitabl e Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive
Business Practices , United Nations document TD/RBP/CONF.3/9 (Geneva: United Nations), Annex, pp.48-51
[Note added by the editor].WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 37
Considering  the possible adverse impact of restrictive business practices, including among
others those resulting from the increased activities of transnational corporations, on the trade and
development of developing countries,
Convinced  of the need for action to be taken by countries in a mutually reinforcing manner at
the national, regional and international levels to eliminate or effectively deal with restrictive business
practices, including those of transnational corporations, adversely affecting international trade,
particularly that of developing countries, and the economic development of these countries,
Convinced also  of the benefits to be derived from a universally applicable set of multilaterally
agreed equitable principles and rules for the control of restrictive business practices and that all
countries should encourage their enterprises to follow  in all respects the provisions of such a set of
multilaterally agreed equitable principles and rules,
Convinced further  that the adoption of such a set of multilaterally agreed equitable principles
and rules for the control of restrictive business practices will thereby facilitate the adoption and
strengthening of laws and policies in the area of restrictive business practices at the national andregional levels and thus lead to improved conditions and attain greater efficiency and participation in
international trade and development, particularly that of developing countries, and to protect and
promote social welfare in general, and in particular the interests of consumers in both developed and
developing countries,
Affirming also  the need to eliminate the disadvantages to trade and development which may
result from the restrictive business practices of transnational corporations or other enterprises, and
thus help to maximize benefits to international trade and particularly the trade and development of
developing countries,
Affirming further  the need that measures adopted by the States for the control of restrictive
business practices should be applied fairly, equitably, on the same basis to all enterprises and in
accordance with established procedures of law; and for States to take into account the principles and
objectives of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules,
Hereby agrees on  the following Set of Principles and Rules for the control of restrictive
business practices, which take the form of recommendations:
A.  Objectives
Taking into account the interests of all countries, particularly those of developing countries,
the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules are framed in order to achieve thefollowing objectives:
1. To ensure that restrictive business practices do not impede or negate the realization of
benefits that should arise from the liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers affecting world trade,
particularly those affecting the trade and development of developing countries;
2. To attain greater efficiency in international trade and development, particularly that
of developing countries, in accordance with national aims of economic and social development and
existing economic structures, such as through:
(a) The creation, encouragement and protection of competition;
(b) Control of the concentration of capital and/or economic power;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 38
(c) Encouragement of innovation;
3. To protect and promote social welfare in general and, in particular, the interests of
consumers in both developed and developing countries;
4. To eliminate the disadvantages to trade and development which may result from the
restrictive business practices of transnational corporations or other enterprises, and thus help to
maximize benefits to international trade and particularly the trade and development of developing
countries;
5. To provide a Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the
control of restrictive business practices for adoption at the international level and thereby to facilitatethe adoption and strengthening of laws and policies in this area at the national and regional levels.
B.  Definitions and scope of application
For the purpose of this Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules:
(i) Definitions
1. Restrictive business practices means acts or behaviour of enterprises which, through
an abuse or acquisition and abuse of a dominant position of market power, limit access to markets orotherwise unduly restrain competition, having or be ing likely to have adverse effects on international
trade, particularly that of developing countries, and on the economic development of these countries,
or which through formal, informal, written or unwritten agreements or arrangements among
enterprises, have the same impact.
2. Dominant position of market power refers to  a situation where an enterprise, either by
itself or acting together with a few other enterprises, is in a position to control the relevant market for
a particular good or service or group of goods or services.
3. Enterprises means firms, partnerships, corporations, companies, other associations,
natural or juridical persons, or any combination thereof, irrespective of the mode of creation or control
or ownership, private or State, which are engaged in commercial activities, and includes theirbranches, subsidiaries, affiliates, or other entities directly or indirectly controlled by them.
(ii) Scope of application
4. The Set of Principles and Rules applies to restrictive business practices, including
those of transnational corporations, adversely affecting international trade, particularly that of
developing countries and the economic development of these countries.  It applies irrespective of
whether such practices involve enterprises in one or more countries.
5. The "principles and rules for enterprises, including transnational corporations" apply
to all transactions in goods and services.
6. The "principles and rules for enterprises,  including transnational corporations" are
addressed to all enterprises.
7. The provisions of the Set of Principles and Rules shall be universally applicable to all
countries and enterprises regardless of the parties involved in the transactions, acts or behaviour.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 39
8. Any reference to "States" or "Governments" shall be construed as including any
regional groupings of States, to the extent that they have competence in the area of restrictive business
practices.
9. The Set of Principles and Rules shall not apply to intergovernmental agreements, nor
to restrictive business practices directly caused by such agreements.
C.  Multilaterally agreed equitable principles for the control of restrictive business practices
In line with the objectives set forth, the following principles are to apply:
(i) General principles
1. Appropriate action should be taken in a mutually reinforcing manner at national,
regional and international levels to eliminate, or effectively deal with, restrictive business practices,
including those of transnational corporations, adversely affecting international trade, particularly that
of developing countries and the economic development of these countries.
2. Collaboration between Governments at bilateral and multilateral levels should be
established and, where such collaboration has been established, it should be improved to facilitate the
control of restrictive business practices.
3. Appropriate mechanisms should be devised at the international level and/or the use of
existing international machinery improved to faci litate exchange and dissemination of information
among Governments with respect to restrictive business practices.
4. Appropriate means should be devised to facilitate the holding of multilateral
consultations with regard to policy issues relating to the control of restrictive business practices.
5. The provisions of the Set of Principles and Rules should not be construed as
justifying conduct by enterprises which is unlawful under applicable national or regional legislation.
(ii) Relevant factors in the application of the Set of Principles and Rules
6. In order to ensure the fair and equitable application of the Set of Principles and Rules,
States, while bearing in mind the need to ensure the comprehensive application of the Set of
Principles and Rules, should take due account of the extent to which the conduct of enterprises,
whether or not created or controlled by States, is accepted under applicable legislation or regulations,
bearing in mind that such laws and regulations should be clearly defined and publicly and readilyavailable, or is required by States.
(iii) Preferential or differential treatment for developing countries
7. In order to ensure the equitable application of the Set of Principles and Rules, States,
particularly developed countries, should take into account in their control of restrictive business
practices the development, financial and trade needs of developing countries, in particular of the least
developed countries, for the purposes especially of developing countries in:
(a) Promoting the establishment or development of domestic industries and the economic
development of other sectors of the economy,  and
(b) Encouraging their economic development through regional or global arrangements
among developing countries.WT/WGTI/W/52
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D. Principles and rules for enterprises, including transnational corporations
1. Enterprises should conform to the restrictive business practices laws, and the
provisions concerning restrictive business practices in other laws, of the countries in which theyoperate, and, in the event of proceedings under these laws, should be subject to the competence of the
courts and relevant administrative bodies therein.
2. Enterprises should consult and co-operate with competent authorities of countries
directly affected in controlling restrictive business practices adversely affecting the interests of those
countries.  In this regard, enterprises should also provide information, in particular details of
restrictive arrangements, required for this purpose, including that which may be located in foreigncountries, to the extent that in the latter event such production or disclosure is not prevented by
applicable law or established public policy.  Whenever the provision of information is on a voluntary
basis, its provision should be in accordance with safeguards normally applicable in this field.
3. Enterprises, except when dealing with each other in the context of an economic entity
wherein they are under common control, including through ownership, or otherwise not able to act
independently of each other, engaged on the market in rival or potentially rival activities, should
refrain from practices such as the following when, through formal, informal, written or unwritten
agreements or arrangements, they limit access to markets or otherwise unduly restrain competition,
having or being likely to have adverse effects on international trade, particularly that of developingcountries, and on the economic development of these countries:
(a) Agreements fixing prices, including as to exports and imports;(b) Collusive tendering;(c) Market or customer allocation arrangements;(d) Allocation by quota to sales and production;(e) Collective action to enforce arrangements, e.g. by concerted refusals to deal;
(f) Concerted refusal of supplies to potential importers;
(g) Collective denial of access to an arrangement, or association, which is crucial to
competition.
4. Enterprises should refrain  from the following acts or behaviour in a relevant market
when, through an abuse
* or acquisition and abuse of a dominant position of market power, they limit
access to markets or otherwise unduly restrain competition, having or being likely to have adverse
effects on international trade, particularly that of developing countries, and on the economic
development of these countries:
                                                     
* Whether acts or behaviour are abusive or not should be examined in terms of their purpose and effects
in the actual situation, in particular with reference to  whether they limit access to markets or otherwise unduly
restrain competition, having or being likely to have advers e effects on international trade, particularly that of
developing countries, and on the economic development of these countries, and to whether they are:
(a) Appropriate in the light of the organizational, managerial and legal relationship among the
enterprises concerned, such as in the context of relations within an economic entity and not having restrictive
effects outside the related enterprises;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 41
(a) Predatory behaviour towards competitors, such as using below-cost pricing to
eliminate competitors;
(b) Discriminatory (i.e. unjustifiably differentiated) pricing or terms or conditions in the
supply or purchase of goods or services, including by means of the use of pricing
policies in transactions between affiliated enterprises which overcharge or
undercharge for goods or services purchased or supplied as compared with prices for
similar or comparable transactions outside the affiliated enterprises;
(c) Mergers, takeovers, joint ventures or other acquisitions of control, whether of a
horizontal, vertical or a conglomerate nature;
(d) Fixing the prices at which goods exported can be resold in importing countries;(e) Restrictions on the importation of goods which have been legitimately marked abroad
with a trademark identical with or similar to the trademark protected as to identical orsimilar goods in the importing country where the trademarks in question are of the
same origin, i.e. belong to the same owner or are used by enterprises between which
there is economic, organizational, managerial or legal interdependence and where the
purpose of such restrictions is to maintain artificially high prices;
(f) When not for ensuring the achievement of legitimate business purposes, such as
quality, safety, adequate distribution or service:
(i) Partial or complete refusals to deal on the enterprise's customary commercial
terms;
(ii) Making the supply of particular goods or services dependent upon the
acceptance of restrictions on the distribution or manufacture of competing or
other goods;
(iii) Imposing restrictions concerning where, or to whom, or in what form or
quantities, goods supplied or other goods may be resold or exported;
(iv) Making the supply of particular goods or services dependent upon the
purchase of other goods or services from the supplier or his designee.
E.  Principles and rules for States at national, regional and subregional levels
1. States should, at the national level or through regional groupings, adopt, improve
and effectively enforce appropriate legislation and implementing judicial and administrative
procedures for the control of restrictive business practices, including those of transnational
corporations.
                                                                                                                                                                    
(b) Appropriate in light of special conditions or economic circumstances in the relevant market
such as exceptional conditions of supply and demand or the size of the market;
(c) Of types which are usually treated as acceptable under pertinent national or regional laws and
regulations for the control of restrictive business practices;
(d) Consistent with the purposes and objectives of these principles and rules.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 42
2. States should base their legislation primarily on the principle of eliminating or
effectively dealing with acts or behaviour of enterprises which, through an abuse or acquisition and
abuse of a dominant position of market power, lim it access to markets or otherwise unduly restrain
competition, having or being likely to have adverse effects on their trade or economic development, orwhich through formal, informal, written or unwritten  agreements or arrangements among enterprises
have the same impact.
3. States, in their control of restrictive business practices, should ensure treatment of
enterprises which is fair, equitable, on the same basis to all enterprises, and in accordance with
established procedures of law.  The laws and regulations should be publicly and readily available.
4. States should seek appropriate remedial or preventive measures to prevent and/or
control the use of restrictive business practices with in their competence when it comes to the attention
of States that such practices adversely affect international trade, and particularly the trade and
development of the developing countries.
5. Where, for the purposes of the control of restrictive business practices, a State
obtains information from enterprises containing legitimate business secrets, it should accord such
information reasonable safeguards normally applicable in this field, particularly to protect its
confidentiality.
6. States should institute or improve procedures for obtaining information from
enterprises, including transnational corporations, n ecessary for their effective control of restrictive
business practices, including in this respect details of restrictive agreements, undertakings and other
arrangements.
7. States should establish appropriate mechanisms at the regional and subregional
levels to promote exchange of information on restrictive business practices and on the application of
national laws and policies in this area, and to assi st each other to their mutual advantage regarding
control of restrictive business practices at the regional and subregional levels.
8. States with greater expertise in the operation of systems for the control of restrictive
business practices should, on request, share their experience with, or otherwise provide technicalassistance to, other States wishing to develop or improve such systems.
9. States should, on request, or at their ow n initiative when the need comes to their
attention, supply to other States, particularly developing countries, publicly available information and,
to the extent consistent with their laws and established public policy, other information necessary tothe receiving interested State for its effective control of restrictive business practices.
F.  International measures
Collaboration at the international level should aim at eliminating or effectively dealing with
restrictive business practices, including those of transnational corporations, through strengthening and
improving controls over restrictive business pr actices adversely affecting international trade,
particularly that of developing countries, and the economic development of these countries.  In this
regard, action should include:
1. Work aimed at achieving common approaches in national policies relating to
restrictive business practices compatible with the Set of Principles and Rules.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 43
2. Communication annually to the Secretary-General of UNCTAD of appropriate
information on steps taken by States and regional groupings to meet their commitment to the Set of
Principles and Rules, and information on the adopt ion, development and application of legislation,
regulations and policies concerning restrictive business practices.
3. Continued publication annually by UNCTAD of a report on developments in
restrictive business practices legislation and on restrictive business practices adversely affecting
international trade, particularly the trade and development of developing countries, based upon
publicly available information and as far as possible other information, particularly on the basis of
requests addressed to all member States or provided at their own initiative and, where appropriate, to
the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations and other competent international
organizations.
4. Consultations:(a) Where a State, particularly of a developing country, believes that a consultation
with another State or States is appropriate in regard to an issue concerning controlof restrictive business practices, it may request a consultation with those States with
a view to finding a mutually acceptable solution.  When a consultation is held, the
States involved may request the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to provide
mutually agreed conference facilities for such a consultation;
(b) States should accord full consideration to requests for consultations and, upon
agreement as to the subject of and the procedures for such a consultation, the
consultation should take place at an appropriate time;
(c) If the States involved so agree, a joint report on the consultations and their results
should be prepared by the States involved and, if they so wish, with the assistance
of the UNCTAD secretariat, and be made available to the Secretary-General of
UNCTAD for inclusion in the annual report on restrictive business practices.
5. Continued work within UNCTAD on the el aboration of a model law or laws on
restrictive business practices in order to assist developing countries in devising appropriate legislation.
States should provide necessary information and experience to UNCTAD in this connection.
6. Implementation within or facilitation by UNCTAD, and other relevant organizations
of the United Nations system in conjunction with UNCTAD, of technical assistance, advisory and
training programmes on restrictive business practices, particularly for developing countries:
(a) Experts should be provided to assist developing countries, at their request, in
formulating or improving restrictive business practices legislation and procedures;
(b) Seminars, training programmes or courses should be held, primarily in developing
countries, to train officials involved or likely to be involved in administeringrestrictive business practices legislation and, in this connection, advantage should be
taken, inter alia , of the experience and knowledge of administrative authorities,
especially in developed countries, in detecting the use of restrictive business
practices;
(c) A handbook on restrictive business practices should be compiled;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 44
(d) Relevant books, documents, manuals and any other information on matters related
to restrictive business practices should be collected and made available, particularly
to developing countries;
(e) Exchange of personnel between restrictive business practices authorities should be
arranged and facilitated;
(f) International conferences on restrictive business practices legislation and policy
should be arranged;
(g) Seminars for an exchange of views on restrictive business practices among persons
in public and private sectors should be arranged.
7. International organizations and financing programmes, in particular the United
Nations Development Programme, should be called upon to provide resources through appropriate
channels and modalities for the financing of activities set out in paragraph 6 above.  Furthermore, all
countries are invited, in particular the developing countries, to make voluntary financial and othercontributions for the above-mentioned activities.
G.  International institutional machinery
(i) Institutional arrangements
1. An Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices operating
within the framework of a Committee of UNCTAD will provide the institutional machinery.
2. States which have accepted the Set of Principles and Rules should take appropriate
steps at the national or regional levels to meet their commitment to the Set of Principles and Rules.
(ii) Functions of the Intergovernmental Group
3. The Intergovernmental Group shall have the following functions:(a) To provide a forum and modalities for the multilateral consultations, discussion and
exchange of views between States on matters related to the Set of Principles and
Rules, in particular its operation and the experience arising therefrom;
(b) To undertake and disseminate periodically studies and research on restrictive
business practices related to the provisions of the Set of Principles and Rules, with aview to increasing exchange of experience and giving greater effect to the Set of
Principles and Rules;
(c) To invite and consider relevant studies, documentation and reports from relevant
organizations of the United Nations system;
(d) To study matters relating to the Set of Principles and Rules and which might be
characterized by data covering business transactions and other relevant information
obtained upon request addressed to all States;
(e) To collect and disseminate information on matters relating to the Set of Principles
and Rules to the over-all attainment of its goals and to the appropriate steps States
have taken at the national or regional levels to promote an effective Set of Principles
and Rules, including its objectives and principles;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 45
(f) To make appropriate reports and recommendations to States on matters within its
competence, including the application and implementation of the Set of
Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules;
(g) To submit reports at least once a year on its work.
4. In the performance of its functions, neither the Intergovernmental Group nor its
subsidiary organs shall act like a tribunal or otherwise pass judgement on the activities or conduct of
individual Governments or of indi vidual enterprises in connection with a specific business transaction.
The Intergovernmental Group or its subsidiary organs should avoid becoming involved when
enterprises to a specific business transaction are in dispute.
5. The Intergovernmental Group shall establish such procedures as may be necessary
to deal with issues related to confidentiality.
(iii) Review procedure
6. Subject to the approval of the General Assembly, five years after the adoption of the
Set of Principles and Rules, a United Nations Conference shall be convened by the Secretary-General
of the United Nations under the auspices of UNCTAD for the purpose of reviewing all aspects of the
Set of Principles and Rules.  Towards this end, the Intergovernmental Group shall make proposals tothe Conference for the improvement and further development of the Set of Principles and Rules.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 46
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE STRENGTHENING THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SET
The Second United Nations Conference to Review all Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally
Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices,
Having reviewed all aspects of the Set, 10 years after its adoption,Reaffirming the importance of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and
Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices ("the Set") adopted by the General Assemblyin its resolution 35/63 of 5 December 1980,
Further reaffirming the need to ensure that restrictive business practices do not impede or
negate the realization of benefits that should arise from the liberalization of tariff and non-tariff
barriers affecting world trade, particularly those affecting the trade and development of developingcountries,
Recalling the agreement in the Final Act of the seventh session of the United Nations
conference on Trade and Development, paragraph 105 (18), to continue and strengthen the ongoing
work in UNCTAD in respect of restrictive business practices, particularly with a view to ensuringtransparency and to defining consultation procedures, and to continue the UNCTAD technical
assistance programme in the field of restrictive business practices,
Decides that the implementation of the Set should be strengthened and to this end:
1. Expresses concern at the continued existence of restrictive business practices
adversely affecting international trade, particularly the trade and development of developing
countries, and calls upon States to implement fully all provisions of the Set in order to ensure its
effective application;
2. Considers that one of the important means of achieving this goal is the adoption and
effective enforcement of national restrictive business practices legislation and that the increasing
number of countries which have taken such ac tion since the First Review Conference is an
encouraging development, and therefore calls upon all States to adopt, improve and effectively
enforce appropriate legislation and to implement judicial and administrative procedures;
3. Suggests to this end that:
(a) States without any legislation to control restrictive business practices may wish to
request information on restrictive business practices legislation and seek consultations with
developed and developing countries which have experience of introducing such laws, as well
as appropriate technical assistance.  The latter may consist of introductory seminars directedat an audience which would include government officials and academics, as well as business
and consumer-oriented circles;
(b) States which are in the process of drafting restrictive business practice legislation or
have recently done so may wish to request information on restrictive business practicelegislation and consultations with countries having experience of such laws, as well as
technical assistance.  This may consist of advisory services and assistance, training
workshops and seminars for national officials for implementing restrictive business practiceWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 47
control legislation and on-the-job training with restrictive business practice control authorities
in countries having experience in restrictive business practice control;
(c) States which have already adopted such legislation and seek to enforce those laws
more effectively, as well as all other States, may wish to seek information or consultationswith other countries on general matters of restrictive business practice legislation, issues of
importance to restrictive business practice authorities in actual enforcement and specific
restrictive business practices cases.  Such States may also seek appropriate technical
assistance;
(d) Any State so addressed should give full and sympathetic consideration to such
requests and supply such publicly available information, and, to the extent consistent withtheir laws and established public policy, other information;
Information
4.  Considers that, in the light of States' needs for information, a list of RBP authorities
through which requests for information should be channelled is a useful device for increasing the flow
of information, and requests the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to issue a directory of restrictive
business practices authorities and to update it regularly;
5. Considers further that it would be helpfu l for States requesting information to have
guidance and requests the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to prepare an indicative checklist of items
which may include inter alia :
(a) A description of the restrictive business practice case in question;
(b) The enterprises involved;
(c) The legal basis for instituting proceedings;(d) The reasons for requesting the information;(e) The specific information sought;(f) The intended use of the information.6. Requests, on the basis of paragraphs 2 and 3 of section F of the Set, that:
(a) States supply to the UNCTAD secretariat annually or as the information becomes
available if appropriate, preferably in one of the official languages of the United Nations:
(i) Information concerning new restrictive business practice legislation or
amendments to existing laws, with a copy of the legislation or amendments;
(ii) A report on their activities concerning the control of RBPs including details
of the more important cases dealt with, as provided for in section F,
paragraph 3 of the Set;
(iii) Any relevant studies, guidelines or reports on restrictive business practices
matters or details thereof which they may have published;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 48
(b) The UNCTAD secretariat, on the basis of the information received and of other
available information:
(i) Maintain its data base and make it available to States upon request;
(ii) Disseminate this information through appropriate publications;
(iii) Complete and update the Handbook on restrictive business practices
legislation.
Consultations
7. Considering that the existing provisions of the Set provide a good basis for
consultations, emphasizes the importance of section F, paragraph 4 of the Set and, in order to improve
implementation of the Set in this respect, reques ts the UNCTAD secretariat to prepare a checklist of
possible steps which countries may wish to follow in the preparation of a case, and in their request for
consultation.  Such a checklist could include, inter alia , explaining the reasons for the request for
consultations, and indicating the specific details of the behaviour or activity about which the
consultation is
8. Recommends that, following a request for consultation, the state addressed should
take whatever action it considers appropriate, including action under its legislation on restrictive
business practices or administrative measures, on a voluntary basis and considering its legitimate
interests;
9. Considers that the multilateral consultations, discussions and exchanges of views
that have taken place under section G, paragraph 3 (a) of the Set among restrictive business practices
experts at sessions of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices have
provided a useful forum for consideration of particular restrictive business practices issues and have
served to establish important contacts between experts from interested countries, and requests the
Intergovernmental Group of Experts to serve as a forum for exchanges of information and
consultations at each of its sessions.  Topics should be selected in advance of each session and time
made available for the discussions;
Technical assistance
10. Recognizes the importance of both bilateral and multilateral technical assistance as
an important way to secure the implementation of the Set.  Both types of technical assistance are
especially effective in introducing large groups of officials from several countries to basic restrictivebusiness practices control principles and have been very effective in providing in-depth technical
co-operation between restrictive business practice control authorities, particularly where it can be
tailored to specific needs;
11. Notes the commitment of States members of Group B to continue to provide
technical assistance on both a bilateral and multilatera l basis, subject to the availability of resources
and tailored to the requirements of individual countries or groups of countries;
12. Concludes that the UNCTAD secretariat's proposals for a framework for technical
assistance in its report TD/RBP/CONF.3/4 contain useful elements.  In order to facilitate a meaningful
evaluation of the secretariat's proposed framework, the secretariat should suggest priorities from
among the different types of technical assistance set out in paragraph 71 of its report and taking into
account the three categories of countries requesting assistance identified in paragraph 3 above;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 49
13. Requests the UNCTAD secretariat to take into account the costs of the various types
of technical assistance and the most effective use of resources and to undertake a regular evaluation of
its technical assistance activities in order to determine their effectiveness;
14. Invites the UNCTAD secretariat to continue organizing national, regional and
subregional seminars, workshops and symposia, as appropriate, including with respect to regional
grouping of States willing to adopt restrictive business practices control systems;
15. Urges intergovernmental organizations and financing programmes, in particular the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to provide the necessary resources for the
activities mentioned above;
16. Appeals to States, in particular developed countries, to increase voluntary financial
contributions and to provide necessary expertise for the implementation of the activities mentioned
above;
Review procedure
17. Recommends to the General Assembly that a Third Review Conference be
convened in 1995.
6th (closing) meeting
7 December 1990WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 50
ANNEX 4
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT ON THE TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGY*
[1985 VERSION]
The Draft International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology was negotiated under the
auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development between 1976 and 1985.  The
text reproduced in this volume is that the Draft Code as it stood at the close of the sixth session of the
Conference on an International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology on 5 June 1985.  The
Draft Code includes a number of appendices that reflect outstanding issues and alternative wordingproposed for portions of the Draft Code.  The appendices have not been reproduced in this volume.
The Draft Code has not been adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.
Preamble
The United Nations Conference on an International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology,
1. Recognizing the fundamental role of science and technology in the socio-economic
development of all countries, and in particular, in the acceleration of the development of the
developing countries;
2. Believing that technology is key to the progress of mankind and that all peoples have
the right to benefit from the advances and deve lopments in science and technology in order to
improve their standards of living;
3. Bearing in mind relevant decisions of the General Assembly and other bodies of the
United Nations, in particular UNCTAD, on th e transfer and development of technology;
4. Recognizing the need to facilitate an adequate transfer and development of
technology so as to strengthen the scientific and t echnological capabilities of all countries, particularly
the developing countries, and to co-operate with th e developing countries in their own efforts in this
field as a decisive step in the progress towards the establishment of a new international economic
order;
5. Desirous of promoting international scientific and technological co-operation in the
interest of peace, security and national independence and for the benefit of all nations;
6. Striving to promote an increase of the international transfer of technology with an
equal opportunity for all countries to participate irrespective of their social and economic system and
of their level of economic development;
                                                     
* Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1985). "Draft International Code of
Conduct on the Transfer of Technology", Note by th e UNCTAD Secretariat to the United Nations Conference
on an International Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology, Document TD/CODE TOT/47 (New York:UNCTAD).  The Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F referred to in the text and the endnotes can be found in thesource document.  In the present text, the following key is used to identify the sponsorship of a text, where thetext is not an agreed one: Group of 77 text: *; Group B: **; Group D and Mongolia: ***. [Note added by the
editor].WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 51
7. Recognizing the need for developed countries to grant special treatment to the
developing countries in the field of the transfer of technology;
8. Drawing attention to the need to improve the flow of technological information, and
in particular to promote the widest and fullest flow  of information on the availability of alternative
technologies, and on the selection of appropriate technologies suited to the specific needs of
developing countries;
9. Believing that a Code of Conduct will effectively assist the developing countries in
their selection, acquisition and effective use of technologies appropriate to their needs in order to
develop improved economic standards and living conditions;
10. Believing that a Code of Conduct will help to create conditions conducive to the
promotion of the international transfer of technology, under mutually agreed and advantageous terms
to all parties;
11. 1/
12. 1/
Chapter 1
Definitions and scope of application
l.l. For the purposes of the present Code of Conduct:
(a) "Party" means any person, either natural or juridical, of public or private law, either
individual or collective, such as corporations, companies, firms, partnerships and other associations,
or any combination thereof, whether created, owned or controlled by States, Government agencies,
juridical persons, or individuals, wherever they operate, as well as States, Government agencies and
international, regional and subregional organizations, when they engage in an international transfer of
technology transaction which is usually considered to be of a commercial nature.  The term "party"
includes, among the entities enumerated above, incorporated branches, subsidiaries and affiliates,joint ventures or other legal entities regardless of the economic and other relationships between and
among them.  2/
(b) "Acquiring party" means the party which obtains a licence to use or to exploit,
purchases or otherwise acquires technology of a prop rietary or non-proprietary nature and/or rights
related thereto in a transfer of technology.
(c) "Supplying party" means the party which licenses, sells, assigns or otherwise
provides technology of a proprietary or non-proprietary nature and/or rights related thereto in a
transfer of technology.
1.2. Transfer of technology under this Code is the transfer of systematic knowledge for the
manufacture of a product, for the application of a process or for the rendering of a service and does
not extend to the transactions involving the mere sale or mere lease of goods.
1.3. Transfer of technology transactions are arrangements between parties involving transfer of
technology, as defined in paragraph 1.2 above, particularly in each of the following cases:WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 52
(a) The assignment, sale and licensing of all forms of industrial property, except for trade
marks, service marks and trade names when they are not part of transfer of technology transactions;
(b) The provision of know-how and technical expertise in the form of feasibility studies,
plans, diagrams, models, instructions, guides, formulae, basic or detailed engineering designs,specifications and equipment for training, services involving technical advisory and managerial
personnel, and personnel training;
(c) The provision of technological knowledge necessary for the installation, operation
and functioning of plant and equipment, and turnkey projects;
(d) The provision of technological knowledge necessary to acquire, install and use
machinery, equipment, intermediate goods and/or raw materials which have been acquired by
purchase, lease or other means;
(e) The provision of technological contents  of industrial and technical co-operation
arrangements.
1.4. International transfer of technology transactions.  3/
1.5. The Code of Conduct is universally applicable in scope and is addressed to all parties to
transfer of technology transactions and to all countr ies and groups of countries, irrespective of their
economic and political systems and their levels of development.
l.6. Regional groupings of States.  4/
Chapter 2
Objectives and principles
2. The Code of Conduct is based on the following objectives and principles:
2.1. Objectives
(i) To establish general and equitable standards on which to base the relationships
among parties to transfer of technology transactions and governments concerned,
taking into consideration their legitimate interests, and giving due recognition to
special needs of developing countries for the fulfilment of their economic and socialdevelopment objectives.
(ii) To promote mutual confidence between parties as well as their governments.(iii) To encourage transfer of technology transactions, particularly those involving
developing countries, under conditions wh ere bargaining positions of the parties to
the transactions are balanced in such a way as to avoid abuses of a stronger position
and thereby to achieve mutually satisfactory agreements.
(iv) To facilitate and increase the international flow of technological information,
particularly on the availability of alternative technologies, as a prerequisite for the
assessment, selection, adaptation, development and use of technologies in all
countries, particularly in developing countries.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 53
(v) To facilitate and increase the international flow of proprietary and non-proprietary
technology for strengthening the growth of the scientific and technological
capabilities of all countries, in particular de veloping countries, so as to increase their
participation in world production and trade.
(vi) To increase the contributions of technology to the identification and solution of social
and economic problems of all countries, particularly the developing countries,
including the development of basic sectors of their national economies.
(vii) To facilitate the formulation, adoption and implementation of national policies, laws
and regulations on the subject of transfer of technology by setting forth international
norms.
(viii) To promote adequate arrangements as regards unpackaging in terms of information
concerning the various elements of the technology to be transferred, such as that
required for technical, institutional and financial evaluation of the transaction, thus
avoiding undue or unnecessary packaging.
(ix) To specify restrictive [business] practices from which parties to technology transfer
transactions [shall] [should] refrain.  5/
(x) To set forth an appropriate set of responsibilities and obligations of parties to transfer
of technology transactions, taking into consideration their legitimate interests as well
as differences in their bargaining positions.
2.2. Principles
(i) The Code of Conduct is universally applicable in scope.(ii) States have the right to adopt all appropriate measures for facilitating and regulating
the transfer of technology, in a manner consistent with their international obligations,
taking into consideration the legitimate interests of all parties concerned, and
encouraging transfers of technology under mutually agreed, fair and reasonable terms
and conditions.
(iii) The principles of sovereignty and political independence of States (covering,
inter alia , the requirements of foreign policy and national security) and sovereign
equality of States, should be recognized in facilitating and regulating transfer of
technology transactions.
(iv) States should co-operate in the international transfer of technology in order to
promote economic growth throughout the world, especially that of the developing
countries.  Co-operation in such transfer should be irrespective of any differences in
political, economic and social systems; this is one of the important elements inmaintaining international peace and security and promoting international economic
stability and progress, the general welfare of nations and international co-operation
free from discrimination based on such differences.  Nothing in this Code may be
construed as impairing or derogating from the provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations or actions taken in pursuance thereof.  It is understood that special treatmentin transfer of technology should be accorded to developing countries in accordance
with the provisions in this Code on the subject.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 54
(v) The separate responsibilities of parties to transfer of technology transactions, on the
one hand, and those of governments when not acting as parties, on the other, should
be clearly distinguished.
(vi) Mutual benefits should accrue to technology supplying and recipient parties in order
to maintain and increase the in ternational flow of technology.
(vii) Facilitating and increasing the access to technology, particularly for developing
countries, under mutually agreed fair and reasonable terms and conditions, are
fundamental elements in the process of technology transfer and development.
(viii) Recognition of the protection of industrial property rights granted under national law.(ix) Technology supplying parties when operating in an acquiring country should respect
the sovereignty and the laws of that country, act with proper regard for that country's
declared development policies and priorities and endeavour to contribute substantially
to the development of the acquiring country.  The freedom of parties to negotiate,conclude and perform agreements for the transfer of technology on mutually
acceptable terms and conditions should be based on respect for the foregoing and
other principles set forth in this Code.
Chapter 3
National regulation of transfer of technology transactions
3.1. In adopting, and in the light of evolving circumstances making necessary changes in laws,
regulations and rules, and policies with respect to transfer of technology transactions, States have the
right to adopt measures such as those listed in paragraph 3.4 of this chapter and should act on the
basis that these measures should:
(i) Recognize that a close relationship exists between technology flows [and] the
conditions under which such flows are admitted and treated;
(ii) Promote a favourable and beneficial climate for the international transfer of
technology;
(iii) Take into consideration in an equitable manner the legitimate interests of all parties;
(iv) Encourage and facilitate transfers of technology to take place under mutually agreed,
fair and reasonable terms and conditions having regard to the principles and
objectives of the Code;
(v) Take into account the differing factors characterizing the transactions such as local
conditions, the nature of the technology and the scope of the undertaking;
(vi) Be consistent with their international obligations.
3.2. Measures adopted by States including decisions of competent administrative bodies should be
applied fairly, equitably, and on the same basis to all parties in accordance with established
procedures of law and the principles and objectives of the Code.  Laws and regulations should be
clearly defined and publicly and readily available.  To the extent appropriate, relevant information
regarding decisions of competent administrative bodies should be disseminated.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 55
3.3. Each country adopting legislation on the protection of industrial property should have regard
to its national needs of economic and social development, and should ensure an effective protection of
industrial property rights granted under its national law and other related rights recognized by its
national law.
3.4. Measures on regulation of the flow and effects of transfer of technology, finance and
technical aspects of technology transactions and on organizational forms and mechanisms may deal
with:
Finance
(a) Currency regulations of foreign exchange payments and remittances;(b) Conditions of domestic credit and financing facilities;(c) Transferability of payments;(d) Tax treatment;(e) Pricing policies;
Renegotiation
(f) Terms, conditions and objective criteria for the renegotiation of transfer of
technology transactions;
Technical aspects
(g) Technology specifications and standards for the various components of the transfer of
technology transactions and their payments;
(h) Analysis and evaluation of transfer of technology transactions to assist parties in their
negotiations;
(i) Use of local and imported components;
Organizational forms and mechanisms
(j) Evaluation, negotiation, and registration of transfer of technology transactions;(k) Terms, conditions, duration, of transfer of technology transactions;(l) Loss of ownership and/or control of domestic acquiring enterprises;(m) Regulation of foreign collaboration arrangements and agreements that could displace
national enterprises from the domestic market;
(n) The definition of fields of activity of foreign enterprises and the choice of channels,
mechanisms, organizational forms for the transfer of technology and the prior or subsequent approval
of transfer of technology transactions and their registration in these fields;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 56
(o) The determination of the legal effect of transactions which are not in conformity with
national laws, regulations and administrative decisions on the transfer of technology;
(p) The establishment or strengthening of national administrative mechanisms for the
implementation and application of the Code of Conduct and of national laws, regulations and policieson the transfer of technology;
(q) Promotion of appropriate channels for the international exchange of information and
experience in the field of the transfer of technology.
Chapter 4  6
/
[The regulation of practices and arrangements involving the
transfer of technology] [Restrictive business practices]
[Exclusion of political discrimination and restrictive
business practices]  7 /
Section A:  (Chapeau)  8 /
Section B:  (List of practices)  9 /
1. [Exclusive] ** Grant-back provisions  10 /
Requiring the acquiring party to transfer or grant back to the supplying party, or to any other
enterprise designated by the supplying party, improvements arising from the acquired technology, onan exclusive basis [or]* without offsetting consideration or reciprocal obligations from the supplying
party, or when the practice will constitute an abuse of a dominant market position of the supplying
party.
2. Challenges to validity  10
/
[Unreasonably] ** requiring the acquiring party to refrain from challenging the validity of
patents and other types of protection for inventions involved in the transfer or the validity of other
such grants claimed or obtained by the supplying party, recognizing that any issues concerning the
mutual rights and obligations of the parties following such a challenge will be determined by the
appropriate applicable law and the terms of the agreement to the extent consistent with that law.  11/
3. Exclusive dealing
Restrictions on the freedom of the acquiring party to enter into sales, representation or
manufacturing agreements relating to similar or competing technologies or products or to obtain
competing technology, when such restrictions are not needed for ensuring the achievement oflegitimate interests, particularly including securing  the confidentiality of the technology transferred or
best effort distribution or promotional obligations.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 57
4. Restrictions on research  10 /
[Unreasonably] **/*** restricting the acquiring party either in undertaking research and
development directed to absorb and adapt the tr ansferred technology to local conditions or in
initiating research and development programmes in connection with new products, processes orequipment.
5. Restrictions on use of personnel  10
/
[Unreasonably] ** requiring the acquiring party to use personnel designated by the supplying
party, except to the extent necessary to ensure the efficient transmission phase for the transfer of
technology and putting it to use or thereafter continuing such requirement beyond the time whenadequately trained local personnel are available or have been trained; or prejudicing the use of
personnel of the technology acquiring country.
6. Price fixing  10
/
[Unjustifiably] ** imposing regulation of prices to be charged by acquiring parties in the
relevant market to which the technology was transferred for products manufactured or services
produced using the technology supplied.
7. Restrictions on adaptations  10 /
Restrictions which [unreasonably] ** prevent the acquiring party from adapting the imported
technology to local conditions or introducing innovations in it, or which oblige the acquiring party to
introduce unwanted or unnecessary design or specification changes, if the acquiring party makes
adaptations on his own responsibility and without using the technology supplying party's name, tradeor service marks or trade names, and except to the extent that this adaptation unsuitably affects those
products, or the process for their manufacture, to be supplied to the supplying party, his designates, or
his other licensees, or to be used as a component or spare part in a product to be supplied to his
customers.
8. Exclusive sales or representation agreements
Requiring the acquiring party to grant exclusive sales or representation rights to the supplying
party or any person designated by the supplying pa rty, except as to subcontracting or manufacturing
arrangements wherein the parties have agreed that all or part of the production under the technology
transfer arrangement will be distributed by the supplying party or any person designated by him.
9. Tying arrangements  10 /
[Unduly] ** imposing acceptance of additional technology, future inventions and
improvements, goods or services not wanted by the acquiring party or [unduly] ** restricting sources
of technology, goods or services, as a condition for obtaining the technology required when notrequired to maintain the quality of the product or service when the supplier's trade or service mark or
other identifying item is used by the acquiring party, or to fulfil a specific performance obligation
which has been guaranteed, provided further that adequate specification of the ingredients is not
feasible or would involve the disclosure of ad ditional technology not covered by the arrangement.
10. Export restrictions  8
/WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 58
11. Patent pool or cross-licensing agreements and other arrangements
Restrictions on territories, quantities, prices, customers or markets arising out of patent pool
or cross-licensing agreements or other internatio nal transfer of technology interchange arrangements
among technology suppliers which unduly limit access to new technological developments or whichwould result in an abusive domination of an industry  or market with adverse effects on the transfer of
technology, except for those restrictions appropriate and ancillary to co-operative arrangements such
as co-operative research arrangements.
12. Restrictions on publicity  10
/
Restrictions [unreasonably] ** regulating the advertising or publicity by the acquiring party
except where restrictions of such publicity may be required to prevent injury to the supplying party's
goodwill or reputation where the advertising or publicity makes reference to the supplying party's
name, trade or service marks, trade names or other identifying items, or for legitimate reasons of
avoiding product liability when the supplying party may be subject to such liability, or where
appropriate for safety purposes or to protect consumers, or when needed to secure the confidentialityof the technology transferred.
13. Payments and other obligations after expiration of industrial property rights
Requiring payments or imposing other obligations for continuing the use of industrial
property rights which have been invalidated, cancelled or have expired recognizing that any other
issue, including other payment obligations for technology, shall be dealt with by the appropriate
applicable law and the terms of the agreement to the extent consistent with that law.  11/
14. Restrictions after expiration of arrangement.  8 /
Chapter 5
Responsibilities and Obligations of Parties
Common provision on negotiating as well as contractual phase
5.1. When negotiating and concluding a technology transfer agreement, the parties should, inaccordance with this chapter, be responsive to the economic and social development objectives of the
respective countries of the parties and particularly of the technology acquiring country, and when
negotiating, concluding and performing a technology transfer agreement, the parties should observefair and honest business practices and take into account the specific circumstances of the individual
case and recognition should be given to certain circumstances, mainly the stage of development of
technology, the economic and technical capabilities of the parties, the nature and type of the
transaction such as any ongoing or continuous flow of technology between the parties.
Negotiating phase
5.2. In being responsive to the economic and social development objectives mentioned in this
chapter each party should take into account the othe r's request to include in the agreements, to the
extent technically and commercially practicable and for adequate consideration, when appropriate,such as the case in which the supplying party incurs additional costs or efforts, items clearly related to
the official economic and social development objectives of the country of the requesting party as
enunciated by its government.  Such items include, inter alia , where applicable:WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 59
(a) Use of locally available resources
(i) specific provisions for the use for the tasks concerned of adequately trained or
otherwise suitable local personnel to be designated and subsequently made available
by the potential technology recipient including managerial personnel, as well as forthe training of suitably skilled local personnel to be designated and subsequently
made available by the potential technology recipient;
(ii) specific provisions for the use of locally available materials, technologies, technical
skills, consultancy and engineering services and other resources to be indicated and
subsequently made available by the potential technology recipient;
(b) Rendering of technical services
Specific provisions for the rendering of technical services in the introduction and operation of
the technology to be transferred;
(c) Unpackaging
Upon request of the potential acquiring party, the potential supplying party should, to the
extent practicable, make adequate arrangements as regards unpackaging in terms of information
concerning the various elements of the technology to be transferred, such as that required fortechnical, institutional and financial evaluation of the potential supplying party's offer.
5.3. Business negotiating practices
When negotiating a technology transfer agreement, the parties should observe fair and honest
business practices and therefore:
(a) Both potential parties
(i) Fair and reasonable terms and conditions
(i) Should negotiate in good faith with the aim of reaching, in a timely manner,
an agreement containing fair and reasonable commercial terms and conditions,
including agreement on payments such as licence fees, royalties and other
considerations;
(ii) The price or consideration to be charged should be fair and reasonable, it
should be clearly indicated and, to the extent practicable, specified in such a manner
that the acquiring party would be able to appreciate its reasonableness and fairness by
comparing it to the price or consideration for other comparable technologies
transferred under similar conditions, which may be known to him;
(ii) Relevant information
Should consider requests to inform each other, to the extent appropriate, about their prior
arrangements which may affect the contemplated technology transfer;
(iii) Confidential information
Should keep secret, in accordance with any obligation, either legal or contractual, all
confidential information received from the other pa rty and make use of the confidential informationWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 60
received from a potential party only for the purpose of  evaluating this party's offer or request for other
purposes agreed upon by the parties;
(iv) Termination of negotiations
May cease negotiations if, during the negotiations, either party determines that a satisfactory
agreement cannot be reached;
(b) The potential acquiring party
Relevant information
Should provide the potential technology supplier in a timely manner with the available
specific information concerning the technical conditions and official economic and social
development objectives as well as legislation of the acquiring country relevant to the particular
transfer and use of the technology under negotiation as far as such information is needed for the
supplying party's responsiveness under this chapter;
(c) The potential supplying party
Relevant information
(i) Should disclose, in a timely manner, to the potential technology acquiring party any
reason actually known to him, on account of which the technology to be supplied,
when used in accordance with the terms and conditions of the proposed agreement,
would not meet particular health, safety and environmental requirements in the
technology acquiring country, already known to him as being relevant in the specificcase or which have been specifically drawn to his attention, as well as any serious
health, safety and environmental risks known by the supplier associated with the use
of the technology and of products to be produced by it;
(ii) Should disclose to the potential technology acquiring party, to the actual extent
known to him, any limitation, including any pending official procedures or litigation
which adversely concerns, in a direct manner, the existence or validity of the rights tobe transferred, on his entitlement to grant the rights or render the assistance and
services specified in the proposed agreement;
Provision of accessories, spare parts and components
(iii) Should to the extent feasible, take into account the request of the acquiring party to
provide it for a period to be specified with accessories, spare parts and components
produced by the supplying party and necessary for using the technology to be
transferred, particularly where alternative sources are unavailable.
Contractual phase - Chapeau
5.4. The technology transfer agreement should, in accordance with 5.1., provide for mutually
acceptable contractual obligations, including those relating to payments and, where appropriate,
inter alia , the following:WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 61
(i) Access to improvements
Access for a specified period or for the lifetime of the agreement to improvements to the
technology transferred under the agreement;
(ii) Confidentiality  12 /
(iii) Dispute settlement and applicable law  12 /
(iv) Description of the technology
The technology supplier's guarantee that the technology meets the description contained in the
technology transfer agreement;
(v) Suitability for use
The technology supplier's guarantee that the te chnology, if used in accordance with the
supplier's specific instructions given pursuant to the agreement, is suitable for manufacturing of goods
or production of services as agreed upon by the parties and stipulated in the agreement;
(vi) Rights to the technology transferred
The technology supplier's representation that on the date of the signing of the agreement, it is,
to the best of its knowledge, not aware of third pa rties' valid patent rights or similar protection for
inventions which would be infringed by the use of the technology when used as specified in the
agreement;
(vii) Quality levels and goodwill
The technology recipient's commitment to observe quality levels agreed upon in cases where
the agreement includes the use of the supplier's tr ade marks, trade names or similar identification of
goodwill, and both parties' commitment to avoid taking actions primarily or deliberately intended to
injure the other's goodwill or reputation;
(viii) Performance guarantees
Specification to technical performance parameters which the supplying party has agreed to
guarantee, including specification of requirements for the achievement of such parameters, details of
the manner of determining whether the performance has been met and the consequences of failure tomeet that performance;
(ix) Transmission of documentation
The supplying party's commitment that relevant technical documentation and other data
required from him for a particular purpose defined in terms directly specified in the agreement will be
transferred in a timely manner and as correctly and completely for such purpose as agreed upon;
(x) Training of personnel and provision of accessories, spare parts and components
Where negotiations under paragraphs 5.2 (a) (i) and 5.5 (c) (iii) have taken place, suitable
provisions for training of personnel and supply of accessories, spare parts and components would be
made, consistent with the results of the negotiations;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 62
(xi) Liability
Disposition concerning liability for the non-fulfilment by either party of its responsibilities
under the technology transfer agreement including questions of loss, damage or injury.
Chapter 6
Special treatment for developing countries
6.1. Taking into consideration the needs and problems of developing countries, particularly of the
least developed countries, governments of developed countries, directly or through appropriateinternational organizations, in order to facilitate and encourage the initiation and strengthening of the
scientific and technological capabilities of developing countries so as to assist and co-operate with
them in their efforts to fulfil their economic and social objectives, should take adequate specific
measures, inter alia , to:
(i) facilitate access by developing countries to available information regarding the
availabilities, description, location and, as far as possible, approximate cost of
technologies which might help those countries to attain their economic and social
development objectives;
(ii) give developing countries the freest and fullest possible access to technologies
whose transfer is not subject to private decisions;  13/
(iii) facilitate access by developing countries, to the extent practicable, to technologies
whose transfer is subject to private decisions;  13/
(iv) assist and co-operate with developing countries in the assessment and adaptation
of existing technologies and in the development of national technologies by
facilitating access, as far as possible, to available scientific and industrial research
data;
(v) co-operate in the development of scientific and technological resources in
developing countries, including the creation and growth of innovative capacities;
(vi) assist developing countries in strengthening their technological capacity,
especially in the basic sectors of their national economy, through creation of and
support for laboratories, experimental facilities and institutes for training andresearch;
(vii) co-operate in the establishment or strengthening of national, regional and/or
international institutions, including technology transfer centres, to help developing
countries to develop and obtain the technology and skills required for theestablishment, development and enhancement of their technological capabilities
including the design, construction and operation of plants;
(viii) encourage the adaptation of research and development, engineering and design to
conditions and factor endowments prevailing in developing countries;
(ix) co-operate in measures leading to greater utilization of the managerial,
engineering, design and technical experience of the personnel and the institutionsWT/WGTI/W/52
Página 63
of developing countries in specific economic and other development projects
undertaken at the bilateral and multilateral levels;
(x) encourage the training of personnel from developing countries.
6.2. Governments of developed countries, directly or through appropriate international
organizations, in assisting in the promotion of transfer of technology to developing countries -
particularly to the least developed countries - should, as a part of programmes for development
assistance and co-operation, take into account requests from developing countries to:
(i) contribute to the development of national technologies in developing countries by
providing experts under development assistance and research exchangeprogrammes;
(ii) provide training for research, engineering, design and other personnel from
developing countries engaged in the development of national technologies or in
the adaptation and use of technologies transferred;
(iii) provide assistance and co-operation in the development and administration of laws
and regulations with a view to facilitating the transfer of technology;
(iv) provide support for projects in developing countries for the development and
adaptation of new and existing technologies suitable to the particular needs of
developing countries;
(v) grant credits on terms more favourable than the usual commercial terms for
financing the acquisition of capital and intermediate goods in the context ofapproved development projects involving transfer of technology transactions so as
to reduce the cost of projects and improve the quality of technology received by
the developing countries;
(vi) provide assistance and co-operation in the development and administration of laws
and regulations designed to avoid health, safety and environmental risks
associated with technology or the products produced by it.
6.3. Governments of developed countries should take measures in accordance with national
policies, laws and regulations to encourage and to endeavour to give incentive to enterprises and
institutions in their countries, either individually or in collaboration with enterprises and institutions in
developing countries, particularly those in the least developed countries, to make special efforts,inter alia , to:
(i) assist in the development of technological capabilities of the enterprises in
developing countries, including special training as required by the recipients;
(ii) undertake the development of technology appropriate to the needs of developing
countries;
(iii) undertake R and D activity in developing countries of interest to such countries, as
well as to improve co-operation between enterprises and scientific andtechnological institutions of developed and developing countries;WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 64
(iv) assist in projects by enterprises and institutions in developing countries for the
development and adaptation of new and existing technologies suitable to the
particular needs and conditions of developing countries.
6.4. The special treatment accorded to developing countries should be responsive to their
economic and social objectives vis-à-vis their relative stage of economic and social development and
with particular attention to the special problems and conditions of the least developed countries.
Chapter 7
International collaboration
7.1. The States recognize the need for appropriate international collaboration among governments,
intergovernmental bodies, and organs and agencies of the United Nations system, including the
international institutional machinery provided for in this Code, with a view to facilitating an expanded
international flow of technology for strengthening the technological capabilities of all countries,
taking into account the objectives and principles of this Code, and to promoting the effective
implementation of its provisions.
7.2. Such international collaboration between governments at the bilateral or multilateral,
subregional, regional or interregional levels may include, inter alia , the following measures:
(i) Exchange of available information on the availability and description of
technologies and technological alternatives;
(ii) Exchange of available information on experience in seeking solutions to problems
relating to the transfer of technology, particularly restrictive [business] **
practices in the transfer of technology;  14/
(iii) Exchange of information on development of national legislation with respect to
the transfer of technology;
(iv) Promotion of the conclusion of international agreements which should provide
equitable treatment for both technology supplying and recipient parties and
governments;
(v) Consultations which may lead to greater harmonization, where appropriate, of
national legislation and policies with respect to the transfer of technology;
(vi) Promotion, where appropriate, of common programmes for searching for,
acquiring and disseminating technologies;
(vii) Promotion of programmes for the adaptation and development of technology in
the context of development objectives;
(viii) Promotion of the development of scientific and technological resources and
capabilities stimulating the development of indigenous technologies;
(ix) Action through international agreements to avoid, as far as possible, imposition of
double taxation on earnings and payments arising out of transfer of technology
transactions.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 65
Chapter 8
International Institutional Machinery
8.1. Institutional arrangements
(a) 15/
(b) 15/
(c) States which have accepted the Code of Conduct on the Transfer of Technology
should take appropriate steps at the national level to meet their commitment to the Code.
8.2. Functions of the International Institutional Machinery
8.2.1. The International Institutional Machinery shall have the following functions:
(a) To provide a forum and modalities for consultations, discussion, and exchange of
views between States on matters related to the Code, in particular its application and its greater
harmonization, and the experience gained in its operations;
(b) To undertake and disseminate periodically studies and research on transfer of
technology related to the provisions of the code, with  a view to increasing exchange of experience and
giving greater effect to the application and implementation of the Code;
(c) To invite and consider relevant studies, documentation and reports from within the
United Nations system, particularly from UNIDO and WIPO;
(d) To study matters relating to the Code and which might be characterized by data
covering transfer of technology transactions and other relevant information obtained upon request
addressed to all States;
(e) To collect and disseminate information on matters relating to the Code, to the
over-all attainment of its goals and to the appropriate steps States have taken at the national level to
promote an effective Code, including its objective and principles;
(f) To make appropriate reports and recommendations to States on matters within its
competence including the application and implementation of the Code;
(g) To organize symposia, workshops and similar meetings concerning the application
of the provisions of the Code, subject to the approval of the Trade and Development Board where
financing from the regular budget is involved;
(h) To submit reports at least once a year on its work to the Trade and Development
Board.
8.2.2. In the performance of its functions, the International Institutional Machinery may not act like
a tribunal or otherwise pass judgement on the activit ies or conduct of indivi dual Governments or of
individual parties in connection with a specific transfer of technology transaction.  The International
Institutional Machinery should avoid becoming involved when parties in a specific transfer of
technology transaction are in dispute.WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 66
8.2.3. The International Institutional Machinery shall establish such procedures as may be necessary
to deal with issues related to confidentiality.
8.3. Review procedure  15 /
8.4. Secretariat
The secretariat for the International Institutional Machinery shall be the UNCTAD secretariat.
At the request of the International Institutional Ma chinery the secretariat shall submit relevant studies,
documentation and other information to the International Institutional Machinery.  It shall consult
with and render assistance, by the relevant services, to States, particularly the developing countries, at
their request, in the application of the Code at th e national level, to the extent that resources are
available.
8.5. General provisions  15 /WT/WGTI/W/52
Página 67
Chapter 9
Applicable law and settlement of disputes  16 /
ENDNOTES
1/ For texts under consideration, see appendices A and F.
2/ Group 2 accepts inclusion of this sentence subject to agreement to be reached on
qualifications relating to the application of the Code to the relations of these entities in relevant parts
of the Code.
3/ For texts under consideration, see appendices A and C.
4/ Text under consideration.  See proposal in appendix C.
5/ Text under consideration.  See also appendix A.
6/ In view of continuing negotiations on the chapter, no attempt has been made to number the
provisions of this chapter consistently with the other chapters.7/ Title of Chapter 4 under consideration.
8/ For texts under consideration, see appendices A and D.
9/ With regard to practices 15 to 20, see appendix A.l for text of agreed statement for inclusion
in the report of the Conference, and for texts under consideration see appendix D.10/ Text under consideration.  See appendix A.
11/ The spokesman for the regional groups noted that their acceptance of agreed language which
makes reference to the term "applicable law" is conditional upon acceptable resolution of differences
in the group texts concerning applicable law and national regulation of this Code.
l2/ For text under consideration, see appendix A.
13/ The term "private decision" in the particular context of this chapter should be officially
interpreted in the light of the legal order of the respective country.14/ Text under consideration;  see also appendix A.
15/ For texts under consideration, see appendices A and E.
16/ For texts under consideration, see appendices A and F.
__________